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778470152307654663 | Immanuel | Immanuel - wikipedia Immanuel Jump to : navigation , search Christ Emmanuel , Christian icon with riza by Simon Ushakov , 1668 . According to the Gospel of Matthew Immanuel refers to Jesus Christ . `` Emmanuel '' redirects here . For other uses , see Emanuel . Immanuel ( Hebrew : עִמָּנוּאֵל meaning , `` God with us '' ; also romanized Emmanuel , Imanu'el ) is a Hebrew name which appears in the Book of Isaiah as a sign that God will protect the House of David . The Gospel of Matthew ( Matthew 1 : 22 -- 23 ) quotes part of this , `` a virgin shall be with child , and shall bring forth a son , and they shall call his name Emmanuel '' , as a prophecy of the birth of the Messiah and the fulfillment of Scripture in the person of Jesus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Isaiah 7 -- 8 1.1 Summary 1.2 Interpretation 2 Matthew 1 : 22 -- 23 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Isaiah 7 -- 8 ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) The setting is the Syro - Ephraimite War , 734 - 735 BCE , which saw the kingdom of Judah pitted against two northern neighbours , the kingdoms of Israel ( called Ephraim in the prophecy ) and Syria ( also known as Aram or Aram - Damascus or Syria - Damascus ) . Isaiah 7 : 1 -- 2 tells how the kings of Ephraim and Syria attack Jerusalem when Ahaz refuses to join them in their anti-Assyrian alliance . Ahaz wishes to ask Assyria for help , but Isaiah , at God 's command , takes his son Shear - jashub ( a symbolic name meaning `` a remnant shall return '' ) and assures Ahaz that the two enemy kings will not succeed ( Isaiah 7 : 3 -- 9 ) . Isaiah tells Ahaz of the apparent sign by which he will know that this is a true prophecy : a young woman will give birth to a child whom she will name Immanuel ( another symbolic name , meaning `` God is with us '' ) , and the lands of the `` two kings you dread '' will be laid waste before the child is old enough to `` reject the wrong and choose the right '' ( Isaiah 7 : 13 -- 16 ) . Isaiah 7 : 17 follows with a further prophecy that at some unspecified future date God will call up Assyria against Judah : `` The Lord will cause to come upon you and your people and your ancestral house such days as have not been seen since Ephraim broke away from Judah -- the king of Assyria '' ( verse 7 : 17 ) . Verses 18 -- 25 describe the desolation that will result : `` In that day a man will save alive a young cow and two sheep ... in that day every place where there used to be a thousand vines ... will be turned over to thorns and briars '' ( verses 21 -- 23 ) . Isaiah 8 : 1 -- 15 continues the previous chapter : the prophet tells of the birth of another child , his own son named Maher - shalal - hash - baz ( a third symbolic name ) , then predicts that after Ephraim and Syria are destroyed the Assyrians will come like a river in flood to `` cover the breadth of your land , Immanuel '' ( Isaiah 8 : 8 ) . A fourth , even longer , prophetic `` name '' , is found in Isaiah 9 : 6 with `` Pele - joez - el - gibbor - abi - ad - sar - shalom '' . This is generally translated fully in English Bible versions such as `` his name shall be called Wonderful , Counsellor , The mighty God , The everlasting Father , The Prince of Peace '' ( KJV ) . Interpretation ( edit ) Isaiah 7 : 1 -- 8 : 15 , is on the surface set in the time of king Ahaz , and a prophecy concerning the two kings whom Ahaz dreads , namely Pekah and Rezin . The defeat and death of both these kings at the hands of the Assyrians is dated around 732 BCE , placing the birth of the Immanuel child late in the reign of Ahaz . Scholars generally date the written version of these events from the reign of Ahaz 's son Hezekiah some thirty years later , the purpose being to persuade Hezekiah not to join with other kings who intended to rebel against their joint overlord , Assyria . Isaiah points to the dreadful consequences that followed for Judah 's northern neighbours , the kingdom of Israel and Aram - Damascus ( Syria ) when they rebelled in the days of Ahaz and brought the Assyrians down on themselves . In the event , Hezekiah ignored Isaiah and joined the rebels , and the prophet 's warning came true : the Assyrians ravaged Judah and Hezekiah barely escaped with his throne . A century later , in the time of Josiah , the prophecy was revised to present Ahaz as the faithless king who rejected God 's promise of protection for Jerusalem and the house of David , with the result that God brought Assyria to devastate the land until a new and faithful king ( presumably Josiah ) would arise . Isaiah 7 -- 8 mentions three children with symbolic names : Shear - jashub , meaning `` a remnant shall return '' ; Immanuel , `` God is with us '' ; and Maher - shalal - hash - baz , `` the spoil speeds , the prey hastens '' . Isaiah 8 : 18 informs the reader that Isaiah and his children are signs ( `` Here am I , and the children the Lord has given me . We are signs and symbols in Israel from the Lord Almighty , who dwells on Mount Zion '' ) . The meaning of these name - signs is not clear : Shear - jashub has been variously interpreted to mean that only a remnant of Ephraim and Syria will survive the Assyrian invasion , or that a remnant of Judah will repent and turn to God , while in Isaiah 10 : 20 -- 23 it seems to mean that a remnant of Israel will return to the Davidic monarchy . Maher - shalal - hash - baz is more clearly related to the expected destruction of Ephraim and Syria . As for Immanuel , `` God is with us '' , Isaiah might mean simply that any young pregnant woman in 734 BCE would be able to name her child `` God is with us '' by the time he is born ; but if a specific child is meant , then it might be a son of Ahaz , possibly his successor Hezekiah ( which is the traditional Jewish understanding ) ; or , since the other symbolic children are Isaiah 's , Immanuel might be the prophet 's own son . However this may be , the significance of the sign changes , from Isaiah 7 , where Immanuel symbolises the hope of imminent defeat for Syria and Ephraim , to Isaiah 8 : 8 , where Immanuel is addressed as the people whose land is about to be overrun by the Assyrians . Matthew 1 : 22 -- 23 ( edit ) The Gospel of Matthew cites the prophecy of the sign of Immanuel from Isaiah , using a Greek translation rather than the original Hebrew . Matthew begins with a genealogy of Jesus from Abraham through David to Joseph , with Jesus as `` the son of David '' , ( Matthew 1 : 1 ) a member of the `` house of David '' ( Isaiah 7 : 12 ) to whom the sign of Immanuel was given . Matthew 1 : 16 indicates that Jesus is not Joseph 's natural son , and Matthew never refers to Joseph as Jesus 's father . Verses 1 : 18 -- 25 turn to Mary , the future mother of Jesus , betrothed ( engaged ) to Joseph , but `` found with child of the Holy Ghost '' before she and Joseph `` came together '' . ( v. 18 ) Joseph was about to break the engagement , but an angel appeared to him in a dream and told him of the child 's divine origin , and Matthew 1 : 22 -- 23 declares how this was the fulfillment of Scripture : 22 Now all this was done , that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet , saying , 23 Behold , a virgin shall be with child , and shall bring forth a son , and they shall call his name Emmanuel , which being interpreted is , God with us . The gospel of Matthew was written by an author who believed that Jesus was the promised Messiah , `` God with us '' . At first , titles such as `` Messiah '' and `` son of God '' had described Jesus 's future nature at the `` deutera parousia '' , the Second Coming ; but very soon he came to be recognised as having become the Son of God at the resurrection ; then , in Mark , he becomes known as Son of God at his baptism ; and finally Matthew and Luke add infancy narratives in which Jesus is the Son of God from the very beginning , long before being conceived of a virgin mother without a human father . However , Paul 's letter to the Philippians ( an earlier text than any of the gospels ) identifies Jesus as being in the form of God before his birth . ( Phillipians 2 : 6 - 11 ) See also ( edit ) Dominus vobiscum Gott mit uns Isaiah 7 : 14 List of synagogues named Emanu - El Matthew 1 : 23 Theophory in the Bible References ( edit ) Jump up ^ sweeney 1996 , p. 169 , 174 . ^ Jump up to : France 2007 , p. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Childs 2001 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Finlay 2005 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Sweeney 1996 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Barker 1996 , p. 506 . ^ Jump up to : Finlay 2005 , p. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2001 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Brown 2001 , p. 1002 . Jump up ^ Loewe 1996 , p. 184 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barker , Margaret ( 2001 ) . `` Isaiah '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 1996 ) . A History of Prophecy in Israel . Westminster John Knox Press . Brown , Raymond E. ; Fitzmyer , Joseph A. ; Donfried , Karl Paul ( 1978 ) . `` Gospel of Matthew '' . Mary in the New Testament . Paulist Press . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521007207 . Childs , Brevard S ( 1996 ) . Isaiah . Westminster John Knox Press . Coogan , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . `` Isaiah '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Mark Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . New Oxford Annotated Bible . Oxford University Press . Duling , Dennis C ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Matthew '' . In Aune , David E. The Blackwell companion to the New Testament . Wiley - Blackwell . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1999 ) . Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium . Oxford University Press . Finlay , Timothy D. ( 2005 ) . The Birth Report Genre in the Hebrew Bible . Mohr Siebeck . France , R.T. ( 2007 ) . The Gospel of Matthew . Eerdmans . Keener , Craig S. ( 1999 ) . A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew . Eerdmans . Loewe , William P. ( 1996 ) . The College Student 's Introduction to Christology . Liturgical Press . Rhodes , Ron ( 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to Bible Translations . Harvest House Publishers . Saldarini , Anthony J. ( 2001 ) . `` Matthew '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Sweeney , Marvin A ( 1996 ) . Isaiah 1 -- 39 : With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature . Eerdmans . Sweeney , Marvin A ( 2001 ) . King Josiah of Judah : The Lost Messiah of Israel . Oxford University Press . Tremmel , Robert ( 2011 ) . The Four Gospels . Xlibris Corporation . White , L. Michael ( 2010 ) . Scripting Jesus : The Gospels in Rewrite . HarperCollins . ( hide ) Book of Isaiah ספר ישעיה Sefer Yeshayah By number chapter 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 verse Isaiah 1 : 18 7 : 14 8 : 3 9 : 6 60 : 3 Places Ar - Moab Arabia Aram Arnon Ashdod Assyria Babylon Bashan Bozrah Brook of Egypt Canaan Carmel Chaldea Dibon Dimon Edom Eglaim Egypt Ethiopia Heshbon Horonaim Israel Jazer Jerusalem Kir - Moab Lebanon Medeba Medes Merodach - baladan Moab Nebo Nile Nimrim Noph Ophir Samaria Sela Sharon Shiloah Sodom and Gomorrah Zion Zoan Zoar Terminology Immanuel Leviathan Maher - shalal - hash - baz Pele - joez - el - gibbor - abi - ad - sar - shalom Servant songs Persons Abraham Ahaz Amoz Bel Cyrus David Hezekiah Immanuel Isaiah Jacob Jesse Jotham ( Judah ( son of Jacob ) Wikisource texts Book of Isaiah ( Hebrew ) Septuagint ( Greek ) Vulgate ( Latin ) Wycliffe / King James / American Standard / World English Bible ( English ) ← Song of Songs ( Song 8 ) Book of Jeremiah ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel&oldid=824841669 '' Categories : Book of Isaiah Christian terminology Gospel of Matthew Hebrew Bible people Hebrew - language names Isaiah 7 Judaism in the New Testament Matthew 1 Theophoric names Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does it say immanuel in the bible | [
"Immanuel (Hebrew: עִמָּנוּאֵל meaning, \"God with us\"; also romanized Emmanuel, Imanu'el) is a Hebrew name which appears in the Book of Isaiah as a sign that God will protect the House of David.[1] The Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 1:22–23) quotes part of this, \"a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel\", as a prophecy of the birth of the Messiah and the fulfillment of Scripture in the person of Jesus.[2]"
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"in the Book of Isaiah"
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2467946822071793845 | Chuck Liddell | Chuck Liddell - wikipedia Chuck Liddell Chuck Liddell Liddell in 2009 Charles David Liddell ( 1969 - 12 - 17 ) December 17 , 1969 ( age 48 ) Santa Barbara , California , United States Other names The Iceman Height 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) Weight 205 lb ( 93 kg ; 14 st 9 lb ) Division Light Heavyweight Reach 76 ⁄ in ( 194 cm ) Style Kickboxing , Kenpo , Karate , Kajukenbo , Wrestling , BJJ Stance Orthodox Fighting out of San Luis Obispo , California , United States Team The Pit Trainer Ryan Langcake John Lewis Chuck Sandlin Rank 8th Dan black belt in American Kenpo Black belt in Kajukenbo Black belt in Koei - Kan Karate Purple belt in Brazilian jiu - jitsu Wrestling NCAA Division I Wrestling Years active 1998 -- 2010 , 2018 -- present Kickboxing record Total 22 Wins 20 By knockout 16 Losses Mixed martial arts record Total 29 Wins 21 By knockout 13 By submission By decision 7 Losses 8 By knockout 6 By submission By decision Other information Website www.chuckliddell.com Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog UFC Fighter Profile This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charles David `` Chuck '' Liddell ( born December 17 , 1969 ) is an American mixed martial artist and former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion . He has an extensive striking background in Kempo , Karate , and Kickboxing , as well as a grappling background in collegiate wrestling and Brazilian jiu - jitsu . A professional competitor from 1998 until 2010 , Liddell had 23 fights in the UFC ; along with Randy Couture , he is widely credited for bringing MMA into the mainstream of American sports and entertainment . On July 10 , 2009 , he was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Mixed martial arts career 2.1 UFC 2.1. 1 Early success 2.1. 1.1 Liddell vs. Couture 2.1. 1.2 Pride Grand Prix Tournament against Overeem / Jackson 2.1. 1.3 Liddell vs. Ortiz 2.1. 2 Continued success 2.1. 2.1 The Ultimate Fighter 2.1. 2.2 Liddell vs. Couture II 2.1. 2.3 Liddell vs. Horn II 2.1. 2.4 Liddell vs. Couture III 2.1. 2.5 Liddell vs. Sobral II 2.1. 2.6 Liddell vs. Ortiz II 2.1. 3 Title loss and decline 2.1. 3.1 Liddell vs. Jackson II 2.1. 3.2 Liddell vs. Jardine 2.1. 3.3 Liddell vs. Silva 2.1. 3.4 Liddell vs. Evans 2.1. 3.5 Liddell vs. Shogun 2.1. 3.6 Hall of Fame and talks of retirement 2.1. 3.7 Liddell vs. Franklin 2.1. 4 UFC retirement 2.1. 5 Return 3 Personal life 4 Print media 5 Filmography 6 Good Morning Texas interview 7 Sponsorships 8 Reality Television 9 Championships and awards 9.1 Mixed martial arts 9.2 Kickboxing 10 Mixed martial arts record 11 Books 12 References 13 External links Early Life ( edit ) Liddell was born in Santa Barbara , California , of Irish descent . He was raised by his single mother and maternal grandfather , who taught Liddell and his siblings boxing techniques from a very young age . Liddell began studying Koei - Kan karate at the age of 12 ; the tattoo seen on his scalp reads `` Koei - Kan '' . Liddell was a four - year starter on the football team at San Marcos High School , playing center and linebacker while also excelling at wrestling . While growing up in Santa Barbara , he often frequented the infamous Del Playa Drive , the middle of the party scene of the college town of Isla Vista , where he often found himself in fights with drunk college students . He became a Division I wrestler at Cal Poly ( California Polytechnic State University ) in San Luis Obispo California and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Business / Accounting in 1995 . He holds an amateur kickboxing record of 20 wins and 2 losses , with 16 of his wins coming by way of knockout . When Liddell started his mixed martial arts career , he began to train in Brazilian jiu - jitsu under Jon Lewis in Las Vegas , Nevada . Mixed martial Arts career ( edit ) UFC ( edit ) Early success ( edit ) Liddell made his UFC debut in 1998 during UFC 17 in Mobile , Alabama with a decision victory over Noe Hernandez . In his next bout , he faced the legendary Brazilian fighter , Jose `` Pele '' Landi - Johns , at an IVC event in Sao Paulo , Brazil , which was bare - knuckle . Despite being a heavy underdog in his opponent 's home country , Liddell dominated the vale tudo fighter on the feet , and won via decision . After a technical submission loss to top contender Jeremy Horn shortly after , Liddell began establishing his reputation as a top contender with dominant victories over Kevin Randleman , Murilo Bustamante , Vitor Belfort , Amar Suloev , Jeff Monson , Renato Sobral and Tito Ortiz . Liddell was also the first UFC fighter currently on the roster to go fight in Pride where he represented the organization against fellow kickboxer Guy Mezger , knocking him unconscious . Liddell vs. Couture ( edit ) See also : Randy Couture vs. Chuck Liddell By 2002 , Liddell was considered the # 1 contender for the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship , with growing popularity and support from his fans . The UFC tried to arrange a title bout with then - champion Tito Ortiz , but Ortiz cited scheduling conflicts . To force Ortiz 's hand , they created an interim light heavyweight championship and matched Liddell with Greco - Roman wrestler and former heavyweight champion `` The Natural '' Randy Couture at UFC 43 . Couture neutralized Liddell 's hooks with straight punches and eventually began taking `` The Iceman '' down at will . Couture eventually gained full mount and forced a referee stoppage due to a barrage of punches . Pride Grand Prix tournament against Overeem / Jackson ( edit ) After his defeat to Couture , Liddell entered the Pride 2003 Middleweight Grand Prix tournament as the official UFC representative . Liddell defeated Muay Thai specialist Alistair Overeem in the first round of the tournament . In the action - packed bout , Liddell was getting out - landed by the taller , quicker and more technical striking of Overeem ; later in the round Liddell landed an overhand punch to the head of Overeem , sending him staggering into the ropes . Liddell then rushed in with knees and straight rights and knocked Overeem out at the end of the first round . In the next round , Liddell was eliminated by fan - favorite Quinton `` Rampage '' Jackson . In the first round of his fight with Jackson , Liddell landed shots as he found his distance but Jackson countered with powerful strikes , rocking Liddell numerous times . In the second round , Jackson continued to out - land Liddell with big punches , but could n't finish him . Later in the second round a visibly exhausted Liddell was taken down and received a barrage of punches from the ground . His corner threw in the towel , giving Jackson the upset victory . Liddell vs. Ortiz ( edit ) See also : Chuck Liddell vs. Tito Ortiz Returning to the UFC , Liddell was once again put in contention for the light heavyweight title , preparing for a match with former champion Tito Ortiz . Eventually , after Ortiz lost the title to Randy Couture , the two would meet in a highly anticipated bout at UFC 47 on April 2 , 2004 , in Las Vegas , Nevada . After most of the first round was spent feeling each other out , Liddell threw a few punches and a kick which was blocked by Ortiz , with Ortiz slapping himself on the head , taunting Liddell . When the round ended Ortiz pushed referee `` Big '' John McCarthy out of his way , into Liddell , and the pair exchanged words . Shortly after the second round started , Liddell landed a flurry of punches that dropped Ortiz and led to a TKO victory . Ortiz has since stated that Liddell 's thumb made contact with his eye , causing him to momentarily see `` nothing but black '' . Since UFC 47 , the bad blood between both fighters remained , with Ortiz repeatedly stating that he wanted `` his '' title belt back . Despite the tension , Ortiz and Liddell would not fight again for two and a half years . Continued success ( edit ) The Ultimate fighter ( edit ) In early 2005 , Liddell was a coach on the inaugural season of The Ultimate Fighter , Spike TV 's reality show which featured fighters competing for a UFC contract . He coached Team Liddell , while then UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Randy Couture coached Team Couture . The series was a success for both Spike TV and the UFC . Both of the winners of the show , Diego Sanchez and Forrest Griffin , were members of Team Liddell and have had very successful careers in the UFC since . Liddell vs. Couture ii ( edit ) On April 16 , 2005 , at UFC 52 , Liddell fought Randy Couture , again for the light heavyweight title . Couture moved in for a punch , Liddell countered with a big right hand to the temple of Couture , knocking him out cold , making him the new UFC Light Heavyweight Champion . Liddell in 2007 Liddell vs. Horn ii ( edit ) Liddell was scheduled to defend his new title against longtime veteran Jeremy Horn , at UFC 54 , a matchup the UFC claimed was demanded by long - time fans of the sport since Horn had given Liddell his first loss . Throughout the bout , Liddell dominated with aggressive punches , causing knockdowns in several rounds . Liddell 's defensive wrestling ability , especially his sprawl , stifled the bulk of Horn 's offense , which was centered on grappling and submission wrestling . Liddell eventually won the fight via TKO in 2 : 46 minutes of the fourth round after Horn informed the referee that he could not see . He had been hit with a right punch to the eye causing him to bleed from his eye as well as his nose . Liddell had successfully defended his title and , in the process , avenged two of his three career losses . Liddell vs. Couture iii ( edit ) On February 4 , 2006 , at UFC 57 , Liddell faced Randy Couture in a rubber match , After an action packed first round , Liddell landed a big punch to Couture 's face causing him to bleed , Couture bounced back with a take down of Liddell , but he was able to get up right away . Later in the second round as Couture moved in Liddell countered similar to in the second fight at UFC 52 knocking Couture out , defeating Couture for the second time via knockout in Las Vegas , Nevada to retain the light heavyweight championship belt . After the fight , Couture announced his retirement from mixed martial arts . Liddell vs. Sobral ii ( edit ) In Liddell 's next defense , at UFC 62 on August 26 , 2006 , Liddell would beat Renato `` Babalu '' Sobral , who he had defeated nearly three years prior . Seconds after the fight started Sobral came running forward throwing punches , Liddell was moving backwards landing big punches , a right uppercut was the final hit in the onslaught ending the fight at 1 : 35 of the first round . It was announced during UFC 61 that , if he were to defeat Sobral , Liddell would face off against PRIDE Middleweight Champion Wanderlei Silva . The fight failed to materialize due to the competing promotions ' inability to reach an agreement . UFC president Dana White attributed this to Silva 's subsequent knockout loss to Mirko Filipović . Liddell vs. Ortiz ii ( edit ) In what was the most financially successful UFC event up to that point , Liddell fought a rematch with Tito Ortiz at UFC 66 , which took place on December 30 , 2006 . Liddell 's takedown defense neutralized Ortiz 's wrestling ability forcing Ortiz to stand up with a known striker . Although Ortiz did take Liddell down at one point in the fight , Liddell went on to defeat Ortiz via TKO in the third round to successfully defend his light heavyweight championship for a fourth time . It was later revealed that Liddell tore his MCL prior to the fight . In addition , during the fight he popped the tendon out on the middle finger on his left hand . Title loss and decline ( edit ) Liddell vs. Jackson ii ( edit ) In his fifth defense , Liddell would lose the title at UFC 71 on May 26 , 2007 , in a rematch with Quinton `` Rampage '' Jackson . Liddell was knocked down by a right hook less than two minutes into the first round and was unable to defend himself against Jackson 's strikes on the ground , resulting in a knockout victory for Jackson . After the loss , Liddell was widely criticized after reports indicated he had been seen in night clubs the week before the event . He responded that it was not anything he had not done prior to his other fights in Las Vegas . Liddell vs. Jardine ( edit ) Liddell trained with American Boxing Gold Medalist Howard Davis Jr. to prepare for an April 2009 bout against Maurício Rua . On July 11 , 2007 , Dana White confirmed in an interview with Yahoo ! Sports that a rumoured bout between Wanderlei Silva and Liddell had been canceled indefinitely . Silva and Liddell were supposed to fight in the main event at UFC 76 in Anaheim , California . Instead , Liddell would face Keith Jardine . In the main event of UFC 76 , Liddell came out landing his signature right hand to the head of Jardine , rocking him backwards as well as multiple straight right hands but Jardine stayed in the fight . After the dominant first round for Liddell , Jardine started to land low leg kicks continuously throughout the fight while Liddell was unable to time the odd formed southpaw . Liddell lost a close split decision , the first consecutive losses of his career . Liddell stated he wanted a rematch and claimed he had never taken Jardine seriously . Liddell vs. Silva ( edit ) On October 23 , 2007 , White announced that a matchup between Liddell and Wanderlei Silva would finally take place at UFC 79 . Liddell defeated Silva via unanimous decision , out - landing Silva with harder , more efficient punches and getting two takedowns later in the fight . Both fighters were awarded `` Fight of the Night '' honors . This fight was voted 2007 's Fight of the Year at the first annual World Mixed Martial Arts Awards and ultimately was Liddell 's final victory in MMA . Liddell vs. Evans ( edit ) On February 1 , 2008 , Maurício `` Shogun '' Rua revealed that he had recently signed a contract to fight Liddell , however on March 4 it was announced on UFC.com that Rua was receiving surgery on his knee and was forced to withdraw from the fight . It was later officially announced that undefeated wrestler `` Suga '' Rashad Evans would replace Maurício Rua in a bout at UFC 85 in London , England . However , a hamstring injury forced Liddell to withdraw from the fight , as well . On September 6 , 2008 , Liddell fought Rashad Evans at UFC 88 . Liddell was defeated 1 : 51 of the second round after Evans connected with an overhand right , causing Liddell to fall unconscious to the mat . The loss led to renewed criticism of Liddell over-relying on the same coaches and training partners . Shortly following his knockout loss to Evans , long - time trainer John Hackleman confirmed that Liddell is participating in training sessions with American Top Team to `` round out his skills '' , although he is still officially associated with Hackleman and The Pit fight team . Liddell vs. Shogun ( edit ) On January 17 , 2009 , Dana White confirmed during the UFC 93 post fight press conference that Liddell 's next fight would be against the 2005 Pride Middleweight Grand Prix Champion Maurício `` Shogun '' Rua at UFC 97 on April 18 in Montréal , Canada . Liddell was defeated by Rua due to punches late in the first round resulting in a technical knockout . After the fight , White declared that Liddell would retire from fighting . White stated , `` I care about him . I care about his health , and it 's over , man . It 's over . '' White went further , saying , `` At the end of the day , I care about these guys . I do n't want to see anybody stick around too long . You 're never going to see Chuck Liddell on the canvas again . '' In May however , Liddell 's trainer , John Hackleman , claimed ' with confidence ' that Liddell is n't done yet and that he 's `` definitely on top of the food chain . '' Liddell has `` more than one fight left in him . '' In an interview afterward , White went on to rhetorically ask `` can I tell him not to fight ? Absolutely not . If he still wants to fight , he can fight . I 'm not saying , ' It will never happen . It will never happen . ' But he made a deal with me ( not to fight ) . '' Hall of Fame and talks of retirement ( edit ) On July 10 , 2009 , at the UFC 100 Fan Expo in Las Vegas , Nevada , Liddell was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame . Chuck Liddell with the fans at the UFC 100 Fan Expo After UFC 101 in August , Dana White stated that `` I do n't want him to ( fight ) . He wants to , so we 'll see what happens . '' Two days afterward , Liddell went on record to say that he was undecided on the matter and that `` it 's hard for an athlete to quit what he 's done his whole life . '' Liddell went on to say that he would be `` making that decision in the gym , not in the ring '' after sparring sessions . Liddell vs. Franklin ( edit ) In his final fight Chuck Liddell suffered his third consecutive knockout defeat to Rich Franklin at UFC 115 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . It was later announced that Liddell would be coaching against fierce rival Tito Ortiz on the 11th season of The Ultimate Fighter , with the two of them fighting each other on June 12 , 2010 , at UFC 115 . However , in March , it was rumored that Ortiz was pulling out for as - yet - unknown reasons and Ortiz would be replaced by former UFC middleweight champion Rich Franklin . This was then denied by UFC president Dana White . On April 7 , 2010 , White confirmed that Liddell vs. Ortiz 3 would be the main event for the card ; however , on April 12 , 2010 , the main event was changed to Liddell vs. Rich Franklin . On June 12 , 2010 , Liddell faced Franklin at UFC 115 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Franklin connected with a counter right hook , knocking Liddell unconscious in the first round with five seconds remaining . Earlier in the fight , Franklin had broken his arm blocking a body kick from Liddell . Only a few hours after the match , UFC President Dana White declared that Chuck Liddell would not fight in the UFC ever again . UFC retirement ( edit ) With the opinions and considerations of his family and friends in mind after losing three consecutive fights by knockout , Liddell decided to end his fighting career on December 29 , 2010 . At the UFC 125 press conference , Liddell announced his retirement and stated he would be taking the position of Vice President of Business Development within the UFC . Liddell was visibly emotional at the announcement , acknowledging his retirement and an end to his fighting with words of farewell : `` Most of all I want to thank my fans and my family . I love this sport and I 'm excited to go to this new stage in my life and keep promoting the best sport in the world , the sport I love ... now that I 'm retired . '' On September 8 , 2013 , during an interview on the Opie and Anthony show , Liddell stated that there was a possibility of one last comeback , similar to George Foreman . Return ( edit ) Liddell announced on April 14 , 2018 , that he is coming out of retirement to target a third fight with Tito Ortiz . The fight may be promoted by Oscar De La Hoya 's Golden Boy Promotions , but a deal has not been reached . Personal Life ( edit ) With Joba Chamberlain in 2009 Liddell is associated with John Hackleman and The Pit fight team . His brother Sean also competes in MMA , fighting most recently in the WEC . He has a brother named Dan and a sister named Laura . Liddell continues to train in San Luis Obispo , California , where he attended college along with fellow team member and friend Wyatt Courtney . He has two children with MMA fighter Casey Noland : a daughter named Trista and a son named Cade . Liddell proposed to his girlfriend Heidi Northcott on November 4 , 2010 . Their daughter Guinevere was born in 2011 . Their son , Charles David Liddell Jr. , was born in 2013 . Liddell is a former part - owner of two bars in Lincoln , Nebraska : Dillinger 's and NZone . In 2010 , he opened The Ultimate Iceman , a memorabilia store in San Luis Obispo . This store was closed in 2011 to focus on online sales . Liddell endorsed John McCain in the 2008 United States presidential election . Liddell 's moniker ' The Iceman ' was coined by his trainer , John Hackleman , of Liddell 's calm and relax temperament before fights . `` My pulse rate rarely goes up or down , no matter how tense or relaxed the situation . In fact , that 's how I got my nickname : the Iceman . Hackleman gave it to me around my third kickboxing match . We were hanging out in the locker room before the fight , and he noticed that I was n't breaking a sweat or shaking out my arms to release some of the jitters and did n't have any other nervous tics . He told me he had been in countless pro fights and was anxious before every one of them . Meanwhile , I looked as if I were going for a stroll in the park . He thought I had ice in my veins . '' Print media ( edit ) On May 9 , 2007 , Liddell became the first UFC fighter to be on the cover of ESPN The Magazine . Liddell also released his autobiography , Iceman : My Fighting Life , on January 29 , 2008 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1981 The Postman Always Rings Twice Boy Scout Uncredited How High Tough Guy 2003 Cradle 2 the Grave Cage Fighter Uncredited 2006 Bachelor Party Vegas The Iceman 2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Maddog 2008 Drillbit Taylor Himself 2009 The Ballad of G.I. Joe Gung - Ho 2013 Kick - Ass 2 Himself 2013 Fight Life Himself MMA Documentary 2015 War Pigs Sergeant McGreevy 2015 Riot Balam Television Year Title Role Notes 2006 Blade : The Series Graft 2007 Entourage Himself 1 episode 2007 Punk 'd Himself 1 episode 2009 The Simpsons Himself ( voice ) 1 episode `` The Great Wife Hope '' 2009 Dancing with the Stars Himself 15 episodes 2011 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Martinez 1 episode `` Death by a Thousand Cuts '' 2011 Blue Mountain State Himself 1 episode `` Trap Game '' 2011 The Being Frank Show 2 episodes 2011 Hawaii Five - 0 Himself 1 episode 2013 Bones Himself 1 episode `` The Lady on the List '' 2017 Workaholics Uncle Mike 1 episode 2018 Ultimate Expedition Himself 2 episode 2018 Celebrity Big Brother Himself HouseGuest - 11th Place Good Morning Texas interview ( edit ) In March 2007 , shortly before UFC 68 , he appeared on Good Morning Texas ( Texan version of Good Morning America ) for an interview , and to promote the film 300 , but appeared to be very drowsy and fell asleep in mid-interview . The Interview ended when Liddell asked the host who he would like to fight . UFC President Dana White , along with Liddell 's head coach Scott VanGilder , explained that Liddell had pneumonia and had taken a large dose of sedatives the night before the interview . Sponsorships ( edit ) Liddell has served briefly as a spokesperson on behalf of Monitronics , a security system company . He is currently sponsored by Iceman Fight Gear - a brand designed with his input . He was formerly an actor in advertising by Miller Lite and Duralast Brakes Reality television ( edit ) Liddell was one of 16 people to compete on Season 9 of Dancing with the Stars . He and professional dance partner , Anna Trebunskaya got 11th place in Week 4 . In 2018 Liddell was a houseguest on Celebrity Big Brother , where he was the first person evicted . Championships and Awards ( edit ) Mixed martial arts ( edit ) Ultimate Fighting Championship UFC Hall of Fame UFC Light Heavyweight Championship ( One time ) Four successful title defenses Fight of the Night ( Two times ) vs. Tito Ortiz , Wanderlei Silva Knockout of the Night ( Two times ) vs. Randy Couture and Renato Sobral Tied ( Frank Shamrock ) for third most title defenses in the Light Heavyweight division ( 4 ) Most knockouts in the Light Heavyweight division ( 14 ) Two separate seven - fight win streaks in the UFC Most wins in UFC Light Heavyweight division ( 16 ) Knockout of the Year ( 2005 ) vs. Randy Couture Pride Fighting Championships 2003 Pride Middleweight Grand Prix Semifinalist International Fighting Championship IFC World Light Heavyweight Championship ( Once ) Sherdog 2006 Fighter of the Year Mixed Martial Arts Hall of Fame Black Belt Magazine 2001 NHB Co-Competitor of the Year along with Tito Ortiz World MMA Awards 2007 Fight of the Year vs. Wanderlei Silva on December 29 , 2007 Spike TV Guys ' Choice Awards 2007 Most Dangerous Man . Kickboxing ( edit ) International Kickboxing Federation IKF Amateur International Rules U.S. Super Heavyweight Championship ( One time ) Chuck `` The Iceman '' Liddell had an Amateur Kickboxing record of 20 - 2 with 16 wins coming by KO / TKO . Liddell won the International Kickboxing Federation IKF Amateur International Rules United States Super Heavyweight Title on October 17 , 1996 in Bakersfield , California , USA when he defeated Scott Harmon by unanimous decision ( 49 - 45 , 48 - 46 , 49 - 46 ) . Liddell lost the title in a rematch to Scott Harmon on January , 25th , 1997 in Bakersfield , CA , USA at the end of the second round when Harmon split open Liddell 's chin with a hatchet kick . Liddell 's trainer decided to stop the bout when he discovered in addition that Liddell also injured his shin badly . World Kickboxing and Karate Association WKA Amateur International Rules U.S. Heavyweight Championship ( One time ) United States Muay Thai Association USMTA Amateur Muay Thai North American Heavyweight Championship ( One time ) Mixed martial Arts record ( edit ) Professional record breakdown 29 matches 21 wins 8 losses By knockout 13 6 By submission By decision 7 Res . Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Loss 21 -- 8 Rich Franklin KO ( punches ) UFC 115 000000002010 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2010 4 : 55 Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Loss 21 -- 7 Maurício Rua TKO ( punches ) UFC 97 000000002009 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2009 4 : 28 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Loss 21 -- 6 Rashad Evans KO ( punch ) UFC 88 000000002008 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2008 1 : 51 Atlanta , Georgia , United States Win 21 -- 5 Wanderlei Silva Decision ( unanimous ) UFC 79 000000002007 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2007 5 : 00 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Fight of the Night ; 2007 Fight of the Year . Loss 20 -- 5 Keith Jardine Decision ( split ) UFC 76 000000002007 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2007 5 : 00 Anaheim , California , United States Loss 20 -- 4 Quinton Jackson TKO ( punches ) UFC 71 000000002007 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2007 1 : 53 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Lost the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship . Win 20 -- 3 Tito Ortiz TKO ( punches ) UFC 66 : Liddell vs. Ortiz 000000002006 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2006 3 : 59 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Defended the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship ; Fight of the Night . Win 19 -- 3 Renato Sobral TKO ( punches ) UFC 62 : Liddell vs. Sobral 000000002006 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2006 1 : 35 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Defended the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship ; Knockout of the Night . Win 18 -- 3 Randy Couture KO ( punch ) UFC 57 : Liddell vs. Couture 3 000000002006 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2006 1 : 28 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Defended the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship . Win 17 -- 3 Jeremy Horn TKO ( punches ) UFC 54 000000002005 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2005 2 : 46 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Defended the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship . Win 16 -- 3 Randy Couture KO ( punches ) UFC 52 000000002005 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2005 2 : 06 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Won the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship. 2005 Knockout of the Year . Win 15 -- 3 Vernon White KO ( punch ) UFC 49 000000002004 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2004 4 : 05 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Win 14 -- 3 Tito Ortiz KO ( punches ) UFC 47 000000002004 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2004 0 : 38 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Loss 13 -- 3 Quinton Jackson TKO ( corner stoppage ) Pride Final Conflict 2003 000000002003 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2003 3 : 10 Tokyo , Japan 2003 Pride Middleweight Grand Prix Semifinals . Win 13 -- 2 Alistair Overeem KO ( punches ) Pride Total Elimination 2003 000000002003 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 2003 3 : 09 Saitama , Saitama , Japan 2003 Pride Middleweight Grand Prix Quarterfinals . Loss 12 -- 2 Randy Couture TKO ( punches ) UFC 43 000000002003 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2003 2 : 39 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States For the Interim UFC Light Heavyweight Championship . Win 12 -- 1 Renato Sobral KO ( head kick ) UFC 40 000000002002 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2002 2 : 55 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Win 11 -- 1 Vitor Belfort Decision ( unanimous ) UFC 37.5 000000002002 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2002 5 : 00 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Win 10 -- 1 Amar Suloev Decision ( unanimous ) UFC 35 000000002002 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2002 5 : 00 Uncasville , Connecticut , United States Win 9 -- 1 Murilo Bustamante Decision ( unanimous ) UFC 33 000000002001 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2001 5 : 00 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Win 8 -- 1 Guy Mezger KO ( punch ) Pride 14 - Clash of the Titans 000000002001 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2001 0 : 21 Kanagawa , Japan Win 7 -- 1 Kevin Randleman KO ( punches ) UFC 31 000000002001 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2001 1 : 18 Atlantic City , New Jersey , United States Win 6 -- 1 Jeff Monson Decision ( unanimous ) UFC 29 000000002000 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2000 5 : 00 Tokyo , Japan Win 5 -- 1 Steve Heath KO ( head kick ) IFC WC 9 000000002000 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2000 5 : 39 Friant , California , United States Won IFC World Light Heavyweight Championship . Win 4 -- 1 Paul Jones TKO ( doctor stoppage ) UFC 22 000000001999 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1999 3 : 53 Lake Charles , Louisiana , United States Doctor stoppage due to cut . Win 3 -- 1 Kenneth Williams Submission ( standing rear - naked choke ) NG 11 000000001999 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1999 3 : 35 Los Angeles , California , United States Loss 2 -- 1 Jeremy Horn Technical Submission ( inverted arm - triangle choke ) UFC 19 000000001999 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1999 12 : 00 Bay St. Louis , Mississippi , United States Win 2 -- 0 Jose Landi - Jons Decision ( unanimous ) IVC 6 000000001998 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 1998 30 : 00 Sao Paulo , Brazil Win 1 -- 0 Noe Hernandez Decision ( unanimous ) UFC 17 000000001998 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1998 12 : 00 Mobile , Alabama , United States Books ( edit ) ( 2008 ) Iceman : My Fighting Life . Dutton Adult . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95056 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Chuck Liddell Website The Iceman '' . icemanmma.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Articlesengine.com '' . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , Maggie . `` The dance is over for Chuck Liddell - Cagewriter '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave . `` White on Liddell 's future : ' He 's done ' '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ChuckLiddell/status/48414840796090368 ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Cliff . `` Learning From UFC Champion , Chuck Liddell '' . ExtremeProSports.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Koei - Kan Karate - Do '' . KoeiKan.com . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liddell 's official UFC profile '' . Ufc.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` How Chuck Liddell Trains and How Chuck Liddell Fights -- Learn from the ' Iceman ' '' . Extremeprosports.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gobetz , Mitch ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Iceman Looking for the Final Revenge '' . MMAWeekly.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Joe ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` UFC 47 Profile : Tito Ortiz '' . Wrestling101.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Jared ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ortiz looks to continue challenger trend '' . Blogs.chron.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Liddell : Summary '' . TV.com . May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UFC , KOTC , and K - 1 Salary breakdown '' . MMAWeekly.com . August 11 , 2005 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sherdog.com . `` Fight Finder - Chuck `` Iceman '' Liddell 's Mixed Martial Arts Statistics `` . Sherdog.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Jared ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` Liddell - Silva on the shelf for now '' . Blogs.chron.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( December 31 , 2006 ) . `` UFC Post-show Notes '' . The Wrestling Observer website . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UFC Roundup : Liddell Responds to Partying Rumors , a UFC Lawsuit , and More '' . UFCDaily.com . June 3 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Iole , Kevin ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Silva - Liddell fight quashed '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Chuck Liddell Chose Keith Jardine as UFC 76 Opponent '' . Ufcdaily.com . July 29 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Sam ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Shogun Says He 's Signed to Fight Liddell in June '' . FiveOuncesofPain.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Liddell Injured , Forced to Withdraw from UFC 85 '' . UFC.com. April 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nate , Kid ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Chuck Liddell Training With American Top Team '' . BloodyElbow.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Jared . `` Liddell training at American Top Team '' . Blogs.chron.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morgan , John ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Chuck Liddell vs. Mauricio `` Shogun '' Rua to headline UFC 97 in April `` . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stupp , Dann ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Dana White : Chuck Liddell is retired '' . Mmajunkie.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : DANA WHITE ON CHUCK LIDDELL : `` END OF AN ERA '' Archived 2009 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lane , Jon ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Trainer John Hackleman : Chuck Liddell has `` more than one fight left in him '' `` . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Oswald , Brian ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` Dana White Adds Fuel to the Chuck Liddell fire '' . FOX Inside Fights . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stupp , Dann ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Dana White still uncertain whether Chuck Liddell 's retirement is permanent '' . MMAjunkie.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Liddell : ' Hard for an Athlete to Quit What He 's Done His Whole Life ' '' . Mmafighting.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Greatest MMA Magazine '' . Fighters Only Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Dana White : Not true ! We are doing cou '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dana White : Tito Ortiz - Chuck Liddell ' Definitely ' Main Event for UFC 115 '' . mmafighting.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Dana White : I guarantee that Chuck Liddell will not fight for the UFC ever again '' . LowKick.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Liddell 's UFC retirement official , named executive VP of business development '' . mmajunkie.com . December 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Liddell Retires , Named UFC Vice President of Business Development '' . MMAWeekly.com . December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Liddell coming out of retirement , targeting November fight against Tito Ortiz '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Liddell announces that he 's coming out of retirement , targeting Tito Ortiz fight in late 2018 '' . MMAFighting.com . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Escovedo KO 's Hamlett ; Shonie Wins Hard Fought Battle , Liddell Saved By Referee For Win '' . Onzuka.com . October 23 , 2003 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biz Buzz : Chuck Liddell to open sports store '' . Sanluisobispo.com. 2010 - 04 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` A Day in the Life of Carlos '' . The Orange County Register . August 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Glock , Alison ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` This guy scares you ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Noland to fight in front of home crowd at Cal Poly '' . Sanluisobispo.com. 2010 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Fighting Star Chuck Liddell Gets Engaged '' . PEOPLE.com. 2010 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` With Daughter On The Way , Chuck Liddell Settling Into Retirement Life '' . Fightline.com. 2011 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Chuck ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Announce the birth of my baby daughter '' . Jump up ^ Vogel , Karl ( January 20 , 2007 ) . `` Q&A with Matt Lindland '' . Journalstar.com : Lincoln Journal Star website . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Chuck . `` The Ultimate Iceman Store has moved '' . Jump up ^ `` More athletes taking political stands - Jon Wertheim '' . CNN . 2008 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Randy Couture '' . Baltimore Sun . 2008 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 100 fighter nickname origins '' . The Underground . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 100 fighter nickname origins '' . The Underground . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` UFC Conquers the Worldwide Leader in Sports '' . UFC.com . May 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cain , Jeff ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` New Book Chronicles the Life of Liddell '' . MMAWeekly.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gross , Josh ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Rough Morning for `` The Iceman '' `` . Sherdog.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maher , Natalie ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Get to Know the ' Celebrity Big Brother ' Cast : Mark McGrath , Omarosa & More '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UFC Championship Lineage '' . OCRegister.com . July 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most Wins in UFC bouts '' . Jump up ^ `` International Fighting Championshipswarrior 's Challenge Ix '' . Full Contact Fighter . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liddell Highlights Sherdog 2006 Awards '' . sherdog.com . Jump up ^ `` Imagining an MMA Hall of Fame : The Inaugural Class '' . Sherdog . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Co-Competitor of the Year '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Casey , Jordan ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Spike TV Holds First Annual Guys Choice Awards Show '' . AllNewsHeadlines.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' ( GIF ) . Stream1.gifsoup.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fox Sports . `` UFC '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Chuck ; Chad Millman ( January 29 , 2008 ) . Iceman : My Fighting Life . Dutton Adult . ISBN 0525950567 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chuck Liddell . Official UFC Profile Official website Professional MMA record for Chuck Liddell from Sherdog Chuck Liddell on IMDb Chuck Liddell on Twitter MMA Freak Hall of Fame Awards and achievements Preceded by Randy Couture 6th UFC Light Heavyweight Champion April 16 , 2005 -- May 26 , 2007 Succeeded by Quinton Jackson UFC Hall of Fame Inductees Pioneer Wing Royce Gracie Ken Shamrock Dan Severn Randy Couture Mark Coleman Chuck Liddell Matt Hughes Tito Ortiz Pat Miletich Bas Rutten Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira Don Frye Maurice Smith Kazushi Sakuraba Matt Serra Modern - Era Wing Forrest Griffin B.J. Penn Urijah Faber Contributors Charles Lewis Jr . Jeff Blatnick Bob Meyrowitz Joe Silva Bruce Connal Art Davie Fights Forrest Griffin vs. Stephan Bonnar Matt Hughes vs. Frank Trigg Mark Coleman vs. Pete Williams Dan Henderson vs. Maurício Rua UFC Light heavyweight Champions Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz Randy Couture ( ic ) Randy Couture Vitor Belfort Randy Couture ( 2 ) Chuck Liddell Quinton Jackson Forrest Griffin Rashad Evans Lyoto Machida Maurício Rua Jon Jones Daniel Cormier ( current ) Jon Jones ( ic ) BNF : cb15565894j ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1492 4544 LCCN : n2007075847 VIAF : 61866496 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Liddell&oldid=845479533 '' Categories : 1969 births American male mixed martial artists American male sport wrestlers Mixed martial artists from California Middleweight mixed martial artists Light heavyweight mixed martial artists American male kickboxers Kickboxers from California Heavyweight kickboxers Super heavyweight kickboxers American male karateka American Kenpo practitioners American practitioners of Brazilian jiu - jitsu Mixed martial artists utilizing karate Living people Participants in American reality television series Sportspeople from Santa Barbara , California Ultimate Fighting Championship champions Ultimate Fighting Championship Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 02 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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-7219494703532332883 | List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters | List of the Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters - wikipedia List of the Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters From left to right : Andrew Lincoln ( Rick ) , Greg Nicotero ( producer ) , Norman Reedus ( Daryl ) , Melissa McBride ( Carol ) , Lennie James ( Morgan ) , Chandler Riggs ( Carl ) , Danai Gurira ( Michonne ) , Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( Negan ) , Lauren Cohan ( Maggie ) , Alanna Masterson ( Tara ) , and Seth Gilliam ( Gabriel ) on a panel for the series at the San Diego Comic - Con on July 21 , 2017 The following is a list of characters from The Walking Dead television series based on the eponymous comic book series . Although some characters appear in both the television and comic series , the continuity of the television series is not shared with the original comic book series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Notes 1.3 Recurring cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Rick Grimes 2.2 Shane Walsh 2.3 Lori Grimes 2.4 Carl Grimes 2.5 Morgan Jones 2.6 Dale Horvath 2.7 Glenn Rhee 2.8 Andrea 2.9 Merle Dixon 2.10 Carol Peletier 2.11 Daryl Dixon 2.12 Maggie Greene 2.13 Hershel Greene 2.14 Beth Greene 2.15 Michonne 2.16 The Governor 2.17 Tyreese Williams 2.18 Sasha Williams 2.19 Bob Stookey 2.20 Tara Chambler 2.21 Abraham Ford 2.22 Eugene Porter 2.23 Rosita Espinosa 2.24 Gareth 2.25 Gabriel Stokes 2.26 Aaron 2.27 Deanna Monroe 2.28 Jessie Anderson 2.29 Enid 2.30 Spencer Monroe 2.31 Dwight 2.32 Jesus 2.33 Gregory 2.34 Simon 2.35 Negan 2.36 Ezekiel 2.37 Jadis ( `` Anne '' ) 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Atlanta survivors 3.2 Hershel 's farm 3.3 Dave and Tony 's group 3.4 Prison survivors 3.5 Woodbury survivors 3.5. 1 Soldiers 3.5. 2 Civilians 3.6 Prison newcomers 3.7 Chambler Family 3.8 Martinez 's group 3.9 The Claimers 3.10 Terminus 3.11 The Hunters 3.12 Grady Memorial Hospital 3.13 Alexandria Safe - Zone 3.14 The Wolves 3.15 Hilltop Colony 3.16 The Sanctuary 3.16. 1 Civilians 3.16. 2 Saviors 3.17 The Kingdom 3.18 Oceanside 3.19 The Scavengers 3.20 Miscellaneous survivors 4 Notes 5 References Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 Andrew Lincoln Rick Grimes Main Jon Bernthal Shane Walsh Main Special Guest Sarah Wayne Callies Lori Grimes Main Laurie Holden Andrea Main Jeffrey DeMunn Dale Horvath Main Steven Yeun Glenn Rhee Main Chandler Riggs Carl Grimes Main Norman Reedus Daryl Dixon Recurring Main Melissa McBride Carol Peletier Recurring Also Starring Main Michael Rooker Merle Dixon Guest Main Lennie James Morgan Jones Guest Special Guest Recurring Main Lauren Cohan Maggie Greene Recurring Main Scott Wilson Hershel Greene Recurring Also Starring Main Emily Kinney Beth Greene Recurring Also Starring Main Danai Gurira Michonne ( Stand - in ) Main David Morrissey The Governor Main Special Guest Chad Coleman Tyreese Williams Recurring Also Starring Main Sonequa Martin - Green Sasha Williams Recurring Also Starring Main Lawrence Gilliard Jr . Bob Stookey Also Starring Alanna Masterson Tara Chambler Recurring Also Starring Main Michael Cudlitz Abraham Ford Recurring Main Josh McDermitt Eugene Porter Recurring Also Starring Main Christian Serratos Rosita Espinosa Recurring Also Starring Main Andrew J. West Gareth Guest Also Starring Seth Gilliam Gabriel Stokes Also Starring Main Ross Marquand Aaron Recurring Also Starring Main Tovah Feldshuh Deanna Monroe Recurring Also Starring Alexandra Breckenridge Jessie Anderson Recurring Also Starring Austin Nichols Spencer Monroe Recurring Also Starring Katelyn Nacon Enid Guest Recurring Also Starring Austin Amelio Dwight Recurring Also Starring Tom Payne Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia Recurring Also Starring Xander Berkeley Gregory Guest Also Starring Jeffrey Dean Morgan Negan Special Guest Main Steven Ogg Simon Guest Recurring Also Starring Khary Payton Ezekiel Also Starring Pollyanna McIntosh Jadis ( `` Anne '' ) Recurring Also Starring Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steven Yeun is credited as a series regular for the first episode of season 7 . Jump up ^ Michael Cudlitz is credited as a series regular for the first episode of season 7 . Jump up ^ Khary Payton is credited as a series regular for the episodes he appeared in for season 7 . Recurring cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 Emma Bell Amy Recurring Guest Andrew Rothenberg Jim Recurring Guest IronE Singleton Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas Recurring Juan Pareja Morales Recurring Guest Jeryl Prescott Sales Jacqui Recurring Guest Adam Minarovich Ed Peletier Recurring Guest Madison Lintz Sophia Peletier Recurring Viviana Chavez Miranda Morales Recurring Maddie Lomax Eliza Morales Recurring Noah Lomax Louis Morales Recurring Pruitt Taylor Vince Otis Recurring Jane McNeill Patricia Recurring Amber Chaney Annette Greene Recurring Michael Zegen Randall Culver Recurring James Allen McCune Jimmy Recurring Brandon Fobbs Terry Guest Recurring Guest Aldis Hodge Mike Guest Recurring Guest Lew Temple Axel Recurring Markice Moore Andrew Recurring Lawrence Kao Tim Recurring Alexa Nikolas Haley Recurring Dallas Roberts Milton Mamet Recurring Tyler Chase Ben Recurring Vincent M. Ward Oscar Recurring Daniel Thomas May Allen Recurring Guest Travis Love Shumpert Recurring Guest Jose Pablo Cantillo Caesar Martinez Recurring Guest Melissa Ponzio Karen Recurring Guest Various Judith Grimes Recurring Vincent Martella Patrick Recurring Kennedy Brice Molly Recurring Audrey Marie Anderson Lilly Chambler Recurring Meyrick Murphy Meghan Chambler Recurring Marcus Hester Len Recurring Keith Brooks Dan Recurring J.D. Evermore Harley Recurring Eric Mendenhall Billy Recurring Sunkrish Bala Dr. Caleb Subramanian Recurring Luke Donaldson Luke Recurring Sherry Richards Jeanette Recurring Jeff Kober Joe Recurring Davi Jay Tony Recurring Brandon Carroll David Recurring Guest Kerry Condon Clara Recurring Juliana Harkavy Alisha Recurring Denise Crosby Mary Recurring Guest Brighton Sharbino Lizzie Samuels Recurring Special Guest Kyla Kenedy Mika Samuels Recurring Special Guest Tyler James Williams Noah Recurring Chris Coy Martin Recurring Ricky Wayne O'Donnell Recurring Christine Woods Dawn Lerner Recurring Erik Jensen Dr. Steven Edwards Recurring Teri Wyble Amanda Shepherd Recurring Steve Coulter Reg Monroe Recurring Daniel Bonjour Aiden Monroe Recurring Corey Brill Pete Anderson Recurring April Billingsley Theresa Recurring Tiffany Morgan Erin Recurring Guest Major Dodson Sam Anderson Recurring Austin Abrams Ron Anderson Recurring Michael Traynor Nicholas Recurring Jason Douglas Tobin Recurring Ann Mahoney Olivia Recurring Jordan Woods - Robinson Eric Raleigh Recurring Dahlia Legault Francine Guest Recurring Guest Mandi Christine Kerr Barbara Guest Recurring Guest Recurring David Marshall Silverman Kent Guest Recurring Ted Huckabee Bruce Guest Recurring Guest Benedict Samuel Owen Guest Recurring Merritt Wever Dr. Denise Cloyd Recurring Jay Huguley David Recurring Corey Hawkins Heath Recurring Guest Kenric Green Scott Recurring Vanessa Cloke Anna Recurring Guest Daniel Newman Daniel Guest Recurring Christine Evangelista Sherry Guest Recurring Peter Zimmerman Eduardo Guest Recurring James Chen Kal Guest Recurring R. Keith Harris Dr. Harlan Carson Guest Recurring Elizabeth Ludlow Arat Recurring Lindsley Register Laura Recurring Mike Seal Gary Recurring Jayson Warner Smith Gavin Recurring Joshua Mikel Jared Recurring Logan Miller Benjamin Recurring Cooper Andrews Jerry Recurring Kerry Cahill Dianne Recurring Carlos Navarro Alvaro Recurring Karl Makinen Richard Recurring Avi Nash Siddiq Recurring Traci Dinwiddie Regina Recurring Callan McAuliffe Alden Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Rick Grimes ( edit ) Further information : Rick Grimes Andrew Lincoln Rick Grimes , portrayed by Andrew Lincoln , is a former sheriff 's deputy from a small Georgia town . He is often described as an everyman -- smart , calm , just , and a good friend , husband and father , but with his own set of flaws . Rick is a natural leader even when he might doubt himself , but these doubts contribute to the ups and downs his character experiences throughout the series . His overwhelming need to do the right thing and protect those who ca n't protect themselves may pull him away from his family , causing tension within his marriage with Lori and his relationship with his son , Carl . Acting as a sheriff 's deputy , Rick was shot in the line of duty shortly before the events of the apocalypse began . He finds himself waking up from a coma to a deserted hospital , unbelievable carnage , and his family home deserted . He eventually makes his way to Atlanta and then to the survivors ' camp where his family is taking shelter , and quickly becomes the leader of those survivors . In his quest to lead them to safety , his son Carl is shot in a hunting accident , which brings the group to the Greene farm . While he is still optimistic about the general goodwill of other survivors when the group arrives at the farm , he is shaken by the circumstances which force them to leave , becoming a much darker , warier version of himself . Focused on protecting his family , he leads the group to the prison and clears it for occupation . While there are threats and incidents at the prison , including the death of Rick 's wife Lori and the delusions Rick 's grief causes , Rick and his group transform it into a relatively safe and productive community until they are forced out permanently by the Governor and his forces . Rick subsequently travels with Carl , not knowing if the other survivors , including his daughter Judith , are alive or dead . After almost being killed for meat by the cannibalistic inhabitants of Terminus , Rick 's group is reunited and begins to travel toward Washington , D.C. Rick and his group are on the verge of starvation when they are invited to join the Alexandria Safe Zone , and Rick becomes the leader there following the death of Deanna Monroe . Just as he has begun to regain hope for a future for his friends and children , he and the Alexandrians are thrown into a lethal conflict with the Saviors . After losing two of his closest allies , Rick is at his lowest , but eventually accepts his responsibility to work with his new allies and make a plan to bring down the Saviors . During the war against the saviors , Rick 's emotions return to destabilize after the loss of his legitimate son Carl Grimes . Shane Walsh ( edit ) Further information : Shane Walsh ( The Walking Dead ) Jon Bernthal Shane Walsh , portrayed by Jon Bernthal , is a former sheriff 's deputy from a small Georgia town . He was Rick 's partner in the sheriff 's department and his best friend since high school . Until Rick 's arrival , Shane led the group of Atlanta survivors . Shane harbors feelings for Lori , and after the start of the apocalypse , when Lori believes Rick is dead , Shane starts a sexual relationship with her . When Rick finds them , Shane relinquishes the leadership position to Rick , while trying to hide his resentment towards Rick and his relationship with Lori . During season two , Shane gradually becomes more unhinged and shows bouts of irrational violence and bloodlust after allowing another survivor to die in an act of self - preservation . Shane eventually lures Rick away from the group to kill him , but Rick kills him first . Shane 's reanimation after being stabbed was the first concrete indication to the survivors that it did n't matter how someone died : they would still come back as a walker . While Rick claims Lori 's baby as his daughter , it is strongly implied that Judith is Shane 's biological child . This is further supported when Rick specifically tells Michonne that he knows Judith is n't his , but still vows to protect her and treat her as if she was . Lori Grimes ( edit ) Further information : Lori Grimes Sarah Wayne Callies Lori Grimes , portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies , is Rick 's wife , and Carl and Judith 's mother . Believing Rick to be dead , she begins a relationship with Shane , but is loyal to Rick once he returns , and she pushes Shane away from her and Carl , of whom she is fiercely protective . In the second season , she discovers she is pregnant , but is unsure who the father is . She attempts to comfort Shane so he will feel accepted in their group , but she is cautious about his reckless actions , and ultimately warns Rick that Shane is dangerous . At the same time , she is disturbed by her husband 's gradual change in this more savage environment , and is shocked after learning he killed Shane . From their escape from the farm till their endeavor to take up residence at the prison , Lori becomes increasingly estranged from Rick and Carl , which she blames on herself . She becomes worried about her baby 's survival , and when she goes into labor following a walker attack , Lori convinces Maggie to give her a C - section , despite the fact that it will prove fatal for her . Lori dies giving birth , and Carl is forced to shoot her to prevent reanimation . Lori is later seen as reoccurring illusions for Rick during his group 's stay at the prison . Carl Grimes ( edit ) Further information : Carl Grimes Chandler Riggs Carl Grimes , portrayed by Chandler Riggs , is the son of Rick and Lori , and Judith 's older brother . Confronted with the harsh realities of his new world , he quickly learns to defend himself and even rescues Rick from a reanimated Shane . In the prison , when his mother dies during childbirth , he shoots her in the head to prevent her from turning . The ease with which he shoots a member of The Governor 's militia troubles Rick , leading him to give up his authority over the group and teaching Carl to farm , renouncing violence . When The Governor attacks for the final time , he and Carl are separated from the rest of the group . With Rick severely injured and unconscious , Carl reveals his anger towards his father for failing to protect the group and his mother . He raids neighboring houses for supplies , but is nearly overcome by a walker . He returns to the house and reveals he still depends on his father , and ca n't bear to bring himself to shoot Rick if he does turn . Rick eventually recovers and they are reunited with Michonne , but are driven from the house by the Claimers . They later meet the Claimers again on the road , where one of the members nearly rapes Carl . After overcoming them with Daryl 's help , they travel to Terminus and are captured . After the band of survivors reunites at Terminus , Carl devotes himself to caring for Judith . When he arrives at Alexandria , he is initially awkward with the other teenagers , but befriends Enid , a girl who was outside for a long time also , they spend time together in the woods running from walkers . During the attack of the zombies on Alexandria , Carl gets shot in his right eye by a stray bullet shot by Ron . Carl is saved by Denise , but loses his eye and faces a long recovery , during which he grows darker and more fierce . Negan calls him a future `` serial killer '' in the season six finale , which could imply how seriously dangerous Carl may become . Carl , along with Glenn , Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Eugene and Aaron , are forced to kneel before Negan . In the season seven premiere , Negan begins to force Rick to cut Carl 's arm off , but changes his mind once he sees Rick is broken . Carl later sneaks into the Sanctuary against his father 's orders to try to kill Negan . While this proves unsuccessful , it does lead Negan to take an unlikely interest in Carl . Carl continues to work in and around Alexandria to try to defeat the Saviors , but begins to believe that Rick is wrong to want to completely destroy them , and wants to go back to welcoming other survivors and working together toward a better future . It is revealed in the season eight midseason finale that is trying to help a stranger named Siddiq and bring to Alexandria Safe - Zone , Carl has been bitten on the abdomen by a walker . He dies by shooting himself after . In later episodes , it is revealed that Carl wrote letters to everyone he had connections to , including Negan . He asks for peace between the Alexandrians and the Saviors , which is quickly shut down by their respective leaders . Morgan Jones ( edit ) Further information : Morgan Jones ( The Walking Dead ) Lennie James Morgan Jones , portrayed by Lennie James , is a survivor staying in Rick Grimes ' hometown with his son , Duane . Initially , he suffers from the loss of his wife Jenny at the start of the apocalypse , unwilling to move on while her reanimated body roamed the town . He helps Rick recover after he wakes from his coma , and promises to contact him over radio as Rick continued towards Atlanta . Later , Morgan could not take action to prevent walker Jenny from biting Duane , and he becomes obsessed with clearing walkers from the town . Rick meets him again while scavenging for supplies , and asks him to join them , but Morgan refuses . After he accidentally burned down his home in a fit , Morgan takes to following Rick and eventually encounters a former prison psychologist named Eastman , who helps Morgan find inner peace through the use of aikido . This not only gives Morgan a new mode of self - defense , but also imparts a new dedication to respecting the value of human life . Morgan follows Rick 's group from Terminus to Alexandria , where he finds their violent ways , particularly of Carol 's , distressing and tries to help show them a better way to deal with the humans that want to harm them . After being asked to locate a missing Carol and becoming a part of the Kingdom , Morgan finally comes to the realization that you have to kill sometimes , and kills Richard in a rage . Morgan helps in the fight against the Saviors and Scavengers , but the violence and the familiar feeling of instability become too much for him , and he once again leaves to be on his own and leads him to Fear The Walking Dead . Dale Horvath ( edit ) Further information : Dale Horvath Jeffrey DeMunn Dale Horvath , portrayed by Jeffrey DeMunn , is an older man and former car salesman . His age , calm affect , worldly experience , and RV provide the nucleus around which the small community of survivors has formed . He is wise , and the respected elder of the group . He is also rather feisty and not afraid to speak his mind or call others out for mistakes in judgment . Dale manages to talk Andrea out of a suicide attempt by putting himself at risk , as well . Dale becomes wary of Shane , after witnessing that Shane contemplated assassinating Rick beforehand as well as guessing that Shane killed Otis while retrieving medical supplies for Carl . Dale becomes upset at the group when they decide to kill Randall to avoid any risks he might have posed and argues for sparing his life , leading to the execution being postponed . Dale is killed by a walker , who was accidentally lured by Carl earlier that day . Dale 's death causes the group to reevaluate their unity and allow Randall to live . Glenn Rhee ( edit ) Further information : Glenn Rhee Steven Yeun Glenn Rhee , portrayed by Steven Yeun , is a former pizza delivery boy from Atlanta . He is keenly aware of the extreme danger of his missions on behalf of the group , but because of his loyalty to the group he is willing to take the risks . His knowledge of every shortcut in Atlanta proves extremely useful , and he is an excellent scavenger . Glenn thinks well on his feet and shows great compassion and humanity . He develops a passionate relationship with Maggie while living on the Greene farm and later marries her while they are living in the prison . He becomes more confident and displays more courage and ingenuity , as well as leadership qualities later . After being infected with the illness spreading in the prison , he recovers through Hershel and Bob 's care . When The Governor attacks the prison , he is unable to find Maggie and goes on a search for her with Tara Chambler . The two encounter Abraham Ford , Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa , who plan to bring Eugene to Washington , D.C. to find a cure for the apocalypse . After reuniting with his wife , they journey on their mission to D.C. , although Eugene eventually reveals he was a fraud hoping for protection . After his half - sister - in - law , Beth 's death , he moves forward with plans to find a safe haven for the group and continues to comfort Maggie in her loss . Glenn continues to be the voice of reason after Beth 's death , and moral support for the group . When they arrive at Alexandria , he is assigned to be one of the runners , and he and fellow runner Nicholas become rivals . After Nicholas causes the death of one of the other runners , their feud eventually culminates in Nicholas trying to shoot Glenn , and the two of them getting in a fight . Glenn is unable to kill Nicholas , and the two form a fragile peace . Glenn is seemingly killed when Nicholas commits suicide and the two fall into a horde of walkers , but he was able to use Nicholas 's body as a shield and escape under a nearby dumpster . When he arrives back home , he learns that Maggie is expecting their first child . Glenn is part of the raid on the Savior outpost and is forced to kill his first living human , which he finds very difficult . When Maggie experiences complications in her pregnancy , Glenn is captured and , along with Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan as punishment for the raid . Negan 's wrath lands on Abraham , and Daryl 's reaction to Abraham 's death causes Negan to additionally bludgeon Glenn to death . His remains are taken by Maggie and Sasha to the Hilltop , where he and Abraham are buried together . Andrea ( edit ) Further information : Andrea ( The Walking Dead ) Laurie Holden Andrea , portrayed by Laurie Holden , is a former civil rights attorney who is extremely protective of her younger sister , Amy . Following Amy 's death , she considers suicide , but decides to remain with the group . With the others , they find a farm owned by Hershel Greene . At the farm , she continued to confide and seek comfort in Dale , and gained survivalist skills through Shane . After escaping Hershel 's overrun farm , she is rescued by Michonne and is brought by Merle to Woodbury , where she begins a romantic relationship with The Governor . She is eventually caught in the crossfire between Rick and The Governor , and attempts to mend relations , but later turns on The Governor after learning that he intends to attack the prison . She is captured by The Governor and left in a room with a dying Milton , who bites her before she is able to free herself . She is discovered by Michonne , Rick , and the others , and makes amends before taking her own life . Merle Dixon ( edit ) Further information : Merle Dixon Michael Rooker Merle Dixon , portrayed by Michael Rooker , is Daryl Dixon 's older brother . A racist and misogynist , Merle grew up in an abusive household . His first meeting with Rick quickly escalates to conflict and Merle is subdued and handcuffed to a pipe , but the keys are lost . The group has to leave him there , but Rick leads a rescue party only to find that Merle has cut himself free and disappeared . Merle returns in `` Walk with Me , '' alive , one - handed , and residing at Woodbury , a thriving settlement run by the malicious Governor , where Merle serves as his lieutenant and enforcer . He escapes Woodbury with Daryl , but struggles to integrate into the prison . He attempts to secure peace with The Governor by kidnapping Michonne , but relents and lets her go before returning to Woodbury and luring a pack of zombies to attack in an attempt to assassinate The Governor . He fails and is killed and left to reanimate . He is later discovered by Daryl , who kills him . Carol Peletier ( edit ) Further information : Carol Peletier Melissa McBride Carol Peletier , portrayed by Melissa McBride , is Sophia 's protective mother and Ed 's abused wife . Before the outbreak , she was a meek housewife , and in the beginning of the apocalypse she often depended on others for survival and appeared weak , despite showing compassion and kindness to others , particularly Daryl , and putting the good of the group ahead of her own needs . After Sophia 's death , Carol gradually undergoes a transformation from a former victim of domestic abuse to a hardened and pragmatic warrior . She manages to survive under difficult circumstances , and soon begins sharing her survival tactics with others . Her story time program at the prison is revealed as a cover for teaching a group of young children self - defense and a weapons training course . When the father of two children , Lizzie and Mika , dies following a walker attack , she becomes their adoptive mother by the father 's wishes . Carol begins taking bold risks in order to survive , especially during the epidemic that breaks out , killing the severely ill Karen and David mercifully to prevent any others from dying . After Tyreese 's devastated reaction at losing Karen , Rick banishes Carol from the prison with a car and some supplies . When she sees smoke from the prison 's destruction , she heads back and encounters Tyreese traveling with Lizzie , Mika , and Rick and Lori 's infant daughter Judith . Carol is further hardened when she is forced to kill Lizzie , who has murdered her sister Mika to convince Carol and Tyreese that turning into a walker is just a change , not death . Carol eventually confesses Tyreese that she was responsible for Karen and David 's deaths and Tyreese forgives her . With Judith , the two move towards Terminus only to discover its true nature . Carol successfully destroys Terminus and saves her friends . Rick asks her to rejoin the group and she accepts . She joins Daryl on a rescue mission for Beth in Atlanta , but Beth is killed , leaving Carol devastated . Carol arrives with the group at Alexandria and pretends to be a weak housewife so that the Alexandrians underestimate her , particularly so that she can steal guns from the armory . Young Sam Anderson takes a liking to her despite her efforts to get rid of him , and their odd friendship is what brings to light the abuse Sam , his mother , and his brother face at the hands of his father . Carol believes that the Alexandrians are weak and that they may need to take the settlement for themselves , but after reflecting on her views with Morgan , Carol realizes she had killed about twenty - five people since the beginning of the apocalypse and becomes distraught . She leaves Alexandria and , along with Morgan , discovers the Kingdom . At the Kingdom she is able to receive medical treatment from multiple gunshot wounds . After learning of the deaths of Glenn and Abraham , Carol joins the fight against the Saviors . Daryl Dixon ( edit ) Further information : Daryl Dixon Norman Reedus Daryl Dixon , portrayed by Norman Reedus , is Merle 's younger brother . A Southern redneck with a tough background , Daryl is a survivalist and member of the Atlanta band , who quickly becomes one of Rick 's closest confidantes and a leader within the group , a role he is not entirely comfortable with . He develops a close relationship with Carol Peletier in the second season after spending a large amount of time searching for her missing daughter Sophia . Following Shane 's death , Daryl becomes Rick 's right - hand man . After the fall of the prison , he escapes with Beth , who is later kidnapped while he fights off a group of walkers . He joins a nomadic group ( the Claimers ) before turning on them to save Rick , Carl , and Michonne . In season five , he goes with Carol to Atlanta in an attempt to rescue Beth , but is forced to return with Noah when Carol is also taken to Grady Memorial Hospital . He returns with the group to break Beth and Carol out and is clearly devastated at Beth 's death . He becomes more distant . Once the group arrives at Alexandria , Daryl has a hard time acclimating but befriends recruiter Aaron and eventually becomes a recruiter himself . Daryl and Aaron later discover Morgan in the woods and bring him to Alexandria . After an enormous herd of walkers is discovered near Alexandria , Daryl 's role is to drive them away along with Sasha and Abraham . Daryl is driven away from Sasha and Abraham and has a small encounter with three strangers ; Dwight , Sherry , and Tina . He is captured by them , who believe him to be a Savior . After Tina is killed , Dwight and Sherry steal Daryl 's crossbow and motorcycle . Daryl is later found attempting to rescue Glenn and Michonne , who have been captured by Saviors . He is caught by Dwight , and shot near the shoulder . Daryl , along with Glenn , Rosita , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Aaron , and Eugene are forced to kneel before Negan . Daryl is one of the members of the group forced to kneel for Negan during his infamous `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' speech . After the death of Abraham at Negans hands , Daryl becomes outraged when Negan forces a terrified Rosita to look at the remains of Abraham on his bat , Lucille . Daryl lashes out at Negan in retaliation and punches him . Much to Daryl 's horror , this causes Negan to further punish the group , responding to this outburst by killing Glenn . Negan takes Daryl back to the Sanctuary as prisoner , where he is tortured physically and psychologically in attempts to convince Daryl to join the Saviors . In `` Hearts Still Beating , '' Sherry helps Daryl escape from the Sanctuary . He is hidden among the allied groups to avoid being caught , and is an integral part of the All Out War against the Saviors . Daryl Dixon is a television show only character , as he is not in the comics . His role was specifically created for his actor . Maggie Greene ( edit ) Further information : Maggie Greene Lauren Cohan Maggie Greene , portrayed by Lauren Cohan , is Hershel 's daughter and Beth 's elder half - sister . A tomboy at heart , she scavenges supplies from the local town . She develops strong feelings for Glenn , impressed by his bravery and loyalty to the group . After the fall of the farm , she settles 8 months later at the prison with the rest of the group . She and Glenn are later captured and interrogated by Merle and The Governor , who forces her to undress and threatens her with rape to intimidate Glenn into giving up information . After a rescue mission , she continues to be proactive in defending the prison during The Governor 's attacks , killing several snipers and soldiers to protect the prison survivors . She soon marries Glenn . When Glenn is infected by the deadly influenza virus that has spread across the prison and her father risks exposure by caring for the sick , she is angry and frustrated but is able to help when she rushes in to rescue her father and husband from the reanimated infected that overrun the quarantine zone . The Governor returns to the prison and Maggie witnesses her father 's execution in horror . She defends the prison against The Governor 's militia before escaping the overrun compound with Sasha and Bob , unsure if Glenn and her sister are alive or not . Deciding that Glenn is alive , Maggie searches for and finds him , and joins the mission to D.C. for a cure . She receives news that her sister is still alive , only to be left heartbroken once she arrives too late to meet her , as Beth has just died . Maggie becomes depressed after her sister 's death , but begins to recover before the group arrived at Alexandria . Once in Alexandria , Maggie acts as Deanna 's assistant . She tries to persuade Deanna not to exile Rick and also prevents Sasha from killing Gabriel . Maggie later discovers she is pregnant and worries with the possibility of Glenn 's death . When they reunite , she joins the group to go to the Hilltop Colony where she negotiates a deal with Gregory for half of their supplies . When Rick initiates a plan to take out the Saviors , Maggie and Carol are captured by a female group of Saviors and Maggie is forced to kill them , as well as some others , to protect herself and the baby . She forms a maternal bond with Enid . When Enid gives Maggie a haircut , she collapses on the floor in pain and she is taken with a group to reach the Hilltop to see a doctor . Maggie , along with Glenn , Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan before they can reach the Hilltop . Maggie is forced to watch as Negan kills Glenn as punishment for Daryl 's strike . A devastated Maggie tells Rick to prepare to fight Negan as she attempts to collect Glenn 's body . Glenn 's death ultimately helps Maggie grow stronger . Maggie moves to the Hilltop for medical treatment along with Sasha and Enid , and eventually takes leadership over Gregory . At the end of the All Out War arc , Maggie is secretly plotting behind Rick 's back alongside Daryl and Jesus to kill Negan ( who is spared by Rick earlier ) in the future . Hershel Greene ( edit ) Further information : Hershel Greene Scott Wilson Hershel Greene , portrayed by Scott Wilson , is a veterinarian and farmer , who is also a religious man and former alcoholic . He allows Rick and his group to remain at the farm while Carl recuperates after being shot , but hides from them that he is keeping walkers in his barn , merely believing them to be sick and not dead . When Shane opens the barn and the group kills everyone inside , his worldview is shattered , but he develops a close friendship with Rick and often acts as a voice of wisdom . When the group attempts to clear the prison , he is bitten and Rick cuts off his leg to prevent him from turning into a walker . Hershel becomes a member of the leading council of the prison and counsels the group to work to rebuild a society which can forgive the past wrongs of its members . When the prison becomes infected with the flu , he works as a medic and provides natural remedies to help ease the symptoms of his patients until a cure can be found . He is later taken hostage by The Governor , but is proud to hear Rick offer forgiveness and coexistence to The Governor and his group . The Governor refuses and executes Hershel before attacking the prison . Beth Greene ( edit ) Further information : Beth Greene Emily Kinney Beth Greene , portrayed by Emily Kinney , is Hershel 's younger daughter and Maggie 's younger half - sister . She sinks into a deep depression after watching her mother , half - brother , and neighbors , who had become walkers and were being housed in her father 's barn , get shot by Rick 's group , and unsuccessfully attempts suicide . She recovers and survives the fall of the farm before traveling with the group to the prison . She is often seen helping take care of Judith . When the prison becomes infected with the flu , she is put in charge of isolating the group 's children to protect them from the deadly virus . She witnesses her father 's death at the hands of The Governor and escapes the fall of the prison with Daryl . When they become separated during a walker attack , she is kidnapped . She reappears in season five at Grady Memorial Hospital , where she wakes up and discovers that she is being held in the hospital by a group of corrupt police officers . She regularly tries to fight against their strict regime , killing one officer and helping another patient , Noah , escape , but she is kept alive by the officer in charge , Dawn Lerner . As a result of an exchange plan negotiated by Rick to rescue Beth , she is returned to Rick 's group , but Rick refuses to let Lerner take back Noah . Beth stabs Dawn with hidden scissors , but Dawn 's instinctive reflexes cause her to fire a single bullet through Beth 's head , killing her instantly and unexpectedly . Michonne ( edit ) Further information : Michonne Danai Gurira Michonne , portrayed by Danai Gurira , is a resourceful and self - sufficient katana - wielding survivor . Her past , revealed slowly over the series , shows she had survived the initial apocalypse with her three - year - old son Andre , her boyfriend Mike , and their friend Terry . Mike , Terry , and Andre had been attacked by walkers while she was on a supply run , and she blamed Andre 's death on Mike and Terry . She used the reanimated Mike and Terry walkers as a means to disguise her scent among walker hordes . She saves Andrea after the group ran off from Hershel 's farm , and becomes her friend . When they are brought to Woodbury , Michonne is highly distrustful of The Governor and leaves the community to warn Andrea 's friends after witnessing Glenn and Maggie being captured . When Rick 's group attacks Woodbury , Michonne joins in and gets in a fight with The Governor , destroying one of his eyes . Michonne becomes a pivot in the conflict between Rick 's group and The Governor . Later , when Rick 's group is forced to flee the prison after The Governor 's attack , Michonne meets up with Rick and Carl , and the three become closer . As the story progresses , Michonne becomes the voice of reason for Rick , reminding him not to take risks . By the time the group has worked their way to Alexandria , Rick and Michonne have started a relationship with each other . Michonne is attacked by a member of the Scavengers and is almost killed . The Governor ( edit ) Further information : The Governor ( The Walking Dead ) David Morrissey The Governor ( real name , Phillip Blake ) , portrayed by David Morrissey , is the leader of the fortified town of Woodbury . He is a charismatic man , who is nevertheless power - mad and willing to kill anyone to secure the supplies needed to strengthen the town . When Merle rescues Andrea and Michonne , he quickly develops a romantic relationship with Andrea , but Michonne remains skeptical . When she leaves , he orders Merle to track her and kill her , but she escapes . Merle instead returns with Glenn and Maggie , who are tortured . When Rick leads a rescue party , Michonne steals away to kill The Governor only to find a room full of heads in fish tanks and his reanimated daughter , who she kills . This enrages The Governor and in the ensuing fight he loses his eye . He resolves to take the prison using walkers as a weapon and eventually leading a militia . When they are routed , he murders most of the militia before being abandoned by his remaining lieutenants . He wanders alone before meeting Lilly and Tara using the pseudonym `` Brian Heriot . '' He eventually meets up with a larger group and takes it over , murdering its leader and blaming the prison group . He takes Hershel and Michonne hostage and leads his new group to attack the prison , demanding that Rick and his group abandon the prison . He refuses a gesture of cohabitation before murdering Hershel and triggering a battle . Rick and The Governor brawl , with The Governor gaining the upper hand before being impaled by Michonne , and shot and killed by Lilly . Tyreese Williams ( edit ) Further information : Tyreese Chad L. Coleman Tyreese Williams , portrayed by Chad L. Coleman , is the leader of a group from Jacksonville , Florida , which includes his sister Sasha as well as Allen 's family . After unsuccessfully trying to seek refuge at the prison due to Rick 's hallucinations , Tyreese and the others find their way to Woodbury . Tyreese and Sasha become guards at Woodbury 's walls , but he becomes wary of The Governor 's intentions . When the assault on the prison is declared , Tyreese and Sasha stay behind to protect the innocent civilians . Eventually , Rick 's group return to reveal The Governor massacred his entire army , except for lone survivor , Karen . Six months later , Karen and Tyreese form a relationship at the prison and he becomes proactive in supply runs with Daryl , Michonne , Bob , and Sasha . During the flu epidemic that breaks out at the prison , Karen is secretly killed and burned by Carol to prevent the disease from spreading . Furious , he commands Rick to investigate the murders , and attacks Daryl and Rick out of frustration . He helps find medicine for the sick inmates before The Governor returns when their numbers are down . Tyreese fights The Governor 's militia along with Rick 's group and manages to escape with Rick 's infant daughter , Judith , and Lizzie and Mika . They encounter Carol on the road , but Tyreese is unaware of her responsibility for Karen 's death . Lizzie 's psychotic behavior becomes a threat to Tyreese , Carol , and Judith when she murders her sister , forcing Carol to put her down . Carol then admits to killing Karen to prevent people from dying . Tyreese forgives her , but remains haunted by the situation at the grove where they stayed . Soon , he appears psychologically and emotionally damaged , refusing to kill and trying to teach others about mercy . After reuniting with the group , Sasha is alarmed by his behavior , but seeks his comfort in her own loss . After proposing a mission to save Beth that fails when Beth is killed , the group goes to Noah 's home town of Richmond , Virginia for possible sanctuary . Tyreese , however , is bitten in one of the overrun homes , and accepts his fate while hallucinating previously deceased group members , making the choice to let go of his guilt for their losses . The group tries to save him by amputating his arm , but he dies anyway . Sasha Williams ( edit ) Further information : Sasha Williams ( The Walking Dead ) Sonequa Martin - Green Sasha Williams , portrayed by Sonequa Martin - Green , is a former firefighter from Jacksonville , Florida . She travels to Georgia with a group run by her older brother , Tyreese , in search of a safe haven . After passing on the prison , Sasha , her brother Tyreese , Allen , and Ben are welcomed into Woodbury where she protects the walls as a guard . She proves to be a great shot , much better than Tyreese , and decides to stay behind with the people of Woodbury at the walls to protect them instead of joining their army 's attack on the prison . They let Rick 's group in after Karen explains The Governor 's onslaught on his men . Sasha , along with Tyreese , Karen , and other citizens of Woodbury , is taken in by the prison group . At the prison , she is appointed to the prison council , and participates as co-leader on the majority of the supply runs that the prison organizes . She becomes infected by a deadly virus circulating the prison and is forced into quarantine . Hershel keeps her safe in a locked cell block when some infected reanimate as walkers . She is treated by Bob , one of the new prison inhabitants , who gives her medicine . She participates in the battle between her group and The Governor , and escapes the prison with Bob and Maggie . The three later discover the inhabitants in the prison bus have died and reanimated , and Sasha helps put down her undead former comrades . She eventually starts a romantic relationship with Bob , and she is devastated when he dies . This leads her to become a colder , more hardened individual , and her reclusiveness and recklessness only increase when Tyreese dies . Once at Alexandria she becomes a lookout and at one point disappears for a day , hunting walkers in the woods , before Michonne and Rosita find her and convince her to come home . She seeks help from Gabriel , who denies her , and she attempts to beat him but is stopped by Maggie . Sasha begins a romantic relationship with Abraham . Sasha , along with Glenn , Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan . Sasha moves to the Hilltop with Maggie and Enid after Abraham 's death as Maggie 's protector . Sasha and Rosita decide they are tired of waiting for Rick to attack the Saviors and decide to go themselves . After their plans are compromised , Sasha locks Rosita out of the Sanctuary , saving Rosita 's life . Sasha is captured by Negan and put in a cell . When she asks him , Eugene gives Sasha the cyanide tablet he had made so she can determine her own fate . Sasha is put in a casket to travel back to Alexandria as a trade , but she poisons herself on the way there . When Negan opens the casket to prove to Rick she is still safe , a zombified Sasha emerges and tries to attack Negan , leading to the All Out War between the groups . Maggie and Jesus find zombified Sasha and put her down . Bob Stookey ( edit ) Further information : Bob Stookey Lawrence Gilliard Jr . Bob Stookey , portrayed by Lawrence Gilliard Jr. , is a former army medic . He joins the prison community a week before the fourth season opener , `` 30 Days Without an Accident , '' when Daryl found him surviving on his own . Bob maintains a confident face to prove his worth to the group , but struggles with alcoholism and his troubled past . When a deadly influenza virus affects the prison inhabitants , Bob joins Daryl 's group to retrieve medicine at a college . Bob then talks to Daryl about being the last survivor of two different groups , and admits responsibility for the death of another member of their group during a supply run when his temptation for alcohol resulted in an attack by walkers , although he is quickly forgiven by Daryl . At the college , Bob retrieves a bottle of alcohol , which is later discovered by Daryl , who loses trust in Bob . When they return to the prison , Bob creates vaccinations to help cure the infected . Bob participates in the battle against The Governor . He is injured but he manages to escape the prison with Sasha and Maggie . After being treated by Sasha , he joins them in their quest to find the prison bus . The three discover the inhabitants in the prison bus have died and reanimated , and Bob helps to put them down . He eventually starts a romantic relationship with Sasha . Later , after the group reunites and escapes Terminus , he joins Rick , Michonne , Sasha , and Father Stokes on a supply run into the nearest town 's food bank in `` Strangers . '' It is eventually revealed that , during a scuffle between Bob and a walker beneath the sewage water in the food bank 's basement , he sustained a bite to his right shoulder , but kept it a secret from everyone else . Later that night , he leaves the church to put himself down , only to be kidnapped by the Hunters . Though he is initially horrified that they are eating his leg , he laughs and taunts them , saying that he is `` tainted meat . '' In response , the Hunters savagely beat him and leave him outside the church , where he is found by the group . He dies the next morning , after the group has already killed the Hunters , and Tyreese stabs him in the head to put him down . Tara Chambler ( edit ) Further information : Tara Chambler Alanna Masterson Tara Chambler , portrayed by Alanna Masterson , is a former police academy student , who holes up in an apartment complex with her remaining family -- her sister Lilly , her dying father David , and her niece Meghan . They welcome The Governor into their apartment and Tara comes to trust him and follows him as he leads them to join a larger group after her father 's death . As he leads an attack on the prison , she refuses to fight when confronted with The Governor 's true nature . Glenn discovers a catatonic Tara in the aftermath of the battle , having lost her sister ( who killed The Governor out of vengeance ) , her niece , and her girlfriend Alisha . She agrees to stay with him until he finds Maggie . They later meet Abraham Ford , Dr. Eugene Porter , and Rosita Espinosa , who are on a mission to find a cure for the virus in Washington , D.C. She travels with them and they eventually find Maggie , Bob and Sasha before finding Terminus and being captured and imprisoned by cannibals . The group escapes as the compound is overrun and Tara is formally accepted as a member of the group by Rick , who tells her that he knows she did n't want to be a part of the assault . She accompanies group members to D.C. and develops a strong friendship with Eugene , giving him a chance to prove himself and be accepted like she was . Upon discovering his mission was a lie , she is silent , but later explains to Eugene that he needs to pull his weight within the group . The band of survivors regroup and head to Noah 's community in Virginia , suffering several losses in the process before being recruited to a safe zone outside of D.C. called Alexandria . Tara , Noah , and Glenn become supply runners . During one run , Tara is severely injured and knocked unconscious as Noah is killed . Tara later wakes up in a medical room as Rosita watches over her . She soon begins a relationship with Denise Cloyd , the local doctor for Alexandria . She is part of Rick 's plan to kill the Saviors at the outpost . After this , she joins Heath on a two - week supply run . While she is gone , Denise is killed by Dwight . Tara and Heath are separated after Tara falls off of a bridge . An unconscious Tara is discovered by the Oceanside community ; Tara is able to escape Oceanside but promises she would n't tell anyone of their whereabouts . She eventually breaks this promise when Negan takes Alexandria 's guns . Tara leads Rick , Daryl , Carl , Michonne , Aaron , Gabriel , Jesus , Enid , Tobin , Eric , Scott , & Francine to Oceanside to take their guns . When Rosita brings Dwight back to Alexandria , Tara repeatedly tells Daryl to kill him . When Daryl does n't know that Tara is seemingly angry at him . Abraham Ford ( edit ) Further information : Abraham Ford Michael Cudlitz Sergeant Abraham Ford , portrayed by Michael Cudlitz , is a survivor and former member of the military . Before meeting Eugene , he had a family , who ran away after seeing him kill a group that threatened their safety . After his family was killed , Abraham attempted suicide , but Eugene arrived at the same moment , stopping him from doing so . His mission has become attempting to deliver Eugene to Washington , D.C. , believing he has the answer to the cause and cure of the zombie plague . Upon discovering that Eugene was lying , he nearly beats Eugene to death . His actions cause friction with the others , but he remains with the group nonetheless . He becomes part of Alexandria 's construction crew and upon Tobin 's recommendation becomes their leader after saving Francine from walkers . Abraham 's friendship with Eugene is later repaired after intervention from Rosita . He had been in a relationship with Rosita while they traveled with Eugene , Glenn and Tara , but he ended it at Alexandria . He takes a liking to Sasha from being on some runs with her as a partner , and they become lovers . Abraham , along with Glenn , Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan . After Negan plays `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' with the group , he lands on Abraham , who flashes Sasha a peace sign before accepting his death at Negan 's hands . Eugene Porter ( edit ) Further information : Eugene Porter Josh McDermitt Dr. Eugene Porter , portrayed by Josh McDermitt , is a survivor of the apocalypse and a member of Abraham Ford 's survivor group and later a minor antagonist after he unwillingly begins working for the Saviors . He comes across as timid and socially awkward . Initially when encountered by Rick 's group , he appears to be a scientist that knows of a cure to the outbreak located in Washington , D.C. , with Abraham and Rosita assisting him . Later , Eugene is forced to reveal that he lied to Abraham to gain his protection back when they first met , leading Abraham to punch him unconscious and creating a rift in their friendship . When the group makes it to Alexandria , Eugene assists the community with his technical knowledge to repair their solar power system . This helps to boost his confidence to learn how to defend himself , reconcile his friendship with Abraham , and help the community find a way to make more bullets . When Negan discovers that Eugene makes bullets , Eugene is taken to work for the Saviors . Although Eugene accepts the offer to become one of the Saviors , he still helps Sasha kill herself but lies about it to Negan . He is an important player for the Saviors in the All Out War arc , but is tormented with conflicting loyalties , especially after he discovers that Dwight is playing both sides . Rosita Espinosa ( edit ) Further information : Rosita Espinosa Christian Serratos Rosita Espinosa , portrayed by Christian Serratos , is a survivor of the apocalypse and a member of Abraham Ford 's survivor group , with whom she is in a relationship . When their truck breaks down on the way to D.C. she and the others journey with Glenn and Tara towards Terminus , ultimately leading to her capture there . She escapes with the group and goes with them from Georgia to Alexandria , forming a close relationship with fellow survivors Glenn Rhee and Tara Chambler before becoming fully accepted into their group . Upon arriving at Alexandria , Rosita is made a medical assistant . Along with Michonne , she tries to bring Sasha back to Alexandria after she goes missing , and takes close care of Tara after her injury while simultaneously trying to mend Abraham 's and Eugene 's friendship . She is with Tara when she wakes up in the season five finale . In `` Not Tomorrow Yet , '' Rosita is heartbroken after Abraham breaks up with her . She then begins a relationship with Spencer . Rosita , along with Glenn , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan . Furious about Abraham and Glenn 's death , Rosita has Eugene make her a bullet to kill Negan . Negan kills Spencer which triggers Rosita to shoot at him , but she hits Lucille . She is tackled by Arat , who scars her face . Rosita becomes increasingly angry with the Saviors . She finds Sasha at Hilltop and the two go on a mission to the Sanctuary to kill Negan . During their run , Rosita reveals to Sasha that she learned everything she knows from everyone she met after the apocalypse . Later , when breaking into the Sanctuary , Eugene refuses her help and will not join them and escape . Sasha locks Rosita out of the Sanctuary , telling her that is is n't her time to die . Rosita then runs into Dwight , who she brings back to Alexandria . During the battle at Alexandria , Rosita is shot and is rushed to the infirmary by Tara . Gareth ( edit ) Further information : Gareth ( The Walking Dead ) Andrew J. West Gareth , portrayed by Andrew J. West , is the leader of a supposed safe zone , Terminus , which he runs along with his younger brother , Alex , and his mother , Mary . He explains that Terminus initially was a safe and welcoming place , a sanctuary for all who wanted to come in , before a group of marauders took over and began ruthlessly beating and raping the other survivors . Gareth and his family had to take Terminus back by force , and decided that from then on , they would run Terminus in a similarly brutal manner by capturing , killing , and eating all those who were lured in by the various signs posted in the area . Just before Gareth and his butchers can kill Rick , Daryl , Glenn , and Bob , Carol begins her siege on Terminus by blowing up the propane tank outside , blasting open the fences and allowing the walkers to flow in . Though Terminus is destroyed and a majority of the survivors , including Alex and Mary , are killed , Gareth manages to survive and escape , along with five others , and become known as The Hunters . Later the Hunters kidnap Bob and eat one of his legs , but when he reveals that he is infected , they savagely beat him and leave him outside Father Stokes 's church , where Rick 's group has taken residence . They then attempt to lead a siege against the church in `` Four Walls and a Roof , '' only to be outsmarted and overpowered by Rick , Abraham , Michonne , Glenn , Maggie and Tara . Although Gareth initially pleads for his life , Rick refuses and kills him with a red - handled machete . Gabriel Stokes ( edit ) Further information : Gabriel Stokes ( The Walking Dead ) Seth Gilliam Gabriel Stokes , portrayed by Seth Gilliam , is a priest at a small parish church outside Atlanta . He is an extremely nervous man , who is not used to the hazards of the outside world , having been mostly sheltered inside his church after the outbreak began , living off of stored food from the nearby town 's food drive . He also struggles with how his religious beliefs fit within this new world . He is introduced when Rick 's group rescues him from walkers while he was out foraging , and he offers them shelter in his church . Rick discovers Gabriel had locked his congregation out of the church at the start of the outbreak , an action he remains remorseful for . He joins Rick 's group as the church is overrun , though detests the use of violence . When they arrive at the relative safety of Alexandria , he attempts to convince Deanna that Rick 's group is Satan in disguise , but eventually apologizes to all for sowing seeds of distrust . He becomes a useful member of Alexandria , both a man of the cloth as well as a protector on the community 's walls . Tamiel from the Scavengers kidnaps Gabriel . Rick , Michonne , Rosita , Tara , and Aaron find Gabriel with the Scavengers , which leads to the Alexandrians ' deal to exchange guns for an alliance . This alliance proves unfaithful , and Gabriel is involved in the war against the Saviors . As he tries to help save Gregory during the attack on the Sanctuary , Gabriel ends up sheltering in the same storage room where Negan himself is hiding . Though Negan helps him escape from the walker horde , Gabriel becomes a prisoner of the Saviors , and contracts a deadly infection that requires medical attention . Aaron ( edit ) Further information : Aaron ( The Walking Dead ) Ross Marquand Aaron , portrayed by Ross Marquand , is a recruiter for the Alexandria Safe Zone community , and generally has a cheerful , outgoing personality . Prior to formally meeting Rick 's group of survivors , he followed them around to evaluate them as candidates for membership in Alexandria , and eventually extends an invitation to Rick . The group , after some deliberation , accepts . Once the group is accustomed to Alexandria , Aaron invites Daryl to help assist him in recruiting other survivors . During once such excursion , Aaron and Daryl are lured into a walker trap set up by the Wolves . Morgan helps them to escape , though Aaron loses his kit of recruiting materials . Later , when the Wolves launch a full - out attack on Alexandria , Aaron finds that they had used his recruiting materials to locate Alexandria and plan the attack , causing him to feel guilty over the deaths of several Alexandrians . His guilt inspires him to take part in more of the fighting that follows , which leads to conflict with his husband , Eric , who worries for his safety . Aaron , along with Glenn , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Rosita , is forced to kneel before Negan , and watches in horror as Negan brutally murders Abraham and Glenn . He helps Rick carry back Abraham and Glenn 's bodies after their deaths . He and Eric make amends and both fight against the Saviors , which leads to Eric 's death . Deanna Monroe ( edit ) Further information : Deanna Monroe Tovah Feldshuh Deanna Monroe , portrayed by Tovah Feldshuh , is a former Congresswoman and the leader of the Alexandria Safe Zone . She is based on the character of Douglas Monroe from the comic books . When Rick 's group arrives in Alexandria , she interviews each member and records their testimonies , believing that the tapes would be important artifacts when Alexandria rekindled civilization . Deanna is very good at reading people , and she eventually finds an ideal job for each of them to contribute in the community . Deanna is the mother of Aiden and Spencer and wife to Reg . She had to deal with the loss of her son , Aiden , who died on a run for supplies and later Reg , who was accidentally killed by Pete , their medical adviser , and these losses change her views on how Alexandria has to be run . She wanted to expand Alexandria wider and gave her plans to Rick . When the herd of walkers break into Alexandria in `` Start to Finish '' she is bitten , and she tells Michonne she will kill herself when the time is right . Due to Carl and Ron fighting , the walkers end up invading the house they were in , and Deanna sends them away without her . Once the walkers reach upstairs , instead of killing herself she takes out several walkers before being consumed . She is later put down by Spencer and Michonne , then buried in the woods outside Alexandria . Jessie Anderson ( edit ) Further information : Jessie Anderson ( The Walking Dead ) Alexandra Breckenridge Jessie Anderson , portrayed by Alexandra Breckenridge , is an Alexandria resident , married to Pete and mother of Ron and Sam . She mentions to Rick she is a former stylist and gives him a haircut , where it is apparent the two have romantic chemistry . It comes to light that Jessie is abused by Pete and Rick intervenes , which leads to a fight between the two men . After Rick executes Pete for killing Reg , Jessie decides to step up in the community and learns to shoot . When the Wolves attack , Jessie is tackled by one of their women and stabs her repeatedly . She then tries to convince the other Alexandrians that they can be brave and accept the harsh realities outside the walls , and begins a relationship with Rick . When the herd breaks into Alexandria , her son Sam panics during the escape attempt and is devoured in front of her . In shock , Jessie freezes and the walkers begin to rip at her , but she is still gripping tightly onto Carl 's hand . Rick is forced to chop her hand off so she does n't pull Carl into the herd with her . She and her sons are buried together in Alexandria once the herd is destroyed . Enid ( edit ) Katelyn Nacon Enid , portrayed by Katelyn Nacon , is an Alexandria resident . She is first introduced to Carl sitting on a bed with a book while Ron and Mikey show Carl their video games . She often sneaks out of the safe zone . Eventually , Carl follows her out , but she sneaks back in away from him . Ron explains to Carl that she arrived alone and that it took her a while to speak to the other kids . Carl continues to follow her outside , which she quickly realizes . Despite her uneasiness with him stalking her , she lets him accompany her as she keeps up the survival skills she used to travel before she arrived in Alexandria . Carl also seems to have developed a crush on Enid , but appears too timid to pursue it , given his resistance to even hold her hand for more than one second . Enid finally tells Carl that she is the last survivor of her family ; they were attacked and only she came out safe , traveling alone until she came across Alexandria . She helps Maggie during her pregnancy and wanted to go on the trip to the Hilltop Colony , but Carl traps her in a cupboard in fear of losing her . After learning of the deaths of Glenn and Abraham , Enid travels to the Hilltop with Carl . She and Carl share their first kiss and Enid begs Carl to not travel to the Sanctuary , but he does n't give in . When at the Oceanside , Enid asks Carl what it 's like to kill somebody , anticipating she will have to do it soon . In the Season 7 finale , Enid arrives at Alexandria with Maggie , Jesus , and the other Hilltop residents to join the battle against the Scavengers and the Saviors . In Season 8 , Enid joins the others from Alexandria , Hilltop , and the Kingdom at the first assault on the Saviors at the Sanctuary . She accompanys Maggie back to Hilltop afterward . After Aaron arrives at the Hilltop with news of Eric 's death , he decides they need to convince the Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors . Enid convinces Aaron to let her go with him on the mission . Before entering Oceanside , Enid tells Aaron they need to bring them something they can use , and she finds a truck full of alcohol . They arrive at night so they decide to sleep in the car and meet with Natania and Cyndie in the morning . While they are sleeping they hear a noise and they get out of the car to investigate . Aaron is then attacked by Natania , but Enid shoots and kills her before she stabs him . Cyndie and the other women of Oceanside take Aaron and Enid prisoner . Cyndie decides to execute the two , but Enid talks her out of it and Cyndie lets them leave , but warns them to never come back . Aaron and Enid leave Oceanside . Aaron tells Enid he needs to stay and try to convince Cyndie to join the fight but she should leave and get back to Maggie and the Hilltop . Enid reluctantly leaves . After Enid returns to Hilltop , Daryl , Rosita , Tara , and the other Alexandrian 's tell Enid , Maggie , Carol , and Morgan of Carl 's death . Enid collapses in tears and Maggie holds her . Enid is with Michonne , Maggie , and Rosita when they meet Georgie for the first time . Enid , still angry about the Carl 's death , argues with Michonne about what they should do with Georgie . Enid wants to take their stuff and kick the newcomer out . Michonne takes her gun and tells her to step back . In the finale of Season 8 , Enid stays with Tara at the Hilltop to protect it if the Saviors attack . When Saviors do show up at Hilltop , Enid carries Judith to safety outside the walls . Aaron and the Oceanside show up and help defend the Hilltop . Spencer Monroe ( edit ) Further information : Spencer Monroe Austin Nichols Spencer Monroe , portrayed by Austin Nichols , is the son of Deanna and Reg , and the older brother of Aiden . He is distrustful of the Rick and his group even after his parents accept them and shows disregard for the society 's regulations , especially when it comes to firearm possession and food rationing . He becomes a sniper in the bell tower with Sasha , in whom he takes an interest . When the herd came upon Alexandria , he almost died attempting to climb across a wire to reach a car and lead the herd of walkers away . Saving him almost cost Tara 's life . After the events of the herd attack , he sneaks out of Alexandria to go put down his reanimated mother . Michonne follows him and then allows him to do what he wanted . In `` Twice as Far , '' he awakens from sleeping with Rosita . He later asks her for a date , which she reluctantly agrees to . Spencer blames Rick for the deaths of Abraham and Glenn and even challenges Rick once after his return , but it was n't received constructively . He tried to prove himself to the Saviors by going out alone to collect supplies , but when he reveals to Negan his desire to overthrow Rick , Negan notices how cowardly Spencer truly is . Negan doubts that Spencer has any `` guts '' and slashes him across the stomach , allowing his intestines to spill out before he dies , in front of the whole community . He is left to reanimate and Rick puts him down . Dwight ( edit ) Further information : Dwight ( The Walking Dead ) Austin Amelio Dwight , portrayed by Austin Amelio , is a ruthless but reluctant member of the Saviors who forms a hostile rivalry with Daryl . He first appears in `` Always Accountable '' with his wife Sherry and his sister - in - law Tina . The three of them come across Daryl in the woods and take him captive , mistaking him for a Savior coming to bring them back . Although Daryl offers to help them , they steal his motorcycle and crossbow and go back to the Sanctuary . Dwight appears later with half of his face melted and attempts to kill Daryl , but ends up shooting Denise in the eye with Daryl 's crossbow . Dwight and his crew have Eugene hostage , but Eugene creates a distraction by biting Dwight in the testicles , allowing Abraham to begin firing on them . Dwight and his men retreat . After Denise 's death , Daryl goes out to hunt for Dwight for vengeance . Michonne , Rosita , and Glenn follow him to lead him back , but Rosita agrees with him that they should bring down Dwight . Michonne and Glenn head back but are captured by Dwight 's men . Rosita and Daryl are also found by Dwight , who then shoots Daryl . Dwight stands forward when they ambush Rick 's group , taking an interest in Daryl 's gear , especially his vest , motorcycle , and crossbow . After Negan takes Daryl captive , Dwight uses Daryl 's motorcycle to get around . Dwight is sent to convince a renegade Savior to return to the fold , but he refuses . Dwight shoots him out of desperation . It is revealed the burn mark on his face came from Negan . After their failed escape attempt Sherry became one of Negan 's wives to save them both , but Dwight and Sherry were caught illicitly seeing each other , which is punishable by a red hot iron to the face . Rosita comes across Dwight and brings him to Alexandria , where he is confronted by Daryl , Rick , Tara , Michonne , and Jesus . He tells them that he wants to join them as a double agent to take down Negan . Tara wants Daryl to kill him for killing Denise , but the Alexandrians decide they need Dwight as an ally . Dwight continues to honor their new alliance as the All Out War begins , sending secret messages and internally sabotaging the Savior 's plans . He is eventually found out by Negan , yet is kept alive for Negan 's unknown purposes . Jesus ( edit ) Further information : Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Tom Payne Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , portrayed by Tom Payne , is a friend of Rick 's group and a member of the Hilltop Colony . He first met Daryl and Rick while they were on a run and stole their truck full of food . Then he fought with Daryl and Rick , who knocked him unconscious and brought him to Alexandria instead of leaving him to die . Jesus introduces them to the Hilltop in order for the two communities to become trading partners , and assists them in rescuing Craig and taking out one of the Saviors ' outposts . When Maggie and Sasha make it to the Hilltop after Glenn and Abraham are killed , he is very welcoming ; he constantly tries to convince Gregory of their usefulness . After the Saviors come to collect supplies , Gregory tells Jesus to follow them and find their location . He sneaks into the back of one of their supply trucks where he finds that Carl had the same idea . After infiltrating the Sanctuary , he runs into a freshly - escaped Daryl and helps him get to the Hilltop to reunite with Rick and Alexandrians . Gregory ( edit ) Further information : Gregory ( The Walking Dead ) Xander Berkeley Gregory , portrayed by Xander Berkeley , is the leader of the Hilltop Colony . He accepted the deal from the Saviors and later tried to break that deal with Rick 's help . He was stabbed by Ethan under Negan 's orders but he survived . He is seen by everyone as a great coward . Reluctantly , he ends up taking in Sasha and Maggie after Negan 's ambush . He never calls Maggie by the correct name and scoffs at the idea that Maggie and Sasha could be useful . He almost gave up their hiding space to Simon in `` Go Getters , '' but Jesus , not trusting him to honor their agreement , had moved the women elsewhere . In `` Rock in the Road , '' Gregory refuses to assist Rick in the oncoming fight against the Saviors and is greatly criticized by the combined communities . He is visiting the Sanctuary to prove his loyalty when the combined Alexandrian forces attack and only narrowly escapes when Gabriel stops to help him . When he gets back to the Hilltop , Maggie throws him in the pen with the Savior hostages . Gregory later becomes a messenger between Dwight and the Hilltop , warning the later of Negan 's next plan . This plan turns out to be faked , as Negan knew Dwight had betrayed the Saviors and that Gregory was his messenger . Simon ( edit ) Further information : Simon ( The Walking Dead ) Steven Ogg Simon ( also known as Lead Savior in his first appearance ) , portrayed by Steven Ogg , is a psychopath high - ranking member of the Saviors who serves as Negan 's right - hand man . He is first encountered in the season six finale as a roadblock to Rick 's group . He talks to Rick , musing on how that day is someone 's `` last day on earth . '' He reappears at the end of the episode and announces to Rick 's group that this is their destination . He has Dwight get Daryl , Glenn , Michonne and Rosita out of the truck , and later calls for Negan to face the fearful Alexandrians , which brings the Alexandrians under Negan 's rule . Simon is the deputy in charge of relations with the Hilltop Colony and comes to remind Gregory of their agreement and how important it is for the Hilltop to keep up its end of the bargain . In the end of the seventh season Simon accompanies Negan to intimidate the Alexandrians without realizing that the community allied with Hilltop and the Kingdom . This battle is a hard blow to the Saviors , who then flee . Simon is one of Negan 's deputies during the upcoming war with the allied survivors . In the episode `` How It 's Gotta Be '' , Simon tries to capture Maggie without knowing of the surprise that this one will take . When The Scavengers form an alliance with Rick , Simon goes to The Scavengers and kills them all except for Jadis , making it clear that he is opposed to Negan 's order , creating a rift with the leader of the Saviors . Simon believes that the rebellion of Alexandria , The Kingdom and Hilltop are a potential threat to them since their choice is to seek other communities to subjugate but Negan does not agree as his order is to maintain a balance without causing too much collateral damage . When Negan decides to attack Hilltop using weapons tainted with walker blood to leave a `` warning '' , Rick notices Negan 's car and attacks the leader of the Saviors , isolating him from the others . The Saviors , including Simon and Dwight , believed that Negan was dead , and Simon immediately proclaims himself as the new leader of The Saviors . Upon Negan 's return , Simon plans a coup with Dwight and other members of the Savior 's . Dwight betrays Simon and Negan walks in on their meeting . Simon challenges Negan to a fight for control of the Savior 's which Negan accepts , and wins , strangling Simon to death and turns into the walker . After the defeat of Negan , it is presumed that Simon is no longer seen since his zombified body is no longer chained to the fence of the Sanctuary after peace is declared between the saviors and the militia , possibly Laura or some savior with its zombification . Negan ( edit ) Further information : Negan Jeffrey Dean Morgan Negan , portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan , is a totalitarian and manipulative dictator who made his first appearance in the season six finale . He is the psychopathic and merciless leader of a vast organization of hostile survivors called the Saviors that he rules with tyranny . His group coerces other survivors to give the Saviors their possessions and supplies by the threat of force and intimidation . When Rick 's group attempt to take Maggie to the Hilltop Colony for medical assistance , the Saviors capture them all . Negan demands that Alexandria will turn over half its supplies to him from now on , and reinforces his mandate by beating to a bloody pulp Abraham and Glenn with his barbed wire - studded baseball bat , Lucille . Negan finds his way to Alexandria , where he meets the rest of the group and , as promised , takes half of all of their supplies , furniture , and weapons . At the Sanctuary , one of his standard punishments is using a hot iron to melt the face of anyone who sleeps with any of his wives , which is how Dwight 's face became scarred . When Carl sneaks into the Sanctuary and guns down Negan 's men , he takes Carl and shows him around before trying to intimidate him by making him sing a song and reveal his empty eye socket . He then returns to Alexandria with Carl to wait for Rick . In the meantime , he is taken on a tour and enjoys a meal with Carl , Olivia , and Judith . Before Rick returns , Spencer tries to ingratiate himself with Negan by offering him a drink and playing pool with him . However , when Spencer reveals his desire for Rick to be deposed , Negan suggests that he `` has no guts '' for not killing Rick himself and just taking over . He then guts Spencer and Rosita to attempts to shoot him . Rosita misses and shoots Lucille instead . Furious not only at Lucille 's marring but also at the presence of a bullet in Alexandria , Negan demands that Rosita tell him who made it . When Rosita refuses , Negan tells one of his soldiers to pick someone to shoot ; she turns and shoots Olivia through the head . Eugene confesses to manufacturing the bullets and Negan orders him to be taken . Negan leaves when Rick gets back , stating that he helped him and cleared up his mess . After Sasha is captured , Negan takes her as a show of goodwill to the Alexandrians even though he has allied with the Scavengers to double - cross them . He is taken by surprise to see that Rick formed alliances with the Kingdom and Hilltop and the communities had formed a militia . Their arrivals force Negan and his henchmen to retreat . In the season eight premiere Rick and his soldiers go to the Sanctuary to tell Negan that they will not submit to his tyranny and that , if the Saviors will cease their terror , they can all continue in peace . Negan rejects Rick 's offer and fighting begins . In the episode `` The Big Scary U '' , he confesses to Gabriel the past of his deceased wife Lucille and his inability to put her down after her reanimation . In the season finale , `` Wrath '' , Rick 's group shows up to challenge the Saviors . Negan orders his men to open fire , but discovers that Eugene has tampered with their weapons , rendering them helpless . Rick 's group kills several of Negan 's men , while Rick and Negan have a final battle that ends with Rick cutting Negan 's throat open . Rick saves Negan 's life , however , as he believes it is what Carl would want . They take Negan back to Alexandria , where Rick and Michonne inform him that they will imprison him for the rest of his life . Ezekiel ( edit ) Further information : King Ezekiel Khary Payton King Ezekiel , portrayed by Khary Payton , is the leader of a community known as the Kingdom . A former actor and zookeeper , Ezekiel created his persona as a king alongside a pet Bengal tiger he rescued from the zoo , Shiva . When Carol is taken to the Kingdom , she and Ezekiel form a tentative friendship . When the Saviors escalate their harassment of the Kingdom , Ezekiel begins to realize that their relatively peaceful lifestyle can not continue and accepts the invitations of Jesus , Morgan , and Rick to band together and fight the Saviors . He maintains his kingly persona as he leads his troops into the battle where they kill a large number of Saviors and believe themselves to be victorious . Not long afterward , they come into the line of fire of Savior snipers who kill all of Ezekiel 's fighters except for Jerry and Carol and wound Ezekiel himself . As they try to escape the compound , Shiva finds them threatened by walkers and sacrifices herself to save Ezekiel . Only then does his facade break down . When he returns to the Kingdom , devastated , he retreats to his rooms and will see no one . He only reappears when the Saviors come to remove everyone from the Sanctuary , sacrificing himself as a distraction so his people could escape and padlocking the gates so the Saviors could not overrun their home . Jadis ( `` Anne '' ) ( edit ) Further information : Jadis ( The Walking Dead ) Jadis , ( or known as `` Anne '' ) , is portrayed by Pollyanna McIntosh , is the oddly - spoken and enigmatic leader of the Scavengers . She is calm and collected , but also very cunning and sly . Her group kidnapped Gabriel and then ambushed Rick 's team as they searched for him . When asked by Rick to join forces to defeat the Saviors , Jadis is reluctant but takes it into consideration after being told that they could gain more supplies . Jadis tells Rick he needs to prove his worth and she pushes him down a trash heap into a pit of trash and metal . After watching Rick kill a heavily armored walker , she tells him that she and her people will help him , but that they need a lot of guns . When Rick 's group delivers 63 guns to her , she tells him that it is not enough , claiming they need nearly twice as many guns . Rick and Jadis renegotiate and agree that he will keep 20 of the guns while he searches for more . He finds the needed guns at Oceanside , seemingly clinching the Scavengers ' support . The day of the battle , she crudely propositions Rick upon arrival at Alexandria . Together , the Scavengers and the Alexandrians wire up bombs at the gates ready for the enemy . When the explosion fails as Negan and his men wait by the gates , Jadis pulls a gun on Rick and the Scavengers follow suit with the rest of the Alexandrians . She reveals that she told Negan of Rick 's plan and was offered a `` better deal '' by the Saviors . When the Saviors get distracted by the re-animated Sasha , Rick attempts to make another deal with her , but Jadis refuses and shoots him in the abdomen ; she pushes him off the platform . During the battle , she flees with her group through smoke bombs . After the war between the Saviors and the banded survivors has begun , Rick again attempts to get Jadis on his side . She imprisons him in a shipping container , only releasing him to fight with another armed walker . He decapitates the walker and disarms her men , giving her new terms which she appears to accept . In the episode `` The Key '' , Jadis captures Negan at gunpoint , in trying to take justice for the death of his camp at the hands of Simon . Jadis seeing the sincerity of Negan she decides to let him go . In the season finale , `` Wrath '' , Jadis tells Morgan that he can call her `` Anne '' . Morgan comes to the junkyard and tells her she can go anywhere she wants now that Negan has been defeated , so she leaves , but he stays in her place . Supporting characters ( edit ) Atlanta survivors ( edit ) Emma Bell Amy , portrayed by Emma Bell , is Andrea 's younger sister . When the dead begin to rise , Amy and Andrea joined the survivor group existing on the outer limits of the overrun city of Atlanta . She decided to stay at the camp whilst Andrea was still in Atlanta . She and her sister spent most of the time fishing for the group . In `` Vatos , '' the night before her birthday , Amy is bitten by a walker in the opening stages of a walker swarm 's attack on the exposed camp and dies in Andrea 's arms . Andrea is distraught after Amy 's death and wants to stay in the CDC and die , but Dale convinces Andrea not to . IronE Singleton Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , portrayed by IronE Singleton , is a muscular and well - intentioned man , who becomes extremely loyal to Rick . He is part of the group Rick meets in the Atlanta department store , and after Rick subdues Merle he accidentally drops the key to the handcuffs down a drainpipe leaving Merle trapped on the rooftop . T - Dog , Glenn , Rick , and Daryl go back to save Merle , but find them he cut his own hand off to free himself . T - Dog later cuts himself on an abandoned car on the highway and develops blood poisoning . He travels with the group to Hershel 's farm and survives its destruction before traveling to the prison . He helps clear the prison but is bitten while securing the gate . He later sacrifices himself to save Carol during a walker attack . Jacqui , portrayed by Jeryl Prescott Sales , is a member of the Atlanta survivors . She is aware that Carol 's husband physically abused her and confronted him about it ; she also helped Jim to die peacefully . She accompanies the band to the Atlanta Centers for Disease Control . At first , she believes the CDC will have a cure and save them , and she despairs with the rest of the group when they learn that there is no cure . She elects to remain behind with Dr. Jenner when the CDC self - destructs , holding his hand when the building explodes . Jim , portrayed by Andrew Rothenberg , was a member of the Atlanta survivor group . He is the only left survivor of his family and believed that everyone else is going to die as he tried to dig up graves . During a walker attack on the group , Jim is bitten but says nothing until Jacqui finds out . Jim suffers the effects of the infection for days before asking to be abandoned on the road to the CDC in order to rejoin his family . The Morales Family , portrayed by Juan Pareja , Viviana Chavez , Maddie Lomax and Noah Lomax , consists of the husband ( Juan Pareja ) , who goes by his last name , his wife Miranda ( Viviana Chavez ) , and their two young children , Eliza ( Maddie Lomax ) and Louis ( Noah Lomax ) . After the survivors decide to go to the CDC , the Morales ' decide to try their luck locating relatives in Birmingham , Alabama . Their fate was unknown for many years until in season 8 's `` The Damned '' when Rick encounters the husband in a Savior outpost where he has become a high - ranking Savior lieutenant . Morales reveals that his family never reached Birmingham and he went insane after losing his wife and children before joining the Saviors . During the standoff between Rick and Morales in `` Monsters , '' Morales is killed by Daryl Dixon with a crossbow bolt to the head despite Rick 's attempts to stop him . The death of Morales and his family leaves Rick , Daryl and Carol as the only surviving members of the Atlanta camp . Ed Peletier , portrayed by Adam Minarovich , is Carol 's husband and Sophia 's father . He is lazy , abusive , mean - spirited and sexist . After Ed slaps his wife in front of other survivors , Shane beats Ed badly , threatening to kill him the next time he sees Ed lay his hands on his family or anyone else again . Due to his injuries , Ed remains in his tent and becomes the first victim of a subsequent walker attack , when he unknowingly opens the tent to a walker outside ( see `` Vatos '' ) . Madison Lintz Sophia Peletier , portrayed by Madison Lintz , is Carol and Ed Peletier 's 12 - year - old daughter . Sophia and her mother are shown to be closer to the Grimes family after Ed is killed by a walker , and both Sophia and her mother become more outspoken and happy following Ed 's demise . In the season two premiere , walkers chase Sophia into the woods , and she becomes detached from the group . The group searches for her , but in `` Pretty Much Dead Already , '' it is revealed that Sophia became a walker and was being kept in Hershel 's barn . Rick remorsefully shoots her , and she is buried at the farm . Hershel 's farm ( edit ) Otis , portrayed by Pruitt Taylor Vince , is Hershel Greene 's ranch hand and Patricia 's husband . In the season two premiere , he accidentally shoots and wounds Carl while hunting deer , and Otis leads Rick and Shane to Hershel 's farm to get help . Guilt - ridden over Carl 's wounding , he volunteers to go with Shane to the local high school to get the medical supplies needed to save Carl 's life . Both Otis and Shane are injured while fleeing a large herd of walkers . When they run low on ammunition and seem in danger of being overtaken , Shane shoots Otis in the leg , leaving him to be devoured so that Shane can escape . Jimmy , portrayed by James Allen McCune , is Beth 's 17 - year - old boyfriend , who resides at the Greene farm . He is shown to be eager to have a gun and attempts to get one from Rick without Hershel 's permission . He successfully rescues Rick and Carl from the barn when walkers overrun the farm , but is killed and devoured slowly when walkers overrun the RV ( `` Beside the Dying Fire '' ) . Patricia , portrayed by Jane McNeill , is a middle - aged woman , who resides at the Greene farm along with her husband Otis . She has some limited medical skills , suggesting she was Hershel 's veterinary technician , as she can administer I.V. 's , stitch superficial wounds , and prepare for surgeries , though not perform them herself . She is a quiet , but helpful individual , and is shown to be greatly concerned with Otis ' well - being . Patricia is deeply distraught over Otis ' death . After his funeral , she befriends Lori and Carol , though she exhibits depressed behavior . She is killed by walkers ( `` Beside the Dying Fire '' ) while attempting to escape the farm . Patricia is one of the names Carl suggests for Judith . Dave and Tony 's group ( edit ) Michael Zegen Randall Culver , portrayed by Michael Zegen , is a young member of Dave and Tony 's group . He attended the same high school as Maggie Greene and recently lost his mother ( presumably when the apocalypse broke out ) . When he impales his leg on a fence , Rick , Glenn , and Hershel rescue him , despite his having shot at them ( `` Nebraska '' ) . When they realize Randall 's group may be dangerous , Rick and Shane disagree about whether to keep him alive or kill him . Shane ultimately brings Randall out into the woods and snaps his neck . Glenn and Daryl later discover Randall as a walker , and Glenn impales him through the head with a machete . Michael Raymond - James Dave and Tony , portrayed by Michael Raymond - James and Aaron Munoz , are from Pennsylvania and are with a group of 30 armed men . They encounter Rick , Hershel , and Glenn in a bar ( `` Nebraska '' ) . During a conversation , Dave mentions that Tony went `` to college '' for two years . Tony then walks over to a corner and urinates on the floor . After Rick refuses them safe harbor at the farm , Dave reaches for his handgun , giving away an ambush . After Rick kills Dave in self - defense , he spins around and shoots Tony in the right shoulder and stomach , before Tony can fire the shotgun he has raised . As Tony slumps against the wall , Rick kills him by shooting him in the head . Rick then takes Tony 's shotgun and some shells from his pocket , while Glenn takes Dave 's handgun . Rick , Hershel , and Glenn leave Dave and Tony 's corpses in the bar when they flee the town . Nate , portrayed by Phillip DeVona , is a member of Dave and Tony 's group , who waits outside the bar in his car during the shootout . As walkers approach and Sean is killed , Nate drives off , leaving Randall behind . Sean , portrayed by Keedar Whittle , is a survivor from Dave and Tony 's group . During the shootout , Hershel shoots him in the chest . He survives , only to be devoured by walkers attracted by the sounds of gunshots . Prison survivors ( edit ) Five inmates in the prison survived the apocalypse , locked up in the canteen for ten months . Until released from the canteen by Rick 's group , they were unaware of the walker plague that wiped out a large percentage of the population . Rick tells them they can live in a separate cell block . Although two of them ultimately join Rick 's group , they all eventually die . Andrew , portrayed by Markice Moore , is a character from the comics ; he is an inmate - survivor at the prison and Tomas ' right - hand man . When Rick kills Tomas , Andrew attacks Rick , after which Andrew flees and ends up in a courtyard , surrounded by walkers , where Rick locks him in . However , Andrew was shown ( `` Killer Within '' ) to have survived , and he attempts to sabotage the prison , which leads to the deaths of Lori and T - Dog . Andrew eventually gets into a confrontation with Rick , successfully disarming him . Andrew orders Oscar to shoot Rick , but Oscar instead shoots Andrew dead . Lew Temple Axel , portrayed by Lew Temple , a character from the comics , Axel is an inmate - survivor at the prison , who was jailed for armed robbery . He initially leads others to believe he was in for a narcotics conviction . He appears to be much kinder than his fellow inmates and tends to calm things down . After Tomas ' attempt at killing Rick , he and Oscar are accused of collaborating with Tomas and Andrew to kill Rick and his group . After Rick 's group dispatches with Tomas and Andrew , Rick 's group holds Axel and Oscar at gunpoint . After Axel begs for mercy and pleads that he and Oscar were not in on Tomas ' plan , Rick decides to spare him and Oscar and allow them to live in another cellblock . Axel later pleads with Rick to let him and Oscar join Rick 's group , but his request is denied . After helping the group clear out walkers that Andrew induced to invade the prison , Axel and Oscar are finally accepted into the group . Axel becomes close friends with Carol ; as he amuses her with tales about his previous life , he is unexpectedly shot in the head by The Governor , in the opening volley of The Governor 's attack on the prison . Carol uses Axel 's body as a shield from the assault . In a later episode , Daryl tells Andrea that everybody liked Axel and he was part of the group . Axel was the last surviving prison inmate . Theodus Crane Big Tiny , portrayed by Theodus Crane , is a large inmate - survivor in the prison . He is the muscle of the group , but appears to be gentler and more reasonable than some other group members ( such as Tomas and Andrew ) . While clearing out the cellblock , he disobeys Rick 's admonition to stick together , and a walker scratches his shoulder blade . While trying to convince the others the scratch has no effect on him , Tomas unexpectedly and brutally smashes his head repeatedly with a blunt instrument , killing him , much to the others ' horror . Vincent M. Ward Oscar , portrayed by Vincent M. Ward , is an inmate - survivor at the prison , who was jailed for breaking and entering . He refuses to beg for his life after being accused of associating with Tomas and tells Rick he can shoot him and Axel if he wants . Rick spares Oscar and allows him and Axel to move to a separate cell block . After being denied entry into Rick 's group , and before Andrew induces a walker invasion , Oscar decides to leave the prison . He gains Rick 's trust after shooting Andrew , who was trying to kill Rick , and then giving Rick the gun . Oscar soon becomes a vital member of the group and demonstrates proficiency in killing walkers , as well as a fondness for bedroom slippers . During the rescue mission to save Glenn and Maggie , Oscar is shot and killed by a Woodbury soldier , while helping Maggie over the blockade wall . Tomas , portrayed by Nick Gomez , is the leader of the five inmate - survivors at the prison and is feared by the others . He is the only prisoner , who appears to be violent and hostile towards the new group ; he claims the prison belongs to him and orders Rick 's group to leave . He and Rick eventually strike an agreement that Rick 's group will help them clear another cell block to live in , in exchange for half of the pantry 's stores of food . Tomas first proves he is untrustworthy when he later tries , unsuccessfully , to renege on that deal . While clearing out walkers , Tomas violently kills Big Tiny after Tiny is injured by a walker , and Tomas shows no remorse . Tomas then makes two attempts on Rick 's life , forcing Rick to kill him . Woodbury survivors ( edit ) Woodbury is a town in Georgia , of which a few streets have been walled off to keep the town operating . It is led by Philip Blake , who has adopted the nickname `` The Governor '' from the townspeople . Woodbury had a population of close to eighty people at the time of Andrea and Michonne 's arrival , but due to various factors ( such as the prison group 's attack on the town and The Governor 's slaughter of nearly his entire army ) , the population dwindles dramatically throughout season three . Robert Kirkman later confirmed that any and all Woodbury characters , who were not brought to the prison are deceased . The remaining population of Woodbury at the Prison Community dwindles further throughout season four as a result of the spreading of the flu . As of the episode `` Inmates , '' nearly every resident of Woodbury is confirmed to be deceased , as the bus is apparently overwhelmed and everyone on board becomes zombified ( and later put down by Maggie Greene , Bob Stookey , and Sasha ) . It has been confirmed that any other Woodbury resident ( except Jeanette ) not seen dying either on the bus or at the prison is deceased nonetheless . Thus , the entire population of Woodbury is confirmed to be dead . Soldiers ( edit ) Crowley , portrayed by Arthur Bridgers , is one of The Governor 's enforcers . In `` Hounded , '' after Michonne leaves Woodbury , Merle leads a team to track her down and kill her , and Michonne decapitates him . Merle then has Gargulio put Crowley down before he turns . Gargulio , portrayed by Dave Davis , is a new soldier to the Woodbury army , tasked with participating with Merle 's posse to track down and kill Michonne after she leaves Woodbury . Merle forces Gargulio to shoot Crowley in the head , to prevent him from reanimating . Merle shoots Gargulio dead for disagreeing with Merle 's plan to give up on finding Michonne , but to tell The Governor they killed her . Haley , portrayed by Alexa Nikolas. is one of The Governor 's enforcers tasked with protecting Woodbury 's wall . She teaches Andrea how to use a bow and arrows , and tells Andrea she had to kill her father and brother when they turned . She gets angry when Andrea crosses the wall ( breaking The Governor 's rules ) and at Andrea 's delight in killing a `` biter . '' Maggie shoots and kills Haley when Maggie and Rick storm Woodbury to save the Dixon brothers . Melissa Ponzio Karen , portrayed by Melissa Ponzio , is one of The Governor 's enforcers tasked with protecting Woodbury 's wall . She is seen trying to leave Woodbury when conditions worsen , and she becomes angry when Noah is forced to join Woodbury 's army . She is among The Governor 's soldiers , who attack and fail to take over the prison . When the army rebels against returning to the prison , The Governor shoots all of them , except his top henchmen ( Martinez and Shumpert ) , and Karen , who hides under a body and survives . She is found hiding in a truck by Rick , Michonne , and Daryl , and is among the Woodbury citizens , who are taken to the prison . By the time season four begins , she has started a relationship with Tyreese . When an influenza outbreak spreads throughout the prison , Karen begins to get sick and is quarantined until she gets better . However , Carol kills Karen and burns her body in an attempt to keep the virus from spreading . Jose Pablo Cantillo Caesar Martinez , portrayed by Jose Pablo Cantillo . is one of The Governor 's enforcers ; he becomes The Governor 's most trusted enforcer after Merle defects . Martinez is a sharpshooter , who favors a baseball bat ; he is also shown wearing a baseball jersey bearing the number 23 . He reveals to Daryl that walkers killed his wife and children when the apocalypse began . Merle , who acts as Martinez 's sparring partner in Woodbury 's gladiator - style tournaments , refers to him both as `` Brownie '' and as `` Bro '' in the same conversation because Merle was a redneck and junkie ( `` Say the Word '' ) . Martinez assists in all of The Governor 's attacks against the prison , although he is shocked when The Governor massacres his own army ( `` Welcome to the Tombs '' ) . Because Martinez and Shumpert did n't disobey him in that episode , The Governor spares them , and together , the three depart . In `` Live Bait , '' which reveals what occurred to the trio after The Governor slaughtered the Woodbury army , Martinez puts down a walker , who approaches The Governor and seems to have fallen into in an indifferent stupor . The next morning , The Governor awakens to find Martinez and Shumpert have abandoned him to fend for himself . Martinez and The Governor reunite when Martinez finds him in the pit trap . As revealed in `` Dead Weight , '' Martinez has established himself as the leader of his group , with seconds - in - commands Pete and Mitch Dolgen . Martinez is comforted by The Governor 's having apparently changed his ways ( evidenced by his having started over with a new family ) . While playing golf with The Governor , Martinez reveals that Shumpert had died and admits to his worries about keeping the group safe . After Martinez proposes sharing leadership with him , The Governor strikes him down and feeds him to a pit of walkers . Noah , portrayed by Parker Wierling , is one of The Governor 's enforcers ; he is an adolescent , who has severe asthma . The Governor enrolls Noah in his army despite his youth and infirmity . Karen and Andrea try to stop this from happening , but fail . It is not made clear whether or not Noah is among The Governor 's army that attacks the prison . In an interview with MTV , Melissa Ponzio ( Karen ) confirmed that Noah is not Karen 's son ( as some viewers believed ) and that The Governor killed him off - screen . Paul , portrayed by E. Roger Mitchell , is one of The Governor 's enforcers tasked with protecting the wall . He tries to break out of Woodbury when conditions worsen . He is among The Governor 's men , who attack the prison and retreat when Rick 's group overwhelms them . The Governor shoots and kills Paul when Paul protests against returning to attack the prison . Shumpert ( also known as `` The Bowman '' ) , portrayed by Travis Love , is one of The Governor 's enforcers . Like Daryl , his weapon of choice is a crossbow ( hence , some fans who do n't know his name sometimes refer to Shumpert as `` The Bowman '' or `` Bowman '' ) , although ( also like Daryl ) he is a marksman . Shumpert participates in The Governor 's attacks on the prison . When the second attack ends in failure , and the army decides not to return to the prison , The Governor guns down the Woodbury soldiers , sparing only his allies Shumpert and Martinez , although the two are visibly stunned by the slaughter . The three then drive off together . Shumpert and Martinez make camp with The Governor , then abandon him and form a group of their own . When The Governor joins Martinez 's group , Martinez discloses to him that Shumpert had become depressed and reckless following the massacre , and was bitten by a walker , forcing Martinez to put him down . Tim , portrayed by Lawrence Kao , is one of The Governor 's enforcers . Despite Tim 's youth , The Governor had trained him to kill both the undead and the living . He also rakes The Governor 's lawn and referees Woodbury 's gladiator tournament . In `` Hounded , '' after Michonne leaves Woodbury , Merle leads a team to find her . However , she gets the drop on them and fatally stabs Tim in the chest . Merle later prevents Tim from becoming a walker by stabbing him in the brain . Jody , portrayed by Tanner Holland , is one of the Woodbury citizens , who participate in the attack on the prison , but are defeated . He however is not killed by The Governor in the shootout . Jody gets separated from everyone else and instead finds Carl , Hershel , Beth , and Judith . Carl shoots him dead after Jody moves towards them and tries to hand them his weapon after he was told to drop it . Civilians ( edit ) Penny Blake , portrayed by Kylie Szymanski , is The Governor 's zombified daughter , whom he has kept locked in a closet in his house . He feeds her fresh meat and tenderly grooms her . Michonne finds her in a cage and lets her out , but is shocked when pulling the bag off Penny 's head reveals she is a walker . The Governor pleads with Michonne not to harm Penny , but Michonne kills her anyway , thus sending The Governor into a rage . Eileen , portrayed by Meaghan Caddy , is a Woodbury resident , who is pregnant . She has her baby sometime before the events of `` Welcome to the Tombs . '' Mr. Jacobson , portrayed by Randy Woods , is a Woodbury resident often seen around the town . Following the disbanding of Woodbury , he and the other remaining Woodbury residents are taken by Rick 's group on a bus to the prison . About seven months afterward , an influenza outbreak sweeps through the prison community , and Mr. Jacobson becomes infected . He loses his battle with the flu and is put down in private by Glenn after reanimating ( so as to not dishearten the other sick community residents in quarantine ) . Jeanette , portrayed by Sherry Richards , is a newcomer to the prison community , who was brought there along with the other remaining residents of Woodbury . Carol brings her with the other sick residents of the community to Cell Block A to be quarantined . Jeanette insists that she is not sick and her allergies are only acting up , but Carol does not believe her , and makes her enter anyway . She is probably treated when Daryl 's group returns with medicine . Jeanette is among the prison inhabitants , who escape the prison on the bus when The Governor attacks the compound . As of the episode `` Too Far Gone , '' Jeanette is the only named Woodbury character , who is confirmed alive . Quite possibly Jeanette died on the bus after the attack walkers . However , when Maggie , Sasha and Bob come across the bus , Jeanette is not seen as a zombie or corpse . Milton Mamet , portrayed by Dallas Roberts , is a scientist , who serves as one of The Governor 's right - hand men . He knew Phillip Blake before Phillip became `` The Governor , '' and thus had a long - term relationship with him . Although Milton has allied himself with The Governor , he seems to disagree with The Governor 's violent and unethical methods . He studies the decapitated bodies of Michonne 's pair of walkers and researches the possibility of appealing to Michael Coleman 's humanity , after Coleman dies and reanimates . Milton later helps Andrea escape to go try to make peace with Rick , and accompanies The Governor to the peace meeting with Rick . He expresses misgivings about The Governor 's methods when he learns The Governor plans to kill everyone at the prison except for Michonne . He later tells Andrea to escape and , it is implied , he burns the captured walkers The Governor planned to use against the prison group . The Governor realizes that Milton revealed his plan to Andrea , and this causes a rift in Milton and The Governor 's relationship . When Milton challenges The Governor to give up the war and forego avenging Michonne 's vanquishing of zombified Penny , The Governor restrains and badly beats Milton for his betrayal . He then tasks Milton to kill Andrea , but Milton instead attacks The Governor , who then stabs Milton , mortally wounding him . The Governor locks Milton in the torture chamber with Andrea , deciding to let the reanimated Milton eat her . However , Milton attempts to assist Andrea by planting a pair of pliers within her reach with which to free herself and stab the zombified Milton in the head . Andrea fails to free herself in time , and a zombified Milton bites her before she puts him down . Rick 's group later finds his body with a bitten , but alive , Andrea . Ms. McLeod , portrayed by Lucie O'Ferrall , is an elderly Woodbury resident , who is too arthritic to join The Governor 's army . She is seen getting off the bus at the prison and is not seen after `` Welcome to the Tombs . '' Ms. McLeod is seen running down the stairs in `` Infected . '' She is quarantined in death row and gets killed when the sick people start to reanimate as walkers . Rowan , portrayed by Lindsay Abernathy , is a Woodbury resident , who guides newcomers Andrea and Michonne around the town after they 've recovered from being on the road , and she defends The Governor 's enforcers when Andrea complains about seeing a walker `` strung up like a Christmas ornament . '' Rowan is shown to have a sexual relationship with The Governor . She gets killed when Rick and Maggie attack Woodbury at the arena . Dr. Stevens , portrayed by Donzaleigh Abernathy , is Woodbury 's physician . She cares for Andrea , Michonne , and Welles after The Governor has brought them in , for the Woodbury victims injured in the battle with Rick 's group , and for The Governor after his fight with Michonne . Prison newcomers ( edit ) After The Governor executes most of the able - bodied Woodbury residents , who had been members of his army , only the children and elderly townspeople remain at Woodbury ( under the watchful eye of Tyreese and Sasha ) . After Andrea 's suicide due to being bitten , Rick and his group return to the prison with the remaining Woodbury survivors ( including Tyreese , Sasha , Karen , Eryn , Jeanette , and Ms. McLeod ) , swelling the prison 's population from the original ten to around 30 . Six to seven months afterwards , numerous other survivors have joined the prison community , from various locations and backgrounds . Some of those people are Ryan Samuels , Mika Samuels , Patrick , Zach , Lizzie Samuels , Luke , Owen , Molly , Julio , and Charlie . The compound is initially peaceful and thriving , until a flu epidemic spreads throughout the community and infects numerous residents , killing many of those stricken . However , when the scouting group returns with medicine , the issue is resolved . Shortly afterwards , The Governor returns with a militia and executes the captive Hershel , igniting a firefight between the two groups . This battle leads to the fall of the prison community after The Governor tears down the fences . As a result of the flu and The Governor 's assault , the numbers dwindle significantly . The escaping newcomers are found dead on the public transport bus for the prison , while five other newcomers remain alive . Lizzie and Mika are later killed , as well as Bob and lastly Tyreese . Sasha is only prison newcomer still alive . David , portrayed by Brandon Carroll , is a newcomer to the prison community , who Karen in `` Infected '' says is from `` the Decatur group . '' In `` 30 Days Without an Accident , '' he is seen alongside Karen , killing walkers behind the prison fence . In `` Infected , '' David falls ill during the flu outbreak at the prison and is quarantined along with others ( such as Karen ) in Cell Block A . The next morning , Tyreese discovers that at some point David and Karen were killed by an unknown individual and their bodies dragged out to the courtyard and burned . It is later revealed that it was Carol , who killed them in order to prevent the disease from spreading further and to put them out of their misery . Tyreese later buries David and Karen next to one another . Julio , portrayed by Santiago Cirlio , is a newcomer to the prison community and a mechanic . He falls ill and is placed in quarantine in Cell Block A. Twice he observes the chaos in Cell Block A as Hershel attempts to deal with it . He attempts to escape the prison on the bus , but he is killed right behind Glenn and Maggie , when The Governor 's militia attacks the prison . Luke , portrayed by Luke Donaldson , is a young resident of the prison community and is seen attending Carol 's storytime sessions ( which are later revealed to be covert self - defense classes for the children ) . Daryl saves him from an advancing walker during the breach on Cell Block D. When The Governor attacks the prison , he escapes with the children and Tyreese . Beth and Daryl later discover bodies being eaten . They assume it 's Luke and Molly 's by seeing Luke 's shoe next to the pile , though they could be alive . Molly , portrayed by Kennedy Brice , is a young survivor , who joins the prison community . She attends Carol 's storytime session , which is a covert lesson on self - defense for the children . Karen saves Molly during the walker breach in Cell Block D. When The Governor attacks the prison , Molly escapes with the children and Tyreese . Beth and Daryl later discover two bodies being devoured by a group of walkers , assuming it is Luke and Molly 's by seeing Luke 's shoe , though they could be alive . Vincent Martella Patrick , portrayed by Vincent Martella , is a new arrival in the prison community . He is around Carl 's age and is one of his close friends . Patrick asks to be excused during Carol 's storytime session , on the grounds that he is suddenly not feeling well . He dies abruptly later that night and reanimates . A reanimated Patrick bites a sleeping survivor in his cell , which causes the latter to reanimate and ultimately brings about a full - scale attack on Cell Block D. Daryl puts Patrick down once the attack subsides . Patrick is responsible for the deaths of Greg , Eryn , Owen , Ryan , Mr. Jacobson , Ms. McLeod and many others of whom he got sick . Brighton Sharbino Lizzie Samuels , portrayed by Brighton Sharbino , is Ryan 's daughter and Mika 's sister . She was first seen with other children naming zombies , and later at storytime . During the outbreak her father is bitten , and before dying he asks Carol to look after his daughters . Lizzie expresses intentions to stab his corpse in the head to prevent renanimation , but is emotionally unable to . Carol later tells her she is weak and needs to toughen up . Lizzie later gets the flu and is forced into quarantine . Carol is disturbed by Lizzie 's apparently personal connection with walkers . When some infected residents succumb to the virus and reanimate , Lizzie rescues Glenn from a walker by leading it away . After being treated with medicine , she plays with Glenn 's blood . When The Governor attacks the prison , she convinces the other children to help in the battle . She and Mika rescue Tyreese from two of The Governor 's soldiers , after which she escapes with the children and Tyreese . Lizzie , Mika , Tyreese , and Judith get separated from Molly and Luke . Lizzie also is very sure Sasha is dead . She also shows a disliking towards Tyreese . After Lizzie kills Mika , Carol and Tyreese realize that she is too psychotic to be kept around & had to be executed in order for Judith to be safe , so Carol leads her out to the fields to look at the flowers , and as Lizzie tried to apologize for having threatened Carol and Tyreese , Carol executed her . Kyla Kenedy Mika Samuels , portrayed by Kyla Kenedy , is Ryan 's daughter and Lizzie 's sister . She is seen naming the walkers and later at storytime . She loses her father during the outbreak and tries to calm Lizzie when Lizzie panics after being unable to stab her bitten father 's corpse in the head to prevent reanimation . She and Lizzie become the adoptive daughters of Carol Peletier , as per their father 's last wish . When The Governor attacks the prison , Mika and Lizzie rescue Tyreese from two soldiers . She escapes with the children and Tyreese . It is revealed that Mika , Lizzie , Tyreese , and Judith have been separated from Luke and Molly . Mika appears to be saddened by this . Lizzie , believing she will come back , kills Mika , and planned to kill Judith until Tyreese and Carol intervened . Ryan Samuels , portrayed by Victor McCay , is a newcomer to the prison community . He is present with his daughters Lizzie and Mika , and is seen in the library when Carol is conducting storytime with the children . During the outbreak in `` Infected , '' a walker bites him . Carol tries to amputate his arm , but realizes he is bitten in other , inoperable areas , too . Before he dies , Ryan asks Carol to take care of his daughters . When Lizzie is emotionally unable to carry out her desire to be the one to stab Ryan 's corpse in the head to prevent reanimation , Carol puts him down . Sunkrish Bala Dr. Caleb Subramanian , portrayed by Sunkrish Bala , is a newcomer to the prison community . Not much is known about him , besides the fact that he is a physician , and he and Hershel seem to be friends . After the breach on Cell Block D dies down , Dr. Subramanian assesses what may have caused the outbreak and what steps the group should take to prevent another such disaster . `` Dr. S '' later comes down with the flu and tells Sasha they have to warn the healthy members of the prison community that the virus is spreading . His condition seriously and quickly deteriorates , although he reveals that he has brought several guns in case of another outbreak . He later succumbs to the sickness after Hershel gives him a checkup . Dr. S later reanimates , and Hershel remorsefully puts him down through Dr. S 's locked cell door , after snapping the walker 's arm . Hershel later returns to Dr. S 's cell and mourns his friend . Kyle Gallner Zach , portrayed by Kyle Gallner , is a member of a surviving group of college students , who join the prison community . He then begins a relationship with Beth . Zach accompanies Daryl , Michonne , Glenn , Tyreese , Sasha , and Bob on a supply run , where he is ultimately killed by a pair of walkers . Beth reacts calmly to the news of Zach 's death , much to Daryl 's surprise . Later , Daryl uses Zach 's high - powered car to take himself , Bob , Michonne , and Tyreese on a run to a veterinary college to get medicine that might save the flu - stricken prison group members . Chambler family ( edit ) After wandering on his own for six to seven months alone , following the fall of Woodbury and the defections of Martinez and Shumpert , The Governor encounters the Chambler Family holed up in their apartment building . The surviving Chamblers later set off with The Governor ( who has said his name is `` Brian Hariot '' ) to seek shelter elsewhere following the death of David , but The Governor 's actions lead to Lilly and Meghan 's deaths . David Chambler , portrayed by Danny Vinson , is Lilly and Tara 's father and Meghan 's grandfather . He and Meghan frequently play board games with each other so that Meghan can be preoccupied and distracted from the frightening world around her . David has stage - 4 lung cancer and is rapidly approaching his moment of death . Knowing this , Lilly sends The Governor ( `` Brian '' ) to a nearby assisted living facility to obtain oxygen tanks to help keep David alive for as long as possible , even if for just a few more hours . Early the next day , David succumbs to his cancer and dies . After he has lain lifeless in bed for several hours , his family and ( `` Brian '' ) enter his bedroom to say goodbye to him . David then suddenly reanimates and grabs Tara . He almost bites her , but `` Brian '' smashes David 's head several times with one of his oxygen tanks , until he finally succumbs . The family is disoriented by this incident , but each of them later recovers . Later , `` Brian '' and Lilly bury David in a small field behind the apartment complex , and the four of them depart in search of other shelter . Audrey Marie Anderson Lilly Chambler , portrayed by Audrey Marie Anderson , is David 's daughter , Meghan 's mother , and Tara 's sister . She is initially somewhat hostile towards The Governor ( `` Brian '' ) and reluctantly allows him to take refuge in her family 's building . She slowly comes to trust him , especially after he risks going to a walker - overrun assisted living facility to retrieve oxygen tanks for David , who is suffering from stage - 4 lung cancer and will soon die ( which she knows will be especially devastating to Meghan ) . When `` Brian '' kills the reanimated David , Lilly appears to be upset for a brief while , but soon comes to terms with what happened . After David 's burial , the four of them depart in search of other shelter . They spend the night sleeping in a catering truck , and Lilly and `` Brian '' lay awake talking to each other . Slowly , they then begin to have sex . When the truck fails to start , the group abandons it and wanders on the road , until a swarm of walkers forces them to flee . They arrive at an open field , only to be stopped once again , when `` Brian '' and Meghan fall into a pitfall trap containing several walkers , all of which `` Brian '' kills before they can do any harm . Lilly and her family join Martinez 's group . She is initially against The Governor 's attacking the prison , but he assures her that she and Meghan will be safe . She and her daughter are left near a river ; however , Meghan is bitten by a walker and dies . Lilly brings Meghan 's corpse to the prison , where she witnesses The Governor decapitate Hershel and shoot Meghan in the head . After the battle ends , a bitter Lilly walks up to the dying Governor and shoots him in the head . Tara later mentions to Glenn that she witnessed Lilly become overwhelmed by walkers following the assault on the prison . She was eaten by walkers Meghan Chambler , portrayed by Meyrick Murphy , is the young daughter of Lilly , the niece of Tara , and the granddaughter of David . She frequently plays board games with David in order to escape what is happening around her . She and The Governor ( `` Brian '' ) bond while playing chess , and she asks about his eye patch . ( Albeit somewhat vaguely ) `` Brian '' tells Meghan the story of how he had tried to protect Penny , but was ultimately unable to save her . The close bond between Meghan and `` Brian '' is briefly broken after `` Brian '' kills the undead David , who had died hours before of stage - 4 lung cancer . She , Lilly , Tara , and `` Brian '' leave the apartment after David 's burial , and Meghan continues to isolate herself from `` Brian . '' However , her trust in him is regained after he saves her from a swarm of walkers that forces the group to flee . While running with Meghan in his arms , `` Brian '' falls into a pitfall trap full of walkers . `` Brian '' successfully kills all of them , while Meghan cowers in a corner , holding her doll , and `` Brian '' promises Meghan that he will never let anything happen to her . She is bitten by a walker in `` Too Far Gone '' and dies , after which The Governor shoots her in the head . Martinez 's group ( edit ) Alisha , portrayed by Juliana Harkavy , is a former Army Reserve member , who is recruited by Martinez 's group sometime in the six - to seven - month timespan between seasons three and four . She strikes up a friendship with Tara , which quickly becomes a full - on romantic relationship . The two remain inseparable once they begin dating ; Alisha even flees with Tara , her family , and The Governor after The Governor 's insistence that he and the Chamblers leave the camp . However , after encountering a roadblock consisting of walkers stuck waist - deep in mud , The Governor returns the group to Martinez 's camp . Alisha participates in `` Brian 's '' attack on the prison ( `` Too Far Gone '' ) , but is later shot between the eyes by Lizzie Samuels . Her death , along with Lilly 's and Meghan 's , sends Tara into a state of depression for a long time . Mitch Dolgen , portrayed by Kirk Acevedo , is a member of Martinez 's group , who with his brother Pete is second in command after Martinez . Mitch , like his brother , was in the army when the walker outbreak occurred ; Mitch was a tank specialist , who said he left the army base in his tank . In `` Dead Weight , '' while on a supply run with Pete and The Governor ( then known as `` Brian '' ) , Mitch wants to raid another camp they encounter , but his brother disagrees . After `` Brian '' kills Martinez and Pete , he enters Mitch 's trailer at gunpoint , advises that he killed Pete and explains why , and convinces Mitch to follow his lead which Mitch , though resentful of `` Brian '' killing his brother , sees his point and accepts . Mitch participates in `` Brian 's '' attack on the prison ( `` Too Far Gone '' ) , operating a tank and destroying much of the prison . Daryl is able to reach the tank and drops a grenade down the barrel of the tank 's main gun , forcing Mitch to escape before the grenade blows up the tank . Mitch turns around , exhausted and defeated , and Daryl shoots and kills him with his crossbow . Enver Gjokaj Pete Dolgen , portrayed by Enver Gjokaj , is Mitch 's brother and a member of Martinez 's group . After Martinez 's death at the hands of The Governor ( now known as `` Brian '' ) , Pete steps up as the group 's de facto leader ( which causes unrest amongst many members of the camp ) . While on a supply run with Mitch and `` Brian , '' Pete thwarts Mitch 's desire to raid a camp they encounter in the woods , as Pete is unwilling to rob the group and prefers to find supplies another way . Unwilling to follow a leader , who is unwilling to do whatever 's necessary for the group to `` survive , '' `` Brian '' murders Pete by stabbing him in Pete 's trailer . He then dumps the body in the nearby lake . Brian later returns to find Pete 's undead body submerged and anchored at the bottom of the lake . The Claimers ( edit ) A dangerous group of heavily armed men , who raid homes searching for supplies and weapons . The group first appeared in `` Claimed . '' Billy , portrayed by Eric Mendenhall , is a member of the Claimers , he is killed by Daryl during their fight with Rick 's group . Dan , portrayed by Keith Brooks , is a member of the Claimers whom , during the assault on Rick 's group , grabs Carl with the intention of raping him . He is the last - surviving Claimer , and following the killing of the rest of the Claimers , he is stabbed to death by Rick in retribution for his attempted rape of Carl . Harley , portrayed by J.D. Evermore , is a member of the Claimers , who is shot dead by Michonne after the deaths of Joe and Tony . Jeff Kober Joe , portrayed by Jeff Kober , is the leader of the Claimers , first seen by Rick on the porch of the house that they were raiding in `` Claimed . '' He later appears in `` Alone , '' when his group finds Daryl exhausted on the road after he is separated from Beth . Despite a close encounter with Daryl punching Joe and almost shooting him , Joe is impressed by Daryl 's use of a crossbow and decides to recruit him . Joe 's group eventually catches Rick , Michonne and Carl , with the intent to avenge Lou 's death . During the ensuing fight , Rick kills Joe by ripping his jugular out with his teeth . Len , portrayed by Marcus Hester , first appears when the Claimers raids a large house where Rick is hiding . Rick is forced to hide under the bed he was sleeping on . Another member of the group , Tony , chooses to sleep on the bed , leaving Rick trapped . Len enters the room and wakes up Tony . He demands that he be given the bed , but when Tony refuses and says it 's claimed , Len knocks him out of the bed and strangles him into unconsciousness before taking the bed for himself . After framing Daryl for stealing his half of a rabbit , leading the group to question his honesty , Len is severely beaten before being killed by an unspecified member of the group . His bloodied corpse , with an arrow in his forehead , is discovered outside by Daryl as they leave the warehouse they had spent the night in . Lou , portrayed by Scott Dale , is a slightly overweight member of the Claimers , who is discovered in the bathroom by Rick after he escapes from hiding under the bed . In order to stay hidden and undetected by the other members of the group , Rick quickly fights Lou and begins strangling him . Although Lou attempts to grab a pair of scissors on the nearby counter to stab Rick with , Rick ultimately strangles him to death before escaping out the window . Shortly afterward , Lou 's reanimation provides a distraction for Joe and the other members as Rick escapes and regroups with Carl and Michonne , who were just outside the house . Lou 's death is the primary reason that Joe and his group are actively pursuing Rick , tracking him along the train tracks to Terminus . Tony , portrayed by Davi Jay , is the member of the Claimers that is responsible for Rick becoming trapped , when he takes a nap on the bed that Rick is hiding under . When Len comes into the room and tries to take the bed , Tony says that it 's claimed , prompting Len to knock him to the floor . While he is being strangled into unconsciousness , he sees Rick under the bed , but is unable to warn Len before he passes out . During the fight between Joe 's group and Rick 's group , Tony is shot dead by Michonne after being distracted by Rick killing Joe . Terminus ( edit ) Terminus is a sanctuary that is first mentioned in the last half of season four over a radio broadcast heard by Daryl , Bob , Michonne , and Tyreese while driving in Zach 's car . After the fall of the prison , the small factions of prison residents , who survive the assault find the signs directing survivors towards Terminus , and each group slowly begins to make its way there . The exact location of Terminus is finally revealed in `` Us , '' where it appears to be a relatively vibrant , well - secured settlement , but in actuality hides a dark and brutal secret . After Terminus is destroyed by Carol 's siege in `` No Sanctuary , '' only six residents of survive and escape , becoming known as The Hunters . Alex , portrayed by Tate Ellington , is the brother of Gareth and shows Rick 's group around Terminus . He is held hostage after Rick becomes suspicious about the clothes the residents are wearing . He tries to reason with Rick and the others to let him go , but is accidentally shot shortly after by Mary as she tried to kill Rick . Denise Crosby Mary , portrayed by Denise Crosby , is the mother of Gareth and Alex , who greets Glenn , Maggie , Sasha , Bob , Tara , Abraham , Eugene and Rosita when they arrive at Terminus . After Carol attacks Terminus to rescue Rick 's group , she encounters Mary . Carol holds Mary at gunpoint , demanding to know where the group is holding Rick and the others . Mary explains that Terminus originally was a sanctuary , but it became a place where they would lure people to take their possessions and ultimately , eat them . Carol shoots her in the leg and allows a group of walkers to devour the crippled Mary . In `` Coda , '' Father Stokes discovers Mary 's Bible at the Hunters ' campsite outside the elementary school , with the inscription `` Mary B . '' on the first page . The Hunters ( edit ) After Carol destroys Terminus , their leader , Gareth , began to harass the group Rick to find them , in order to take revenge . Albert , portrayed by Benjamin Papac , is one of the Hunters , who is killed in the church when he and Mike are immediately shot through the head . Martin , portrayed by Chris Coy , is one of the few survivors of Terminus after it is destroyed by Carol 's siege . He is first discovered by Carol and Tyreese while he is alone on a scouting mission , and they overhear him talking on the radio about the hostages that Terminus has just taken . When they realize that he has kidnapped Michonne and Carl , they take him hostage in a small , abandoned cabin . While Carol leaves to attack Terminus , Tyreese stays with Judith to watch over a restrained Martin . During his captivity , Martin continues to lecture Tyreese about how the idea of `` good vs. evil '' means nothing in this world , and that if people like Tyreese try to be nice , they will not survive . Later , as the cabin is overrun by walkers and Tyreese is keeping watch , Martin breaks free and grabs Judith , ordering Tyreese outside . However , Tyreese overpowers the walkers , breaks back inside , and knocks Martin unconscious , refusing to kill him . Martin then reappears with Gareth and 4 other Terminus survivors after they kidnap Bob , and then sneak into the church to kill the members of Rick 's group . When Rick and the others ambush them , Martin is the last to drop his weapon after Gareth orders him to surrender . Martin is then stabbed to death by Sasha when Gareth and the others are slaughtered by Rick 's group . Later , when Tyreese is dying of a walker bite , Martin is the first person to appear to Tyreese as a hallucination , where he mockingly tells Tyreese that he will die because he still tried to be a `` good guy , '' and that many of the recent failures were because of his refusal to kill Martin . Mike , portrayed by Chris Burns , is one of the Hunters , who is killed in the church when he and Albert are immediately shot through the head . Theresa , portrayed by April Billingsley , is one of the Hunters , who is killed in their attempted siege on the church when Michonne bashes her skull in with the butt of her rifle . Greg , portrayed by Travis Young , is one of the Hunters , who is killed in the church when Abraham bludgeons him to death with the butt of his rifle . Grady Memorial hospital ( edit ) Grady Memorial Hospital , first appearing in `` Slabtown , '' is revealed to be the home of a sheltered group of survivors , who believe that military assistance will eventually come to them after a certain period of time . The hospital is run under a strict authoritarian regime by a group of corrupt police officers . Dr. Steven Edwards , portrayed by Erik Jensen , is the hospital 's sole doctor , who has a polite , but nervous demeanor to him . He noticeably disapproves of the harsh methods by which Officers Lerner and Gorman run the hospital , but despite his objections , his position is valued by the officers as the only medical professional on hand . He initially cares for Beth as she recovers and does his best to protect her from the officers , saying that he refuses to leave because , as ruthless as the officers are , it is still better inside the hospital than out in the real world . However , Beth grows suspicious of him when he tells her to give the drug Clozapine to Gavin Trevitt , a patient , who is also a doctor , as the drug ends up killing him . Although Dr. Edwards insists that he actually said Clonazepam , Beth is certain that he told her the name of the wrong drug on purpose . She accuses him of having the other doctor poisoned in order to retain his valued status as the only doctor , which he denies . He later helps Beth save Carol 's life by telling her which medication she will need to give Carol . After the deaths of Beth and Lerner , Edwards offers to let Rick 's group stay at the hospital , but Rick refuses . Officer Gorman , portrayed by Cullen Moss , is Officer Lerner 's second - in - command , and one of the officers , who saved Beth . Although he appears to have a more polite demeanor during his initial introduction , Beth quickly discovers that his idea of being repaid for his services is sexual relations with the female patients , as he has already apparently raped Joan . He makes similar advances towards Beth , finally catching her alone in Lerner 's office where , unbeknownst to him , Joan has committed suicide and is about to turn . There , he finally begins to force himself on Beth , attempting to blackmail her with her attempt to steal a key from Lerner 's office , and just as he moves in , Beth hits him in the back of the head with a glass bottle . When he falls to the floor , the reanimated Joan instantly crawls onto him and kills him by biting his neck while Beth escapes . Keisha Castle - Hughes Joan , portrayed by Keisha Castle - Hughes , is female patient , who attempts to escape the hospital , only to be bitten in the arm by a walker . When she is brought back inside by Officer Lerner , Lerner demands that Dr. Edwards save her by amputating her arm with a metal wire . Joan refuses to be rescued and demands that they let her die , but Lerner , with Beth 's reluctant help , manages to restrain her long enough for Dr. Edwards to amputate the arm . Later , while Beth is cleaning Joan 's room , Joan tells her more about the dark secrets behind the leadership of the hospital , including Officer Gorman 's treatment of female patients . Later , as Beth breaks into Lerner 's office to find the key to the elevator shaft , she discovers that Joan has also already broken in and committed suicide by reopening the amputation wound . Beth uses Joan 's death to her advantage by allowing the reanimated Joan to kill Officer Gorman . Maximiliano Hernández Sergeant Bob Lamson , portrayed by Maximiliano Hernández , is one of the two officers , who is captured by Noah 's trap , along with Officer Shepherd . He comes forward and tries to convince Rick and the group that he is the best one to talk to Officer Lerner when they make the hostage exchange , saying he has known her for eight years . Later , as they prepare to leave for the exchange , he reveals that his name is Bob , noticeably startling Sasha , who was left to watch him . While alone with her , he explains how he is alive because another officer was sent out to respond to a call that he should have taken , and that officer is now a walker in the parking lot . Sasha offers to put the walker down for him in order to alleviate his guilt , but just as she prepares to take the shot , Lamson knocks her unconscious and flees the building . However , he does n't get far before Rick runs him down in a police car and shoots him in the head . Officer Dawn Lerner , portrayed by Christine Woods , is the strict leader of the hospital , enforcing the rules with her group of fellow officers ( who are the only occupants of the hospital to possess weapons ) . She believes that everyone must contribute to `` the greater good '' and keep the hospital operation running long enough for the military to come save them , and often uses this mentality as a form of guilt in order to persuade those that they capture into doing work for the hospital once they recover . Though she is aware of Gorman 's treatment of female patients , she does little to stop it . Lerner also treats the patients cruelly herself , repeatedly taking out her anger on Beth by striking her for the slightest mistakes or misunderstandings . Despite Beth 's attempts to convince her that help will never come , Lerner refuses to believe it and insists that things will get better eventually , and it is far better to live under her rule than in the wilderness outside . Though she is furious at Beth for ( as Lerner believes ) killing Gorman and Joan as well as aiding Noah in his escape , she still refuses to kill or exile Beth , as she needs the extra help around the hospital . Though she tries to develop a bond with Beth , Beth is ultimately convinced that Lerner will never change , and her vision of a better future clouds her reasonable judgment . In the prisoner exchange at the end of `` Coda , '' when Beth stabs Lerner in the shoulder with a pair of scissors , Lerner reacts impulsively in a moment of shock and her gun discharges , firing a single bullet directly through Beth 's head and killing her instantly . Although Lerner pleads for mercy , Daryl shoots her directly in the forehead immediately afterward . Officer Licari , portrayed by Christopher Matthew Cook , is one of the police officers working at the hospital under Officer Lerner . When Officers Lamson and Shepherd are tricked by Rick 's group , Licari arrives in his car and saves them , providing cover when Rick 's group opens fire . They drive away and seemingly escape , but the car gets stuck on several walker corpses in the street , and the three officers flee . Licari reemerges when Daryl inspects a nearby trailer , and after a brief fist fight , Rick appears and holds him at gunpoint , taking him hostage as well . Licari and Shepherd are eventually returned to the hospital , and continue to live there after Lerner 's death . Tyler James Williams Noah , portrayed by Tyler James Williams is a young male patient at the hospital , who often works as a janitor . He tells Beth that both he and his father were discovered by the group while the two of them were being surround by walkers , and their rescuers said that they could only save one of them . For this reason alone , Noah displays strong distaste for the officers almost immediately , saying that with their weapons and manpower , they likely could have saved his father as well . When Beth accidentally kills Dr. Gavin Trevitt by giving him the wrong medication , Noah takes the blame by saying that while he was cleaning , he knocked over a ventilation system and caused Trevitt to flatline . For this , Officers Dawn Lerner and Gorman take him out into the hall and beat him . Beth later apologizes , only for Noah to insist that he 's fine and has been through worse . Nevertheless , Beth decides to form a plan for her and Noah to escape . They use the elevator shaft , which has served as a body disposal chute , and with a long chord of sheets tied together , they both make it down , although Noah loses his grip and falls , spraining one ankle . They both manage to make it outside , where Beth fends off several walkers with a handgun . Although Beth is stopped and restrained by the officers , Noah manages to make it to the outer gate and slips through , running off after he and Beth exchange a final glance . Noah later encounters Daryl Dixon and Carol Peletier and learns of their connection to Beth , but Carol is caught and Daryl takes Noah back to the church to take the rest of the group back to Atlanta to get Beth and Carol back . However , Beth is killed by Dawn and Rick allows Noah to stay with the group . In `` Spend , '' Noah is killed by walkers during a botched mission to scavenge parts to repair Alexandria 's solar power system . Officer O'Donnell , portrayed by Ricky Wayne , is an officer working at the hospital under Officer Lerner . He is the one whom Carol and Daryl follow in `` Consumed , '' though they eventually lose his trail when their car runs out of gas . Nevertheless , their tailing him eventually results in them discovering the group of survivors at the hospital , as well as the fact that they have Beth . In `` Coda , '' he stands up to Lerner and accuses her of cracking under the pressure of leadership , claiming that she is no longer fit to run the hospital . Although she pulls her gun on him , he manages to disarm her , and they fight in the hallway before Beth pushes him into the elevator shaft to his death . Percy , portrayed by Marc Gowan , is an elderly patient at the hospital . When Beth needs to secretly steal the proper medications to give to Carol , she bribes Percy with a handful of strawberries , and he distracts the nearest officers by faking a breathing problem . Once Beth acquires the medicine and leaves , he suddenly says that he feels fine . In the next episode , he is seen being berated by Officer O'Donnell for apparently failing to properly fix a hole in the officer 's shirt , and O'Donnell shoves him to the ground in anger . Officer Amanda Shepherd , portrayed by Teri Wyble , is one of the two officers , who is captured by Noah 's trap , along with Sergeant Lamson . After being taken hostage , she tries to convince Rick and the group that Officer Lerner ca n't be negotiated with , and the hostage swap that they are planning will result in all of their deaths . She explains by saying that there has been a feeling of unrest among the other officers at the hospital , and that they desire to overthrow Lerner , and Lerner is aware of these sentiments . Shepherd and Licari are eventually returned to the hospital , and continue to live there after Lerner 's death . Alexandria safe - zone ( edit ) The Alexandria Safe - Zone is located near Alexandria , Virginia , and is a suburban community protected by large walls . It is a self - powered community , with solar panels to help power the homes and water system . When Rick 's group is invited to join Alexandria , they find that the Alexandrians have sheltered themselves from the real world outside their gates , leading to strive between the two groups . Pete Anderson , portrayed by Corey Brill , is briefly seen smoking on his porch outside in the night when Rick passes by . He mentions to him that his wife ( Jessie ) cut his hair and welcomes him to Alexandria . He is also the father of Ron and Sam . At the town meeting concerning Rick 's fate after he threatened them with a gun , a drunken Pete shows up to confront Rick while wielding a katana stolen from Michonne , accidentally slashing Reg 's throat when he attempts to push him away to avoid another conflict . A mourning Deanna gives Rick the go - ahead to execute Pete , whom he shoots while Abraham has him pinned to the ground . Ron Anderson , portrayed by Austin Abrams , introduces Carl to Mikey and Enid , who are playing video games and explains that he can play with them . He is the brother to Sam and son of Jessie and Pete . He is also Enid 's boyfriend . Ron develops a bitter relationship with Rick and Carl , due to Rick executing his father under Deanna 's orders and Carl 's budding relationship with Enid . After Jessie and Sam are killed during the walker invasion of Alexandria , Ron tries to shoot Rick only to be killed by Michonne . However , his gun goes off as he falls , destroying Carl 's right eye . Sam Anderson , portrayed by Major Dodson , is very briefly seen playing with his mother ( Jessie ) and brother ( Ron ) in a distance , whilst Rick is worrying about Carl and Judith . Sam catches Carol stealing weapons from the pantry and she threatens him to keep it a secret . Despite the threat and Carol 's continuing harsh words to keep him at arm 's length Sam forms an attachment to Carol , doing favors for her , but also asks for a gun leading Carol to learn of his father 's abusive relationship with his mother . When Rick and Pete fight in the streets Sam runs to Carol for protection rather than Jessie , and subsequently Jessie is heartbroken when she learns that Sam wanted a gun to protect her . During the walker invasion of Alexandria , he refuses to leave his mother 's side , but is traumatized to see a young boy as a walker . While stunned , Sam is devoured by walkers . Eric Raleigh , portrayed by Jordan Woods - Robinson , is Aaron 's boyfriend and a recruiter for Alexandria . He works as his back - up . During the war against The Saviors , he bleeds to death following a bullet would from one of Negan 's henchman . Mikey , portrayed by Elijah Marcano , is seen playing video games with Ron and Enid and offers Carl to join . Aiden Monroe , portrayed by Daniel Bonjour , is the egotistical younger son of Deanna and Reg . He takes Glenn , Tara and Noah out the safe - zone with Nicholas . Aiden almost gets Tara killed on the run and Glenn punches him afterwards . Deanna thanks Glenn for knocking Aiden `` on his ass . '' He is later killed after being eaten by walkers following an incident which left him impaled in a warehouse . Reg Monroe , portrayed by Steve Coulter , is Deanna 's husband and the architect , who designed the walls that keep the community safe from walkers . At the town meeting concerning Rick 's fate after he threatened them with a gun , a drunken Pete shows up to confront Rick while wielding Michonne 's katana , accidentally slashing Reg 's throat when he attempts to push him away to avoid another conflict . Deanna gets her revenge for Reg 's death by giving Rick the go - ahead to execute Pete , who he shoots without any hesitation . Michael Traynor Nicholas , portrayed by Michael Traynor , greets the group as they enter and asks them to hand over their weapons . He joins Aiden when he takes Glenn , Tara and Noah out to attack some zombies . He goes with Rick 's group to lure a herd of walkers away from Alexandria , which results in his death . Olivia , portrayed by Ann Mahoney , takes the group 's weapons in a tray to keep watch over them . She often works in the pantry and armory of Alexandria . She is one of the first residents of Alexandria to emerge and help fight off the walker invasion , inspired by Rick taking a stand . Olivia is randomly shot in the face and killed by Arat , one of Negan 's soldiers , to punish the Alexandrians for Rosita 's attempt to shoot Negan . Jason Douglas Tobin , portrayed by Jason Douglas , works on the construction site alongside Abraham , Francine , and a few other Alexandrians . He later has a brief relationship with Carol Peletier . During the Saviors attack on the Hilltop led by Simon , Tobin is injured by Derek who is then killed by Carol . Though Tobin 's wound is not fatal due to Siddiq treating him on the battlefield , the Saviors had coated their weapons in walker guts . As a result , Tobin died the following night and reanimated . After finding the zombified Tobin attacking Bertie , Carol stabbed him in the head . Erin , portrayed by Tiffany Morgan , is a resident of Alexandria , who was killed in the Wolves attack . Shelly Neudermeyer , portrayed by Susie Spear Purcell , is a resident of Alexandria , who desperately wanted a pasta maker . Carol confronted her about smoking in the house and she was later killed in the Wolves attack . Sturgess , portrayed by Jonathan Kleitman , is a resident of Alexandria , when the walkers attack the group , Sturgess tries to fight them off and accidentally shoots Scott in the leg , while a walker grabs him . After being saved , Sturgess panics and runs away from the scene , abandoning the group , Shortly after having abandoned the group , he is found in a nearby town being devoured by several walkers . Barbara , portrayed by Mandi Christine Kerr , is a resident of Alexandria . Kent , portrayed by David Marshall Silverman , is a resident of Alexandria . Bruce , portrayed by Ted Huckabee , works on the construction site alongside Abraham , Tobin , and a few other Alexandrians . During the Savior attack on the Hilltop led by Simon , Bruce suffers an arm wound from one of the Saviors ' tainted weapons . Unlike most of those infected , Bruce does not die and reanimate during the night , but is left near death from the infection . After realizing what 's happening to him , Bruce requests that one of the group standing nearby kill him as he ca n't do it himself . Francine , portrayed by Dahlia Legault , works on the construction site alongside Abraham , Tobin , and a few other Alexandrians . Killed by shot in the chest by an unnamed Savior . Corey Hawkins Heath , portrayed by Corey Hawkins , is a supply runner for Alexandria and the leader of his supply group . Scott , portrayed by Kenric Green , is a supply runner , who is part of Heath 's team . Annie , portrayed by Beth Keener , is a supply runner , who is part of Heath 's team . She dies while on a supply run in `` Thank You '' after twisting her ankle , then falling , yelling to the others to keep going without her . She is then devoured by walkers . Holly , portrayed by Laura Beamer , is a resident of Alexandria , works as a guardian and Noah 's friend . She is killed in the Wolves attack . David , portrayed by Jay Huguley , is a supply runner , who appears in `` Thank You . '' He is with Rick 's group , who are still attempting to find the source of a loud horn . He is bitten on the back by a walker , but continues to fight , saying that he wishes to return to Alexandria to say goodbye to his wife . He writes her a love letter , which he tries to persuade Michonne to give to her . Michonne refuses and gives it back , writing on her arm : `` You 're getting home . '' David is later killed while trying to escape a large herd of walkers , in front of the rest of the horrified remaining survivors . Ethan Embry Carter , portrayed by Ethan Embry , is a resident of the Alexandria Safe - Zone . Carter is also a part of the construction crew alongside Abraham Ford , Bruce , Francine , Tommy , and Tobin . Merritt Wever Dr. Denise Cloyd , portrayed by Merritt Wever , is a psychiatrist . She lost her nerve to be a surgeon in Medical School , but now that Pet , the group 's previous surgeon , is dead . Denise is forced to become the group 's doctor and surgeon , at the urging of Eugene , who tells her `` You do n't want to be a coward . I know . '' She finally agrees to operate on a dying Holly , but can not save her . When Scott is put into Denise 's care , she tells Tara he will most likely die , but Tara tells her not to be afraid . After Tara leaves , Denise manages to stabilize Scott 's infection . Shortly thereafter , she finds Tara and , much to Tara 's surprise , kisses her . During the walker herd overrunning Alexandria , she is taken hostage at gunpoint by the Alpha Wolf and used so that he can escape his prison cell while Carol and Morgan are both unconscious , leaving Tara , Rosita and Eugene to watch on helplessly . The Alpha Wolf later tells her that he was n't always the way he was and had changed into the person he is now . He shows signs of changing for the good , saving Denise 's life from a walker attack that left him bitten . Though Denise offered to treat the man as a result , Carol shot him and he was devoured by walkers , telling Denise to run as he did so . Returning to her infirmary , Denise finds that Carl Grimes has been shot through the eye and saves his life at the cost of his eye . When Rick and Daryl are going to leave for a run , Denise asks Daryl to get some orange soda for Tara , who is going on a two - week supply run with Heath , Daryl agrees . Later , Rick and Daryl bring an unconscious Jesus to Denise so she can check him out . After Jesus escapes , Denise notifies Abraham . Before the group head to the Hilltop Colony , Denise bakes Daryl an oak cake , which he is reluctant to take , and he hopes it tastes better than it looks . Denise is seen present at the meeting in the church , listening to Rick 's speech about the danger of the Saviors . When Rick asked if anyone objected to the idea of attacking the Saviors , Denise remained silent . Later , when Denise is talking to Tara , Tara tells Denise she loves her . Tara tells Denise she does n't have to reply though and Denise says she will after Tara returns from her two - week supply run with Heath . Tara suggests that Denise come along on to the Saviors compound and then she can come on the run immediately after . Denise says she wants to go , but ca n't as she 's the only doctor Alexandria has . Tara understands and the two kiss . Some time later , Denise convinces Daryl and Rosita to go on a scavenging run to an apothecary , which she believes is stocked up with medication and drugs . After successfully looting the place , they started for home , during which time Denise has a close encounter with a walker to get a can of soda for Tara . After Daryl and Rosita scold her for taking an unnecessary risk , Denise begins to lecture them on how she was trying to confront her fears and become strong as them . As she speaks , she gets shot by an arrow through the right eye by Dwight , killing her . Dwight later reveals she was not the one he was aiming for . The Wolves ( edit ) The Wolves are a group of deranged people , who destroy camps and shelters , killing everyone . They are marked with a `` W '' with blood on their foreheads -- the sign of a wolf . They steal the belongings of their victims , often dismembering their bodies , and cutting the `` W '' sign onto these victims ' foreheads with knives . They usually leave their victims to become walkers . Owen ( also known as `` W Man '' or `` Alpha Wolf '' ) , portrayed by Benedict Samuel , has a psychotic and greedy personality . For example , he wanted `` every last drop '' of Morgan 's drink and all of his supplies . He also appears to be a remorseless , cold blooded murderer , slitting a man 's throat with no hesitation or emotion . He hides in a home and attacks Morgan in an attempt to kill him when he enters , only to be knocked unconscious and held as a prisoner in Alexandria unbeknownst to the other Alexandrians as Morgan wants to change him for the better the way Eastman did for him . He threatens that if he does n't die from the deep gash on his side , he will kill Morgan and everyone there . During the walkers overrunning Alexandria , Carol and Morgan feud over what to do with him and get into a physical altercation , with him knocking Morgan unconscious shortly after Morgan knocks Carol out with a slam to the ground . He takes Denise as a hostage to escape at gunpoint as Rosita , Tara and Eugene watch helplessly . He later admits to Denise that he was n't always the man he is and had become what he was over time . He saves Denise 's life during the walker attack on Alexandria , but is bitten . Denise says that if he watches her back , she 'll get him to the infirmary to amputate his arm and save his life . On the way there , Carol sees him with Denise and shoots him . He tackles a walker and yells for Denise to run as he goes down . During the final battle , the zombified Wolf is encountered by Morgan , who puts him down for good with his staff . Edward , portrayed by Jesse C. Boyd , first appears when the leader of his gang gives him a signal to kill Morgan Jones from behind using his blade . He misses Morgan and gets knocked out after the two brawl . He is later put inside of a car . This man and his group attack Alexandria . During the attack , he recognizes Morgan and he and four of his companions surround him and attempt to kill him . Morgan manages to fend them off with his quarterstaff and tells them that there are guns in the safe - zone and that they will all be killed if they stay . Morgan also tells them if they choose to continue living this life , they will die . He then tell the Wolves to leave and never come back . This wolf says that he and his group did n't choose this life , and he and his companions flee the safe - zone . Before leaving , he steals a gun from a slain survivor . He is later killed along with the remaining four Wolves by Rick Grimes when they ambush him while he is parked roadside in an RV . Aphid , portrayed by Duke Jackson , is among the Wolves , who invade the Alexandria Safe - Zone . He is killed by Carol Peletier , who steals his clothing and writes a `` W '' on her head in blood to use as a disguise . Hilltop Colony ( edit ) The Hilltop Colony is a small group of survivors that have fortified the area around a large mansion atop a hill , near Alexandria . Dr. Harlan Carson , portrayed by R. Keith Harris , is a doctor at the Hilltop Colony . He was saved by Glenn from walkers , and did an ultrasound for Maggie 's baby and provided her with prenatal vitamins . He is taken by Simon to replace Dr. Emmett Carson , his brother , who Negan killed after Dwight framed him , killed by a Savior when he was trying to escape and help a captive Father Gabriel . Ethan , portrayed by Justin Kucsulain , stabs Gregory to save his brother from Negan . When Rick tried to stop him , he attacked Rick and Rick ended up killing him . Andy , portrayed by Jeremy Palko , is a member of the Hilltop Colony . He was killed in an attack on an outpost of the Saviors . Craig , portrayed by Myke Holmes , is a member of the Hilltop Colony . Crystal , portrayed by Kimberly Leemans , is a member of the Hilltop Colony . Bertie , portrayed by Karen Ceesay , is a member of the Hilltop Colony . Kal , portrayed by James Chen , is a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Eduardo , portrayed by Peter Zimmerman , is a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Wesley , portrayed by Ilan Srulovicz , He is a supply runner for the Hilltop Colony . Killed by a Savior with a tainted weapon and succumbed to walker infection , shortly after he revives as a walker and Daryl Dixon ends his zombification . Freddie , portrayed by Brett Gentile , He is a supply runner for the Hilltop Colony . Killed by shot multiple times on an outpost of the Saviors . The Sanctuary ( edit ) The Sanctuary is a community of a massive group , some that reside are civilians that work for the community but in majority is conformed by bandits called `` The Saviors , '' a group of pirates , gangsters and motorcyclists , who plunder people on the road around the Washington area . They are a subgroup under Negan . Civilians ( edit ) Sherry , portrayed by Christine Evangelista , is Dwight 's wife , first encountered by Daryl in the burnt forest with Dwight and her sister Tina . They are on the run from The Saviors , after stealing insulin for Tina . Daryl attempts to help them , though after Tina 's death , Sherry and Dwight steal Daryl 's motorcycle and crossbow and abandon him . It is later revealed that as punishment for stealing and fleeing from The Sanctuary , Dwight took an iron to the face and Sherry agreed to be one of Negan 's wives in order to save Dwight 's life . Sherry encounters Daryl in The Sanctuary after his capture , and is remorseful for stealing from him previously . Offscreen , Sherry frees Daryl from The Sanctuary and also escapes herself . Negan recruits Dwight to go and bring her back . Dwight travels to their old home , where they planned to meet up if things went bad , and finds a note from Sherry ( along with her wedding rings ) , in which she admits to freeing Daryl and apologises for forcing Dwight into Negan 's world . Her current whereabouts are unknown . Tina , portrayed by Liz E. Morgan , is Sherry 's sister She is diabetic , killed by walkers . Amber , portrayed by Autumn Dial , is a Mark 's ex-girlfriend and one of Negan 's wives . Tanya , portrayed by Chloe Aktas , is one of Negan 's wives . Frankie , portrayed by Elyse Dufour , is one of Negan 's wives . Gordon , portrayed by Michael Scialabba , is an ex-member of the Saviors . He is killed by Dwight with a shot to the back to end his misery . Dr. Emmett Carson , portrayed by Tim Parati , is the Doctor of the Saviors . Killed by Negan , when Dwight sets Dr. Carson up by planting Sherry 's letter to his office , Negan accuses Dr. Carson of helping Daryl escape in order to impress Sherry and throws him face - first into the furnace , burning him to death . Saviors ( edit ) Bud , portrayed by Christopher Berry , is the leader of a motorcycle gang . He tells Daryl , Abraham and Sasha that their truck , weapons , and all other supplies now belong to his leader , Negan . Shortly after , he and his entire group are blown up with a rocket launcher by Daryl Dixon . Alicia Witt Paula , portrayed by Alicia Witt , is first heard talking to Rick over a walkie - talkie telling him she only wants to talk . When he denies her , she reveals she has Carol and Maggie held captive . Paula brings them back to their compound where they tie and gag them . Paula is the counterpart to Carol . When Carol and Maggie escape from the compound , Carol threatens to kill Paula , but wo n't despite Maggie telling her to do so . Instead she shoves her into a pole whereupon she is devoured by a walker and killed by Maggie after she turns . Roman , portrayed by Stuart Greer , is with the group of Saviors on the road , who stop Carol in the middle of the road , and try to subjugate her , but she opens fire , killing several , in addition mortally wounding fellow Savior Jiro and himself . When Roman is about to kill Carol , Morgan aims his gun at him , and gives him a chance to leave , but he declines . And when he is about to kill Carol , Morgan does n't hesitate to shoot , killing him and saving Carol from certain death . Primo , portrayed by Jimmy Gonzales , is a member of Negan 's group . He attempts escape with Daryl 's renovated motorcycle , stolen from him by Dwight in `` Always Accountable . '' He 's shot in the head by Rick Grimes after he claims to be Negan . Donnie , portrayed by Rus Blackwell. is a member of Negan 's group . Donnie ambushes Carol and Maggie , who are guarding the perimeter of the Saviors ' compound . Carol shoots him in the arm , but spares his life . His arm is wrapped and is instructed not to remove it . When Maggie removes Donnie 's tourniquet to let him bleed out , she realizes he 's already dead . He later reanimates and infects Molly , but she stabs him in the head . Molly , portrayed by Jill Jane Clements , is an older savior . She is a chain smoker and has a bad cough . When Molly enters the room Carol was held in to check up on her , she is surprised and bitten in the arm by a zombified Donnie , who reanimated after bleeding to death . Maggie then attacks Molly from behind , takes her gun and uses it to bash in Molly 's head . Jiro , portrayed by Rich Ceraulo , first appearing in `` East , '' is a member of the Saviors . He speaks for a pick - up truck of Saviors and tries to capture Carol , who begins to fire on them . Carol kills most of them , but Jiro dodges the rain of bulletfire . He is discovered by Carol and is shot , later coup - de-grâce stabbed in the head by Rick . Michelle , portrayed by Jeananne Goossen , is member of the Saviors , who take captive Maggie and Carol . She is the counterpart to Maggie . Her boyfriend was blown up by Daryl and she stole gas to go find him , but was caught and her finger got chopped off as a punishment . She reveals she had a baby , but it died . When Michelle begins hearing gunshots coming from inside the compound , she runs out to investigate , but gets shot in the head by Carol . Cam , portrayed by Matt Lowe , is a member of the Saviors , he is hunting for Dwight , Honey and Tina . While in hiding , Daryl Dixon rustles some branches and distracts Cam , causing him to get bitten on the forearm by a walker pinned against the tree . Wade , the party leader , immediately uses a belt for a tourniquet and hacks off Cam 's forearm without hesitation . Gavin , portrayed by Jayson Smith Warner , is main top lieutenant and the leader of a small group of Saviors in charge of collecting weekly offerings from the Kingdom . When Gavin and the Saviors attack the kingdom , they take Ezekiel captive , but Morgan and Carol rescue him by trapping Gavin and killing several of his men . Benjamin 's vengeful brother Henry appears and spears Gavin through his throat . Jared , portrayed by Joshua Mikel , is a member of the Saviors , he works for Gavin . This one causes the death to Benjamin when it shoots in the legs which causes that the Kingdom rises against Negan . He is captured by Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia and taken as a prisoner to the Hilltop colony . When the Saviors attack Hilltop he takes the opportunity to escape with other Saviors . Later , Jared and his company take Morgan and Rick as hostages but are released due to Rick 's deception claiming help against a swarm of walkers that invaded their refuge . Shortly after Morgan and Rick manage to kill the other men , Morgan fights with Jared and ends up caging him in with a multitude of walkers who end up devouring him . Arat , portrayed by Elizabeth Ludlow , is a female member of the Saviors , commissioned for confiscating supplies , weapons , and furniture of Alexandria , under Negan 's orders . Joseph `` Fat Joey '' , portrayed by Joshua Hoover , is a member of the Saviors . He is ordered to watch Daryl by Negan and is killed by Daryl when he escapes the Sanctuary . David , portrayed by Martinez , is a member of Negan 's group . He is killed by Negan when attempts to rape Sasha . Gary , portrayed by Mike Seal , is a Savior , who raids Alexandria for supplies , weapons , and furniture . As Negan and Rick walk around , Gary approaches Negan with the video camera that Deanna used to interview Rick and the other new arrivals , by Arat and DJ when he was helping Simon in his mutiny against Negan , then Negan avoids his zombification with his `` Lucille '' . Mark , portrayed by Griffin Freeman , is a member of the Saviors and Amber 's ex-boyfriend . When he tried to escape with Amber , Negan punishes him by burning his face . Laura , portrayed by Lindsley Register , is a female member of the Saviors and she is the current lieutenant and second - in - command since `` Worth '' , after finishing the war against Negan Laura decides to make peace with the militia . Isabelle , portrayed by Aerli Austen , is a member of Negan 's group , when she was driving a pick - up truck by herself she notices a line of zombie corpses in the road . As she gets out to investigate , she is captured by Michonne . She is later shot in the head by Michonne . Roy , portrayed by Brian Stapf , is a member of the Saviors . He is bitten in the face by the zombified Sasha , killing him . Traci Dinwiddie Regina , portrayed by Traci Dinwiddie , is a female member of the Saviors and a top lieutenant high - ranking . Mara , portrayed by Lindsey Garrett , is a girl savior lieutenant , killed by the Militia when they killed several Saviors and allowed them to reanimate to use as additional troops . Morales , portrayed by Juan Pareja ( already mentioned above as a member of the `` Atlanta survivors '' ) , is a member of the Saviors , featured in `` The Damned '' . He surprises Rick and holds him by gunpoint inside a Savior outpost . Rick recognizes him and reminds him that he knew him from Atlanta , but Morales responds that those events were a long time ago . He informs Rick that he has called more Saviors for backup . However , he is found by Daryl , who immediately shots him in the head with a crossbow arrow , instantly killing him . Callan McAuliffe Alden , portrayed by Callan McAuliffe , is a member of the Saviors who watches over the satellite outpost . When Jesus and the Militia take his group by surprise , he surrenders along with the rest of his group . Eventually , seeing the courage of Hilltop , he and other Saviors decide to join the ranks of Maggie . Todd , portrayed by Lee Norris , is a member of the Saviors . He is killed by Daryl by shooting him in the head with a gun . Gunther , portrayed by Whitmer Thomas , is a member of the Saviors . Appearing in `` Some Guy '' , he kills Alvaro with a fatal gunshot through the chest and takes Ezekiel hostage . When he is about to stab Ezekiel , Jerry shows up and chops his body in half with his axe , killing him and saving his leader from certain death . Yago , portrayed by Charles Halford , is a member of the Saviors who manages Gavin 's weapons base . During a chase , his truck is hijacked by Rick , who stabs him in the gut and throws him out of the vehicle , though not killing him . He died shortly thereafter of his wound and is stabbed in the head by Rick to prevent reanimation . The Kingdom ( edit ) Benjamin , portrayed by Logan Miller , is a young soldier from the Kingdom and Morgan 's protégé . During a routine supply drop - off with a group of Saviors , led by Gavin , Jared shoots him in the leg which causes it to bleed out and later dies . Morgan avoids his zombification . Richard , portrayed by Karl Makinen , is a soldier from the Kingdom . He hates the Saviors and is obsessed to get rid of them , but is strangled and killed by Morgan after he indirectly causes Benjamin 's death . Jerry , portrayed by Cooper Andrews , is a member of the Kingdom and Ezekiel 's steward . Diane , portrayed by Kerry Cahill , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers , is an expert in the use of the bow and arrow . Daniel , portrayed by Daniel Newman , is one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . He is massacred together with other Kingdom soldiers in a surprise assault by a Savior using a machine gun . He later revives , but Alvaro puts him down . Alvaro , portrayed by Carlos Navarro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers , is killed by Gunther , who takes Ezekiel hostage . Henry , portrayed by Macsen Lintz , is a resident of the Kingdom and Benjamin 's naive younger brother . Kevin , portrayed by Jason Burkey , is a resident of the Kingdom . Nabila , portrayed by Nadine Marissa , is a gardener of the Kingdom . Shiva is a Bengal tiger and the loyal mascot of King Ezekiel . She is trained to attack those hostile to the Kingdom , including Saviors and walkers alike . However , she sacrifices herself to a horde of walkers to allow Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol escape following a bloody conflict with the Saviors . In production , there is no actual tiger and , in most cases , she is added in as CGI in post-production . Where Shiva is shown interacting with other characters such as pouncing a character , this is done by an actor wearing a full blue body - suit to mimic the tiger 's actions and using chroma - key effects in post-production to add the tiger 's body . Oceanside ( edit ) Natania , portrayed by Deborah May , is the leader of Oceanside . Aaron and Enid set out to Oceanside to recruit their assistance in the upcoming war but Natania is shot in self - defense by Enid when she attacks Aaron later that night . Cyndie , portrayed by Sydney Park , is a member of Oceanside and Natania 's maternal granddaughter , who forms a friendship with Tara . Rachel , portrayed by Mimi Kirkland , is an aggressive young member of Oceanside , who does not support Tara . Beatrice , portrayed by Briana Venskus , is a top member of Oceanside . Kathy , portrayed by Nicole Barré , is a top member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) The Scavengers are a large group that first appears in `` Rock in the Road . '' They live in a junkyard and are led by a woman named Jadis . In the season seven finale , they betray Rick , and reveal their service and loyalty to Negan , until the members are killed by Simon and shredded in the industrial shredder , they lose loyalty to Negan . Tamiel , portrayed by Sabrina Gennarino , is a member of the Scavengers and the right - hand of Jadis . Killed by Simon . Brion , portrayed by Thomas Francis Murphy , is a lieutenant member of the Scavengers . Killed by Simon . Winslow , portrayed by Gino Crognale , is a zombificated member of the Scavengers , nothing is known about Winslow 's life prior to the outbreak . At some point in the apocalypse , Winslow was living in the Junkyard community , however , he later died of unknown causes . The residents of the Junkyard community did not put him down , but instead , covered him in armor and spikes . Winslow is first seen behind Rick , covered in armor and spikes after he is pushed into a pit . Rick is frightened by him . As Winslow comes closer , Rick tries to push him away , having one of his spikes go through his hand in the process . Winslow proceeds to come closer to Rick again , Rick kicks him away , cutting himself again . Rick then uses the wall of garbage to slow Winslow down . Winslow is buried in garbage and Rick decapitates him . Farron , portrayed by Anja Asktin , is a member of the Scavengers . When she and Michonne take sniper positions atop a townhouse as they prepare to battle the Saviors . When Michonne realizes the Scavengers betrayed Alexandria , she turns around to find Farron pointing her weapon at her . As a gun fight breaks out in the streets below , Farron and Michonne engage in a scuffle . As Farron bashes Michonne 's head into the ground , Michonne grabs a piece of a broken flower pot and stabs Farron . However , Farron still manages to overcome Michonne , attempting to throw her over the balcony . With all of her might , Michonne is able to overpower Farron and send her over the balcony to her death . Her mangled body is observed in the streets as Rick and Carl search for Michonne . Miscellaneous survivors ( edit ) Judith Grimes is Lori 's baby and Carl 's sister . She was conceived with Shane sometime in season one and born in season three ( `` Killer Within '' ) . Maggie delivers her via a crude C - section , using Carl 's knife ; Lori dies during childbirth . Daryl nicknames the baby `` Lil ' Asskicker '' and Rick allows Carl to name her after his third grade teacher , Judith Mueller . Judith 's fate is seemingly unknown following The Governor 's final assault on the prison . Rick and Carl find Judith 's empty car seat , stained heavily with blood , and presume her to be dead . However , it is revealed that Tyreese had rescued Judith before escaping from the prison with Lizzie and Mika ; the three are walking through a forest , with Tyreese holding Judith in his arms , before they reunite with Carol . Brina Palencia Ana , portrayed by Brina Palencia , is a survivor encountered by Rick and Carol while on a supply run . Ana , who has a limp , is holed up in a house with her boyfriend , Sam . She and Sam were separated from the refugee group they were with and left on their own for days . Rick gets to know them and decides they are worthy of joining the prison community . After Carol tends to Sam 's wounds , Sam and Ana volunteer to help forage for supplies . Carol agrees , but Rick is reluctant , noting they seem ill - equipped to protect themselves . However , Rick reluctantly complies with the group consensus , gives them guns , and tells them to meet back at the house in two hours . Rick and Carol later discover Ana 's tattooed leg amputated , and then some distance away her deceased body being devoured by walkers , with Sam nowhere to be found . Leon Basset , portrayed by Linds Edwards , is a deputy sheriff at the King County Police Department , who along with his partner Lambert Kendell , works with Rick and Shane . During the car chase in the pilot episode , Leon , along with Rick , Shane , and Lambert , prepare for gunfire . It is shown that Leon is new to firearms , as Rick instructs him how to use one in the field , and that post-apocalypse , Leon becomes a walker and is put down by Rick outside the station house before Rick leaves for Atlanta . John Carroll Lynch Eastman , portrayed by John Carroll Lynch , is encountered when Morgan Jones leaves Kings county . He is a psychologist , who used to analyze prisoners . He eventually rehabilitates Morgan teaching him how a life is precious thus cementing Morgan 's return to sanity . Felipe , portrayed by Noel Gugliemi , is a tough guy associate of Guillermo 's and the grandson of `` Abuela '' ( played by Gina Morelli ) . He is actually a nurse practitioner at the retirement home , who decides to stay behind with the rest of the `` Vatos '' and help the elderly . Guillermo , portrayed by Neil Brown Jr. , his associate Felipe , and others protect a nursing home full of the elderly after it gets mostly abandoned . They come into conflict with Rick Grimes and his group when they fight over the weapons Rick dropped in downtown Atlanta . A deleted scene from the season two premiere reveals that most , if not all , of the nursing home survivors were killed execution style ( hinting at the handiwork of humans ) and not by walkers . Noah Emmerich Dr. Edwin Jenner , portrayed by Noah Emmerich , is the last surviving staff pathologist at the Atlanta CDC . Working with surviving samples of infected tissue , he attempts to create a possible cure , but repeatedly fails . When the Grimes group arrives at the CDC looking for help or survivors , he hesitates to assist and only allows them in once the walkers have them surrounded . He reveals that his wife succumbed to the disease and provided his few tissue samples ; he later accidentally destroys them due to fatigue . Despairing , he attempts to lock the group in the CDC building , which is programmed to self - destruct when its fuel runs out . However , he relents and allows them to flee shortly before the building is destroyed . He and Jacqui elect to die in the explosion . Before parting ways with Rick for the last time , Jenner whispers to him ( as revealed in the season two finale ) that everyone carries the infection and will reanimate after expiring , no matter how they die . Duane Jones , portrayed by Adrian Kali Turner , is Morgan Jones ' son . In the pilot episode , he finds Rick Grimes and knocks him out , mistaking him for a walker . Duane stays with his father when Rick offers to take them to Atlanta . When Rick encounters Morgan again in season three , Morgan explains that Duane was killed by his undead mother . `` Duane Jones '' also happens to be the name of the late actor , who starred as the heroic protagonist `` Ben '' in the original zombie movie Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) . Whether or not Duane was put down by Morgan upon reanimating is unknown ; it remains ambiguous whether Morgan put him down or allowed him to `` survive '' as a walker , like his mother . Lambert Kendal , portrayed by Jim Coleman , is a deputy sheriff working at the King County Sheriff 's Department , along with his partner Leon Basset and co-workers Rick and Shane . He is seen during the car chase with Rick , Shane , and Leon in the pilot episode . Robin Lord Taylor Sam , portrayed by Robin Lord Taylor , is a survivor encountered by Rick and Carol on a supply run , holed up in the bathroom of an abandoned house with his girlfriend , Ana . They had come from a refugee center , became separated from their group , and were left out on their own for days . After Carol tends to Sam 's dislocated arm and other wounds , Sam and Ana volunteer to help forage for supplies . Carol agrees , but Rick is reluctant , noting the pair seems ill - equipped to protect themselves . However , Rick reluctantly complies with the group consensus ; he gives them guns and gives Sam his watch so Sam can know when two hours have passed so they can meet back at the house . Rick and Carol later discover Ana 's deceased body being devoured by walkers , with Sam nowhere to be found . It is later revealed that Sam had been captured at Terminus , where he gets hit in the head with a baseball bat and then gets his throat slit to be bled out in a trough along with three other captives . Lieutenant Welles , portrayed by Julio Cedillo , is a National Guard pilot . After his helicopter crashes , he is the only survivor . The Governor finds Lieutenant Welles and brings him to Woodbury , where he has Dr. Stevens care for him . After discovering the whereabouts of Welles ' men , The Governor takes his own enforcers and kills the soldiers , appropriating their food , supplies , and equipment . He later puts Lt. Welles ' severed head in an aquarium , alongside other heads in his collection . It is unclear whether or not Welles ' head was among those damaged in The Governor 's struggle with Michonne . Siddiq , portrayed by Avi Nash , Siddiq debuts in the first episode of season eight , he is first seen surrendering to Carl and tells him that he has n't ate in a few days . When Carl suddenly points a gun at Siddiq , he tries to calm Carl down and then Rick comes and fires a few warning shots which makes Siddiq run away . Later , Carl returns and leaves two cans of food with a note saying : `` Sorry . '' Siddiq watches Carl from the bushes as he walks away . Jayne Atkinson Georgie , portrayed by Jayne Atkinson , appears for the first time in `` The Key '' . She is a leader of a mysterious humanitarian group who helps Maggie with supplies and food in exchange for some vinyl records . She also gives Maggie a book that would help her build the new civilization . Notes ( edit ) The Walking Dead comic book and the television series , based on it , are regarded as separate continuities . Therefore , regardless of any possible similarities between the two mediums , characters and events appearing in one have no effect on the continuity of the other . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` the Walking Dead Cast : Rick Grimes '' . amctv.com . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan McKee . `` Top 10 : Everyman Heroes -- No. 9 Rick Grimes -- The Walking Dead '' . Askmen.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott Tipton ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Talking about walking '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2012 : ' The Walking Dead 's ' Jon Bernthal on Killing Characters , Challenging Scenes and the Ending Nobody Saw '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Sarah Wayne Callies Joins ' Walking Dead ' '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Chandler Riggs on Carl 's Eye - Opening Shocker '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Lennie James Previews a ' Thorny Path ' For Morgan and Carol '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile 's Jeffrey DeMunn Joins The Walking Dead '' . CBR.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Yeun Interview THE WALKING DEAD '' . Collider . December 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Holden Interview THE WALKING DEAD '' . Collider . December 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker interview ( Merle Dixon on `` The Walking Dead '' ) -- The Desk of Brian `` . deskofbrian.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' Dissection : Melissa McBride Talks Carol 's Devastating Decision '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Norman Reedus Reveals What 's Next For Daryl -- And It 's Not Good '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Scene That Made Lauren Cohan Want To Leave the Show - CINEMABLEND '' . CINEMABLEND . January 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' cast expands by two '' . Digital Spy . June 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Exit Interview : The Walking Dead 's Beth Tells All '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' Danai Gurira Excited to Embody Badass Michonne '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Governor : David Morrissey '' . TheWrap . February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Chad Coleman on Tyreese : ' It 's Going to be a Fun Ride ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' star Sonequa Martin - Green explains how they hid her pregnancy on the show '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Lawrence Gilliard Jr. on how he landed the part of Bob Stookey '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Q&A : Alanna Masterson Talks Tara '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Michael Cudlitz : Abraham Is `` Very Damaged at This Point '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Josh McDermitt Talks Season 6 Of ' The Walking Dead ' '' . International Business Times . October 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Q&A : Christian Serratos Talks Rosita , Season 5 Finale '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Andrew J. West Wanted Gareth to `` Ride Off Into the Sunset '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Q&A -- Seth Gilliam ( Father Gabriel ) - news_detail FX '' . www.fxtv.com.au . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' star Ross Marquand talks about the show 's first gay male relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Q&A : Tovah Feldshuh On Playing Alexandria Leader Deanna Monroe and Rick 's Big Shave '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Latest Victim on `` Devastating '' Exit -- and Pitch to Stay `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Katelyn Nacon on Working With Steven Yeun : ' It Felt Very Natural ' '' . TheWrap . November 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Danai Gurira , Melissa McBride , and Austin Nichols Q&A - THE HORROR ENTERTAINMENT MAGAZINE '' . THE HORROR ENTERTAINMENT MAGAZINE . October 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Confirms the Identity of Sunday 's Mystery Character '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes 4 to Series Regular for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto V 's Steven Ogg Talks About His Role on The Walking Dead '' . The Walking Dead . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Walking Dead Casts Major Comics Villain Negan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead Casts Major Comics King Ezekiel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Adds Frozen Star Emma Bell to its Cast - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . June 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE WALKING DEAD IronE Singleton Interview '' . Collider . November 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive EW Portraits of Deceased ' Walking Dead ' Characters '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A -- Andrew Rothenberg ( Jim ) '' . AMC . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Lintz reflects working on `` The Walking Dead '' `` . mediamikes.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Andy ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Walking Dead 's Michael Zegen Eulogizes ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' casts two more '' . Digital Spy . January 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The term `` college '' is sometimes used as a euphemism for prison ( e.g. , in The Sopranos season four , episode seven : `` Watching Too Much Television '' ) Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' : Lew Temple talks about Axel shocker '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Beefs Up Cast For Season 4 '' . The Huffington Post . April 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : The Walking Dead 's Jose Pablo Cantillo '' . Undead Walking . July 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' Postmortem : Dallas Roberts on Milton 's Twisted Fate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Vincent Martella , aka Patrick from The Walking Dead '' . pastemagazine.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview -- Brighton Sharbino of The Walking Dead '' . crypticrock.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Q&A with The Walking Dead Season 4 's Kyla Kenedy - Daily Dead '' . Daily Dead . February 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Minutes with The Walking Dead 's Sunkrish Bala - The Aerogram '' . The Aerogram . October 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , myFanbase . `` Veronica Mars - Interviews : Exclusive interview with Kyle Gallner - myFanbase '' . www.myfanbase.de . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 4 : What If Lilly Had Survived ? Audrey Marie Anderson Says ... Wetpaint , Inc '' . Wetpaint , Inc . August 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 4 : Jeff Kober Talks Joe 's `` Very Special Death '' Wetpaint , Inc `` . Wetpaint , Inc . May 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Jensen Talks The Walking Dead , the Conflicted Dr. Edwards , Geeking Out , and Guinea Pigs ( EXCLUSIVE Interview ) TV Geek Talk '' . tvgeektalk.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the new ' Walking Dead ' cop from hell , who claims she is a ' hero ' '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler James Williams On Noah 's ' The Walking Dead ' Shocker '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 6 : Major Dodson Talks Sam 's Special Relationship With Carol ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . iDigitalTimes.com . November 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta actor Steve Coulter ( Reg ) talks about ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Insidious ' roles Radio and TV Talk '' . radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead 's Michael Traynor Reacts to His Character 's Death '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview With The Walking Dead 's Ann Mahoney Walker Culture '' . Walker Culture . October 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : ' Walking Dead ' Books ' Straight Outta Compton ' Star as Key Comic Character ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' season premiere : Ethan Embry on Carter 's big moment '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead 's Merritt Wever Opens Up About Denise 's Big Day Out and That Heartbreaking Twist '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead showrunner Scott M. Gimple on that big death and even bigger injury '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Leah . `` The Saviors In ' The Walking Dead ' Season 7 May Not All Like Negan , Christine Evangelista Teases '' . bustle.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Witt on playing the latest ' Walking Dead ' villain , and how her last scene was supposed to go '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Morales returns to The Walking Dead become a Savior '' . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : You Wo n't Believe What Shiva Looks Like IRL '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story star appears on The Walking Dead '' . Undead Walking . November 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kevin Fitzpatrick ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Season 2 Deleted Scene That Would Have Changed Everything '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Lord Taylor On His ' Walking Dead ' Cameo , Penguin 's Interesting Relationship With His ' Gotham ' Mom '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Horror fiction portal Television portal hide The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Overkill Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Siddiq Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)_characters&oldid=850499257 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of horror television characters The Walking Dead characters Comics characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 07 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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-6062637423669334593 | EuroMillions | EuroMillions - wikipedia EuroMillions Participating countries in EuroMillions : original countries ( February 2004 ) other countries ( October 2004 ) EuroMillions tickets EuroMillions is a transnational lottery requiring 7 correct numbers to win the jackpot . It was launched on 7 February 2004 by France 's Française des Jeux , Spain 's Loterías y Apuestas del Estado and the United Kingdom 's Camelot . The first draw was held on Friday 13 February 2004 in Paris . Initially , only the UK , France and Spain participated , with the Austrian , Belgian , Irish , Luxembourgish , Portuguese and Swiss lotteries joining for the 8 October 2004 drawing . Draws are held every Tuesday and Friday night at 20 : 45 CET in Paris . A standard EuroMillions ticket costs € 2.50 , £ 2.50 or CHF 3.50 per line played , depending on the local currency . An option called Plus is currently available only in Ireland , adds € 1.00 per line ; as of February 2014 , a non-optional addition called `` My Million '' in France adds € 0.50 per line , while in Portugal it 's called `` M1lhão '' and represents € 0.30 of the whole € 2.50 bet . The cost of playing in the UK increased from £ 1.50 to £ 2.00 per line on 7 November 2009 , due to the combination of the EUR / GBP exchange rate , and an automatic entry in its Millionaire Raffle . From 24 September 2016 the cost per line increased from £ 2.00 to £ 2.50 in the UK . From September 24 , 2016 the amount of lucky stars changed from a pool of 11 to a pool of 12 numbers . Decreasing the jackpot winning odds from 1 : 117million to 1 : 140million . From September 24 , 2016 the cost of entry in Ireland and Spain rose to € 2.50 per line . All prizes , including the jackpot , are tax - free ( except in Switzerland , Spain and Portugal since 2013 ) and are paid as a lump sum . Contents 1 Play 2 Eligibility 3 Prize structure 4 EuroMillions Trust 5 Super Draws and Event draws 6 Distribution of revenue 7 Email scams making use of EuroMillions brand name 8 EuroMillions Plus ( Ireland only ) 9 UK Millionaire Maker 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Play ( edit ) The player selects five main numbers which can be any number from 1 to 50 . The player selects two different lucky star numbers from a pool of 12 numbers . Draws take place at 20 : 45 every Tuesday and Friday in Paris . The results are published shortly after the draw on associated and independent websites around 23 : 00 hours . To participate in the EuroMillions Lotto , tickets can be purchased from many outlets , namely at licensed stores and online websites . The gameplay changed on Tuesday 10 May 2011 with a second weekly draw and the number of `` lucky stars '' in the Pacquerette machine increasing from 9 to 11 . A prize for matching two main numbers and no lucky stars was also introduced on the same date . On Saturday 24 September 2016 the number of `` lucky stars '' increased again , from 11 to 12 . Eligibility ( edit ) According to the Euromillions rules page , no restriction on nationality of buyer exists . Tourists / Non-residents are eligible to participate in the EuroMillions lottery as long as they aged 18 or over . The minimum age differs in some countries , e.g. it is 16 years in the UK . The game is currently available to players in Andorra , Austria , Belgium , France ( including overseas regions and collectivities ) , Ireland , the Isle of Man , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Monaco , Portugal , Spain , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Prize structure ( edit ) As of 24 September 2016 the structure of the draw was changed , with the Lucky Star being drawn from a pool of 12 numbers instead of the old 11 . The prize structure as of Tuesday 27 September 2016 is as follows : Main numbers Lucky stars Probability of winning ( a ) % of prize fund ( b ) Expected winnings ( € ) Expected winnings ( £ ) Fraction % 0 1 in 22 4.57 % 18.25 % € 4 £ 3.30 1 in 49 2.03 % 14.85 % € 8 £ 6.00 1 in 188 0.53 % 4.95 % € 10 £ 7.60 0 1 in 314 0.32 % 3.50 % € 12 £ 9.00 1 in 706 0.14 % 1.85 % € 14 £ 10.70 1 in 985 0.10 % 1.75 % € 19 £ 14.20 0 1 in 13,811 0.0072 % 0.38 % € 58 £ 43.30 1 in 14,125 0.0071 % 0.67 % € 104 £ 78.00 1 in 31,075 0.0032 % 0.48 % € 164 £ 123.00 1 in 621,503 0.00016 % 0.45 % € 3,076 £ 2,307.30 5 0 1 in 3,107,515 0.000032 % 0.92 % € 31,448 £ 23,586.00 5 1 in 6,991,908 0.000014 % 3.95 % € 303,798 £ 227,848.80 5 1 in 139,838,160 0.00000072 % 43.2 % or 27 % ( X ) Jackpot Jackpot Prize Guarantee Fund 4.8 % or 21 % ( X ) Overall 1 in 13 7.71 % 100 % € 14 £ 10.70 The Prize Guarantee Fund is available to contribute to the jackpot , for example to boost the initial jackpot in a sequence of growing jackpots . The amount utilized each week is determined in advance by the participating lotteries . ( a ) per entry ( b ) prize fund = 50 % of sales main draw ( b ) sales main draw = € 2.20 in pounds sterling per entry ( exchange rate ! ) times number of entries ( X ) draw 1 to 6 : 43.2 % + 4.8 % & draw 7 ( or higher ) : 27 % + 21 % expected winnings ( £ ) exchange rate : € 1.00 = £ 0.75 The odds of winning any prize at all are 1 in 13 The odds of getting none of the 50 main balls but getting both lucky stars is approximately 1 in 115 . This means that it is less likely than getting 2 main balls and one lucky star ( 1 in 49 ) . However , there is no prize for only getting 2 lucky stars . The figures for the estimated prize are just a guide , and the actual amount varies according to the total in the prize fund and the number of winners for each prize . ( Estimated prizes as per reverse of UK playslip ) If the Jackpot is not won , it rolls over to the next draw . Effective 7 November 2009 new rules were put in place regarding rollovers . The new rules introduce the Jackpot Pool Cap . The jackpot will continue to rollover until the Jackpot reaches or exceeds € 185,000,000 , the Jackpot will remain at € 185,000,000 and any additional prize money rolled over will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner ( 5 main numbers + 1 Lucky Star or possibly even just five main numbers ) . After winning the Jackpot with a Jackpot Pool Cap , the Jackpot Pool Cap grows by € 5,000,000 . ( In other words , after the capped Jackpot of € 185,000,000 is won , the next Jackpot Pool Cap is € 190,000,000 , then the next time € 195,000,000 etc . ) If the € 190,000,000 Jackpot is still not won , the Jackpot will continue to be € 190,000,000 for the next draw if it is won , and again any additional prize money will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner . A new rule change of 12 January 2012 locks the Jackpot cap at € 190,000,000 permanently and if the jackpot is not won after two draws , the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level . A new rule change of 24 September 2016 : if the jackpot is not won after five draws , the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level . EuroMillions trust ( edit ) The participating national lotteries in the EuroMillions game have each established a EuroMillions Trust account . This is used for the settlement of all amounts due and for holding amounts in respect of future prizes . This trust arrangement protects the participating lotteries between them from a default from one of the national companies and ultimately the players ' interests . EuroMillions is the largest euro lottery , its history of creation is dated back to the distant year of 1994 when several EU countries first had the idea of launching a multi-European lottery . Super draws and event draws ( edit ) Super Draws and Event draws are special drawings when the Jackpot is set to a guaranteed amount - often € 100,000,000 . The difference being that a Super Draw jackpot will roll over to the next drawing if not won but an Event Draw jackpot will be distributed amongst the winners in the next lower tier ( i.e. match 5 + 1 ) . So far there has not been an event draw , until now , jackpots in a Super Draw have rolled over to the next drawing if not won The first Super draw of 2011 took place on Tuesday 10 May to mark the introduction of the second weekly Euromillions draw and changes to the game format ( 11 lucky stars instead of 9 and a new `` match 2 main numbers and no lucky stars '' prize tier ) . The first Super draw of 2016 took place on Friday 30 September to introduce the change to the game format ( 12 lucky stars instead of 11 and increased price ) . Super draws have been held to date on 9 February 2007 ( € 100 million ) ; 28 September 2007 ( € 130 million ) ; 8 February 2008 ( € 130 million ) ; 26 September 2008 ( € 130 million ) ; 6 March 2009 ( € 100 million ) ; 18 September 2009 ( € 100 million ) ; 5 February 2010 ( € 100 million ) ; 1 October 2010 ( € 100 million ) ; 10 May 2011 ( € 100 million ) ; 4 October 2011 ( € 100 million ) ; 28 September 2012 ( € 100 million ) ; 22 March 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 7 June 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 15 November 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 7 March 2014 ( € 100 million ) ; 3 October 2014 ( € 100 million ) ; 6 March 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 5 June 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 6 November 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 30 September 2016 ( € 130 million ) ; 30 June 2017 ( € 100 million ) ; 15 September 2017 ( € 130 million ) . 20 April 2018 ( € 130 million ) . ( A € 100,000,000 Super draw was planned for 6 June 2014 but was cancelled when the jackpot rolled over to € 105,000,000 ) . ( This is a change to the game rules as of 4 April 2011 when the Event Draw was added . ) Distribution of revenue ( edit ) In the UK , the total EuroMillions revenue is broken down as follows : Breakdown of UK EuroMillions revenue 0.5 % in profit to Camelot 4.5 % in operating costs 5 % in commission to the retailers . 12 % to the UK Government ( Lottery Duty ) 28 % for the `` Good Causes '' 50 % to winners Email scams making Use of EuroMillions brand name ( edit ) When Chris and Colin Weir , one couple who won the EuroMillions , pledged to donate their prize money to good causes , cyber criminals started using the couple 's name in their email scams to fool the general public and ultimately cheat them of money . EuroMillions Plus ( Ireland only ) ( edit ) In June 2007 , with the success of the main EuroMillions game , the Irish National Lottery launched EuroMillions Plus . For an extra € 1 per line , players could enter the additional draw with the top prize each week of € 500,000 . Sales of the main EuroMillions in Ireland for 2006 were over € 145 million ; this success led to the introduction of ' Plus ' . UK Millionaire Maker ( edit ) Since November 2009 at least one UK player every week has won a guaranteed £ 1,000,000 . With the introduction of the Tuesday EuroMillions Draw on Tuesday 10 May 2011 there were 2 Millionaire Raffle winners each week . The latest changes to Euromillions in September 2016 now mean that two guaranteed Millionaire Raffle winners are made per draw , or 4 per week across the two draws . According to the Euromillions website , the chances of winning the UK Millionaire Maker game on a Tuesday can be estimated as 1 in 1,900,000 but can shrink to 1 in 2,250,000 in the events of rollovers . On a Friday , it can be calculated as 1 in 2,950,000 but again the odds can fall to 1 in 3,400,000 in the events of a 4 times rollover . Winning in this game depends entirely on the number of the playslips sold so the odds fluctuate . The odds may also fluctuate during a super draw or a special event in the UK Millionaire Raffle . Prices per line in the UK increased by 50p to £ 2.00 . The 50p was added due to weak exchange rates between the pound and the euro and to cover the expense of the new Millionaire Maker . On 24 September 2016 the price per line in the UK was increased by an additional 50p to £ 2.50 . See also ( edit ) Eurojackpot - a similar transnational lottery in Croatia , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Germany , Hungary , Iceland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , the Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Sweden . Lottery Vikinglotto - a similar transnational lottery in Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Finland , Iceland , Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia and Slovenia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Paragraph 7.1 ( Translation : `` The draws for the Euro Millions game take place on Tuesday and Friday evenings at the time specified by the organisers of the game , which is around 21 : 45 ( CET ) , Paris time . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Home '' . The National Lottery. 11 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Players ' Guide to EuroMillions '' . National Lottery . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions Interactive Game Procedures '' . The National Lottery. 27 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions draw : lottery postponed after jackpot naturally passes € 100 million mark after rollovers and strong ticket sales '' . The Independent . 5 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions Game Procedures '' . The National Lottery. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Correspondence with help at national-lottery.co.uk , 8 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Lottery win : Euromillions couple are ' tickled pink ' '' . BBC News . 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Slay Hoax : Chris and Colin Weir Email Scam '' . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet fraudsters pose as lotto millionaires Colin and Chris Weir - Daily Record '' . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) UK National Lottery Irish National Lottery Belgium National Lottery Portugal National Lottery Spain National Lottery Swiss Lottery Austrian National Lottery Luxembourg National Lottery French National Lottery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EuroMillions&oldid=853237901 '' Categories : Lottery games Mega Ball lottery games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 10 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | match 1 number and 2 lucky stars euromillions | [] | [] |
-7382627417157439643 | Cowboys–Steelers rivalry | Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry - wikipedia Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Dallas Cowboys -- Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys Pittsburgh Steelers First meeting September 10 , 1960 PIT 35 , DAL 28 Latest meeting November 13 , 2016 DAL 35 , PIT 30 Statistics Meetings total 32 All - time series Dallas Cowboys 17 -- 15 Regular season series DAL 16 -- 13 Postseason results PIT : 2 -- 1 January 18 , 1976 , Super Bowl X , Steelers won 21 -- 17 January 21 , 1979 , Super Bowl XIII , Steelers won 35 -- 31 January 28 , 1996 , Super Bowl XXX , Cowboys won 27 -- 17 Largest victory Cowboys 52 -- 21 10 / 30 / 1966 Longest win streak DAL : 7 ( November 14 , 1965 -- October 8 , 1972 ) PIT : 5 ( January 18 , 1976 -- September 13 , 1982 ) Current win streak DAL : 2 win Championship Success NFL Championships ( 11 ) PIT ( 6 ) -- 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 2005 , 2008 DAL ( 5 ) -- 1971 , 1977 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 NFL Conference Championships ( 16 ) PIT ( 8 ) -- 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 DAL ( 8 ) -- 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 The Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry is a rivalry in the NFL . The Cowboys currently lead the all - time series 17 -- 15 . As the two teams met in the Super Bowl 3 times and play in different conferences ( In which the Dallas Cowboys are in the NFC East and the Pittsburgh Steelers are in the AFC North ) , they only meet once every 4 regular seasons and occasionally in the preseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Similarities between the two regions 2 History 2.1 1952 -- 1960 : Before the Cowboys 2.2 1960 -- 1969 : Early years 2.3 1970 -- 1979 : Teams of the 1970s 2.4 1980 -- 1989 : Down years 2.5 1990 -- present : Return to prominence 3 References Similarities between the two regions ( edit ) Western Pennsylvania with the Pittsburgh Tri-State area ( including parts of Northern West Virginia and Eastern Ohio ) and the entire state of Texas are known to be football hotbeds at all levels . High school football in both regions draws crowds in the tens of thousands and gets regular press coverage in both regions . The local communities in both regions usually shut down local businesses for these games , which also serve as the largest social gathering for many of these communities . College football is popular in both regions , and have produced powerhouse football teams . Four of the ten Big 12 Conference schools are located in Texas , while Pitt Panthers , Penn State Nittany Lions and West Virginia Mountaineers are in the Pittsburgh Tri-State Region with many fans of the nearby Ohio State Buckeyes residing in the area . In addition to these traditional powers , during the birth of the college game the Pittsburgh city schools of Duquesne University , Carnegie Mellon University and Washington & Jefferson College all qualified for multiple major - bowls in the 1910s through the 1940s and annually ranked in the top 10 of the AP . While in Texas the Longhorns have had at least one player selected in each of the last 71 NFL Drafts dating back to 1938 , while Penn State itself had a 53 - year draft streak that ended in 2005 . Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive lineman Ernie Stautner , who played his entire 14 - year career with the Steelers , later served as defensive coordinator under Cowboys head coach and fellow Hall of Famer Tom Landry during the Cowboys successful run in the 1970s , while the Cowboys would later draft another Hall of Famer , Tony Dorsett , the Pitt standout and Heisman Trophy winner and native of the Pittsburgh suburb of Hopewell Township . Both of Dallas ' 1970s Super Bowl MVP 's -- Chuck Howley and Randy White -- hail from the Pittsburgh Tri-State , as well as Super Bowls V and VI Cowboys star Mike Ditka . Conversely , two members of the Steelers ' famed Steel Curtain defensive line ( Ernie Holmes and `` Mean Joe '' Greene ) are Texas natives , as is former Steelers Pro Bowl nose tackle Casey Hampton , as well as the player that Chuck Noll chose in front of Dan Marino during the 1983 NFL Draft , Gabriel Rivera . Former Buffalo Bills head coach Chan Gailey served as offensive coordinator in Pittsburgh before becoming the head coach of the Cowboys for two years in the late 1990s . There have also been demographic shifts in both regions that have contributed to Pittsburgh fans living in Dallas , and Dallas fans living in Pittsburgh . In the 1980s the Pittsburgh region was hit hard by the decline and closure of many steel mills and related industries in the region . Many left the region to find work elsewhere , including Texas . Since this was shortly after the Super Bowl teams of the 1970s , fans ' allegiance to the Steelers naturally stayed strong -- the beginnings of Steeler Nation . In the mid-2000s the reverse happened -- Marcellus Shale drilling in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan region brought a significant influx of Texans and Oklahomans to the region due to the expertise needed to drill wells and related personnel originally from the Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex . Today there are significant numbers of persons living in the Dallas Metroplex and Houston that were born and raised in the Pittsburgh region , as well as significant numbers of North Texans living in the southern and western areas of the Pittsburgh Metropolitan region . Finally , a large number of native Texans that lived outside the DFW Metroplex adopted the Steelers during the 1970s , in what seems to be a type of blowback for the cultural pervasiveness of the `` big city '' `` America 's Team '' phenomenon . This group of Steeler fans mostly grew up in East Texas . History ( edit ) 1952 -- 1960 : before the Cowboys ( edit ) The roots to the Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry can be traced several years before the Cowboys played a game , and to another team entirely . Following the 1951 NFL season , New York Yanks owner Ted Collins sold his team back to the NFL due to financial difficulties competing with the New York Giants in the same market , as well as the All - America Football Conference folding just two years before and putting a severe drain on the team . Not wanting the team to compete with the Giants in the same market , the NFL decided to move the rights to the franchise to either the Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex or Baltimore . Baltimore had previously been home to an NFL team , the original Baltimore Colts which had come over from the AAFC along with the Cleveland Browns and San Francisco 49ers , but had folded after the 1950 NFL season due to financial difficulties despite strong fan support . Dallas , and the state of Texas in general , was a true expansion market that was untapped , and the NFL owners liked the appeal that Dallas offered due to the aforementioned following of football in the state . The NFL owners voted 10 -- 1 to award the assets of the Yanks to the Dallas group led by Giles Miller as opposed to the Baltimore group , which became the Dallas Texans . The lone holdout was Steelers founder and owner Art Rooney . Rooney , an Irish Catholic , was more tolerant of African Americans than the other owners ( most of whom were Protestant and had their own discrimination towards Catholics ) and was concerned about the racism that existed in the Southern United States at the time and the subsequent civil rights movement that would take place later in the decade . Rooney 's assumptions would be later proven correct : while the Texans struggled on the field , it also struggled at the gate partly because two of the team 's best players , George Taliaferro and Buddy Young , were both black , which made fans in Texas automatically turn away from the team simply because of prejudice . The Texans folded after the 1952 NFL season and their assets would be sold to Carroll Rosenbloom to form the new Baltimore Colts , which currently play in Indianapolis . 1960 -- 1969 : early years ( edit ) After the failure of the Texans , the NFL had no plans to return to the state in the foreseeable future . However , in 1959 , Lamar Hunt , the son of oil tycoon H.L. Hunt , approached the NFL about putting another expansion team in Dallas . The NFL said no , stating that the league was not expanding at the time . He then approached the Chicago Cardinals about buying the team from owner Violet Bidwill Wolfner , who ultimately decided to keep the team and whose son Bill Bidwill remains the owner ( the Cardinals did move to St. Louis , Missouri for the 1960 NFL season ; the team currently is based in Phoenix , Arizona ; the Cowboys and Cardinals were divisional rivals from 1961 -- 66 , and again from 1970 -- 2001 ) . Due to these rebuffs , Hunt formed the American Football League with his own Dallas team , the AFL 's incarnation of the Dallas Texans . In response , the NFL suddenly reversed course and awarded an expansion team to Dallas for the 1960 season that ultimately became the Cowboys . The plan worked : although the Texans were by far the better team on the field and won the 1962 AFL Championship , due to the Cowboys being part of the more - established NFL , the Texans took their AFL Championship north to Kansas City , Missouri , where they remain as the Kansas City Chiefs . In the meantime , the Cowboys started play in the NFL in 1960 . Their first game was against the same Steelers team that voted against putting an NFL team in Dallas eight years earlier , with the Steelers coming away with a 35 -- 28 victory at the Cotton Bowl , en route to an 0 -- 11 -- 1 first season for the Cowboys . The following year , the two teams met again in the season opener at the Cotton Bowl and the results would be different : the young Cowboys beat the veteran - filled Steelers 27 -- 24 , the first victory for the Cowboys in franchise history . The two teams would head in opposite directions the rest of the decade , with the Cowboys competing for the NFL championship in 1966 and 1967 ( both losses to the Vince Lombardi - led Green Bay Packers , the latter matchup in the Ice Bowl ) while the Steelers would be among the NFL 's worst teams , culminating in a 1 -- 13 record in 1969 that saw the team win its season opener against the Detroit Lions , then lose every game afterwards in the first season of Hall of Fame head coach Chuck Noll . The Cowboys defeated the Steelers 10 -- 7 at Pitt Stadium in week 12 of the 1969 season , the final meeting between the clubs before the AFL - NFL merger . 1970 -- 1979 : teams of the 1970s ( edit ) The Steelers would be moved to the newly formed American Football Conference as a result of the AFL -- NFL merger for the 1970 NFL season while the Cowboys would be placed in the National Football Conference . The Cowboys would split the first two Super Bowl matchups of the decade while the Steelers started improving . Around this time , both teams would have firm identities . Both were strong on defense with the Steelers ' famed Steel Curtain defense , called a `` Stunt 4 -- 3 '' , while the Cowboys boasted the Doomsday Defense , based around Landry 's `` Flex '' 4 -- 3 defense . On the offensive side of the ball brought key differences , as the Cowboys had Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach and his aerial attack , as well as his reputation for fourth - quarter comebacks , earning him the nickname `` Captain Comeback '' . The Steelers meanwhile , were powered offensively by the running game , led by Hall of Fame running back Franco Harris . The teams met in September 1972 at Texas Stadium , with the Cowboys prevailing 17 -- 13 . The Steelers would go on to win the AFC Central division and qualify for the playoffs for the first time . In the postseason , Pittsburgh defeated the Oakland Raiders 13 -- 7 on Franco Harris ' `` Immaculate Reception '' , but lost the AFC championship game to the eventual Super Bowl champion Miami Dolphins 21 -- 17 . The two would have their first postseason meeting in Super Bowl X , with both teams vying to tie the Packers and Miami Dolphins for their second Super Bowl Championship . The Steelers won this game , 21 -- 17 , after safety Glen Edwards intercepted a Staubach pass in the end zone to seal the victory . The hostility was evident in the third quarter when Steelers kicker Roy Gerela missed his second field goal , a 33 - yard attempt . After the miss , Cowboys safety Cliff Harris mockingly patted Gerela on his helmet and thanked him for `` helping Dallas out '' , but was immediately shoved to the ground by Steeler linebacker Jack Lambert . Lambert could have been ejected from the game for defending his teammate , but the officials decided to allow him to remain . After the Cowboys won Super Bowl XII , the two would meet again in Super Bowl XIII , considered one of the greatest Super Bowls ever played and consisted of a combined 20 players , coaches , and front - office administration that ended up in the Pro Football Hall of Fame , an NFL record . The Steelers would once again come victorious , holding off the Cowboys 35 -- 31 . By this point , both teams would have rabid fan bases established nationally due to prominent television exposure . The two would meet in the regular season in 1979 at Three Rivers Stadium , a 14 -- 3 Steelers victory that many thought would be preview of Super Bowl XIV . While the Steelers did go on to win Super Bowl XIV that season , the Los Angeles Rams crashed the party , having upset the Cowboys in the divisional round of the playoffs 21 -- 19 in Staubach 's last game en route to meeting the Steelers in Super Bowl XIV . 1980 -- 1989 : down years ( edit ) Age eventually caught up to both teams once the 1980s hit , though both remained competitive into the middle of the decade . The highlight of the decade for this rivalry would come in the 1982 season opener at Texas Stadium , when the Steelers ended the Cowboys NFL - record 17 - year season - opening winning streak with a 36 -- 28 victory against the Cowboys . By the middle of the decade , both teams were rebuilding . The 1986 NFL season would be the first year since the 1965 NFL season that both teams missed the playoffs , which would happen for two more years before the Steelers clinched a wild card spot in 1989 . During this time , the Steelers , with a mix of aging veterans and younger players , remained competitive in the AFC Central while the wheels fell off completely in Dallas . In 1988 , both Tom Landry and Chuck Noll appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated together , asking if both coaches had lost their touch . Though both teams had young future Hall of Famers in Michael Irvin and Rod Woodson , the Cowboys and Steelers would finish 3 -- 13 and 5 -- 11 , respectively , for 1988 . New Cowboys owner Jerry Jones fired Landry after the season . Noll would retire just three seasons later after missing the playoffs by just a few games each year after his breakout 1989 wild - card spot and two playoff thrillers , a 26 -- 23 overtime victory in Houston and a 24 -- 23 loss at Denver . 1990 -- present : return to prominence ( edit ) The Cowboys would return to prominence in the 1990s , winning three Super Bowls , while the Steelers would return to AFC Championship contention under head coach Bill Cowher . The rivalry resumed in the 1990s , but unlike the 1970s matchups that were dominated by Pittsburgh , Dallas got the upper hand this time around . The Cowboys swept all four matchups between the two teams in the decade . The possibility of Cowboys -- Steelers III for Super Bowl XXIX existed , as both teams advanced to their respective conference championships . Such a matchup would be a rematch from Week 1 of the regular season , which the Cowboys won 26 -- 9 . The Cowboys were the two - time defending Super Bowl champions , while the Steelers behind their `` Blitzburgh '' defense was the favorite to win the AFC . However , the favored Steelers were upset by the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 13 while the San Francisco 49ers , who had lost in the NFC Championship game the previous two years to the Cowboys , beat the Cowboys 38 -- 28 . Fans would only have to wait another year for Cowboys -- Steelers III in the Super Bowl , as both teams advanced to Super Bowl XXX . Like the previous two matchups , the game was close , but this time favored the Cowboys , who won 27 -- 17 after Steelers quarterback Neil O'Donnell threw two interceptions to Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown , who would be named Super Bowl MVP for his efforts . The Steelers have remained competitive since and have won two more Super Bowls ( Super Bowl XL , Super Bowl XLIII ) and losing one ( Super Bowl XLV ) while the Cowboys have not been back to the Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXX and have won only three playoff games from 1996 onward . The two teams have only met four times since the 1998 NFL season . The Steelers defeated the Cowboys in the first two games , winning 24 -- 20 in 2004 and 20 -- 13 in 2008 . The Cowboys then defeated the Steelers in 2012 by a 27 -- 24 margin in overtime and again in 2016 by a 35 -- 30 margin . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cowboys vs Steelers , footballdb.com Jump up ^ `` All - Time NFL Draft Picks '' . MackBrownTexasFootball . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/business/economy/08collapse.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1338474337-iJrNlZ4IxiQcQEBug4LpCg Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/7239692/nfl-displaced-steelers-fans-found-new-home-houston Jump up ^ 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League , p. 103 Jump up ^ No. 13 of 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments , espn.com ( Last retrieved October 28 , 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Pittsburgh Steelers Founded in 1933 Formerly the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 39 ) Based and headquartered in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History All - Time Team Seasons Logos and uniforms Coaches Players Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Statistics Stadiums Home fields : Forbes Field Pitt Stadium Three Rivers Stadium Heinz Field Training facilities : Rooney Field Point Stadium UPMC Sportsplex Chuck Noll Field Culture Football in Western PA Rooney family Myron Cope Steeler Nation Terrible Towel Steel Curtain Evening Shade `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Renegade '' `` Here We Go '' `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam This Is Us Lore Steelers lore J.P. Rooneys Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles Card - Pitt Steelerettes Immaculate Reception Black Sunday Fighting Back : The Rocky Bleier Story 1995 AFC Championship Game The Chief Rivalries Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Tennessee Titans Oakland Raiders Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Media Broadcasters KDKA - TV WPCW - TV Root Sports Pittsburgh Charlie Batch Chris Hoke Bob Pompeani Radio Network WDVE - FM WBGG - AM Bill Hillgrove Tunch Ilkin Craig Wolfley Steelers figures in broadcasting Division championships ( 23 ) 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1984 1992 1994 1995 1997 2001 2002 2007 2008 2014 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1978 1979 1995 2005 2008 League championships ( 6 ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 2005 ( XL ) 2008 ( XLIII ) Retired numbers 70 75 Hall of Fame members Players : Bettis Blount Bradshaw Butler Dawson Dudley Greene Ham Harris Johnson Lambert Layne Stallworth Stautner Swann Webster Woodson Coaches and administration : Bell Kiesling Noll Art Rooney Dan Rooney Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 85 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold National Football League rivalries American Football Conference AFC East Bills -- Dolphins Bills -- Jets Bills -- Patriots Dolphins -- Jets Dolphins -- Patriots Jets -- Patriots AFC North Bengals -- Browns Bengals -- Steelers Browns -- Steelers Ravens -- Steelers AFC South Jaguars -- Titans Texans -- Titans AFC West Broncos -- Chargers Broncos -- Chiefs Broncos -- Raiders Chargers -- Chiefs Chargers -- Raiders Chiefs -- Raiders Intraconference Broncos -- Patriots Colts -- Patriots Raiders -- Steelers Ravens -- Patriots Steelers -- Titans National Football Conference NFC East Cowboys -- Eagles Cowboys -- Giants Cowboys -- Redskins Eagles -- Giants Eagles -- Redskins Giants -- Redskins NFC North Bears -- Lions Bears -- Packers Bears -- Vikings Lions -- Vikings Lions -- Packers Packers -- Vikings NFC South Buccaneers -- Panthers Buccaneers -- Saints Falcons -- Panthers Falcons -- Saints NFC West 49ers -- Rams 49ers -- Seahawks Intraconference 49ers -- Cowboys 49ers -- Giants Cowboys -- Packers Panthers -- Seahawks Interconference 49ers -- Raiders Buccaneers -- Dolphins Cowboys -- Steelers Eagles -- Steelers Giants -- Jets Governor 's Cup Missouri Texas Players Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowboys -- Steelers_rivalry&oldid = 818065726 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys Pittsburgh Steelers National Football League rivalries Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 09 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do the steelers play the cowboys again | [] | [] |
8489302640973459105 | Lily Aldrin | Lily Aldrin - wikipedia Lily Aldrin This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lily Aldrin How I Met Your Mother character Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Alyson Hannigan Francesca Capaldi ( 7 - years - old ) Information Gender Female Occupation Kindergarten teacher ( 2005 - 2013 ) , art consultant ( 2013 - present ) . Family Mickey Aldrin ( father ) Janice Aldrin ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Marshall Eriksen ( 2007 - present ) Children Marvin Wait - For - It Eriksen Daisy Eriksen Third Unnamed Child Relatives Lois ( maternal grandmother ) Rita ( paternal grandmother ) Morris ( paternal grandfather ) Amy ( cousin ) Marvin Eriksen ( father - in - law , deceased ) Judy ( née Gunderson ) Eriksen ( mother - in - law , possible step - mother ) Martin Eriksen ( brother - in - law ) Marcus Eriksen ( brother - in - law ) Olaf ( grandfather - in - law , deceased ) Marvin Eriksen , Jr. ( son ) Nationality American Lily Aldrin is a fictional character in the CBS television series How I Met Your Mother . Lily is portrayed by American actress Alyson Hannigan . She is the wife of Marshall Eriksen and the best friend of Ted Mosby , Robin Scherbatsky and Barney Stinson . Lily is a kindergarten teacher and an amateur painter . In the eighth season , she gets a job as an art consultant . Lily is also the only member of the original main cast of the series who has not appeared in every episode , due to Alyson Hannigan taking leave after giving birth to her first child . Contents 1 Casting 2 Character overview 3 Character history 4 Reception 5 References Casting ( edit ) Series creator Craig Thomas explained that he based Marshall and Lily on himself and his wife Rebecca . Rebecca had been upset after learning this , but ( as she is a fan of Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) was consoled when Alyson Hannigan was put in the role . Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work after having worked on the American Pie series and was available for the show . Character overview ( edit ) Lily Aldrin , born March 22 , 1978 , grew up in Park Slope , Brooklyn , New York . She is the daughter of Janice Aldrin , whom Lily describes as a feminist and who worked two jobs to support the family . The creators stated in commentary that there is no evidence to the contrary that Lily 's grandfather is astronaut Buzz Aldrin -- and like Buzz Aldrin , her grandfather is said to have fought in the Korean War . Lily 's father , Mickey , is an unsuccessful board game creator living in his parents ' basement . Janice and Mickey divorced when Lily was a child . Lily is estranged from her father -- an absentee parent who she claims `` broke my heart every day for 20 years '' -- until he promises to be there for her following the birth of her son . During her high school and college years , she was a part of the goth subculture , dying her hair and wearing stereotypical `` goth '' clothes . She dumped her high school boyfriend , Scooter , on prom night , admitting she only dated him because he looked like Kurt Cobain . He remains obsessed with her for years afterward . She met Marshall during her freshman year at Wesleyan University in 1996 and dated him throughout college . As of 2010 , Lily is 32 years old , meaning she was born circa 1978 . According to her résumé , she is fluent in Italian , certified in teaching English as a Second Language , and proficient in Photoshop , Quark , and Java . Lily frequently states her need for regular sex , saying that if she went without for too long she 'd be `` out there selling it for a nickel '' . She has a more than passing sexual interest in other women , suggesting she may be bisexual . In particular , she has confessed several times , albeit in a seemingly joking fashion , that she finds Robin sexually attractive , and has been the subject of some sexually `` confusing dreams '' . Robin at one point says that she wo n't go near Lily after she 's been drinking martinis , as she is prone to flirt quite strongly with her and even try to get the guys to dare them to make out . Well aware of Lily 's sexual attraction to her , Robin tends to alternate between ignoring , and being disturbed by them whenever they show themselves . Lily is adept at manipulating people and situations to get what she wants ; she is especially talented at engineering breakups between couples she knows are not right for each other . Barney calls her a `` diabolical puppet master '' and `` pure evil '' , while Ted calls her a `` psychopath '' . Character history ( edit ) Lily and Marshall get engaged in the fall of 2005 , as portrayed in the series pilot . Towards the end of the first season , she reveals to Robin that she has been having second thoughts about getting married without having experienced much else of life before Marshall . Those doubts intensify , and she acts upon them , applying for a painting fellowship in San Francisco . She is accepted and , after arguing with Marshall on and off -- with several pause breaks in between for drinks , dinner at Red Lobster , and sex -- Lily finally says that she can not promise Marshall that she would return to him after the three - month fellowship . They break up , and she goes to San Francisco . She returns to New York three months later , and confesses that leaving had been a mistake . She begs Marshall to take her back , but Marshall ca n't get over his wounded pride , and refuses . They eventually get back together , however , and resume their engagement . They finally get married at the end of the season . In the third season , it is revealed that Lily is a shopaholic , and goes shopping whenever something bad happens . She keeps her multiple credit cards in a `` box of shame '' . She and Marshall struggle with her credit card bills , especially when they were about to buy an apartment , which leaves Marshall no choice but to abandon his dreams of being an environmental lawyer and take a job at a big corporate firm . They eventually get the house , only to find out that the neighborhood is situated near a water sewage treatment plant and that the floor of their apartment is crooked . Lily , along with Ted and Marshall , occasionally indulge in `` sandwiches '' ( Future Ted 's euphemism for marijuana ) during college and at their 20th college reunion . Out of all of the characters , she is the only one Barney chooses to confide in when he realizes that he is in love with Robin . In the fifth season , Lily forces Robin and Barney to confess to being a couple . She does this by detaching the doorknob of Robin 's room at the apartment and waits for them to have `` the talk '' . Robin and Barney pass a few notes under the door with vague explanations , none of which satisfy her . To convince Lily to let them out , they lie about being boyfriend and girlfriend , but after they leave the apartment hand - in - hand , Lily tells Ted `` they did n't realize they were n't lying . '' Lily and Marshall are both ecstatic to have another couple to hang out with . They invite Robin and Barney for an evening together , which goes awry ; Lily and Marshall become clingy and dependent , prompting Barney and Robin to `` break up '' with them . Eventually , Barney and Robin realize they miss Lily and Marshall , and they all profess their desire to be a foursome . When Barney and Robin 's relationship starts to falter , Lily `` coming out of retirement '' to break them up . She executes an elaborate plan to get them into a big argument ; this fails , but they finally realize they do n't work as a couple . The group discovers that Lily has a doppelgänger named Jasmine , a Russian stripper . Lily is especially excited about this , and is so enthralled by her stripper twin that she and Marshall get a private dance . At the end of the night , Lily switches place with Jasmine and dances with much difficulty on stage , eventually falling into the crowd , to Marshall 's horror . Throughout the sixth season , Marshall and Lily try to get pregnant . Their first attempts are unsuccessful , however , and they worry that they will not be able to conceive . In the season finale , Lily finally gets pregnant . At the end of the seventh season , she gives birth to a son , Marvin . In the eighth season , Lily takes a job as an art consultant to a millionaire called `` The Captain '' , who eventually offers to move her to Italy . She turns the promotion down , however , as it conflicts with Marshall 's job as an environmental lawyer . Marshall convinces her to take it , however , and the two prepare to move to Rome . In the season finale , Marshall accepts a judgeship without telling her , putting her plans in jeopardy . During the final season , set during the weekend of Barney and Robin 's wedding , Lily learns of Marshall 's new job , and they get into a huge fight . She storms out , but returns and reconciles with Marshall upon learning that she is pregnant . Marshall turns the job down , and agrees to go to Italy with her . A flash forward scene reveals that Lily gives birth to a girl , Daisy . On the day of the wedding , Lily and Marshall renew their vows to each other . The series finale , `` Last Forever '' , reveals that , a few years later , Lily gives birth to a third child , a baby girl whose name is unknown . Even as the group drifts apart over the years , Lily is there for all the important moments of their lives : Robin and Barney 's divorce , the birth of Barney 's daughter and that of Ted 's two children , and Ted 's wedding to The Mother ( whose real name is Tracy McConnell ) . She remains happily married to Marshall , who eventually becomes a State Supreme Court judge . Reception ( edit ) Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress in 2010 and 2012 for this role . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ford Sullivan , Brian ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` LIVE AT THE PALEY CENTER FOR MEDIA : `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER '' `` . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` A cool new show : ' How I Met Your Buffy ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , Illinois : Tronc . `` We cast Alyson because we 're such enormous fans of ` Buffy , ' '' says Craig Thomas Jump up ^ `` Alyson Hannigan - `` How I Met Your Mother '' Sitcom - William S. Paley TV Fest `` . whedon.info. 29 March 2006 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Taste of Liberty '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 3 . October 3 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Slapsgiving 2 : Revenge of the Slap '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 9 . November 23 , 2009 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Magician 's Code : Part 1 '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 7 . Episode 23 . May 14 , 2012 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Prom Ever '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 20 . May 1 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Say Cheese '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 22 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Possimpible '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 4 . Episode 14 . February 2 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Robin 101 '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 3 . October 5 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Perfect Cocktail '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 6 . Episode 22 . May 2 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Front Porch '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 4 . Episode 17 . March 6 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Mosbius Designs '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 4 . Episode 20 . April 13 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Canning Randy '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 1 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Milk '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 21 . May 8 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Come On '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 22 . May 15 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Scorpion and the Toad '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 2 . September 25 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Swarley '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 6 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Fight '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 21 . May 7 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Not That Guy '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 3 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Dowistrepla '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 3 . Episode 7 . November 5 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Do I Know You ? '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 4 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Definitions '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Sexless Innkeeper '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Rough Patch '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 9 . November 9 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Double Date '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 2 . September 28 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Challenge Accepted '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 6 . Episode 24 . May 16 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Romeward Bound '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 8 . Episode 21 . April 15 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Something New '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 8 . Episode 23 . May 13 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Unpause '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 15 . January 20 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Daisy '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 20 . March 10 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The End of the Aisle '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 22 . March 24 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Last Forever : Part Two '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 24 . March 31 , 2014 . CBS . How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks `` Let 's Go to the Mall '' `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lily_Aldrin&oldid=849800412 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional American people of Swedish descent Fictional artists Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional schoolteachers Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 12 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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-3959577015347914040 | Sydney Penny | Sydney Penny - wikipedia Sydney Penny Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sydney Penny Sydney Margaret Penny August 7 , 1971 ( 1971 - 08 - 07 ) ( age 46 ) Nashville , Tennessee , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1979 -- present Spouse ( s ) Robert Powers ( m . 1995 ) Children 1 son Website www.sydneypenny.net/index.htm Sydney Margaret Penny ( born August 7 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing the roles of Julia Santos Keefer on the soap opera All My Children , and Samantha `` Sam '' Kelly on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful . She also starred in the 1998 WB television drama series Hyperion Bay , and as a teenager appeared in the 1985 Clint Eastwood film Pale Rider . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) She was born in Nashville , Tennessee , and raised in Chatsworth , California , the daughter of former Western Swing bandleader and comedian Hank Penny and his wife , Shari . An early acting appearance was on the miniseries The Thorn Birds when she was only 11 years old as young Meggie . She also appeared as Dani in The New Gidget and as a pigeon - obsessed youngster in an episode of the police series TJ Hooker . At the age of 13 , Penny played Megan Wheeler in the Clint Eastwood western Pale Rider , released on June 26 , 1985 . For this performance she was awarded a Young Artist Award at the 7th Youth in Film Awards in December 1985 . She voiced Lucy Van Pelt in the television special It 's Magic , Charlie Brown ( 1981 ) . She played the role of Julia Santos Keefer on the soap opera All My Children , from 1993 to 1996 , with guest appearances in 1997 and 2002 and returned to the show in 2005 . Penny left the show in May 2008 when Julia was killed off . Penny has also appeared on the serials Santa Barbara as B.J. Walker during 1992 - 1993 , Sunset Beach as Meg Cummings ( filling in for Susan Ward in 1999 ) , Beverly Hills , 90210 and Hyperion Bay as Jennifer . In August 2003 , she was cast as Samantha Kelly on The Bold and the Beautiful . The character never caught on and Penny was bumped to recurring status in late 2004 . She last appeared on April 26 , 2005 , and rejoined All My Children a few months later . She stayed with the show for an additional three years . Penny has remained good friends with her former co-star on All My Children , Sarah Michelle Gellar . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Pale Rider as Megan Wheeler ( 1985 ) Bernadette and La Passion de Bernadette ( French ) as Bernadette Soubirous ( 1988 ) Hyper Sapien : People From Another Star ( 1986 ) The Perfect Summer as Alyssa ( 2013 ) Heritage Falls as Heather Fitzpatrick ( 2016 ) Television ( edit ) It 's Magic , Charlie Brown as Lucy Van Pelt ( voice ) ( 1981 ) Fame as Susan Marshall ( as guest star ) ( 1982 ) The Thorn Birds as young Meggie Cleary ( 1983 ) ( TV miniseries ) T.J. Hooker 1983 The Fourth Wise Man ( 1985 ) ( TV movie ) News at Eleven as Melissa Kenley ( 1985 ) ( TV movie ) The Twilight Zone as Mary Miletti ( 1986 ; episode : `` Grace Note '' ) The New Gidget as Dani ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Child of Darkness , Child of Light as Margaret Gallagher ( 1991 ) ( TV movie ) Santa Barbara as B.J. Walker ( 1992 -- 1993 ) All My Children as Julia Santos Keefer ( 1993 -- 1996 , 1997 , 2002 , 2005 -- 2008 ) Hearts Adrift as Maxine ( Max ) Deerfield ( 1996 ) ( TV movie ) Hyperion Bay as Jennifer Worth ( 1998 -- 1999 ) ( main role ) Sunset Beach as Meg Cummings ( temporary recast ) ( 1999 ) Beverly Hills , 90210 as Josie Oliver ( 2000 ) Largo Winch as Joy Arden ( 2001 -- 2003 ) The Bold and the Beautiful as Samantha Kelly ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Hidden Places ( 2006 ) ( TV movie ) The Wish List as Chloe ( 2010 ) ( TV movie ( Hallmark ) ) Days of Our Lives as Dr. Norman ( 2011 ) Drop Dead Diva as a CEO ( 2011 ; episode # 3.6 ) The Wife He Met Online as Georgia ( 2012 ) ( TV movie ) Pretty Little Liars as Leona Vanderwaal ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Killer Crush as Gaby ( 2015 ) ( TV movie ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Buzz '' . Soap Opera Weekly . 13 February 2007 . p. 8 . External links ( edit ) Sydney Penny on IMDb Sydney Penny profile from the AMC pages Sydney Penny official site ( in English ) Article on Sydney Penny in the LargoWinch.net Wiki ( in English ) ( in French ) Section of the LargoWinch.net forums dedicated to Sydney Penny GND : 1084789078 LCCN : no2003014350 VIAF : 169602290 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Penny&oldid=828536142 '' Categories : 1971 births Actresses from Tennessee American child actresses American people of Cherokee descent American soap opera actresses American television actresses People from Chatsworth , Los Angeles People from Nashville , Tennessee Living people Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from January 2018 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 04 : 42 . 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-2221108776260359894 | Brad Carlton | Brad Carlton - Wikipedia Brad Carlton Jump to : navigation , search `` George Kaplan '' redirects here . Not to be confused with the George Kaplan featured in the 1959 film North by Northwest . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brad Carlton The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Don Diamont Duration 1985 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2009 First appearance April 7 , 1985 Last appearance September 17 , 2009 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by H. Wesley Kenney Crossover appearances The Bold and the Beautiful Classification Former , regular Profile Other names George Kaplan ( birth name ) Bradley George Carlton ( alias ) Brad ( nick name ) Occupation Businessman Gardener Navy SEAL ( show ) Family Father Arthur Kaplan Mother Rebecca Kaplan Sisters Stephanie Kaplan Wife Lisa Mansfield ( 1979 -- 84 ) Traci Abbott ( 1986 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Cassandra Rawlins ( 1991 ) Ashley Abbott ( 2000 -- 06 ) Victoria Newman ( 2006 -- 07 ) Sons Robert Carlton Daughters Colleen Carlton Adoptive daughters Abby Newman Aunts Isabel Montalcini Brad Carlton is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless , portrayed by Don Diamont . The character became a mainstay on the series for over ten years . He was known for his relationships with Traci Abbott , Ashley Abbott and Victoria Newman , as well as his business rivalries with Jack Abbott and Victor Newman . In 2009 , the character drowned in a frozen lake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and portrayal 2 Storylines 2.1 1985 -- 2005 2.2 2006 -- 09 3 References 4 External links Casting and portrayal ( edit ) Don Diamont portrayed the role of Brad for the character 's entire run on the series . He first appeared on April 7 , 1985 , as the new Abbott family gardener . In 1993 , the role was temporarily recast to Russell Todd . The character also briefly crossed over to The Bold and the Beautiful that same year . He departed in 1996 , and returned after two years on July 28 , 1998 . Ten years later in December 2008 , news broke that Diamont had been let go from The Young and the Restless . Fellow cast member Eric Braeden , who portrays Victor Newman , spoke out on Diamont 's firing , saying : `` I was very sad about that , to be quite frank with you . He did some of his best work in the last months , where he played the `` shifty '' guy and the bad guy and you do n't know quite what he is up to . I think he played that extremely well . I always think that 's a mistake to let people go that have been part of the fabric as long as he has been . Furthermore , he was related to people on the show , and personally , I think those things are a mistake . If you want to want to save money , then cut down on hiring new actors . '' Diamont shot his final scenes for the series in January 2009 , and his final airdate was on February 5 when he drowned after falling in a frozen lake . Shortly after , it was announced that Diamont had been hired on The Bold and the Beautiful . He was to portray Bill Spencer , Jr. , created specifically for him by head writer Bradley Bell . `` It 's funny how one door closes and another opens , '' Diamont said . `` I had a lot of emotion tied to Y&R . My entire adult life had been there , including so many relationships . Little did I know that such a great character and work situation was literally around the corner . '' Diamont briefly reprised the role eight months after the character 's death as a hallucination by his daughter , Colleen . Storylines ( edit ) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1985 -- 2005 ( edit ) Brad Carlton was first introduced as the Abbotts ' gardener , who caught the eye of the youngest Abbott daughter , Traci . The two were married twice , with the second marriage producing a daughter , Colleen Carlton . During his second marriage to Traci , Brad was held captive in a cage by his unstable ex-wife , Lisa Mansfield . After he divorced Traci , Brad was tricked into marrying the wealthy widow , Cassandra Rawlins , after a ski trip to Aspen . Brad eventually returned to Genoa City with plans to divorce Cassandra , but en route to finalize her divorce plans , Cassandra was hit by a truck and killed . Brad inherited her fortune and her estate . Throughout his on - and - off relationship with Traci , he had feelings for her sister , Ashley Abbott . They eventually married , and he adopted her daughter who was given his last name , Abby Carlton . Ashley was pregnant with Brad 's child , but she lost the baby in a car accident . They split up , and he later married Victoria Newman in November 2006 . Known as a `` playboy , '' Brad has also had flings with Lauren Fenmore , Jill Abbott , Diane Jenkins and Olivia Winters . He was also briefly engaged to Nikki Newman . In one 1994 storyline , Brad had a heart attack during a passionate night with Lauren . The consummate opportunist , Brad rose to prominence in Genoa City 's business world somewhat quickly , with his marriage to Traci Abbott and relationship with the Abbott family giving him his start . He stepped on a lot of toes over the years , particularly Victor Newman and his one - time brother - in - law , Jack Abbott . Brad 's anger boiled over in 2005 when Jack refused to instate him as CEO of Jabot . Brad stormed out of the office , and he soon took a job at Newman Enterprises to spite Jack . 2006 -- 09 ( edit ) In 2006 , Brad married Victor 's daughter , Victoria , much to her father 's dismay . For the duration of their marriage , Brad continued to fight his feelings for Victoria 's one - time sister - in - law , Sharon Newman . During this time , he also had an affair with Sharon . Upon Victor 's initiation of a background check on Brad , it was discovered in a Retroactive continuity storyline after almost twenty years of being on the show that Brad was not who he had initially claimed to be . Brad 's real name was George Kaplan , and he assumed the identity of a friend who died in an accident in order to hide from the people who had killed his family . A 2006 story arc involved Brad 's past catching up with him , as his mother , Rebecca Kaplan , had to help find an artifact that was stolen from its rightful owners by the Nazis who had put Rebecca to work in a concentration camp cataloging stolen art . Rebecca had been forced to do this because she was Jewish . Victoria became pregnant with Brad 's child , but she , too , miscarried shortly thereafter . Brad and Victoria subsequently divorced . Victoria discovered that she was pregnant again , but the father turned out to be J.T. Hellstrom , to whom she was now married . After the collapse of Clear Springs , Victoria got struck by falling debris , and she was in a coma for months . After waking up , Brad let the cat out of the bag about Victor firing Nick from Newman Enterprises . After the divorce , Brad still tried to be with Sharon , several times , but he failed . Frustrated and angered at his inability to advance at Newman Enterprises , Brad joined Jabot Cosmetics in May 2008 as Chief Operating Officer . At Jabot , Brad became somewhat of a confidant -- spy for Chancellor Industries CEO , Jill Abbott . Brad also had a somewhat difficult relationship with David Chow , the co-CEO of Jabot . Because of his dislike for Chow , who admitted to a problem with compulsive gambling , Brad repeatedly invited David to card games , lent him large sums of money to pay off gambling debts and gave him tips on horse races in a successful effort to take advantage of David 's gambling addiction and to gain leverage over him . Following the death of his wife Sabrina Costelana Newman , Victor disappeared to Mexico only to be declared dead by Mexican authorities after an apparent boating accident . As stipulated in Victor 's new will , the lion 's share of his estate was bequeathed to his son , Adam Newman , who was going by his birth name of Victor Adam Newman Jr . Adam embarked on radical changes within the company , assuming the position of Chairman of the Board and installing Brad as CEO of Newman Enterprises and right - hand man in `` expanding Newman globally '' . Adam fired long - time Newman employees , Neil Winters and Victoria Newman , while making an enemy of the executor of the Newman estate , Michael Baldwin . Having schemed , back - stabbed and betrayed to get ahead , it appeared that Brad had finally achieved the executive position that he coveted for so long . Shortly after being hired by Adam to be CEO of Newman Enterprises , Victor returned and fired his son . Victor also reinstated Neil Winters as CEO . Later that week , Neil asked Brad to step down as CEO of Newman saying that if he did n't , then he would sue Brad for hacking into Newman Enterprises personal files and taking them to Jabot Cosmetics . Brad agreed , and he stepped down as CEO . When Sharon 's marriage started to crumble again , Brad got another chance to approach her , especially after Phyllis had called him and tried to convince him to seduce Sharon so that she would stay away from Nick . Brad eventually revealed to Sharon that Phyllis sent him after her , and Sharon was n't able to forgive Brad . He followed Sharon to Jack 's cabin where he apologized and explained how much he still loved her , but she was n't able to return his feelings . He left the cabin , and on the road home , he found Noah Newman drowning in a lake after falling through the ice . He managed to pull Noah out of the water and back onto the ice , but tragically fell in himself and was swept under the frozen lake by the current . He drowned and his dead body , frozen in the ice , was discovered later . Brad 's last appearance on Y&R was several months later . He appeared to his daughter , Colleen , as she was herself dying after having fallen into a lake while trying to escape the clutches of the demented Patty Williams . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Brad Carlton - Soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Carlton Bio - TV Fanatic '' . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News ! Don Diamont to Leave The Young and the Restless ! '' . 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Don Diamont : Fired from The Young and the Restless ! - TV Fanatic '' . 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Braeden Speaks Out on Don Diamont Firing - TV Fanatic '' . 2 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Thursday , February 5 , 2009 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Daily Recaps Archives - 2009 - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diamont on New B&B Role '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2009 - 04 - 07 . pp. 4 -- 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Brad ' Goes Bad ! '' . Soaps In Depth. 2009 - 04 - 27 . pp. 10 -- 11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Brad at soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters ( hide ) Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brad_Carlton&oldid=834504508 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters The Bold and the Beautiful characters Fictional American Jews Fictional business executives Fictional characters introduced in 1985 Fictional businesspeople Fictional United States Navy SEALs personnel Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with a promotional tone from February 2012 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles slanted towards recent events from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 02 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played brad carlton on young and the restless | [
"Brad Carlton is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, portrayed by Don Diamont. The character became a mainstay on the series for over ten years. He was known for his relationships with Traci Abbott, Ashley Abbott and Victoria Newman, as well as his business rivalries with Jack Abbott and Victor Newman. In 2009, the character drowned in a frozen lake."
] | [
"Don Diamont"
] |
6825531033340789365 | List of Dragon Ball episodes | List of dragon ball episodes - wikipedia List of dragon ball episodes First volume of the Dragon Ball DVD series , released by Toei Entertainment on April 4 , 2007 . Dragon Ball is the first of two anime adaptations of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama . Produced by Toei Animation , the anime series premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on February 26 , 1986 , and ran until April 19 , 1989 . Spanning 153 episodes ( Episode 140 was delayed by the death of Emperor Hirohito ) , it covers the first 194 chapters of the 519 chapter - long manga series . It is followed by Dragon Ball Z , which covers the remainder of the manga . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sagas overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Emperor Pilaf Saga ( 1986 ) 2.2 Tournament Saga ( 1986 ) 2.3 Red Ribbon Army Saga ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 2.4 General Blue Saga ( 1987 ) 2.5 Commander Red Saga ( 1987 ) 2.6 Fortuneteller Baba Saga ( 1987 ) 2.7 Tien Shinhan Saga ( 1987 -- 1988 ) 2.8 King Piccolo Saga ( 1988 ) 2.9 Piccolo Jr . Saga ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 3 Films 3.1 TV Specials 4 DVD releases 4.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 4.1. 1 Season Box Sets 4.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4.2. 1 Dragon Box Set 5 Notes 6 References Sagas overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates Emperor Pilaf Saga 13 ( 1 -- 13 ) February 26 , 1986 -- May 21 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 -- December 2 , 1995 ( original ) August 20 , 2001 -- September 5 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Tournament Saga 15 ( 14 -- 28 ) May 28 , 1986 -- September 3 , 1986 September 6 , 2001 -- September 26 , 2001 Red Ribbon Army Saga 17 ( 29 -- 45 ) September 10 , 1986 -- January 7 , 1987 February 11 , 2002 -- March 5 , 2002 General Blue Saga 12 ( 46 -- 57 ) January 14 , 1987 -- April 8 , 1987 March 6 , 2002 -- March 15 , 2002 October 21 , 2002 -- October 24 , 2002 5 Commander Red Saga 10 ( 58 -- 67 ) April 15 , 1987 -- June 24 , 1987 October 28 , 2002 -- November 13 , 2002 6 Fortuneteller Baba Saga 16 ( 68 -- 83 ) July 1 , 1987 -- October 14 , 1987 November 14 , 2002 -- December 3 , 2002 7 Tien Shinhan Saga 18 ( 84 -- 101 ) October 21 , 1987 -- February 17 , 1988 December 4 , 2002 -- December 31 , 2002 8 King Piccolo Saga 21 ( 102 -- 122 ) February 24 , 1988 -- August 10 , 1988 September 1 , 2003 -- October 6 , 2003 9 Piccolo Jr . Saga 31 ( 123 -- 153 ) August 17 , 1988 -- April 19 , 1989 October 7 , 2003 -- December 1 , 2003 Episode list ( edit ) Emperor Pilaf Saga ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date `` Bulma and Son Goku '' / `` The Secret of the Dragon Balls '' `` Buruma to Son Gokū '' ( ブルマ と 孫悟空 ) Minoru Okazaki Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Minoru Maeda February 26 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 August 20 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , a young , but strong orphan living alone in the mountains , and Bulma , a teenage girl searching for seven mystical balls , come together when Bulma hits Goku head - on while driving a motorized vehicle . The balls that Bulma is searching for , known as Dragon Balls , summon the wish granting `` dragon god '' , Shenron ( Shenlong ) . Before Goku 's grandfather died , he gave him a Dragon Ball with four stars in it : the Four - Star Ball ( Si Xing Qui ) . Bulma , already possessing two of the balls , decides to let Goku `` join her on a fun adventure '' so she can borrow his strength and Dragon Ball . They take off on a motorcycle , but Bulma is abducted by a giant flying dinosaur during a little pit stop . Goku takes out the monster with his Power Pole and rescues her . `` What the ... ? ! No Balls ! '' / `` The Emperor 's Quest '' `` Arararaa ! Tama ga Nai ! '' ( あ ららら ー ! タマ が ない ! ) Daisuke Nishio Toshiki Inoue Not Credited Tomekichi Take'uchi March 5 , 1986 September 16 , 1995 August 21 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku and Bulma set up a shelter to sleep in . At night , Goku goes out looking for some food . He sees a plane fly overhead , and , thinking that it is a bird , goes running after it . The plane belongs to Mai and Shu , who are servants of Emperor Pilaf . The Emperor is also looking for the Dragon Balls , and he plans to use them to rule the world ( Planet Earth ) . Goku saves them from wolves , and heads back . In the morning , he finds a Giant turtle who is looking for the sea . Goku volunteers to take him there , so he picks up the turtle on his back and begins running , with Bulma following on her motorcycle . `` The Turtle Hermit 's Kinto Un '' / `` The Nimbus Cloud of Roshi '' `` Kame - Sennin no Kinto - Un '' ( 亀 仙人 の キント 雲 ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Keiji Terui Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama March 12 , 1986 September 23 , 1995 August 22 , 2001 ( re-dub ) On their way to the sea , Goku and Bulma run into a giant beast that wants to eat the turtle . Goku makes short work of him , and they continue on their way . When they arrive at the shore , the turtle tells them to wait for him . When he comes back , a man is riding on his back . That man is the turtle hermit : Master Roshi , and as a reward for helping his sea turtle , he gives Goku a flying cloud called the Flying Nimbus . Master Roshi himself can not ride the cloud , because only good and pure people can . Bulma ca n't ride it either , but Goku can , because he has a good heart . Roshi also gives Bulma the Three - Star Ball ( San Xing Qui ) , not knowing what it is . When Master Roshi returns to his island , he finds Pilaf and his two henchmen searching his house for the Dragon Ball . After he tells them that he gave it away , the three leave his island . `` Oolong , the Kidnapping Monster '' / `` Oolong the Terrible '' `` Hitosarai Yōkai Ūron '' ( 人さらい 妖怪 ウーロン ) Minoru Okazaki Michiru Shimada Not Credited Minoru Maeda March 19 , 1986 September 30 , 1995 August 23 , 2001 ( re-dub ) The Dragon Radar leads Goku and Bulma into a remote village . They find that the village is being terrorized by a shape shifter named Oolong . An old woman in this village has the Six - Star Ball ( Liu Xing Qui ) , and she agrees to give it to them if they drive Oolong away from their village . Oolong wants to marry a girl in the village , so Goku dresses up like her to trick Oolong . When Oolong discovers this , he gets very angry . To protect his identity , he reverts back into his original state after he transformed and runs away from the village . Goku follows , and eventually catches and defeats him . With the village saved , the old woman gives them the Six - Star Ball . 5 `` Yamcha , The Strong Yet Cruel Desert Bandit '' / `` Yamcha the Desert Bandit '' `` Tsuyokute Warui Sabaku no Yamucha '' ( つよく て 悪い 砂漠 の ヤムチャ ) Daisuke Nishio Takao Koyama Not Credited Yukio Ebisawa March 26 , 1986 October 7 , 1995 August 24 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Bulma forces Oolong to join their group , thinking that his shape shifting ability will come in handy . Their boat runs out of gas , so they have to walk through the desert . Yamcha , a dangerous bandit , is said to live in this desert . While they walk through the desert , Yamcha and his shape shifting cat Puar ambush them . Goku and Yamcha begin to fight . Yamcha thinks he has won after he uses his Wolf Fang Fist , but Goku is able to get up . Just as Yamcha is about to attack again , he sees Bulma . Yamcha gets nervous around girls , so he panics and runs away . 6 `` Midnight Callers '' / `` Keep an Eye on the Dragon Balls '' `` Mayonaka no Hōmonsha - tachi '' ( 真夜中 の 訪問 者 たち ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama April 2 , 1986 October 14 , 1995 August 27 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Oolong remembers that he has a camper Dyno - Cap , so the three spend the night in it . Goku tells Oolong about the Dragon Balls . Oolong drugs the drinks of Goku and Bulma , causing them to fall asleep . Yamcha and Puar have been listening from outside the window , and now plan to take the balls . Puar changes into Goku to lure Oolong ( who transformed into Bulma , thinking she was Goku ) out of the camper and Yamcha sneaks inside . But what he thinks are the Dragon Ball but after uncovering the `` Dragon Balls '' and finding out they were Bulma 's breasts ; Yamcha completely loses it and retreats with Puar who flew away from Oolong , after the shape shifting pig and cat discovered each other 's true identities from being Goku and Bulma . 7 `` Mt . Frypan 's Gyumao '' / `` The Ox King on Fire Mountain '' `` Furaipan Yama no Gyūmaō '' ( フライパン 山 の 牛 魔王 ) Yoshihiro Ueda Toshiki Inoue Katsumi Endō Mitsuo Shindō April 9 , 1986 October 21 , 1995 August 28 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , Bulma , and Oolong arrive at Fire Mountain , with Yamcha and Puar following closely behind . There , they meet the Ox King , who lives in the castle on Fire Mountain . The Ox King notices Goku 's flying Nimbus Cloud , and realizes that he must have received it from Master Roshi . He sent his daughter Chi Chi to go to Master Roshi 's island to borrow the Bansho Fan to put out the flames on Fire Mountain , but she never came back . The Ox King tells Goku that if he finds Chi Chi and returns with the Bansho Fan , he can have the Dragon Ball that 's inside his castle . Goku takes off and finds Chi Chi right away . But after Chi Chi accidentally grabs Goku 's tail to help herself climbed onto the Nimbus Cloud which causes him to get dizzy , Yamcha and Puar discovered Goku 's tail is his only weak point . And as Goku and Chi Chi leaves for Master Roshi 's island , in order to steal the Dragon Balls , they planned to grab Goku 's tail to weaken him . After asking for directions from a dolphin , Goku and Chi Chi arrive at Master Roshi 's island . 8 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Kamehameha '' / `` The Kamehameha Wave '' `` Kame - Sennin no Kamehameha '' ( 亀 仙人 の カメハメ 波 ) Yoshihiro Ueda Keiji Terui Toshihiko Arisako Minoru Maeda April 16 , 1986 October 28 , 1995 August 29 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Master Roshi agrees to let Goku borrow the Bansho fan , but when he goes to retrieve it , he remembers that he spilled juice on it and threw it out . He decides to put out the fire himself . When they arrive back at Fire Mountain , Master Roshi uses his famous Kamehame - Ha to blow out the flames . The wave puts out the fire , but it also destroys the entire mountain . With the Dragon Radar , Bulma is able to search through the rubble and find the Seven - Star Ball ( Qi Xing Qui ) . Goku asks Master Roshi if he can learn the Kamehame - Ha , but is disappointed to find out that it took the turtle hermit 50 years to learn it . He tries it anyway , and is miraculously able to do it on the first try . 9 `` The Rabbit Boss ' Special Technique '' / `` Boss Rabbit 's Magic Touch '' `` Usagi Oyabun no Tokui Waza '' ( うさぎ オヤブン の 得意 技 ) Minoru Okazaki Michiru Shimada Not Credited Minoru Maeda April 23 , 1986 November 4 , 1995 August 30 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , Bulma , and Oolong drive into a city to get gas , unaware that they were still being followed by Yamcha and Puar , who then hides behind the wall to spy on them . Everyone in this town seems to be afraid of Bulma , but after she buys some new clothes and gets rid of her bunny costume , so no one even notices her . Just as they 're about to leave , two men in bunny ears begin to hassle them . Goku beats both of them up , so they call in `` the boss '' . The boss , whose name is Monster Carrot arrives . He is a giant rabbit whose special power is his touch ; if anyone touch him , he / she turn into a carrot . Not knowing this , Bulma slaps him , turning her into a carrot which Monster Carrot grabs . His two men then started to beat up Goku . Watching from behind a wall , Puar turns into a bird and snatches the carrot out of his hand , and Yamcha beats up the two men to save Goku . Goku then hits him with his Power Pole , forcing Monster Carrot to surrender . He changes Bulma back . Goku then ties up Monster Carrot and his henchmen and takes them to the moon by extending his Power Pole , proceeding to force them to make treats for children . 10 `` The Dragon Balls are Stolen ! ! ! '' / `` The Dragon Balls are Stolen ! '' `` Doragon Bōru Ubawareru ! ! '' ( D.B. うば われる ! ! ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Takao Koyama Not Credited Tomekichi Takeuchi April 30 , 1986 November 11 , 1995 August 31 , 2001 ( re-dub ) While they are driving towards the final Dragon Ball , Shu in his battle robot fires a rocket at their car . Then he jumps down and runs off with Bulma 's suitcase , which contains their Dragon Balls . Goku tries to follow , but loses him . Luckily , Goku still has the Four - Star Ball , so Pilaf ca n't make his wish to rule the world . Bulma 's Dyno - Caps were in her suitcase as well , so they have no ride . With no other options , Yamcha is forced to give them a lift . They arrive at Pilaf 's castle . Inside , they come to a dead end , but before they can turn around , a wall comes down , trapping them inside . 11 `` At Last the Dragon Appears ! '' / `` The Penalty is Pinball '' `` Tsui ni Doragon Arawaru ! '' ( ついに 龍 あらわ る ! ) Daisuke Nishio Yasushi Hirano Not Credited Masayuki Uchiyama May 7 , 1986 November 18 , 1995 September 3 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Pilaf releases sleeping gas inside the chamber , which knocks everyone out . Mai goes in and steals the Four - Star Ball from Goku while he 's sleeping . When they wake up , they realize the ball has been stolen , and begin to run through the hallways . Pilaf sends giant pinballs rolling after them . Just when one of the balls has them cornered , it suddenly backs off , and a wall comes down again . They are trapped in the same room as before . Goku tries to use a Kamehameha wave to blast away the wall , but only manages to open up a small hole that leads outside , where Pilaf is summoning Shenron to grant his wish for world domination . Puar and Oolong turn into bats and fly through the hole to try to steal one of the balls . But before they can get close enough , Shenron himself appears . 12 `` The Wish to Shen Long '' / `` A Wish to the Eternal Dragon '' `` Shenron e no Negai '' ( 神龍 へ の 願い ) Yoshihiro Ueda Toshiki Inoue Toshihiko Arisako Yukio Ebisawa May 14 , 1986 November 25 , 1995 September 4 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Desperate to stop Emperor Pilaf , and just as Goku manages to destroy the wall with another Kamehameha , Oolong interrupts his wish for world domination with his own : a pair of underpants . This wish is granted , Shenron disappears , and the seven balls scatter all over the earth . Furious , Pilaf sends Mai and Shu after Oolong and Puar , and noticing Goku , Yamcha and Bulma escaped , he orders them executed . Many guard dogs suddenly appear : some chase Oolong and Puar and others corner Goku , Yamcha and Bulma . Goku and Yamcha beat these dogs to protect Bulma , and on their way out they find Oolong and Puar . Before they can leave , Mai and Shu corner them with another pack of dogs . They are transported to a room with a glass ceiling that gathers energy from the sun and heats up . By morning , they will be burnt alive . Goku and Yamcha try to break down the walls , but fail . Puar notices the full moon and Goku warns them about a monster that appears during the full moon . This monster ( though it was Goku who killed his grandfather , but he has no memory of that ) trampled his grandfather Gohan to death , and that before that his grandfather told him never to look at the moon . He then accidentally looks at it and transforms into a Great Ape . 13 `` Goku 's Great Transformation '' / `` The Legend of Goku '' `` Gokū no Dai - Henshin '' ( 悟空 の 大 変身 ) Yutaka Satō Keiji Terui Akinori Nagaoka Mitsuo Shindō May 21 , 1986 December 2 , 1995 September 5 , 2001 ( re-dub ) Goku , now a Great Ape , begins demolishing Pilaf 's castle . Bulma , Yamcha , Oolong , and Puar are able to escape . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu board an airplane and start attacking Goku . They are able to bring him down temporarily , but Goku recovers and destroys their plane . He then picks up Bulma and prepares to eat her . Remembering that his tail is his weak point , Yamcha grabs Goku 's tail , and Puar changes into a giant pair of scissors and cuts it off . Goku regresses back to his normal self ; naked , and sleeps until morning . When he wakes up , he is shocked to find that his tail is missing and that he is naked , and remembers nothing about his transformation and rampage . He borrows Oolong 's pants and finds his Power Pole in the rubble , but finds it hard to balance without his tail . Yamcha and Bulma decide to go back to West City together , with Puar and Oolong tagging along . Goku decides to go find the turtle hermit to get the training he was promised . Bulma gives Goku the Dragon Radar so he can find the Four - Star Ball when the Dragon Balls reappear . Notes Emperor Pilaf Saga is referred to as The Saga of Goku in the original 1995 Funimation dub . Tournament Saga ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 14 `` Goku 's Rival ? Appears ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Rival '' `` Gokū no Raibaru ? Sanjō ! ! '' ( 悟空 の ライバル ? 参上 ! ! ) Kazuhisa Takenōchi Keiji Terui Not Credited Katsumi Aoshima May 28 , 1986 September 6 , 2001 Goku stops by his house to gather his things , then heads towards Master Roshi 's island . When he arrives , Master Roshi tells him that he will only train him if he brings him a girlfriend . Goku brings back a big ugly - looking girl but Master Roshi wanted a beautiful girl . So Goku brings a beautiful mermaid , but that does n't go well either . Suddenly , a small boy named Krillin paddles ashore on a boat and requests training from Master Roshi . With the help of a bribe , Master Roshi agrees to train him . He sends Goku and Krillin into the city to find him another girl . Meanwhile , Yamcha 's ship crashed , so he , Bulma , Puar , and Oolong are forced to walk through the jungle and desert . 15 `` The Peculiar Girl , Lunch '' / `` Look Out for Launch '' `` Fushigi na On'na no Ko Ranchi '' ( 不思議 な 女の子 ランチ ) Not Credited June 4 , 1986 September 7 , 2001 Because Krillin ca n't sit on the Nimbus Cloud , he is forced to cling to Goku 's back during their search for a girl . They find a girl being attacked by two men . Goku beats up these two guys , and they bring the girl back to Master Roshi 's island . Unknown to either of them , the girl , Launch , was being arrested when they found her . When she sneezes , she turns into a mean , aggressive , blonde criminal . Back on the island , Roshi likes Launch so much that he agrees to take her on as a student , along with Goku and Krillin . Launch sneezes , and then takes out a machine gun and shoots at the three boys . After another sneeze , everything is back to normal . 16 `` Training -- The Rock Hunt '' / `` Find That Stone ! '' `` Shugyō Ishi Sagashi '' ( 修業 石 さがし ) Not Credited June 11 , 1986 September 10 , 2001 Master Roshi packs up his house in a dyno capsule , and the four of them head to a bigger island . Master Roshi tests the boys ' speed by timing them in a 100 - meter dash . Krillin goes first , and runs the distance in 10.4 seconds . Goku 's time is 11 seconds , but after he takes off his old , beat - up shoes , he runs it in 8 seconds . Master Roshi dazzles them by running it in 5.6 seconds . Then he gives them their final test for the day . He makes a mark on a stone , then throws it into the woods , telling them to find it ; the loser must go without dinner for the night . Krillin tries to fool Master Roshi with a stone of his own , but Roshi sees through the lie . Goku finds the stone , but Krillin steals it and runs away . Goku catches up , and the two of them fight . Goku wins , so Krillin throws a decoy stone back into the woods , and Goku runs after it , thinking it 's the real one . Krillin takes the real stone back to Master Roshi . However , Krillin ultimately loses , as Launch made pufferfish for dinner and did n't know that it was poisonous . 17 `` With Life at Stake ! Milk Delivery '' / `` Milk Delivery '' `` Inochigake ! Gyūnyū Haitatsu '' ( 命がけ ! 牛乳 は いた つ ) Not Credited June 18 , 1986 September 11 , 2001 Master Roshi wakes the boys up early to begin their training . Their job is to deliver milk , but there are several miles between each house . After several exhausting runs , they are made to climb a mountain to deliver milk to the monk at the top . While at the top , Master Roshi tells them that in eight months , they will be competing in the 21st World Martial Arts Tournament . This encouraging thought is enough to drive Goku and Krillin through the end of their milk delivery . Once the delivery ends , Master Roshi tells them that they will be delivering milk every day until the tournament . The boys are shocked to find out that the milk delivery was only their early morning training , and that they have much more to do every day . Meanwhile , Yamcha is also training for the World Martial Arts Tournament . 18 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Intense Training '' / `` The Turtle Hermit Way '' `` Kame - senryū Kitsūi Shugyō '' ( 亀 仙 流 きつ ー い 修業 ) Yukio Ebisawa June 25 , 1986 September 12 , 2001 The boys continue their workout by plowing an entire field with their bare hands . After a quick breakfast , they head over to a construction site . Here , they dig holes and haul equipment . Their speed dazzles the foreman . They eat lunch and then take a nap . Goku is getting impatient , and wants to learn fighting moves , but Master Roshi says he will not teach them fighting moves until their bodies are in the proper condition . Their next task is to swim 10 laps on a lake while they 're being chased by sharks . Then Master Roshi ties them to a tree and makes them dodge angry wasps . At the end of the day 's training , Master Roshi tells them they will be doing the same thing every day for the next eight months , but with 50 lb . turtle shells on their backs . 19 `` The Tenkaichi Tournament Begins ! '' / `` The Tournament Begins '' `` Tenka'ichi Budōkai Hajimaru ! '' ( 天下 一 武道 会 はじまる ! ) Not Credited July 2 , 1986 September 13 , 2001 After several months of training , the boys are anxious to learn fighting techniques . Master Roshi tells them that he has no technique to teach them . The whole point of turtle hermit training is to get your body in superhuman condition . He says fighting is just the expression of your power . Then he gives them 100 lb . turtle shells to wear from now on . After a couple of months , the day before the tournament finally arrives . After everyone checks in ; Yamcha , Bulma , Oolong , and Puar meet up with Goku . The next morning , Master Roshi gives Goku and Krillin fighting uniforms to wear . 20 `` Will it Appear ! ? The Power From the Training '' / `` Elimination Round '' `` Deru ka ! ? Shugyō no Iryoku '' ( でる か ! ? 修行 の 威力 ) Not Credited July 9 , 1986 September 14 , 2001 The preliminary rounds are divided into four sections , with the top two from each section going on to the finals . Goku and Krillin are drawn into the same section , but are on opposite ends , so they wo n't have to fight each other . Goku 's first match is against a giant , but he is able to knock him out of the ring with only a slight tap to the leg . Krillin 's first opponent is an enemy from his old martial arts school . He kicks his opponent so hard that he breaks a hole in the wall . Bulma , Oolong , and Puar are able to watch the matches through this hole . At the end of the day , Goku , Krillin , and Yamcha all advance to the quarter final round of the World Martial Arts Tournament . 21 `` Watch Out ! Kuririn '' / `` Smells Like Trouble '' `` Ayaushi ! Kuririn '' ( 危うし ! クリリン ) Haruki Iwanami July 16 , 1986 September 17 , 2001 Goku and Krillin meet up with Bulma , Oolong , and Puar before the finals start . Master Roshi arrives , saying that he missed the preliminaries because of a long line in the bathroom . When the contestants are called to the arena , Goku and Krillin leave , and Master Roshi mysteriously disappears . They draw numbers to set the quarterfinal matches . Krillin is in the first match against Bacterian , a giant whose stench is paralyzing . Yamcha is in the second match against Jackie Chun , and Goku is in the fourth match . The first match starts , and right away Krillin is paralyzed by Bacterian 's stench . Just when it looks like he 's going to lose , Goku reminds him that he does n't have a nose , and Krillin is able to get up and give Bacterian a taste of his own medicine . Krillin moves on to the semifinals . 22 `` Yamucha vs. Jackie Chun '' / `` Quarterfinals Begin '' `` Yamucha Tai Jakkī Chun '' ( ヤムチャ VS ジャッキー チュン ) Not Credited July 23 , 1986 September 18 , 2001 The second match begins . Yamcha tries his best moves against Jackie Chun , but he ca n't even land a punch because the old man is far too quick for him . The fight ends when Jackie Chun pushes Yamcha out of the ring with his energy . The third match between Nam and Ranfan begins . Nam is fighting for prize money to buy water for his village . Nam hits Ranfan and she starts to cry , but the crying is just an act . She takes advantage of Nam 's hesitation and quickly attacks . When Nam is able to defend her attacks easily , she takes off her clothes to distract him . Jackie Chun begins hooting wildly , and Yamcha recognizes this laughter as Master Roshi 's . He realizes that Jackie Chun is Roshi . Nam closes his eyes and is able to beat Ranfan . 23 `` He 's Here ! The Mighty Foe Giran '' / `` Monster Beast Giran '' `` Detā ! Kyōteki Giran '' ( 出 た ー っ ! 強敵 ギラン ) Not Credited July 30 , 1986 September 19 , 2001 Goku 's match is postponed by rain . While they 're waiting for the weather to clear up , they relax in the bar . Giran , Goku 's opponent , comes in and gets made fun of by the monks where kurirun 's old temple and starts attacking them for bothering him . Yamcha warns Goku that Giran has been known to cheat . When the match finally starts , Giran tricks Goku into dropping his guard , then punches him . Goku responds with a furious attack and throws Giran out of the ring . Giran reveals that he can fly , and he lands safely back in bounds . He then spits rock - hard gum onto Goku , wraply trapping him . He throws Goku out of the ring , but Goku calls the flying Nimbus Cloud to save him . Just as Giran is about to punch Goku , his tail grows back and he dodges the punch . Since he is stronger with his tail , he is now able to break the gum . Shocked at this incredible display of strength , Giran forfeits the match . 24 `` Kuririn 's Desperate Offensive and Defensive Battle '' / `` Krillin 's Frantic Attack ! '' `` Kuririn Hisshi no Dai - Kōbōsen '' ( クリリン 必死 の 大 攻防 戦 ) Not Credited August 6 , 1986 September 20 , 2001 The first semifinal begins , as Krillin and Jackie Chun fight . Unfortunately , Jackie Chun 's punches are too fast for Krillin to see . He attacks Jackie Chun , and after a brief instant , they fly away from each other . The announcer asks them to slowly reenact what happened . Jackie Chun tried to kick Krillin , but he dodged it and then tried to land a punch , but Jackie spit at him . Krillin countered this with his own spit . Then they played janken , which was just a distraction , allowing Jackie to kick Krillin in the face . After the reenactment , Krillin distracts Jackie with a pair of panties , then kicks him far out of the ring . Jackie uses a Kamehameha wave to blast himself back into the ring . Then he uses the after - image technique to distract Krillin , allowing him to land a double karate chop , which knocks Krillin out . After the match , Yamcha , thinking that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , tries to pull his wig off , but ca n't . Even though it seems like Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , no one can prove it . 25 `` Get Up , Goku ! The Fearsome Tenku Pekeji - ken '' / `` Danger From Above '' `` Tate Gokū ! Osoru Beki Tenkū Pekeji - ken '' ( た て 悟空 ! 恐る べき 天空 X 字 拳 ) Haruki Iwanami August 13 , 1986 September 21 , 2001 Goku starts his semifinal match against Nam . He uses a tornado attack to push Nam out of the ring , but gets too dizzy before he can finish it . Nam then uses his aerial attack , which is supposed to leave the victim unconscious . Goku is somehow able to stand up afterwards , and jumps up in the air just like Nam . Once Nam lands , Goku kicks him out of the ring . Afterwards , Nam packs up to leave , but Jackie Chun stops him . He gives him a dyno capsule that can be used for storage . Nam asks Jackie how he knew about his water problem , and Jackie says that he read his mind . Nam realizes that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi , but Jackie keeps him quiet . He explains that he is fighting undercover to beat Goku and Krillin . He does n't want them to think that they 're the strongest in the world if they win the tournament and stop trying to improve their skills afterwards . Nam then does Jackie a favor by dressing up like Master Roshi and standing in the crowd . Yamcha sees him , and no longer thinks that Jackie Chun is Master Roshi . 26 `` The Final Round ! ! Kamehame - Ha '' / `` The Grand Finals '' `` Kesshōsen da ! ! Kamehame - Ha '' ( 決勝 戦 だ ! ! カメハメ 波 ) Not Credited August 20 , 1986 September 24 , 2001 The final match begins . Goku jumps up in the air , but Jackie Chun sees it coming and kicks him out of the ring . Everyone thinks that Jackie has won , but Goku flies back into the ring by spinning his tail like a helicopter blade . Jackie challenges Goku to use the Kamehameha wave and ( to his great surprise ) Goku can do it just as well as he can . Jackie uses a double after - image to fool Goku . Goku counters with a triple after - image . Jackie then begins staggering wildly around the ring . With his unpredictable movements , he begins beating up Goku . Yamcha tells Goku that he is using the drunken boxing technique , so Goku counters with his crazy monkey attack . He runs around like a monkey , and Jackie Chun ca n't follow him . Once this is over , Jackie Chun says that his next move will win the match . 27 `` Goku 's Greatest Pinch '' / `` Number One Under the Moon ? '' `` Gokū Saidai no Pinch '' ( 悟空 最大 の ピンチ ) Not Credited August 27 , 1986 September 25 , 2001 The sun begins to go down for dusk as the final match between Goku and Jackie Chun continues . Jackie hypnotizes Goku and puts him to sleep . Goku ca n't wake up unless Jackie tells him to . Just before the count reaches 10 , Bulma yells `` Goku ! Your dinner is ready ! '' and Goku wakes up . Then Goku uses janken attack moves , but Jackie blocks them . Goku tries it again and this time tricks him by saying `` paper '' , but throwing rock . Jackie decides to use an attack that he 's only ever used once before : the Lightning Flash Surprise attack . He gathers his energy and shoots it at Goku . This energy is transformed into 20,000 volts when it hits Goku . Just as Goku is about to give up , he glimpses the full moon and transforms into a Great Ape again . Knowing that he must stop Goku 's rampage at any cost , Jackie Chun fires his most powerful Kamehameha wave . When the dust clears , Goku is nowhere to be seen and Bulma , Yamcha and the others believe Jackie killed Goku . 28 `` Clash ! ! Power vs. Power '' / `` The Final Blow '' `` Gekitotsu ! ! Pawā Tai Pawā '' ( 激突 ! ! パワー 対 パワー ) Not Credited September 3 , 1986 September 26 , 2001 Jackie Chun reveals that the actual target of his Kamehameha wave was the moon , and not Goku . Goku ; now in his normal but naked self , is shown to be asleep naked in the rubble but wakes up confused on why he is naked , and after borrowing Krillin 's clothes for his new one , continue fighting . When the match resumes , Jackie Chun attempts to fire another Kamehameha wave at Goku , but he finds that he does n't have the energy to do so . Goku then kicks him out of the ring , but Jackie cleverly avoids touching the ground by smashing his foot in the side of the platform . With both of them completely exhausted , they agree on a straightforward finish to the match . After a long bout of fighting , Goku and Jackie jump and kick each other in the face , knocking each other down . The count goes past 10 , and the judge says the first person to stand up and declare victory wins . Goku struggles to his feet and manages to stand , but he collapses before finishing his victory declaration . Jackie Chun then stands up and proudly announces his victory . Roshi later takes off his disguise and goes out to eat with his friends , where Goku eats so much food that Roshi has to spend all of his prize money . Red Ribbon Army Saga ( 1986 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 29 `` Another Adventure -- The Wandering Lake '' / `` The Roaming Lake '' `` Futatabi Bōken Samayō Mizūmi '' ( ふたたび 冒険 さまよう 湖 ) Not Credited September 10 , 1986 February 11 , 2002 Master Roshi tells Goku and Krillin to take a break from training for now , but Krillin still decides to go live with him . Goku sets off on his search for the four - star Dragon Ball . Meanwhile , Nam has arrived at his village with the water , but it is still not enough . The river has run dry , so Nam heads upstream to find the source of the disturbance . He is attacked by a dinosaur , but luckily Goku is swimming in a nearby lake and comes to rescue him . He and Nam continue upstream and find that a dam has been built . The monsters that live there refuse to tear it down . Their leader , Giran , recognizes Goku from the tournament . He says that he would tear it down , but it 's too strong for them to break . Goku fires a Kamehameha wave at it , which is enough to destroy the dam . With the river replenished , everything seems okay , but a sandstorm suddenly kicks up and dries up the river again . Goku notices the lake he was swimming before . This is the Roaming Lake , and it came to help the village . 30 `` Pilaf and the Mysterious Army '' / `` Pilaf and the Mystery Force '' `` Pirafu to Nazo no Gundan '' ( ピラフ と 謎 の 軍団 ) Not Credited September 17 , 1986 February 12 , 2002 Goku stops at a lake for a swim . When he gets out , he finds that the dragon radar and his clothes have been stolen . He is forced to go naked and searches for his belongings . He picks up on the thief 's scent and follows it to its source . The thief tells him that he sold the radar to an antique salesman in a nearby town . Goku locates the shop and finds his dragon radar there . He picks up a signal coming from the shop , so he turns around and sees Emperor Pilaf and Mai holding the four - star ball , having just bought it from this store . They are able to escape on their ship , but Goku follows them on the Nimbus Cloud . Back at the antique store , a mysterious military force has arrived looking for a Dragon Ball . The salesman gives them a four - star ball , but they recognize it as a fake . Pilaf 's four - star ball was also a fake , but Goku does not yet know . The signal he picked up on was the six - star ball in a nest above the shop . A bird then flies away with the ball in its talons . 31 `` Yikes ! A Fake Goku Appears ! ! '' / `` Wedding Plans ? '' `` Gege ! Nise Gokū Shutsugen ! ! '' ( ゲゲ ! ニセ 悟空 出現 ! ! ) Not Credited September 24 , 1986 February 13 , 2002 Emperor Pilaf gives Goku the fake four - star , but Goku drops it . The bird that had the six - star ball got eaten by a larger bird , and that bird got captured by the Ox King . Chi Chi thinks Goku is coming , and since she wants to marry him , the Ox King roasts the bird for a wedding feast . Emperor Pilaf 's radar picks up the signal coming from Ox King 's village , so Shu dresses up like Goku to get close enough to steal the ball . Goku follows his radar 's signal and finds Chi Chi in a field picking flowers for the wedding . Back at the feast , suddenly the mysterious military force , the Red Ribbon Army , attacks the village , having followed the six - star ball 's signal as well . Ox King tries to fight back , but gets captured . Pilaf snatches the Dragon Ball from inside the bird and takes off in his ship . Goku and Chi Chi notice smoke coming from the village , so they go to check it out . 32 `` Vanished ! ? The Flying Fortress in the Sky '' / `` The Flying Fortress -- Vanished ! '' `` Kieta ! ? Sora Tobu Yōsai '' ( 消え た ! ? 空 とぶ 要塞 ) Not Credited October 1 , 1986 February 14 , 2002 Goku and Chi Chi arrive at the village in time to rescue the Ox King . After a quick meal , Goku follows the signal on the dragon radar again . Emperor Pilaf 's flying fortress shoots down the jets of the Red Ribbon Army and escapes . Both the Red Ribbon Army and Goku follow their signals to a remote point in the middle of the desert , but neither can find Pilaf . Goku , searching on foot , is suddenly attacked by automatic guns rising from the sand . Colonel Silver notices this and realizes Pilaf is hiding in an underground base . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu all try to escape on the flying fortress . Goku follows them and clings to the wall of the ship . The Red Ribbon Army is waiting for them with hundreds of fighter jets , and they destroy the fortress . Pilaf , Mai , and Shu parachute down and are forced to hand over the six - star ball . 33 `` Legend of the Dragon '' / `` The Legend of a Dragon '' `` Doragon no Densetsu '' ( 龍 の 伝説 ) Not Credited October 8 , 1986 February 15 , 2002 Goku calls the Nimbus Cloud to save him just before the flying fortress explodes . Then he heads off towards the nearest signal on the dragon radar . Back at Kame House , Master Roshi tells Krillin and Launch the legend of the Dragon Balls . Long ago , the seven balls were one , but evil forces tried to steal it . The ball split itself into seven useless parts , but when combined , they summon the eternal dragon who will grant one wish . Goku follows the radar to a forest where he finds the Red Ribbon Army also in search of the ball . The army is burning down the forest , so Goku tries to stop them . Suddenly , a monkey runs by holding the five - star ball . Colonel Silver shoots at it , causing the monkey to fly over the edge of a cliff . Goku grabs it , but the monkey drops the ball into a river . 34 `` The Heartless Red Ribbon '' / `` Cruel General Red '' `` Hijō no Reddo Ribon '' ( 非情 の レッド リボン ) Not Credited October 15 , 1986 February 18 , 2002 While the Red Ribbon Army is searching the river for the five - star ball , Goku follows the dragon radar downstream and finds it . Before he can escape , Colonel Silver destroys the flying Nimbus . Angry , Goku easily defeats him . He finds some dyno caps in a nearby building and throws them . One is a robot , and the other is a plane . The robot flies the plane for Goku as he follows the nearest signal on the dragon radar . Goku instructs the robot to land the plane , but the robot 's circuits freeze up in the extreme cold , so the plane crashes . Goku , frozen solid , is dragged away by a mysterious young girl . 35 `` Suno , Girl of the North '' / `` Cold Reception '' `` Kita no Shōjo Suno '' ( 北 の 少女 スノ ) Not Credited October 22 , 1986 February 19 , 2002 The girl called Snow , takes Goku back to her house to recover . She and her mother explain that the Red Ribbon Army has taken their village chief hostage and are forcing the men to help them look for the Dragon Ball . The chief is being held in a fortress called Muscle Tower . Two soldiers break in , just as Goku is in the bathroom but Goku beats them . Snow gives Goku warm clothes to wear outside . Goku arrives at Muscle Tower and makes short work of the guards waiting outside . He uses his power pole to vault up onto the first level . 36 `` The Terror of Muscle Tower '' / `` Major Metallitron '' `` Massuru Tawā no Kyōfu '' ( マッスル 塔 の 恐怖 ) Not Credited October 29 , 1986 February 20 , 2002 Goku enters the second floor of Muscle Tower and defeats the guards waiting for him . He heads up to the third floor where he finds a large android named Major Metallitron . Goku and Major start to fight , and after a few hits , Goku knocks him over . Goku is caught off guard when the giant gets up and grabs him . Major launches a missile at him , but he dodges it . Goku counters with a Kamehameha wave and blows Metallitron 's head off . The android still moves though . Goku punches a hole through the robot 's chest , but even that does n't stop him . The fight finally ends when Major Metallitron 's batteries die . 37 `` Enter Ninja Murasaki '' / `` Ninja Murasaki is Coming ! '' `` Ninja Murasaki Sanjō '' ( 忍者 ムラサキ 参上 ) Not Credited November 5 , 1986 February 21 , 2002 Goku enters the fourth floor of Muscle Tower and finds himself in the middle of a forest . Ninja Murasaki who is hiding , has been sent to kill Goku . After games of hide and seek , racing and shuriken throwing , Ninja Murasaki finally decides to fight , and Goku breaks his sword with the power pole . Murasaki throws a boomerang at him which hits and knocks out Goku . 38 `` Be Afraid ! ! The Split - Image Technique '' / `` Five Murasakis '' `` Osorubeshi ! ! Bunshin no Jutsu '' ( 恐る べし ! ! 分身 の 術 ) Not Credited November 12 , 1986 February 22 , 2002 Goku recovers from his injury and begins to chase Murasaki . Murasaki , then Goku , cross a piranha invested lake . Murasaki decides to use his ultimate technique and seemingly splits into five . The five Murasakis nearly overwhelm Goku . They reveal that they are quintuplet brothers , not five parts of one person . Goku takes them out one by one . He chases the last Murasaki brother up to a cage . The ninja releases the monster within , Android 8 . 39 `` The Mysterious Cyborg No. 8 '' / `` Mysterious Android No. 8 '' `` Nazo no Jinzōningen Hachi - Gō '' ( 謎 の 人造 人間 8 号 ) Not Credited November 19 , 1986 February 25 , 2002 Ninja Murasaki releases Android 8 to fight Goku . Android 8 however refuses to fight . Murasaki threatens Android 8 with a remote to set off a bomb inside him . Goku stops Murasaki , destroys the remote and beats the ninja . Goku has walked into a labyrinth but can not find a way past . Android 8 comes to repay Goku with help to get past the maze . Goku nicknames Android 8 `` Eighter '' . They easily stop approaching soldiers . Finally they manage to get past the trick wall at the end of the maze . They find General White waiting for them in the 6th floor command room . General White wo n't give up and drops Goku and Eighter down a trapdoor . 40 `` What Now , Goku ! ! ? The Horrible Buyon '' / `` Horrifying Buyon '' `` Dō Suru Gokū ! ! Senritsu no Buyon '' ( どうする 悟空 ! ! 戦慄 の ブヨン ) Not Credited November 26 , 1986 February 26 , 2002 Goku and Eighter land on 5th floor . General White releases a monster to destroy both of them . Meanwhile Snow has found some sweet furry rodents . Eighter cowers at the other side of the room while Goku fights the monster Buyon . Goku ca n't even hurt Buyon . Buyon eats Goku , but he struggles out . Even a Kamehameha Wave does n't affect Buyon . Goku saves Eighter from being eaten . Recalling an earlier exchange with Snow , Goku punches a hole in the wall letting in cold air and freezing Buyon solid . Goku smashes Buyon and ascends with Eighter back to the command room . 41 `` The End of Muscle Tower '' / `` The Fall of Muscle Tower '' `` Massuru Tawā no Saigo '' ( マッスル タワー の 最期 ) Not Credited December 3 , 1986 February 27 , 2002 Goku fights General White who is not very fit . Eighter is too pacifistic to join in the fight as General White grabs Goku by the tail . After giving General White a severe bashing , the latter pretends to surrender and releases the village chief . When the chief 's back is turned , General White threatens Goku and Eighter to shoot the chief . The chief is hesitant whether he wants to live or die . Then the General blackmails Eighter into beating Goku . Hearing this , an enraged Goku demands that White deal with him , and White promptly shoots Goku . Eighter loses his temper and punches General White out of the tower . Finally all three leave the tower and Eighter destroys it . They all receive a warm welcome back at Snow 's house . 42 `` Imminent Danger ! ! Go for it , Ha - chan '' / `` The Secret of Dr. Flappe '' `` Kiki Ippatsu ! ! Ganbare Hatchan '' ( 危機 一髪 ! ! ガンバレ 8 ちゃん ) Not Credited December 10 , 1986 February 28 , 2002 The village is safe again but Snow 's parents wonder where the dragon ball was . Eighter had it all along so General White would n't exterminate the village . Unfortunately Eighter can not risk staying in the village with the bomb still inside him . The chief suggests they go to Dr. Flappe to sort the problem . Goku has broken his dragon radar . While Snow , Goku and Eighter head to Dr. Flappe , Murasaki ( who has survived ) stalks them . Before Dr. Flappe can get to work , Murasaki surprises him . It is revealed Dr. Flappe created Eighter , not the RR Army . Murasaki forces Dr. Flappe to swipe Goku 's dragon balls . Goku chases and beats the ninja . Dr. Flappe is able to take the bomb out of Eighter but can not fix Goku 's radar . Goku throws the bomb which kills Murasaki . 43 `` Bulma 's House in Metro West '' / `` A Trip to the City '' `` Nishi no Miyako no Buruma n'chi '' ( 西 の 都 の ブルマ ん ち ) Not Credited December 17 , 1986 March 1 , 2002 After spending a night in Snow 's house one of the villagers helps Goku summon his Nimbus next morning . Goku reaches West City , but has no idea where to find Bulma . Nobody he meets has a clue . Goku does not have any money , but manages to win a lot in a street fighting competition . Along the way , Goku is abducted by a couple of thieving rogues , but they are far from a problem for him . Goku finds a policeman to direct him to Bulma 's house which is the Capsule Corp where dyno caps were first invented . 44 `` Goku and Friends and Tons of Danger '' / `` Master Thief , Hasky '' `` Gokū to Nakama to Kiken ga Ippai '' ( 悟空 と 仲間 と 危険 が いっぱい ) Not Credited December 24 , 1986 March 4 , 2002 Bulma is currently out . Bulma shortly returns skipping school hours . Bulma leads Goku and the policeman to the garden where Bulma 's father is . While Bulma fixes the radar , her father fixes the policeman 's motorcycle . Bulma finds Goku has procured two dragon balls . To come with Goku , Bulma demonstrates her Microband invention . Meanwhile the RR Army are plotting against Goku . General Black has hired a master thief , Hasky , to get the balls from him . The thieving rogues team up with her . Goku and Bulma meet up with Yamcha , Puar and Oolong . They all decide to go to the new Dreamland amusement park . Hasky is ready to make her move . 45 `` Watch Out ! A Mid-Air Trap '' / `` Danger in the Air '' `` Ki o Tsukero ! Kūchū no Wana '' ( 気 を つけろ ! 空中 の 罠 ) Tetsuo Imazawa January 7 , 1987 March 5 , 2002 Goku 's group enters the Dreamland amusement park , with Hasky and her two men stalking them . Hasky plans how to steal the Dragon Balls while Goku 's group is having fun . Hasky baits the group into thinking she is a poor but promising fortuneteller . Goku makes it difficult for Hasky but with the Dragon Balls in Yamcha 's possession , Hasky seizes her chance . Hasky 's cover is shortly blown but she swipes the Dragon Balls . Hasky says she has planted a bomb to blow up Dreamland . Yamcha manages to tell Goku . On his Flying Nimbus , Goku chases Hasky 's hover ship . Goku pins down Hasky , disarms the bomb and takes back the Dragon Balls . Bulma dumps Yamcha and she and Goku head off to search for the remaining Dragon Balls . General Blue Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 46 `` Bulma 's Big Failure '' / `` Bulma 's Bad Day '' `` Buruma no Dai - Shippai '' ( ブルマ の 大 失敗 ) Not Credited January 14 , 1987 March 6 , 2002 Goku and Bulma head to an island to look for a dragon ball . The island however is under the control of General Blue of the RR Army . Goku lands on the island and Bulma finds only one dyno cap in her father 's case , and there are several nudie mags . Bulma snatches the lot and gets frustrated and furious that her father is into this , and shreds them up . Goku dives into the ocean but can not dive deep enough to find the dragon ball . Meanwhile a couple of RR pilots are shooting at Bulma . As the pilots harass Bulma , Goku comes and blows them from the sky . Goku decides to go to Master Roshi 's , much to Bulma 's dismay . 47 `` Kame House is Discovered ! ! '' / `` Kame House -- Found ! '' `` Kame Hausu Hakken Saru ! ! '' ( KAME HOUSE 発見 さる ! ! ) Not Credited January 21 , 1987 March 7 , 2002 As General Blue 's men recover the scouts , Goku makes it to Roshi 's island . Roshi offers the submarine ( which Krillin and Launch are using ) in exchange for Bulma 's microband . Meanwhile Commander Red orders General Blue to take action . Roshi attempts to use the microband for some indecent mischief , and Launch and Krillin return . While planning to find the dragon ball , Krillin mentions something about Pirates ' Treasure and Master Roshi tells its tale . After Goku , Bulma and Krillin leave , a RR scout spies the island . 48 `` General Blue Begins Attacking ! ! '' / `` Deep Blue Sea '' `` Burū Shōgun Kōgeki Kaishi ! ! '' ( ブルー 将軍 攻撃 開始 ! ! ) Not Credited January 28 , 1987 March 8 , 2002 Krillin manages to maneuver the air / sub ship to the location where the dragon ball is . General Blue plans to tail Goku , while another squad heads to Roshi 's Island . Despite their searching , Bulma , Krillin and Goku do not find the dragon ball on the ocean bed . Meanwhile , General Blue prepares and launches all his forces . As Krillin drives the sub into a cave , General Blue 's submarines tail and attack them . Krillin makes it to narrower caves , but General Blue sends his mini-subs to pursue them . 49 `` Lunch - san in Danger '' / `` Roshi Surprise '' `` Ayaushi Ranchi - san '' ( 危うし ランチ さん ) Tatsuo Higashino February 4 , 1987 March 11 , 2002 General Blue continues to chase Bulma , Goku and Krillin in their submarine . He resorts to ramming them into the cave walls . Meanwhile , Master Roshi is having a bit of trouble with an aggressive Launch . As Launch turns back into her gentle self , Captain Dock 's flying circus approaches and lands on the island . Roshi mocks the Captain and does a surprise attack on the men , aggressive Launch finishing it off . Goku , Bulma and Krillin narrowly escape Blue 's subs and surface into a long dark tunnel . Goku finds a button and lights up the tunnel . At the sight of a skeleton , Krillin confirms the place is the Pirates ' hideout . Hearing that the legend is true , General Blue has new ideas . 50 `` The Pirates ' Traps '' / `` The Trap is Sprung ! '' `` Kaizoku - tachi no Wana '' ( 海賊 たち の ワナ ) Not Credited February 11 , 1987 March 12 , 2002 General Blue continues to follow Goku , Krillin and Bulma , whilst Commander Red is impatient for results . The trio walk into a spear trap room . Goku and Krillin jump over the floor buttons but Goku has to maneuver Bulma with his power pole . Blue 's soldiers are killed by the trap but General Blue finds a secret passage . As the trio cross a dark passage , they fall down an unstable floor into a lava pit , but Goku vaults them out with his power pole . General Blue gets attacked by an electric eel but manages to kill it . As the trio linger in the Pirates ' port , a deadly robot emerges bent on terminating intruders . 51 `` The Security Guard at the Bottom of the Ocean '' / `` Beware of Robot '' `` Kaitei no Gādoman '' ( 海底 の ガードマン ) Not Credited February 18 , 1987 March 13 , 2002 Goku and Krillin fight the Pirate robot in between evading its heavy machine gun and sword . Krillin manages to disarm the sword from it . General Blue stays in hiding watching the fight . Bulma fires a gun cannon on the robot as it skis across a pool . As Goku fights the robot with his power pole , Bulma rams a truck on it . Next , the robot drags Goku into an underwater battle , Goku narrowly escaping . The robot chases Bulma and Krillin through the hideout where all the pirates are dead . Goku recovers and rescues the other two . Goku performs an aerial attack smashing the robot . As everyone makes their way through the inner halls , the place begins to collapse . Goku takes a different route from the others . Bulma , Krillin and General Blue dive into a well . 52 `` We Did It ! Treasure Discovered '' / `` The Pirate Treasure '' `` Yatta ! Otakara Hakken '' ( やっ た ! お宝 発見 ) Not Credited February 25 , 1987 March 14 , 2002 As the hideout continues to collapse , Goku reaches a dead end and falls down a trapdoor onto a giant octopus . Krillin and Bulma emerge into a room with a booby trapped 10 - armed statue and three chests , and General Blue emerges . Krillin disarms the statue and opens the gold chest while Goku blasts and eats the octopus . Bulma inserts a key in the statue and General Blue shows himself to the two . General Blue mocks Krillin as he fights him . Goku hears the fight and swims to them . General Blue demonstrates that he is very sensitive about his good looks and stuns Krillin , making it easy to beat him . General Blue is n't affected by Bulma 's charms . Goku arrives just before General Blue can kill Krillin . 53 `` The Eyes that Sparkle with Terror '' / `` Blue , Black and Blue '' `` Kyōfu no Hikaru Me '' ( 恐怖 の 光る 眼 ) Not Credited March 4 , 1987 March 15 , 2002 Goku and Blue start fighting and Goku is winning until Blue powers up . Meanwhile , the whole ceiling is collapsing . He is just about to kill Goku when a mouse scares him . Goku gets up and beats Blue . Bulma and Krillin want to get out before the ceiling falls , but Goku wants to find the dragon ball . Once he gets it , he picks the mouse that saved him and runs , but Bulma and Krillin are about to leave . 54 `` Run ! Run ! The Great Escape '' / `` Escape From Pirate Cave '' `` Nigero ya Nigero ! ! Dai - Dasshutsu '' ( 逃げろ や 逃げろ ! ! 大 脱出 ) Not Credited March 11 , 1987 October 21 , 2002 Goku makes it to the getaway submarine in the nick of time , still carrying the mouse in his mouth . As the trio escape , rocks collapse and hit the sub and it soon runs out of fuel . Goku manages to launch the sub to the surface with a Kamehameha Wave . Bulma has managed to take one diamond with her . General Blue also reaches the surface . In the Blue Sector HQ , Goku fiddles with the radio . As the trio make their way to Master Roshi 's , General Blue follows . As Roshi gets the diamond , he is forced to hand it to aggressive Launch who makes off with it . General Blue lands on the island preparing for revenge . 55 `` ' Lo ! Chased to Penguin Village '' / `` Penguin Village '' `` Ncha ! Otte Pengin Mura '' ( ん ちゃ ! 追って ペンギン 村 ) Not Credited March 18 , 1987 October 22 , 2002 General Blue binds the occupants of the Kame house with rope he powered with psychic waves . General Blue then steals the dragon balls and sets a 5 minute bomb . Gentle Launch makes it in time to release Goku and Goku throws out the bomb . Goku then chases General Blue . As Goku and General Blue speed up to max , they both fly across a strange island . A speedy girl with a couple of sprites watch in awe . General Blue causes Goku to fall but crashes his jet into a mountain . 56 `` Woohoo ! Arale Rides the Cloud '' / `` Strange Visitor '' `` Uhohōi ! Arare Kumo ni Noru '' ( う ほほ ー い ! アラレ 雲 に の る ) Yukio Ebisawa March 25 , 1987 October 23 , 2002 The girl introduces herself as Arale and the sprites are Gachem 1 & 2 . Blue flees before Goku can find him . Arale and Gachem 1 & 2 catch up with Goku and are able to ride on the Nimbus with him . Blue meets Sour Man and commandeers his car . Goku meets a lady called Akuma and a policeman called Toro , both incapable of riding the Nimbus . The mention of the RR Army terrifies Toro . Blue meets someone who resembles his little brother and attacks Toro and his partners . As Goku tries to find the General , Arale bumps into Blue , and she and Gachem 1 and 2 try to socialise with him , to Blue 's horror . Goku fails to find Blue and can not get the dragon radar to work . Arale takes Goku to a doctor to get it fixed . 57 `` A Face - off ! Arale vs. Blue '' / `` Arale vs. Blue '' `` Taiketsu ! Arare Tai Burū '' ( 対決 ! アラレ VS ブルー ) Not Credited April 8 , 1987 October 24 , 2002 Senbei attempts to fix the dragon radar while Officer Toro stumbles in the coffee shop . Baby Turbo manages to help Senbei fix the radar . Blue arrives and waits for his chance to steal the plane by the family 's house . Blue tries to avoid detection from Goku 's fixed radar . The police at the station are getting trigger happy . Goku finds Blue by surprise and Blue threatens Arale with a knife in front of the family . Blue stuns Goku and swipes his radar . Before Blue can kill Goku , Arale jumps in and chases him through Penguin village . Meanwhile a small fight occurs between the police and a couple of aliens , mistaken for the Red Ribbon Army . Turbo offers to make a new radar for the one Goku lost . Blue is shown making contact with Red from a desolated area . Commander Red Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 58 `` The Sacred , Yet Ominous Land of Karin '' / `` The Land of Korin '' `` Makyō no Seichi Karin '' ( 魔境 の 聖地 カリン ) Not Credited April 15 , 1987 October 28 , 2002 In the Land of Korin , Captain Yellow finds another dragon ball in a volcano crater . Near a massive tower that reaches the sky , Bora and his son Upa are fishing . As Captain Yellow 's men retrieve the dragon ball , the volcano erupts . Bora gets hold of the dragon ball . As Yellow and his men land , Bora demands they leave . When they see him carrying the dragon ball they attack him but Bora resists . Bora kills a grenadier who comes from behind him and beats down Yellow 's men . Yellow kidnaps Upa to blackmail Bora . Goku arrives in time to defeat Yellow and save Upa ( who is able to ride the Nimbus ) . The dragon ball Bora has is the very one Goku was looking for . Meanwhile , the guards of the RR base hardly recognize General Blue on his arrival . Commander Red has summoned the infamous Mercenary Tao . 59 `` It 's Him ! The World 's Greatest Assassin , Taopaipai '' / `` The Notorious Mercenary '' `` Kita ! Sekaiichi no Koroshiya Taopaipai '' ( きた ! 世界 一 の 殺し 屋 `` 桃 白白 '' ) Not Credited April 22 , 1987 October 29 , 2002 General Blue enters the RR base and meets with Commander Red . Despite procuring the dragon radar , Red is displeased with Blue and offers him a second chance if he can defeat Mercenary Tao , which he fails and Mercenary Tao easily kills him . Meanwhile , Bora tells Goku the legend of the Korin Tower . After being briefed on his target , Tao travels on a flying pillar to Korin 's Land . As Goku , Bora and Upa are enjoying themselves , Tao storms in and Bora fights him . Bora is killed by Tao , leaving Upa in grief and Goku in anger . 60 `` A Battle ! ! The Kamehameha vs. the Dodonpa '' / `` Tao Attacks ! '' `` Shōbu ! ! Kamehameha Tai Dodonpa '' ( 勝負 ! ! カメハメ 波 VS どど ん 波 ) Not Credited April 29 , 1987 October 30 , 2002 Goku fights Tao , taking a severe beating from Tao . A Kamehameha Wave has no effect on Tao , but it sears his outfit . Angered , Tao fires a lethal beam ( Dodon Ray ) on Goku . Tao takes the dragon balls and taunts Upa before making his leave . Tao heads to a town to get a new outfit , while Red tells him that he is one dragon ball short . Upa has buried his father and is about to bury Goku when an RR pilot lands . As the pilot tries to take the dragon ball Goku kept , Goku beats him and blasts his jet . Apparently Goku 's grandfather 's dragon ball blocked the Dodon Wave . Goku begins to climb the Korin Tower , while Tao waits for his outfit to be tailored to Red 's frustration . 61 `` Karin - sama of Karin Tower '' / `` Korin Tower '' `` Karin - Tō no Karin - sama '' ( カリン 塔 の カリン 様 ) Not Credited May 6 , 1987 November 4 , 2002 Goku eventually reaches the summit of Korin 's tower . Goku is then met with Korin , who is not about to hand the sacred water to Goku . An assassin fails to kill Mercenary Tao as he heads to his usual luxurious hotel to take a boiling hot bath . Korin seems to be deceitful not letting Goku take the bottle of sacred water . After a long hard attempt trying to get the sacred water , Korin reveals that Master Roshi was the first to climb the tower and it took him three years to get the water . 62 `` What Will the Effect of the Super Spirit Water Be ! ? '' / `` Sacred Water '' `` Hatashite ! ? Chōseisui no Kikime '' ( 果して ! ? 超 聖水 の き きめ ) Not Credited May 13 , 1987 November 5 , 2002 Goku attempts to snatch the sacred water from Korin with his `` After Image '' technique which is no surprise to Korin . The next day Korin gives Goku a Sensu Bean to last Goku 's appetite and energy for 10 days . Korin throws Goku 's dragon ball out of the tower forcing Goku to run down and up the tower again . Goku attempts to take the sacred water while Korin sleeps , but thinks better of it . Goku tries long and hard for the next two days to get the sacred water . Mercenary Tao realises how he was n't able to kill Goku . Goku attempts to read Korin by mimicking his every move . The very next day , Goku finally manages to get the sacred water . To his disappointment it does n't strengthen him , but all that exercise did him good . Tao kills the tailor who made his outfit before leaving . 63 `` Son Goku 's Revenge '' / `` The Return of Goku '' `` Son Gokū no Gyakushū '' ( 孫悟空 の 逆襲 ) Yukio Ebisawa May 20 , 1987 November 6 , 2002 Tao arrives and bullies Upa . Goku arrives to save him and rounds on Tao . After some small talk , Goku demonstrates his speed and strength on Tao . Tao also happens to know the legend of Korin 's tower and the sacred water . Goku blocks most attacks from Tao to Upa 's surprise . Meanwhile , Bulma is working on a new scout plane to assist Goku . Goku beats Tao a lot . Tao 's Dodon Ray only singes Goku 's hands . Tao resorts to wielding a sword on Goku , but Upa fetches Goku his power pole and Goku breaks Tao 's sword . Tao kicks a stone , missing Upa and destroying the teepee . Tao decides to climb the tower to get the sacred water . 64 `` The End of Taopaipai '' / `` The Last of Mercenary Tao '' `` Saigo no Taopaipai '' ( 最後 の 桃 白白 ) Not Credited May 27 , 1987 November 7 , 2002 While Mercenary Tao tires himself climbing the tower , Goku enjoys his moments with Upa who is amazed at Goku 's confidence . Meanwhile , Bulma 's dragon radar is malfunctioning due to some radar jamming situation which is also affecting Commander Red . Tao reaches the tower summit and meets Korin . Arrogant Tao drinks the sacred water and Korin tricks him into thinking his strength is boosted . In addition , Korin gives Tao a dark cloud to ride . Korin then causes Tao to plummet to the ground . Tao beats Goku , but Goku was just taking blows to read his moves . Tao acts as if to surrender and throws a napalm grenade at Goku , but Goku kicks it back . The bomb explodes right in front of Tao , killing him . Meanwhile , Bulma has finished engineering her radar against the radar jammer , which also boosts Goku 's . Goku is off to defeat the RR at their HQ . 65 `` Go , Goku ! Commence Assault '' / `` Confront the Red Ribbon Army '' `` Yuke Gokū ! Totsugeki Kaishi '' ( ゆけ 悟空 ! 突撃 開始 ) Not Credited June 10 , 1987 November 8 , 2002 Commander Red receives word that Colonel Violet has tracked another dragon ball . Her divers successfully procure the ball . As they are attacked by a giant alligator and savages , Violet selfishly leaves her men to die , giving her the chance to escape with the ball . Violet hands the ball to Commander Red , receiving a pint - sized reward . Bulma has completed her spy camera to find Goku and launches it . As Goku makes his way to the RR HQ , Commander Red is convinced it is Mercenary Tao . Bulma 's spy camera is destroyed when it hovers above the RR base . Bulma , Launch and Roshi realise Goku is making a direct attack on the RR base . Yamcha , Oolong and Puar receive the news and take off with the others to follow Goku . 66 `` The Red Ribbon Army Desperately Fights Back '' / `` A Real Bind '' `` Reddo Ribon Gun Hisshi no Kōbō '' ( レッド リボン 軍 必死 の 攻防 ) Not Credited June 17 , 1987 November 11 , 2002 While Yamcha and the others are flying after Goku , they decide to find Krillin . They find Krillin swimming but he flees before he realises they are here to pick him up . Goku beats a scout out of the sky and his cover is blown . Goku gets past the defenses and penetrates the base perimeter . All at once , he has the entire army on top of him . Yamcha flies the plane into the RR sector barely escaping a heat seeker missile . Colonel Violet is grabbing every scrap of money she can get . Goku infiltrates Red 's command building as Commander Red retreats to his office with General Black . 67 `` Commander Red Perishes ! ! '' / `` The End of Commander Red '' `` Reddo Sōsui Shisu ! ! '' ( レッド 総帥 死す ! ! ) Not Credited June 24 , 1987 November 12 , 2002 The warfare against Goku continues for the RR Army . Then , the soldiers flee in terror except for Colonel Violet who is heading for Red 's treasure vault . Violet swipes all the money and valuables and makes her leave . Red gets frustrated and angry and leaves Black to face Goku as he retreats to his penthouse . As Goku beats Black , Red activates the ceiling to crush Goku . Having been betrayed and risking his life , Black kills Red . Goku emerges from the wreckage and Black tries to talk his way out , but Goku wo n't fall for his lies . As a last resort Black uses a mech robot machine to take out Goku . Meanwhile , Yamcha and Violet are both trying to evade each other . General Black beats Goku plenty and is preparing to fire a lethal weapon on him . Fortuneteller Baba Saga ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 68 `` The Last Dragon Ball '' / `` The Last Dragon Ball '' `` Saigo no Doragon Bōru '' ( 最後 の ドラゴンボール ) Not Credited July 1 , 1987 November 13 , 2002 As Yamcha nears the RR base , Goku evades Black 's laser cannon . Black uses all he has got against him , and Goku destroys the robot mech suit along with Black . Goku now has six Dragon Balls but can not track the last one . By the time Yamcha and the others arrive , the war is over and Goku reunites with the lot . Goku 's success in crippling the RR Army amazes everyone . Puar scouts around the RR base with her ability to fly , but she finds no one . Even Goku 's climbing Korin 's Tower surprises Roshi . Bulma promises to fix the Dragon Radar and Goku promises to have Bora resurrected . 69 `` The Possibly Cute Fortuneteller Baba '' / `` Who is Fortuneteller Baba ? '' `` Kyūto na ! ? Uranai Baba '' ( キュート な ! ? 占い ババ ) Not Credited July 8 , 1987 November 14 , 2002 Bulma finds there is nothing wrong with the dragon radar and thinks something organic may have swallowed the ball that puts the ball off detection . Roshi suggests Goku visits Fortuneteller Baba to find the last Dragon Ball with her clairvoyance . Goku takes off with Yamcha , Puar and Krillin . They stop at a town and Goku needs to get a new suit of clothes . While a new martial suit is being made , Goku takes Upa on the adventure with him . After changing into his new clothes , Goku and his friends head off to Fortuneteller Baba 's palace , passing desert tornadoes and storms . They are greeted by Fortuneteller Baba 's assistant Ghost at the palace . A group of mean - looking visitors enter the palace and leave in a devastated state . Goku and the others enter and meet Fortuneteller Baba herself who is not what they expected . Baba is asking a huge price for a single fortune and Goku 's only alternative is to battle five warriors of Baba 's . 70 `` Attack ! We Five Fighters '' / `` We are the Five Warriors '' `` Totsugeki ! Warera Gonin no Senshi '' ( 突撃 ! われ ら 5 人 の 戦士 ) Haruki Iwanami July 15 , 1987 November 15 , 2002 Yamcha , Krillin and Goku feel up to fighting while Upa and Puar choose to stay back . Krillin starts against Fangs the Vampire . Krillin misses every time , and is beaten when Fangs sinks his fangs into Krillin 's scalp and suck almost all of his blood . Krillin loses a lot of blood and Fangs pushes him into the lake with a knee kick . Ghost attends to Krillin 's blood loss . Unsuspecting Upa and Puar volunteer to be the next to fight Fangs together , which Fangs agrees to . Scared but determined , Upa breathes crunched up garlic in Fangs ' face . Fangs then rounds on Puar , but she turns into porcupine that impales Fangs ' jaws . Upa then used his resemblance to form the cross of Jesus Christ which scares Fangs , and he transformed into a bat to retreat . Puar then turns into a giant hand and slaps Fangs into the lake . Yamcha chooses to fight next . Baba tells Yamcha he is fighting an invisible warrior . While Yamcha 's attempts are unsuccessful , Krillin sends Goku to fetch Bulma and Roshi . Yamcha tries hearing the invisible man out . 71 `` A Bloody and Desperate Battle ! '' / `` Deadly Battle '' `` Kesshi no Dairyūkessen '' ( 決死 の 大 流血 戦 ) Not Credited July 22 , 1987 November 18 , 2002 Goku locates Roshi and Bulma in their capsule ship . Goku collects Roshi and Bulma in a careless manner then makes the ship swerve down and aggressive Launch takes control in the nick of time . Yamcha 's hearing the invisible man works out at first until Baba starts singing awfully . Yamcha takes repetitive blows . Krillin diverts the invisible man with applause giving Yamcha the chance to fight back , but the invisible man becomes silent and starts devastating Yamcha . Goku arrives with Roshi and Bulma . With a thrust of Bulma 's breasts , Krillin causes Roshi to have a violent nosebleed right on the invisible man , exposing him to Yamcha . Yamcha beats the invisible man with a Wolf Fang Fist , making him surrender . Roshi reveals that Baba is his sister . For the next fight , Baba leads the whole lot into her creepy tower . Yamcha is to fight in a realm called `` The Devil 's Toilet '' . Baba takes Goku to her home room , serving him a meal while testing his reflexes . Baba has creepy ideas in store for Goku and his friends . 72 `` Meet Son Goku ! The Demons ' Toilet '' / `` Goku 's Turn '' `` Son Gokū Kenzan ! Akuma no Benjo '' ( 孫悟空 見参 ! 悪魔 の 便所 ) Not Credited July 29 , 1987 November 19 , 2002 Baba summons a coffin . Out comes Yamcha 's opponent , a mummified warrior . The mummy is a lot faster and stronger than he looks and Yamcha nearly falls in the Devil 's Toilet . The mummy beats Yamcha despite his attempt to retaliate a surprise attack as the gang watched in horror , threatening to crush him by breaking his limbs if he refuse to surrender . Unable to watch his master being tortured in the fight , Puar has finally had enough . He cuts in and transformed into a woodpecker to peck the mummy , forcing him to release Yamcha , but it makes matters worse ; the mummy knocked down Puar to the ground with Yamcha and he was seemingly dead ( he was only knocked out and not dead ) . Furiously pained by the loss of his shape shifting friend , Yamcha tries his last effort to defeat the mummy , but was too weaken from the beating . The mummy then grabs Yamcha and forces him to give up or fall into the Devil 's Toilet . When Yamcha refuses , he drops him into the green lava of the Devil 's Toilet . Goku saves Yamcha with his Power Pole thus Baba decides he 's already lost , and while Yamcha and Puar recovered to watch with the others , he enters the next fight . 73 `` What is the Deadly Devil Might Beam ! ? '' / `` The Devilmite Beam '' `` Hissatsu Akumaitokōsen to wa ! ? '' ( 必殺 アクマイト 光線 と は ! ? ) Not Credited August 5 , 1987 November 20 , 2002 The mummy feels a bit hesitant to fight Goku . Goku whets the mummy 's appetite and counter-strikes . The mummy binds Goku with his own bandages . After a long struggle , Goku jumps down just beyond the deadly toilet water and breaks free . Goku defeats the mummy with a single punch . Goku 's next opponent is a demon called Spike . The demon seems easy to beat and he nearly falls in the toilet . Spike prepares to use his Devilmite beam to finish Goku . 74 `` The Mysterious Fifth Man '' / `` The Mysterious Fifth Man '' `` Nazo no Goninme no Otoko '' ( なぞ の 五 人目 の 男 ) Haruki Iwanami August 12 , 1987 November 21 , 2002 Master Roshi briefs the others on the story of Spike . Spike fires his Devilmite beam on Goku . Goku resists the beam entirely . Spike fires a stronger Devilmite beam . Goku resists that one entirely as well . Spike then flails a trident at Goku . A mysterious man wearing a cat mask and a halo on his head has been watching Goku closely . Goku almost falls in the Devil 's Toilet but climbs on the other side of the bridge and surprises Spike . Goku finishes Spike with a mighty kick . The final fighter requests Baba that he and Goku fight outside . Roshi senses some familiarity about the fifth fighter . The fight begins . 75 `` A Clash ! ! Powerful Adversaries '' / `` The Strong Ones '' `` Gekitotsu ! ! Kyōteki Dōshi '' ( 激突 ! ! 強敵 同志 ) Not Credited August 19 , 1987 November 22 , 2002 The final fight begins with a struggle . Both opponents are evenly matched . The masked man launches Goku in the air and sends him crashing through the stage , but Goku attacks back . The masked man launches a Kamehameha Wave , which Goku avoids . Goku does his own Kamehameha Wave on the masked man , causing him to fell on the ground and lands a knee blow on him . Goku believes he has won , but it was not over . The masked man grabs Goku 's tail , disabling him through his weakness from fighting and starts slamming him . The masked man is becoming more familiar to Roshi all the time and he has a good idea who is under the mask . Roshi reveals to the gang that the man is none other than Goku 's deceased grandfather , Gohan . 76 `` The Identity of the Masked Man '' / `` True Colors of the Masked Man '' `` Kamen Otoko no Shōtai ha ! ? '' ( 仮面 男 の 正体 は ! ? ) Not Credited August 26 , 1987 November 25 , 2002 Gohan repeatedly slams Goku against the floor . Meanwhile , Emperor Pilaf is trying out his new power suit and Shu and Mai spy from a satellite on Goku . It turns out Pilaf has the final Dragon Ball and has jammed the Dragon Radar . After they soon discovered Goku 's weak point is his tail , Pilaf , Shu and Mai sets off to Fortuneteller Baba 's palace to squeeze Goku 's tail for defeat and steal his last six Dragon Balls . Back at Fortuneteller Baba 's palace , as Goku is still refusing to give up through the weakness of his tail , Gohan is about to slam Goku one more time to kill his own grandson much to the horror of Goku 's friends . However , Goku 's tail eventually rips off , just in the nick of time to avoid the final blow . Completely free from his weak point , but enraged at Gohan for pulling off his tail , Goku is about fight back . But Gohan surrenders and reveals his face to Goku . Bulma retells her adventures with Goku . Gohan chooses to stay dead and vanishes after a farewell . Baba reveals the exact location of the last Dragon Ball . 77 `` Pilaf 's Great Strategy '' / `` Pilaf 's Tactics '' `` Pirafu no Daisakusen '' ( ピラフ の 大 作戦 ) Not Credited September 2 , 1987 November 26 , 2002 Goku flies his Nimbus after Pilaf 's car to get the last Dragon Ball . Emperor Pilaf is heading to Baba 's place in the hope of procuring the other dragon balls , thinking that Goku still has a weakness . Goku stops the car and recognises his previous enemies . Pilaf challenges Goku to a battle , with his dragon ball against all six in Goku 's possession . Pilaf , Shu and Mai get in their powersuits . The machines are unaffected by Goku 's first attacks . The machines corner Goku and Shu burns his clothes off . To Pilaf 's horror he finds Goku has no tail . Pilaf , Mai and Shu combine their powersuits into a titanic machine . Using a Kamehameha Wave , Goku blasts the side of Mai 's powersuit . Mai ditches her broken powersuit and rides Pilaf 's and Shu 's combined powersuits as the trio flees . Shu fires a missile , but Goku throws it right back , trashing the powersuits . Pilaf gives Goku the dragon ball and Shu gives him his clothes . 78 `` Shen Long , Again '' / `` The Eternal Dragon Rises '' `` Shenron Futatabi '' ( 神龍 ふたたび ) Minoru Okazaki Not Credited September 9 , 1987 November 27 , 2002 Goku flies back to Baba 's place and takes Upa with all the dragon balls to the Land of Korin . Yamcha wants to train with Roshi who does n't feel up to it but Bulma changes his mind . Goku and Upa have fun on their journey . Goku summons the eternal dragon and with a pluck of his courage , Upa wishes his father be resurrected . The dragon grants the wish and Bora rises from his grave . Upa delightfully embraces his father and the dragon vanishes into the seven balls . Before they can scatter , Goku grabs the four - star ball , which is already turning into stone . Goku bids Bora and Upa farewell and heads back to Baba 's place . Roshi says that he has nothing more to teach Goku . Master Roshi tells Goku that he will get more training by walking instead of riding on the Nimbus Cloud , so Goku starts his journey across the globe , while Yamcha and Krillin head off to Master Roshi 's for another round of training . 79 `` Kinkaku and Ginkaku 's Man - Eating Gourd '' / `` Terror and Plague '' `` Kinkaku Ginkaku no Hito Kui Hyōtan '' ( 金 角 銀 角 の 人 食い ひょうたん ) Not Credited September 16 , 1987 November 28 , 2002 Goku is traveling when he sees a girl about to be eaten by a tiger - monster . He saves her and she asks him to help her village which is being terrorized by two men called Terror and Plague . When they reach the village , they see that there is a call going on in which when a person 's name is called , and if they do n't reply `` here '' , they will be sent inside the gourd ( a bottle used by Terror and Plague to trap people and dissolve them into a drinkable potion ) . Goku shows , challenges and beats them , but they use the gourd and trap him . Goku uses his power pole to prevent himself from completely falling into the bottle . One of the thugs decides to drink the new potion thinking Goku has been dissolved . Once Goku is freed , he surprises Terror and Plague and traps them into the gourd . Terror and Plague beg for mercy and as punishment for their tyranny they are put to work . 80 `` Imperial Match ! Goku vs. Ten Long '' / `` Goku vs. Sky Dragon '' `` Iza Gozen Shiai ! Gokū Tai Tenron '' ( いざ 御前 試合 ! 悟空 VS 天龍 ) Not Credited September 23 , 1987 November 29 , 2002 Goku makes an enduring journey to challenge Master Chin . Chin is busy fending off Rising Dragon and his two men . Before Rising Dragon can begin a fight , his brother Sky Dragon stops him . Chin agrees to work out with Goku , his son Shoken getting worried . Goku finds Chin has been in weak health lately and learns from him about the King 's Tournament . Goku manages to get medicine for Chin , managing to avoid conflict with the Dragon brothers . Sky Dragon spends his time terrifying his students . Goku volunteers to take Chin 's place in the King 's Tournament . Jealous Shoken spikes Goku 's breakfast . At the tournament Goku is battling Sky Dragon as the laxative kicks in , but he resists the effect and beats Sky Dragon . The Dragon brothers and students join Chin for his teachings and Goku resumes his journey . 81 `` Goku Goes to the Demon World '' / `` Goku Goes to Demon Land '' `` Gokū Makai e Iku '' ( 悟空 魔界 へ 行く ) Not Credited September 30 , 1987 December 2 , 2002 In a castle , Princess Misa is taken by a demon . Goku reaches the village avoiding the traps . In the castle , the king has doubts Goku will succeed but recruits him to face the demon Shula , after seeing his fighting skills . At that moment , the demons are rampaging the village . The king escorts Goku to the portal the next day , and Goku can not pull Shula 's sword from the door . At the Kame House , Launch is getting agitated with Roshi , while Yamcha and Krillin are hard at training . Goku meets the guards Gola and Maylay , who advise caution fighting Shula , who intends to marry Princess Misa . Goku defeats the first demon and shocks everyone with his intention to fight Shula . Goku beats Shula and escapes with Misa , Maylay and Gola helping . Goku pulls out Shula 's sword and seals the portal . 82 `` The Ferocious Beast , Inoshi Kacho '' / `` The Rampage of InoShikaCho '' `` Abare Kaijū InoShikaChō '' ( あばれ 怪獣 イノシカ チョウ ) Not Credited October 7 , 1987 December 3 , 2002 Goku finds some people running away from their village . They say that a monster named InoShikaCho is terrorizing their village . Goku goes to the village and finds two men , one of whom has a third eye , who defeated Inoshikacho . The villagers pay them 100,000 zeni for their services . Later , Goku finds them in the woods with InoShikaCho around a campfire . Goku realizes that they only pretended to kill the monster to get money . The three - eyed stranger fights Goku . He chops down a tree , which falls on Goku . A girl wakes him up , saying that she found him unconscious in the woods . Goku goes to the next village and finds the two strangers pulling the same trick . Goku says that they 're friends with InoShikaCho , but they trick the villagers into believing Goku is friends with them . Goku picks up InoShikaCho and runs off , but the villagers catch him . The girl who saved him appears and clears Goku 's name . 83 `` Hurry to the Tenkaichi Martial Arts Tournament , Goku ! '' / `` Which Way to Papaya Island ? '' `` Isoge Gokū ! Tenka - ichi Budōkai '' ( いそげ 悟空 ! 天下 一 武道 会 ) Not Credited October 14 , 1987 December 4 , 2002 Three years have passed , and it is the day before the World Martial Arts Tournament . Goku sees three guys beating someone up , so he steps in and fights . They run away , and the guy he saved , Konkichi , is very thankful . Konkichi takes Goku to the airport so he can fly to Papaya Island , the site of the tournament . Goku has no money , so they go to a carnival to win some . Goku wins enough money for the tickets , so they head back to the airport . Goku sees Fortuneteller Baba , so he stops to talk . Konkichi runs off , but is caught by the same guys as before . They force him to rob a bank , but he gets caught . Konkichi admits to Goku that he was a criminal , but he wants to change . Baba tells Goku where the three men are , so he takes off after them . He catches them and brings them to jail . Unfortunately , he missed his flight , so he decides to swim to Papaya Island . Tien Shinhan Saga ( 1987 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 84 `` Aim to Be the World 's Best Martial Artist ! ! '' / `` Rivals and Arrivals '' `` Mezase Budō Tenka - ichi ! ! '' ( めざせ 武道 天下 一 ! ! ) Not Credited October 21 , 1987 December 5 , 2002 Krillin , Yamcha and the others arrive at Papaya Island and check - in . While they wait for Goku to arrive -- who is having troubles of his own , even if they are minor ( for his standards ) -- the Crane Hermit and his two students , the same two who were swindling villages with Inoshikacho , turn up . Once they check - in , Master Roshi says that he and Master Shen , the Crane Hermit , used to be friends . Just as the registration period is about to end , Goku shows up . He and the others go out for a meal , and Master Roshi promises the restaurant owner he will pay him with the prize money from the tournament . That night , Krillin and Yamcha go out for a run and come across many of the other contestants training . The next morning , Goku , Krillin and Yamcha head towards the preliminary round arena . Master Roshi disappears , and Jackie Chun arrives . 85 `` Devoted to Victory ! ! Qualifier Survival '' / `` Preliminary Peril '' `` Kachinokoru zo ! ! Yosen Sabaibaru '' ( 勝ち のこる ぞ っ ! ! 予選 サバイバル ) Satoru Kusuda October 28 , 1987 December 6 , 2002 Goku , Krillin , Yamcha and Jackie Chun all get drawn into separate eighths of the bracket , so they wo n't meet each other until the finals . Yamcha easily defeats his first opponent . Krillin pretends to struggle with his opponent , but is easily victorious . Master Shen 's two students , Tien Shinhan , who has three eyes , and Chiaotzu , approach Yamcha , Krillin and Goku to tell them how weak they are . Chiaotzu also calls Krillin a `` midget '' . With tensions running high , Yamcha and Tien square off to fight , but Jackie Chun steps in and reminds them that fighting now would disqualify them . Later , Tien quickly wins his first match . The time has come for Goku 's match , but unfortunately he is up against King Choppa . The last time King Choppa entered the tournament , he won without even getting hit . 86 `` It 's Decided ! ! Eight Brave Men '' / `` Then There Were Eight '' `` Kettei ! ! Hachinin no Yūshatachi '' ( 決定 ! ! 8 人 の 勇者 たち ) Not Credited November 4 , 1987 December 9 , 2002 From the start , it is clear that Goku is much faster and stronger than King Choppa . He jumps in the air , and on his way down , he blows at the ground to slow himself down and throw off King Choppa 's timing . He then delivers the final blow . Jackie Chun then enters his fight , and although he is completely distracted with thoughts of Goku 's new strength , he defeats his opponent in three blows . The preliminary rounds continue until the first intermission . During the meal , Yamcha and Tien nearly get in a fight , but once again , Jackie Chun stops them . Nam comes up to Goku to greet him . He is fighting in the tournament again , but this time it is only for fun , since his village is in no need of water anymore . Later , in the last match before the finals , Nam is nearly killed by Tien . Goku , Krillin , Yamcha and Jackie Chun all advance to the final round . 87 `` Showdown ! ! Yamcha vs. Tenshinhan '' / `` Yamcha vs. Tien '' `` Taiketsu ! ! Yamucha Tai Tenshinhan '' ( 対決 ! ! ヤムチャ VS 天津飯 ) Not Credited November 11 , 1987 December 10 , 2002 The finalists prepare to draw their numbers for the championship round . Chiaotzu uses his powers to rig the seeding . The first match is Yamcha against Tien , the second match is Jackie Chun against Man Wolf , the third is Krillin against Chiaotzu , and the fourth is Goku against Pomput . After a quick meal for Goku , the finals begin . Yamcha and Tien start fighting , and the two of them seem evenly matched . They each are surprised with the other 's strength . During a lull in the action , Yamcha says that he is going to use his new technique : Wolf Fang Blowing Wind . 88 `` Onwards , Yamcha ! The Incredible Tenshinhan '' / `` Yamcha 's Big Break '' `` Yuke Yamucha ! Osoru Beshi Tenshinhan '' ( ゆけ ヤムチャ ! 恐る べし 天津飯 ) Not Credited November 18 , 1987 December 11 , 2002 Yamcha uses his Wolf Fang Blowing Wind technique , but it has no effect . He lands dozens of punches on Tien , but they too , do n't seem to work . To everyone 's surprise , Yamcha fires a Kamehameha Wave , but Tien deflects it back at him . Yamcha jumps up to avoid it , but Tien is there and kicks him to the ground . Tien comes down hard on Yamcha 's leg , breaking it . Once Tien is declared the winner , Puar rushes in and transforms into a flying carpet to transport Yamcha to the hospital . Everyone heads back to the hotel to await tomorrow 's match : Jackie Chun vs. Man Wolf . 89 `` Scary ! ! The Full Moon 's Grudge '' / `` Full - Moon Vengeance '' `` Kyōfu ! ! Mangetsu no Urami '' ( 恐怖 ! ! 満月 の 恨み ) Not Credited November 25 , 1987 December 12 , 2002 Man Wolf has been waiting three years for the opportunity to fight Jackie Chun . He is angry with Jackie because he destroyed the moon , preventing him from changing back into a human . Man Wolf tries to hit Jackie as hard as he can , but Jackie dodges with no effort . Man Wolf pulls a knife on Jackie Chun , thereby disqualifying himself , but Jackie easily stops Man Wolf from hurting him . He paralyzes Man Wolf with a special technique , then brings Krillin out into the ring . He hypnotizes Man Wolf into thinking that Krillin 's bald , shiny head is the moon . Man Wolf changes back into a human . He thanks Jackie Chun and leaves the tournament . 90 `` Nanana ! ! What , a Dodon Wave ? '' / `` The Dodon Wave '' `` Nanana ! ! Nanto Dodonpa '' ( な な なっ ! ! なんと どど ん 波 ) Not Credited December 2 , 1987 December 13 , 2002 Krillin and Chiaotzu begin to fight . Chiaotzu reveals that he has the ability to fly . Before Krillin can lay a hand on him , he floats up above the ring . He starts firing Dodon rays at Krillin , who is forced to run wildly around the ring to avoid them . Goku realizes that the Dodon ray is the same technique that was used by Mercenary Tao . Tien overhears Goku talking about the Dodon ray , so Goku tells him that Tao used it right before he killed him . Tien is shocked to hear this because Tao was one of the strongest men he ever knew . Jackie Chun tells Goku that Tao was Master Shen 's brother . Tien tells Shen about Tao , causing Shen to become even angrier at Master Roshi 's students . Meanwhile , Krillin tries to knock Chiaotzu out of the air , but fails . He decides to try the Kamehameha wave , even though he 's never used it . Jackie Chun tries to tell Krillin that he 's not ready to use it yet . 91 `` A Sudden Reversal ! ! Kuririn 's Great Strategy '' / `` Counting Controversy ! ! '' `` Gyakuten ! ! Kuririn no Paaden ne Daisakusen '' ( 逆転 ! ! クリリン の 8 で ん ネ 大 作戦 ) Not Credited December 9 , 1987 December 16 , 2002 Chiaotzu fires his Dodon ray at Krillin , and it seems to destroy him . Suddenly , Krillin appears in the air behind Chiaotzu and fires a Kamehameha wave at him . Chiaotzu is only barely able to float above the ring now , so he tries another special attack . He jumps head - first towards Krillin in an attempt to push him out of the ring , but Krillin pushes him back . Chiaotzu then uses his special powers to paralyze Krillin . As Krillin is getting beaten up , he realizes Chiaotzu needs his hands to use his powers , so he gives him a math problem . Chiaotzu begins counting on his fingers , allowing Krillin to punch him out of the ring . Later that night , someone sneaks into Goku 's room and tries to kill him . Goku wakes up , so the man flees . Goku and Krillin catch up to him and find that it was the Crane Hermit trying to avenge the death of Tao . They square off to fight , but Tien suddenly shows up and stops them . He says that Goku must be punished and humiliated in the ring , not in the street at night . 92 `` Hang on ! Son Goku is here ! ! '' / `` Goku Enters the Ring '' `` Omatase ! Son Gokū Sanjō ! ! '' ( お またせ ー っ ! 孫悟空 参上 ! ! ) Not Credited December 16 , 1987 December 17 , 2002 Goku and Master Roshi have a sparring session before the fourth match . Pomput 's manager sees how strong Goku is and realizes Pomput ca n't beat him . Goku goes for a quick run and Pomput 's manager follows in his car . He catches Goku and tells him that the fight has been moved . He offers to take Goku to the new arena . Launch , who is getting some ice cream , witnesses Goku getting in the car , so she chases after them . When she catches up to him , she easily defeats the manager 's bodyguards . Goku runs back to the arena just in time for his fight . Pomput is a movie star and has never lost a fight , so he is very confident he can win . Once the fight starts , he tries to punch Goku , but Goku dodges it and gives Pomput three quick elbows to the gut , knocking him out . 93 `` Evenly Matched ! ! Tenshinhan vs. Jackie '' / `` Tien Shinhan vs. Jackie Chun '' `` Jitsuryoku Hakuchū ! ! Tenshinhan Tai Jakkii '' ( 実力 伯仲 ! ! 天津飯 VS ジャッキー ) Not Credited December 23 , 1987 December 18 , 2002 Everyone waits for the first semifinal to start . Finally , Jackie Chun and Tien Shinhan begin their match . Tien attacks first , and Jackie Chun grabs him and throws him out of the ring . Tien reveals that he too , has the ability to fly , and floats back into the ring . Jackie Chun tries the mirror - image technique . He creates eight images of himself that rapidly rotate around Tien . They close in and attack from all sides . Tien uses his three eyes to figure out which is the real Jackie Chun , and give that one a harsh kick to the face . Jackie discards his shirt and powers up . The two of them begin attacking wildly . After a while , they fall apart from each other , badly beaten . 94 `` Gegege ! ! The New Crane Hermit School Technique : Taiyōken '' / `` Stepping Down '' `` Gegege ! ! Shintsurusenryū Taiyōken '' ( ゲゲゲッ ! ! 新鶴 仙 流 太陽 拳 ) Not Credited December 30 , 1987 December 19 , 2002 Tien and Jackie Chun continue fighting . Tien kicks Jackie in the face , causing him to fly to the edge of the ring . Tien tries to push him out , but Jackie manages to get away and get back to the center of the ring . Tien decides to use his Solar Flare technique , which blinds everyone in the stadium , including Jackie . He delivers a powerful blow , nearly knocking Jackie out . The announcer begins to count , but before he reaches 10 , Jackie gets up . Jackie then begins preaching to Tien , telling him the error of his ways . Tien ignores him and begins a furious attack . As Jackie continues preaching , Master Shen suddenly realizes Jackie Chun is really Master Roshi in disguise . He telepathically communicates this to Tien , who then fires a Kamehameha wave . Jackie Chun is able to deflect it upwards , and with some last words of wisdom , he inexplicably walks out of the ring . 95 `` Fight ! ! Goku vs. Kuririn '' / `` Goku vs. Krillin '' `` Faito ! ! Gokū Tai Kuririn '' ( ファイト ! ! 悟空 VS クリリン ) Not Credited January 6 , 1988 December 20 , 2002 Goku and Krillin start their semifinal match . After several minutes of fighting , they seem evenly matched . Goku jumps high in the air , and Krillin follows him . The sun reflects off of Krillin 's bald head and blinds Goku , allowing Krillin to kick him to the ground . Goku somehow lands on his feet and attacks Krillin as he falls . Krillin sucks in some air , causing him to float , thus throwing off Goku 's timing . Meanwhile , Tien confronts Master Roshi to ask him why he quit the match . Master Roshi tells Tien that he is not a killer , even though he acts like it . He says that Tien has a conscience , and this will make him into a hero . Tien tries to ignore Roshi 's teachings , and promises to kill Goku to prove him wrong . 96 `` Really , Goku ? ! Kuririn 's Great Strategy '' / `` Tail 's Tale '' `` Masa ka Gokū ! ? Kuririn no Daisakusen '' ( まさか 悟空 ! ? クリリン の 大 作戦 ) Not Credited January 13 , 1988 December 23 , 2002 Goku and Krillin continue their fight . Goku runs toward Krillin , creating a Kamehameha wave as he goes . He jumps in the air and uses the wave to blast himself into Krillin . The announcer begins the count , but Krillin gets up , so they continue fighting . Goku gets several powerful hits in on Krillin , who realizes he only has one chance to win . He fires a Kamehameha wave at Goku , who easily blocks it . Suddenly , Krillin appears behind Goku and grabs his tail . Goku passes out and the announcer begins counting . Before he reaches 10 , Goku gets up and slams Krillin to the ground , saying that during the last three years , he worked with his tail until the weakness was gone . Krillin fools Goku and gets in a cheap shot , causing the two of them to launch into another furious bout . After Krillin hits him again , Goku disappears . He is moving so fast that no one can see him . He suddenly appears next to Krillin and kicks him out of the ring . 97 `` The Finals ! ! The World 's Greatest Martial Artist is ... ? ! '' / `` Final Match : Goku vs. Tien '' `` Kesshō ! ! Hatashite Budō Tenka - ichi wa ! ? '' ( 決勝 ! ! はたして 武道 天下 一 は ! ? ) Not Credited January 20 , 1988 December 25 , 2002 Yamcha sneaks out of the hospital to watch the final match , while Oolong and Puar transforms into giant monsters to save front - row seats for everyone . The match finally starts , and right away Goku attacks . He grabs Tien 's leg with his tail and swings around to punch him in the face . Tien flies up in the air , and Goku jumps up after him . Tien hits Goku with a Dodon ray , blasting him down through the floor of the ring . Goku jumps up from the rubble and continues his assault . He tries his disappearing trick again , but Tien 's three eyes help him to keep track of Goku 's movements . While Goku is running around , Tien hits him , sending him flying to the wall of the ring . Tien pins Goku against the wall and beats him mercilessly . 98 `` The Secret Technique Haikyūken vs. Fighting Power '' / `` Victory 's Edge / Battle Power ! '' `` Higi Haikyūken Tai Sentō Pawā '' ( 秘技 排球 拳 VS 戦闘 パワー ) Not Credited January 27 , 1988 December 26 , 2002 Tien grabs Goku and begins to play volleyball with him . He spikes Goku down into the ground , but to his surprise , Goku gets up . He says that throughout the tournament , he had only been using a fraction of his strength to protect his opponent , but now he is going to fight at full power . He unleashes a brutal assault on Tien , then starts conjuring a Kamehameha wave , but stops , realizing Tien would have dodged it . Tien meditates briefly , then they continue the match . Goku 's next assault nearly pushes Tien out of the ring , but Tien is able to counter it . Goku then creates 10 images of himself to confuse Tien . When Tien attacks one of the false images , Goku sneaks up and knocks him down . Tien uses his Solar Flare technique , but Goku borrows Master Roshi 's glasses and counters with his own attack . Goku jumps up for an attack , but is mysteriously frozen , allowing Tien to knock him down . 99 `` Tenshinhan in Distress ! ! '' / `` Tien 's Insurrection '' `` Tenshinhan no Kunō ! ! '' ( 天津飯 の 苦悩 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda February 3 , 1988 December 27 , 2002 Goku once again gets frozen in midair , allowing Tien to kick him down to the ground . Goku uses a Kamehameha wave to prevent landing outside the ring . He attacks Tien , but is frozen again . Yamcha realizes Chiaotzu is using his powers to paralyze Goku . Tien hits Goku dozens of times , nearly knocking him out . Goku gets up and kicks Tien in the face , but is frozen once more . Tien once again pounds Goku mercilessly . Realizing that he 's winning too easily , Tien figures out that Chiaotzu is helping him and forces him to stop , wanting to beat Goku in a fair fight . Seeing the error in Shen 's teachings , Tien refuses to kill Goku . An angry Shen tells Chiaotzu to paralyze Tien and Goku to kill them , but he refuses . Shen tries to kill him , but Master Roshi hits him with a Kamehameha wave , blasting him out of the arena . Goku then attacks Tien with incredible force . Afterwards , Tien says that he let Goku beat him up to make up for the beating Goku took when he was paralyzed . Suddenly , Tien grows two extra arms out from his back . 100 `` Life ? ! Death ? ! A Last Resort '' / `` The Spirit Cannon '' `` Sei ka Shi ka ! ? Saigo no Shudan '' ( 生か 死 か ! ? 最後 の 手段 ) Katsumi Aoshima February 10 , 1988 December 30 , 2002 With four arms , Tien clearly has an advantage over Goku . He nearly pushes him out of the ring , forcing Goku to jump up . Tien grabs Goku 's arms and legs and repeatedly headbutts him . Goku begins to smack Tien in the face with his tail , forcing Tien to let him go . Goku then appears to grow six extra arms to counter Tien 's four . The two of them continue fighting until they simultaneously knock each other down . The count reaches eight before they both stand up . Goku trips Tien and grabs his legs . He pulls on his legs , causing Tien tremendous pain . Tien 's extra arms reach up and choke Goku , but Tien quickly give up . After a long struggle , Tien 's legs flip Goku off of him and into the wall . Goku gets up , so Tien decides to use the Tri-Beam Cannon , a devastatingly powerful attack . Tien first tells Goku to dodge what is coming then Tien floats high above the ring and fires the Tri-Beam on Goku . When the dust clears , the entire ring is gone , leaving a gaping hole in the ground . Goku is nowhere to be found . 101 `` The Martial Arts Tournament Comes to an End ! And Then ... ! ! '' / `` The Fallen '' `` Budōkai Shūryō ! Soshite ... ! ! '' ( 武道 会 終了 ! そして ... ! ! ) Not Credited February 17 , 1988 December 31 , 2002 Everyone looks up and finds Goku miles above the surface . Tien jumps up and tells Goku that he never meant to hit him with the Tri-Beam Cannon . He just wanted to knock him out of bounds , and since there 's no stage to land on and since Tien can fly , Goku seems to have no chance . With a Kamehameha wave , Goku blasts himself into Tien . As they rapidly approach the surface , Goku is hit by a car , causing him to touch the ground slightly before Tien . The announcer declares Tien the winner , and the entire crowd rushes over to the landing site . Later , Tien offers Goku half of his prize money , but Goku declines the offer . Tien apologizes to Yamcha for breaking his leg , then takes everyone out to dinner . Right before they eat , Goku realizes he left the power pole and the four - star ball at the arena , so Krillin leaves to get them for him . While they 're eating , Goku has a bad feeling something has happened to Krillin . He suddenly runs back to the arena and finds Krillin dead . King Piccolo Saga ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 102 `` The Terrifying Conspiracy of Kuririn 's Death ! ! '' / `` Enter King Piccolo '' `` Kuririn no Shi Osoroshiki Inbō ! ! '' ( クリリン の 死 恐ろしき 陰謀 ! ! ) Not Credited February 24 , 1988 September 1 , 2003 Goku and his friends find Krillin murdered . The referee says it was a monster that also took Goku 's Dragon Ball and a list of tournament participants . Goku takes the Dragon Radar and charges off in pursuit of the killer . Judging by a crest on a paper , Roshi knows this to be the work of King Piccolo . Roshi explains how the world suffered his carnage long ago and how he and his master Mutaito trapped him in a jar at the cost of his own life . It turns out Emperor Pilaf released King Piccolo and is assisting him . Having learned from Pilaf about the origin of the dragon balls , Piccolo insist on using them to restore his youth while continuing his plan of world conquest . Meanwhile , Goku catches up with King Piccolo 's minion Tambourine . 103 `` The Terror of Piccolo - Daimaō ! '' / `` Tambourine Attacks ! '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō no Kyōfu ! ! '' ( ピッコロ 大 魔王 の 恐怖 ! ! ) Not Credited March 2 , 1988 September 2 , 2003 Goku engages Tambourine in combat , but Goku is weak from hunger , so Tambourine overpowers him and destroys the Flying Nimbus , leaving Goku for dead . Roshi and the others head to the Kame house . After Tambourine hands King Piccolo the dragon ball and list of fighters , he is sent to kill all the fighters , starting with King Chappa . 104 `` Come Back to Life , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Mark of the Demon '' `` Yomigaere Son Gokū ! ! '' ( よみがえれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) Not Credited March 9 , 1988 September 3 , 2003 While Tambourine kills fighter after fighter around the world ( leaving the mark of the demon behind ) , King Piccolo creates and sends a new warrior called Cymbal to gather the remaining dragon balls . Goku wakes up and tries to look for food . Roshi plans to move from the island to somewhere else once Bulma makes another dragon radar . Goku finds a fish cooking and eats it . When he 's finished , he vows for revenge . Suddenly , a mountain man emerges from the thickets mad that Goku ate his fish . 105 `` A Mysterious Man : Enter Yajirobe ! ! '' / `` Here Comes Yajirobe '' `` Kaidanji Yajirobee Tōjō ! ! '' ( 怪 男児 ヤジロベー 登場 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda March 16 , 1988 September 4 , 2003 Goku fights with Yajirobe . Yajirobe is a skilled and tough fighter . Roshi finds a safe haven for his friends and sets out with Tien and Chiaotzu to find the dragon balls and stop King Piccolo . Bulma preserves Krillin in a freezing capsule . Goku accuses Yajirobe of assisting Tambourine but Goku learns Yajirobe is not lying and never steals . Cymbal appears eyeing Yajirobe 's dragon ball . After a game of rock , paper and scissors , Yajirobe fights Cymbal . Eventually Yajirobe slices Cymbal killing him . At that moment , King Piccolo feels the presence of Cymbal 's death . 106 `` Demon Beast Tambourine is Coming ! ! '' / `` Terrible Tambourine '' `` Majū Tanbarin ga Yatte Kuru ! ! '' ( 魔 獣 タンバリン が やってくる ! ! ) Yukio Ebisawa March 23 , 1988 September 5 , 2003 King Piccolo is furious about Cymbal 's death . Tambourine next targets Giran . Yamcha is next on Tambourine 's hit list . Goku requests for Yajirobe 's dragon ball explaining their powers to him . Tambourine finds Yamcha but before he can kill him , King Piccolo telepathically orders him to find Cymbal 's killer . Master Roshi procures one of the dragon balls . Goku intends to use the dragon balls to resurrect Krillin . 107 `` Son Goku : Explosive Rage ! ! '' / `` Tien 's Atonement '' `` Son Gokū Ikari Bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 怒り 爆発 ! ! ) Not Credited April 6 , 1988 September 9 , 2003 Master Roshi drives a hard bargain with pirates on a land battleship to get another dragon ball . Yajirobe refuses to hand his dragon ball to Goku . Goku wo n't leave Yajirobe until Tambourine finds them . They both stop at a river , exhausted from their long run . During their search for another dragon ball in a town , Tien comes across an old rival he previously broke a leg in a fight . Tien tries to ask nicely for the dragon ball , but the man refuses . Several soldiers storm the house thinking Tien is the killer of the martial arts fighters , but Master Roshi convinces them they 're mistaken . The man forgives Tien and offers to give the dragon ball . Tambourine finds Yajirobe and Goku catches up ready to take his revenge . 108 `` Piccolo - Daimaō Descends ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Revenge '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō Oritatsu ! ! '' ( ピッコロ 大 魔王 降り立つ ! ! ) Not Credited April 13 , 1988 September 10 , 2003 As Roshi follows a dragon ball in motion , Goku begins his fight with Tambourine , immediately overwhelming him . Tambourine fires an incinerating beam at Goku , but Goku evades it and kills him with a Kamehameha Wave in midair . Sensing Tambourine 's death , King Piccolo decides to deal with Goku himself . Roshi and Tien find a fourth dragon ball in a cave , tangled with crows . King Piccolo decides to wait for all the other dragon balls to be gathered as he gets closer to Goku 's location . 109 `` Son Goku vs. Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` Goku vs. King Piccolo '' `` Son Gokū Tai Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( 孫悟空 対 ピッコロ 大 魔王 ) Not Credited April 20 , 1988 September 11 , 2003 Roshi is on the verge of getting the fifth dragon ball . Pilaf 's ship lands near Goku and Yajirobe . Recalling King Piccolo , Yajirobe hands Goku the dragon ball and hides . King Piccolo jumps down to face Goku . Goku uses his speed to land a few hits on King Piccolo , but it is not enough against King Piccolo 's counter attack . King Piccolo stuns Goku . Roshi procures the fifth dragon ball , but drops it down a canyon . After a long fight , King Piccolo fires several explosive beams at Goku . When Goku 's Kamehameha fails , King Piccolo prepares to finish him off . 110 `` Keep at it ! Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Piccolo Closes In '' `` Ganbare ! Son Gokū ! ! '' ( がんばれ っ ! 孫悟空 ! ! ) Satoru Kusuda May 4 , 1988 September 15 , 2003 After a few more hits , King Piccolo critically wounds Goku with one of his most powerful beams and takes his dragon ball . King Piccolo makes his way to get the rest of the dragon balls . In his state , Goku requests Yajirobe to take him to Korin Tower . Meanwhile Chiaotzu finds the fifth dragon ball . Roshi decides they head to King Piccolo to get the other two balls . Roshi takes to the ground and hides the dragon balls he collected . King Piccolo swallows his two dragon balls thwarting Roshi 's plan . To prevent Tien from fighting , Roshi paralyses him . King Piccolo jumps down to face Roshi . 111 `` The Turtle Hermit 's Last Mafūba '' / `` Roshi 's Gambit '' `` Kame - Sennin no Saigo no Mafūba ! ! '' ( 亀 仙人 の 最後 の 魔 封 波 ! ! ) Not Credited May 11 , 1988 September 16 , 2003 Roshi tells King Piccolo where his dragon balls are , but knowing full well that he is no match for King Piccolo , has no wish to fight , and toys with King Piccolo , enduring the pain he receives . King Piccolo does n't recall meeting Roshi before , until Roshi mentions Mutaito , and grows fearful as he realizes what Roshi is here to do . Roshi takes a special jar out a capsule and unleashes an evil containment wave , King Piccolo attempting to resist . Unfortunately , Roshi misses at the last second and dies . King Piccolo unites all seven balls and summons the Eternal Dragon . 112 `` Newfound Youth ? ! Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` King Piccolo 's Wish '' `` Wakagaeru ka ! ? Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( 若がえる か ! ? ピッコロ 大 魔王 ) Not Credited May 18 , 1988 September 17 , 2003 Chiaotzu tries to thwart King Piccolo 's wish , but is killed instead . King Piccolo makes his wish and becomes younger . Before Shenron can disperse , King Piccolo kills him , and nobody else can use the Dragon Balls against him . King Piccolo intends to target the Kingdom of Chow . There , King Furry is a kindhearted person . Tien intends to use the evil containment wave on King Piccolo . Pilaf tries to reclaim his reward but King Piccolo dumps him , Mai and Shu off the ship . Yajirobe and Goku finally reach Korin 's tower . 113 `` King Castle , on Offense and Defense ! ! '' / `` Siege on Chow Castle '' `` Kingu Kyassuru no Kōbō ! ! '' ( キング キャッスル の 攻防 ! ! ) Not Credited May 25 , 1988 September 18 , 2003 As King Piccolo prepares to attack Chow Castle , everyone is celebrating King Furry 's anniversary including Snow . Goku intends to climb Korin 's tower to meet Korin once more . With Bora 's help , Yajirobe begins his climb up the tower . Yamcha and the others arrive , where Tien is waiting . As girls hand King Furry bouquets , King Piccolo storms the castle . Things get ugly in the kingdom , even for King Furry . King Piccolo kills the commander and captures the evacuating king . Yajirobe finally reaches near the tower summit . 114 `` Goku 's Wish ! ! Even Karin - sama is worried '' / `` Conquest and Power '' `` Gokū no Negai ! ! Karin - sama mo Nayamu '' ( 悟空 の ねがい ! ! カリン 様 も なやむ ) Not Credited June 1 , 1988 September 22 , 2003 King Piccolo kills King Furry 's first officer and demands Furry send word to the world of his conquest . Furry refuses and King Piccolo destroys a large part of the city making him give in . Bulma places Chiaotzu and Roshi 's corpses in freezing capsules . Meanwhile Yajirobe meets Korin and eats too many Sensu beans . Goku 's friends are trying to enjoy themselves while Tien is trying hard to learn the evil containment wave . Sadly Korin has nothing left to teach Goku , but tips Goku on Ultra Divine Water . 115 `` Go Get It ! The Mysterious Super God Water '' / `` Awaken Darkness '' `` Te ni Irero ! Nazo no Chōshinsui '' ( 手 に 入れろ ! 謎 の 超 神 水 ) Satoru Kusuda June 8 , 1988 September 23 , 2003 Piano antagonizes King Piccolo 's enslaved subjects . Korin tells Goku that the Ultra Divine Water is hidden deep in an icy labyrinth where many have perished trying to pass . Yajirobe refuses to go , but accidentally goes in the same portal that Goku enters after . As Goku fights an indestructible ice monster , Darkness awakens . Yajirobe and Goku escape sliding down a long twisty path . Snow is very tempted to shoot King Piccolo with a rifle , but knows how unwise it is . Darkness has something bad in store for Goku and Yajirobe . 116 `` The Turtle Hermit Lives ? ! '' / `` A Taste of Destiny '' `` Ikite Ita Kame - sen'nin ! ? '' ( 生き てい た 亀 仙人 ! ? ) Not Credited June 22 , 1988 September 24 , 2003 As Yajirobe and Goku press on , they go their separate ways . Goku meets Master Roshi and is taken to the Kame House in the middle of the labyrinth where all his friends await him . Goku sees all this is an illusion to bait him into danger and this Roshi is a fraud . Yajirobe falls onto Goku and they both fall off a cliff clinging for their lives . With effort , Goku stays put , even as Roshi injures him . Satisfied , Darkness meets with Goku and warns him the possibility of death from drinking the water if he is not fit for it . Goku takes the risk and drinks the water . Meanwhile , King Piccolo broadcasts that criminals are free to reign in the world . 117 `` Son Goku Finally Departs ! ! '' / `` The Ultimate Sacrifice '' `` Son Gokū Tsui ni Hasshin ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 ついに 発進 ! ! ) Katsumi Aoshima June 29 , 1988 September 25 , 2003 Goku has survived the Ultra Divine Water and vaults his and Yajirobe 's way out with the power pole . Meanwhile a crime wave spreads throughout the world . Eighter has traveled to Chow Kingdom to find Snow . Snow is making use herself helping those in casualty as Eighter finds her . Eighter forcefully persuades a band of rogues to aid the casualties . Tien finally masters the evil containment wave and makes his way to confront King Piccolo . Goku and Yajirobe manage to get back to Korin 's Tower . Korin gives Goku a new Nimbus cloud and Goku makes his way to face King Piccolo once more . 118 `` Tenshinhan 's Determination '' / `` Prelude to Vengeance '' `` Tenshinhan no Ketsui ! ! '' ( 天津飯 の 決意 ! ! ) Not Credited July 6 , 1988 September 29 , 2003 King Piccolo keeps the world at suspense as he chooses a target sector to annihilate . King Piccolo chooses to destroy Sector 28 , which is none other than Bulma 's homeland . The entire city tries to evacuate in a frenzy , including Bulma 's parents . A team of convicts storms the Kame House , but Yamcha and Launch beat them . Tien arrives at Chow Castle just as King Piccolo is about to depart . Before Tien can start his plan , King Piccolo creates a new warrior called Drum . 119 `` Will it Work ? ! The Legendary Mafūba '' / `` Battle Cry '' `` Kimaru ka ! ? Densetsu no Mafūba '' ( きまる か ! ? 伝説 の 魔 封 波 ) Not Credited July 20 , 1988 September 30 , 2003 As crisis continues in West City , Tien is forced to fight Drum . Goku stops halfway on his journey to help the Ox King and Chi Chi from soldiers blackmailed into killing martial artists by King Piccolo . Tired of waiting , Yamcha and the others decide to go after Tien . After taking blows Tien seizes his chance to perform the evil containment wave , but Piccolo destroys the jar . Goku arrives and kicks Drum hard , killing him . 120 `` Goku : Rage at Full Power ! ! '' / `` Goku Strikes Back '' `` Gokū Ikari no Furu Pawā ! ! '' ( 悟空 怒り の フル パワー ! ! ) Yukio Ebisawa July 27 , 1988 October 1 , 2003 Goku starts his fight by throwing King Piccolo through Chow Castle . King Piccolo 's first attacks fail to harm Goku . Piccolo gets many blows from Goku , so he harnesses his full power , killing Piano in the process . Goku takes a powerful hit and Piccolo rounds on Tien . Goku suddenly leaps out about to launch a Kamehameha Wave . 121 `` Son Goku 's Greatest Crisis '' / `` The Biggest Crisis '' `` Son Gokū Saidai no Kiki ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 最大 の 危機 ! ! ) Not Credited August 3 , 1988 October 2 , 2003 Goku blasts King Piccolo in the back with a Kamehameha Wave . Goku continues to devastate King Piccolo . News of the fight reaches everywhere . King Piccolo manages to wound Goku 's right knee , forcing Goku to use his power pole to strike back . King Piccolo fired deadly beams until Goku lost his power pole and hits him , destroying the entire kingdom , King Furry evading death . Tien was able to save Goku from certain death but gets exhausted . Goku prevents King Piccolo from conjuring another explosive wave , but King Piccolo manages to hit Goku and create a huge crater . Goku gets out with his Nimbus Cloud . 122 `` The Final Gamble '' / `` Final Showdown '' `` Saigo no Kake ! ! '' ( 最後 の 賭け ! ! ) Not Credited August 10 , 1988 October 6 , 2003 Sensing he is in a losing battle , King Piccolo resorts to a cowardly act , threatening to kill Tien , if Goku moves a muscle . Yamcha reaches the place and lands his plane . Yajirobe has also arrived to watch Goku fight . Upon discovering that King Piccolo killed Shenron , Goku resigns himself to endure repetitive pains getting his limbs crippled . With Goku incapacitated , King Piccolo prepares to finish him off , but Goku uses full power in his right fist to punch a hole through King Piccolo 's torso . Seconds before King Piccolo 's death , he uses the last of his energy to create his final offspring . Yajirobe saves Goku from falling to his death and retrieves Tien . Piccolo jr . Saga ( 1988 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Ep # Translated title / Dub title Japanese title Direction Written by Storyboards Animation Director ( s ) Japanese air date English air date 123 `` The Nyoibō 's Secret '' / `` Lost and Found '' `` Nyoibō no Himitsu '' ( 如意 棒 の 秘密 ) Osamu Kasai August 17 , 1988 October 7 , 2003 Tien retrieves Goku 's power pole as Bulma , Yamcha and sweet Launch scan the place . Yajirobe takes Goku back to Korin 's tower . News of King Piccolo 's defeat spreads with much celebration . Even as the eternal dragon is dead , Bulma procured all the stones anyway . An old lady spots King Piccolo 's egg and she and her husband bring to their house and Piccolo Junior is about to hatch . Korin is shocked to hear that the eternal dragon is dead . Korin knows the creator of the dragon balls , Kami . To get to him Goku searches for the power pole while meeting King Furry . Fortuneteller Baba tells Goku the power pole is at Master Roshi 's . Goku gets the power pole and flies back to Korin 's tower . Piccolo Junior destroys the couple 's house and vows for revenge . 124 `` Temple Above the Clouds '' / `` Temple Above the Clouds '' `` Kumo no Ue no Shinden '' ( 雲の上 の 神殿 ) Yutaka Satō August 24 , 1988 October 8 , 2003 Goku extends the Power Pole from the top of Korin 's Tower to reach the temple above . Once there he must battle Mr. Popo in order to obtain an audience with Kami . The placid Mr. Popo proves to be a lot stronger than he appears . Meanwhile , back on the ground , Kame House gets flooded with reporters looking for Goku after it is discovered that he is the one who defeated King Piccolo . 125 `` Kami - sama Appears ! ! '' / `` Earth 's Guardian Emerges '' `` Kami - sama Tōjō ! ! '' ( 神様 登場 ! ! ) Not Credited August 31 , 1988 October 9 , 2003 Mr. Popo finally agrees to train Goku after seeing his potential . At the same time , Tien vows to train hard to beat Goku in the next Martial Arts Tournament . Realizing Goku 's determination , Kami reveals himself to Goku , who is shocked by his appearance and the story he tells . Kami agrees to revive the Eternal Dragon if Goku will stay and train with Mr. Popo for a while , terms which Goku gladly accepts . 126 `` Shen Long is Resurrected ! ! '' / `` Eternal Dragon Resurrected '' `` Yomigaeru Shenron ! ! '' ( よみがえる 神龍 ! ! ) Not Credited September 14 , 1988 October 13 , 2003 Kami revives Shenron , the Eternal Dragon . When Goku 's friends down on Earth call Shenron , he tells them that Goku is training in Heaven under Kami - sama and will meet them at the next Martial Arts Tournament . They wish for everyone who was killed by Piccolo to be revived . The news that Goku is training under Kami spurs Tien , Yamcha , and Krillin to train hard as well for the competition . 127 `` Faster than Lightning ! ! '' / `` Quicker than Lightning '' `` Kaminari yori mo Hayaku ! ! '' ( カミナリ より も 速く ! ! ) Osamu Kasai September 21 , 1988 October 14 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha continue to train at Kame House . Simultaneously , Kami and Mr. Popo send Goku on a special training mission to fetch a crown . As Goku tries to take the crown from the top of a mountain , he is struck by lightning . Goku meets a young girl who uses her `` sixth sense '' to find her lost bird . This makes Goku realize how he must acquire the crown : he must be faster than lightning . 128 `` Quiet as the Sky '' / `` Secret of the Woods '' `` Sora no yō ni Shizuka ni '' ( 空 の よう に 静か に ) Satoru Kusuda September 28 , 1988 October 15 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha ask Master Roshi why he is not teaching them anymore and he explains to them that he has nothing more to teach and that they should seek training on their own . Mr. Popo sends Goku to a forest in search of someone who can train his mind . Goku meets a large family that lives in a cabin and the grandfather of the family , a simple fisherman , turns out to be able to teach Goku more than he expected . 129 `` Time Traveler Goku '' / `` The Time Room '' `` Toki o Kakeru Gokū '' ( 時 を かける 悟空 ) Not Credited October 12 , 1988 October 16 , 2003 Mr. Popo sends Goku back in time to train more . In the past he meets the young Master Roshi and his rival , the young Crane Hermit . Goku learns from their master Mutaito how to harness his spirit energy . During an incident where the Crane Hermit steals Roshi 's love interest , Goku gets angry and manages to use his spirit energy successfully . Back in the present , Tien contemplates visiting Korin 's Tower in order to train as Goku once had . 130 `` Goku 's Opponent is ... Goku ? ! '' / `` Goku 's Doll '' `` Gokū no Teki wa ... Gokū ! ? '' ( 悟空 の 敵 は ... 悟空 ! ? ) Mitsuo Hashimoto Hajime Satsuki Daisuke Nishio Masayuki Uchiyama October 19 , 1988 October 20 , 2003 Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu all are heading toward 's Korin 's Tower , and are training on the way . Mr. Popo finally gives Goku an opponent to train with , and it turns out to be a clay version of Goku . Their skills are exactly the same , the only difference is that the clay Goku has no interference in his mind , and can concentrate completely on fighting . This shows Goku that he needs to quiet his mind , and he begins to realize how to achieve that . 131 `` Each on Their Own Way '' / `` Walking Their Own Ways '' `` Sorezore no Michi o Mezashite '' ( それぞれ の 道 を めざし て ) Yukio Ebisawa October 26 , 1988 October 21 , 2003 Mr. Popo plays hide and seek with Goku to teach him about concentration and finding people 's ki . Meanwhile , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu continue their search for Korin 's Tower . In doing so they happen across a small village at the base of a large mountain that the townsfolk consider to be their protecting god . Suddenly the mountain explodes and the four warriors rush to try to stop the lava flowing towards the town . 132 `` Hotter than Magma '' / `` Hotter than Lava '' `` Maguma yori Atsuku '' ( マグマ より 熱く ) Not Credited November 2 , 1988 October 22 , 2003 Still training with Mr. Popo , Goku can not yet harness his ki . Back on the ground , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu each try individually to stop the flow of lava towards the defenseless village . Just as it looks like the threat has passed , the volcano erupts again with even more power . This time the four warriors work together to avert the magma for good . Training continues as the next Martial Arts Tournament is only three years away . 133 `` Reunion Before the Storm '' / `` Changes '' `` Arashi no Mae no Saikai '' ( 嵐 の 前 の 再会 ) Not Credited November 9 , 1988 October 23 , 2003 Three years have passed and all of the warriors reunite for the 23rd Martial Arts Tournament . Goku , Tien , Krillin , Yamcha , and Chaozu have all been training for the last three years , resulting in drastic physical changes and improvement in martial arts skills . However , on the first day of the preliminary rounds , the warriors are encountered by an old nemesis . 134 `` Trouble at the Tenkaichi Tournament '' / `` Preliminary Peril '' `` Haran no Tenka - ichi Budōkai '' ( 波乱 の 天下 一 武道 会 ) Not Credited November 16 , 1988 October 27 , 2003 Goku and Tien agree to keep it a secret that Piccolo 's spawn is at the tournament . In the preliminaries , all the fighters get a chance to show off the benefits of their training . Goku demonstrates that he has learned to harness his ki . Tao surfaces again , still alive and now a cyborg . He has entered the tournament and plans to kill Goku and Tien for vengeance . Tao who had become a cyborg seriously injures Chiaotzu . 135 `` The Chosen Eight '' / `` Battle of the Eight '' `` Erabareta Hachinin '' ( 選ば れ た 8 人 ) Not Credited November 23 , 1988 October 28 , 2003 Even the preliminary rounds of the 23rd Martial Arts Tournament are more brutal than those of years past . Eventually eight people come out on top to advance to the final rounds : Tien , Tao , a strangely familiar girl , Goku , Krillin , Piccolo , Yamcha , and a bumbling man known as Hero . Everyone is worried that Tao will defeat Tien in the first match , but Goku is certain that Tien is stronger . 136 `` The Assassin Taopaipai 's Counterattack '' / `` Tien Shinhan vs. Mercenary Tao '' `` Koroshiya Taopaipai no Gyakushū '' ( 殺し 屋 桃 白白 の 逆襲 ) Not Credited November 30 , 1988 October 29 , 2003 Tien proves to be much stronger than Tao . Being a former student under the assassin , Tien gives Tao a chance to back down . After Tao tries to kill Tien , however , he loses all respect for his former master and takes him out easily . The battle ends up being more of an emotional victory than one of strength . Meanwhile , Goku must face the angry , familiar woman . 137 `` Son Goku 's Marriage '' / `` Anonymous Proposal '' `` Son Gokū no Kekkon '' ( 孫悟空 の 結婚 ) Not Credited December 7 , 1988 October 30 , 2003 Goku 's female opponent proves to be a worthy contender , fueled by her anger at Goku . She says she will tell Goku who she is if he defeats her , which he does easily . It turns out that she is none other than Chi - Chi , daughter of the Ox King , and the girl who Goku promised he would marry . Goku agrees to live up to this promise , and warns Krillin to be careful of his opponent in the next match . Realizing that Krillin is indeed strong , Piccolo agrees to show his true strength . 138 `` The Mysterious Man , Shen '' / `` The Mysterious Hero '' `` Nazo no Otoko Shen '' ( 謎 の 男 シェン ) Not Credited December 14 , 1988 November 3 , 2003 As a final act of desperation , Krillin unleashes a powerful Kamehameha upon Piccolo , who is unaffected . After getting what Piccolo thought was a fatal blow , Krillin surrenders ; everyone realizes he still did very well . In the next match , Yamcha does not take his seemingly foolish opponent , Hero , seriously . However , Hero decides to battle Yamcha with his real power , exhibiting strength that surprises everyone . 139 `` Another Fierce Fight ! Goku vs. Tenshinhan '' / `` Rematch '' `` Gekitō Futatabi ! Gokū Tai Tienshinhan '' ( 激闘 ふたたび ! 悟空 VS 天津飯 ) Not Credited December 21 , 1988 November 4 , 2003 Hero tries to teach Yamcha as they battle , but Yamcha will hear nothing of it . Finally , after rebounding from Yamcha 's toughest attack , Hero ends the match with ease . Yamcha then thanks Hero for what he has taught him . Goku realizes that Hero is Kami in a human body . In the next battle , Tien and Goku seem to be of equal strength . But after an intense bout of sparring , Tien is panting while Goku breathes normally , seeming to have the upper hand . 140 `` True Strength '' / `` Goku Gains Speed '' `` Hontō no Chikara '' ( ほんとう の 力 ) Not Credited January 11 , 1989 November 5 , 2003 Tien exhibits a drastic increase in speed , and notes that Goku has not sped up at all since the most recent tournament . However , asking for a quick pause , Goku removes his shirt , wrist bands , and boots -- a combined weight of 100 kg . With the extra training weight off Goku is faster than ever . Having no other choice , Tien decides to use a new skill : 12 eyes . 141 `` Four Tenshinhans '' / `` The Four Faces of Tien '' `` Yonin no Tenshinhan '' ( 四 人 の 天津飯 ) Not Credited January 18 , 1989 November 6 , 2003 Tien splits his body into four separate Tiens , with a total of 12 eyes . Goku gets knocked down by their first attack , but used the opportunity to find the two weaknesses in this skill : the 12 eyes are too sensitive and each Tien is only a fourth as strong as the actual Tien . Goku uses Tien 's own Taiyoken technique against him to blind the 12 eyes , and then knocks all four Tiens out of the ring for the victory . 142 `` Who is Stronger ? ! Kami vs. Piccolo - Daimaō '' / `` Kami vs. Piccolo '' `` Docchi ga Tsuyoi ! ? Kami Tai Pikkoro Daimaō '' ( どっち が 強い ! ? 神 VS ピッコロ 大 魔王 ) Not Credited January 25 , 1989 November 10 , 2003 Finally Kami battles his evil half . He tells Goku that he must vanquish Piccolo because he knows that Goku , knowing that if Piccolo dies Kami must die as well , will not have the heart to kill Piccolo himself . Kami uses the Mafuba technique to seal Piccolo in a Denshi jar , just like what happened centuries earlier . Piccolo counters the attack , sealing Kami in the Denshi jar and swallowing it . Before he is sealed Kami implores Goku to destroy Piccolo at any cost . 143 `` A Gamble on the Fate of the Earth ! '' / `` Battle for the Future '' `` Kono Yo no Unmei o Kakete ! '' ( この世 の 運命 を 賭け て ! ) Not Credited February 1 , 1989 November 11 , 2003 Goku explains to Master Roshi , Tien , Krillin , and Yamcha that Hero was Kami in a human body . He tells them about Kami and Piccolo splitting into two separate entities , good and evil . Goku realizes that it is up to him to stop Piccolo now . As their match begins , their strength appears to be equal . Soon , however , Piccolo unleashes a flurry of attacks that leaves Goku lying in a hole as the count rises . 144 `` Let Loose ! The Ultimate Super Kamehameha '' / `` Super Kamehameha '' `` Deta ! Kyūkyoku no Chōkamehameha '' ( で た ! 究極 の 超 カメハメ 波 ) Not Credited February 8 , 1989 November 12 , 2003 Goku turned out to be just testing Piccolo 's attacks , as he usually does . As they resume battling , Goku seems to be superior to his opponent . Getting worried , Piccolo decides to unleash a devastating attack that will wipe out everyone at the tournament . Krillin reminds Goku that even if Kami dies in the course of destroying Piccolo , they always have the dragon balls to revive him . Realizing this , Goku combats Piccolo 's blast with his most powerful Kamehameha . 145 `` Piccolo - Daimaō 's Super Giant - Body Technique '' / `` Junior No More '' `` Pikkoro Daimaō Chōkyoshinjutsu '' ( ピッコロ 大 魔王 超 巨 身 術 ) Not Credited February 15 , 1989 November 13 , 2003 Piccolo reveals to everyone that he is , in fact , the reincarnation of King Piccolo . Upon hearing this , all of the spectators rush from the arena leaving only Goku and his friends , though this works to Goku 's advantage , as he no longer has to worry about innocent bystanders getting hurt . Piccolo then concentrates his energy to turn into a giant form of himself . Even though he is considerably larger , Goku still has no problem battling him . However , he says that if Piccolo were to be any bigger he would be in trouble . Of course , Piccolo does just that , becoming gargantuan . 146 `` Son Goku 's Trap '' / `` Goku 's Trap '' `` Son Gokū no Wana '' ( 孫悟空 の ワナ ) Not Credited February 22 , 1989 November 17 , 2003 As soon as Piccolo increases his size again , Goku jumps down his throat to retrieve the swallowed Denshi jar , saving Kami . Realizing he was tricked , Piccolo returns to his normal size . As they continue battling , Kami jumps in to protect Goku from a punch . Goku says he wants to fight alone and allows Piccolo to redo the punch . As the battle continues , Piccolo resorts to using his ultimate attack . 147 `` Nothing More That Can Be Done ! ! '' / `` Goku Hangs On '' `` Banji Kyūsu ! ! '' ( 万事休す ! ! ) Not Credited March 1 , 1989 November 18 , 2003 As his friends run for cover , Goku prepares to take Piccolo 's final attack . Piccolo unleashes a giant wave of energy comparable to a nuclear explosion , leveling the entire island . As the dust settles Goku is still standing . He takes advantage of Piccolo 's weakened state after his huge energy expenditure and knocks him into the ground with a Kamehameha . Just as the count reaches nine , Piccolo lifts his head and emits an energy beam impaling Goku -- but he wo n't give up just yet . 148 `` Hooray ! The Earth 's Strongest Man '' / `` The Victor '' `` Yatta ! Chikyūjō Saikyō no Otoko '' ( やっ た ! 地球 上 最強 の 男 ) Not Credited March 8 , 1989 November 19 , 2003 After Piccolo weakens Goku to the point where he ca n't lift any limbs ( including the one arm his father made the mistake of leaving Goku ) , Piccolo flies to the sky , like his dad , to finish off his nemesis . However , unknown to Piccolo and the others , Goku can fly , and he uses the opportunity to headbutt Piccolo in mid-air for a ring out victory . Later , Goku uses a sensu bean on himself and to revive Piccolo , not wanting to jeopardize Kami 's health . Piccolo shows complete contempt for this , thinking Goku to be soft , and departs after vowing to defeat Goku . 149 `` Wedding Dress in Flames '' / `` Dress in Flames '' `` Honō no Naka no Uedingu Doresu '' ( 炎 の 中 の ウエディング ドレス ) Not Credited March 15 , 1989 November 20 , 2003 Everyone starts heading home after the tournament . Goku and Chichi headed towards Chichi 's new home . Goku eats many meals ( which surprises all the maids and chefs ) . The Ox King shows Chichi 's wedding dress which belonged to her mother . Suddenly a blast of fire envelopes the entire castle ! Everyone heads out except the Ox King , who stays to retrieve the wedding dress . The Ox King gets trapped in his own castle and Goku and Chichi head to Baba for help . 150 `` The Phantom Fire - Eating Bird '' / `` The Fire - Eater '' `` Maboroshi no Hi Kui Dori '' ( 幻 の 火 喰い 鳥 ) Not Credited March 22 , 1989 November 24 , 2003 The people of Frying Pan are unable to extinguish the flames consuming the castle . Goku and Chi Chi seek the Turtle hermit 's help to make another Bansho fan . Goku and Chi Chi travel south to get one of the materials . In the volcano , Goku calms down an inhabiting beast . Mai and Shu are after the Fire Eater as well . Chi Chi finds a large egg being warmed by a scientist who explains what became of the Fire Eaters . Emperor Pilaf , Mai and Shu burst in , but they flee when Goku smashes their drill vehicle . A surviving Fire Eater comes out of the crater and hatches the egg . After Goku and Chi Chi escape with the scientist , they are disappointed to come empty handed ( Chi Chi has kept an egg fragment ) . The scientist tells them where they can find the Bansho fan . 151 `` Thanks to Chi Chi 's Homemaker Training ... '' / `` Outrageous Octagon '' `` Chichi no Hanayome Shugyō no Okage Desu '' ( チチ の 花嫁 修業 の おかげ です ) Not Credited April 5 , 1989 November 25 , 2003 Goku and Chi Chi reach the mountain , but as they get close , a blizzard starts up . They meet an old woman named Octagon . She tells the mountain is disrupted by the presence of females but knows nothing about the Bansho fan . Goku goes to the mountain to gather snow while Pilaf , Shu and Mai are searching after the fan . The mountain starts up another blizzard . The cold weather prevents Pilaf from firing missiles and flamethrowers on Goku . Hearing from Goku that the mountain is provoked by women , Pilaf pushes Mai away . While Goku gathers snow and scares Pilaf , Chi Chi cleans up Octagon 's house , but smashes many of her dishes . Chi Chi comes across the Bansho fan as she sweeps the yard , while Goku 's snow is melting . Shu takes the fan but blows away his companions and flees . Before Goku and Chi Chi leave , Octagon gives them a jar of honey . The Ox King is getting desperate as they successfully return . Goku waves the fan , but the flames persist . 152 `` Hurry , Goku ! The Mysterious Mountain of Five Elements '' / `` Mystery of the Dark World '' `` Isoge Gokū ! Gogyōzan no Nazo '' ( いそげ 悟空 ! 五行 山 の なぞ ) Not Credited April 12 , 1989 November 26 , 2003 Baba warns Goku that the fan wo n't work and he must go to the Magical Furnace in the Dark World and meet Tajoro . Goku and Chi Chi journey and enter the Dark World . They jump over a large gap on the road and get chased by bats . As Goku and Chi Chi go further things become more dangerous , but they discover all the dangers are imaginary and proceed . The Ox King gets trapped at the peak of the castle . Goku meets Gohan at the furnace , who tells him Tajoro is called Amin . Goku wants to put out the furnace which Gohan and Amin object to . 153 `` Mt . Frypan is Burning ! An Instant Do - or - Die Journey '' / `` The End , the Beginning '' `` Moeru Furaipan Yama ! Isshun no Kesshikō '' ( 燃える フライパン 山 ! 一瞬 の 決死 行 ) Not Credited April 19 , 1989 December 1 , 2003 Gohan and Amin wo n't let Goku turn off the furnace for the simple reason that spirits would n't have access to their afterlife especially evil spirits . Instead of helping Goku , Amin resorts to fighting him . Amin formulates a plan after seeing Goku has the Bansho fan . Luckily Chi Chi has both vital requirements on her . With aid of the Bansho fan and Amin lifting the pot , Goku descends into the furnace and manages to seal the hole , barely making it out alive . The flames at the castle have died down and the Ox King has survived and kept the wedding dress intact . Goku and Chi Chi proceed with their wedding and the two of them are married . Films ( edit ) # Title Original release English release `` Dragon Ball : Curse of the Blood Rubies '' `` Doragon Bōru : Shenron no Densetsu '' ( ドラゴンボール 神龍 の 伝説 ) December 20 , 1986 September 9 , 1995 December 28 , 2010 ( Funimation re-dub ) `` Dragon Ball : Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle '' `` Doragon Bōru : Majin - Jō No Nemuri Hime '' ( ドラゴンボール 魔神 城 の ねむり 姫 ) July 18 , 1987 December 1998 `` Dragon Ball : Mystical Adventure '' `` Doragon Bōru : Makafushigi Dai - Bōken '' ( ドラゴンボール 魔 訶 不思議 大 冒険 ) July 9 , 1988 November 21 , 2000 `` Dragon Ball : The Path to Power '' `` Doragon Bōru : Saikyō e no Michi '' ( ドラゴンボール 最強 へ の 道 ) March 4 , 1996 April 29 , 2003 TV Specials ( edit ) # Title Original airdate `` Dragon Ball : Goku 's Fire Brigade '' `` Doragon Bōru : Gokū no shōbō tai '' ( ドラゴンボール 悟空 の 消防 隊 ) June 1988 `` Dragon Ball : Goku 's Traffic Safety '' `` Doragon Bōru : Gokū no kōtsū anzen '' ( ドラゴンボール 悟空 の 交通 安全 ) June 1988 DVD releases ( edit ) Region 1 ( north america ) ( edit ) Season box sets ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Sagas Season One September 15 , 2009 5 1 - 31 Emperor Pilaf / Tournament Saga Season Two November 10 , 2009 5 32 - 61 Red Ribbon Army / General Blue Saga Season Three February 2 , 2010 5 62 - 92 Commander Red / Fortuneteller Baba Saga Season Four May 4 , 2010 5 93 - 122 Tien Shinhan / King Piccolo Saga Season Five July 27 , 2010 5 123 - 153 Piccolo Jr . Saga Notes The season box sets has a few episodes from next saga that follows it . The sagas which have the majority episodes are listed above . Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Dragon Box Set ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Dragon Box July 7 , 2004 26 1 - 153 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These sagas correspond to the sets released by Funimation in 2003 . However , they only correspond to story arcs , which are themselves split at debatable points , and not to the pattern in which the show aired in either Japan or the United States . In Japan , Dragon Ball like both of the other Dragon Ball series was aired year - round continuously with regular off - days for sporting events and television specials taking place about once every six weeks on average . References ( edit ) General `` Official list of Dragon Ball episodes '' . Toei Animation . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . `` Official list Dragon Ball episodes '' . Funimation . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . `` Unofficial list of Dragon Ball episodes '' . Dragonball Hub . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Specific Jump up ^ Oversees the entire process of the episode Jump up ^ A visual version of the script , for Toei Animation series unless the 絵 コンテ ( storyboard ) is credited specifically the 演出 ( episode director ) storyboarded it . Jump up ^ Corrects the layouts and key animation drawings of the key animators . Jump up ^ For Toei Animation series unless the 絵 コンテ ( storyboard ) is credited specifically the 演出 ( episode director ) storyboarded it . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 4 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com . hide Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_episodes&oldid=849985118 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano Magyar Polski Português Română ไทย Tiếng Việt 吴语 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 19 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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"\n\n\nSaga[n 1]\n\nEpisodes\n\nJapanese Airdates\n\nEnglish Airdates\n\n\n\n\n1\n\nEmperor Pilaf Saga\n\n13 (1–13)\n\nFebruary 26, 1986 – May 21, 1986\n\nSeptember 9, 1995 – December 2, 1995 (original)August 20, 2001 – September 5, 2001 (re-dub)\n\n\n\n\n2\n\nTournament Saga\n\n15 (14–28)\n\nMay 28, 1986 – September 3, 1986\n\nSeptember 6, 2001 – September 26, 2001\n\n\n\n\n3\n\nRed Ribbon Army Saga\n\n17 (29–45)\n\nSeptember 10, 1986 – January 7, 1987\n\nFebruary 11, 2002 – March 5, 2002\n\n\n\n\n4\n\nGeneral Blue Saga\n\n12 (46–57)\n\nJanuary 14, 1987 – April 8, 1987\n\nMarch 6, 2002 – March 15, 2002October 21, 2002 – October 24, 2002\n\n\n\n\n5\n\nCommander Red Saga\n\n10 (58–67)\n\nApril 15, 1987 – June 24, 1987\n\nOctober 28, 2002 – November 13, 2002\n\n\n\n\n6\n\nFortuneteller Baba Saga\n\n16 (68–83)\n\nJuly 1, 1987 – October 14, 1987\n\nNovember 14, 2002 – December 3, 2002\n\n\n\n\n7\n\nTien Shinhan Saga\n\n18 (84–101)\n\nOctober 21, 1987 – February 17, 1988\n\nDecember 4, 2002 – December 31, 2002\n\n\n\n\n8\n\nKing Piccolo Saga\n\n21 (102–122)\n\nFebruary 24, 1988 – August 10, 1988\n\nSeptember 1, 2003 – October 6, 2003\n\n\n\n\n9\n\nPiccolo Jr. Saga\n\n31 (123–153)\n\nAugust 17, 1988 – April 19, 1989\n\nOctober 7, 2003 – December 1, 2003\n"
] | [
"Piccolo Jr. Saga"
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-4918567615338323958 | Furman v. Georgia | Furman v. Georgia - wikipedia Furman v. Georgia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Furman v. Georgia Supreme Court of the United States Argued January 17 , 1972 Decided June 29 , 1972 Full case name William Henry Furman v. State of Georgia Citations 408 U.S. 238 ( more ) 92 S. Ct. 2726 ; 33 L. Ed . 2d 346 ; 1972 U.S. LEXIS 169 Prior history Certiorari granted ( 403 U.S. 952 ) Subsequent history Rehearing denied ( 409 U.S. 902 ) Holding The arbitrary and inconsistent imposition of the death penalty violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments , and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment . Court membership Chief Justice Warren E. Burger Associate Justices William O. Douglas William J. Brennan , Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Thurgood Marshall Harry Blackmun Lewis F. Powell , Jr . William Rehnquist Case opinions Per curiam . Concurrence Douglas Concurrence Brennan Concurrence Stewart Concurrence White Concurrence Marshall Dissent Burger , joined by Blackmun , Powell , Rehnquist Dissent Blackmun Dissent Powell , joined by Burger , Blackmun , Rehnquist Dissent Rehnquist , joined by Burger , Blackmun , Powell Laws applied U.S. Const . amends . VIII , XIV Wikisource has original text related to this article : Furman v. Georgia Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) was a criminal case in which the United States Supreme Court struck down all death penalty schemes in the United States in a 5 -- 4 decision , with each member of the majority writing a separate opinion . Following Furman , in order to reinstate the death penalty , states had to at least remove arbitrary and discriminatory effects , to satisfy the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The decision ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty . This case led to a de facto moratorium on capital punishment throughout the United States , which came to an end when Gregg v. Georgia was decided in 1976 to allow the death penalty . The Supreme Court consolidated Jackson v. Georgia and Branch v. Texas with the Furman decision , and thus also invalidated the death penalty for rape ( this ruling was confirmed post-Gregg in Coker v. Georgia ) . The Court had also intended to include the case of Aikens v. California , but between the time Aikens had been heard in oral argument and a decision was to be issued , the Supreme Court of California decided in California v. Anderson that the death penalty violated the state constitution . The Aikens case was dismissed as moot since all death sentences in California were reduced to life imprisonment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Decision 3 Dissents 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) In the Furman v. Georgia case , the resident awoke in the middle of the night to find William Henry Furman committing burglary in his house . At trial , in an unsworn statement allowed under Georgia criminal procedure , Furman said that while trying to escape , he tripped and the weapon he was carrying fired accidentally , killing the victim . This contradicted his prior statement to police that he had turned and blindly fired a shot while fleeing . In either event , because the shooting occurred during the commission of a felony , Furman would have been guilty of murder and eligible for the death penalty under then - extant state law , according to the felony murder rule . Furman was tried for murder and was found guilty based largely on his own statement . Although he was sentenced to death , the punishment was never carried out . Jackson v. Georgia , like Furman , was also a death penalty case confirmed by the Supreme Court of Georgia . Unlike Furman , however , the convicted man in Jackson had not killed anyone , but attempted to commit armed robbery and committed rape in the process of doing so . Branch v. Texas was brought to the Supreme Court of the United States on appeal on certiorari to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals . Like Jackson , Branch was convicted of rape . Decision ( edit ) In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court 's one - paragraph per curiam opinion held that the imposition of the death penalty in these cases constituted cruel and unusual punishment and violated the Constitution . However , the majority could not agree as to a rationale . There was no opinion of the court or plurality as none of the five justices constituting the majority joined in the opinion of any other . Justices Potter Stewart , Byron White and William O. Douglas expressed similar concerns about the apparent arbitrariness with which death sentences were imposed under the existing laws , often indicating a racial bias against black defendants . Because these opinions were the narrowest , finding only that the death penalty as currently applied was cruel and unusual , they are often considered the controlling majority opinions . Stewart wrote : These death sentences are cruel and unusual in the same way that being struck by lightning is cruel and unusual . For , of all the people convicted of rapes and murders in 1967 and 1968 , many just as reprehensible as these , the petitioners are among a capriciously selected random handful upon whom the sentence of death has in fact been imposed . My concurring Brothers have demonstrated that , if any basis can be discerned for the selection of these few to be sentenced to death , it is the constitutionally impermissible basis of race . See McLaughlin v. Florida , 379 U.S. 184 ( 1964 ) But racial discrimination has not been proved , and I put it to one side . I simply conclude that the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments can not tolerate the infliction of a sentence of death under legal systems that permit this unique penalty to be so wantonly and so freakishly imposed . Justices William Brennan and Thurgood Marshall concluded that the death penalty was in itself `` cruel and unusual punishment , '' and incompatible with the evolving standards of decency of a contemporary society . Dissents ( edit ) Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justices Harry Blackmun , Lewis F. Powell , and William H. Rehnquist , each appointed by President Richard Nixon , dissented . They argued that a punishment provided in 40 state statutes ( at the time ) and by the federal government could not be ruled contrary to the so - called `` evolving standard of decency . '' Aftermath ( edit ) The Furman decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment , and it was described by scholars as a `` legal bombshell . '' The next day , columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was `` unlikely '' that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States . The Court 's decision forced states and the U.S. Congress to rethink their statutes for capital offenses to ensure that the death penalty would not be administered in a capricious or discriminatory manner . In the following four years , 37 states enacted new death penalty laws aimed at overcoming the court 's concerns about arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . Several statutes that mandated bifurcated trials , with separate guilt - innocence and sentencing phases , and imposing standards to guide the discretion of juries and judges in imposing capital sentences , were upheld in a series of Supreme Court decisions in 1976 , led by Gregg v. Georgia . Other statutes enacted in response to Furman , such as Louisiana 's which mandated imposition of the death penalty upon conviction of a certain crime , were struck down in cases of that same year . See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in the United States List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 408 Gregg v. Georgia Baze v. Rees Glossip v. Gross References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Criminal Law - Cases and Materials , 7th ed. 2012 , Wolters Kluwer Law & Business ; John Kaplan , Robert Weisberg , Guyora Binder , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4548 - 0698 - 1 , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Branch v. Texas '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Furman v. Georgia ( No. 69 - 5003 ) '' . cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Barry Latzer ( 2010 ) , Death Penalty Cases : Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment , Elsevier , p. 37 . Jump up ^ The Free Lance - Star - Jun 30 , 1972 : `` New laws unlikely on death penalty , '' by Barry Schweid Jump up ^ `` Furman v. Georgia - The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law '' . oyez.org . Further reading ( edit ) Smith , Stephen F. ( 2008 ) . `` The Supreme Court and the Politics of Death '' . Virginia Law Review . 94 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 383 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 04 . Hull , Elizabeth ( January 2010 ) . `` Guilty On All Counts '' . Social Policy . 39 ( 4 ) : 11 -- 25 , 15p . External links ( edit ) Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238 ( 1972 ) ( full text with links to cited material ) Works related to Furman v. Georgia at Wikisource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Furman_v._Georgia&oldid=815158882 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause and death penalty case law Capital punishment in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 1972 in United States case law 20th century American trials Legal history of Georgia ( U.S. state ) American Civil Liberties Union litigation United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the supreme court's ruling in furman v. georgia revolved around | [
"In the following four years, 37 states enacted new death penalty laws aimed at overcoming the court's concerns about arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. Several statutes that mandated bifurcated trials, with separate guilt-innocence and sentencing phases, and imposing standards to guide the discretion of juries and judges in imposing capital sentences, were upheld in a series of Supreme Court decisions in 1976, led by Gregg v. Georgia. Other statutes enacted in response to Furman, such as Louisiana's which mandated imposition of the death penalty upon conviction of a certain crime, were struck down in cases of that same year."
] | [
"1976"
] |
-4319159061168567314 | Ain't Nothin' Stoppin' Us Now | Ai n't Nothin ' Stoppin ' Us Now - wikipedia Ai n't Nothin ' Stoppin ' Us Now Ai n't Nothin ' Stoppin ' Us Now Studio album by Tower Of Power Released 1976 Genre Soul , funk Length 38 : 19 Label Columbia Producer Emilio Castillo and Tower of Power Tower Of Power chronology Live and in Living Color ( 1976 ) Ai n't Nothin ' Stoppin ' Us Now ( 1976 ) We Came to Play ! ( 1978 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Ai n't Nothin ' Stoppin ' Us Now is an album by Tower of Power released in 1976 , the band 's first record on Columbia Records . Ron Beck takes up the drummers spot after David Garibaldi exited for a second time . This also would be the last album to feature bassist Francis `` Rocco '' Prestia as he would go on an extended hiatus from the band until his return in 1986 . It is also the only album to feature vocalist Edward McGee . Contents 1 Later releases 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 4 Production 5 References Later releases ( edit ) This album was reissued on the Super Audio CD format in 2016 by UK label Dutton Vocalion , Remastered in both Stereo and Surround Sound from the original analogue tapes by Michael J. Dutton . The Surround Sound portion of the disc features the Quadraphonic mixes , made available for the first time in 40 years . Track listing ( edit ) `` Ai n't Nothin ' Stoppin ' Us Now '' ( Emilio Castillo , Stephen `` Doc '' Kupka , David Bartlett ) -- 3 : 58 `` By Your Side '' ( Edward McGee , Clifford Coulter ) -- 4 : 30 `` Make Someone Happy '' ( Ron E. Beck , Keith Rogers ) -- 2 : 47 `` Doin ' Alright '' ( Bruce Conte , Coleman Head ) -- 4 : 48 `` Because I think the World Of You '' ( Stephen `` Doc '' Kupka , Frank Biner ) -- 3 : 00 `` You Ought To Be Havin ' Fun '' ( Hubert Tubbs , Emilio Castillo , Stephen `` Doc '' Kupka ) -- 3 : 06 `` Ca n't Stand To See The Slaughter '' ( Stephen `` Doc '' Kupka , Emilio Castillo ) -- 2 : 47 `` It 's So Nice '' ( T. Castillo , Emilio Castillo , David Bartlett , Stephen `` Doc '' Kupka , Frank Biner ) -- 5 : 39 `` Deal With It '' ( Chester Thompson ) -- 3 : 20 `` While We Went To The Moon '' ( Stephen `` Doc '' Kupka , David Bartlett , Emilio Castillo ) -- 4 : 24 Personnel ( edit ) Greg Adams -- trumpet , conductor , flugelhorn , vocals , producer , horn arrangements , string arrangements Ron E. Beck -- vocals , drums , snare drum , producer Emilio Castillo -- tenor saxophone , vocals , producer Bruce Conte -- guitar , vocals , producer Mic Gillette -- percussion , trombone , trumpet , flugelhorn , baritone , bass trombone , vocals Patricia Henley -- background vocals Melba Joyce -- background Vocals Stephen `` Doc '' Kupka -- baritone saxophone , producer Bill Lamb -- trombone , trumpet , flugelhorn Edward McGee -- vocals , producer Lenny Pickett -- alto and tenor saxophones , lyricon , producer Francis Prestia -- bass guitar , producer Carol Rogers -- background vocals Ivory Stone -- background vocals Chester Thompson -- organ , synthesizer , acoustic piano , keyboards , vocals , clavinet , Moog synthesizer , producer , bass pedals , horn arrangements , string arrangements Tower of Power -- producer , horn arrangements Production ( edit ) Alan Chinowsky -- engineer , production assistant , mixing Bob Edwards -- engineer , assistant engineer Rich Ehrman -- engineer , mixing assistant Jim Gaines -- engineer , mixing Bruce Steinberg -- art direction , design , photography , cover design References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ai n't Nothin ' Stoppin ' Us Now at AllMusic Tower of Power Emilio Castillo Stephen ' Doc ' Kupka Rocco Prestia David Garibaldi Roger Smith Lee Thornburg Adolfo Acosta Marcus Scott Tom Politzer Jerry Cortez Norbert Stachel Lenny Williams Herman Matthews Lenny Pickett Mic Gillette Michael Jeffries Victor Conte Norbert Stachel Richard Elliot Jesse McGuire Euge Groove Brandon Fields Larry Braggs Studio albums East Bay Grease ( 1970 ) Bump City ( 1972 ) Tower of Power ( 1973 ) Back to Oakland ( 1974 ) Urban Renewal ( 1975 ) In the Slot ( 1975 ) Ai n't Nothin ' Stoppin ' Us Now ( 1977 ) We Came to Play ! ( 1978 ) Back on the Streets ( 1979 ) Power ( 1987 ) Monster on a Leash ( 1991 ) T.O.P. ( 1993 ) Souled Out ( 1995 ) Notable singles `` So Very Hard to Go '' Live albums Live and in Living Color ( 1976 ) Direct ( 1981 ) Soul Vaccination : Live ( 1999 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_Nothin%27_Stoppin%27_Us_Now&oldid=862774155 '' Categories : 1976 albums Tower of Power albums Columbia Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 16 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | tower of power ain't nothing stopping us now | [] | [] |
-2142546431805275566 | The Bernie Mac Show | The Bernie Mac show - wikipedia The Bernie Mac show Jump to : navigation , search The Bernie Mac Show Season 1 DVD cover Created by Larry Wilmore Starring Bernie Mac Kellita Smith Jeremy Suarez Dee Dee Davis Camille Winbush Composer ( s ) Stanley A. Smith Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 104 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Single - camera Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Wilmore Films Regency Television 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release November 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 14 ) -- April 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 14 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( often shortened to Bernie Mac in syndication ) is an American sitcom that aired on Fox for five seasons from November 14 , 2001 , to April 14 , 2006 . The series featured comic actor Bernie Mac and his wife Wanda raising his sister 's three kids : Jordan , Vanessa , and Bryana . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Broadcast history by season 3.1 American ratings 4 Characters 4.1 Main 4.2 Recurring 4.3 Unseen characters 5 Main crew 6 Cancellation 7 Syndication 8 DVD releases 9 Awards and nominations 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series was loosely based on Mac 's stand - up comedy acts . In real life , Bernie `` Mac '' McCullough was married with one daughter ; Mac 's character on the show ( a stand - up comedian ) was married with no children of his own . The pilot episode , aired on November 14 , 2001 , set up the basic premise for the series : the character Bernie Mac takes in his sister 's children after she enters rehab ( a premise taken from one of Mac 's routines in the 2000 film , The Original Kings of Comedy ) . Much of the humor in the show was derived from Mac 's continual adjustment to and his unique take on parenthood . A frequent motif of the show was the juxtaposition of Mac 's acerbic comments , such as his threats to `` bust the ( children 's ) heads ' til the white meat shows , '' and the deep parental affection he felt towards the trio , which often brought him to the verge of tears during happy moments . Towards the end of the series , Bryana 's long - lost father ( Anthony Anderson ) returns and drops by from time to time to help Bernie and Wanda with the kids . Many of his most emotional scenes occurred in segments in which Mac , while still in character , broke the ' fourth wall ' and talked to the television audience , which he referred to as America . This technique was most notably used before an episode during the 2005 -- 2006 season , when Bernie , as himself and wearing a Chicago White Sox cap and jacket , delivered a heartfelt congratulatory message to the baseball organization and its staff on their recent World Series Championship . Bernie , who grew up on Chicago 's south - side , was a die - hard fan of the White Sox and was seen at Game 1 of the World Series , in a front row seat . As was also the case during his stand - up routine , Mac habitually addressed the audience as `` America '' for humorous effect . The lighting of the shots typically appears to be yellowish in color . Mac 's character 's celebrity worked as a plot device allowing other celebrities to appear on the show as themselves . including Neve Campbell , Don Cheadle , Halle Berry , Serena Williams , Courteney Cox , Chris Rock , Ashton Kutcher , Dom DeLuise , Natasha Lyonne , Billy Crystal , Carl Reiner , Don Rickles , Parker Posey , Angela Bassett , Ellen DeGeneres , Ice Cube , Isaac Hayes , Flavor Flav , Lucy Lawless , Stone Cold Steve Austin , Triple H , Matt Damon , Wesley Snipes , Charles Barkley , Jon Garland , Jules Sylvester , Sugar Ray Leonard , India Arie , Snoop Dogg , Shaquille O'Neal , Sugar Shane Mosley , Hugh Hefner , and Phil McGraw have all appeared as themselves over the course of the show . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Bernie Mac Show episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 November 14 , 2001 May 15 , 2002 22 September 18 , 2002 May 14 , 2003 22 November 30 , 2003 June 29 , 2004 16 September 8 , 2004 April 8 , 2005 5 22 September 23 , 2005 April 14 , 2006 Broadcast history by season ( edit ) The series debuted in its time slot on November 14 , 2001 with solid ratings in spite of a weak lead - in , Grounded for Life . The show had a very successful first season and in the process won a handful of honors including an Emmy Award for `` Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series '' and the prestigious Peabody Award . Bernie Mac also received Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . In fall 2002 , the series aired against the Damon Wayans comedy My Wife and Kids which may have hurt the show 's momentum in the ratings during the first half of its second season run . Larry Wilmore , the show 's creator and executive producer , was fired at this time . In interviews , Wilmore said he was fed up with the network 's creative interference with the show , in addition to Fox constantly shuffling it around the schedule . Fox contended that it was n't happy with the show 's direction under Wilmore in the second season , claiming the show `` was n't delivering enough laughs '' . With The Bernie Mac Show 's inability to topple My Wife and Kids in the Wednesday 8 p.m. timeslot , Fox eventually aired the show after American Idol , after which it received its highest ratings ever . The third season was scheduled to start on October 29 , 2003 , but was postponed due to The O.C. being moved . Instead , the series started the season at the late date of November 30 , 2003 . The ratings were mediocre , despite the large ratings of its lead - in The Simpsons . In March 2004 , the show was moved to Monday nights in a plan to boost ratings for the new show Cracking Up , but the ratings were low for both shows . Cracking Up was canceled and The Bernie Mac Show was pulled from May Sweeps with leftover episodes that aired in June ( one of which included an episode about Thanksgiving ) . The Bernie Mac Show returned to its original time slot on September 8 , 2004 , to start the fourth season . The production was shut down a month later due to Bernie 's sickness . The show returned on January 14 , 2005 , with new episodes on Friday nights . Although the ratings were low enough that commentators questioned the show 's future ( especially when it was postponed from May Sweeps again ) , the show was renewed for a fifth season . The fifth season started September 23 , 2005 , on Friday nights and beginning mid-season , airings were followed by reruns of the show . The Bernie Mac Show celebrated its 100th episode on February 3 , 2006 , even though the actual 100th episode was not aired until March 31 . American ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( EDT ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Wednesday 9 / 8c ( November 14 , 2001 -- May 15 , 2002 ) November 14 , 2001 May 15 , 2002 2001 -- 2002 # 63 9.5 Wednesday 8 / 7c ( September 18 , 2002 -- December 11 , 2002 ) Wednesday 9 / 8c ( January 15 , 2003 -- May 14 , 2003 ) September 18 , 2002 May 14 , 2003 2002 -- 2003 # 60 10.04 Sunday 8 : 30 / 7 : 30c ( November 30 , 2003 -- February 22 , 2004 ) Monday 8 / 7c ( March 7 , 2004 -- June 29 , 2004 ) November 30 , 2003 June 29 , 2004 2003 -- 2004 # 95 7.5 Wednesday 9 / 8c ( September 8 , 2004 -- September 29 , 2004 ) Friday 8 / 7c ( January 14 , 2005 -- April 8 , 2005 ) September 8 , 2004 April 8 , 2005 2004 -- 2005 # 110 4.8 5 Friday 8 / 7c ( September 23 , 2005 -- April 14 , 2006 ) September 23 , 2005 April 14 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 # 130 3.6 Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bernard `` Bernie '' McCullough ( Bernie Mac ) -- The show 's main character who is loosely based upon the late comedian of the same name . Bernie and his wife took in the three kids when their drug - addicted mother ( Bernie 's sister Stacy ) was no longer able to be a proper parent . Bernie uses tough - love parenting tactics and he can be both strict and comical . He narrates the series , and between scenes he talks to the audience by addressing them as `` America . '' Although he loves all three kids , his favorite is Bryana ( whom he affectionately calls `` Baby Girl '' because she is the youngest ) , and always finds himself going head to head with teenage Vanessa , the eldest sibling , whose poor attitude always gives him a hard time ; though it is revealed in the episode Jac and Jacequline that the only reason he 's so hard on her is because she reminds him of her mother and he 's determined to keep her from suffering a similar fate to her mother . Wanda `` Baby '' McCullough ( Kellita Smith ) -- Bernie 's loving wife , a very intelligent woman who is VP for AT&T . She loves raising the kids with Bernie , but periodically her patience is tested . Whenever Bernie has a problem , she does her best to help , though her assistance can be stubbornly overbearing and unnecessary at times . Also , it has been stated that most of Bernie 's family thinks she 's snooty and is not above using seduction to make Bernie to fix a mistake . She plays a minor but important role in the series finale , in which she advises Vanessa to respect her Uncle Bernie by writing an essay on how he has inspired her . Bryana `` Baby Girl '' Thomkins ( Dee Dee Davis ) -- Bernie and Wanda 's younger niece , the youngest child and the half - sister of Jordan and Vanessa . Bryana is a friendly little girl who is sweet , innocent , and quite naive , though she is often more bratty and obnoxious as the series progresses . Bryana is her uncle 's favorite ( although he loves all three ) . Bryana is playful and always trusts her Uncle Bernie . Bryana is known for always attacking and successfully beating up her older brother Jordan . Jordan Thomkins ( Jeremy Suarez ) -- Bernie and Wanda 's nephew , the middle child . Jordan is very mischievous and peculiar . He is interested in collecting bugs and conducting odd science experiments . He is always getting beat up by his little sister , Bryana ; though on minor occasions , he has been able to scare her in retaliation and make her cry . Early on in the series during the first seasons , Jordan would always cry , occasionally vomit and sometimes urinate on himself . As the series progressed , he gets tougher and more masculine , most notable shown in an episode in which he joins a wrestling team . He took an interest in magic and even began trying to date girls . Although he knows that there is nothing wrong with Jordan , Bernie tries to his best to make him more masculine . Vanessa `` Nessa '' Thompkins ( Camille Winbush ) -- Bernie and Wanda 's elder niece , and the eldest of the three children . Vanessa always purposely gives Bernie trouble with her attitude , most of which comes from the pressure of being the eldest and having to take the parent role with her younger siblings . As the series progresses , she gets along better with Bernie and grows up into a young woman preparing for college . In the final season , she spends most of her time trying to find the perfect college and rejecting Bernie 's help with that . Recurring ( edit ) W.B. ( Reginald Ballard ) -- Bernie 's friend who 's always on his side Bonita ( Niecy Nash ) -- Bernie 's younger sister ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Chuy ( Carlos Mencia ( season 1 ) and Lombardo Boyar ) -- Bernie 's friend Kelly ( Michael Ralph ) -- Bernie 's friend Jerry Best ( Rick Hoffman ) -- Bernie 's Manager Father Sean Cronin ( Wade Williams ) -- The Dean of Discipline at Jordan and Bryana 's school Bryan ( Anthony Anderson ) -- Bryanna 's father ( season 5 ) Donna ( Naya Rivera ) -- Vanessa 's friend Teri ( Ashley Monique Clark ) -- Vanessa 's friend ( guest , season 3 ; recurring , seasons 4 -- 5 ) Unseen characters ( edit ) Stacey Thomkins -- One of two of Bernie 's sisters and Vanessa , Jordan , and Bryana 's mother . Before the events of the show , she became addicted to drugs ; Bernie had to place her in an institution to recover and took in her children until the time came she could care for them herself . Though institutionalized , Stacey 's addiction was such that she was not known to make any serious attempts to recover and her children remain with Bernie for the run of the series . Due to the series premature cancellation , it is unknown if she ever overcame her addictions . Her picture is seen once in `` Road to Traditions '' , although it was in black - and - white and was n't shown well . Mr. Thomkins -- Vanessa and Jordan 's biological father , who left them when she was five years of age and he was a baby . According to Bernie and Vanessa , he 's in prison for various law violations that also include shooting multiple shots into a man with a gun or a pistol . His picture is shown in the episode ' Saving Sergeant Thompkins ' , although it is unknown who the man in the picture playing him is . Big Mama -- Bernie 's mother . She died when Bernie was around ten . She is frequently mentioned by Bernie over the course of the series . In the family reunion episode , Bebe Drake played the matriarchal role . Uncle Ellister -- Bernie 's uncle who is , in actuality , his father . Main crew ( edit ) Creator : Larry Wilmore Executive Producers : Pete Aronson , Warren Hutcherson . Co-Executive Producers : Bernie Mac , Richard Appel , Teri Schaffer , Michael Benson , Marc Abrams . Producers : Michael Petok , Steven Greener Cancellation ( edit ) After five seasons and 104 episodes , Fox announced the cancellation of The Bernie Mac Show . The series finale titled `` Bernie 's Angels '' focused on Bernie getting an electrical shock and ends up traumatized . After he recovers , he begins to teach Jordan and Bryanna how to do certain things on their own . Also , Vanessa does n't want Bernie to be involved in her choosing a college . Meanwhile , Jordan takes advantage of Bernie 's kindness . In the end , Vanessa and Bernie make up ( mainly due to her writing an essay about who inspires her most : which is him ) . In the final scene of the series , Bernie goes back to his normal self and takes back the iPod he bought Jordan since he was taking advantage of him . Bernie 's final line is a farewell message to the viewers and stating that he is going to continue to raise and teach the kids for as long as they need it and he also wishes the viewers luck . The scene pans out with Jordan on his knees sobbing and begging for the iPod while Bernie smugly laughs and teases him . Syndication ( edit ) The series had been airing in syndication since September 2005 and was on the FX network ( as of 2011 ) , but is not on the channel 's schedule in the autumn of that year . On various television stations , the series ' title is shortened simply to Bernie Mac . In addition to being in worldwide syndication , Bernie Mac 's hometown of Chicago airs the series on the city 's independent station The U . The Bernie Mac Show has been on that station since 2005 , remaining after Mac 's 2008 death in his honor . However , at the beginning of fall 2009 , the series was moved to The U 's sister station Me - TV . In 2010 , the series was removed from the lineup of both stations . On the day of Mac 's funeral , The U aired a retrospective TV special called A Tribute to Bernie Mac , which featured clips from the series and an interview with Camille Winbush , who portrayed Vanessa . BET and Centric have aired the series . Since June 2015 , Bounce TV acquired rights to the series which airs weeknights at 5 : 00 and 5 : 30 and again at 8 : 00 and 8 : 30 . Reruns of the show were also aired on Much in Canada . The show once aired in Jamaica on CVM Television . DVD releases ( edit ) DVD Name Release Date Ep # Additional Information Season 1 May 4 , 2016 22 Bonus features include commentary on the pilot episode from Bernie Mac and a 60 - minute A & E Tvography . The Season One DVD boxset was released on DVD May 4 , 2004 . There have been no announcements regarding further seasons possibly due to music licensing issues . Netflix began streaming all five seasons on October 1 , 2011 until they were removed six years later on the same date . / Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Bernie Mac Show won a Peabody Award in 2001 , the Humanitas Prize , a Primetime Emmy Award , three NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series , and was honored by the Television Critics Association . For his role in the show , Bernie Mac was honored by the Television Critics Association for Individual Achievement in a Comedy as well as the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series four years in a row : 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://tv.zap2it.com/tveditorial/tve_main/1 Jump up ^ `` The Bernie Mac Show '' . 7 November 2001 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` FX Fall 2011 Schedule Has How I Met Your Mother ; The Nanny Reunion on Happily Divorced '' . Sitcoms Online . 2011 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/whats-leaving-netflix-october-2017-1202569976/ Jump up ^ 61st Annual Peabody Awards , May 2002 . 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-4474665154691183063 | Good Friday Agreement | Good Friday agreement - wikipedia Good Friday agreement Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Anglo - Irish Agreement . Multi-Party Agreement Type Multilateral agreement Signed 10 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 10 ) Location Belfast , Northern Ireland Effective 2 December 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 02 ) Parties British Government Irish Government Political parties of Northern Ireland British - Irish Agreement Type Bilateral international agreement Signed 10 April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 10 ) Location Belfast , Northern Ireland Effective 2 December 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 02 ) Original signatories United Kingdom Republic of Ireland Ratifiers United Kingdom Republic of Ireland The Good Friday Agreement ( GFA ) or Belfast Agreement ( Irish : Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta or Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste ; Ulster - Scots : Guid Friday Greeance or Bilfawst Greeance ) was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990s . Northern Ireland 's present devolved system of government is based on the agreement . The agreement also created a number of institutions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland , and between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom . The agreement is made up of two inter-related documents , both agreed in Belfast on Good Friday , 10 April 1998 : a multi-party agreement by most of Northern Ireland 's political parties ( the Multi-Party Agreement ) ; an international agreement between the British and Irish governments ( the British - Irish Agreement ) . The agreement set out a complex series of provisions relating to a number of areas including : The status and system of government of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom . ( Strand 1 ) The relationship between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . ( Strand 2 ) The relationship between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom . ( Strand 3 ) Issues relating to sovereignty , civil and cultural rights , decommissioning of weapons , justice and policing were central to the agreement . The agreement was approved by voters across the island of Ireland in two referendums held on 22 May 1998 . In Northern Ireland , voters were asked in the Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum , 1998 whether they supported the multi-party agreement . In the Republic of Ireland , voters were asked whether they would allow the state to sign the agreement and allow necessary constitutional changes ( Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland ) to facilitate it . The people of both jurisdictions needed to approve the agreement in order to give effect to it . The British - Irish Agreement came into force on 2 December 1999 . The Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) was the only major political group in Northern Ireland to oppose the Good Friday Agreement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Parties and structure 2 Status of Northern Ireland 3 New institutions 3.1 Strand 1 3.2 Strand 2 3.3 Strand 3 4 Decommissioning and normalisation 5 Equality and human rights 6 Referendums 7 Implementation 8 Comparison to the Sunningdale Agreement 9 Constitutional relevance 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Parties and structure ( edit ) The agreement was made between the British and Irish governments and eight political parties or groupings from Northern Ireland : the Ulster Unionist Party , the Social Democratic and Labour Party , Sinn Féin , the Alliance Party , the Progressive Unionist Party , the Northern Ireland Women 's Coalition , the Ulster Democratic Party and Labour . The agreement comprises two elements : the legal agreement between the two governments , signed by the leaders of the two governments ; and a more substantial agreement between the eight political parties and the two governments . The former text has just four articles ; it is that short text that is the legal agreement , but it incorporates in its schedules the latter agreement . Technically , this scheduled agreement can be distinguished as the Multi-Party Agreement , as opposed to the Belfast Agreement itself . The vague wording of some of the provisions , described as `` constructive ambiguity '' , helped ensure acceptance of the agreement and served to postpone debate on some of the more contentious issues . Most notably these included paramilitary decommissioning , police reform and the normalisation of Northern Ireland . Status of Northern Ireland ( edit ) The agreement acknowledged : that the majority of the people of Northern Ireland wished to remain a part of the United Kingdom ; that a substantial section of the people of Northern Ireland , and the majority of the people of the island of Ireland , wished to bring about a united Ireland . Both of these views were acknowledged as being legitimate . For the first time , the government of the Republic of Ireland accepted in a binding international agreement that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom . The Constitution of the Republic of Ireland was also amended to implicitly recognise Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom 's sovereign territory , conditional upon the consent for a united Ireland from majorities of the people in both jurisdictions on the island . On the other hand , the language of the agreement reflects a switch in the United Kingdom 's statutory emphasis from one for the union to one for a united Ireland . The agreement thus left the issue of future sovereignty over Northern Ireland open - ended . The agreement reached was that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom , and would remain so until a majority of the people both of Northern Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland wished otherwise . Should that happen , then the British and Irish governments are under `` a binding obligation '' to implement that choice . Irrespective of Northern Ireland 's constitutional status within the United Kingdom , or part of a united Ireland , the right of `` the people of Northern Ireland '' to `` identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British , or both '' ( as well as their right to hold either or both British and / or Irish citizenship ) was recognised . By the words `` people of Northern Ireland '' the Agreement meant `` all persons born in Northern Ireland and having , at the time of their birth , at least one parent who is a British citizen , an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any restriction on their period of residence . '' The two governments also agreed , irrespective of the position of Northern Ireland : the power of the sovereign government with jurisdiction there shall be exercised with rigorous impartiality on behalf of all the people in the diversity of their identities and traditions and shall be founded on the principles of full respect for , and equality of , civil , political , economic , social and cultural rights , of freedom from discrimination for all citizens , and of parity of esteem and of just and equal treatment for the identity , ethos and aspirations of both communities . As part of the agreement , the British parliament repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920 ( which had established Northern Ireland , partitioned Ireland and asserted a territorial claim over all of Ireland ) and the people of the Republic of Ireland amended Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland , which asserted a territorial claim over Northern Ireland . In its white paper on Brexit , the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Belfast Agreement . With regard to Northern Ireland 's status , it said that the UK Government 's `` clearly - stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland 's current constitutional position : as part of the UK , but with strong links to Ireland '' . New institutions ( edit ) Good Friday Agreement Strand 1 Northern Ireland Assembly Strand 2 North / South Ministerial Council Strand 3 British -- Irish Council British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference Additional bodies British -- Irish Parliamentary Assembly North / South Inter-Parliamentary Association North / South Consultative Forum Parliament Buildings in Belfast , seat of the Northern Ireland Assembly The agreement sets out a framework for the creation and number of institutions across three `` strands '' . Strand 1 ( edit ) Strand 1 dealt with the democratic institutions of Northern Ireland and established two major institutions : Northern Ireland Assembly Northern Ireland Executive The Northern Ireland Assembly is a devolved legislature for Northern Ireland with mandatory cross-community voting on certain major decisions . The Northern Ireland Executive is a power - sharing executive with ministerial portfolios to be allocated between parties by the d'Hondt method . Strand 2 ( edit ) Strand 2 dealt with `` north - south '' issues and institutions to be created between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . These are : North / South Ministerial Council North / South Inter-Parliamentary Association North / South Consultative Forum The North / South Ministerial Council is made up of ministers from the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland . It was established `` to develop consultation , co-operation and action '' in twelve areas of mutual interest . These include six areas where the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland form common policies but implement these separately in each jurisdiction , and six areas where they develop common policies that are implemented through shared all - Ireland institutions . The various `` institutional and constitutional arrangements '' set out in the Agreement are also stated to be `` interlocking and interdependent '' . As part of the Agreement , the newly created Northern Ireland Assembly and the national parliament of Ireland ( the Oireachtas ) agreed to consider creating a joint parliamentary forum made up of equal numbers from both institutions . In October 2012 , this forum was created as the North / South Inter-Parliamentary Association . The Northern Ireland political parties who endorsed the agreement were also asked to consider the establishment of an independent consultative forum representative of civil society with members with expertise in social , cultural , economic and other issues and appointed by the two administrations . An outline structure for the North / South Consultative Forum was agreed in 2002 and in 2006 the Northern Ireland Executive agreed it would support its establishment . The offices of the North / South Ministerial Council on Upper English Street , Armagh , Northern Ireland Strand 3 ( edit ) Strand 3 dealt with `` east - west '' issues and institutions to be created between Ireland and Great Britain ( as well as the Crown dependencies ) . These are : British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference British -- Irish Council An expanded British -- Irish Interparliamentary Body The British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference was agreed to replace the Anglo - Irish Intergovernmental Council and the Intergovernmental Conference created under the 1985 Anglo - Irish Agreement . The conference takes the form of regular and frequent meetings between the British and Irish ministers to promote co-operation at all levels between both governments . On matters not devolved to Northern Ireland , the Government of Ireland may put forward view and proposals . All decisions of the conference will be by agreement between both governments and the two governments agreed to make determined efforts to resolve disagreements between them . The British -- Irish Council is made up of ministerial representatives from the British and Irish governments , the UK 's devolved administrations ( Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales ) , as well as from the Crown dependencies , the Isle of Man , Jersey , and Guernsey . The purpose of the council is to promote co-operations and pose a forum for the creation of common policies . Under the agreement , it was proposed that the already - existing British -- Irish Interparliamentary Body would be built upon . Prior to the agreement , the body was composed of parliamentarians from the British and Irish parliaments only . In 2001 , as suggested by the agreement , it was expanded to incorporate parliamentarians from all of the members of the British -- Irish Council . These institutional arrangements created across these three strands are set out in the agreement as being `` interlocking and interdependent '' . In particular , the functioning of the Northern Ireland Assembly and the North / South Ministerial Council are stated to be `` so closely inter-related that the success of each depends on that of the other '' and participation in the North / South Ministerial Council is `` one of the essential responsibilities attaching to relevant posts in ( Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland ) . '' In the opinion of analyst Brendan O'Leary , the institutions established by the deal `` made Northern Ireland bi-national '' and reinforced `` imaginative elements of co-sovereignty . '' Decommissioning and normalisation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Against the background of political violence during the Troubles , the agreement committed the participants to `` exclusively democratic and peaceful means of resolving differences on political issues '' . This took two aspects : decommissioning of weapons held by paramilitary groups ; the normalisation of security arrangements in Northern Ireland . The participants to the agreement comprised two sovereign states ( the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland ) with armed and police forces involved in the Troubles . Two political parties , Sinn Féin and the Progressive Unionist Party ( PUP ) , were linked to paramilitary organisations : the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) and the Ulster Volunteer Force ( UVF ) respectively . The Ulster Democratic Party ( UDP ) , which was linked to the Ulster Defence Association ( UDA ) , had withdrawn from the talks three months previously . The multi-party agreement committed the parties to `` use any influence they may have '' to bring about the decommissioning of all paramilitary arms within two years of the referendums approving the agreement . The process of normalisation committed the British government to the reduction in the number and role of its armed forces in Northern Ireland `` to levels compatible with a normal peaceful society '' . This included the removal of security installations and the removal of special emergency powers in Northern Ireland . The Irish government committed to a `` wide - ranging review '' of its Offences against the State legislation . The agreement called for the establishment of an independent commission to review policing arrangements in Northern Ireland `` including ( the ) means of encouraging widespread community support '' for those arrangements . The British government also committed to a `` wide - ranging review '' of the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland . Both the British and Irish governments committed to the early release of prisoners serving sentences in connection with the activities of paramilitary groups , provided that those groups continued to maintain `` a complete and unequivocal ceasefire '' . Cases were reviewed individually . There was no amnesty for crimes which had not been prosecuted . A date of May 2000 was set for total disarming of all paramilitary groups . This was not achieved leading the assembly to be suspended on a number of occasions as a consequence of unionist objections . A series of rounds of decommissioning by the IRA took place ( in October 2001 , April 2002 and October 2003 ) and in July 2005 the IRA announced the formal end of its campaign . Loyalist decommissioning did not follow immediately . In June 2009 , the UVF announced it had completed decommissioning and the UDA said it had started to decommission its arsenal . Equality and Human Rights ( edit ) The agreement affirmed a commitment to `` the mutual respect , the civil rights and the religious liberties of everyone in the community '' . The multi-party agreement recognised `` the importance of respect , understanding and tolerance in relation to linguistic diversity '' , especially in relation to the Irish language , Ulster Scots , and the languages of Northern Ireland 's other ethnic minorities , `` all of which are part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland '' . The British government committed to incorporate the European Convention of Human Rights ( ECHR ) into the law of Northern Ireland and to the establishment of a Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission . Setting statutory obligations for public authorities in Northern Ireland to carry out their work `` with due regard to the need to promote equality of opportunity was set as a particular priority . '' The Irish government committed to `` ( taking ) steps to further the protection of human rights in its jurisdiction '' and to the establishment of an Irish Human Rights Commission . Referendums ( edit ) Main articles : Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum , 1998 and Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland A ' Yes ' campaign poster for the Good Friday Agreement during simultaneous referendums in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland . Under the agreement , the British and Irish governments committed to organising referendums on 22 May 1998 , in Northern Ireland and in the Republic respectively . The Northern Ireland referendum was to approve the agreement reached in the multi-party talks . The Republic of Ireland referendum was to approve the British - Irish Agreement and to facilitate the amendment of the Constitution of Ireland in accordance with the Agreement . The result of these referendums was a large majority in both parts of Ireland in favour of the agreement . In the Republic , 56 % of the electorate voted , with 94 % of the votes in favour of the amendment to the constitution . The turnout in Northern Ireland was 81 % , with 71 % of the votes in favour of the agreement . In the Republic , the electorate voted upon the nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of Ireland . This amendment both permitted the state to comply with the Belfast Agreement and provided for the removal of the `` territorial claim '' contained in Articles 2 and 3 . A referendum on the Amsterdam Treaty ( Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland ) was held on the same day . Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum , 1998 Choice Votes % Yes 676,966 71.1 No 274,979 28.9 Valid votes 951,945 99.82 Invalid or blank votes 1,738 0.18 Total votes 953,683 100.00 Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum Choice Votes % Yes 1,442,583 94.39 No 85,748 5.61 Valid votes 1,528,331 98.90 Invalid or blank votes 17,064 1.10 Total votes 1,545,395 100.00 Implementation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Direct London rule came to an end in Northern Ireland when power was formally devolved to the new Northern Ireland Assembly , the North / South Ministerial Council and the British -- Irish Council , as the commencement orders for the British - Irish Agreement came into effect on 2 December 1999 . Article 4 ( 2 ) of the British - Irish Agreement ( the Agreement between the British and Irish governments for the implementation of the Belfast Agreement ) required the two governments to notify each other in writing of the completion of the requirements for the entry into force of the British - Irish Agreement ; entry into force was to be upon the receipt of the latter of the two notifications . The British government agreed to participate in a televised ceremony at Iveagh House in Dublin , the Irish department of foreign affairs . Peter Mandelson , the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , attended early on 2 December 1999 . He exchanged notifications with David Andrews , the Irish foreign minister . Shortly after the ceremony , at 10 : 30 am , the Taoiseach , Bertie Ahern , signed the declaration formally amending Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish Constitution . He then announced to the Dáil that the British - Irish Agreement had entered into force ( including certain supplementary agreements concerning the Belfast Agreement ) . Speaking at the 1998 commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916 , Ahern said : The British Government are effectively out of the equation and neither the British parliament nor people have any legal right under this agreement to impede the achievement of Irish unity if it had the consent of the people North and South ... Our nation is and always will be a 32 - county nation . Antrim and Down are , and will remain , as much a part of Ireland as any southern county . The assembly and executive were eventually established in December 1999 on the understanding that decommissioning would begin immediately , but were suspended within two months due to lack of progress , before being re-established in May 2000 as Provisional IRA decommissioning eventually began . Aside from the decommissioning issue , however , ongoing paramilitary activity ( albeit relatively low - level compared to the past ) by the Provisional Irish Republican Army -- e.g. , arms importations , smuggling , organised crime , `` punishment beatings '' , intelligence - gathering and rioting -- was also a stumbling block . The loyalist paramilitaries also continued similar activity although as they were not represented by a significant political party , their position was less central to political change . The overall result of these problems was to damage confidence among unionists in the agreement , which was exploited by the anti-agreement DUP , which eventually overtook the pro-agreement Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) in the 2003 Assembly election . The UUP had already resigned from the power - sharing Executive in 2002 following the Stormontgate scandal , which saw three men charged with intelligence - gathering . These charges were eventually dropped in 2005 on the controversial grounds that pursuit would not be `` in the public interest '' . Immediately afterwards , one of the accused Sinn Féin members , Denis Donaldson , was exposed as a British agent . In 2004 , negotiations were held between the two governments , the DUP , and Sinn Féin on an agreement to re-establish the institutions . These talks failed , but a document published by the governments detailing changes to the Belfast Agreement became known as the `` Comprehensive Agreement '' . On 26 September 2005 , however , it was announced that the Provisional Irish Republican Army had completely decommissioned its arsenal of weapons and `` put them beyond use '' . Nonetheless , many unionists , most notably the DUP , remained sceptical . Of the loyalist paramilitaries , only the Loyalist Volunteer Force ( LVF ) had decommissioned any weapons . Further negotiations took place in October 2006 , leading to the St Andrews Agreement . In May 2007 , a power - sharing executive was again established to govern Northern Ireland in devolved matters . The second Northern Ireland Executive had Ian Paisley of the DUP as First Minister and Martin McGuinness of Sinn Féin as Deputy First Minister . Although Paisley was the official head of the government , he and Martin McGuinness held equal powers . Paisley retired from the office of First Minister and from the leadership of the DUP on 5 June 2008 and was succeeded in both functions by Peter Robinson . In the third Northern Ireland Executive , the same political relationship existed between Robinson and McGuinness as existed formerly between Paisley and McGuinness . After Robinson resigned as First Minister on 11 January 2016 , he was replaced by Arlene Foster . Upon McGuinnes 's resignation on 9 January 2017 , the devolved government in Stormont collapsed , as the Agreement demands when no new leader is appointed . An election was called by Secretary of State for Northern Ireland James Brokenshire , whereby the DUP and Sinn Féin were returned as the largest parties , and so began a countdown of talks between both leaders before devolved government could be restored . Currently , Stormont is not in session and no government is in power . Comparison to the Sunningdale agreement ( edit ) Main article : Sunningdale Agreement Some commentators have referred to the Agreement as `` Sunningdale for slow learners '' , which suggests that it was nothing more than what was on offer in the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 . This assertion has been criticised by some political scientists , one of whom stated that `` there are ... significant differences between them ( Sunningdale and Belfast ) , both in terms of content and the circumstances surrounding their negotiation , implementation , and operation '' . The main issues omitted by Sunningdale and addressed by the Belfast Agreement are the principle of self - determination , the recognition of both national identities , British - Irish intergovernmental cooperation and the legal procedures to make power - sharing mandatory , such as the cross-community vote and the d'Hondt system to appoint ministers to the executive . Former IRA member and journalist Tommy McKearney says that the main difference is the intention of the British government to broker a comprehensive deal by including the IRA and the most uncompromising unionists . Regarding the right to self - determination , two qualifications are noted by the legal writer Austen Morgan . Firstly , the cession of territory from one state to another state has to be by international agreement between the UK and Irish governments . Secondly , the people of Northern Ireland can no longer bring about a united Ireland on their own ; they need not only the Irish government but the people of their neighbouring state , Ireland , to also endorse unity . Morgan also point out that , unlike the Ireland Act 1949 and the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 , devised under Sunningdale , the 1998 agreement and the consequent British legislation did expressely foresee the possibility of a united Ireland . As well as the number of signatories , Stefan Wolff identifies the following similarities and differences between the issues addressed in the two agreements : Sunningdale Agreement Belfast Agreement Consent principle Self - determination Reform of the policing system Prisoners Bill of Rights Abandonment of violence Security co-operation Cross-border co-operation Recognition of both identities Inter-governmental co-operation Institutional role for the RoI Power - sharing ( ) Inter-island co-operation Devolution of powers Wolff identifies this issue as being implicitly addressed in the Sunningdale Agreement Constitutional relevance ( edit ) Because the Good Friday Agreement binds the British government on several points of law in Northern Ireland , it has de facto become a part of Constitution of the United Kingdom . Legal commentator David Allen Green described it as `` a core constitutional text of the UK , and of Ireland ( ... ) of more everyday importance than hallowed instruments such as , say , Magna Carta of 1215 or the 1689 Bill of Rights '' . As the Agreement commits the government to enshrine the European Convention on Human Rights in law and allow Northern Irish residents access to the European Court of Human Rights , it was one of the main factors preventing the repeal of the Human Rights Act 1998 and replacement with the proposed British Bill of Rights promised by Prime Minister David Cameron . The Agreement also makes reference to the UK and Ireland as `` partners in the European Union '' , and it was argued in R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union that the Agreement meant that the consent of Northern Ireland 's voters was required to leave the European Union . The UK Supreme Court unanimously held that this was not the case , but the Agreement has nevertheless strongly shaped the form of Brexit . During the negotiations on Britain 's planned 2019 withdrawal from the European Union , the EU produced a position paper on its concerns regarding support of the Good Friday Agreement by the UK during Brexit . The position paper address topics including the avoidance of a hard border , North - South cooperation between Ireland and Northern Ireland , the birthright of all of the people of Northern Ireland , and the Common Travel Area . Anyone born in Northern Ireland , as entitled to an Irish passport by the Good Friday Agreement , will also be able to retain EU citizenship after Brexit . Under the European Union negotiating directives for Brexit , the UK had to satisfy the other EU members that these topics had been addressed in order to progress to the second stage of Brexit negotiations . In order to protect North - South co-operation and avoid controls on the Irish border , the UK agreed to protect the Agreement in all its parts and `` in the absence of agreed solutions , the United Kingdom will maintain full alignment with those rules of the Internal Market and the Customs Union which , now or in the future , support North - South cooperation , the all - island economy and the protection of the 1998 Agreement . '' See also ( edit ) Ireland portal David Trimble Downing Street Declaration George J. Mitchell Sentence Review Commission Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wolff identifies the United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland , Unionist Party , SDLP , Alliance Party as signatories to the Sunningdale Agreement . He identifies the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland , Ulster Unionist Party , Ulster Democratic Party , Progressive Unionist Party , Northern Ireland Women 's Coalition , Labour , Alliance Party , Sinn Féin and the SDLP as signatories to the Belfast Agreement . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ North - South Ministerial Council : Annual Report ( 2001 ) in Ulster Scots Jump up ^ `` Address by Mr David Andrews , Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs at the Exchange of Notifications ceremony at Iveagh House , Dublin , 2 December 1999 '' . Cain.ulst.ac.uk . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Austen Morgan ( 2000 ) . `` The Belfast Agreement - a practical legal analysis '' . Conflict Archive on the INternet ( CAIN ) . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - History - The Good Friday Agreement '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` SINN FEIN ENDORSES PEACE PACT '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sinn Féin 's delegates endorse North Ireland peace agreement '' . 11 May 1998 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Aughey , Arthur : The politics of Northern Ireland : beyond the Belfast Agreement . Routledge , 2005 , p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32788 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Austen Morgan , The Hand of History ? Legal Essays on the Belfast Agreement , The Belfast Press Limited , 2011 pg. 7 ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Hanna ( 2011 ) . Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies . Cambridge University Press . p. 188 . ISBN 1139502921 . Jump up ^ Annex 2 of the British - Irish Agreement ( Good Friday Agreement ) Jump up ^ HM Government The United Kingdom 's exit from and new partnership with the European Union ; Cm 9417 , February 2017 Jump up ^ `` Prisoner Release : Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement Peace Accords Matrix '' . peaceaccords.nd.edu . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Janine A. Levy ( 2007 ) , Terrorism Issues and Developments , Nova Publishers , p. 192 Jump up ^ Loyalist weapons put ' beyond use ' , BBC News , 27 June 2009 Jump up ^ `` BRITISH - IRISH AGREEMENT ACT , 1999 ( COMMENCEMENT ) ORDER , 1999 , S.I. No. 377 of 1999 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BRITISH - IRISH AGREEMENT ( AMENDMENT ) ACT , 1999 ( COMMENCEMENT ) ORDER , 1999 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Northern Ireland Act 1998 ( Appointed Day ) Order 1999 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Agreement '' ( PDF ) . Department of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 17 June 2012 ... The British - Irish Agreement begins at p. 35 Jump up ^ `` Constitutional issues '' . BBC website - A State Apart . BBC . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Times '' , April 27 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Paramilitary arms destroyed '' . BBC News . 18 December 1998 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ó Ceallaigh , Daltún , Along The road to Irish unity ? Jump up ^ Wilford , Rick ( 2001 ). Context and Content : Sunningdale and Belfast Compared . Oxford University Press , p. 1 Jump up ^ Wilford , pp. 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Daugherty Rasnic , Carol ( 2003 ) . Northern Ireland : can Sean and John live in peace ? Brandylane Publishers Inc , p. 173 . ISBN 1 - 883911 - 55 - 9 Jump up ^ McKearney , Tommy ( 2011 ) The Provisional IRA : From Insurrection to Parliament . Pluto Press , p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 3074 - 7 Jump up ^ Austen Morgan , ' From Belfast to St. Andrews ' , included in ' The Northern Ireland Question : the peace process and the Belfast Agreement ' , Bassingstoke , 2009 , p. 385 Jump up ^ Stefan Wolff , ed. ( 2004 ) , Peace at Last ? : The Impact of the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland , Berghahn Books , p. 18 , ISBN 1571816585 ^ Jump up to : Green , David Allen ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` How Ireland is shaping Britain 's post-Brexit trade '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guiding Principles for the dialogue on Ireland / Northern Ireland '' ( PDF ) . 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Irish will be able to remain EU citizens under Brexit deal '' . The Independent . 2017 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . 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-6841469531692578614 | A Thin Line Between Love and Hate | A Thin Line Between Love and Hate - Wikipedia A Thin Line Between Love and Hate Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Thin Line Between Love and Hate Film poster Directed by Martin Lawrence Produced by George Jackson Doug McHenry Screenplay by Martin Lawrence Bentley Kyle Evans Kenny Buford Kim Bass Story by Martin Lawrence Starring Martin Lawrence Lynn Whitfield Regina King Bobby Brown Daryl Mitchell Roger E. Mosley Della Reese Narrated by Martin Lawrence Music by Roger Troutman Cinematography Francis Kenny Edited by John Carter Production company Jackson - McHenry Entertainment You Go Boy ! Productions Distributed by New Line Cinema Savoy Pictures Release date April 3 , 1996 Running time 108 minutes Language English Budget $8,000,000 Box office $34,746,109 A Thin Line Between Love and Hate is a 1996 American dark comedy - romance film that was directed and co-written by Martin Lawrence , who also stars in the film . Lawrence co-wrote the screenplay alongside Kenny Buford and Bentley Kyle Evans , who has also written for Lawrence 's hit television sitcom , Martin , and Kim Bass . Along with Lawrence , the film features a cast of actors that include Lynn Whitfield , Regina King , Bobby Brown and Della Reese . The film tells the story of Darnell Wright , a ladies ' man who finds himself targeted by one of his obsessed lovers . A Thin Line Between Love and Hate was released in April 1996 and went on to gross over $30 million at the box office against a budget of $8 million . The film was shot on location entirely in the city of Los Angeles , California , from June 5 until August 11 , 1995 . The title for the film is taken from the 1971 song `` Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' by The Persuaders . R&B trio H - Town recorded a cover version of this song that was included on the film soundtrack . At the time of filming , Lawrence was 12 years younger than Lynn Whitfield , who was 42 at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Sequel 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( August 2015 ) Nightclub manager Darnell Wright is a perpetual playboy and hopeless male chauvinist . He works for a nightclub called Chocolate City and aspires to be its owner . He trades VIP privileges at the club for favors from women . Though he is an expert at conning women , he sometimes worries about what his childhood sweetheart Mia ( Regina King ) thinks of his adventures . When the classy and elegant Brandi ( Lynn Whitfield ) steps out of a limousine to enter the club , Darnell feels that he 's met his ultimate prize . She rejects his come - ons , which only fuels his appetite . He pursues her , showing up with flowers at her real estate office . He finally wins over Brandi , only to find out that he 's really in love with Mia . But Brandi does n't take kindly to rejection . She becomes an obsessed femme fatale stalking him , even taking all four wheels off his SUV to ground him from his rounds and demolishing his nightclub . Ending his relationship with Mia is not enough to satisfy Brandi who finally administers Darnell 's punishment for his misogyny . Darnell quickly learns the hard way that when you `` play '' , you have to `` pay . '' The film ends much like the last verse of the song `` A Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' , with an injured Darnell in the hospital pondering over what happened to him and deciding to change , and a mugshot of Brandi and Darnell 's voice saying `` Damn I 'm truly sorry about what happened to Brandi . I hope baby lands on her feet , but they better make damn sure they fix that dent in her heart before they let her out '' . Cast ( edit ) Martin Lawrence -- Darnell Wright / Narrator Lynn Whitfield -- Brandi Web Regina King -- Mia Bobby Brown -- Tee Della Reese -- Mama Wright Malinda Williams -- Erica Wright Daryl Mitchell -- Earl Roger E. Mosley -- Smitty Simbi Khali -- Adrienne Tangie Ambrose -- Nikki Wendy Raquel Robinson -- Gwen Stacii Jae Johnson -- Peaches Miguel A. Núñez Jr . -- Reggie Faizon Love -- Manny Michael Bell -- Marvis Michael Taliferro - Club Security Tiny Lister - Tyrone Tracy Morgan - Bartender Snoop Doggy Dogg - Himself ( cameo ) LBC Crew ( performing ) Reception ( edit ) A Thin Line Between Love and Hate grossed a little over $34.7 million at the box office against a budget of $8 million . The critical reception of the film was mostly negative to mixed . The film currently holds a 12 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews . Sequel ( edit ) On February 19 , 2015 , Lawrence uploaded a picture of the screenplay to a A Thin Line Between Love and Hate 2 to his Instagram profile . He captioned the picture writing , `` Just finished writing A Thin Line Between Love and Hate 2 . Excited as a MF ! # crazyderanged # comingatyou . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) A Thin Line Between Love and Hate Soundtrack album by Various artists Released January 30 , 1996 Recorded 1995 - 96 Genre Hip hop , R&B Length 65 : 16 Label Warner Bros . Producer Tim & Bob , L.T. Hutton , Snoop Doggy Dogg , Roger Troutman , Somethin ' for the People , R. Kelly , Soopafly , Battlecat , Eric Benét , D'Flow Production Squad , Touch , B - Love , Gizzo , Dwayne Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic link A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on January 30 , 1996 , by Warner Bros. Records . It peaked at # 22 on the Billboard 200 and # 5 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . It consisted of a blend of hip hop and R&B music . The soundtrack contained three charting singles , `` Beware of My Crew '' , `` A Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' and `` Let 's Stay Together '' . `` Beware of My Crew '' - 4 : 30 ( LBC Crew featuring Tray Deee & South Sentrelle ) `` A Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' - 4 : 50 ( H - Town featuring Shirley Murdock ) `` Damned If I Do '' - 3 : 54 ( Somethin ' for the People featuring Adina Howard ) `` Freak Tonight '' - 3 : 57 ( R. Kelly ) `` I Do n't Hang '' - 4 : 58 ( Soopafly ) `` Love Got My Mind Trippin ' '' - 3 : 30 ( Ganjah K ) `` Ring My Bell '' - 4 : 20 ( Luniz ) `` Playa fo Real '' - 4 : 15 ( Dru Down ) `` Chocolate City '' - 4 : 39 ( Roger Troutman featuring Shirley Murdock ) `` Thin Line '' - 4 : 36 ( Drawz ) `` It 's Ladies Night at Chocolate City '' - 3 : 49 ( Dark Complexion ) `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' - 3 : 22 ( Tevin Campbell ) `` Let 's Stay Together '' - 4 : 53 ( Eric Benét ) `` Come Over '' - 5 : 15 ( Sandra St. Victor ) `` Way Back When '' - 4 : 28 ( Smooth ) Personnel Dwayne -- producer Dave Aron -- engineer Arvel -- programming Alison Ball - Gabriel -- director , executive producer Battlecat -- multi instruments , producer Eric Benét -- vocals , producer Chris Brickley -- engineer , assistant engineer Priest Brooks -- keyboards , producer Denise Brown -- executive producer Larry Campbell -- producer , mixing Tevin Campbell -- vocals Cat Daddy Ro -- programming Jon Catfish -- keyboards , vocals D'Flow -- producer Kevin `` KD '' Davis -- mixing Michael Denten -- engineer Michael Denton -- engineer D'Flow Production Squad -- producer DJ Battlecat -- producer DJ Slip -- engineer Dru Down -- vocals Brian Frye -- mixing assistant Fuzzy Da Lil ' Nasty -- vocals Brian Gardner -- mastering Leigh Genniss -- engineer , executive producer , mixing Stephen George -- engineer , mixing Barry Hankerson -- executive producer Yolanda Harris -- vocals , backing vocals Lili Hayden -- violin Tom Herzer -- engineer Adina Howard -- vocals L.T. Hutton -- keyboards , producer George Jackson -- executive producer Greg Jacobs -- engineer Tim Kelley -- drums , keyboards , producer , engineer R. Kelly -- multi instruments , producer , engineer , mixing Vince Lars -- saxophone Martin Lawrence -- executive producer Bernard Lilton -- arranger , keyboards , producer , vocal arrangement , moog bass Alex Lowe -- assistant engineer , mixing assistant The Luniz -- vocals Tim `` Flash '' Mariner -- producer , engineer Doug McHenry -- executive producer Aaron McInnes -- assistant engineer Tony Mills -- engineer Shirley Murdock -- vocals George Nash , Jr. -- guitar , producer , engineer Bill Ortiz -- trumpet The Piano - Man -- keyboards Demonté Posey -- keyboards , producer , engineer Darin Prindle -- engineer , mixing Steve Prudholme -- director Timothy Christian Riley -- piano , drums , electric piano Bob Robinson -- keyboards , producer Sauce -- programming , producer Michael Schlesinger -- mixing Shock - G -- arranger , drum programming Dexter Simmons -- engineer Lance `` Drawz '' Simmons -- vocal arrangement D.J. Slip -- engineer Gary Smith -- producer , drum programming John Jubu Smith -- bass , guitar Snoop Dogg -- keyboards , producer Somethin ' for the People -- producer Sandra St. Victor -- arranger , vocals , producer Booker T -- mixing Tim & Bob -- producer Chris Trevett -- mixing Lester Troutman -- engineer Roger Troutman -- bass , guitar , drums , keyboards , vocals , producer , talk box Joe Warlick -- mixing assistant D'Wayne Wiggins -- guitar Mike Wilson -- assistant engineer , mixing assistant Mario Winans -- drums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' . Jump up ^ `` Martin Lawrence Plans `` A Thin Line Between Love and Hate 2 '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) A Thin Line Between Love and Hate on IMDb A Thin Line Between Love and Hate at Box Office Mojo A Thin Line Between Love and Hate at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Thin_Line_Between_Love_and_Hate&oldid=803205976 '' Categories : English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films 1996 films African - American films American romantic comedy films American films African - American gender relations in popular culture 1990s comedy - drama films Borderline personality disorder in fiction American sex comedy films Films directed by Martin Lawrence Directorial debut films American comedy - drama films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was a thin line between love and hate filmed | [] | [] |
8340041368741073757 | Mount Rainier | Mount Rainier - wikipedia Mount Rainier Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the volcano in Washington state . For other uses , see Mount Rainier ( disambiguation ) . Mount Rainier Mount Tacoma ( Lushootseed ) Mount Rainier as viewed from the northeast . Highest point Elevation 14,411 ft ( 4,392 m ) NAVD88 Prominence 13,210 ft ( 4,026 m ) Isolation 731 mi ( 1,176 km ) Listing World most prominent peaks 21st North America prominent peaks 4th North America isolated peaks 7th US highest major peaks 17th U.S. state high point 4th Decade Volcano Coordinates 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 46.8528857 ° N 121.7603744 ° W / 46.8528857 ; - 121.7603744 Coordinates : 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 46.8528857 ° N 121.7603744 ° W / 46.8528857 ; - 121.7603744 Geography Mount Rainier Mount Rainier National Park , Pierce County , Washington , U.S. Parent range Cascade Range Topo map USGS Mount Rainier West Geology Age of rock 500,000 years Mountain type Stratovolcano Volcanic arc Cascade Volcanic Arc Last eruption November to December 1894 Climbing First ascent 1870 by Hazard Stevens and P.B. Van Trump Easiest route rock / ice climb via Disappointment Cleaver Mount Rainier ( pronounced : / reɪˈnɪər / ) , is the highest mountain of the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest , and the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington . It is a large active stratovolcano located 54 miles ( 87 km ) south - southeast of Seattle , in the Mount Rainier National Park . It is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States and the Cascade Volcanic Arc , with a summit elevation of 14,411 ft ( 4,392 m ) . Mt . Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world , and it is on the Decade Volcano list . Because of its large amount of glacial ice , Mt . Rainier could produce massive lahars that could threaten the entire Puyallup River valley , and poses a grave threat to the southern sections of the Seattle metropolitan area , a city of over 650,000 people with more than 3.7 million living in its metropolitan area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geographical setting 2.1 Subsidiary peaks 3 Geology 3.1 Modern activity and the current threat 3.2 Seismic background 3.3 Glaciers 4 Human history 5 Climbing 5.1 Climbing routes 5.2 Dangers and accidents 6 Outdoor recreation 7 Climate 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Name ( edit ) Mount Rainier was first known by the local Salishan speakers as Talol , or Tacoma or Tahoma . One hypothesis of the word origin is ( təlqwuʔbəʔ ) ( `` mother of waters '' ) , in the Lushootseed language spoken by the Puyallup people . Another hypothesis is that `` Tacoma '' means `` larger than Mount Baker '' in Lushootseed : `` Ta '' , larger , plus `` Koma ( Kulshan ) '' , Mount Baker . Other names originally used include Tahoma , Tacobeh , and Pooskaus . The current name was given by George Vancouver , who named it in honor of his friend , Rear Admiral Peter Rainier . The map of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804 - 1806 refers to it as `` Mt . Regniere '' . Although `` Rainier '' had been considered the official name of the mountain , Theodore Winthrop , in his posthumously published 1862 travel book The Canoe and the Saddle , referred to the mountain as `` Tacoma '' and for a time , both names were used interchangeably , although `` Mt . Tacoma '' was preferred in the city of Tacoma . In 1890 , the United States Board on Geographic Names declared that the mountain would be known as `` Rainier '' . Following this in 1897 , the Pacific Forest Reserve became the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve , and the national park was established three years later . Despite this , there was still a movement to change the mountain 's name to `` Tacoma '' and Congress was still considering a resolution to change the name as late as 1924 . In the lead up to Super Bowl XLVIII , the Washington State Senate passed a resolution on Friday , January 31 , 2014 , temporarily renaming the mountain Mount Seattle Seahawks until the midnight after the Super Bowl , Monday , February 3 , 2014 , in response to the renaming of 53 mountains in Colorado after the 53 members of the Denver Broncos by Governor of Colorado John Hickenlooper . After the 2015 restoration of the original name Denali to Mount McKinley in Alaska , debate over Mount Rainier 's name intensified . Geographical setting ( edit ) Mount Rainier behind the Starbucks corporate HQ clock tower in Seattle , as seen from the Bainbridge Island ferry , with Port of Seattle cranes Mt Rainier just after taking off from SeaTac Mount Rainier is the highest mountain in Washington and the Cascade Range . This peak is located just east of Eatonville and just southeast of Seattle and Tacoma . Mount Rainier is ranked third of the 128 ultra-prominent mountain peaks of the United States . Mount Rainier has a topographic prominence of 13,210 ft ( 4,026 m ) , which is greater than that of K2 , the world 's second - tallest mountain , at 13,189 ft ( 4,020 m ) . On clear days it dominates the southeastern horizon in most of the Seattle - Tacoma metropolitan area to such an extent that locals sometimes refer to it simply as `` the Mountain . '' On days of exceptional clarity , it can also be seen from as far away as Corvallis , Oregon ( at Marys Peak ) and Victoria , British Columbia . With 26 major glaciers and 36 sq mi ( 93 km ) of permanent snowfields and glaciers , Mount Rainier is the most heavily glaciated peak in the lower 48 states . The summit is topped by two volcanic craters , each more than 1,000 ft ( 300 m ) in diameter , with the larger east crater overlapping the west crater . Geothermal heat from the volcano keeps areas of both crater rims free of snow and ice , and has formed the world 's largest volcanic glacier cave network within the ice - filled craters , with nearly 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) of passages . A small crater lake about 130 by 30 ft ( 39.6 by 9.1 m ) in size and 16 ft ( 5 m ) deep , the highest in North America with a surface elevation of 14,203 ft ( 4,329 m ) , occupies the lowest portion of the west crater below more than 100 ft ( 30 m ) of ice and is accessible only via the caves . The Carbon , Puyallup , Mowich , Nisqually , and Cowlitz Rivers begin at eponymous glaciers of Mount Rainier . The sources of the White River are Winthrop , Emmons , and Fryingpan Glaciers . The White , Carbon , and Mowich join the Puyallup River , which discharges into Commencement Bay at Tacoma ; the Nisqually empties into Puget Sound east of Lacey ; and the Cowlitz joins the Columbia River between Kelso and Longview . A panorama of the south face of Mount Rainier viewed from Westside Road , Washington State Route 706 Subsidiary Peaks ( edit ) The broad top of Mount Rainier contains three named summits . The highest is called the Columbia Crest . The second highest summit is Point Success , 14,158 ft ( 4,315 m ) , at the southern edge of the summit plateau , atop the ridge known as Success Cleaver . It has a topographic prominence of about 138 ft ( 42 m ) , so it is not considered a separate peak . The lowest of the three summits is Liberty Cap , 14,112 ft ( 4,301 m ) , at the northwestern edge , which overlooks Liberty Ridge , the Sunset Amphitheater , and the dramatic Willis Wall . Liberty Cap has a prominence of 492 ft ( 150 m ) , and so would qualify as a separate peak under most strictly prominence - based rules . A prominence cutoff of 400 ft ( 122 m ) is commonly used in Washington state . High on the eastern flank of Mount Rainier is a peak known as Little Tahoma Peak , 11,138 ft ( 3,395 m ) , an eroded remnant of the earlier , much higher , Mount Rainier . It has a prominence of 858 ft ( 262 m ) , and it is almost never climbed in direct conjunction with Columbia Crest , so it is usually considered a separate peak . If considered separately from Mt . Rainier , Little Tahoma Peak would be the third highest mountain peak in Washington . Geology ( edit ) Hazard map Mount Rainier is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc that consists of lava flows , debris flows , and pyroclastic ejecta and flows . Its early volcanic deposits are estimated at more than 840,000 years old and are part of the Lily Formation ( about 2.9 million to 840,000 years ago ) . The early deposits formed a `` proto - Rainier '' or an ancestral cone prior to the present - day cone . The present cone is more than 500,000 years old . The volcano is highly eroded , with glaciers on its slopes , and appears to be made mostly of andesite . Rainier likely once stood even higher than today at about 16,000 ft ( 4,900 m ) before a major debris avalanche and the resulting Osceola Mudflow approximately 5,000 years ago . In the past , Rainier has had large debris avalanches , and has also produced enormous lahars ( volcanic mudflows ) due to the large amount of glacial ice present . Its lahars have reached all the way to Puget Sound , a distance of more than 30 mi ( 48 km ) . Around 5,000 years ago , a large chunk of the volcano slid away and that debris avalanche helped to produce the massive Osceola Mudflow , which went all the way to the site of present - day Tacoma and south Seattle . This massive avalanche of rock and ice removed the top 1,600 ft ( 500 m ) of Rainier , bringing its height down to around 14,100 ft ( 4,300 m ) . About 530 to 550 years ago , the Electron Mudflow occurred , although this was not as large - scale as the Osceola Mudflow . After the major collapse approximately 5,000 years ago , subsequent eruptions of lava and tephra built up the modern summit cone until about as recently as 1,000 years ago . As many as 11 Holocene tephra layers have been found . Modern activity and the current threat ( edit ) Teide Nyiragongo Vesuvius Etna Santorini Unzen Sakurajima Taal Merapi Ulawun Mauna Loa Colima Santa María Avachinsky Koryaksky Galeras Rainier Mount Rainier is one of the 16 Decade Volcanoes . The most recent recorded volcanic eruption was between 1820 and 1854 , but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858 , 1870 , 1879 , 1882 and 1894 as well . Although Mount Rainier is now dormant , as of 2016 Seismic monitors have been located in Mount Rainier National Park and on the mountain itself to monitor activity . However , an eruption could be deadly for all living in areas within the immediate vicinity of the volcano and an eruption would also cause trouble from Vancouver , Canada to San Francisco because of the massive amounts of ash blasting out of the volcano into the atmosphere . Mount Rainier is located in an area that itself is part of the eastern rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire . This includes mountains and calderas like Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak in California , Crater Lake , Three Sisters , and Mount Hood in Oregon , Mount Saint Helens , Mount Adams , Glacier Peak , and Mount Baker in Washington , and Mount Cayley , Garibaldi , Silverthrone , and Mount Meager in British Columbia . All of the above are dormant , but alive , and scientists on both sides of the border gather research of the past eruptions of each in order to predict how mountains in this arc will behave and what they are capable of in the future , including Mount Rainier . Of these , only two have erupted since the beginning of the twentieth century : Lassen in 1915 and St. Helens in 1980 and 2004 . However , past eruptions in this volcanic arc have multiple examples of sub-plinian eruptions or higher : Crater Lake 's last eruption as Mount Mazama was large enough to cause its cone to implode , and Mt . Rainier 's closest neighbor , Mount St. Helens , had a huge chunk of the side of the mountain blow up in a phreatic explosion caused by a mix of gas and water . Where St. Helens was once perfectly symmetrical there is now , thirty five years later , a huge crater at the top of one face . Statistics place the likelihood of a major eruption in this range at 2 - 3 per century . Mount Rainier is currently listed as a Decade Volcano , or one of the 16 volcanoes with the greatest likelihood of causing great loss of life and property if eruptive activity resumes . If Mt . Rainier were to erupt as powerfully as Mount St. Helens did in its May 18 , 1980 eruption , the effect would be cumulatively greater , because of the far more massive amounts of glacial ice locked on the volcano compared to Mount St. Helens , the vastly more heavily populated areas surrounding Rainier , and the simple fact that Mt Rainier is a much bigger volcano , almost twice the size of St. Helens . Lahars from Rainier pose the most risk to life and property , as many communities lie atop older lahar deposits . According to the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) , about 150,000 people live on top of old lahar deposits of Rainier . Not only is there much ice atop the volcano , the volcano is also slowly being weakened by hydrothermal activity . According to Geoff Clayton , a geologist with a Washington State Geology firm , RH2 Engineering , a repeat of the Osceola mudflow would destroy Enumclaw , Orting , Kent , Auburn , Puyallup , Sumner and all of Renton . Such a mudflow might also reach down the Duwamish estuary and destroy parts of downtown Seattle , and cause tsunamis in Puget Sound and Lake Washington . Rainier is also capable of producing pyroclastic flows and expelling lava . One of many emergency evacuation route signs in case of volcanic eruption or lahar around Mt . Rainier According to K. Scott , a scientist with the USGS : `` A home built in any of the probabilistically defined inundation areas on the new maps is more likely to be damaged or destroyed by a lahar than by fire ... For example , a home built in an area that would be inundated every 100 years , on the average , is 27 times more likely to be damaged or destroyed by a flow than by fire . People know the danger of fire , so they buy fire insurance and they have smoke alarms , but most people are not aware of the risks of lahars , and few have applicable flood insurance . '' The volcanic risk is somewhat mitigated by lahar warning sirens and escape route signs in Pierce County . The more populous King County is also in the lahar area , but currently has no zoning restrictions due to volcanic hazard . More recently ( since 2001 ) funding from the federal government for lahar protection in the area has dried up , leading local authorities in at - risk cities like Orting to fear a disaster similar to the Armero tragedy . Seismic background ( edit ) Typically , up to five earthquakes are recorded monthly near the summit . Swarms of five to ten shallow earthquakes over two or three days take place from time to time , predominantly in the region of 13,000 feet ( 4 km ) below the summit . These earthquakes are thought to be caused by the circulation of hot fluids beneath Mount Rainier . Presumably , hot springs and steam vents within Mount Rainier National Park are generated by such fluids . Seismic swarms ( not initiated with a mainshock ) are common features at volcanoes , and are rarely associated with eruptive activity . Rainier has had several such swarms ; there were days - long swarms in 2002 , 2004 , and 2007 , two of which ( 2002 and 2004 ) included M 3.2 earthquakes . A 2009 swarm produced the largest number of events of any swarm at Rainier since seismic monitoring began over two decades earlier . Yet another swarm was observed in 2011 . Glaciers ( edit ) Three - dimensional representation of Mount Rainier Nisqually Glacier is seen clearly from the southeast of the mountain . Glaciers are among the most conspicuous and dynamic geologic features on Mount Rainier . They erode the volcanic cone and are important sources of streamflow for several rivers , including some that provide water for hydroelectric power and irrigation . Together with perennial snow patches , the 26 major glaciers cover about 36 square miles ( 93 km ) of the mountain 's surface and have a volume of about 1 cubic mile ( 4.2 km ) . Glaciers flow under the influence of gravity by the combined action of sliding over the rock on which they lie and by deformation , the gradual displacement between and within individual ice crystals . Maximum speeds occur near the surface and along the centerline of the glacier . During May 1970 , Nisqually Glacier was measured moving as fast as 29 inches ( 74 cm ) per day . Flow rates are generally greater in summer than in winter , probably due to the presence of large quantities of meltwater at the glacier base . The size of glaciers on Mount Rainier has fluctuated significantly in the past . For example , during the last ice age , from about 25,000 to about 15,000 years ago , glaciers covered most of the area now within the boundaries of Mount Rainier National Park and extended to the perimeter of the present Puget Sound Basin . Between the 14th century and 1850 , many of the glaciers on Mount Rainier advanced to their farthest extent downvalley since the last ice age . Many advances of this sort occurred worldwide during this time period known to geologists as the Little Ice Age . During the Little Ice Age , the Nisqually Glacier advanced to a position 650 to 800 ft ( 200 to 240 m ) downvalley from the site of the Glacier Bridge , Tahoma and South Tahoma Glaciers merged at the base of Glacier Island , and the terminus of Emmons Glacier reached within 1.2 mi ( 1.9 km ) of the White River Campground . Retreat of the Little Ice Age glaciers was slow until about 1920 when retreat became more rapid . Between the height of the Little Ice Age and 1950 , Mount Rainier 's glaciers lost about one - quarter of their length . Beginning in 1950 and continuing through the early 1980s , however , many of the major glaciers advanced in response to relatively cooler temperatures of the mid-century . The Carbon , Cowlitz , Emmons , and Nisqually Glaciers advanced during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a result of high snowfalls during the 1960s and 1970s . Since the early - 1980s , however , many glaciers have been thinning and retreating and some advances have slowed . The glaciers on Mount Rainier can generate mudflows , through glacial outburst floods not associated with any eruption . The South Tahoma Glacier generated 30 floods in the 1980s and early 1990s , and again in August , 2015 . Human History ( edit ) Artist rendering of Mount Tacoma from Commencement Bay , 1888 . Viewed from the northwest ( Tacoma ) , Liberty Cap is the apparent summit with Mowich Face below . At the time of European contact , the river valleys and other areas near the mountain were inhabited by many Pacific Northwest tribes who hunted and gathered berries in its forests and mountain meadows . These included the Nisqually , Cowlitz , Yakama , Puyallup , and Muckleshoot . Captain George Vancouver reached Puget Sound in early May 1792 and became the first European to see the mountain . In 1833 , Dr. William Fraser Tolmie explored the area looking for medicinal plants . Hazard Stevens and P.B. Van Trump received a hero 's welcome in the streets of Olympia after their successful summit climb in 1870 . The first female ascent was made in 1890 by Fay Fuller , accompanied by Van Trump and three other teammates . John Muir climbed Mount Rainier in 1888 , and although he enjoyed the view , he conceded that it was best appreciated from below . Muir was one of many who advocated protecting the mountain . In 1893 , the area was set aside as part of the Pacific Forest Reserve in order to protect its physical and economic resources , primarily timber and watersheds . Citing the need to also protect scenery and provide for public enjoyment , railroads and local businesses urged the creation of a national park in hopes of increased tourism . On March 2 , 1899 , President William McKinley established Mount Rainier National Park as America 's fifth national park . Congress dedicated the new park `` for the benefit and enjoyment of the people '' and `` ... for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber , mineral deposits , natural curiosities , or wonders within said park , and their retention in their natural condition . '' On 24 June 1947 , Kenneth Arnold reported seeing a formation of nine unidentified flying objects over Mount Rainier . His description led to the term `` flying saucers '' . In 1998 , the United States Geological Survey began putting together the Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System to assist in the emergency evacuation of the Puyallup River valley in the event of a catastrophic debris flow . It is now run by the Pierce County Department of Emergency Management . Tacoma , at the mouth of the Puyallup , is only 37 mi ( 60 km ) west of Rainier , and moderately sized towns such as Puyallup and Orting are only 27 and 20 mi ( 43 and 32 km ) away , respectively . Mt . Rainier appears on four distinct United States postage stamp issues . In 1934 , it was the 3 - cent issue in a series of National Park stamps , and was also shown on a souvenir sheet issued for a philatelic convention . The following year , in 1935 , both of these were reprinted by Postmaster General James A. Farley as special issues given to officials and friends . Because of complaints by the public , `` Farley 's Follies '' were reproduced in large numbers . The second stamp issue is easy to tell from the original because it is imperforate . Both stamps and souvenir sheets are widely available . The Washington state quarter , which was released on April 11 , 2007 , features Mount Rainier and a salmon . Climbing ( edit ) Climbers on Ingraham Glacier , above Little Tahoma Mountain climbing on Mount Rainier is difficult , involving traversing the largest glaciers in the U.S. south of Alaska . Most climbers require two to three days to reach the summit , with a success rate of approximately 50 % . Climbing teams require experience in glacier travel , self - rescue , and wilderness travel . About 8,000 to 13,000 people attempt the climb each year , about 90 % via routes from Camp Muir on the southeast flank . Most of the rest ascend Emmons Glacier via Camp Schurman on the northeast . About half of the attempts are successful , with weather and physical conditioning of the climbers being the most common reasons for failure . All climbers who plan to climb above high camps , Camp Muir and Camp Schurman , are required by law to purchase a Mount Rainier Climbing Pass and register for their climb . Additionally , solo climbers must fill out a solo climbing request form and receive written permission from the Superintendent before attempting to climb . Climbing routes ( edit ) All climbing routes on Mount Rainier require climbers to possess some level of technical climbing skill . This includes ascending and descending the mountain with the use of technical climbing equipment such as crampons , ice axes , harnesses , and ropes . Difficulty and technical challenge of climbing Mount Rainier can vary wildly between climbing routes . Routes are graded in NCCS Alpine Climbing format . The normal route to the summit of Mount Rainier is the Disappointment Cleaver Route , grade II - III . As climbers on this route have access to the permanently established Camp Muir , it sees the significant majority of climbing traffic on the mountain . This route is also the most common commercially guided route . The term `` cleaver '' is used in the context of a rock ridge that separates two glaciers . The reason for naming this cleaver a `` disappointment '' is unrecorded , but it is thought to be due to climbers reaching it only to recognize their inability to reach the summit . An alternative route to the Disappointment Cleaver is the Ingraham Glacier Direct Route , grade II , and is often used when the Disappointment Cleaver route can not be climbed due to poor route conditions . The Emmons Glacier Route , grade II , is an alternative to the Disappointment Cleaver route and poses a lower technical challenge to climbers . The climbers on the route can make use of Camp Schurman ( 9,500 ft ) , a glacial camp site . Unlike Camp Muir , Camp Schurman has no permanent structure , so climbers must carry their overnight equipment to the location . The Liberty Ridge Route , grade IV , was first climbed by Ome Daiber , Arnie Campbell and Jim Burrow in 1935 and is listed as one of the Fifty Classic Climbs of North America by Steve Roper and Allen Steck . The Liberty Ridge Route is a considerably more challenging and objectively dangerous route than the normal route to the summit . This route only accounts for approximately 2 % of climbers on the mountain , but accounts for approximately 25 % of deaths on the mountain . The Liberty Ridge Route runs up the center of the North Face of Mount Rainier and crosses the very active Carbon Glacier . Dangers and Accidents ( edit ) About two mountaineering deaths each year occur because of rock and ice fall , avalanche , falls , and hypothermia associated with severe weather ( 58 reported since and including the 1981 accident through 2010 per American Alpine Club Accidents in North American Mountaineering and the NPS ) . The worst mountaineering accident on Mount Rainier occurred in 1981 , when eleven people lost their lives in an ice fall on the Ingraham Glacier . This was the largest number of fatalities on Mount Rainier in a single incident since 32 people were killed in a 1946 plane crash on the South Tahoma Glacier . More recently , the mountain received media attention in 2012 , as one of the park rangers lost his life when several climbers were caught in a storm while trying to ascend the mountain . While trying to help load the climbers into a rescue helicopter , the ranger lost his footing , and slid 3,700 feet ( 1,100 m ) to his death . In one of the worst disasters on the mountain in over thirty years , six climbers -- two guides , and four clients -- last heard from on May 28 , 2014 , were presumed dead on May 31 , 2014 , when low - flying search helicopters pinged the signals from the avalanche beacons worn by the climbers . Officials concluded that there was no possible chance of survival after the climbers fell 3,300 feet ( 1,000 m ) while attempting or returning from the summit via the Liberty Ridge climbing route . Searchers found tents and clothes along with rock and ice strewn across a debris field on the Carbon Glacier at 9,500 ft ( 2,900 m ) , possible evidence for a slide or avalanche in the vicinity where the team went missing , though the exact cause of the accident is unknown . The bodies of three of the guest climbers were spotted on August 7 , 2014 , during a training flight and subsequently recovered on August 19 , 2014 . The bodies of the fourth guest climber and two guides have not been located . Outdoor recreation ( edit ) Hiking , backcountry skiing , photography , and camping are popular in the park . Hiking trails , including the Wonderland Trail -- a 93 - mile or 150 - kilometre circumnavigation of the peak -- provide access to the backcountry . Mount Rainier is also popular for winter sports , including snowshoeing and cross-country skiing . Climate ( edit ) The summit of Mount Rainier has an alpine climate . ( hide ) Climate data for Mount Rainier ( 14,411 feet ; 4,392 m ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 7 ( − 14 ) 9 ( − 13 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 33 ( 1 ) 32 ( 0 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 18.9 ( − 7.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) − 3 ( − 19 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) ( − 17 ) 6 ( − 14 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 7 ( − 14 ) ( − 17 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) 4.9 ( − 15 ) Source : See also ( edit ) Washington portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal Rainier in Reflection Lake List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of the United States List of U.S. states by elevation List of the highest major summits of the United States List of the most prominent summits of the United States List of the most isolated major summits of the United States List of volcanoes in the United States List of highest points in Washington by county Bailey Willis , USGS geological engineer , played a key role in getting Mount Rainier designated as a national park , Willis Wall is named after him . 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( 1995 ) . `` Sedimentology , Behavior , and Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier , Washington '' . Geological Survey Professional Paper 1547 . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Hoblitt , R.P. ; J.S. Walder ; C.L. Driedger ; K.M. Scott ; P.T. Pringle ; J.W. Vallance ( 1998 ) . `` Volcano Hazards from Mount Rainier , Washington , Revised '' . Open - File Report 98 - 428 . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier Debris - Flow Maps available from USGS '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System '' . Jump up ^ `` Volcanic Hazard Areas '' ( PDF ) . Critical Areas , Stormwater , and Clearing and Grading Ordinances . King County , Washington . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Nevado del Ruiz '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Paths of Destruction : The Hidden Threat at Mount Rainier '' . Geotimes. 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( 2008 ) . `` Mount Rainier - Living Safely With a Volcano in Your Backyard '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` US Stamps - Commemoratives of 1934 - 1935 '' . stamp-collecting-world.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Quarter '' . Washington State Arts Commission . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Green , Sara Jean ( 2007 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Washington quarter makes debut '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MORA Climbing Statistics '' . National Park Service . 2005 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Muir , Mount Rainier , Washington '' . University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections . University of Washington . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mt . Rainier Climbing Pass FAQs '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Climbing Mount Rainier '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/upload/Disappointment-Cleaver-Routebrief-2017_FINAL.pdf Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier / Emmons Glacier '' . The Mountaineers . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty Ridge is risky , deadly Mount Rainier route '' . seattletimes.com. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatcher , Candy ( 2000 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Ghosts of Rainier : Icefall in 1981 entombed 11 climbers '' . The Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` HistoryLink : A Curtis Commando R5C transport plane crashes into Mount Rainier , killing 32 U.S. Marines , on December 10 , 1946 '' . HistoryLink.org. 2006 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger plunges to death on Mount Rainier '' . CNN . 2012 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Llanos , Miguel ( 2012 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Park ranger falls 3,700 feet to death during Mount Rainier rescue '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 6 climbers dead on Mount Rainier '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ John de Leon ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Bodies of 3 missing climbers recovered from Mount Rainier '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Paige Cornwell ( 2014 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Bodies of 3 Mount Rainier climbers identified '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Backcountry Skiing Guide to Mount Rainier , Washington '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Interesting Weather Statistics for US Mountain Summits '' . SummitPost . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Exploration Of Mount Rainier '' . Mount Rainier : Its Human History Associations . National Park Service . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMount Rainierat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Mount Rainier National Park ( also used as a reference ) `` Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System '' . Volcano Hazards Program . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Mt . Rainier Eruption Task Force ( pdf ) Mount Rainier stream drainage Mount Rainier Trail Descriptions `` Mount Rainier '' . SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Mount Rainier National Park at DMOZ Doughton , Sandi ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) , `` Under Rainier 's crater , a natural laboratory like no other '' , The Seattle Times : contains images and videos of the summit caves University of Washington Libraries , Digital Collections : Lawrence Denny Lindsley Photographs , Landscape and nature photography of Lawrence Denny Lindsley , including photographs of scenes around Mount Rainier . The Mountaineers Collection , Photographic albums and text documenting the Mountaineers official annual outings undertaken by club members from 1907 -- 1951 , includes 3 Mt . Rainier albums ( ca . 1912 , 1919 , 1924 ) . Henry M. Sarvant Photographs , photographs by Henry Mason Sarvant depicting his climbing expeditions to Mt . Rainier and scenes of the vicinity from 1892 - 1912 . Alvin H. Waite Photographs Photographs of Mt . Rainier by Alvin H. Waite , during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Rainier Volcán Tajumulco Mount Fairweather Chirripó Grande Gunnbjørn Fjeld Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Waddington Mount Marcus Baker Pico Duarte Mount Lucania Mount Whitney Popocatépetl Mount Shasta Monarch Mountain Shishaldin Volcano Mount Robson Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier Nevado de Colima Mount Vancouver Mount Sir Sandford Mount Baker Mount Torbert Pic la Selle Barbeau Peak San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Skihist Mountain Mount Hubbard Mount Ratz Mount Odin Mount Isto Mount Monashee Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Columbia Mount Queen Bess Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Mount Cooper Wheeler Peak Ulysses Mountain Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Blue Mountain Peak Wedge Mountain Otter Mountain Mount Griggs Nevado de Toluca Kwatna Peak Outlook Peak Mount Foraker Golden Hinde White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Stauning Alper Cerro Teotepec Scud Peak Keele Peak Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Razorback Mountain Mount Vsevidof Mount Odin Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Hesperus Picacho del Diablo Mount Farnham Palup Qaqa HP Mount Bona Oscar Peak Pic Macaya Montaña de Santa Bárbara Mount Assiniboine Mount Jancowski Cerro Las Minas Mount Drum Gladsheim Peak Milne Land HP Mount Dawson Payers Tinde Beitstad Peak Mount Chiginagak Mount Edith Cavell Alsek Peak Mount Valpy Perserajoq Mount Cairnes The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America Denali Gunnbjørn Fjeld Pico de Orizaba Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Pico Duarte Chirripó Grande Shishaldin Volcano Barbeau Peak Mount Caubvick Volcán Tajumulco Melville Island HP La Grande Soufrière Tanaga Volcano Avannaarsua HP Mount Isto Cerro San Rafael Mathiassen Mountain Mount Logan Angilaaq Mountain Signal Hill Mount Odin Cerro el Potosí Mount Waddington Melville Hills HP Keele Peak Mount Shasta Perserajoq Mealy Mountains HP Peary Land HP The Cabox Volcán Everman Greenland Ice Sheet HP Gannett Peak Mont Yapeitso Mount Robson Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Ulysses Mountain Cerro de Punta Cerro Gordo Pico San Juan Mont Jacques - Cartier Nevado de Colima Sukkertoppen Humphreys Peak Haffner Bjerg Victoria Island HP Wheeler Peak Revaltoppe Kisimngiuqtuq Peak Mount Vsevidof Mont Forel Beitstad Peak Hahn Land HP Pico La Laguna Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes Isla Guadalupe HP Mount Veniaminof Picacho del Diablo Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Ratz Hall Island HP Dillingham HP Mount Paatusoq Petermann Bjerg Spruce Knob Blue Mountain Peak Kings Peak Outlook Peak Sierra Blanca Peak Devon Ice Cap HP Point 1740 San Gorgonio Mountain Manuel Peak Katahdin Peak 4030 Howson Peak Mount Baldy Borah Peak Sierra Fría Cloud Peak Cerro Mohinora Fox Mountain Cap Mountain Sierra la Madera Black Elk Peak Mount Frank Rae Mount Nirvana Slide Mountain Durham Heights Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Pico Turquino Pic Macaya Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mont Raoul - Blanchard Mount Marcus Baker Mount Hayes Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather Highest Natural Points of U.S. States and Selected Additional Areas Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Additional Areas American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands State of Washington Olympia ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Census - designated places Federal lands Indian reservations History Geography Earthquakes People Music Parks Highways Symbols Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Politics Government Law Governors Legislature Legislative districts Senate House Legislative initiatives Popular initiatives Congressional delegation Congressional districts City governments State agencies Agriculture Archaeology and Historic Preservation Commerce Corrections Early Learning Ecology Employment Security Enterprise Services Financial Institutions Fish and Wildlife Health Higher Education Coordinating Board Information Services Labor and Industries Licensing Military Natural Resources Parks Institute for Public Policy Public Stadium Authority Public Disclosure Commission Retirement Systems Revenue Services for the Blind Social and Health Services Transportation Utilities and Transportation Regions Western Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Eastern / Inland Central Washington Columbia Plateau Methow Valley Okanogan Country Palouse Yakima Valley Shared Cascade Range Columbia Gorge Columbia River Largest cities Seattle Spokane Tacoma Vancouver Bellevue Kent Everett Renton Yakima Federal Way Spokane Valley Kirkland Bellingham Kennewick Auburn Pasco Marysville Lakewood Redmond Shoreline Richland Metropolitan areas Greater Seattle Greater Spokane Tri-Cities Wenatchee metropolitan area Greater Portland and Vancouver Counties Adams Asotin Benton Chelan Clallam Clark Columbia Cowlitz Douglas Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Grays Harbor Island Jefferson King Kitsap Kittitas Klickitat Lewis Lincoln Mason Okanogan Pacific Pend Oreille Pierce San Juan Skagit Skamania Snohomish Spokane Stevens Thurston Wahkiakum Walla Walla Whatcom Whitman Yakima Glaciers of Mount Rainier Mount Rainier Carbon Glacier Cowlitz Glacier Edmunds Glacier Emmons Glacier Flett Glacier Fryingpan Glacier Ingraham Glacier Inter Glacier Kautz Glacier Liberty Cap Glacier Nisqually Glacier North Mowich Glacier Ohanapecosh Glacier Paradise Glacier Puyallup Glacier Pyramid Glacier Russell Glacier South Mowich Glacier South Tahoma Glacier Success Glacier Tahoma Glacier Van Trump Glacier Whitman Glacier Wilson Glacier Williwakas Glacier Winthrop Glacier See also Glaciers of Mount Adams Glaciers of Mount Baker Glaciers of Glacier Peak Glaciers of the Olympic Mountains Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Volcano Mount Meager Mount Cayley Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak Decade Volcanoes Avachinsky Colima Etna Galeras Koryaksky Mauna Loa Merapi Nyiragongo Rainier Sakurajima Santa María Santorini Taal Teide Ulawun Unzen Vesuvius Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&oldid=806749238 '' Categories : Mount Rainier Stratovolcanoes of the United States Cascade Range Mountains of Washington ( state ) Volcanoes of Washington ( state ) Lakes of Washington ( state ) Decade Volcanoes Subduction volcanoes Cascade Volcanoes Active volcanoes VEI - 4 volcanoes United States National Park high points Mount Rainier National Park Landforms of Pierce County , Washington Mountains of Pierce County , Washington Pleistocene volcanoes Highest points of U.S. states North American 4000 m summits Hidden categories : Articles using GVP links in vnum format Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity አማርኛ বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 22 : 32 . 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8630584615922431502 | Cabinet of Canada | Cabinet of Canada - wikipedia Cabinet of Canada Jump to : navigation , search Canada This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Canada Government The Crown ( show ) Monarch ( Elizabeth II ) Governor General ( Julie Payette ) Monarchy in the provinces Lieutenant governors Executive ( Queen - in - Council ) ( show ) Queen 's Privy Council Prime minister ( Justin Trudeau ) Cabinet ( 29th ministry ) Ministries President of the Privy Council Clerk of the Privy Council Privy Council Office Civil Service Provincial and territorial executive councils Premiers Legislative ( Queen - in - Parliament ) ( show ) Federal parliament Senate Speaker of the Senate Government Leader in the Senate Opposition Leader in the Senate Senate divisions House of Commons Speaker of the house Government Leader in the house Opposition Leader in the house Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Leader of the Opposition Shadow cabinet Provincial and territorial parliaments Judicial ( Queen - on - the - Bench ) ( show ) Court system Supreme court Federal chief justice ( Richard Wagner ) Provincial and territorial courts Provincial chief justices Constitution British North America Acts Peace , order , and good government Charter of Rights and Freedoms Elections ( show ) Federal electoral districts Federal electoral system 42nd federal election ( 2015 ) Provincial electoral districts Politics of the provinces Local government ( show ) Municipal government Related topics ( show ) Federalism Structure of the federal government Constitutional law Royal prerogative Regions Political culture Foreign relations Office - holders Political movements Aboriginal self - government First Nations bands Other countries Atlas The Cabinet of Canada ( French : Cabinet du Canada ) is a body of ministers of the Crown that , along with the Canadian monarch , and within the tenets of the Westminster system , forms the government of Canada . Chaired by the prime minister , the Cabinet is a committee of the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada and the senior echelon of the Ministry , the membership of the Cabinet and ministry often being co-terminal ; as of November 2015 there are no members of the latter who are not also members of the former . For practical reasons , the Cabinet is informally referred to either in relation to the prime minister in charge of it or the number of ministries since Confederation . The current cabinet is the Trudeau Cabinet , which is part of the 29th Ministry . The interchangeable use of the terms cabinet and ministry is a subtle inaccuracy that can cause confusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 1.1 Queen - in - Council 1.2 Selection and structure 1.3 Ministers , secretaries , and deputies 2 Responsibilities 3 Shadow cabinets 4 Current Cabinet 5 Former portfolios 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) Queen - in - Council ( edit ) The government of Canada , formally referred to as Her Majesty 's Government , is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her Privy Council ; what is technically known as the Queen - in - Council , or sometimes the Governor - in - Council , referring to the governor general as the Queen 's stand - in . However , the Privy Council -- composed mostly of former members of parliament , current and former chief justices of Canada , and other elder statesmen -- rarely meets in full ; as the stipulations of responsible government require that those who directly advise the monarch and governor general on how to exercise the Royal Prerogative be accountable to the elected House of Commons of Canada , the day - to - day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Privy Council made up of individuals who hold seats in parliament . This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet , which has come to be the council in the phrase Queen - in - Council . One of the main duties of the Crown is to appoint as prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the confidence of the House of Commons ; this is usually the leader of the political party with a majority in that house , but when no party or coalition holds a majority ( referred to as a hung parliament ) , or similar scenario , the governor general 's judgement about the most suitable candidate for prime minister must be brought into play . The prime minister thereafter heads the Cabinet . The Queen is informed by her viceroy of the acceptance of the resignation of a prime minister and the swearing - in of a new ministry , and she remains fully briefed through regular communications from her Canadian ministers and holds audience with them whenever possible . Selection and structure ( edit ) The governor general appoints to the Cabinet persons chosen by the prime minister -- John A. Macdonald once half - jokingly listed his occupation as cabinet maker ; while there are no legal qualifications of the potential ministers , there are a number of conventions that are expected be followed . For instance , there is typically a minister from each province in Canada , ministers from visible minority groups , female ministers and , while the majority of those chosen to serve as ministers of the Crown are Members of Parliament , a Cabinet sometimes includes a senator , especially as a representative of a province or region where the governing party won few or no ridings . Efforts are further made to indulge interest groups that support the incumbent government and the party 's internal politics must be appeased , with Cabinet positions sometimes being a reward for loyal party members . A meeting of the Cabinet of William Lyon Mackenzie King in 1930 It is not legally necessary for Cabinet members to have a position in parliament although they are almost always selected from the House of Commons . From time to time , a senator may be included . As with other Westminster derived governments , but unlike the United States Cabinet , the size and structure of the Canadian Cabinet is relatively malleable , the slate of Cabinet positions tending to be substantially restructured periodically , the last major period of realignment occurring between 1993 and 1996 . Throughout the 20th century , Cabinets had been expanding in size until the Cabinet chaired by Brian Mulroney , with a population of 40 ministers . Mulroney 's successor , Kim Campbell , reduced this number , and Jean Chrétien eliminated approximately 10 members of the ministry from the Cabinet , so that by 1994 there were a total of 23 persons in Cabinet . Under the chairmanship of Paul Martin , the number increased again to 39 , in the vicinity of which it has remained ; the Cabinet proper currently comprises 31 ministers , with another 7 members of the ministry who are not of the cabinet . Cabinet itself -- or full Cabinet -- is further divided into committees . The Treasury Board , overseeing the expenditure of the sovereign 's state funds within every department , is one of the most important of these , as is the Priorities and Planning Committee , often referred to as the inner Cabinet , which is the body that sets the strategic directions for the government , approves key appointments , and ratifies committee memberships . Other Cabinet committees include : Operations , Social Affairs , Economic Growth and Long - Term Prosperity , Foreign Affairs and Security , Environment and Energy Security . Each committee is chaired by a senior minister whose own portfolio normally intersects with the mandate of the committee he or she is chairing . Ministers , secretaries , and deputies ( edit ) The 16th Canadian Ministry , headed by William Lyon Mackenzie King , on the grounds of Rideau Hall , 19 June 1945 Each minister of the Crown is responsible for the general administration of at least one government portfolio and heads a corresponding ministry or ministries , known in Canada as departments or agencies . The most important minister , following the first minister , is the Minister of Finance , while other high - profile ministries include foreign affairs , industry , justice , and health . The official order of precedence does not follow the same pattern , however , with ministers being listed in the order of their appointment to the Privy Council or , if appointed to the Privy Council on the same day , in order of election or appointment to parliament . Unique positions in Cabinet are those such as Leader of the Government in the House of Commons and President of the Queen 's Privy Council , who have no corresponding department , and some ministers ( such as the Minister for International Cooperation ) head agencies under the umbrella of a department run by another minister . Further , the prime minister may recommend the governor general appoint to Cabinet some ministers without portfolio , though this has not been done since 1978 , and , unlike in many other Westminster model governments , ministers of state in Canada are considered full members of Cabinet , rather than of the ministry outside it , which has the effect of making the Canadian Cabinet much larger than its foreign counterparts . These individuals are assigned specific , but temporary , responsibilities on a more ad hoc basis , fulfilling tasks created and dissolved to suit short - term government priorities from within a department under a full minister of the Crown . Ministers of state may also be named but not specified any particular responsibilities , thus giving them the effective appearance of ministers without portfolio , or be delegated problems or initiatives that cut across departmental boundaries , a situation usually described as having the ( situation ) file . Members of the Cabinet receive assistance from both parliamentary secretaries -- who will usually answer , on behalf of a minister , questions in the House of Commons -- and deputy ministers -- senior civil servants assigned to each ministry in order to tender non-partisan advice . Responsibilities ( edit ) See also : Prime Minister of Canada § Role and authority In the context of constitutional monarchy and responsible government , the ministerial advice tendered is typically binding , though it is important to note that , despite appearances to the contrary , the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown , not to any of the ministers , and the royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations . There are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by , or bills that require assent by , the Queen . As advisors to the sovereign , the Cabinet has significant power in the Canadian system and , as the governing party usually holds a majority of seats in the legislature , almost all bills proposed by the Cabinet are enacted . Combined with a comparatively small proportion of bills originating with individual Members of Parliament , this leads to Cabinet having almost total control over the legislative agenda of the House of Commons . Further , members of various executive agencies , heads of Crown corporations , and other officials are appointed by the Crown - in - Council , though some of these may be made only by the Governor General - in - Council specifically . Public inquiries and Royal Commissions are also called through a Royal Warrant issued by the Queen or Governor - in - Council . All Cabinet meetings are held behind closed doors and the minutes are kept confidential for thirty years , Cabinet members being forbidden from discussing what transpires . Decisions made must be unanimous , though this often occurs at the prime minister 's direction , and once a decision has been reached , all Cabinet members must publicly support it . If any of these rules are violated , the offending minister is usually removed by the prime minister and , if the disagreement within the Cabinet is strong , a minister may resign , as did John Turner in 1975 , over the subject of wage and price controls , and Michael Chong in 2006 , over a parliamentary motion recognising `` the Québécois '' as a nation within Canada . However , the Cabinet 's collective influence has been seen to be eclipsed by that of the prime minister alone . Former prime minister Pierre Trudeau is credited with consolidating power in the Office of the Prime Minister ( PMO ) and , at the end of the 20th century and into the 21st , analysts -- such as Jeffrey Simpson , Donald Savoie , and John Gomery -- argued that both parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power . Savoie quoted an anonymous minister from the Liberal Party as saying Cabinet had become `` a kind of focus group for the Prime Minister , '' while Simpson called cabinet a `` mini-sounding board '' . Coyne wrote in 2015 : `` Cabinet does not matter ... It does not govern : that is the job of the prime minister , and of the group of political staff he has around him , and of the bureaucracy beyond them . '' John Robson criticised the use of the prime minister 's name to identify the Cabinet , calling it a `` bad habit '' that `` endorses while concealing the swollen pretension of the executive branch . '' Shadow cabinets ( edit ) Each party in Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition creates a shadow cabinet , with each member thereof observing and critiquing one or more actual Cabinet portfolios and offering alternative policies . The Official Opposition 's shadow cabinet comprises members of the party not in government holding the largest number of seats and is appointed by the Leader of the Opposition ; it is generally regarded as a `` government in waiting '' . Its members are often , but not always , appointed to a Cabinet post should the leader of their party be called to form a government . Current Cabinet ( edit ) The Liberal Party of Canada won the federal election of October 19 , 2015 with a majority of seats in the House of Commons . The Cabinet was sworn - in on November 4 , with Justin Trudeau appointed as prime minister . Initially , five members of Cabinet were appointed by orders - in - council on November 4 as ministers of state , but styled without the traditional of state in their titles . These were the Ministers of Science , Small Business and Tourism , Sport and Persons with Disabilities , Status of Women , and La Francophonie . ( However , the new Minister of La Francophonie was , at the same time , appointed Minister of International Development . ) Ministers of state had previously represented a second order within the Cabinet ( determined by a lower salary as defined by the Salaries Act ) , despite the Ministries and Ministers of State Act giving them full authority for any government function delegated to them . However , after details of the aforementioned orders - in - council were published , the new cabinet stated its intent for there to `` be no levels of cabinet members '' and it would table in parliament amendments to the salary statutes , but also that the new ministers would continue to work with the existing departments rather than forming new ones . Ministers are listed according to the Canadian order of precedence : Ministry Date of Creation Incumbent Province Minister Since Precedence Date Prime Minister of Canada Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 000000001993 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 1993 Justin Trudeau QC 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 0000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness 000000002003 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2003 Ralph Goodale SK 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000001993 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1993 Minister of Agriculture and Agri - Food 000000001995 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1995 Lawrence MacAulay PE 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000001993 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1993 Minister of Crown - Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs 000000002011 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2011 Carolyn Bennett ON 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002003 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2003 President of the Treasury Board 000000001966 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1966 Scott Brison NS 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002003 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2003 Minister of Fisheries , Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard 000000001979 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1979 Dominic LeBlanc NB 000000002016 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 2016 1000000002004 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 2004 Minister of Innovation , Science , and Economic Development 000000001995 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1995 Navdeep Bains ON 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002005 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2005 Minister of Finance 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 Bill Morneau ON 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Justice and Attorney General for Canada 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 Jody Wilson - Raybould BC 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Public Services and Procurement 000000001996 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1996 Carla Qualtrough BC 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2017 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Foreign Affairs 000000001993 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1993 Chrystia Freeland ON 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Families , Children and Social Development 000000002003 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2003 Jean - Yves Duclos QC 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Transport 000000001936 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1936 Marc Garneau QC 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of International Development Minister of La Francophonie 000000001996 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1996 Marie - Claude Bibeau QC 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Natural Resources 000000001995 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1995 Jim Carr MB 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Canadian Heritage 000000001996 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1996 Mélanie Joly QC 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of National Revenue 000000001927 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1927 Diane Lebouthillier QC 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Environment and Climate Change 000000001971 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1971 Catherine McKenna ON 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of National Defence 000000001923 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1923 Harjit Sajjan BC 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Employment , Workforce , and Labour 000000001909 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1909 Patty Hajdu ON 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Infrastructure and Communities 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Amarjeet Sohi AB 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Science Minister of Sport and Persons with Disabilities 000000001990 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1990 000000001961 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1961 Kirsty Duncan ON 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Status of Women 000000001971 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 1971 Maryam Monsef ON 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Small Business and Tourism Leader of the Government in the House of Commons 000000001976 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1976 000000001944 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1944 Bardish Chagger ON 000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 000000002016 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2016 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of International Trade 000000001983 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1983 François - Philippe Champagne QC 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 1000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Minister of Democratic Institutions President of the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada 000000002003 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2003 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 Karina Gould ON 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 1000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Minister of Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship 000000001994 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1994 Ahmed Hussen ON 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 1000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Minister of Indigenous Services 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2017 Jane Philpott ON 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2017 1000000002015 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2015 Minister of Health 000000001996 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1996 Ginette Petitpas Taylor NB 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2017 1000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2017 Minister of Veterans Affairs Associate Minister of National Defence 000000001944 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1944 Seamus O'Regan NL 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2017 1000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2017 Notes Jump up ^ Ministers position in the order of precedence is determined as follows : those entitled to use The Right Honourable ( generally only the prime minister ) , ministers , associate ministers , then ministers of state , with ties broken by date sworn into the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada , date became a member of the Parliament of Canada ( in either the Canadian Senate or Canadian House of Commons , and finally alphabetically by last name . Jump up ^ The Prime Minister has precedence over all other ministers . Former portfolios ( edit ) Secretary of State for the Provinces ( 1867 -- 1873 ) Minister of Public Works ( 1867 -- 1996 ) Postmaster General ( 1867 -- 1981 ) Minister of Customs ( 1867 -- 1918 ) Minister of Inland Revenue ( 1867 -- 1918 ) Secretary of State for Canada ( 1867 -- 1996 ) Minister of Marine and Fisheries ( 1867 -- 1930 ) Superintendent - General Indian Affairs ( 1868 -- 1936 ) Minister of the Interior ( 1873 -- 1936 ) Solicitor General ( 1892 -- 2003 ) Minister of Mines ( 1907 -- 1936 ) Secretary of State for External Affairs ( 1909 -- 1993 ) Minister of Immigration and Colonization ( 1917 -- 1936 ) Minister of Soldiers ' Civil Re-establishment ( 1918 -- 1928 ) Minister of Customs and Inland Revenue ( 1918 -- 1921 ) Minister of Customs and Excise ( 1921 -- 1927 ) Minister of Pensions and National Health ( 1928 -- 1944 ) Minister of Fisheries ( 1930 -- 1971 ) Minister of Mines and Resources ( 1936 -- 1950 ) Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys ( 1950 -- 1966 ) Minister of Resources and Development ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ( 1950 -- 1966 ) Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Minister of Manpower and Immigration ( 1966 -- 1977 ) Minister of Energy , Mines and Resources ( 1966 -- 1995 ) Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs ( 1968 -- 1995 ) Leader of the Government in the Senate ( list ) ( 1969 -- 2013 ) Minister of Regional Economic Expansion ( 1969 -- 1982 ) Minister of Economic Communications ( 1969 -- 1996 ) Minister of Supply and Services ( 1969 -- 1996 ) Minister of Industry , Trade and Commerce ( 1969 -- 1983 ) Minister of Employment and Immigration ( 1977 -- 1996 ) Minister of Regional Industrial Expansion ( 1984 -- 1990 ) Minister of Forestry ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Minister of National Health and Welfare ( 1944 - 1996 ) Minister of Industry , Science and Technology ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Minister of Human Resources Development ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Deputy Prime Minister ( 1977 -- 2006 ) See also ( edit ) Book : Canada Canada portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eugene Forsey said of this : `` in Canada , the head of state can , in exceptional circumstances , protect Parliament and the people against a Prime Minister and Ministers who may forget that ' minister ' means ' servant ' , and may try to make themselves masters . For example , the head of state could refuse to let a Cabinet dissolve a newly elected House of Commons before it could even meet , or could refuse to let Ministers bludgeon the people into submission by a continuous series of general elections , '' and Larry Zolf commented : `` The Governor General must take all steps necessary to thwart the will of a ruthless prime minister prematurely calling for the death of a Parliament . '' Examples of such actions took place during the viceregal service of the Viscount Byng of Vimy , John C. Bowen , and Frank Lindsay Bastedo . Jump up ^ Savoie offered the critique : `` Cabinet has now joined Parliament as an institution being bypassed . Real political debate and decision - making are increasingly elsewhere -- in federal - provincial meetings of first ministers , on Team Canada flights , where first ministers can hold informal meetings , in the Prime Minister 's Office , in the Privy Council Office , in the Department of Finance , and in international organizations and international summits . There is no indication that the one person who holds all the cards , the prime minister , and the central agencies which enable him to bring effective political authority to the centre , are about to change things . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) , A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 18 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 , retrieved 21 June 2009 Jump up ^ Wrong , Humphrey Hume ( 10 November 1952 ) , Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada , ed. , `` Relations With the United States '' , Documents on Canadian External Relations , Ottawa , 18 - 867 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Victoria ( 29 March 1867 ) , Constitution Act , 1867 , III. 9 & 11 , Westminster : Queen 's Printer , retrieved 15 January 2009 ^ Jump up to : Marleau , Robert ; Montpetit , Camille ( 2000 ) . House of Commons Procedure and Practice . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . ISBN 2 - 89461 - 378 - 4 . 1 . Parliamentary Institutions > Institutional Framework > The Executive . Jump up ^ MacLeod 2008 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 1 April 2005 ) , Interpretation Act , 35.1 , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 , retrieved 7 August 2009 ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing - In of a New Ministry '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Royal Household . `` The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office . `` Information Resources > About Cabinet '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office ( August 25 , 2009 ) , The Canadian Ministry ( PDF ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 8 , 2009 , retrieved October 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Office of the Prime Minister of Canada ( October 30 , 2008 ) , Cabinet Committee Mandates and Membership ( PDF ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2009 , retrieved October 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ Library of Parliament . `` Federal government > The ministry '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 18 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Noel ( September 2002 ) . `` Black v Chrétien : Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power , Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence '' . Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law . Perth : Murdoch University . 9 ( 3 ) : 12 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Neitsch , Alfred Thomas ( 2008 ) . `` A Tradition of Vigilance : The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Ottawa : Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . 30 ( 4 ) : 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Forsey 2005 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Zolf , Larry ( June 28 , 2002 ) . `` Boxing in a Prime Minister '' . CBC . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta . `` The Citizen 's Guide to the Alberta Legislature '' . Queen 's Printer for Alberta . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Bastedo , Frank Lindsay ( 1886 -- 1973 ) '' . The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . University of Regina . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Russell , Peter H. , `` Discretion and the Reserve Powers of the Crown '' ( PDF ) , Canadian Parliamentary Review , Commonwealth Parliamentary Association ( Summer 2011 ) : 19 , retrieved January 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ McWhinney , Edward ( 2005 ) . The Governor General and the Prime Ministers . Vancouver : Ronsdale Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 1 - 55380 - 031 - 1 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . `` Politics and Government > By Executive Decree > The Governor General '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dawson , R. MacGregor ; Dawson , W.F. ( 1989 ) . Democratic Government in Canada ( 5 ed . ) . Toronto , Buffalo , London : University of Toronto Press . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6703 - 4 . Jump up ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada . `` Governor General of Canada : Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy : An Introduction to Our Form of Government . Toronto : Dundurn Press . p. 57 . ISBN 9781459700840 . Jump up ^ Dawson , R. MacGregor ; Dawson , W.F. ( 1989 ) . Democratic Government in Canada ( 5 ed . ) . Toronto , Buffalo , London : University of Toronto Press . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9780802067036 . Jump up ^ Forsey , Eugene ( 2005 ) . How Canadians Govern Themselves ( PDF ) ( 6 ed . ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . pp. 4 , 34 . ISBN 0 - 662 - 39689 - 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forsey , Helen ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` As David Johnson Enters Rideau Hall ... '' The Monitor . Ottawa : Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Geddes , John ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt ? '' . Maclean 's . Toronto : Kenneth Whyte . ISSN 0024 - 9262 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooks 2007 , p. 258 Jump up ^ Savoie , Donald ( 1999 ) . Governing from the Centre : The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 260 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8252 - 7 . Jump up ^ Savoie , Donald ( May 12 , 2010 ) , `` Who has the power ? '' , The Globe and Mail , retrieved May 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Savoie 1999 , p. 362 Jump up ^ Simpson , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . The Friendly Dictatorship . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 8079 - 1 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Andrew ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Liberals ' idea for gender quota in Cabinet leaves out the principle of merit '' . National Post . Post Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robson , John ( 2 November 2015 ) . `` Trudeau 's menacing promise of electoral reform '' . National Post . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` Order in Council 2015 - 1225 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` Order in Council 2015 - 1226 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` Order in Council 2015 - 1227 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` Order in Council 2015 - 1228 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Privy Council Office ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` Order in Council 2015 - 1229 '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/S-3/page-3.html Jump up ^ http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/M-8/FullText.html Jump up ^ Smith , Joanna ( 6 November 2015 ) . `` Five Canadian female ministers of state to be full ministers , get raise '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Parliament of Canada . `` Current Ministry ( Cabinet ) '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . 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-6994435367901897641 | Major League Baseball Wild Card Game | Major League Baseball Wild Card game - wikipedia Major League Baseball Wild Card game Jump to : navigation , search `` Wild Card Playoff '' redirects here . For those in the National Football League , see NFL playoffs § Current playoff system . For general information on wild cards in sports , see Wild card ( sports ) . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The Major League Baseball Wild Card Game is a play - in game which was added to the Major League Baseball postseason in 2012 . The addition keeps the playoff format similar to the three - tiered postseason format used from 1995 through 2011 , but adds a second wild - card team . Two wild - card teams in each league play each other in a single - game playoff after the end of the regular season . The winner of the game advances to face the 1st seeded team in the Division Series . The home team for the wild - card game is the team with the better regular - season record ( 4th Seed ) . If both teams have the same number of wins and losses , tie - breaking procedures are used , with no additional games being played . On the other hand , teams tied for the division title will now always play a one - game playoff for the division title , even if both teams are already qualified for the postseason . This is in contrast to the earlier wild card format used , for example in the 2005 season when the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox tied for first place in their division but did not play an additional game as both teams were qualified for the postseason in any event . In the division series , the winner of the wild - card game will always face whichever division champion has the best record . All division winners receive a bye as they await the result of the game . Previously , a wild - card team could not face the champion of its own division . This change makes it possible for the two teams with the best record in the league to face each other before the League Championship Series for the first time since 1997 , if the wild card winner has the second - best record only to its own division 's champion . From 1995 to 1997 the matchups for the division series were determined by annual rotation between the west , central and east divisions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Implementation 3 Results 3.1 American League 3.2 National League 3.3 Win -- loss records by team 4 See also 5 References Purpose ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The addition of a second wild - card team to each league was completed for multiple reasons : Added importance to division races . Before 1994 , only division - winning teams advanced to the playoffs , creating excitement when teams within a division competed for the best record in that division . From 1994 to 2011 , the urgency of a division race was reduced when the second place team also made the playoffs as a wild card . In addition , the winner of the wild - card game is at a disadvantage in the next series , due to having to make strategic decisions to avoid immediate elimination , such as play its best pitchers available , without regard for future playoff games . Wild - card teams are penalized . In the four - team format from 1994 to 2011 , the wild - card team had to win just as many postseason games as a division winner in order to reach the World Series . Now the winner of the wild - card game is at a disadvantage because it has to play an extra game . Increases postseason interest and revenue , with the tension of a sudden - death match at the start of the playoffs , similar to tie - breaker games held to resolve regular season ties . Recent examples of this were seen in tie - breaking games in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 , as well as the final day of the 2011 regular season . With an additional playoff spot at stake , more teams are competing at the end of the regular season for a place in the playoffs . Implementation ( edit ) With the adoption of MLB 's new collective bargaining agreement in November 2011 , baseball commissioner Bud Selig announced that a new playoff system would begin within the next two years ; the change was ultimately put into place in 2012 . Even though one of the stated purposes of the Wild Card game was to create disadvantages for Wild Card teams in the postseason , Wild Card Game winners have won six of the first twelve Division Series played under the new format . Of the best - of - five Division Series lost by Wild Card Game winners , three lost in five games , two lost in four games , and only one team has been swept . The 2014 postseason featured the first Series sweeps involving Wild Card Game winners , but they were both in favor of the AL Wild Card Kansas City Royals who swept both the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the Baltimore Orioles en route to the second World Series featuring both NL and AL Wild Card Game winners , with the San Francisco Giants defeating the Royals in seven games . The first all Wild Card World Series also involved the Giants , but they were on the losing end , losing the 2002 World Series to the then Anaheim Angels in seven games . The one - game , win - or - go - home Wild Card format favors teams with at least one dominant pitcher . In the twelve games played since the new Wild Card system began in 2012 , five have been shutouts . In four of the seven others , the losing team scored 3 or fewer runs . Only the 2014 AL Wild Card game between the Kansas City Royals and Oakland Athletics and the 2017 NL Wild Card game between the Colorado Rockies and the Arizona Diamondbacks featured high scoring by both teams , with the Royals eventually winning 9 - 8 in 12 innings and the Diamondbacks winning 11 - 8 with the most runs scored in a Wild Card game . The margin of victory has been four runs or more in six of the twelve games played , and one run only once -- in the 2014 Royals - Athletics games . Results ( edit ) Key bold Wild Card Game winner Won World Series Reached World Series Reached League Championship Series The visiting team has won 7 of the 12 games played . American League ( edit ) Year Visitor Manager Score Host Manager Winner 's postseason performance 2012 Baltimore Orioles Buck Showalter 5 -- 1 Texas Rangers Ron Washington Lost ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Yankees ) 2013 Tampa Bay Rays Joe Maddon 4 -- 0 Cleveland Indians Terry Francona Lost ALDS 3 -- 1 ( Red Sox ) 2014 Oakland Athletics Bob Melvin 8 -- 9 ( 12 inn . ) Kansas City Royals Ned Yost Won ALDS 3 -- 0 ( Angels ) , Won ALCS 4 -- 0 ( Orioles ) , Lost WS 4 -- 3 ( Giants ) 2015 Houston Astros A.J. Hinch 3 -- 0 New York Yankees Joe Girardi Lost ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Royals ) 2016 Baltimore Orioles Buck Showalter 2 -- 5 ( 11 inn . ) Toronto Blue Jays John Gibbons Won ALDS 3 -- 0 ( Rangers ) , Lost ALCS 4 -- 1 ( Indians ) 2017 Minnesota Twins Paul Molitor 4 -- 8 New York Yankees Joe Girardi Won ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Indians ) , Lost ALCS 4 -- 3 ( Astros ) National League ( edit ) Year Visitor Manager Score Host Manager Winner 's postseason performance 2012 St. Louis Cardinals Mike Matheny 6 -- 3 Atlanta Braves Fredi González Won NLDS 3 -- 2 ( Nationals ) , Lost NLCS 4 -- 3 ( Giants ) 2013 Cincinnati Reds Dusty Baker 2 -- 6 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Lost NLDS 3 -- 2 ( Cardinals ) 2014 San Francisco Giants Bruce Bochy 8 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Won NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Nationals ) , Won NLCS 4 -- 1 ( Cardinals ) , Won WS 4 -- 3 ( Royals ) 2015 Chicago Cubs Joe Maddon 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Won NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Cardinals ) , Lost NLCS 4 -- 0 ( Mets ) 2016 San Francisco Giants Bruce Bochy 3 -- 0 New York Mets Terry Collins Lost NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Cubs ) 2017 Colorado Rockies Bud Black 8 -- 11 Arizona Diamondbacks Torey Lovullo Lost NLDS 3 -- 0 ( Dodgers ) Win -- loss records by team ( edit ) Team Win -- loss record Appearances Arizona Diamondbacks 1 -- 0 Atlanta Braves 0 -- 1 Baltimore Orioles 1 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds 0 -- 1 Chicago Cubs 1 -- 0 Cleveland Indians 0 -- 1 Colorado Rockies 0 -- 1 Houston Astros 1 -- 0 Kansas City Royals 1 -- 0 Minnesota Twins 0 -- 1 New York Mets 0 -- 1 New York Yankees 1 -- 1 Oakland Athletics 0 -- 1 Pittsburgh Pirates 1 -- 2 San Francisco Giants 2 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 1 -- 0 Tampa Bay Rays 1 -- 0 Texas Rangers 0 -- 1 Toronto Blue Jays 1 -- 0 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of American League Wild Card winners List of National League Wild Card winners List of Major League Baseball Wild Card Game broadcasters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jayson Stark ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) . `` The new MLB postseason '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Fixing the Wild Card '' . September 26 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Game was played `` under protest '' by the Atlanta Braves regarding a perceived incorrect call regarding the infield fly rule , but shortly after the game Joe Torre , MLB executive vice president for baseball operations , denied the protest , citing umpire 's judgment . `` Wild - card game stopped after call '' . Associated Press / ESPN . October 5 , 2012 . Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Major League Baseball Wild Card Game American League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL Wild Card winners NL Wild Card winners Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Wild_Card_Game&oldid=807418313 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Wild Card Playoff Major League Baseball playoffs and champions Recurring sporting events established in 2012 October sporting events Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 20 : 30 . 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813684032716726879 | WAGS Miami | WAGS Miami - wikipedia WAGS Miami Jump to : navigation , search WAGS Miami Genre Reality television Starring Astrid Bavaresco Darnell Nicole Ashley Nicole Roberts Claudia Sampedro Metisha Schaefer Hencha Voigt Kayla Cox Faven Liugetsner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 15 Production Executive producer ( s ) Amber Mazzola Lori Gordon Location ( s ) Miami , Florida Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Machete Productions Release Original network E ! Picture format 1080i HDTV Original release October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) -- October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) Chronology Related shows WAGS WAGS Atlanta External links Website WAGS Miami is an American reality documentary television series that premiered on October 2 , 2016 , on E ! television network , making it the first spin - off of WAGS . The reality show chronicles both the professional and personal lives of several WAGs ( an acronym for wives and girlfriends of sportspersons ) . Amber Mazzola and Lori Gordon serve as executive producers for the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and casting 2 Cancellation 3 Cast 4 Series overview 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview and casting ( edit ) On May 5 , 2016 , the network ordered WAGS Miami , to serve as the first spin - off to WAGS . It was also revealed the executive producers of WAGS , Amber Mazzola and Lori Gordon , would serve as the series ' executive producers for WAGS Miami , and the series is produced and distributed by Machete Productions . It was revealed that the series would follow the same former of its producers by featuring wives and girlfriends of sports stars , however it would be centered in and around Miami . On August 2 , 2016 , it was revealed that the first season would consist of 8 1 - hour - long episodes and features 7 women . The women featured include , Astrid Bavaresco ; Vanessa Cole the girlfriend of Mike Wallace ; Darnell Nicole the ex fiancée of Reshad Jones ; Ashley Nicole Roberts the fiancée of Philip Wheeler ; Claudia Sampedro fiancée of Julius Peppers ; Metisha Schaefer the ex-girlfriend of Larry English ; and Hencha Voigt . The series premiered on October 2 , 2016 . It was announced on the Reunion Special that WAGS Miami had been renewed for a second season . On May 4 , 2017 , it was announced the second season would premiere on August 20 , 2017 . Cancellation ( edit ) WAGS Miami was cancelled on February 1 , 2018 due to declining ratings . Cast ( edit ) Main ( Partner 's name ) Seasons Current cast members Claudia Sampedro ( fiancée of Julius Peppers ) Main Astrid Bavaresco Main Darnell Nicole ( ex-fiancée of Reshad Jones ) Main Ashley Nicole Roberts ( wife of Philip Wheeler ) Main Hencha Voigt Main Metisha Schaefer Main Kayla Cox ( wife of Eric Fornataro ) Main Faven Biru ( wife of Corey Liuget ) Main Former cast members Vanessa Cole ( girlfriend of Mike Wallace ) Main Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 8 August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Welcome To Miami '' October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 0.696 Darnell invites Hencha and Metisha to her brunch ; Claudia gossips to Ashley , the girls confront her ; Metisha learns Larry English and Nicole are engaged . `` Ratchet by Association '' October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 0.507 Tensions between Hencha and Claudia reach a boiling point ; Darnell is thrown for a loop when Reshad makes an announcement ; Astrid asks for help on her runway show but regrets her decision . `` Girl Code '' October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 0.576 The girls go to the Bahamas ; Ashley confronts Claudia about her past ; Hencha breaks girl code when she flirts with Astrid 's crush . `` Birthday Brawl '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 0.607 Hencha confronts Vanessa when she hears a rumor ; Darnell tries to patch things up with Claudia ; Claudia heads up to Green Bay to support Julius . 5 5 `` What Would Vesus Do ? '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 0.460 Darnell decides she ca n't be financially dependent and takes steps to start a business , causing Reshad to question their relationship ; Ashley 's father questions Phil about his intentions . 6 6 `` Put a Ring on It '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 0.398 Phil pops the question before he leaves for the season ; Hencha 's new love interest is in town ; Darnell confides in Claudia about her relationship . 7 7 `` Ring Toss '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 0.492 Ashley starts to prep for her wedding ; Darnell struggles with some news ; Metisha goes on a date ; the girls take a trip to Croatia . 8 8 `` Girls Be Trippin ' '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 0.473 All hell breaks during the trip to Croatia . Darnell is tired of Ashley 's lack of consideration . 9 9 `` WAGS Miami Reunion Special '' November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 0.453 The cast reunites to discuss the high points and low points of the entire season Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 10 `` Bride Wars '' August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 0.509 Ashley butts heads with her future mother - in - law . Two new married WAGS join the group and instantly dislike one another . Claudia and her rival Ashley attend a big game where their men play against each other . 11 `` Party Girl 2 '' August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 0.333 Astrid and Claudia confront Darnell at her birthday bash , concerned she 's been going out and partying too much . Ashley 's wedding planning gets derailed by Phil 's trip to the Super Bowl . Kayla sets Astrid up with a sexy baseball player friend . 12 `` Dueling Matchmakers 2 '' September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 0.286 Hencha goes ballistic when Faven sets up Astrid instead of her . Darnell realizes that she needs to re-prioritize her career . When Julius signs with a new team , Claudia gets concerned that his new teammates will be a bad influence on him . 13 `` Hencha 's Revenge '' September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 0.330 In the wake of their huge fight , Hencha gets revenge on Astrid . Ashley dreads breaking the news to her opinionated soon - to - be mother - in - law that they will have a destination wedding . 14 5 `` LA Bachelorette Bound '' September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 0.294 Hencha 's opinionated mother comes to town and pries into her dating life , offering unsolicited advice . Astrid hosts an anniversary party for her swimwear line where she finds out that Kayla has been acting two - faced . 15 6 `` Double Ds 2 '' October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 0.601 Ashley 's bachelorette party continues . Phil has his own night out . Darnell interviews a new athlete for her podcast and sparks fly . Claudia agrees to do a photoshoot for Astrid , but cancels at the last minute , causing friction in their relationship . 16 7 `` Hurricane Phyllis '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 0.489 Kayla admits to Faven that her marriage is on the rocks . Darnell finds out that Metisha used to date her new guy . Ashley and Phyllis get into a huge fight the day before her wedding when Phyllis questions Ashley 's mothering skills . 17 8 `` My Best Friend 's Wedding 2 '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 0.372 Ashley and Phil finally tie the knot , but not without mother - in - law drama . Hencha suspects she may be pregnant . Tension between Kayla and Eric threatens their marriage . See also ( edit ) WAGS ( TV series ) WAGS Atlanta WAGs Boutique WAG Nation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duncan , Gabi ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` E ! Announces Four Shows : Get the Scoop on WAGS Miami , The Abbey Diaries , Cosmo Life and Famously Married ! '' . E Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` E ! 's Fall Programming Slate Includes Five New Series , Two Returning Hits and Our Signature Live Coverage of Pop Culture 's Biggest Events '' . The Futon Critic . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - Wags Miami on E '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Announces Four New Unscripted Series as the Pop Culture Powerhouse Continues to Expand on Successful Primetime Slate '' . The Futon Critic . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` WAGS Miami First Look ! Watch a Promo for E ! 's New Spinoff Series Now '' . E Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WAGS Miami : Who Is Vanessa Cole 's Boyfriend Mike Wallace ? '' . 2 Paragraphs . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Darnell Nicole ; from WAGS Miami : Meet The Cast '' . E Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Nicole Roberts from WAGS Miami : Meet The Cast '' . E Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claudia Sampedro ; from WAGS Miami : Meet The Cast '' . E Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Gabi ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicole Williams Gets Caught in an Awkward Situation With Larry English 's Ex on WAGS : I Do n't Know What the F -- k to Do ! '' . E Online . NBC Universal . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Turns Up the Heat with `` WAGS Miami '' Premiering Sunday , October 2 `` . The Futon Critic . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : WAGS Miami and WAGS LA Announce New Season Premiere Dates '' . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Farewell : E ! Gives WAGS Miami And WAGS L.A. The Boot Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 10 2 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WAGS : MiamiEpisode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A - Z - WAGS Miami on E TV Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-16-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-23-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-30-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-6-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-13-2016.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-20-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-27-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-3-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-10-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-17-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-1-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-8-2017.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-8-2017.html External links ( edit ) Official website WAGS Miami at TV Guide E ! original programming Former 1990s debuts The Dick Tracy Show ( 1990 ) TV 's Bloopers & Practical Jokes ( 1990 ) Talk Soup ( 1991 -- 2002 ) E ! Behind the Scenes ( 1991 ) Coming Attractions ( 1991 ) Melrose Place ( 1992 ) Howard Stern ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 95 ) Night Stand with Dick Dietrick ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Michael Essany Show ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Wild On ! ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Mysteries and Scandals ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Search Party ( 1999 ) 2000s debuts Revealed with Jules Asner ( 2001 -- 03 ) Daly / Nightly ( 2002 ) The Anna Nicole Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Star Dates ( 2002 -- 03 ) Celebrities Uncensored ( 2003 -- 04 ) Totally Outrageous Behavior ( 2003 -- 05 ) It 's Good to Be ... ( 2003 ) Love Chain ( 2003 ) Dr. 90210 ( 2004 -- 08 ) The Soup ( 2004 -- 15 ) Love Is in the Heir ( 2004 -- 05 ) Life is Great with Brooke Burke ( 2004 ) Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive ( 2005 ) The Gastineau Girls ( 2005 -- 06 ) Fight for Fame ( 2005 ) E ! Hollywood Hold'em ( 2005 ) The Girls Next Door / Girls of the Playboy Mansion ( 2005 -- 10 ) Kill Reality ( 2005 ) Taradise ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Entertainer starring Wayne Newton ( 2005 ) Party @ The Palms ( 2005 ) My Crazy Life ( 2005 ) The Daily 10 ( 2006 -- 10 ) The Chelsea Handler Show ( 2006 ) House of Carters ( 2006 ) Love Ride ( 2006 ) # 1 Single ( 2006 ) The Simple Life ( 2006 -- 07 ) Boulevard of Broken Dreams ( 2007 ) Katie & Peter ( 2007 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2007 -- 09 ) Snoop Dogg 's Father Hood ( 2007 -- 09 ) Starveillance ( 2007 ) Sunset Tan ( 2007 -- 08 ) Paradise City ( 2007 ) Chelsea Lately ( 2007 -- 14 ) Denise Richards : It 's Complicated ( 2008 -- 09 ) Kimora : Life in the Fab Lane ( 2008 ) Living Lohan ( 2008 ) Match Mistress ( 2008 ) Party Monsters Cabo ( 2008 ) Pop Fiction ( 2008 ) Pam : Girl on the Loose ! ( 2008 ) Candy Girls ( 2009 ) Reality Hell ( 2009 ) Kendra ( 2011 ) Kourtney and Kim Take Miami ( 2009 -- 13 ) Leave It to Lamas ( 2009 ) Holly 's World ( 2009 -- 11 ) Wildest Naked TV Moments ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts A-List Listings ( 2012 ) After Lately ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Bridalplasty ( 2010 -- 11 ) Chasing the Saturdays ( 2013 ) Christina Milian Turned Up ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Dance Scene ( 2011 ) Dash Dolls ( 2015 ) Dirty Soap ( 2011 ) EJNYC ( 2016 ) Eric & Jessie : Game On ( 2013 -- 14 ) Escape Club ( 2014 ) Fashion Police ( 2010 - 17 ) The Grace Helbig Show ( 2015 ) Hello Ross ( 2013 -- 14 ) House of DVF ( 2014 - 15 ) I Am Cait ( 2015 -- 16 ) Ice Loves Coco ( 2011 -- 13 ) Just Jillian ( 2016 ) Khloé & Lamar ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 -- 12 ) Love You , Mean It with Whitney Cummings ( 2012 -- 13 ) Married to Jonas ( 2012 -- 13 ) Married to Rock ( 2010 ) Mrs. Eastwood & Company ( 2012 ) Opening Act ( 2012 ) Playing with Fire ( 2013 ) Pretty Wild ( 2010 ) Scouted ( 2011 -- 12 ) Rich Kids of Beverly Hills ( 2014 - 17 ) The Spin Crowd ( 2010 ) Stewarts & Hamiltons ( 2015 ) The Wanted Life ( 2013 ) The Arrangement ( 2017 - 18 ) WAGS ( 2015 - 17 ) WAGS Miami ( 2016 - 17 ) What Would Ryan Lochte Do ? ( 2013 ) What 's Eating You ( 2010 ) Current Botched ( 2014 -- ) Botched by Nature ( 2016 -- ) The Comment Section ( 2015 -- ) Daily Pop ( 2017 -- ) E ! Investigates ( 2009 -- ) E ! News ( 1991 -- ) E ! True Hollywood Story ( 1996 -- ) Famously Single ( 2016 -- ) Good Work ( 2015 -- ) Hollywood & Football ( 2016 -- ) Hollywood Cycle ( 2015 -- ) Hollywood Medium With Tyler Henry ( 2016 -- ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2007 -- ) L.A. Clippers Dance Squad ( 2016 -- ) Life of Kylie ( 2017 -- ) Live from the Red Carpet ( 2005 -- ) Mariah 's World ( 2016 -- ) New Money ( 2015 -- ) Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian ( 2017 ) Rob & Chyna ( 2016 -- ) The Royals ( 2015 -- ) So Cosmo ( 2017 ) Sex with Brody ( 2015 -- ) Total Bellas ( 2016 -- ) Total Divas ( 2013 -- ) WAGS Atlanta ( 2018 -- ) We Have Issues ( 2015 -- ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WAGS_Miami&oldid=841103470 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2016 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings English - language television programs Television shows set in Miami E ! network shows American reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 03 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does season 3 of wags miami start | [] | [] |
-323498627936533413 | List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress | List of presidents of the Indian National Congress - wikipedia List of presidents of the Indian National Congress Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Indian National Congress About Presidents History Election history Committees All India Central Election Pradesh Working Frontals Mahila Minority Students Youth Trade The Indian National Congress ( INC ) is one of the major political party and Oldest , Only freedom fighting political party in the political system of Republic of India The President of the Indian National Congress is the elected head of the party responsible for managing the party 's relationship with the general public , developing and communicating party policy especially on election platforms . The President of the All India Congress Committee , and therefore of the Indian National Congress Party ( INC ) as a whole , is known as the Congress President . Since the party was established in 1885 , 59 people have served as president . The first , Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee , presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December . The most recently serving president is Sonia Gandhi . The president of INC at the time of India 's independence was J.B. Kripalani . Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas , Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Traditionally , the post rotated between prominent members of the party , successive terms for the same person being frowned upon . During Jawaharlal Nehru 's premiership , he rarely held the Presidency of INC , even though he was always head of the Legislative Party . Indira Gandhi however , institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969 . Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice . Narasimha Rao , too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister 's posts . Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out . But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership , he did n't hold the two posts together . In 2004 , when the INC was voted back into power , Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister , not to be the president of the party . Sonia Gandhi is the current Congress President and the longest serving president of the congress party . Presidents ( edit ) Name of President Picture Life span Year of Presidency Place of Conference Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1885 Bombay Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1886 Calcutta Badruddin Tyabji 10 October 1844 -- 1906 1887 Madras George Yule 1829 -- 1892 1888 Allahabad William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1889 Bombay Pherozeshah Mehta 4 August 1845 -- 1915 1890 Calcutta Anandacharlu August 1843 -- 1908 1891 Nagpur Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1892 Allahabad Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1893 Lahore Alfred Webb 1834 -- 1908 1894 Madras Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1848 -- 1925 1895 Poona Rahimtulla M. Sayani 5 April 1847 -- 1902 1896 Calcutta C. Sankaran Nair 11 July 1857 -- 1934 1897 Amravati Anandamohan Bose 23 September 1847 -- 1906 1898 Madras Romesh Chunder Dutt 13 August 1848 -- 1909 1899 Lucknow N.G. Chandavarkar 2 December 1855 -- 1923 1900 Lahore Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 2 August 1844 -- 1936 1901 Calcutta Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1825 -- 1917 1902 Ahmedabad Lalmohan Ghosh 1848 -- 1909 1903 Madras Henry Cotton 1845 -- 1915 1904 Bombay Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9 May 1866 -- 1915 1905 Benares Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1906 Calcutta Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1907 Surat Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1908 Madras Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1909 Lahore William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1910 Allahabad Bishan Narayan Dar 1864 -- 1916 1911 Calcutta Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1857 -- 1921 1912 Bankipore Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur ? -- 1919 1913 Karachi Bhupendra Nath Bose 1859 -- 1924 1914 Madras Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha March 1863 -- 1928 1915 Bombay Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1850 -- 1922 1916 Lucknow Annie Besant 1 October 1847 -- 1933 1917 Calcutta Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1918 Delhi Syed Hasan Imam 31 August 1871 -- 1933 1918 Bombay ( Special Session ) Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1919 Amritsar Lala Lajpat Rai 28 January 1865 -- 17 November 1928 1920 Calcutta C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1852 -- 19 April 1944 1920 Nagpur ( Special Session ) Hakim Ajmal Khan 1863 -- 29 December 1927 1921 Ahmedabad Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 5 November 1870 -- 16 June 1925 1922 Gaya Mohammad Ali Jouhar 10 December 1878 -- 4 January 1931 1923 Kakinada Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1923 Delhi ( Special Session ) Mohandas Gandhi 2 October 1869 -- 30 January 1948 1924 Belgaum Sarojini Naidu 13 February 1879 -- 2 March 1949 1925 Kanpur S. Srinivasa Iyengar September 11 , 1874 -- 19 May 1941 1926 Gauhati Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 25 December 1880 -- 10 May 1936 1927 Madras Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1928 Calcutta Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1929 & 30 Lahore Vallabhbhai Patel 31 October 1875 -- 15 December 1950 1931 Karachi Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1932 Delhi Nellie Sengupta 1886 -- 1973 1933 Calcutta Rajendra Prasad 3 December 1884 -- 28 February 1963 1934 & 35 Bombay Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1937 Faizpur Subhas Chandra Bose 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1938 Haripura Subhas Chandra Bose ( resigned ) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session . 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1939 Jabalpur Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1940 -- 46 Ramgarh J.B. Kripalani 1888 -- 19 March 1982 1947 Meerut Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 24 December 1880 -- 17 December 1959 1948 & 49 Jaipur Purushottam Das Tandon 1 August 1882 -- 1 July 1961 1950 Nasik Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1951 & 52 Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1953 Hyderabad Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1954 Calcutta U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1955 Avadi U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1956 Amritsar U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1957 Indore U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1958 Gauhati U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1959 Nagpur Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1959 Delhi ( Special Session ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1960 Bangalore Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1961 Bhavnagar Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1962 & 63 Patna K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1964 Bhubaneswar K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1965 Durgapur K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1966 & 67 Jaipur S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1968 Hyderabad S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1969 Faridabad Jagjivan Ram 5 April 1908 -- 6 July 1986 1970 & 71 Bombay Shankar Dayal Sharma 19 August 1918 -- 26 December 1999 1972 -- 74 Calcutta Devakanta Barua 22 February 1914 -- 1996 1975 -- 77 Chandigarh Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1978 -- 83 Delhi Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1983 & 84 Calcutta Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 -- 21 May 1991 1985 -- 91 Bombay P.V. Narasimha Rao 28 June 1921 -- 23 December 2004 1992 -- 96 Tirupati Sitaram Kesri November 1919 -- 24 October 2000 1996 -- 98 Calcutta Sonia Gandhi 9 December 1946 -- 1998 -- present Calcutta See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sonia Gandhi ( Indian politician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Official Indian National Congress website Indian National Congress Seva Dal Mahila Congress Minority Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) Congress Karma Parishad History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC ) Andhra Pradesh CC Assam PCC Bihar PCC Chhattisgarh PCC Core group Gujarat PCC Karnataka PCC Kerala PCC Maharashtra PCC Mizoram PCC Mumbai PCC Punjab PCC Tamil Nadu PCC Telangana PCC Uttarakhand PCC West Bengal PCC Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijay Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress&oldid=808050281 '' Categories : Presidents of the Indian National Congress 1885 establishments in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 15 : 50 . About Wikipedia | president of indian national congress at the time of indian independence | [] | [] |
1477142392883690157 | Weigh station | Weigh station - wikipedia Weigh station Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A weigh station is a checkpoint along a highway to inspect vehicular weights . Usually , trucks and commercial vehicles are subject to the inspection . Weigh stations are equipped with truck scales , some of which are weigh in motion and permit the trucks to continue moving while being weighed , while older scales require the trucks to stop . There are many different scales used , from single axle scales to multi-axle sets . Signal lights indicate if the driver should pull over for additional inspection or if they are allowed to return to the highway . Many jurisdictions employ the use of portable scales , allowing weigh stations to be set up at any point . Portable scales allow states to set up temporary scales for situations such as seasonal check points , temporary checkpoints on isolated roads often used by trucks , and help prevent drivers from avoiding scales at fixed locations . Portable scales may be set up at purpose built locations that are not normally manned . A common reason for setting up portable scales is to monitor trucks during harvest season . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Electronic weigh station bypass 2 Canada 2.1 British Columbia 2.2 Alberta 2.3 North West Territories 3 Taiwan 4 See also 5 References 6 External links United states ( edit ) Road signs , like this one in Interstate 70 in Colorado , typically indicate that a weigh station is upcoming , and a signal indicates whether it is open . A weigh station located near a state border is called a port of entry . States may also locate weigh stations in the interior of the state . Interior weigh stations are often located at choke points or areas where freight originates or is delivered . Weigh stations were primarily created to collect road use taxes before IFTA created an integrated system of doing so . While taxes can still be paid at weigh stations , their primary function is now enforcement of tax and safety regulations . These include : to check freight carrier compliance with fuel tax laws ; to check weight restrictions ; to check equipment safety ; to check compliance with hours of service Regulations . Weigh stations are regulated by individual state governments and therefore have vastly different requirements from state to state . They are typically operated by the state 's Department of Transportation ( DOT ) or Department of Motor Vehicles ( DMV ) in conjunction with the state highway patrol or state police , thus enabling enforcement of applicable laws . The federal maximum weight is set at 80,000 pounds . Trucks exceeding the federal weight limit can still operate on the country 's highways with an overweight permit , but such permits are only issued before the scheduled trip and expire at the end of the trip . Overweight permits are only issued for loads that can not be broken down to smaller shipments that fall below the federal weight limit , and if there is no other alternative to moving the cargo by truck . Permitted oversize trucks are often required to coordinate with the Departments of Transportation and law enforcement agencies of the transited states before the trip begins , as most states require oversize trucks to be escorted . Many states have weigh in motion technology that allow a continuous flow of truck weighing . Many states also check freight paperwork , vehicle paperwork , and logbooks to ensure that fuel taxes have been paid and that truck drivers are obeying the hours of service ( a federal requirement ) . Also , the truck and driver may have to undergo a DOT inspection , as most states perform the bulk of their DOT inspections at their weigh stations . In some cases , if a truck is found to be overweight , the vehicle is ordered to stop until the situation can be fixed by acquiring an overweight permit . In other cases , the driver may receive an overweight ticket and may or may not be required to offload the extra freight . Offloading the extra freight may not be practical for perishable or hazardous loads . The first state to implement a weight law was Maine , which set a limit of 18,000 pounds ( 9 tons ; 8,200 kg ) in 1918 . Two types of loads may result in overweight trucks : divisible and non-divisible . A divisible load is a load which can be easily divided into smaller parts , such as products that are shipped on pallets , automobiles or grains . A non-divisible load is a load which is unable to be divided into smaller parts , like a piece of equipment or a steel beam . All states provide permits for non-divisible loads though the truck may have restricted routing . Some states allow tolerances for any over weight truck . Some states have specific allowances for types of loads for which they will allow tolerances . For example , Wyoming allows 2000 pounds for chains , tarps and dunnage that accompany a non-divisible load . Truckers often refer to weigh stations as `` chicken coops . '' Electronic weigh station bypass ( edit ) Many states now use electronic bypass systems ( or AVI - Automatic Vehicle Identification ) to alleviate some of the truck traffic through the weigh station . Some of the best known are PrePass , NORPASS and Drivewyze . The system may consist of equipment at the weigh station itself , as well as a truck mounted transponder or smartphone , usually placed on the inside of the windshield or on the dashboard . These are similar to transponders used for toll collection . Each transponder is directly registered to a specific truck , and contains a unique identification . The registration process propagates information such as carrier name , unit number , and elected gross weight to weigh stations . In addition , the system keeps a basic safety and compliance record for each vehicle . As a truck approaches a weigh station ( approximately one mile before ) , an electronic `` reader '' on a boom over the freeway reads the information from the truck transponder . It also looks at the safety and compliance record on the database . A display shows the results to the weigh master , including the speed of the vehicle . The weigh master may have the system automatically determine if a truck needs to stop or may override the system . Approximately one - half to one full mile after passing under the `` reader '' , the truck will pass under another boom which has an electronic unit to send the transponder a signal . If the safety information is acceptable the truck may receive a green light and can continue without entering the weigh station at all . There are weight detecting devices in the roadway itself . A driver may get a red light . On these occasions , the truck must pull into the weigh station for the normal weigh - in procedure . The most common reason a truck is `` redlighted '' is a weight problem , or a random check . Each time a truck is randomly pulled in , it is noted in the system whether the driver was compliant or not during the check . This affects how often a truck ( or different trucks from the same company ) are pulled in . For example , a company which is very compliant with the law will probably only have 5 % of its trucks `` redlighted . '' Canada ( edit ) British columbia ( edit ) Weigh Stations ( aka `` Scales '' ) are usually on the right - hand side of the travelled highway , but median scales are appearing ( as of 2005 ) on divided highways , often combined with `` weigh - in - motion '' technology . A median scale is placed between the opposing lanes of traffic , necessitating heavy vehicles exiting from the left lane ( rather than the right ) and re-entering traffic from the left , potentially at a lower speed than the normal `` free - flow '' traffic would expect in the left ( often thought of as `` fast '' ) lane . `` Weigh - in - motion '' technology allows heavy vehicles that do not exceed limits of weight ( and size ) to pass the scale , thus improving both freight and weigh scale operation efficiency . Alberta ( edit ) In Alberta , scales can be on either side of the road , on the median or off - highway . Flashing lights inform drivers as to whether the scale is operational . Occasionally , the lights may be operational in only one direction . Alberta scales are all of the ' weigh - in - motion ' type , and vehicles are not required to stop ; they merely have to slow to 10 km / h . Scales which are not operational are often available to drivers as a ' self - weigh ' site , where drivers can check their axle loads without enforcement officials being involved . North West Territories ( edit ) The government of the North West Territories operates only one scale . It is situated in the townsite of Enterprise , 83 kilometres north of the border with Alberta , and issues permits for vehicles from other jurisdictions as well as weighing vehicles and enforcing hours of service legislation . Taiwan ( edit ) A weigh station sign in Taiwan with Chinese text reading : `` trucks are to be weighed '' In Taiwan , weigh stations ( Chinese : 地磅 站 ) are located on major highways , especially at all toll booths on freeways . Advanced signs tell that trucks must enter the weigh stations when the attached lights are flashing , usually when tolls are collected . Since the National Highway 1 was built with older designs , all weigh stations have older scales so trucks must stop . Weigh stations along the National Highway 3 have weigh - in - motion scales at 7 central and southern toll stations , but northern stations at Cidu , Shulin , and Longtan have traditional scales where trucks must stop . The Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau applies for periodical inspections of truck scales every three months . Truckers entering a weigh - in - motion scale are advised not to accelerate or decelerate suddenly , or they may be required to be weighed again . See also ( edit ) Commercial Vehicle Inspection References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Overweight in Wyoming ? '' . Coopsareopen.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chicken Obsessions '' . Coopsareopen.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau : Frequently asked questions ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau : Safe Driving Guide ( in Chinese ) External links ( edit ) Look up weigh station in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weigh stations . United States Truck Weigh Stations and Scales Truck Weigh Stations and Scales Real Time Status Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weigh_station&oldid=825053401 '' Categories : Freight transport Industrial buildings Road infrastructure Weighing instruments Hidden categories : Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 05 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do you have to pull into a weigh station | [
"Weigh stations were primarily created to collect road use taxes before IFTA created an integrated system of doing so. While taxes can still be paid at weigh stations, their primary function is now enforcement of tax and safety regulations. These include: to check freight carrier compliance with fuel tax laws; to check weight restrictions; to check equipment safety; to check compliance with hours of service Regulations. Weigh stations are regulated by individual state governments and therefore have vastly different requirements from state to state. They are typically operated by the state's Department of Transportation (DOT) or Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in conjunction with the state highway patrol or state police, thus enabling enforcement of applicable laws. The federal maximum weight is set at 80,000 pounds. Trucks exceeding the federal weight limit can still operate on the country's highways with an overweight permit, but such permits are only issued before the scheduled trip and expire at the end of the trip. Overweight permits are only issued for loads that cannot be broken down to smaller shipments that fall below the federal weight limit, and if there is no other alternative to moving the cargo by truck. Permitted oversize trucks are often required to coordinate with the Departments of Transportation and law enforcement agencies of the transited states before the trip begins, as most states require oversize trucks to be escorted. Many states have weigh in motion technology that allow a continuous flow of truck weighing."
] | [
"vastly different requirements from state to state"
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6873585089990668750 | List of Cleveland Browns head coaches | List of Cleveland Browns head coaches - wikipedia List of Cleveland Browns head coaches Hue Jackson has coached the Browns since 2016 . Bill Belichick coached the Browns from 1991 to 1995 . The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football franchise based in Cleveland , Ohio . They are a member of the North Division of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team began playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , and joined the NFL as part of the AAFC -- NFL merger in 1950 . The team played their home games at Cleveland Stadium from 1946 to 1995 before moving to FirstEnergy Stadium , where they have played since 1999 . The Browns did not play from 1996 to 1998 when the team 's owner , Art Modell , moved the team to Baltimore , Maryland and formed the Baltimore Ravens . The team was re-activated under new ownership in Cleveland in 1999 . The team is currently owned by Jimmy Haslam III , and Joe Banner is their Chief Executive Officer . Tom Heckert was their general manager until the end of the 2012 season , when he was fired along with the team 's incumbent head coach Pat Shurmur . There have been 15 non-interim head coaches for the Browns franchise . Their first head coach was Paul Brown , who coached for 17 complete seasons . Brown is also the franchise 's all - time leader for the most regular season games coached ( 214 ) , the most regular season game wins ( 158 ) , the most playoffs games coached ( 14 ) , and the most playoff game wins ( 9 ) . Brown is the only Browns head coach to win an AAFC championship with four , the NFL championship with three , the Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year three times , the United Press International ( UPI ) NFL Coach of the Year once , and to have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach . Blanton Collier , Dick Modzelewski , Sam Rutigliano , Bud Carson , Jim Shofner , Chris Palmer , Butch Davis , Pat Shurmur , and Rob Chudzinski have spent their entire NFL head coaching careers with the Browns . Eric Mangini had been the head coach of the Browns since the firing of Romeo Crennel , but was himself fired on January 3 , 2011 . Shurmur replaced Mangini as head coach , but was fired after posting a 9 -- 23 record over two seasons in charge . On January 11 , 2013 , the Cleveland Browns officially named Rob Chudzinski as the replacement for Pat Shurmur . Chudzinski compiled a 4 -- 12 record during the 2013 season , but he was fired on December 29 . On January 23 , 2014 , the Browns hired Mike Pettine as their head coach . Pettine was fired on January 3 , 2016 , hours after the Browns lost their 2015 season finale . On January 13 , 2016 , Hue Jackson was named the Browns ' new head coach . Contents 1 Key 2 Coaches 3 Footnotes 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) The Browns have played their home games in FirstEnergy Stadium since 1999 . # Number of coaches GC Games coached Wins Losses Ties Win % Winning percentage 00 † Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach 00 ‡ Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player 00 * Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Browns Coaches ( edit ) Note : Statistics are updated through the 2017 NFL season . # Name Term Regular season Playoffs Achievements Ref . GC Win % GC Win % Paul Brown † 1946 -- 1962 214 158 48 8 . 767 14 9 5 . 643 Four AAFC championships ( 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 ) Three NFL championships ( 1950 , 1954 , 1955 ) Seven NFL Conference championships ( 1950 -- 55 , 1957 ) 1949 , 1951 , and 1953 Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year 1957 UPI NFL Coach of the Year Blanton Collier * 1963 -- 1970 112 76 34 . 691 7 . 429 NFL Champion in 1964 Four Eastern conference champions ( 1964 , 1965 , 1968 , 1969 ) Three Century Division Champions ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Nick Skorich 1971 -- 1975 56 30 24 . 556 0 . 000 AFC Central Division Champions 1971 Forrest Gregg ‡ 1975 -- 1977 41 18 23 0 . 439 -- -- -- -- 1976 Associated Press ( AP ) NFL Coach of the Year 5 Dick Modzelewski * 1977 0 0 . 000 -- -- -- -- 6 Sam Rutigliano * 1978 -- 1984 97 47 50 0 . 485 0 . 000 1979 and 1980 UPI NFL Coach of the Year , AFC Central Division Champions 1980 7 Marty Schottenheimer 1984 -- 1988 71 44 27 0 . 620 6 . 333 1986 UPI NFL Coach of the Year Three AFC Central Division Champions ( 1985 , 1986 and 1987 ) 8 Bud Carson * 1989 -- 1990 25 11 13 . 458 . 500 AFC Central Division Champions 1989 9 Jim Shofner * 1990 7 6 0 . 143 -- -- -- -- 10 Bill Belichick 1991 -- 1995 80 36 44 0 . 450 . 500 -- 1996 -- 1998 11 Chris Palmer * 1999 -- 2000 32 5 27 0 . 156 -- -- -- -- 12 Butch Davis * 2001 -- 2004 58 24 34 0 . 414 0 . 000 13 Terry Robiskie 6 5 0 . 167 -- -- -- -- 14 Romeo Crennel 2005 -- 2008 64 24 40 0 . 375 -- -- -- -- 15 Eric Mangini 2009 -- 2010 32 10 22 0 . 313 -- -- -- -- 16 Pat Shurmur 2011 -- 2012 32 9 23 0 . 281 -- -- -- -- 17 Rob Chudzinski * 2013 16 12 0 . 250 -- -- -- -- 18 Mike Pettine * 2014 -- 2015 32 10 22 0 . 313 -- -- -- -- 19 Hue Jackson 2016 -- present 32 31 0 . 031 -- -- -- -- Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A running total of the number of coaches of the Browns . Thus , any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once . Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article about that NFL season . Jump up ^ The Browns did not play from 1996 to 1998 due to events in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy . Notes ( edit ) General `` History : All - Time Head Coaches '' . Cleveland Browns . NFL Enterprises LLC . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season Results '' . Cleveland Browns . NFL Enterprises LLC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Stadium '' . Cleveland Browns . NFL Enterprises LLC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Henkel 2005 , p. 111 Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns -- Front Office '' . January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Pat Shurmur , Tom Heckert fired by Cleveland Browns '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Brown '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hickok , Ralph ( 2008 - 04 - 17 ) . `` NFL Coach of the Year Award '' . Hick OK Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Brown '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Chudzinski fired by Cleveland Browns '' . National Football League . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History : NFL Champions '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coach of the Year '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blanton Collier '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Skorich '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AP NFL Coach of the Year Winners '' . The Washington Post . 2005 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forrest Gregg '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Modzelewski '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Rutigliano '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Schottenheimer '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Carson '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Shofner '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Palmer '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Butch Davis '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Robiskie '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo Crennel '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Mangini '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Shurmur 's Coaching Record '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AP Source : Browns Hire Rob Chudzinski as New Coach '' . abcnews.go.com . AP . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Pettine Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cabot , Mary Kay ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Hue Jackson hired as Cleveland Browns ' 8th head coach since 1999 '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Henkel , Frank M. ( 2005 ) . Cleveland Browns History . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3428 - 2 . Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager : John Dorsey Head coach : Hue Jackson Culture and lore Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Kardiac Kids Marty Ball Miracle at the Met Paul Brown Red Right 88 Relocation controversy `` The Best Man '' The Drive The Express The Fortune Cookie The Fumble Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Baltimore Ravens Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 69 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Cleveland Browns head coaches Paul Brown ( 1946 -- 1962 ) Blanton Collier ( 1963 -- 1970 ) Nick Skorich ( 1971 -- 1974 ) Forrest Gregg ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Dick Modzelewski # ( 1977 ) Sam Rutigliano ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Marty Schottenheimer ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Bud Carson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Jim Shofner # ( 1990 ) Bill Belichick ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Inactive ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Chris Palmer ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Butch Davis ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Terry Robiskie # ( 2004 ) Romeo Crennel ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Eric Mangini ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Pat Shurmur ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Rob Chudzinski ( 2013 ) Mike Pettine ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Hue Jackson ( 2016 -- ) # denotes interim head coach Current head coaches of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Sean McDermott ( Buffalo Bills ) Adam Gase ( Miami Dolphins ) Bill Belichick ( New England Patriots ) Todd Bowles ( New York Jets ) John Harbaugh ( Baltimore Ravens ) Marvin Lewis ( Cincinnati Bengals ) Hue Jackson ( Cleveland Browns ) Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Bill O'Brien ( Houston Texans ) Frank Reich ( Indianapolis Colts ) Doug Marrone ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Mike Vrabel ( Tennessee Titans ) Vance Joseph ( Denver Broncos ) Andy Reid ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Anthony Lynn ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Jon Gruden ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Jason Garrett ( Dallas Cowboys ) Pat Shurmur ( New York Giants ) Doug Pederson ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Jay Gruden ( Washington Redskins ) Matt Nagy ( Chicago Bears ) Matt Patricia ( Detroit Lions ) Mike McCarthy ( Green Bay Packers ) Mike Zimmer ( Minnesota Vikings ) Dan Quinn ( Atlanta Falcons ) Ron Rivera ( Carolina Panthers ) Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) Dirk Koetter ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Steve Wilks ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean McVay ( Los Angeles Rams ) Kyle Shanahan ( San Francisco 49ers ) Pete Carroll ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_head_coaches&oldid=856115736 '' Categories : Cleveland Browns head coaches Lists of National Football League head coaches by team Cleveland Browns lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 00 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the head coach of the cleveland browns | [
"\n\n#\n\nName\n\nTerm[N 2]\n\nRegular season\n\nPlayoffs\n\nAchievements\n\nRef.\n\n\nGC\n\nW\n\nL\n\nT\n\nWin%\n\nGC\n\nW\n\nL\n\nWin%\n\n\n1\nPaul Brown †\n1946–1962\n214\n158\n48\n8\n.767\n14\n9\n5\n.643\n\nFour AAFC championships (1946, 1947, 1948, 1949)[11]Three NFL championships (1950, 1954, 1955)[12]Seven NFL Conference championships(1950–55,1957)\n1949, 1951, and 1953 Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year[13]1957 UPI NFL Coach of the Year[7]\n\n\n[6][8]\n\n\n2\nBlanton Collier*\n1963–1970\n112\n76\n34\n2\n.691\n7\n3\n4\n.429\n\nNFL Champion in 1964 Four Eastern conference champions (1964, 1965, 1968, 1969)Three Century Division Champions (1967,1968, 1969)\n\n[14]\n\n\n3\nNick Skorich\n1971–1975\n56\n30\n24\n2\n.556\n2\n0\n2\n.000\n\nAFC Central Division Champions 1971\n\n[15]\n\n\n4\nForrest Gregg ‡\n1975–1977\n41\n18\n23\n0\n.439\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n1976 Associated Press (AP) NFL Coach of the Year[16]\n\n[17]\n\n\n5\nDick Modzelewski*\n1977\n1\n0\n1\n0\n.000\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[18]\n\n\n6\nSam Rutigliano*\n1978–1984\n97\n47\n50\n0\n.485\n2\n0\n2\n.000\n\n1979 and 1980 UPI NFL Coach of the Year,[7] AFC Central Division Champions 1980\n\n[19]\n\n\n7\nMarty Schottenheimer\n1984–1988\n71\n44\n27\n0\n.620\n6\n2\n4\n.333\n\n1986 UPI NFL Coach of the Year[7]Three AFC Central Division Champions (1985, 1986 and 1987)\n\n[20]\n\n\n8\nBud Carson*\n1989–1990\n25\n11\n13\n1\n.458\n2\n1\n1\n.500\n\nAFC Central Division Champions 1989\n\n[21]\n\n\n9\nJim Shofner*\n1990\n7\n1\n6\n0\n.143\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[22]\n\n\n10\nBill Belichick\n1991–1995\n80\n36\n44\n0\n.450\n2\n1\n1\n.500\n\n\n\n[23]\n\n\n\n— [N 3]\n1996–1998\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\nChris Palmer*\n1999–2000\n32\n5\n27\n0\n.156\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[24]\n\n\n12\nButch Davis*\n2001–2004\n58\n24\n34\n0\n.414\n1\n0\n1\n.000\n\n\n\n[25]\n\n\n13\nTerry Robiskie\n2004\n6\n1\n5\n0\n.167\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[26]\n\n\n14\nRomeo Crennel\n2005–2008\n64\n24\n40\n0\n.375\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[27]\n\n\n15\nEric Mangini\n2009–2010\n32\n10\n22\n0\n.313\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[28]\n\n\n16\nPat Shurmur\n2011–2012\n32\n9\n23\n0\n.281\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[29]\n\n\n17\nRob Chudzinski*\n2013\n16\n4\n12\n0\n.250\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[30]\n\n\n18\nMike Pettine*\n2014–2015\n32\n10\n22\n0\n.313\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[31]\n\n\n19\nHue Jackson\n2016–present\n32\n1\n31\n0\n.031\n—\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n\n[32]\n"
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"Hue Jackson"
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-1354837742057015571 | Response bias | Response bias - wikipedia Response bias A survey using a Likert style response set . This is one example of a type of survey that can be highly vulnerable to the effects of response bias . Response bias is a general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions . These biases are prevalent in research involving participant self - report , such as structured interviews or surveys . Response biases can have a large impact on the validity of questionnaires or surveys . Response bias can be induced or caused by numerous factors , all relating to the idea that human subjects do not respond passively to stimuli , but rather actively integrate multiple sources of information to generate a response in a given situation . Because of this , almost any aspect of an experimental condition may potentially bias a respondent . Examples include the phrasing of questions in surveys , the demeanor of the researcher , the way the experiment is conducted , or the desires of the participant to be a good experimental subject and to provide socially desirable responses may affect the response in some way . All of these `` artifacts '' of survey and self - report research may have the potential to damage the validity of a measure or study . Compounding this issue is that surveys affected by response bias still often have high reliability , which can lure researchers into a false sense of security about the conclusions they draw . Because of response bias , it is possible that some study results are due to a systematic response bias rather than the hypothesized effect , which can have a profound effect on psychological and other types of research using questionnaires or surveys . It is therefore important for researchers to be aware of response bias and the effect it can have on their research so that they can attempt to prevent it from impacting their findings in a negative manner . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of research 2 Types 2.1 Acquiescence bias 2.2 Demand characteristics 2.3 Extreme responding 2.4 Question order bias 2.5 Social desirability bias 3 Related terminology 4 Highly vulnerable areas 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links History of research ( edit ) Awareness of response bias has been present in psychology and sociology literature for some time because self - reporting features significantly in those fields of research . However , researchers were initially unwilling to admit the degree to which they impact , and potentially invalidate research utilizing these types of measures . Some researchers believed that the biases present in a group of subjects cancel out when the group is large enough . This would mean that the impact of response bias is random noise , which washes out if enough participants are included in the study . However , at the time this argument was proposed , effective methodological tools that could test it were not available . Once newer methodologies were developed , researchers began to investigate the impact of response bias . From this renewed research , two opposing sides arose . The first group supports Hyman 's belief that although response bias exists , it often has minimal effect on participant response , and no large steps need to be taken to mitigate it . These researchers hold that although there is significant literature identifying response bias as influencing the responses of study participants , these studies do not in fact provide empirical evidence that this is the case . They subscribe to the idea that the effects of this bias wash out with large enough samples , and that it is not a systematic problem in mental health research . These studies also call into question earlier research that investigated response bias on the basis of their research methodologies . For example , they mention that many of the studies had very small sample sizes , or that in studies looking at social desirability , a subtype of response bias , the researchers had no way to quantify the desirability of the statements used in the study . Additionally , some have argued that what researchers may believe to be artifacts of response bias , such as differences in responding between men and women , may in fact be actual differences between the two groups . Several other studies also found evidence that response bias is not as big of a problem as it may seem . The first found that when comparing the responses of participants , with and without controls for response bias , their answers to the surveys were not different . Two other studies found that although the bias may be present , the effects are extremely small , having little to no impact towards dramatically changing or altering the responses of participants . The second group argues against Hyman 's point , saying that response bias has a significant effect , and that researchers need to take steps to reduce response bias in order to conduct sound research . They argue that the impact of response bias is a systematic error inherent to this type of research and that it needs to be addressed in order for studies to be able to produce accurate results . In psychology , there are many studies exploring the impact of response bias in many different settings and with many different variables . For example , some studies have found effects of response bias in the reporting of depression in elderly patients . Other researchers have found that there are serious issues when responses to a given survey or questionnaire have responses that may seem desirable or undesirable to report , and that a person 's responses to certain questions can be biased by their culture . Additionally , there is support for the idea that simply being part of an experiment can have dramatic effects on how participants act , thus biasing anything that they may do in a research or experimental setting when it comes to self - reporting . One of the most influential studies was one which found that social desirability bias , a type of response bias , can account for as much as 10 -- 70 % of the variance in participant response . Essentially , because of several findings that illustrate the dramatic effects response bias has on the outcomes of self - report research , this side supports the idea that steps need to be taken to mitigate the effects of response bias to maintain the accuracy of research . While both sides have support in the literature , there appears to be greater empirical support for the significance of response bias . To add strength to the claims of those who argue the importance of response bias , many of the studies that reject the significance of response bias report multiple methodological issues in their studies . For example , they have extremely small samples that are not representative of the population as a whole , they only considered a small subset of potential variables that could be affected by response bias , and their measurements were conducted over the phone with poorly worded statements . Types ( edit ) Acquiescence bias ( edit ) Main article : Acquiescence bias Acquiescence bias , which is also referred to as `` yea - saying '' , is a category of response bias in which respondents to a survey have a tendency to agree with all the questions in a measure . This bias in responding may represent a form of dishonest reporting because the participant automatically endorses any statements , even if the result is contradictory responses . For example , a participant could be asked whether they endorse the following statement , `` I prefer to spend time with others '' but then later on in the survey also endorses `` I prefer to spend time alone , '' which are contradictory statements . This is a distinct problem for self - report research because it does not allow a researcher to understand or gather accurate data from any type of question that asks for a participant to endorse or reject statements . Researchers have approached this issue by thinking about the bias in two different ways . The first deals with the idea that participants are trying to be agreeable , in order to avoid the disapproval of the researcher . A second cause for this type of bias was proposed by Lee Cronbach , when he argued that it is likely due to a problem in the cognitive processes of the participant , instead of the motivation to please the researcher . He argues that it may be due to biases in memory where an individual recalls information that supports endorsement of the statement , and ignores contradicting information . Researchers have several methods to try and reduce this form of bias . Primarily , they attempt to make balanced response sets in a given measure , meaning that there are a balanced number of positively and negatively worded questions . This means that if a researcher was hoping to examine a certain trait with a given questionnaire , half of the questions would have a `` yes '' response to identify the trait , and the other half would have a `` no '' response to identify the trait . Nay - saying is the opposite form of this bias . It occurs when a participant always chooses to deny or not endorse any statements in a survey or measure . This has a similar effect of invalidating any kinds of endorsements that participants may make over the course of the experiment . Demand characteristics ( edit ) Main article : Demand characteristics Demand characteristics refer to a type of response bias where participants alter their response or behavior simply because they are part of an experiment . This arises because participants are actively engaged in the experiment , and may try and figure out the purpose , or adopt certain behaviors they believe belong in an experimental setting . Martin Orne was one of the first to identify this type of bias , and has developed several theories to address their cause . His research points to the idea that participants enter a certain type of social interaction when engaging in an experiment , and this special social interaction drives participants to consciously and unconsciously alter their behaviors There are several ways that this bias can influence participants and their responses in an experimental setting . One of the most common relates to the motivations of the participant . Many people choose to volunteer to be in studies because they believe that experiments are important . This drives participants to be `` good subjects '' and fulfill their role in the experiment properly , because they believe that their proper participation is vital to the success of the study . Thus , in an attempt to productively participate , the subject may try to gain knowledge of the hypothesis being tested in the experiment and alter their behavior in an attempt to support that hypothesis . Orne conceptualized this change by saying that the experiment may appear to a participant as a problem , and it is his or her job to find the solution to that problem , which would be behaving in a way that would lend support to the experimenter 's hypothesis . Alternatively , a participant may try to discover the hypothesis simply to provide faulty information and wreck the hypothesis . Both of these results are harmful because they prevent the experimenters from gathering accurate data and making sound conclusions . Outside of participant motivation , there are other factors that influence the appearance of demand characteristics in a study . Many of these factors relate to the unique nature of the experimental setting itself . For example , participants in studies are more likely to put up with uncomfortable or tedious tasks simply because they are in an experiment . Additionally , the mannerisms of the experimenter , such as the way they greet the participant , or the way they interact with the participant during the course of the experiment may inadvertently bias how the participant responds during the course of the experiment . Also , prior experiences of being in an experiment , or rumors of the experiment that participants may hear can greatly bias the way they respond . Outside of an experiment , these types of past experiences and mannerisms may have significant effects on how patients rank the effectiveness of their therapist . Many of the ways therapists go about collecting client feedback involve self - reporting measures , which can be highly influenced by response bias . Participants may be biased if they fill out these measure in front of their therapist , or somehow feel compelled to answer in an affirmative matter because they believe their therapy should be working . In this case , the therapists would not be able to gain accurate feedback from their clients , and be unable to improve their therapy or accurately tailor further treatment to what the participants need . All of these different examples may have significant effects on the responses of participants , driving them to respond in ways that do not reflect their actual beliefs or actual mindset , which negatively impact conclusions drawn from those surveys . While demand characteristics can not be completely removed from an experiment , there are steps that researchers can take to minimize the impact they may have on the results . One way to mitigate response bias is to use deception to prevent the participant from discovering the true hypothesis of the experiment and then debrief the participants . For example , research has demonstrated that repeated deception and debriefing is useful in preventing participants from becoming familiar with the experiment , and that participants do not significantly alter their behaviors after being deceived and debriefed multiple times . Another way that researchers attempt to reduce demand characteristics is by being as neutral as possible , or training those conducting the experiment to be as neutral as possible . For example , studies show that extensive one - on - one contact between the experimenter and the participant makes it more difficult to be neutral , and go on to suggest that this type of interaction should be limited when designing an experiment . Another way to prevent demand characteristics is to use blinded experiments with placebos or control groups . This prevents the experimenter from biasing the participant , because the researcher does not know in which way the participant should respond . Although not perfect , these methods can significantly reduce the effect of demand characteristics on a study , thus making the conclusions drawn from the experiment more likely to accurately reflect what they were intended to measure . Extreme responding ( edit ) Extreme responding is a form of response bias that drives respondents to only select the most extreme options or answers available . For example , in a survey utilizing a Likert scale with potential responses ranging from one to five , the respondent may only give answers as ones or fives . Another example is if the participant only answered questionnaires with `` strongly agree '' or `` strongly disagree '' in a survey with that type of response style . There are several reasons for why this bias may take hold in a group of participants . One example ties the development of this type of bias in respondents to their cultural identity . This explanation states that people from certain cultures are more likely to respond in an extreme manner as compared to others . For example , research has found that those from the Middle East and Latin America are more prone to be affected by extremity response , whereas those from East Asia and Western Europe are less likely to be affected . A second explanation for this type of response bias relates to the education level of the participants . Research has indicated that those with lower intelligence , measured by an analysis of IQ and school achievement , are more likely to be affected by extremity response . Another way that this bias can be introduced is through the wording of questions in a survey or questionnaire . Certain topics or the wording of a question may drive participants to respond in an extreme manner , especially if it relates to the motivations or beliefs of the participant . The opposite of this bias occurs when participants only select intermediate or mild responses as answers . Question order bias ( edit ) Question order bias , or `` order effects bias '' , is a type of response bias where a respondent may react differently to questions based on the order in which questions appear in a survey or interview . Question order bias is different from `` response order bias '' that addresses specifically the order of the set of responses within a survey question . There are many ways that questionnaire items that appear earlier in a survey can affect responses to later questions . One way is when a question creates a `` norm of reciprocity or fairness '' as identified in the 1950 work of Herbert Hyman and Paul Sheatsley . In their research they asked two questions . One was asked on whether the United States should allow reporters from communist countries to come to the U.S. and send back news as they saw it ; and another question was asked on whether a communist country like Russia should let American newspaper reporters come in and send back news as they saw it to America . In the study , the percentage of `` yes '' responses to the question allowing communist reporters increased by 37 percentage points depending on the order . Similarly results for the American reporters item increased by 24 percentage points . When either of the items was asked second , the context for the item was changed as a result of the answer to the first , and the responses to the second were more in line with what would be considered fair , based on the previous response . Another way to alter the response towards questions based on order depends on the framing of the question . If a respondent is first asked about their general interest in a subject their response interest may be higher than if they are first posed technical or knowledge based questions about a subject . Part - whole contrast effect is yet another ordering effect . When general and specific questions are asked in different orders , results for the specific item are generally unaffected , whereas those for the general item can change significantly . Question order biases occur primarily in survey or questionnaire settings . Some strategies to limit the effects of question order bias include randomization , grouping questions by topic to unfold in a logical order . Social desirability bias ( edit ) Main article : Social desirability bias Social desirability bias is a type of response bias that influences a participant to deny undesirable traits , and ascribe to themselves traits that are socially desirable . In essence , it is a bias that drives an individual to answer in a way that makes them look more favorable to the experimenter . This bias can take many forms . Some individuals may over-report good behavior , while others may under - report bad , or undesirable behavior . A critical aspect of how this bias can come to affect the responses of participants relates to the norms of the society in which the research is taking place . For example , social desirability bias could play a large role if conducting research about an individual 's tendency to use drugs . Those in a community where drug use is seen as acceptable or popular may exaggerate their own drug use , whereas those from a community where drug use is looked down upon may choose to under - report their own use . This type of bias is much more prevalent in questions that draw on a subject 's opinion , like when asking a participant to evaluate or rate something , because there generally is not one correct answer , and the respondent has multiple ways they could answer the question . Overall , this bias can be very problematic for self - report researchers , especially if the topic they are looking at is controversial . The distortions created by respondents answering in a socially desirable manner can have profound effects on the validity of self - report research . Without being able to control for or deal with this bias , researchers are unable to determine if the effects they are measuring are due to individual differences , or from a desire to conform to the societal norms present in the population they are studying . Therefore , researchers strive to employ strategies aimed at mitigating social desirability bias so that they can draw valid conclusions from their research . Several strategies exist to limit the effect of social desirability bias . In 1985 , Anton Nederhof compiled a list of techniques and methodological strategies for researchers to use to mitigate the effects of social desirability bias in their studies . Most of these strategies involve deceiving the subject , or are related to the way questions in surveys and questionnaires are presented to those in a study . A condensed list of seven of the strategies are listed below : Ballot - box method : This method allows a subject to anonymously self - complete a questionnaire and submit it to a locked `` ballot box '' , thereby concealing their responses from an interviewer and affording the participant an additional layer of assured concealment from perceived social repercussion . Forced - choice items : This technique hopes to generate questions that are equal in desirability to prevent a socially desirable response in one direction or another . Neutral questions : The goal of this strategy is to use questions that are rated as neutral by a wide range of participants so that socially desirable responding does not apply . Randomized response technique : This technique allows participants to answer a question that is randomly selected from a set of questions . The researcher in this technique does not know which question the subject responds to , so subjects are more likely to answer truthfully . Researchers can then use statistics to interpret the anonymous data . Self - administered questionnaires : This strategy involves isolating the participant before they begin answering the survey or questionnaire to hopefully remove any social cues the researcher may present to the participant . Bogus - pipeline : This technique involves a form of deception , where researchers convince a subject through a series of rigged demonstrations that a machine can accurately determine if a participant is being truthful when responding to certain questions . After the participant completes the survey or questionnaire , they are debriefed . This is a rare technique , and does not see much use because of the cost , time commitment and because it is a one - use only technique for each participant . Selection interviewers : This strategy allows participants to select the person or persons who will be conducting the interview or presiding over the experiment . This , in the hope that with a higher degree of rapport , subjects will be more likely to answer honestly . Proxy subjects : Instead of asking a person directly , this strategy questions someone who is close to or knows the target individual well . This technique is generally limited to questions about behavior , and is not adequate for asking about attitudes or beliefs . The degree of effectiveness for each of these techniques or strategies differs depending on the situation and the question asked . In order to be the most successful in reducing social desirability bias in a wide range of situations , it has been suggested that researchers utilize a combination of these techniques to have the best chance at mitigating the effects of social desirability bias . Validations are not made on a `` more is better '' assumption ( higher stated prevalence of the behavior of interest ) when selecting the best method for reducing SDB as this is a `` weak validation '' that does not always guarantee the best results . Instead , ground `` truthed '' comparisons of observed data to stated data should reveal the most accurate method . Related terminology ( edit ) Non-response bias is not the opposite of response bias and is not a type of cognitive bias : it occurs in a statistical survey if those who respond to the survey differ in the outcome variable . Response rate is not a cognitive bias , but rather refers to a ratio of those who complete the survey and those who do not . Highly vulnerable areas ( edit ) Some areas or topics that are highly vulnerable to the various types of response bias include : alcoholism self - reporting in mental illness , especially depression See also ( edit ) Total survey error Compound question Heckman correction Loaded question Misinformation effect , similar effect for memory instead of opinion . Opinion poll List of cognitive biases Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Furnham , Adrian ( 1986 ) . `` Response bias , social desirability and dissimulation '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 7 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 400 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 86 ) 90014 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Nederhof , Anton J. ( 1985 ) . `` Methods of coping with social desirability bias : A review '' . European Journal of Social Psychology . 15 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 280 . doi : 10.1002 / ejsp. 2420150303 . ^ Jump up to : Orne , Martin T. ( 1962 ) . `` On the social psychology of the psychological experiment : With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications '' . American Psychologist. 17 ( 11 ) : 776 -- 783 . doi : 10.1037 / h0043424 . ^ Jump up to : Kalton , Graham ; Schuman , Howard ( 1982 ) . `` The Effect of the Question on Survey Responses : A Review '' . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . Series A ( General ) . 145 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 2981421 . JSTOR 2981421 . ^ Jump up to : Gove , W.R. ; Geerken , M.R. ( 1977 ) . `` Response bias in surveys of mental health : An empirical investigation '' . American Journal of Sociology. 82 ( 6 ) : 1289 -- 1317 . doi : 10.1086 / 226466 . JSTOR 2777936 . PMID 889001 . Jump up ^ Hyman , H ; 1954 . Interviewing in Social Research . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ^ Jump up to : Clancy , Kevin ; Gove , Walter ( 1974 ) . `` Sex Differences in Mental Illness : An Analysis of Response Bias in Self - Reports '' . American Journal of Sociology. 80 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 216 . doi : 10.1086 / 225767 . JSTOR 2776967 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , A. Converse , P. Rodgers ; 1976 . The Quality of American Life : Perceptions , Evaluations and Satisfaction . New York : Russell Sage . Jump up ^ Gove , Walter R. ; McCorkel , James ; Fain , Terry ; Hughes , Michael D. ( 1976 ) . `` Response bias in community surveys of mental health : Systematic bias or random noise ? '' . Social Science & Medicine . 10 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 497 -- 502 . doi : 10.1016 / 0037 - 7856 ( 76 ) 90118 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Knäuper , Bärbel ; Wittchen , Hans - Ulrich ( 1994 ) . `` Diagnosing major depression in the elderly : Evidence for response bias in standardized diagnostic interviews ? '' . Journal of Psychiatric Research . 28 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 164 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 3956 ( 94 ) 90026 - 4 . PMID 7932277 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Ronald ( 2004 ) . `` Standardization to Account for Cross-Cultural Response Bias : A Classification of Score Adjustment Procedures and Review of Research in JCCP '' . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 35 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 282 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022022104264122 . ^ Jump up to : Reese , Robert J. ; Gillaspy , J. Arthur ; Owen , Jesse J. ; Flora , Kevin L. ; Cunningham , Linda C. ; Archie , Danielle ; Marsden , Troymichael ( 2013 ) . `` The Influence of Demand Characteristics and Social Desirability on Clients ' Ratings of the Therapeutic Alliance '' . Journal of Clinical Psychology . 69 ( 7 ) : 696 -- 709 . doi : 10.1002 / jclp. 21946 . PMID 23349082 . ^ Jump up to : Cronbach , L.J. ( 1942 ) . `` Studies of acquiescence as a factor in the true - false test '' . Journal of Educational Psychology . 33 ( 6 ) : 401 -- 415 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054677 . Jump up ^ Watson , D. ( 1992 ) . `` Correcting for Acquiescent Response Bias in the Absence of a Balanced Scale : An Application to Class Consciousness '' . Sociological Methods & Research . 21 : 52 -- 88 . doi : 10.1177 / 0049124192021001003 . Jump up ^ Moss , Simon . ( 2008 ) . Acquiescence bias ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Eric S. ; Nathan , Kobi T. ( 1997 ) . `` Acquiescent Responding in Self - Reports : Cognitive Style or Social Concern ? '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 31 ( 2 ) : 293 -- 301 . doi : 10.1006 / jrpe. 1997.2180 . ^ Jump up to : Meisenberg , Gerhard ; Williams , Amandy ( 2008 ) . `` Are acquiescent and extreme response styles related to low intelligence and education ? '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 44 ( 7 ) : 1539 -- 1550 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2008.01. 010 . ^ Jump up to : Podsakoff , Philip M. ; MacKenzie , Scott B. ; Lee , Jeong - Yeon ; Podsakoff , Nathan P. ( 2003 ) . `` Common method biases in behavioral research : A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 88 ( 5 ) : 879 -- 903 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 9010.88. 5.879 . PMID 14516251 . Jump up ^ Orne , Martin T. Demand Characteristics and the concept of Quasi-Controls. in Artifacts in Behavioral Research : Robert Rosenthal and Ralph L. Rosnow 's Classic Books , beginning with page 110 ^ Jump up to : Nichols , Austin Lee ; Maner , Jon K. ( 2008 ) . `` The Good - Subject Effect : Investigating Participant Demand Characteristics '' . The Journal of General Psychology . 135 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 165 . doi : 10.3200 / GENP. 135.2. 151 - 166 . PMID 18507315 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Thomas D. ; et al. ( 1970 ) . `` Demand characteristics and three conceptions of the frequently deceived subject '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 14 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 194 . doi : 10.1037 / h0028849 . Jump up ^ Blankenship , A ... Journal Of Marketing , 6 ( 4 ) , 66 - 75. , Albert ( April 1942 ) . `` PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES IN MEASURING CONSUMER PREFERENCE '' . Journal of Marketing . 6 ( 4 , p66 - 75 ) : 9 -- via Business Source Complete . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ISRAEL and TAYLOR , GLENN D. and C.L. ( 1990 ) . `` Can Response Order Bias Evaluations ? '' . Evaluation and Program Planning . v13 n4 p365 - 71 : 7 -- via ERIC . Jump up ^ Hyman and Sheatsley , Herbert Hiram and P.B. ( 1950 ) . `` Current status of American Public Opnion '' . National Council for the Social Studies Yearbook. 1950 , p11 - 34 : 24 -- via Education Source . ^ Jump up to : Lavrakas , Paul J. ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods . Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications , Inc . pp. 664 -- 665 . ISBN 9781412918084 . Jump up ^ `` Questionnaire design '' . Pew Research Center . 2015 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bova , C. , Aswani , S. , Farthing , M. , Potts , W. ( 2018 ) . `` Limitations of the Random Response Technique and a Call to Implement the Ballot Box Method for Estimating Angler Compliance Using Surveys '' . Fisheries Research . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Babor , TF ; Stephens , RS ; Marlatt , GA ( 1987 ) . `` Verbal report methods in clinical research on alcoholism : Response bias and its minimization '' . Journal of Studies on Alcohol . 48 ( 5 ) : 410 -- 424 . doi : 10.15288 / jsa. 1987.48. 410 . PMID 3312821 . Jump up ^ Embree , BG ; Whitehead , PC ( 1993 ) . `` Validity and reliability of self - reported drinking behavior : Dealing with the problem of response bias '' . Journal of Studies on Alcohol . 54 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 344 . doi : 10.15288 / jsa. 1993.54. 334 . PMID 8487543 . External links ( edit ) Estimation of Response Bias in the NHES : 95 Adult Education Survey Effects of road sign wording on visitor survey - non-response bias hide Biases Cognitive biases Acquiescence Anchoring Attentional Attribution Authority Automation Belief Blind spot Choice - supportive Confirmation Congruence Cultural Distinction Dunning -- Kruger Egocentric Emotional Extrinsic incentives Fading affect Correspondence Halo effect Hindsight Horn effect Hostile attribution Impact In - group Mere - exposure effect Negativity Normalcy Omission Optimism Outcome Precision Pro-innovation Response Restraint Self - serving Social comparison Status quo Time - saving Trait ascription von Restorff effect Zero - risk In animals Statistical biases Estimator Forecast Healthy user Information Lead time Length time Non-response Omitted - variable Participation Recall Sampling Selection Self - selection Social desirability Spectrum Survivorship Systematic error Systemic Verification Wet Other biases Academic Funding FUTON Inductive Infrastructure Inherent in education Media Vietnam War Norway South Asia Sweden United States Arab -- Israeli conflict Ukraine Net Publication Reporting White hat Bias reduction Cognitive bias mitigation Debiasing Heuristics in judgment and decision - making Lists : General Memory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Response_bias&oldid=845515063 '' Categories : Cognitive biases Survey methodology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 07 : 54 . 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-2802869240595297119 | List of Florida State Seminoles football seasons | List of Florida State Seminoles football seasons - wikipedia List of Florida State Seminoles football seasons Jump to : navigation , search The Florida State Seminoles football team has represented Florida State University in collegiate football since 1947 . The following is a list of Florida State Seminoles football seasons . Seasons ( edit ) Year Coach Overall Conference Standing Bowl / playoffs Coaches AP Ed Williamson ( Independent ) ( 1947 ) 1947 Williamson 0 -- 5 Don Veller ( Dixie ) ( 1948 -- 1950 ) 1948 Veller 7 -- 1 1st 1949 Veller 9 -- 1 1st W Cigar 1950 Veller 8 -- 0 1st Don Veller ( Independent ) ( 1951 -- 1952 ) 1951 Veller 6 -- 2 1952 Veller 1 -- 8 -- 1 Tom Nugent ( Independent ) ( 1953 -- 1958 ) 1953 Nugent 5 -- 5 1954 Nugent 8 -- 4 L Sun 1955 Nugent 5 -- 5 1956 Nugent 5 -- 4 -- 1 1957 Nugent 4 -- 6 1958 Nugent 7 -- 4 L Bluegrass Perry Moss ( Independent ) ( 1959 ) 1959 Moss 4 -- 6 Bill Peterson ( Independent ) ( 1960 -- 1970 ) 1960 Peterson 3 -- 6 -- 1 1961 Peterson 4 -- 5 -- 1 1962 Peterson 4 -- 3 -- 3 1963 Peterson 4 -- 5 -- 1 1964 Peterson 9 -- 1 -- 1 W Gator 11 1965 Peterson 4 -- 5 -- 1 1966 Peterson 6 -- 5 L Sun 1967 Peterson 7 -- 2 -- 2 T Gator 15 1968 Peterson 8 -- 3 L Peach 14 1969 Peterson 6 -- 3 -- 1 1970 Peterson 7 -- 4 Larry Jones ( Independent ) ( 1971 -- 1973 ) 1971 Jones 8 -- 4 L Fiesta 19 1972 Jones 7 -- 4 1973 Jones 0 -- 11 Darrell Mudra ( Independent ) ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Mudra 1 -- 10 Mudra 3 -- 8 Bobby Bowden ( Independent ) ( 1976 -- 1991 ) 1976 Bowden 5 -- 6 1977 Bowden 10 -- 2 W Tangerine 11 14 1978 Bowden 8 -- 3 1979 Bowden 11 -- 1 L Orange 8 6 1980 Bowden 10 -- 2 L Orange 5 5 1981 Bowden 6 -- 5 1982 Bowden 9 -- 3 W Gator 10 13 Bowden 8 -- 4 W Peach 1984 Bowden 7 -- 3 -- 2 T Citrus 19 17 1985 Bowden 9 -- 3 W Gator 13 15 1986 Bowden 7 -- 4 -- 1 W All - American 20 Bowden 11 -- 1 W Fiesta 1988 Bowden 11 -- 1 W Sugar 1989 Bowden 10 -- 2 W Fiesta 1990 Bowden 10 -- 2 W Blockbuster 1991 Bowden 11 -- 2 W Cotton Bobby Bowden ( ACC ) ( 1992 -- 2009 ) 1992 Bowden 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st W Orange 1993 Bowden 12 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st W Orange 1994 Bowden 10 -- 1 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st W Sugar 5 1995 Bowden 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 1st W Orange 5 Bowden 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st L Sugar 1997 Bowden 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st W Sugar 1998 Bowden 11 -- 2 7 -- 1 1st L Fiesta 1999 Bowden 12 -- 0 8 -- 0 1st W Sugar 2000 Bowden 11 -- 2 8 -- 0 1st L Orange 5 2001 Bowden 8 -- 4 6 -- 2 2nd W Gator 15 15 2002 Bowden 9 -- 5 7 -- 1 1st L Sugar 23 21 2003 Bowden 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 1st L Orange 10 11 Bowden 9 -- 3 6 -- 2 2nd W Gator 14 15 2005 Bowden 8 -- 5 5 -- 3 1st Atlantic L Orange 23 23 2006 Bowden 2 -- 6 0 -- 5 5th Atlantic W Emerald 2007 Bowden 0 -- 6 0 -- 4 4th Atlantic L Music City 2008 Bowden 9 -- 4 5 -- 3 2nd Atlantic W Champs Sports 23 21 2009 Bowden 7 -- 6 4 -- 4 3rd Atlantic W Gator Jimbo Fisher ( ACC ) ( 2010 -- present ) Fisher 10 -- 4 6 -- 2 1st Atlantic W Chick - fil - A 16 17 2011 Fisher 9 -- 4 5 -- 3 2nd Atlantic W Champs Sports 23 23 2012 Fisher 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 1st Atlantic W Orange 8 10 2013 Fisher 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 1st Atlantic W BCS NCG 2014 Fisher 13 -- 1 8 -- 0 1st Atlantic L Rose 6 5 2015 Fisher 10 -- 3 6 -- 2 2nd Atlantic L Peach 14 14 2016 Fisher 10 -- 3 5 -- 3 3rd Atlantic W Orange Bowl 8 8 2017 Fisher 3 -- 6 3 -- 5 4th Atlantic Total : 535 -- 250 -- 17 National championship Conference title Conference division title Indicates Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , BCS , or CFP / New Years ' Six bowl . Rankings from final Coaches Poll . Note : FSU was forced to vacate five wins in 2006 and seven wins in 2007 due to an academic cheating scandal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CFRC College Football Database - Florida State Archived 2013 - 12 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2013 - Dec - 08 . Jump up ^ NationalChamps.net - Florida State . Retrieved 2013 - Dec - 08 . Florida State Seminoles football Venues Doak Campbell Stadium Bowls & rivalries Bowls Florida Cup Clemson Florida Miami Virginia ( Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy ) Culture & lore Osceola and Renegade The War Chant Marching Chiefs FSU Hymns Sod Cemetery Wide Right I Wide Right II 1993 ' Game of the Century ' Choke at Doak / The Fifth Quarter in the French Quarter Bob Crenshaw Award People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_seasons&oldid=809867712 '' Categories : Lists of college football seasons Florida State Seminoles football seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 23 : 51 . About Wikipedia | when was the last time florida state football had a losing season | [
"\n\nYear\nCoach\nOverall\nConference\nStanding\nBowl/playoffs\nCoaches#\nAP°\n\n\nEd Williamson (Independent) (1947)\n\n\n1947\nWilliamson\n0–5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDon Veller (Dixie) (1948–1950)\n\n\n1948\nVeller\n7–1\n\n1st\n\n\n\n\n\n1949\nVeller\n9–1\n\n1st\nW Cigar\n\n\n\n\n1950\nVeller\n8–0\n\n1st\n\n\n\n\n\nDon Veller (Independent) (1951–1952)\n\n\n1951\nVeller\n6–2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1952\nVeller\n1–8–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Nugent (Independent) (1953–1958)\n\n\n1953\nNugent\n5–5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1954\nNugent\n8–4\n\n\nL Sun\n\n\n\n\n1955\nNugent\n5–5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1956\nNugent\n5–4–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1957\nNugent\n4–6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1958\nNugent\n7–4\n\n\nL Bluegrass\n\n\n\n\nPerry Moss (Independent) (1959)\n\n\n1959\nMoss\n4–6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBill Peterson (Independent) (1960–1970)\n\n\n1960\nPeterson\n3–6–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1961\nPeterson\n4–5–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1962\nPeterson\n4–3–3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1963\nPeterson\n4–5–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1964\nPeterson\n9–1–1\n\n\nW Gator\n11\n\n\n\n1965\nPeterson\n4–5–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1966\nPeterson\n6–5\n\n\nL Sun\n\n\n\n\n1967\nPeterson\n7–2–2\n\n\nT Gator\n15\n\n\n\n1968\nPeterson\n8–3\n\n\nL Peach\n14\n\n\n\n1969\nPeterson\n6–3–1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1970\nPeterson\n7–4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLarry Jones (Independent) (1971–1973)\n\n\n1971\nJones\n8–4\n\n\nL Fiesta\n19\n\n\n\n1972\nJones\n7–4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1973\nJones\n0–11\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDarrell Mudra (Independent) (1974–1975)\n\n\n1974\nMudra\n1–10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1975\nMudra\n3–8\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBobby Bowden (Independent) (1976–1991)\n\n\n1976\nBowden\n5–6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1977\nBowden\n10–2\n\n\nW Tangerine\n11\n14\n\n\n1978\nBowden\n8–3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1979\nBowden\n11–1\n\n\nL Orange\n8\n6\n\n\n1980\nBowden\n10–2\n\n\nL Orange\n5\n5\n\n\n1981\nBowden\n6–5\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1982\nBowden\n9–3\n\n\nW Gator\n10\n13\n\n\n1983\nBowden\n8–4\n\n\nW Peach\n\n\n\n\n1984\nBowden\n7–3–2\n\n\nT Citrus\n19\n17\n\n\n1985\nBowden\n9–3\n\n\nW Gator\n13\n15\n\n\n1986\nBowden\n7–4–1\n\n\nW All-American\n20\n\n\n\n1987\nBowden\n11–1\n\n\nW Fiesta\n2\n2\n\n\n1988\nBowden\n11–1\n\n\nW Sugar\n3\n3\n\n\n1989\nBowden\n10–2\n\n\nW Fiesta\n2\n3\n\n\n1990\nBowden\n10–2\n\n\nW Blockbuster\n4\n4\n\n\n1991\nBowden\n11–2\n\n\nW Cotton\n4\n4\n\n\nBobby Bowden (ACC) (1992–2009)\n\n\n1992\nBowden\n11–1\n8–0\n1st\nW Orange†\n2\n2\n\n\n1993\nBowden\n12–1\n8–0\n1st\nW Orange†\n1\n1\n\n\n1994\nBowden\n10–1–1\n8–0\n1st\nW Sugar†\n5\n4\n\n\n1995\nBowden\n10–2\n7–1\n1st\nW Orange†\n5\n4\n\n\n1996\nBowden\n11–1\n8–0\n1st\nL Sugar†\n3\n3\n\n\n1997\nBowden\n11–1\n8–0\n1st\nW Sugar†\n3\n3\n\n\n1998\nBowden\n11–2\n7–1\n1st\nL Fiesta†\n3\n3\n\n\n1999\nBowden\n12–0\n8–0\n1st\nW Sugar†\n1\n1\n\n\n2000\nBowden\n11–2\n8–0\n1st\nL Orange†\n4\n5\n\n\n2001\nBowden\n8–4\n6–2\n2nd\nW Gator\n15\n15\n\n\n2002\nBowden\n9–5\n7–1\n1st\nL Sugar†\n23\n21\n\n\n2003\nBowden\n10–3\n7–1\n1st\nL Orange†\n10\n11\n\n\n2004\nBowden\n9–3\n6–2\n2nd\nW Gator\n14\n15\n\n\n2005\nBowden\n8–5\n5–3\n1st Atlantic\nL Orange†\n23\n23\n\n\n2006\nBowden\n2–6\n0–5\n5th Atlantic\nW Emerald\n\n\n\n\n2007\nBowden\n0–6\n0–4\n4th Atlantic\nL Music City\n\n\n\n\n2008\nBowden\n9–4\n5–3\n2nd Atlantic\nW Champs Sports\n23\n21\n\n\n2009\nBowden\n7–6\n4–4\n3rd Atlantic\nW Gator\n\n\n\n\nJimbo Fisher (ACC) (2010–present)\n\n\n2010\nFisher\n10–4\n6–2\n1st Atlantic\nW Chick-fil-A\n16\n17\n\n\n2011\nFisher\n9–4\n5–3\n2nd Atlantic\nW Champs Sports\n23\n23\n\n\n2012\nFisher\n12–2\n7–1\n1st Atlantic\nW Orange†\n8\n10\n\n\n2013\nFisher\n14–0\n8–0\n1st Atlantic\nW BCS NCG†\n1\n1\n\n\n2014\nFisher\n13–1\n8–0\n1st Atlantic\nL Rose†\n6\n5\n\n\n2015\nFisher\n10–3\n6–2\n2nd Atlantic\nL Peach†\n14\n14\n\n\n2016\nFisher\n10–3\n5–3\n3rd Atlantic\nW Orange Bowl†\n8\n8\n\n\n2017\nFisher\n3–6\n3–5\n4th Atlantic\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal:\n535–250–17\n\n\n\n National championship Conference title Conference division title\n\n\n\n\n†Indicates Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, BCS, or CFP / New Years' Six bowl.\n#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.\n\n\n\n"
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"2017"
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-4559242030559215446 | Colorado Rockies | Colorado Rockies - wikipedia Colorado Rockies This article is about the current Major League Baseball club . For the former NHL ice hockey club , see Colorado Rockies ( NHL ) . For the mountains , see Southern Rocky Mountains . For other uses , see Colorado Rockies ( disambiguation ) . Colorado Rockies 2018 Colorado Rockies season Established in 1991 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1993 -- present ) West Division ( 1993 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 17 42 KSM Colors Purple , Black , Silver Name Colorado Rockies ( 1993 -- present ) Other nicknames The Rox , The Blake Street Bombers Ballpark Coors Field ( 1995 -- present ) Mile High Stadium ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2007 West Division titles ( 0 ) None Wild card berths ( 4 ) 1995 2007 2009 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Charles K. Monfort Manager Bud Black General Manager Jeff Bridich President of Baseball Operations Jeff Bridich The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver , Colorado . The Rockies compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team 's home venue is Coors Field , located in the Lower Downtown area of Denver . The Rockies won their first National League championship in 2007 , after having won 14 of their final 15 games in order to secure a Wild Card position . In the World Series they were swept by the American League ( AL ) champion Boston Red Sox in four games . Contents 1 History 2 Season record 3 Uniform 4 Baseball Hall of Famers 4.1 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame 5 Individual awards 5.1 NL MVP 5.2 NLCS MVP 5.3 NL Rookie of the Year 5.4 Silver Slugger Award 5.5 Hank Aaron Award 5.6 Gold Glove Award 5.7 Manager of the Year Award 5.8 NL Batting Champion 5.9 DHL Hometown Heroes ( 2006 ) 6 Team award 7 Team records ( single - game , single - season , career ) 8 Championships 9 Retired numbers 10 Current roster 11 Minor league affiliations 12 Radio and television 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the Colorado Rockies See also : 1993 Major League Baseball expansion Denver had long been a hotbed of Denver Bears / Zephyrs minor league baseball and many in the area desired a Major League team . Following the Pittsburgh drug trials , an unsuccessful attempt was made to purchase the Pittsburgh Pirates and relocate them . However , in 1991 , as part of Major League Baseball 's two - team expansion ( along with the Florida ( now Miami ) Marlins ) , an ownership group representing Denver led by John Antonucci and Michael I. Monus was granted a franchise ; they took the name `` Rockies '' due to Denver 's proximity to the Rocky Mountains , which is reflected in their logo . Monus and Antonucci were forced to drop out in 1992 after Monus ' reputation was ruined by an accounting scandal . Trucking magnate Jerry McMorris stepped in at the 11th hour to save the franchise , allowing the team to begin play in 1993 . The Rockies shared Mile High Stadium ( which had originally been built for the Bears ) with the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Denver Broncos for their first two seasons while Coors Field was constructed . It was completed for the 1995 Major League Baseball season . In 1993 , they started play in the West division of the National League . The Rockies have reached the Major League Baseball postseason four times , each time as the National League wild card team . Twice ( 1995 and 2009 ) they were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs . In 2007 , the Rockies advanced to the World Series , only to be swept by the Boston Red Sox . The Rockies have played their home games at Coors Field since 1995 . Their newest spring training home , Salt River Fields at Talking Stick in Scottsdale , Arizona , opened in March 2011 and is shared with the Arizona Diamondbacks . Season record ( edit ) Main article : List of Colorado Rockies seasons Uniform ( edit ) Further information : Major League Baseball uniforms At the start of the 2012 season , the Rockies introduced `` Purple Mondays '' in which the team wears its purple uniform every Monday game day . Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) No inducted members of the Baseball Hall of Fame have played for or managed the Rockies . Colorado Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Colorado Rockies in the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position ( s ) Seasons Notes -- Jerry McMorris Owner 1992 -- 2005 KSM Keli McGregor President 2001 -- 2010 Attended Colorado State University 9 , 14 Vinny Castilla 3B 1993 -- 1999 2004 , 2006 10 Dante Bichette OF 1993 -- 1999 14 Andrés Galarraga 1B 1993 -- 1997 17 Todd Helton 1B 1997 -- 2013 25 Don Baylor Manager 1993 -- 1998 33 Larry Walker RF 1995 -- 2004 Individual awards ( edit ) See also : Baseball awards and List of Major League Baseball awards NL MVP ( edit ) 1997 -- Larry Walker NLCS MVP ( edit ) 2007 -- Matt Holliday NL Rookie of the Year ( edit ) 2002 -- Jason Jennings Silver Slugger Award ( edit ) Dante Bichette ( 1995 ) Vinny Castilla ( 1995 , 1997 -- 98 ) Andrés Galarraga , Eric Young & Ellis Burks ( 1996 ) Larry Walker ( 1997 , 1999 ) Mike Hampton ( 2001 -- 02 ) Todd Helton ( 2000 -- 03 ) Matt Holliday ( 2006 -- 08 ) Carlos González ( 2010 , 2015 ) Troy Tulowitzki ( 2010 -- 11 ) Michael Cuddyer ( 2013 ) Nolan Arenado ( 2015 -- 17 ) Charlie Blackmon ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hank Aaron Award ( edit ) 2000 -- Todd Helton Gold Glove Award ( edit ) Larry Walker ( 1997 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 ) Neifi Pérez ( 2000 ) Todd Helton ( 2001 -- 02 , 2004 ) Carlos González ( 2010 , 2012 -- 13 ) Troy Tulowitzki ( 2010 -- 11 ) Nolan Arenado ( 2013 -- Present ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2014 , 2017 ) Manager of the Year Award ( edit ) 1995 -- Don Baylor 2009 -- Jim Tracy NL Batting Champion ( edit ) Andrés Galarraga ( 1993 ) Larry Walker ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 ) Todd Helton ( 2000 ) Matt Holliday ( 2007 ) Carlos González ( 2010 ) Michael Cuddyer ( 2013 ) Justin Morneau ( 2014 ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2016 ) Charlie Blackmon ( 2017 ) DHL Hometown Heroes ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Larry Walker -- voted by MLB fans as the most outstanding player in the history of the franchise , based on on - field performance , leadership quality and character value Team award ( edit ) 2007 -- Warren Giles Trophy ( National League champion ) 2007 -- Baseball America Organization of the Year Team records ( single - game , single - season , career ) ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Rockies team records Championships ( edit ) National League Champions Preceded by : St. Louis Cardinals 2007 Succeeded by : Philadelphia Phillies National League Wild Card Winners Preceded by : None ( First ) 1995 Succeeded by : Los Angeles Dodgers Preceded by : Los Angeles Dodgers 2007 Succeeded by : Milwaukee Brewers Preceded by : Milwaukee Brewers 2009 Succeeded by : Atlanta Braves Retired numbers ( edit ) Todd Helton is the sole Colorado player to have his number ( 17 ) retired , which was done on Sunday , August 17 , 2014 . Jackie Robinson 's number , 42 , was retired throughout all of baseball in 1997 . Keli McGregor had worked with the Rockies since their inception in 1993 , rising from senior director of operations to team president in 2002 , until his death on April 20 , 2010 . He is honored at Coors Field alongside Helton and Robinson with his initials . Todd Helton 1B Retired August 17 , 2014 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Keli McGregor President Honored September 28 , 2010 Current roster ( edit ) Colorado Rockies roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 44 Tyler Anderson 21 Kyle Freeland 55 Jon Gray 48 Germán Márquez 49 Antonio Senzatela Bullpen 35 Chad Bettis 51 Jake McGee 45 Scott Oberg 18 Seung - hwan Oh 0 Adam Ottavino 52 Chris Rusin 29 Bryan Shaw Closer 71 Wade Davis Catchers 22 Chris Iannetta 14 Tony Wolters Infielders 28 Nolan Arenado 20 Ian Desmond 9 DJ LeMahieu 24 Ryan McMahon 27 Trevor Story Outfielders 19 Charlie Blackmon 26 David Dahl 5 Carlos González 7 Matt Holliday 8 Gerardo Parra Pitchers 62 Yency Almonte 54 Carlos Estévez 34 Jeff Hoffman 61 Sam Howard 59 Harrison Musgrave 74 Jesús Tinoco 30 Jerry Vasto Catchers 23 Tom Murphy Infielders 2 Garrett Hampson 25 Jordan Patterson 4 Pat Valaika Outfielders 56 Noel Cuevas 72 Yonathan Daza 15 Raimel Tapia 3 Mike Tauchman Manager 10 Bud Black Coaches 39 Stu Cole ( third base ) 43 Tony Diaz ( first base ) 58 Duane Espy ( hitting ) 36 Steve Foster ( pitching ) 53 Ron Gideon ( coach ) 40 Darren Holmes ( bullpen ) 66 Aaron Muñoz ( bullpen catcher ) 11 Mike Redmond ( bench ) 41 Jeff Salazar ( assistant hitting ) 60 - day disabled list 38 Mike Dunn 64 Rayan Gonzalez 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated August 23 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Colorado Rockies minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Albuquerque Isotopes Pacific Coast League Albuquerque , New Mexico AA Hartford Yard Goats Eastern League Hartford , Connecticut A-Advanced Lancaster JetHawks California League Lancaster , California Asheville Tourists South Atlantic League Asheville , North Carolina Short Season A Boise Hawks Northwest League Boise , Idaho Rookie Grand Junction Rockies Pioneer League Grand Junction , Colorado DSL Rockies Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) See also : List of Colorado Rockies broadcasters As of 2010 , Rockies ' flagship radio station is KOA 850AM , with some late - season games broadcast on KHOW 630 AM due to conflicts with Denver Broncos games . Jerry Schemmel and Jack Corrigan are the radio announcers which both serve as backup TV announcers whenever Drew Goodman is not on the broadcast . The Rockies Radio Network is composed of 38 affiliate stations in eight states . As of 2013 , Spanish broadcasts of the Rockies are heard on KNRV 1150 AM . As of 2013 , all games are produced and televised by AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain . All 150 games produced by AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain are broadcast in HD . Jeff Huson , Drew Goodman and Ryan Spilborghs form the TV broadcast team with Marc Stout , Jenny Cavnar , Jason Hirsh and Cory Sullivan handling the pre-game and post-game shows . See also ( edit ) List of Colorado Rockies managers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` General Club Information '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Colorado Rockies Information Guide . MLB Advanced Media . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Rockies outfitted with one shade of purple '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rockies Introduce Purple Mondays Campaign During ' Year of the Fan ' '' ( Press release ) . Colorado Rockies. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockies introduce ' Purple Monday ' campaign '' . KKTV. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batting Average Year - by - Year Leaders / Batting Champions on Baseball Almanac '' . www.baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Helton calls No. 17 jersey retirement ' very special ' '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Rox unveil McGregor memorial at Coors Field '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colorado Rockies . Colorado Rockies official website Minor League Affiliates of the Colorado Rockies Colorado Rockies Established in 1993 Based in Denver , Colorado Franchise History Expansion Expansion Draft Seasons Records Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Mile High Stadium Coors Field Spring training Hi Corbett Field Salt River Fields at Talking Stick Culture Dinger Blake Street Bombers `` Hey ! Baby '' ( DJ Ötzi song ) `` Rocky Mountain Way '' ( Joe Walsh song ) Continental League Mike Coolbaugh `` The Losing Edge '' ( South Park ) Lore Rocktober 2007 NL Wild Card tie - breaker 2017 NL Wild Card Game Key personnel Owners : Charlie and Dick Monfort President : vacant General Manager : Jeff Bridich Manager : Bud Black National League pennants ( 1 ) 2007 Wild card berths ( 4 ) 1995 2007 2009 2017 Minor league affiliates Albuquerque Isotopes ( AAA ) Hartford Yard Goats ( AA ) Lancaster JetHawks ( A Adv . ) Asheville Tourists ( A ) Boise Hawks ( Short A ) Grand Junction Rockies ( Rookie Adv . ) DSL Colorado ( Rookie ) DSL Rockies ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain Radio KOA ( AM ) Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Drew Goodman Jeff Huson Ryan Spilborghs Jack Corrigan Jerry Schemmel Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 2000s 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Colorado Rockies managers Don Baylor ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Jim Leyland ( 1999 ) Buddy Bell ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Clint Hurdle ( 2002 -- 2009 ) Jim Tracy ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Walt Weiss ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Bud Black ( 2017 -- ) Colorado Rockies general managers Bob Gebhard Dan O'Dowd Jeff Bridich Colorado Rockies Presidents Jerry McMorris Keli McGregor Principal owners of the Colorado Rockies franchise Jerry McMorris Monfort brothers Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Major League Baseball owners by team American League East Peter Angelos ( Baltimore Orioles ) John W. 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( St. Louis Cardinals ) West Ken Kendrick ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Monfort brothers ( Colorado Rockies ) Guggenheim Baseball Management ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) Ron Fowler ( San Diego Padres ) Larry Baer ( San Francisco Giants ) Sports teams based in Colorado Australian Rules Football USAFL Denver Bulldogs Baseball MLB Colorado Rockies PCL Colorado Springs Sky Sox PioL Grand Junction Rockies Pecos Trinidad Triggers Basketball NBA Denver Nuggets ABA Colorado Kings Football NFL Denver Broncos WFA Mile High Blaze Rocky Mountain Thunderkatz IWFL Colorado Freeze Ice hockey NHL Colorado Avalanche AHL Colorado Eagles WSHL Northern Colorado Eagles Steamboat Wranglers Inline hockey PIHA Colorado Springs Thunder Colorado Stallions Fort Collins Catz Mile High Miners Parker Prowlers Westminster Blizzard Lacrosse MLL Denver Outlaws NLL Colorado Mammoth Roller derby WFTDA Ark Valley High Rollers Boulder County Bombers Castle Rock ' n ' Rollers Denver Roller Derby FoCo Girls Gone Derby Pikes Peak Derby Dames Pueblo Derby Devil Dollz Rocky Mountain Rollergirls Slaughterhouse Derby Girls Rugby union MLR Glendale Raptors PRP Denver Barbarians Glendale Merlins Soccer MLS Colorado Rapids USL Colorado Springs Switchbacks College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Air Force Colorado Colorado College ( men 's ice hockey and women 's soccer only ) Colorado State Denver Northern Colorado City and County of Denver The Mile High City About Commerce Demographics Economy Education Fire History Timeline Geography Landmarks Music Neighborhoods Notable Denverites Police Public schools Public transportation Street system Radio Television Government Mayor Michael Hancock Former mayors City Council Landmarks , museums and culture 16th Street Mall Avenue Theater Broncos Stadium at Mile High Brown Palace Hotel Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception City Park Civic Center Clyfford Still Museum Colorado Convention Center Colorado State Capitol Confluence Park Coors Field D&F Tower Denver 's Downtown Aquarium Denver Art Museum Denver Botanic Gardens Denver Firefighters Museum Denver Mint Denver Museum of Miniatures , Dolls and Toys Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver Center for the Performing Arts Denver Public Library Denver Zoo Elitch Gardens Theme Park Ellie Caulkins Opera House Forney Transportation Museum History Colorado Center Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art Molly Brown House Museo de las Americas Museum of Contemporary Art Denver Pepsi Center Red Rocks Sakura Square Tattered Cover Union Station Wells Fargo Center Wings Over the Rockies Museum Colleges and universities University of Colorado Denver Metropolitan State University of Denver Community College of Denver University of Denver Regis University Sports franchises Denver Broncos Colorado Rockies Colorado Avalanche Denver Nuggets Colorado Rapids Colorado Mammoth Denver Outlaws Commons Baseball portal Colorado portal LCCN : n93092931 VIAF : 134476523 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_Rockies&oldid=856715045 '' Categories : Colorado Rockies Major League Baseball teams Baseball teams established in 1993 Cactus League Professional baseball teams in Colorado 1993 establishments in Colorado Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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"Colorado Rockies\n 2018 Colorado Rockies season\nEstablished in 1991\n\nTeam logoCap insignia\nMajor league affiliations\n\nNational League (1993–present)\nWest Division (1993–present)\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\nRetired numbers\n1742KSMColors\n\nPurple, Black, Silver[1][2]\n Name\n\nColorado Rockies (1993–present)\nOther nicknames\n\nThe Rox, The Blake Street Bombers\nBallpark\n\nCoors Field (1995–present)\nMile High Stadium (1993–1994)\nMajor league titlesWorld Series titles (0)\nNoneNL Pennants (1)\n2007West Division titles (0)\nNoneWild card berths (4)\n1995200720092017Front officeOwner(s)\nCharles K. MonfortManager\nBud BlackGeneral Manager\nJeff BridichPresident of Baseball Operations\nJeff Bridich"
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6494245700256322383 | Lethal Weapon (TV series) | Lethal Weapon ( TV series ) - wikipedia Lethal Weapon ( TV series ) Lethal Weapon Genre Comedy - drama Buddy cop Action Police procedural Based on Lethal Weapon by Shane Black Developed by Matt Miller Starring Damon Wayans Clayne Crawford Jordana Brewster Keesha Sharp Kevin Rahm Johnathan Fernandez Chandler Kinney Dante Brown Michelle Mitchenor Seann William Scott Maggie Lawson Theme music composer Vo Williams Composer ( s ) Josh Kramon Ben Decter Tree Adams Robert Lydecker Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Matt Miller Dan Lin Jennifer Gwartz McG Producer ( s ) Kelly Van Horn Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Ramsey Nickell David Moxness Editor ( s ) Matt Barber Running time 42 - 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Good Session Productions Lin Pictures ( seasons 1 & 2 ) Rideback ( season 3 ) Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Fox Original release September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) -- present External links Website Lethal Weapon is an American buddy cop action comedy - drama television series developed by Matt Miller and based on the franchise of the same name created by Shane Black . The show premiered on Fox on September 21 , 2016 and has run for two seasons , with a third season upcoming . For its first two seasons , Lethal Weapon starred Damon Wayans as Roger Murtaugh and Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs , mismatched detective partners who were also the main characters in the film series , originally played by Danny Glover and Mel Gibson . The series includes other characters directly or loosely inspired by characters from the films , including Leo Getz ( played by Thomas Lennon ) -- a close friend of Riggs and Murtaugh . In May 2018 , amidst reports of bad behavior and incidents of hostility between cast and crew on the show 's set , Crawford was fired from the show . It was subsequently reported he will be replaced by Seann William Scott , as a new character named Wesley Cole . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 International broadcast 5 Production 5.1 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 6.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Roger Murtaugh , an aging detective with a wife and three children , is partnered with Martin Riggs , a younger , somewhat unstable detective whose wife and unborn child were recently murdered . While Riggs ' devil - may - care methods of collaring criminals puts his and Murtaugh 's lives in danger on a regular basis , the two are able to develop a respect and friendship . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Damon Wayans as Roger Murtaugh , a senior Los Angeles Police Department Detective who returns to the force after recovering from a heart attack and is partnered with Texas transfer Martin Riggs . He is married with three children ( two teenagers and a toddler ) . He is a native of Inglewood , California , and currently resides in Sherman Oaks . He carries a Heckler & Koch USP as his duty weapon , in early episodes , and later switches to a Glock . In `` Family Ties '' , Murtaugh is promoted to Captain after Avery decides to step down in order to run for office . He was originally played by Danny Glover in the film series . Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , a Navy SEAL - turned - police officer from El Paso , Texas . He moves to Los Angeles after the death of his wife and unborn child , transferring from the El Paso County Sheriff 's Office to the LAPD 's Robbery - Homicide Division . Riggs lives in a trailer on the beach , drives a 1977 Ford F - 350 , and his weapon of choice is the Beretta 92F , very similar to his movie counterpart . He was originally played by Mel Gibson in the film series . Seann William Scott as Wesley Cole ( season 3 ) , a war veteran and father who moves to Los Angeles to be closer to his child . The character shares the same surname as Lorna Cole , Riggs ' love interest played by Rene Russo in the film series . Jordana Brewster as Dr. Maureen Cahill , the police department 's psychologist who treats Det . Riggs ( and occasionally Det . Murtaugh ) . Although sometimes she is referred to as a psychiatrist and prescribes drugs ( for example in `` Better Living Through Chemistry '' ) . The character is based on Dr. Stephanie Woods played by Mary Ellen Trainor in the film series . Keesha Sharp as Trish Murtaugh , Det . Murtaugh 's loving wife and mother of his three children who works as a defense attorney . In the season one episode `` As Good As It Getz '' , Trish quits her job after being passed over for managing partner at her law firm . She was originally played by Darlene Love in the film series . Kevin Rahm as Captain Brooks Avery , the Commanding Officer of Robbery - Homicide Division . Before his promotion , Capt . Avery was partners with Det . Murtaugh . In `` Lawmen '' , it is revealed that years ago he and a Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department deputy ( Malcolm - Jamal Warner ) planted evidence to convict a murderer after previous evidence was excluded from trial ; he was prepared to resign over the incident when it came to light , but Murtaugh convinced him to stay because if his impropriety was revealed it would mean that all of Avery 's cases ( many of which he worked with Murtaugh ) would be reviewed if not overturned entirely . The character is based on Captain Ed Murphy played by Steve Kahan in the film series . Johnathan Fernandez as Bernard Scorsese , a medical examiner , forensic scientist and aspiring screenwriter who works alongside Dets . Murtaugh and Riggs . Michelle Mitchenor as Detective Sonya Bailey , a fellow detective with Robbery - Homicide Division . She is partnered with Det . Alex Cruz during the first season and Det . Zach Bowman during the second season . Chandler Kinney as Riana Murtaugh , Det . Murtaugh 's teenage daughter . The character is based on Rianne Murtaugh , played by Traci Wolfe in the film series . Dante Brown as Roger `` RJ '' Murtaugh Jr. , Det . Murtaugh 's teenage son . He graduated from high school at the end of season 1 and briefly attended college before dropping out during season 2 . The character is based on Nick Murtaugh , played by Damon Hines in the film series . Recurring ( edit ) Thomas Lennon as Leo Getz , a comedic ambulance - chasing lawyer who once worked in the District Attorney 's office before being fired . He befriends Murtaugh ( and to a lesser extent , Riggs ) after he witnesses a client 's murder , and is put under their protection . His friendship with the duo is strengthened in the second - season episode `` Let it Ride '' where he works with them again and Murtaugh assures Leo that they do n't have to be on a case to be friends . Getz is partially inspired by the character of the same name played by Joe Pesci in the film series . Hilarie Burton as Karen Palmer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , a DEA agent who sometimes works with Riggs and Murtaugh on drug trafficking cases , and is also Riggs ' love interest . The two break up early in season 2 . Floriana Lima as Miranda Riggs ( née Delgado ) ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , Det . Riggs ' late wife , who is seen in flashbacks . Originally from the Los Angeles area , she moved to Texas when she married Riggs , and after her death , he moved to LA and joined the LAPD . The character is based on Victoria Riggs from the film series , although she was never seen as she had already died before the events of the first film . Richard Cabral as Detective Alejandro `` Alex '' Cruz ( season 1 ) , formerly an undercover officer with the LAPD 's Gang Division who once worked at the Robbery - Homicide Division . Tony Plana as Ronnie Delgado ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , the Los Angeles City Attorney and Det . Riggs ' father - in - law . He is stabbed in prison in the Season 2 episode `` Diggin ' Up Dirt '' , and dies in the hospital . Andrew Patrick Ralston as Jim McNeile , a dentist and neighbor of the Murtaughs . Michelle Hurd as Gina Santos ( season 2 ) , a police big shot who arrives to take control of the division as chief , superseding the authority of Captain Avery . She and Murtaugh had previously partnered as detectives on a stakeout . Andrew Creer as Detective Zach Bowman ( season 2 ) , a young detective who starts working at the precinct . He is soon partnered with Bailey . Leo Getz condescendingly calls them `` The B - team '' , which the naïve Bowman thinks is because their last names both start with `` B '' . Kristen Gutoskie as Molly Hendricks ( season 2 ) , Riggs ' childhood friend and the ex-wife of his old best friend Jake , who has been in and out of prison . Riggs and Molly have a brief relationship that Riggs ends when he sees his work is putting Molly and her son in danger . They later are able to reconcile . Rex Linn as Nathan Riggs ( season 2 ) , Martin Riggs ' abusive father . Chase Mangum as Young Martin Riggs ( season 2 ) Sophia Woodward as Young Molly Hendricks ( season 2 ) Duncan Joiner as Ben ( season 2 ) , Molly 's son via her ex-husband Jake . Peter Coventry Smith as Garrett Riggs ( season 2 ) , Riggs ' half - brother . Maggie Lawson as Natalie Flynn ( season 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Average U.S. viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 18 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 6.54 22 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 4.11 13 September 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' McG Story by : Matt Miller & Shane Black Teleplay by : Matt Miller September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) T15. 10138 7.93 A slightly unhinged widower and former Navy SEAL lands a job as a police officer in Los Angeles where he is partnered with a veteran detective who is trying to maintain a low stress level in his life . `` Surf N Turf '' McG Matt Miller September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) T13. 20102 7.23 Murtaugh and Riggs are sent to deal with a noise complaint at a party . And when they arrive there are shots fired . They chase the shooter only he was killed . They go back to the Captain who is with an ATF agent who tells them the weapon that was used is strictly for military use , which means someone got their hands on some and are trying to sell it . Riggs upon looking over what happened does n't think the one who was killed is the target . They think it 's someone else , a woman . They track her down and learn she 's from Russia and pregnant . She tells them that a few months ago she got involved with a guy and she caught him trying to unload the guns and when he saw her , he tried to kill her that 's why she ran . And evidently , the shooter was there to sell the gun when he saw her and told probably the guy she was there , who told him to take care of her . They put her in protective custody while they try to find out were the guns came from . Murtaugh finally learns about Riggs and his wife . `` Best Buds '' Steve Boyum Gene Hong October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T13. 20103 6.62 Riggs and Murtaugh follow a violent case involving a drug cartel , theft , two killings and , unfortunately , Murtaugh 's old T.O. , Ned Brower . As the case unfolds , it turns out that Ned is more involved than just driving the cash , which leaves Murtaugh with an inevitably dangerous decision to make . Looking for back - up , the duo turns to Cruz for help . In the midst of all the chaos , Riggs continues to depend on outside vices , rather than face the reality of Miranda 's death , while Murtaugh and Trish struggle to find alone time . Miranda Riggs appears as a vision to Riggs early in the episode and at the very end he remembers walking up to her parents home with her for the first time . `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' Jason Ensler Adele Lim October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T13. 20104 6.84 A string of burglaries hits close to home for Murtaugh when one occurs in his own neighborhood , and it gets just as personal for Riggs when another break - in ends in a casualty . Meanwhile , Roger Junior connects with an old friend who might be twisted up in some criminal action of his own . 5 5 `` Spilt Milk '' Larry Teng Seamus Kevin Fahey October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T13. 20105 6.66 Murtaugh delves deep into the psyche of a former navy seal who is wanted for criminal activity , and draws parallels between him and his partner , Riggs , who also served in the military . Riggs ' connection to the suspect threatens to interfere with the case , but it also forces him to open up to Murtaugh . 6 6 `` Ties That Bind '' Antonio Negret Erik Mountain November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T13. 20106 7.02 When Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a high - profile case surrounding the murder of a young model , they uncover a vicious secret behind the locked mansion gates of one of LA 's wealthiest families . Riggs gets a jolt from his past when he discovers that an old friend of his wife has ties to the case . Back at home , Murtaugh is shocked to hear that his daughter is sending provocative photos to her new boyfriend . 7 7 `` Fashion Police '' Rob Seidenglanz Kyle Warren November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T13. 20107 6.60 As Riggs and Murtaugh examine the murder of one of L.A. 's fashion expeditors , they follow a trail of evidence that leads them to an ongoing and exceptionally dangerous underground investigation led by the DEA agent Karen Palmer ( Hilarie Burton ) . In the meantime , Trish and the kids are off visiting colleges , leaving Murtaugh to a `` bender '' of his own , while Riggs has trouble sleeping through the night due to his all - too - real dreams of Miranda . 8 8 `` Can I Get a Witness ? '' Jason Ensler Amanda Green November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T13. 20108 6.43 When a million dollar casino heist takes a deadly turn , Riggs befriends the only credible witness , an eight - year - old boy , and takes him into his care . On the flip side , Murtaugh pulls some dangerous stunts in an attempt to prove to everyone that he can be a motorcycle guy . Meanwhile , Riggs contemplates what to do with the money he received from selling his home in Texas . 9 9 `` Jingle Bell Glock '' Steve Boyum Joe Smith December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T13. 20110 6.26 The whole precinct 's holiday celebrations are cut short when they 're called to examine a ruthless homicide linked to Eddie Flores ( Raul Casso ) , the deranged nephew of a notable drug lord who has a previous history with Riggs . The holiday season weighs heavily on Riggs , who flashes back to past Christmas with his former wife , Miranda . Murtaugh is also a little preoccupied with his neighbor 's obnoxious holiday decorations . 10 10 `` Homebodies '' Michael Fields Alex Taub January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) T13. 20111 6.30 Riggs and Murtaugh end up in the middle of a turf war as they investigate the murder of a millennial `` designer drug '' dealer . 11 11 `` Lawmen '' Sylvain White Andy Callahan January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) T13. 20109 6.48 Riggs and Murtaugh are pitted against the LA Sheriff 's department . 12 12 `` Brotherly Love '' Uta Briesewitz Stacy A. Littlejohn January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) T13. 20112 6.29 Riggs and Murtaugh get involved with a notorious auto theft ring after a car containing a large amount of cocaine is stolen from the impound lot . 13 13 `` The Seal is Broken '' Nathan Hope Adele Lim & Gene Hong January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T13. 20113 6.28 Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a series of violent crimes targeting members of the same church ; the anniversary of Miranda 's death weighs on Riggs ; Trish and Roger butt heads with R.J. 14 14 `` The Murtaugh File '' Matt Barber Seamus Kevin Fahey February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T13. 20114 6.25 A car crash reveals that Cahill is the target of a murderous stalker ; Riggs finds Murtaugh 's file in Cahill 's office and becomes obsessed with finding out about his past ; Roger and Trish discover their daughter has a fake ID . 15 15 `` As Good As It Getz '' Nick Copus Rob Wright February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T13. 20115 6.37 Riggs and Murtaugh are forced to work with DEA agent Karen Palmer again , to protect Leo Getz , an ambulance - chasing attorney who was linked to the Cartel . As the three delve further into the case , they begin to realize that Leo may not be the only one with a target on his back . In the meantime , Riggs begins to view Agent Palmer in a new light while Murtaugh is left worried after Trish makes a spontaneous decision . 16 16 `` Unnecessary Roughness '' Bethany Rooney Laura Putney & Margaret Easley February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T13. 20116 6.26 A murder involving a high school football phenomenon draws Riggs and Murtaugh into the lucrative - and corrupt - world of college recruiting . Meanwhile , Murtaugh considers a big change in his professional life , and Riggs contemplates an even bigger shift in his personal life , as he spends more time with DEA Agent Karen Palmer . 17 17 `` A Problem Like Maria '' Rob Bailey Alex Taub March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) T13. 20117 5.93 Riggs and Murtaugh team up again with DEA Agent Karen Palmer , and together they gain inside knowledge of dangerous new cartel operations . As Riggs ' attachment to Palmer deepens , so do his impulsive actions , further worrying Captain Avery and Delgado . In the meantime , Trish explores the potential of an amazing new career opportunity . 18 18 `` Commencement '' Steve Boyum Matt Miller & Kyle Warren March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T13. 20118 6.02 After making a startling discovery that pertains to Miranda 's death , Riggs heads to Mexico and the cartel in search of answers . Worried about Riggs , Murtaugh is seen driving into the night to Mexico . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` El Gringo Loco '' Steve Boyum Matt Miller & Kyle Warren September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) T13. 20701 4.37 Murtaugh intercepts Riggs just as he is preparing to shoot and kill Tito Flores , the drug lord responsible for Miranda 's death . He convinces Riggs to bring Tito back to the U.S. alive , in the trunk of Murtaugh 's car . When they prepare to turn Tito over to U.S. authorities , however , they open the trunk and discover Tito has been shot in the head and killed . 20 `` Dancing in September '' Rob Bailey Alex Taub October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) T13. 20702 4.10 Riggs and Murtaugh respond to the death of a plastic surgeon , drawing them into a case involving an illegal drug ring run out of a wellness clinic . The case has Riggs reconnecting with Agent Karen Palmer , who has been given desk work at the DEA ever since she leaked the Tito Flores file to Riggs . Karen , blind - sided by her greed to get out of the desk work , hijacks the investigation by interfering with Riggs job only to realize that she is not as efficient as she thinks she is . Begrudgingly , she blames Riggs for it . Riggs , knowing her ego , says he is sorry even though he knows that it was not his fault . Elsewhere , RJ is packing for college and seems reluctant to live on campus , until he learns that his dorm building is co-ed , which then has dad and mom concerned . 21 `` Born to Run '' Nathan Hope Stacy A. Littlejohn October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20703 3.89 Riggs and Murtaugh , along with young detective Zach Bowman ( Andrew Creer ) , investigate when the bodyguard of famous pop singer Shaye ( Joanna Levesque ) is murdered . The detectives uncover a secret relationship between Shaye and the bodyguard , along with an even bigger secret in Shaye 's past . Meanwhile , Riggs and Palmer struggle to find normalcy in their relationship . 22 `` Flight Risk '' Omar Madha Seamus Kevin Fahey October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20704 3.79 A lifelong con man ( Adrian Pasdar ) robs the passengers on a private plane at gunpoint while it is airborne , then leaps out with a parachute , taking a victim with him . Riggs and Murtaugh learn that the con man is dying and wanted one last haul to help his daughter after he 's gone , but one stolen item ( a briefcase full of uncut diamonds ) has attracted a group of violent criminals . Meanwhile , Santos questions Avery 's ability to lead , given his top detectives ' penchant for danger . 23 5 `` Let it Ride '' Eric Laneuville Rob Wright November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20705 4.06 Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a death that occurs moments before the victim 's bet wins a horse race . The victim is Howard , a friend of Leo Getz . While it appears that Howard had a stroke , Getz is convinced it 's murder , which Scorcese later proves to be true . Meanwhile , the city tows Riggs ' trailer off the beach , bringing back painful childhood memories of being evicted . 24 6 `` Gold Rush '' Steve Boyum Terence Paul Winter November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20706 3.84 Riggs helps his childhood friend Jake ( Linds Edwards ) get paroled from prison , but it soon becomes apparent that Jake is up to no good again . Noticing that Riggs gives Jake a lot of leeway , Murtaugh asks his partner if he owes his old pal a favor . Elsewhere , Murtaugh tries to find out which of his family members left a marijuana joint in a package of cookies , while Bailey gives Bowman a hard time just because he rejected her after she accidentally sent him a sext . 25 7 `` Birdwatching '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Elizabeth Davis Beall November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20707 3.86 Riggs and Murtaugh work on the case of a dead surfer who just came into town from San Diego the day before . Bailey and Bowman help , and Bailey wonders why Bowman is treated like a hero in the beach town . Meanwhile , Murtaugh becomes suspicious of Trish 's relationship with her charity ball co-chair `` Scott '' , until he learns it is ex-NBA star Scottie Pippen . Also , Riggs deals with recurring nightmares . 26 8 `` Fork - Getta - Bout - It '' Matt Barber Michael C. Martin & Joe Smith November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20708 4.89 Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a murder involving a couple and a New York mobster , Frank Truno . Scorsese reveals a movie script he has been writing , after he found out that the case revolves around the mafia . However , Murtaugh dislikes the way Scorsese accurately portrays him as one of the characters . Meanwhile , Riggs is taken aback when his childhood friend Molly ( Kristen Gutoskie ) suggests that they could have been romantically involved . 27 9 `` Fools Rush In '' Eric Laneuville Kyle Warren & Eileen Jones December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T13. 20709 4.50 Jonah ( Derek Richardson ) , a man with schizophrenia who believes that Elvis Presley is alive and controlling Hollywood 's traffic , is running away from Riggs and Murtaugh after being suspected of murder . However , when he proves his theory , Riggs and Murtaugh must stop an organized heist conducted by men dressing as Presley . At the same time , Murtaugh tries to get his daughter into at an esteemed pre-school and Riggs gets scared when his relationship with Molly becomes romantic . 28 10 `` Wreck the Halls '' Steve Boyum Katie Varney December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) T13. 20710 4.08 Murtaugh is ready for his family holiday in Hawaii until Diego , a young man he once helped , is murdered . Riggs and Murtaugh confront Grant Davenport ( Martin Donovan ) , the president of an American upper class club where Diego was employed , who has ties to the Aryan fraternity . However , their confrontation causes the fraternity to ambush both of them . Murtaugh manages to subdue his attackers , but Riggs is only able to escape because of his father 's assistance . 29 11 `` Funny Money '' Nathan Hope Alex Taub January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) T13. 20711 4.55 Riggs and Murtaugh take on a counterfeiting ring and are joined on the case by veteran Secret Service Agent Peterson ( Ernie Hudson ) . A group of three teenagers inadvertently get involved when they witness a shooting and run off with the phony cash and plates . One of the teenagers named Ty ( Nathan Davis Jr . ) strikes a chord with Riggs after revealing he 's homeless . Meanwhile , Riggs brings home a dog for Ben and Molly . Molly later finds the dog dead with its neck snapped . Sensing it 's a message from his father , Riggs goes to confront him in prison . Also , Roger and Trish learn that RJ has been cutting classes at college . 30 12 `` Diggin ' Up Dirt '' Maja Vrvilo Seamus Kevin Fahey & Joe Smith January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) T13. 20712 4.26 Shortly after Gene Nakahara ( C.S. Lee ) meets with Trish and an uninvited Leo Getz to announce he is running against Councilman Sean O'Brien ( Michael Reilly Burke ) for Mayor of Los Angeles , Gene is killed when his car blows up . Riggs and Murtaugh learn of a private investigator named Serrano ( Tim Kang ) who works as a `` fixer '' for high - profile people and investigate that angle , while Trish and Leo work behind the scenes to reveal skeletons in O'Brien's closet . Riggs also learns that his late wife Miranda once visited Serrano to get info on Riggs ' father . 31 13 `` Better Living Through Chemistry '' Rob Bailey Zev Borow January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T13. 20713 5.03 Dr. Cahill begins to question her abilities when two patients of hers die in separate incidents , until it is learned that they were briefly roommates in the same psych facility . Riggs and Murtaugh uncover corruption in the facility related to the medications both patients were taking . At the same time , Santos ( Michelle Hurd ) learns that Riggs had an anger incident caught on tape in which he destroyed the deputy mayor 's car , and requests that Cahill sign an affidavit confirming that Riggs is still fit for duty . Elsewhere , Trish and Roger see that RJ has become depressed and withdrawn after dropping out of college , and decide to take their son to a therapist . 32 14 `` Double Shot of Baileys '' John Behring Stacy A. Littlejohn January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T13. 20714 4.55 Detective Bailey 's younger sister Jess ( Alisha Wainwright ) inadvertently gets caught up with a drug mob when she and her boyfriend use her waitress position at a high - end night club to steal a man 's wallet . After the boyfriend is killed over the wallet 's contents , Bailey walks a thin line between her obligation to the law and protecting her sister . Elsewhere , Murtaugh helps Riana spy on her boyfriend , whom she accuses of cheating , while Riggs loses his truck after a night of heavy drinking . 33 15 `` An Inconvenient Ruth '' Larry Teng Kyle Warren February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T13. 20715 4.35 A elderly drifter named Ruthie ( Swoosie Kurtz ) is present at a jewelry store robbery , and becomes a key witness in the case . In the process , she and Riggs , who has recently vowed to stay sober , bond over their alcoholism . Meanwhile Murtaugh , fresh off being called `` grandpa '' at the playground while with his toddler , starts acting like Riggs and takes dangerous risks to prove he 's not getting old . This gets him on Trish 's bad side . 34 16 `` Ruthless '' Silver Tree Carlos Jacott February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T13. 20716 4.13 Riggs and Murtaugh track a group of criminals who stole numerous guns during a shoot - up at a police buy - back event . They locate and capture the group 's leader , Booker ( Sheaun McKinney ) , only to learn that he 's working undercover for ATF . Avery learns from Booker 's boss that Booker is a bit of a loose cannon , much like Riggs . Meanwhile , Riggs learns a little more about Ruthie 's past and family situation , as Roger and Trish continue to fight at home . 35 17 `` The Odd Couple '' Larry Teng Elizabeth Davis Beall & Eileen Jones March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T13. 20717 4.00 With Riggs trying to get Murtaugh to make up with Trish and get out of his trailer , the two only make things worse when they ruin a public building implosion for Trish 's latest project . An angry Trish tells the two that her client , grocery store magnate Henry Butler ( Michael McGrady ) , now wants to bail on the project . Riggs convinces Butler to stay in town by inviting him to dinner . Riggs and Murtaugh discover that Butler is the man behind the murder , and Trish eventually also learns that her client is dirty . This leads to a wild adventure when Riggs and Murtagh board Butler 's private jet as he 's trying to flee . Later on , Riggs confesses that he wants more out of their relationship , but Molly insists that Riggs must first resolve the issues with his father . 36 18 `` Frankie Comes to Hollywood '' John Behring David Fury April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T13. 20718 4.14 About 16 years ago , Frankie Kelso ( Jude Ciccolella ) , a contract killer , decided to show mercy on Murtaugh after the latter tried to arrest him at the scene of a hit . In the present , Murtaugh notices Kelso 's signature at the scene of another killing . He captures Kelso , but the latter is able to get the upper hand and take Murtaugh hostage . Kelso insists that he is retired and that someone framed him for the recent crime . Riggs recognizes the name of one of Kelso 's mob connections as someone who spent time in prison with his father , Nathan ( Rex Linn ) . Riggs then reluctantly contacts his father to get the information he needs to save Murtaugh . However , his action caused the mobs to declare war on Riggs ' father by attacking him in prison . 37 19 `` Leo Getz Hitched '' Nick Copus Rob Wright April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T13. 20719 3.59 Leo is getting married to Nina ( Shakira Barrera ) , an ex-con , but she bails on the day of the wedding . Riggs and Murtaugh find her with a group of criminals trying to unload a bag of cocaine that `` fell into '' her purse at a high - stakes poker game run by a known mobster . At the same time , Riggs learns that Molly met with her ex-husband Jake , who is still a fugitive , and that Jake was at the same poker game . When Riggs catches up with Jake , the latter reveals he is planning to rob the safe at the poker game with two other conspirators . Elsewhere , Murtaugh is distraught over finding a positive pregnancy test in the trash can outside his home . 38 20 `` Jesse 's Girl '' Clayne Crawford Seamus Kevin Fahey & Joe Smith April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T13. 20720 4.28 A break - in at a mansion turns deadly , and Roger and Trish are surprised to learn that Riana may be involved . It turns out that Phoebe , the sister of Riana 's new boyfriend Jesse ( Daniel DiVenere ) , is in possession of stolen diamonds from the heist and has become a target . Meanwhile , Riggs tries to be a good father figure for Ben , as he recalls the things he and Molly discussed in their teen years . 39 21 `` Family Ties '' Nick Copus Alex Taub May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T13. 20721 3.09 With Avery away at a conference , Murtaugh is appointed interim captain . His first case involves the kidnapping of Lisa Conlon , wife of a pharmaceutical magnate . Riggs is forced to get his father involved when its revealed that the Aryan Fraternity of Texas ( AFT ) is behind the crime . In the process , Riggs learns that he has a 19 - year - old half - brother , Garrett ( Peter Coventry Smith ) , who is assisting the AFT . In exchange for his help , Riggs ' father is let out of prison early . His comments to Riggs suggests that he plotted the whole kidnapping to get an early release . Meanwhile , Commissioner Debra tells Murtaugh that he is being promoted to full - time captain , as Avery will not be returning . 40 22 `` One Day More '' Steve Boyum Matt Miller & Katie Varney May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T13. 20722 3.15 While Murtaugh visits Riggs , the latter 's trailer is shot up by two men on motorcycles . The investigation leads back to Grant Davenport where Riggs and Murtaugh discover that Riggs ' father is the former 's bodyguard . Later on , a suspect tells Riggs that Murtaugh was the target of the shootout and Trish 's senior partner in her workplace has been laundering money for the AFT . Riggs ' father immediately kidnaps Trish . Riggs and Murtaugh release Riggs ' half - brother , Garrett , to exchange him for Trish . During the exchange , Murtaugh manages to save Trish , Riggs kills his father and Garrett escapes . Afterwards , during a celebration party , Riggs tells Trish that he is moving back to Texas with Molly and Ben . However , during a visit to his wife 's grave , Garrett shows up and shoots Riggs in the chest . International broadcast ( edit ) In United Kingdom , ITV started airing the series beginning on March 3 , 2017 . Its viewing figures remained consistent with around 2.5 million tuning in each week . Series 2 started January 12 , 2018 . In Australia , the Nine Network premiered the series on January 29 , 2017 . In the Philippines , it premiered on June 10 , 2017 on ABS - CBN and ended on September 9 , 2017 . Only 14 episodes were aired . In Hong Kong , the TVB Pearl premiered the series with switchable dual - language in original English and local Cantonese version on October 11 , 2017 . In India , Zee Café premiered the first season on 29 September 2016 . In Brazil , it has appeared since September 22 , 2017 on the Warner Channel Brasil and on the open TV on Rede Globo Production ( edit ) The series was ordered on May 10 , 2016 and premiered on Fox on September 21 , 2016 . On October 12 , 2016 , Fox picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . On February 22 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a 22 - episode second season , which premiered on September 26 , 2017 . On May 13 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a 13 - episode third season , with Seann William Scott replacing Clayne Crawford as the series ' lead , playing a new character . Casting ( edit ) On February 12 , 2016 , Damon Wayans was cast as Roger Murtaugh . On February 19 , 2016 , Golden Brooks was cast as Trish Murtaugh . On March 3 , 2016 , Jordana Brewster was cast as Dr. Maureen Cahill . On March 7 , 2016 , Kevin Rahm was cast as Captain Avery . On March 10 , 2016 , Clayne Crawford was cast as Martin Riggs . On March 15 , 2016 , Chandler Kinney was cast as Riana Murtaugh . On March 17 , 2016 , it was announced that Keesha Sharp would take over the role of Trish Murtaugh from Brooks . Also on March 17 , Johnathan Fernandez was cast as Scorsese . When the pilot was picked up to series , Johnathan Fernandez was made a series regular . Though showrunner Matt Miller has expressed interest in making Leo Getz ( Thomas Lennon ) a series regular at some point , the character is confirmed to be making frequent guest appearances throughout season two . In May 2018 , it was reported that Crawford had been dismissed from the show for on - set behavioral issues , and that the producers were looking to replace him for a potential third season . On May 13 , 2018 , Seann William Scott was cast as the new co-lead ahead of a third season renewal and will be playing a new character named Wesley Cole . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Lethal Weapon has received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 65 % approval rating , with an average rating of 5.35 / 10 based on 40 reviews . The consensus says , `` Lethal Weapon 's overly polished production values and tired narrative are somewhat overcome by solid chemistry between its two leads . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a weighted average of 56 out of 100 based on 24 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 18 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 7.93 March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 6.02 2016 -- 17 35 8.63 2.2 / 8 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 22 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 4.37 May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 3.15 2017 -- 18 90 5.38 1.3 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 13 September 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA ( TBA ) TBA 2018 -- 19 TBD TBD TBD Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 21 , 2016 2.2 / 8 7.93 1.0 3.16 3.2 11.09 `` Surf N Turf '' September 28 , 2016 2.0 / 8 7.23 0.8 2.68 2.8 9.91 `` Best Buds '' October 5 , 2016 1.7 / 6 6.62 0.9 2.62 2.6 9.24 `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' October 12 , 2016 1.9 / 7 6.84 0.9 N / A 2.8 N / A 5 `` Spilt Milk '' October 19 , 2016 1.7 / 6 6.66 0.9 2.81 2.6 9.47 6 `` Ties That Bind '' November 9 , 2016 1.8 / 6 7.02 0.8 2.62 2.6 9.64 7 `` Fashion Police '' November 16 , 2016 1.7 / 6 6.60 0.8 2.64 2.5 9.25 8 `` Can I Get a Witness ? '' November 30 , 2016 1.6 / 6 6.43 0.8 2.75 2.4 9.17 9 `` Jingle Bell Glock '' December 7 , 2016 1.4 / 5 6.26 0.8 2.75 2.2 9.00 10 `` Homebodies '' January 4 , 2017 1.5 / 5 6.30 0.8 2.82 2.3 9.03 11 `` Lawmen '' January 11 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.48 0.7 2.40 2.1 8.88 12 `` Brotherly Love '' January 18 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.29 0.8 2.54 2.2 8.83 13 `` The Seal is Broken '' January 25 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.28 0.8 2.70 2.2 8.98 14 `` The Murtaugh File '' February 8 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.25 N / A 2.44 N / A 8.69 15 `` As Good As It Getz '' February 15 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.37 0.7 2.52 2.1 8.89 16 `` Unnecessary Roughness '' February 22 , 2017 1.4 / 5 6.26 0.7 2.57 2.1 8.83 17 `` A Problem Like Maria '' March 8 , 2017 1.2 / 5 5.93 0.7 2.36 1.9 8.28 18 `` Commencement '' March 15 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.02 0.7 2.55 2.0 8.57 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` El Gringo Loco '' September 26 , 2017 1.2 / 5 4.37 N / A 2.75 N / A 7.12 `` Dancing in September '' October 3 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.10 N / A 2.66 N / A 6.76 `` Born to Run '' October 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.89 N / A 2.59 N / A 6.48 `` Flight Risk '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.79 N / A 2.63 N / A 6.42 5 `` Let it Ride '' November 7 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.06 0.7 2.76 1.7 6.81 6 `` Gold Rush '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.84 N / A 2.54 N / A 6.40 7 `` Birdwatching '' November 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.86 0.6 2.53 1.6 6.39 8 `` Fork - Getta - Bout - It '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.89 0.7 2.44 1.7 7.34 9 `` Fools Rush In '' December 5 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.50 0.7 2.45 1.7 6.95 10 `` Wreck the Halls '' December 12 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.08 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Funny Money '' January 2 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.55 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Diggin ' Up Dirt '' January 9 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.26 0.7 2.70 1.7 6.95 13 `` Better Living Through Chemistry '' January 16 , 2018 1.2 / 4 5.03 N / A 2.47 N / A 7.50 14 `` Double Shot of Baileys '' January 23 , 2018 1.2 / 4 4.55 0.6 2.67 1.8 7.22 15 `` An Inconvenient Ruth '' February 6 , 2018 1.1 / 4 4.35 0.7 2.80 1.8 7.15 16 `` Ruthless '' February 27 , 2018 1.0 / 4 4.13 0.6 2.68 1.6 6.81 17 `` The Odd Couple '' March 6 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.00 0.6 2.48 1.5 6.48 18 `` Frankie Comes to Town '' April 10 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.14 0.6 2.36 1.5 6.50 19 `` Leo Getz Hitched '' April 17 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.59 0.6 2.44 1.4 6.02 20 `` Jesse 's Girl '' April 24 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.28 0.6 2.10 1.5 6.38 21 `` Family Ties '' May 1 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.09 0.6 2.42 1.3 5.50 22 `` One Day More '' May 8 , 2018 0.8 / 4 3.15 0.5 2.34 1.3 5.49 Home Media ( edit ) DVD & Blu - ray Title Release date Additional Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / B The Complete First Season September 19 , 2017 September 25 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Features Set Details : 4 - disc DVD ( all regions ) 3 - disc DVD ( all regions ) 791 minutes 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Audio : English : Dolby Digital 5.1 ( DVD ) English : DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) German : Dolby Digital 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) French : Dolby Digital 2.0 ( Blu - ray ) Spanish : Dolby Digital 2.0 ( Blu - ray ) Subtitles : English SDH ( see additional subtitle options as they vary on different regions ) Special features : Extended Pilot ( Uncensored ) All - New Featurette : `` Reloading Lethal Weapon '' Deleted Scenes Gag Reel Rating : BBFC : 15 ACB : MA15+ The Complete Second Season September 18 , 2018 October 1 , 2018 TBA Features Set Details 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Audio : TBA Subtitles : TBA Special features : TBA Ratings : TBA References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' Making History ' , ' Pitch ' , ' The Mick ' & ' APB ' Get Fox Series Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` Lethal Weapon : Seann William Scott Replaces Clayne Crawford , Clearing the Way for Season 3 Renewal at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , by Nellie ( July 28 , 2018 ) . `` Lethal Weapon ' : Seann William Scott 's Character Details Revealed ; Maggie Lawson Cast As His Ex On Fox Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down slightly : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' ITV locks up Lethal Weapon acquisition '' . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon Season 1 '' . 9Now . Nine Entertainment Co . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Lethal Weapon '' . TV Tonight . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon on ABS - CBN '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . YouTube . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Cafe to premier 5 new shows '' . exchange4media . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Gets Order For 5 More Episodes In Season 1 From Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Renewed For Season 2 By Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including ' Empire , ' ' The Gifted , ' ' The Orville ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's ' Lethal Weapon ' Renewed for Season 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Season 3 Renewal After Casting Shakeup Comes With Caveat -- A Shorter Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot Ordered By Fox ; Damon Wayans Starring , McG Directing '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot : Golden Brooks Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot : Jordana Brewster To Co-Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' : Kevin Rahm To Co-Star In Fox Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' : Clayne Crawford To Star As Mel Gibson 's Martin Riggs In Fox Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Casts Chandler Kinney ; Sarayu Blue Joins ' No Tomorrow ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Fox Pilot : Keesha Sharp Set For Co-Starring Role In Recasting '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Obenson , Tambay A. ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Keesha Sharp Replaces Golden Brooks in ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot + Johnathan Fernandez Joins Cast '' . Indiewire . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Pilot Casts Johnathan Fernandez ; Tommy Savas In ' The Fluffy Shop ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' Star Clayne Crawford Out as Producers Scramble to Recast '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 April 2018 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon 's Fox Renewal On The Line Over Co-Lead Clayne Crawford 's Behavior '' . Jump up ^ http://people.com/tv/damon-wayans-claims-clayne-crawford-caused-his-onset-injury/ Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon : Season 1 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapon ( 2016 ) : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist ' top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Designated Survivor ' Returns with Biggest Percentage Lifts ; ' The Good Doctor ' , ' This is Us ' Deliver Biggest Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Designated Survivor ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Flash ' , ' iZombie ' Among Largest Percentage Gainers '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Timeless ' Season Finale on NBC Ranks in Broadcast Top Ten for Total Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Region 1 DVD / Region A Blu - ray releases : `` Lethal Weapon : Season 1 DVD '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . `` Lethal Weapon : The Complete First Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Region 2 DVD / Region B ( UK ) Blu - ray releases : `` Lethal Weapon Season 1 ( DVD / S ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . `` Lethal Weapon - Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . `` Lethal Weapon : Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2018 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . `` Lethal Weapon : Season 2 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2018 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Region 4 DVD / Region B ( AU ) Blu - ray releases : `` Lethal Weapon - Season 1 4 DVD '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . `` Lethal Weapon - Season 1 3 Blu - ray '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lethal Weapon on IMDb Lethal Weapon Films Lethal Weapon ( Soundtrack ) ( 1987 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) Lethal Weapon 3 ( 1992 ) Lethal Weapon 4 ( 1998 ) Television Lethal Weapon ( Episodes ) Characters Martin Riggs Roger Murtaugh Songs `` Cheer Down '' `` It 's Probably Me '' `` Runaway Train '' Games Video game Pinball Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Last Man Standing ( 2018 ) Rel ( 2018 ) The Cool Kids ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) The Masked Singer ( 2019 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) Mental Samurai ( TBA ) Spin the Wheel ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lethal_Weapon_(TV_series)&oldid=856516738 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American crime television series American action television series American crime drama television series English - language television programs Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Fox network shows Police procedural television series Television programs based on films Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in Los Angeles Lethal Weapon Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 19 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seasons is there of lethal weapon | [] | [] |
5067065290112822087 | Premier League records and statistics | Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Points 1.3 Wins 1.4 Defeats 1.5 Draws 1.6 Goals 1.7 Attendances 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest goalscorers 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 ) Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 19 points , 2017 -- 18 ; Manchester City ( 100 points ) over Manchester United ( 81 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference -- the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 100 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home points in a season : 55 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest home points in a season : 7 , Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Most away points in a season : 50 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest away points in a season : 3 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Wins ( edit ) Most wins in total : 629 , Manchester United Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 16 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 18 , Manchester City ( between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , joint record : Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Manchester City ( between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Defeats ( edit ) Most defeats in total : 351 , Everton Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Fewest defeats in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 , 2017 -- 18 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 5 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Most defeats in a season ( 42 games or 38 games ) : 29 , joint record : Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 14 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Most away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 17 , Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive defeats over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in total : 287 , Everton Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 , 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 , 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 , 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 106 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 79 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) Worst goal difference in a season : -- 69 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,924 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,267 , Tottenham Hotspur League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 83,222 , Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal ( at Wembley Stadium , 10 February 2018 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon 1 -- 3 Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Highest season average attendance : 75,821 -- Old Trafford , Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Lowest season average attendance : 8,353 -- Selhurst Park , Wimbledon ( 1992 -- 93 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 653 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : 260 , Alan Shearer Most Premier League goals at one club : 183 , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : 40 years and 268 days , Teddy Sheringham ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : 16 years and 271 days , James Vaughan ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 208 491 0.42 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 162 492 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most games scored in during a Premier League season : 24 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 39 , Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur , 2017 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) 22 - team league : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andy Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : 2 minutes 56 seconds , Sadio Mané ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Most different clubs to score for : 7 , Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , joint record : Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lewis Dunk ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists ( career ) Rank Player Assists Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 111 Wayne Rooney 103 Frank Lampard 102 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 James Milner 78 9 Teddy Sheringham 76 10 David Silva 75 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Most clean sheets ( career ) Rank Player Clean sheets Petr Čech 201 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 151 David Seaman 140 5 Nigel Martyn 137 6 Pepe Reina 134 7 Edwin van der Sar 132 Tim Howard Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 128 Most clean sheets in one season : 24 , Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest Goalscorers ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 April 2005 Everton 16 years , 270 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 December 2002 Leeds United 16 years , 346 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 October 2002 Everton 16 years , 351 days Arsenal Cesc Fàbregas 25 August 2004 Arsenal 17 years , 114 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 6 May 1997 Liverpool 17 years , 144 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 5 September 1992 Tottenham 17 years , 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 5 April 2009 Manchester United 17 years , 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 October 2012 Liverpool 17 years , 317 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 February 1999 Chelsea 17 years , 342 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 September 1997 Everton 17 years , 344 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United won the 2010 -- 11 season Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City won the 2015 -- 16 season Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2018 -- 19 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 26 1000 629 215 156 1924 875 1049 2102 13 6 80.85 Arsenal 26 1000 544 253 203 1772 962 810 1885 6 5 7 72.50 Chelsea 26 1000 537 248 215 1707 963 744 1859 5 71.50 Liverpool 26 1000 499 255 246 1685 1024 661 1752 5 7 67.38 5 Tottenham Hotspur 26 1000 423 255 322 1480 1267 213 1524 58.62 6 Everton 26 1000 362 287 351 1303 1265 38 1373 52.81 7 Manchester City 21 810 359 194 257 1279 952 327 1271 60.52 8 Newcastle United 23 882 334 225 323 1207 1187 20 1227 53.35 9 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 10 West Ham United 22 844 275 221 348 1012 1214 − 202 1046 47.55 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 19 734 229 202 303 892 1022 − 130 889 46.79 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 12 460 142 129 189 572 670 − 98 555 46.25 19 West Bromwich Albion 12 456 112 128 216 475 696 − 221 464 38.67 8 20 Stoke City 10 380 116 109 155 398 525 − 127 457 45.70 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Crystal Palace 9 350 97 89 164 374 511 − 137 380 42.22 10 25 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 26 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Swansea City 7 266 82 66 118 306 383 − 77 312 44.57 8 29 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 30 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 31 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.86 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.14 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Watford 5 190 45 43 102 188 318 − 130 178 35.60 13 36 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 37 Burnley 152 40 37 75 145 229 − 84 157 39.25 7 38 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 39 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 40 Bournemouth 114 34 30 50 145 195 − 50 132 44.00 9 41 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 42 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Brighton & Hove Albion 38 9 13 16 34 54 -- 20 40 40 15 45 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 46 Huddersfield Town 38 9 10 19 28 58 -- 30 37 37 16 47 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 48 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 49 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 League or status at 2018 -- 19 : 2018 -- 19 Premier League 2018 -- 19 EFL Championship 2018 -- 19 EFL League One 2018 -- 19 EFL League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League titles : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 4 , Pep Guardiola Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest spell as manager : 21 years , 224 days , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal , 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018 ) Shortest spell as manager ( excluding caretakers ) : 41 days , Les Reed ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) ( 8 games ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . premierleague.com . 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Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Barton : QPR captain banned for 12 matches by FA '' . BBC Sport. 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 youngest Premier League goal scorers ever , including Rooney , Milner and Fabregas '' . TalkSport. 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Here , Danger ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Thrashings in Premier League History '' . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39879805 Jump up ^ Ltd , Vitalnetwork . `` Classic Match : 1997 Leeds 4 - 3 Derby - VitalFootball.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ Seal , Brian . `` This Day In Football History : 9 September 1998 - And Everybody Says A Two - Goal Lead Is The Most Dangerous '' . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's amazing comeback '' . 29 September 2001 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Wolves comeback stuns Leicester '' . 25 October 2003 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 4 - 4 Arsenal '' . 5 February 2011 -- via bbc.co.uk . 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Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . ( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Bournemouth Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=843363677 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Italiano 日本 語 Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | top premier league goal scorer in one season | [
"\nMost goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]\n\nAndy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)\n\n\n",
"\nMost goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]\n\nAndy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)\nAlan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)\n\n\n"
] | [
"Andy Cole",
"Alan Shearer"
] |
-5400320101710241893 | Why (Rascal Flatts song) | Why ( Rascal Flatts song ) - wikipedia Why ( Rascal Flatts song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Why '' Single by Rascal Flatts from the album Unstoppable Released September 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 29 ) Format CD single , music download Genre Country Length 4 : 53 Label Lyric Street Songwriter ( s ) Rob Mathes , Allen Shamblin Producer ( s ) Dann Huff , Rascal Flatts Rascal Flatts singles chronology `` Summer Nights '' ( 2009 ) `` Why '' ( 2009 ) `` Unstoppable '' ( 2010 ) `` Summer Nights '' ( 2009 ) `` Why '' ( 2009 ) `` Unstoppable '' ( 2010 ) `` Why '' is a song recorded by American country band Rascal Flatts . It is the third single from their sixth studio album , Unstoppable . It was released to radio stations on September 29 , 2009 and debuted at number 44 on the U.S. Billboard US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 10 , 2009 . It was written by Rob Mathes and Allen Shamblin . The song was recorded earlier by Faith Hill for a possible inclusion on her 2005 album Fireflies , but ultimately did not make the cut . It was eventually released in 2016 on Deep Tracks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Reception 3 Chart performance 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The song is a slow - tempo song , sung from the perspective of a man whose close friend has died by suicide . All three members of Rascal Flatts stated that they had experienced some degree of difficulty recording the song , because each member knew someone close to them that suffered the same fate . Reception ( edit ) Roughstock gave the song a favorable review . Bobby Peacock of the website says of the song , `` The lyrics alone are beautiful . '' Chris Neal of Country Weekly gave it three stars out of five , saying that lead singer Gary LeVox `` handles the lyric as delicately as its subject matter ( ... ) calls for '' but said that the `` climactic arena rock guitar solo ( ... ) rob ( s ) some of the song of its intimacy . '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` Why '' peaked at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for November 14 , 2009 . It held the peak before falling to No. 19 on the week of November 28 before returning to number 18 a week later . The song did not reach the Billboard Hot 100 proper , but peaked at number 2 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 , which is equivalent to number 102 on Hot 100 . It was the lowest - peaking official single release of Rascal Flatts ' career until `` Payback '' reached number 21 in October 2014 . Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 18 US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bonaguro , Alison ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Faith Hill : `` Rebel Without Walls '' `` . CMT . Viacom . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roughstock `` Why '' Review Jump up ^ Neal , Chris ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Reviews : Singles '' . Country Weekly . 16 ( 40 ) : 54 . ISSN 1074 - 3235 . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Rascal Flatts . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2011 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2010 . Record Research , Inc. p. 732 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 188 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Rascal Flatts singles Rascal Flatts `` Prayin ' for Daylight '' `` This Everyday Love '' `` While You Loved Me '' `` I 'm Movin ' On '' Melt `` These Days '' `` Love You Out Loud '' `` I Melt '' `` Mayberry '' Feels Like Today `` Feels Like Today '' `` Bless the Broken Road '' `` Fast Cars and Freedom '' `` Skin ( Sarabeth ) '' Me and My Gang `` What Hurts the Most '' `` Me and My Gang '' `` My Wish '' `` Stand '' Still Feels Good `` Take Me There '' `` Winner at a Losing Game '' `` Every Day '' `` Bob That Head '' `` Here '' Unstoppable `` Here Comes Goodbye '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Why '' `` Unstoppable '' Nothing Like This `` Why Wait '' `` I Wo n't Let Go '' `` Easy '' ( with Natasha Bedingfield ) Changed `` Banjo '' `` Come Wake Me Up '' `` Changed '' Rewind `` Rewind '' `` Payback '' `` Riot '' `` I Like the Sound of That '' Back to Us `` Yours If You Want It '' `` Back to Us '' Other songs `` Life Is a Highway '' `` That Should Be Me '' ( with Justin Bieber ) `` Words I Could n't Say '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_(Rascal_Flatts_song)&oldid=789863045 '' Categories : 2009 singles Rascal Flatts songs Faith Hill songs Songs about suicide Song recordings produced by Dann Huff Songs written by Allen Shamblin Lyric Street Records singles Country ballads 2009 songs 2016 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 03 : 14 . About Wikipedia | who was why by rascal flatts written about | [] | [] |
5899248817162691045 | The Human Centipede (First Sequence) | The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) - wikipedia The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) Jump to : navigation , search The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Six Produced by Tom Six Ilona Six Written by Tom Six Starring Dieter Laser Ashley C. Williams Ashlynn Yennie Akihiro Kitamura Music by Patrick Savage Holeg Spies Cinematography Goof de Koning Edited by Nigel de Hond Tom Six Production company Six Entertainment Distributed by Bounty Films Release date 30 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 30 ) ( London FrightFest Film Festival ) Running time 92 minutes Country Netherlands Language English German Japanese Box office $252,207 ( approx . € 187,000 ) The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) is a 2009 Dutch horror film written , directed , and co-produced by Tom Six . The film tells the story of a German surgeon who kidnaps three tourists and joins them surgically , mouth to anus , forming a `` human centipede '' , a conjoined triplet . It stars Dieter Laser as the creator of the centipede , Dr. Josef Heiter , with Ashley C. Williams , Ashlynn Yennie , and Akihiro Kitamura as his victims . According to Six , the concept of the film arose from a joke he made with friends about punishing a child molester by stitching his mouth to the anus of a `` fat truck driver '' . Inspiration for the film also came from Nazi medical experiments carried out during World War II , such as the crimes of Josef Mengele at the Auschwitz concentration camp . When approaching investors prior to filming , Six did not mention the mouth - to - anus aspect of the plot , fearing it would put off potential backers . The financiers of The Human Centipede did not discover the full nature of the film until it was complete . The film received generally mixed reviews from mainstream film critics , but it won several accolades at international film festivals . The film was released in the United States on a limited theatrical release on 30 April 2010 . A sequel , entitled Full Sequence , also written and directed by Six , was released in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Theatrical 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Sequels 7 Parodies 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Lindsay ( Ashley C. Williams ) and Jenny ( Ashlynn Yennie ) , two American tourists in Germany , are drugged and involuntarily detained by crazed surgeon Dr. Josef Heiter ( Dieter Laser ) when they seek help at his house after they get a flat tire . The women awake in a makeshift medical ward . They witness Heiter kill a kidnapped truck driver after Heiter informs him he is `` not a match '' . Heiter secures a new male captive , Japanese tourist Katsuro ( Akihiro Kitamura ) . The doctor explains that he is a world - renowned expert at separating Siamese twins , but dreams of making new creatures by sewing people together . He describes in detail how he will surgically connect his three victims mouth - to - anus , so that they share a single digestive system . After Lindsay tries to escape and fails , Heiter explains that he had previously experimented with creating what he called a `` three - dog '' , also joined mouth - to - anus . However , the three - dog died shortly after surgery . Heiter tells Lindsay that one dog tried to escape and that dog became the middle , thus this caused the most pain to the dog and as punishment for her escape attempt , she will become the middle part of his centipede . Heiter performs the surgery , placing Katsuro at the lead , Lindsay in the middle and Jenny at the rear . He removes the front teeth of both women and mutilates the buttocks of both Katsuro and Lindsay in order to provide easier access to the rectums , to which he hideously stitches and grafts their mouths . During his procedure , he severs the ligaments within his victims ' knees to prevent leg extension , forcing his victims to crawl . He then connects his victims together in a straight line with their mouths surgically attached to the anus of the victim in front of them . Once the operation is complete , Heiter attempts to train his centipede as a pet , often belittling Katsuro with racist insults and beating him with a crop when he becomes rebellious . When Katsuro defecates , Lindsay is forced to swallow his excrement while the doctor watches in delight . However , he eventually becomes irritated after being kept awake by the constant screaming of Katsuro ( who , as the front part of the centipede , has his mouth free and is still able to speak ) and the realization that Jenny is dying from septicemia . When two detectives , Kranz ( Andreas Leupold ) and Voller ( Peter Blankenstein ) , visit the house to investigate the disappearance of tourists , Heiter comes up with an idea to add them as replacements for Jenny in a new creation ; a four - segment centipede . He offers the two detectives water spiked with sedatives in hopes of knocking the two unconscious . After being given the water , the detectives become suspicious and obtain a search warrant for his home . While the detectives leave Heiter 's home , the victims attempt to escape . Katsuro attacks Heiter in the process . Their attempt to escape ultimately fails . Katsuro confesses to the doctor that he deserves his fate because he had treated his own family poorly , then commits suicide by slitting his throat with a glass shard . Upon returning to Heiter 's home , the detectives forcefully conduct separate searches as an injured Heiter hides near his swimming pool . Kranz finds the ward along with Heiter 's victims . Voller begins to feel ill from the earlier drugging , and Heiter stabs him with the scalpel pulled from his leg during Katsuro 's attack . Upon finding Voller dead , Kranz is shot by Heiter with Voller 's sidearm . Kranz responds by shooting Heiter in the head before dying . Back in the house , Jenny and Lindsay hold hands as Jenny dies . Lindsay sobs as she is left alone in the house , trapped between her deceased fellow captives . Her fate is left unknown . The film ends with the sounds of her sobbing while the camera pans to the roof of the house . Cast ( edit ) Stars Ashlynn Yennie , Ashley C. Williams , and Akihiro Kitamura at the Big Apple Convention in Manhattan , 1 October 2010 . Dieter Laser as Dr Josef Heiter , a retired surgeon who specialised in the separation of conjoined twins , but in retirement is more interested in joining creatures together . Casting for the role of Heiter took place in Berlin , and Six intended to cast Laser before he had even read for the part , after Six saw a DVD of one of Laser 's previous films . Laser had previously appeared in over 60 mostly German - language films , including Der Unhold and Baltic Storm . Upon meeting him in Berlin , Six gave Laser a shot - by - shot explanation of Heiter 's scenes , and Laser , impressed by Six 's dedication and passion , agreed to take part in the film . Laser contributed considerably to the development of Heiter 's character . For example , because Heiter views the `` centipede '' as his pet , Laser felt that it was important that Heiter appeared naked during a scene in which he swam in full view of his victims , because Laser said `` you are n't ashamed to be naked '' around a pet . Ashley C. Williams as Lindsay , an American tourist and the central section of the centipede . Auditioning for the roles of Jenny and Lindsay took place in New York City . Six said during the auditioning process , many actresses walked out of readings in disgust after hearing the full nature of the role . Others thought they would be able to take on the role , but found it was `` too much '' for them once they got onto their hands and knees behind another actor . Williams expressed concerns about the nudity expected of her in the film , but took the role when she was assured it would be modest and of a non-sexual nature . Ashlynn Yennie as Jenny , the rear section of the centipede . As with Williams , The Human Centipede was Yennie 's first major film role . Yennie was one of several actresses to audition for the role , as the producers searched for an actress who would have good on - screen chemistry with Williams . Yennie was able to further develop her relationship with Williams when the pair shared an apartment in the Netherlands during filming . Yennie auditioned to Ilona Six , sister of Tom Six and the film 's producer , and did not meet Tom Six , who had viewed tapes of her reading , until fitting for the centipede special effects in the Netherlands . Yennie was drawn to the role by the humanity throughout the story , referring to how the three victims of Heiter are unwillingly forced into their situation . She also said the story was so realistic it scared her . Akihiro Kitamura as Katsuro , a Japanese tourist and front section of the centipede . Having already acted in or written for a number of films and television shows ( including popular American television series Heroes ) , Kitamura was a relatively experienced actor compared to other cast members . He auditioned for the role of Katsuro via Skype from Los Angeles after the casting director saw him on television and recommended him for the role . The rest of the cast did not meet Kitamura until the day before shooting commenced . Rene de Wit as Truck Driver , one of Heiter 's victims . De Wit had previously worked with Six in his 2008 film I Love Dries . Andreas Leupold as Detective Kranz , a police officer . Peter Blankenstein as Detective Voller , a police officer . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The inspiration for the film 's plot came from a joke that writer / director Tom Six once made to his friends about punishing a child molester they saw on TV by stitching his mouth to the anus of an overweight truck driver . Six saw this as the concept for a great horror film , and he began to develop the idea . He has said he was heavily influenced as a filmmaker by the early works of David Cronenberg and Japanese horror films . Six has said he prefers horror films that are more realistic over `` unbelievable '' monster films , and said that he gets `` a rash from too much political correctness . '' Major influences for The Human Centipede were Pier Paolo Pasolini 's controversial 1975 Italian drama film Salò , or the 120 Days of Sodom , which was notable for its scenes depicting intensely graphic violence , sadism , and sexual depravity , as was the work of Japanese director Takashi Miike . Six has also expressed his love of the works of David Lynch . Further inspiration came from Six 's previous work as a director on the Dutch series of Big Brother , where he had been able to observe people who `` did crazy things when they were alone and thought they were not ( being ) watched . '' Six has stated that The Human Centipede is , to an extent , a reflection on fascism . Dieter Laser , who played the antagonist Dr Heiter , said during the promotion of the film that he felt the guilt of Nazi actions during the war had haunted ordinary Germans for generations , and that as a German whose father participated in the war , he often felt `` like a child whose father is in jail for murder . '' The inclusion of a German villain came from this , with Six citing both the German invasion of the Netherlands during World War II and the Nazi medical experiments as inspiration . Laser stated in an interview with Clark Collis for Entertainment Weekly that he considered the film a `` grotesque ( parody ) about the Nazi psyche '' . Heiter 's name was an amalgamation of several Nazi war criminals , his surname ( literally meaning `` cheerful '' in German ) a combination of the names of Nazi doctors Fetter and Richter , and his first name coming from Josef Mengele , who carried out experiments on prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp . World War II also played an influence on the nationality of the other main characters who were American and Japanese . Six includes many horror film clichés in the first act , such as a broken - down car , lack of phone signal and very naïve victims . Six did this in an attempt to lull audiences into thinking they are watching a conventional horror film , therefore making Dr Heiter 's treatment of his victims more shocking . Six placed a Japanese male at the front of the centipede for two reasons : first to create a language barrier between the doctor and the centipede . Throughout the film the characters ( with the exception of Heiter who for the most part speaks to the centipede in English ) speak in their native languages only ( subtitled for the viewer into English where necessary ) . Katsuro , as the front part of the centipede , can only speak Japanese and therefore can not speak with either the doctor or Jenny and Lindsay . Secondly , Katsuro 's position in the centipede sets up the opportunity for the doctor and the male victim of the centipede to fight toward the climax of the film . Six stated in the director 's commentary for The Human Centipede that he has a personal fear of hospitals and doctors , so he stretched out the scene where Heiter explains how he will create the centipede and the subsequent procedure to create his `` own nightmare . '' While seeking funding for the film , Six pitched the idea of a surgeon who sewed people together . He did not initially reveal that the victims would be joined mouth - to - anus , as he believed this idea would stand no chance of receiving investments . His backers felt that the idea of a surgeon sewing people together was original and Six received funding . However , they did not learn the exact details of the film until it had been completed . Six claimed that they were very happy with the finished film . Before signing on , the actors were given an outline of the storyboard rather than a complete script . They were also shown sketches of how the centipede would be formed . Filming ( edit ) Although The Human Centipede is set in Germany , principal photography took place in the Netherlands due to the neighboring countries ' similar landscapes . Heiter 's home , where most of The Human Centipede takes place , was a villa in the Netherlands found by the production team . The property was in a residential area and not surrounded by woodland as it appears in the film , but by other houses . This meant the filmmakers had some difficulty ensuring that the other houses did not appear in shot . Some conversion of the property took place prior to filming , for example , a cinema room was converted to form Heiter 's basement operating theatre , with real hospital beds and intravenous drips rented from a local hospital . The paintings of conjoined twins that were displayed throughout the house were painted by Tom Six , which he felt contributed to the atmosphere in the house . The hotel room scene near the beginning of the film was filmed in a hotel suite at a location near Amsterdam . The film was shot almost entirely in sequence , which Yennie stated helped the actors to develop their characters throughout the film . The opening scene , which only featured Laser and de Wit , was shot on the last day of filming . Laser remained in character as Heiter throughout the filming process , often shouting at the rest of the cast on set , but wherever possible staying away from the other actors and crew between scenes to preserve a level of separation . He only ate food he had brought onto the set himself , eating mostly fruit . He contributed dialogue for his character and selected many of his character 's outfits from his personal wardrobe . Six claims that the jacket Heiter wore , which was bought by Laser , was a genuine jacket worn by real Nazi doctors . Laser was also happy for the other actors in The Human Centipede to add their own ideas to the film . For example , when Heiter is explaining his procedure to his victims , Katsuro 's dialogue was improvised , which pleased Laser . During filming Laser accidentally kicked Kitamura ( Katsuro ) , leading to a fight on set between the actors . The incident contributed to the tension and anger throughout the scene they were filming , in which Heiter sits at his dining table eating while the centipede eats dog food from the floor alongside him . Laser also hurt Williams during the scene when Heiter roughly grabs and injects Lindsay , which caused a pause in shooting before the filmmakers could continue . The Nazi influence behind Heiter led to the use of classical music when the doctor is `` training '' his centipede . The music was deliberately played at low quality to simulate the music coming from a loudspeaker , in much the same way as music was sometimes played in Nazi concentration camps . Many of the sound effects in The Human Centipede were created by manipulating meat . For example , the sound of a nose being broken was made by snapping bones within cuts of raw meat . Due to the discomfort of spending long periods on their hands and knees , the actors playing the centipede were given massages at the end of each day of filming . Yennie stated that she and Williams experienced jaw pain from holding a bit in their mouths during filming , but overall she did not feel that the physical side of filming had been excessively difficult . Effects ( edit ) Dr Heiter attempts to `` train '' his completed human centipede . The use of bandages in The Human Centipede allowed the filmmakers to imply a more graphic and disturbing idea than is actually shown on screen . The Human Centipede contains relatively few gory images ; little of the surgical procedure is depicted directly , no excrement is shown on screen , and according to Kim Newman in Empire , it is `` never quite as outrageous as it threatens to be . '' Six stated that he wanted the film to be as authentic as possible and claimed to have consulted a Dutch surgeon during the creation and filming process , resulting in the film being `` 100 % medically accurate . '' Six said that the surgeon initially wanted nothing to do with his film , as he felt Six was `` crazy '' and the idea had `` nothing to do with medical science . '' However , the surgeon changed his mind and decided that he in fact liked the idea , and so came up with a method of creating a human centipede . Six has claimed that the central and rear members of the centipede could survive for years by supplementing their diet with an IV drip . The special effects team was led by a father and son team , Rob Hillenbrink and son Erik . They designed the final composition of the centipede from sketches provided by the consulting surgeon . The actors who made up the centipede wore hardened underwear , compared by Yennie to shorts , which had a rubber grip for the actors to wear for the actor behind on which to bite , creating the illusion of the mouth - to - anus connection . Six kept secret how the centipede would be formed as long as possible , and Yennie claimed that even her make - up artist did not know , asking Yennie what kind of `` suit '' the actors would be wearing . When Heiter is operating on his victims , Jenny 's teeth were digitally removed in post-production . However , other effects were relatively simple to create . Heiter 's `` three dog '' was created by photoshopping an image of three Rottweilers to create an image of dogs joined together . Colour grading was used extensively throughout the production of The Human Centipede . For example , at the end of the film when Lindsay is left between the dead bodies of Jenny and Katsuro , their skin tones were lightened to further emphasise that they were dead and Lindsay was still alive . The rain when Jenny and Lindsay 's car breaks down was added digitally in post-production . The filmmakers had not been granted permission to film at the roadside location , but went ahead against the authorities ' wishes as Six felt the location in the woods was ideal for the scene . When Heiter 's window is repaired after Lindsay 's escape attempt , the use of a tracking shot through the window pane required the reflection of the crew to be digitally removed from the glass . The film contains a large number of long tracking shots ; Six has cited the influence of Takashi Miike who also uses many tracking shots in his films . Release ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) During promotion for The Human Centipede , press materials claimed that the film was `` 100 % medically accurate '' . Six and the producers frequently stated that the film had been described as `` the most horrific film ever made , '' and many writers , such as Karina Longworth of LA Weekly magazine and Jay Stone of the Calgary Herald described the film as torture porn . Roger Ebert , writing in the Chicago Sun - Times stated that he felt the film had been `` deliberately intended to inspire incredulity , nausea and hopefully outrage . '' However , writing in The Guardian , David Cox noted that he had been unable to trace the source of this quote as the `` most horrific film ever made '' and had contacted Six to attempt to ascertain the origin of this judgement . Six claimed that the statement had originally been made by The Sun newspaper in the United Kingdom . However , Cox was unable to trace any article making this claim . When asked by Cox as to what Six regarded as the `` most horrific '' film , Six stated he in fact believed it to be Pier Paolo Pasolini 's Salò , or the 120 Days of Sodom . Theatrical ( edit ) The Human Centipede was released in the United States without an MPAA rating . It was released theatrically in New York City on 30 April 2010 and had a limited release in the US shortly afterward , distributed by IFC Films . Throughout 2009 , the film was included in several film festivals around the world including the London FrightFest Film Festival , Leeds International Film Festival , Sitges Film Festival , and Screamfest Horror Film Festival . Six remarked on how many film festival audiences reacted strongly to the film , sometimes almost vomiting in the cinema aisles . To Six 's amusement , Spanish audiences often found the film funny , and laughed throughout screenings . Six claimed that the `` buzz '' surrounding the film led to several studios approaching him to discuss its distribution . IFC Films has a history of releasing unconventional horror films , having previously distributed the Norwegian Nazi - zombie feature Dead Snow and the 2009 release Antichrist . The Human Centipede 's US gross was $181,467 , and worldwide takings amounted to $252,207 . The film was passed uncut by the British Board of Film Classification ( BBFC ) and released with an 18 certificate , receiving a limited release in the UK on 20 August 2010 . It was distributed by Bounty Films . Home Media ( edit ) The Human Centipede was released in the United Kingdom on DVD and Blu - ray on 4 October 2010 and in the US the following day , where , as of September 2011 , DVD sales have totalled $2,113,186 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Human Centipede received mixed reviews . Review aggregator web site Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 49 % approval rating , based upon 91 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 out of 10 ; the general consensus states : `` Grotesque , visceral and hard to ( ahem ) swallow , this surgical horror does n't quite earn its stripes because the gross - outs overwhelm and devalue everything else . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 33 based on 15 reviews . Giving the film three stars out of five , Empire writer Kim Newman stated that `` underneath an extremely repulsive concept , this is a relatively conventional horror movie . '' Variety Magazine writer Peter DeBurge criticised the film 's lack of any form of social commentary , stating that it could not `` be bothered to expand upon its unpleasant premise , inviting audiences to revel in its sick humor by favoring Dr. Heiter ... and characterizing the victims as shallow expendables . '' Writing in Entertainment Weekly , Clark Collis was broadly positive about Dieter Laser 's performance as the Doctor , and praised Six 's direction , saying Six `` has put together his nightmare yarn with Cronenbergian care and precision . '' Collis said The Human Centipede was `` without question one of the most disgusting horror films ever made . '' Writing in The Guardian , Peter Bradshaw gave the film three out of five , saying that whilst `` entirely deplorable and revolting '' the film was `` sort of brilliant '' . Total Film writer Jamie Russell gave the film four stars out of five , calling it `` Shocking , funny , disturbing ... a throwback to the glory days of Cronenberg . '' Sukhdev Sandhu of The Daily Telegraph was generally negative about the film , stating , `` The Human Centipede has its moments , but they 're largely obscured by umpteen holes in the plot as well as by reams of exposition '' and that it was `` an ultimately underwhelming affair that 's neither sick or repellent enough to garner the cult status it so craves . '' The New York Times review by Jeannette Catsouli noted that whether the film was `` a commentary on Nazi atrocities or a literal expression of filmmaking politics , the grotesque fusion at least silences the female leads , both of whose voices could strip paint . '' Writing in the Chicago Sun Times , Roger Ebert did not assign the film a star rating ( not to be confused with awarding it zero stars ) , stating , `` I am required to award stars to movies I review . This time , I refuse to do it . The star rating system is unsuited to this film . Is the movie good ? Is it bad ? Does it matter ? It is what it is and occupies a world where the stars do n't shine . '' Critics and a doctor have dismissed Six 's claim that the film was `` 100 percent medically accurate '' as `` ludicrous '' and `` rubbish '' . Dr John Cameron , speaking to TV3 News in New Zealand gave an interview about the feasibility of a human centipede , stating how he believed it would be difficult for a join between different people to heal and form a connection , and how the centipede would quickly die from lack of nutrition . John Martin , a former Hollywood film executive and CEO of Alamo Drafthouse Cinemas said Six 's claims of 100 percent medical accuracy should be viewed with reference to the kind of shock gimmicks that film producers had long used to attract attention . Martin compared Six 's claims to those of Kroger Babb and William Castle who had also made `` grand promises '' about what they were putting on screen in a bid to lure audiences . Accolades ( edit ) Despite mixed reviews , the film won several awards in 2009 during advance screenings at various international horror film festivals , including Best Picture / Movie at Fantastic Fest ( Austin , Texas ) , Screamfest Horror Film Festival ( Los Angeles ) , and the Sainte Maxime International Horror Film Festival . Laser won Best Actor in the horror category at Fantastic Fest and the film won the award for Best Ensemble Cast at the South African Horrorfest Film Festival . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : The Human Centipede 2 ( Full Sequence ) and The Human Centipede 3 ( Final Sequence ) A double feature containing First Sequence and Full Sequence . When Tom Six began creating the Human Centipede sequels , he envisioned a trilogy that works as a `` movie centipede '' . Each sequel opens with the ending of the previous film , as the events of that film influence said sequel . Although every film works as a standalone movie , they can all be connected to form a single 4.5 hour - long film . While promoting The Human Centipede , Six stated that he had started work on a sequel to First Sequence , titled The Human Centipede 2 ( Full Sequence ) . Shooting on a similar budget to the first film , Six stated the sequel would be a much more graphic and disturbing film ; First Sequence being `` My Little Pony compared with part two . '' Yennie stated at the May 2010 Weekend of Horrors that the sequel would contain `` the blood and shit '' that viewers did not see in the first film . The plot of Full Sequence involved a centipede made from twelve people , featured a largely British cast and was given the tag - line `` 100 % medically inaccurate '' . The plot of Full Sequence involves a man who after becoming sexually obsessed with a DVD recording of First Sequence decides to create his own human centipede . The film had been planned for a DVD release in the United Kingdom . However , upon submitting the film to the BBFC for classification , the film was rejected due to content that was `` sexually violent and potentially obscene '' . The BBFC 's report criticised the film as making `` little attempt to portray any of the victims in the film as anything other than objects to be brutalised , degraded and mutilated for the amusement and arousal of the central character , as well as for the pleasure of the audience '' and that the film was potentially in breach of the Obscene Publications Act , meaning its distribution in the UK would be illegal . Bounty Films , the UK distributor , appealed the decision , and the film was eventually passed with an 18 certificate in October 2011 . To achieve the 18 rating , thirty - two cuts were made from the film , removing two minutes and thirty - seven seconds from the original version . The third and final film in the trilogy , The Human Centipede 3 ( Final Sequence ) , received a limited theatrical release on 22 May 2015 . The film features the largest human centipede in the series , composed of five hundred victims , as Six says `` each film is a reaction to the other . And the film got so big , it was a pop culture phenomenon , and people wanted more : a bigger centipede , helicopters and things ... it had to be bigger and bigger . And what I did , I used the idea and almost made a parody on the human centipede films itself . '' As Full Sequence was intended to make First Sequence look like My Little Pony in comparison , Final Sequence was intended to make Full Sequence resemble a Disney film . The movie features the tag - line `` 100 % Politically Incorrect '' . Both Dieter Laser and Full Sequence star Laurence R. Harvey returned in starring , albeit different , roles . The Human Centipede ( Final Sequence ) was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards in the categories of `` Worst Director '' and `` Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - Off , or Sequel '' , respectively . It was also named the second worst movie of 2015 by Entertainment Weekly and The A.V. Club . In 2016 , a compilation film of the entire trilogy titled The Human Centipede ( Complete Sequence ) was released , running a total of 275 minutes . Parodies ( edit ) A number of parodies of the film have been made . A pornographic parody , directed by Lee Roy Myers and titled The Human Sexipede , was released in September 2010 . It starred Tom Byron as Heiter , who joined three people mouth - to - genitals . The South Park episode `` HUMANCENTiPAD '' saw character Kyle Broflovski unwittingly agreeing to become a part of a `` Human CENT iPAD '' after failing to read the full details of an Apple user license agreement . The website Funny or Die featured a sketch where the freed victims of a human centipede , now separated , but scarred physically and mentally , argue at a survivors ' meeting . The Human Centipede 3 ( Final Sequence ) actress Bree Olson starred in a parody of the franchise that was directed by Graham Rich . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brendon Connelly ( 3 July 2009 ) . `` 2009 Frightfest Films Unveiled , New Images and Details '' . Slashfilm . Slashfilm . Retrieved 19 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE HUMAN CENTIPEDE ( FIRST SEQUENCE ) ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Bradshaw ( 19 Aug 2010 ) . `` The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 28 Mar 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Six ( 2010 ) . The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . Bounty Films . Event occurs at 14 : 05 -- 14 : 30 . Jump up ^ Jason Solomons. ( 19 August 2010 ) . `` Film Weekly hooks up with The Human Centipede and experiences Pianomania '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Event occurs at 7 : 15 -- 7 : 20 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Six Entertainment . `` The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) Production Notes '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Six Entertainment . Retrieved 28 Jun 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Clark Collis ( 30 Apr 2010 ) . `` ' Human Centipede ' : Director and star of the year 's most disgusting horror film spill their guts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 56 : 50 -- 57 : 05 ^ Jump up to : Brad Miska ( 2009 ) . `` Human Centipede : The First Sequence Star Ashley C. Williams '' . Bloody Disgusting . The Collective . Retrieved 11 Nov 2009 . Jump up ^ Berge Garabedian. ( 22 Oct 2009 ) . `` Sitges 09 Interview -- Tom Six / Human Centipede '' . JoBlo.com . JoBlo Media Inc . Event occurs at 2 : 40 -- 2 : 50 . Retrieved 13 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Dollar ( 10 Oct 2009 ) . `` Sitges Film Festival 2009 : A Q&A with Tom Six About His Barf - Bag Classic , The Human Centipede '' . Paste Magazine . Paste Media Group . Retrieved 18 Nov 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Miska ( 2009 ) . `` Human Centipede : The First Sequence Star Ashlynn Yennie '' . Bloody Disgusting . The Collective . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 11 Nov 2009 . Jump up ^ Stuart O'Connor . ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` FrightFest Interview -- The Human Centipede '' Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Screenjabber . Screenjabber.com . Event occurs at 1 : 55 -- 2 : 30 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuart O'Connor , FrightFest Interview , 1 : 30 -- 1 : 55 ^ Jump up to : Steve Dollar ( 30 Apr 2010 ) . `` ' Human Centipede ' Akihiro Kitamura Gets a Leg Up '' . 24 Times Per Second . 24XPS . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 Jun 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 2 : 15 -- 2 : 21 Jump up ^ Berge Garabedian , Sitges 09 Interview , 0 : 25 -- 0 : 47 Jump up ^ Brad Miska. ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` Tom Six Answers Your Questions About ' The Human Centipede ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . The Collective . Event occurs at 7 : 30 -- 7 : 55 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Ebert ( 5 May 2010 ) . `` The Human Centipede '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : David Cox ( 19 Aug 2010 ) . `` The Human Centipede director shows why three into one will go '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 15 Aug 2011 . Jump up ^ Jason Solomons , Film Weekly ... 9 : 05 -- 9 : 15 Jump up ^ Jason Solomons , Film Weekly ... 6 : 06 -- 7 : 00 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Dieter Laser ( 2010 ) . Q&A with Tom Six and Dieter Laser , The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) DVD Extra ( DVD ) . Bounty Films . Event occurs at 3 : 03 -- 3 : 25 . Jump up ^ Berge Garabedian , Sitges 09 Interview , 1 : 00 -- 1 : 23 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 27 : 15 -- 27 : 37 Jump up ^ Stuart O'Connor , FrightFest Interview , 0 : 30 -- 1 : 15 Jump up ^ Jason Solomons , Film Weekly ... 4 : 15 -- 4 : 40 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 5 : 30 -- 6 : 08 Jump up ^ Brad Miska , Tom Six Answers Your Questions , 9 : 17 -- 9 : 36 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 30 : 32 -- 30 : 53 ^ Jump up to : Brad Miska , Tom Six Answers Your Questions , 1 : 20 -- 1 : 48 Jump up ^ Berge Garabedian , Sitges 09 Interview , 1 : 55 -- 2 : 01 Jump up ^ Berge Garabedian , Sitges 09 Interview , 2 : 00 -- 2 : 10 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 0 : 45 -- 0 : 53 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 12 : 03 -- 12 : 24 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 17 : 50 -- 18 : 15 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 21 : 40 -- 21 : 48 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 15 : 10 -- 15 : 43 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 3 : 30 -- 3 : 40 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 2 : 29 -- 2 : 35 Jump up ^ Dan Persons. ( 1 May 2010 ) . `` Mighty Movie Podcast : Turn Your Head and Scream : Tom Six on The Human Centipede '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Event occurs at 11 : 56 -- 12 : 06 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Dan Persons , Mighty Movie Podcast , 11 : 50 -- 11 : 55 Jump up ^ Dan Persons , Mighty Movie Podcast , 12 : 45 -- 13 : 10 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 26 : 40 -- 26 : 48 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 53 : 15 -- 53 : 48 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 20 : 09 -- 20 : 27 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 51 : 20 -- 51 : 41 Jump up ^ The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) Foley Session , DVD Extra ( DVD ) . Bounty Films. 2010 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 -- 1 : 16 . Jump up ^ Dan Persons , Mighty Movie Podcast , 15 : 30 -- 15 : 40 Jump up ^ Stuart O'Connor , FrightFest Interview , 2 : 33 -- 2 : 53 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 32 : 15 -- 32 : 23 Jump up ^ Peter Paras ( 29 Apr 2010 ) . `` Review : The Human Centipede Cannot Be Unseen '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Karina Longworth ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` The Human Centipede : Girl - Man - Girl Interrupted '' . LA Weekly . Village Voice Media . Retrieved 28 Jun 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Newman . `` Review of The Human Centipede '' . Empire Magazine . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved 26 Dec 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Leslie Gornstein . `` Who Wants Horror Flicks to Be `` Medically Accurate '' ? `` . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved 7 Sep 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Michael O'Sullivan ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Movie review : ' Human Centipede ' delivers slick , schlocky horror '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Brad Miska , Tom Six Answers Your Questions , 2 : 30 -- 3 : 00 Jump up ^ Dan Persons , Mighty Movie Podcast , 6 : 30 -- 8 : 30 Jump up ^ SeanD. ( 25 May 2010 ) . `` Weekend of Horrors : Ashlynn Yenni and Akimura Kitamura Return for The Human Centipede II '' . Dread Central . AtomicOnline . Event occurs at 1 : 20 -- 1 : 40 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 43 : 36 -- 43 : 47 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 1 : 38 -- 1 : 50 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 1.25 : 16 -- 1.25 : 25 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 5 : 15 -- 5 : 25 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 4 : 40 -- 5 : 01 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 45 : 30 -- 45 : 48 Jump up ^ Tom Six , Director 's Commentary , 0 : 54 -- 0 : 59 ^ Jump up to : David Cox ( 23 Aug 2010 ) . `` Is The Human Centipede the most horrific film ever ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 28 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ Jay Stone ( 3 Sep 2010 ) . `` Squash this icky bug '' . Calgary Herald . Postmedia Network . Archived from the original on 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Gingold ( 16 Mar 2010 ) . `` Release dates for `` Last Exorcism '' and `` Human Centipede '' `` . Fangoria . The Brooklyn Company , Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) -- Sitges Film Festival '' . Sitges Film Festival . Sitges Film Festival . Retrieved 17 Nov 2009 . Jump up ^ Berge Garabedian , Sitges 09 Interview , 3 : 55 -- 4 : 30 ^ Jump up to : Berge Garabedian , Sitges 09 Interview , 4 : 35 -- 4 : 50 Jump up ^ Sam Thielman ( 10 Jan 2010 ) . `` Horror Film to IFC '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 28 Sep 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Human Centipede ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 Feb 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK Box Office : 20 -- 22 August 2010 '' . UK Film Council . UK Film Council . Archived from the original on 15 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 Apr 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UK Film release schedule , August 2010 '' . Film Distributors Association . Film Distributors ' Association Ltd . Retrieved 14 Jul 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DVD / BLU - RAY Dates : `` Giallo '' , `` Human Centipede '' , `` S&Man '' , etc. `` . Fangoria . The Brooklyn Company , Inc . Retrieved 6 Aug 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Centipede '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 29 Sep 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Human Centipede sequel banned in the UK '' . TV3 . MediaWorks New Zealand . 7 Jun 2011 . Retrieved 16 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Time Warner . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 15 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( 5 Oct 2009 ) . `` The Human Centipede : First Sequence '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 17 Nov 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Clark Collis ( 13 Apr 2010 ) . `` ' Human Centipede ' : Is this the most disturbing horror film of all - time ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 20 Apr 2010 . Jump up ^ Jamie Russell ( 2 Aug 2010 ) . `` The Human Centipede '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . Retrieved 12 Oct 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sukhdev Sandhu ( 19 Aug 2010 ) . `` The Human Centipede , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 26 Dec 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeannette Catsoulis ( 30 Apr 2010 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Human Centipede '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ David Farrier . `` Full interview with Human Centipede doctor -- Video '' . TV3 . MediaWorks New Zealand . Event occurs at 0 : 03 -- 0 : 07 . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ David Farrier , Full Interview with Human Centipede doctor , 1 : 11 -- 1 : 51 Jump up ^ `` Tom Six '' . Six Entertainment Company . Six Entertainment Company . Retrieved 7 Sep 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Unsworth . `` Tom Six - THE HUMAN CENTIPEDE III ( FINAL SEQUENCE ) '' . Martin Unsworth . Starburst Magazine . Retrieved 7 Sep 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Solomons , Film Weekly ... 10 : 45 -- 10 : 53 Jump up ^ Jason Solomons , Film Weekly ... 10 : 35 -- 10 : 45 ^ Jump up to : SeanD ( 25 May 2010 ) . `` Weekend of Horrors : Ashlynn Yenni and Akimura Kitamura Return for The Human Centipede II '' . Dread Central . AtomicOnline . Retrieved 5 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ Jason Solomons , Film Weekly ... 10 : 10 -- 10 : 30 Jump up ^ `` Human Centipede 2 banned by the BBFC '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . 6 Jun 2011 . Retrieved 6 Jun 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBFC rejects The Human Centipede II ( Full Sequence ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . British Board of Film Classification . 6 Jun 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ Catherine Shoard ( 6 Oct 2011 ) . `` Human Centipede 2 wins certificate 18 classification from British censors '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 6 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Collis . `` Human Centipede Part 3 : Exclusive release date and synopsis details '' . Clark Collis . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 7 Sep 2016 . Jump up ^ Phil De Semlyen . `` Tom Six Talks The Human Centipede 3 '' . Phil De Semlyen . Empire . Retrieved 7 Sep 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Human Centipede Part 3 ' Poster Is 100 % Politically Incorrect '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 7 Sep 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Razzies nominations 2016 : Fifty Shades of Grey , Pixels lead pack of year 's worst '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Razzie Awards 2016 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . ABC News . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best ( And 5 Worst ! ) Movies of 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 worst films of 2015 '' . The A.V. Club . 16 December 2015 . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE HUMAN CENTIPEDE - MOVIE CENTIPEDE BLU - RAY TOM SIX EDITION - PRE-SALE TWITTER ONLY ! '' . Tom Six . Archived from the original on 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Human Centipede Bluray Steelbook - Movie Centipede '' . Six Entertainment Company . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Javors ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` ' The Human Sexipede ' Trailer Captures Mainstream Attention '' . Adult Video News . AVN Media Network . Archived from the original on 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Ken Tucker ( 27 Apr 2011 ) . `` ' South Park ' season premiere review warning : Do n't read about ' HUMANCENTiPAD ' on a full stomach '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 26 Jul 2011 . Jump up ^ Jon Daly ( 28 Oct 2010 ) . `` Human Centipede Anonymous '' . Funny or Die . Funny or Die Inc . Retrieved 28 Apr 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Human Centipede 3 Parody with Bree Olson '' . Funny or Die . Funny or Die . 22 Oct 2014 . Retrieved 19 Sep 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Human Centipede . The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) on IMDb The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) at Metacritic The Human Centipede ( First Sequence ) at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) The Human Centipede Films First Sequence Full Sequence Final Sequence Parodies HumancentiPad ( South Park ) The Human Sexipede 2010s portal Film portal Horror fiction portal Netherlands portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Human_Centipede_(First_Sequence)&oldid=803108130 '' Categories : 2009 films 2009 horror films Body horror films Dutch films Dutch horror films English - language films German - language films Japanese - language films Films about abduction Films about murderers Films directed by Tom Six Films set in Germany Films shot in the Netherlands Mad scientist films Obscenity controversies in film Splatter films Suicide in films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use British English from March 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 14 : 16 . 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-6061207488119928230 | Somebody's Watching Me | Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia Somebody 's Watching Me Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song by American singer Rockwell from his debut studio album Somebody 's Watching Me ( 1984 ) . It was released as Rockwell 's debut single and lead single from the album on January 14 , 1984 , by Motown . It features former Jackson 5 members Michael Jackson ( vocals in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' also peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , as well as reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 3.1 Plot 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Sales and certifications 5 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 6 Beatfreakz version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Chart performance 7 Other cover versions 8 Sampling 9 Appearances in other media 9.1 TV 9.2 Film 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featured prominently on background vocals . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael Jackson and Alan Murray on percussion . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of C - sharp minor in 4 4 time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C to C . Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that the wrong newspaper has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , come to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single peaked at no . 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , no . 3 in Austria , Netherlands and Norway , at no . 4 in Germany and no . 13 in Australia . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted in Swiss Hitparade reaching no . 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released April 24 , 2006 ( UK ) June 9 , 2006 ( US ) Format CD single Genre Dance , house Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . Their version peaked at no . 1 in Spain , no . 3 in the UK Singles Chart , no . 3 in the German Official Dance Chart , no . 4 in Russia , no . 5 in Ireland , no . 7 in Finland and New Zealand , no . 12 in the Dutch Top 40 , no . 18 in France , no . 36 in the Belgium Ultratop 50 , and no . 38 in Australia . Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) A cover of the song by Morris Day ( lead singer of The Time ) was included on The Haunted Mansion : Haunted Hits , the soundtrack album for the 2003 Walt Disney Pictures film The Haunted Mansion . Finnish power metal band Warmen included a cover of the song on their 2005 album Accept the Fact . Their version featured melodic death metal singer Alexi Laiho . Danish industrial metal band Raunchy covered the song for their 2008 album Wasteland Discotheque . Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . Jamaican dancehall group T.O.K. sampled the song with additional rap lyrics for their 2001 album My Crew , My Dawgs as a hidden track . Christian pop artist tobyMac sampled the chorus for his song `` Somebody 's Watching '' from his 2001 album Momentum . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . R&B artist Ciara incorporated a portion of `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' for her 2006 hit single `` Get Up '' . Hip hop group The Pack incorporates parts of the song , including the chorus , in their single `` I 'm Shinin ' '' from their 2007 album Based Boys . In 2008 , Internet celebrity Jeffree Star used the chorus of the song in his own track `` Starstruck '' which features the band Danger Radio . In 2009 , Christian hip hop artist Andy Mineo released a song entitled `` Who 's Watching '' ( from the album `` Sin Is Wack '' ) that samples both the melody and parts of the chorus , which he altered to produce a seemingly entirely different song . For the 2011 Cirque du Soleil show Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour , the background vocals from this song found their way into a medley that included `` Is It Scary ? '' , `` Threatened '' , and `` Thriller . '' It was released on Michael Jackson 's album Immortal in 2011 . In Nephew 's 2012 album , they sample the song in the chorus of their song `` Åh Gud ( Jeg Håber Du Holder Øje Med Mig ) '' . The title literally means : Oh God ( I Hope That You Are Watching Me . ) In 2016 , Canadian singer - songwriter Virginia to Vegas sampled the song on his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) TV ( edit ) It was featured in the pilot episode of the hit 1980s TV show , Miami Vice . The song appears in the Season 1 episode `` Everybody Hates Playboy '' of Everybody Hates Chris , as Chris and Greg plan to steal the titular magazine back from the assistant principal 's office . The song was comically sung in a television commercial for NHL 08 . The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . The song was used in The Cleveland Show 's series 3 episode 6 `` Sex and the Biddy '' . A remixed clip of the song is used in promotional sequences for the upcoming ABC television show , The Glass House . The song was featured in Ellen 's Halloween dance mix . Film ( edit ) The song was featured in the classic 1999 skateboarding film Round 2 . The song was also featured in You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) . The song was used as Number Four 's ringtone in the 2011 film adaptation of I Am Number Four . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 41 , No. 17 , January 05 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA -- 19 , TA -- 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' . January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` tobyMac feat . Joanna Valencia 's Somebody 's Watching sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pack 's I 'm Shinin ' sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody%27s_Watching_Me&oldid=801462966 '' Categories : 1984 songs 1984 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Halloween songs Michael Jackson songs Motown singles Debut singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Spain Rockwell ( musician ) songs Songs about loneliness Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . About Wikipedia | i always feel like somebody's watching me michael jackson lyrics | [] | [] |
-3211936048459072274 | A Love to Last | A love to Last - wikipedia A love to Last Jump to : navigation , search A Love To Last A Love to Last title card Genre Romance , Family drama , Comedy Created by Henry King Quitain Jay Fernando Developed by Malou N. Santos Des M. de Guzman Written by BJ Lingan Rona Co Carlota Balane Directed by Jerry Lopez Sineneng Frasco Mortiz Richard I. Arellano Rory B. Quintos Creative director ( s ) Johnny Delos Reyes Jay Fernando Starring Bea Alonzo Ian Veneracion Iza Calzado Opening theme A Love to Last A Lifetime by Juris Composer ( s ) Jose Mari Chan Country of origin Philippines Original language ( s ) Filipino , English , German No. of seasons No. of episodes 178 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Kristine P. Sioson Ronald Faina Producer ( s ) Myleen Ongkiko Location ( s ) Philippines Germany Editor ( s ) Bernie Diasanta Joshua Ducasen Running time 30 - 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Star Creatives Release Original network ABS - CBN Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 9 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) -- September 22 , 2017 Chronology Related shows Flordeliza The Better Half External links Website alovetolast.abs-cbn.com A Love to Last is a 2017 Philippine romantic family drama television series directed by Jerry Lopez - Sineneng , Frasco Mortiz , Richard I. Arellano , and Rory B. Quintos , starring Bea Alonzo , Ian Veneracion , and Iza Calzado with an ensemble cast . The series premiered on ABS - CBN 's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel on January 9 , 2017 , replacing Magpahanggang Wakas . The show will end on September 22 . The story revolves around relationships in a diversified family setting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 2.3 Special participation 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 Production 5.1 Title change 5.2 Timeslot change 6 References 7 See also Plot ( edit ) The story follows two different people , Andeng ( Bea Alonzo ) , and Anton ( Ian Veneracion ) , that will prove that two brokenhearts can make their love last or not . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Bea Alonzo as Andrea `` Andeng '' Agoncillo - Noble , the main female protagonist . Anton 's wife and stepmother of Chloe , Lucas , and Kitty . She is about 25 years younger than Anton , but is matured beyond her years . Despite the age difference , she falls in love and marries Anton . She embraces her role as step mother of three children and supportive wife of a successful and ambitious man , whose first marriage failed because of his ambition . A career woman herself , she successfully balances her priorities , and brings much happiness into Anton 's life and his family 's . Her biggest challenge is Grace , her husband 's ex wife , who is obsessed and determined to destroy their marriage , pushing Andrea 's fears of infidelity and insecurities about her place in Anton 's heart . This has caused friction in their marriage . Ian Veneracion as Antonio `` Anton '' Noble IV . The main male protagonist. Grace 's ex-husband who marries Andrea . Devastated after Grace left him and their children , he picked up the pieces of his family 's broken hearts . To fill the vacuum left by Grace 's departure , he became a hands on Dad , re stacked his priorities , and place his career and business second to his children 's needs . Because of Anton 's nurturing , the children adjusted to a happy single parent household . After their annulment , he became the country 's most eligible bachelor , but no one captured his heart except Andrea . Despite various challenges from their individual families , their relationship prevailed and finally accepted by everyone , except his ex-wife . Anton is determined to protect his second marriage from Grace 's manipulations and obsession to reclaim him . He 's a kind hearted man , who finds it difficult to put her in her place , although he has tried to many times . Iza Calzado as Grace Silverio , the main female antagonist . Anton 's ex-wife and the mother of Chloe , Lucas , and Kitty who she abandoned three years ago . Grace is a spoiled heiress who felt she needed to be free from the domineering and controlling personality of her husband . In reality , she met someone in LA . Despite Anton 's pleas to return to Manila , and the risk of losing custody of her children , she insisted on an annulment . She left behind a 15 year old , 13 year old and a 5 year old . Three years later , after two failed relationships , Andrea decided to return home to reclaim her husband and children . She realizes that she is still in love with him and tries everything to drive a wedge between Anton and Andrea and her children , in the hope that she can win him back . Her obsession becomes a major concern for her children . Enchong Dee as Andrew Agoncillo , Andrea 's para-triathlete half - brother who tries his best to fit in with Andrea 's family . He works in Andrea 's event management firm , and falls in love with their client , Bianca Silverio , Grace 's niece and gets her pregnant . Despite the insults and objections hurled at Andrew by the wealthy Silverios , the young couple are determined to prove their love . Andrew depends on the emotional support from his family . JK Labajo as Lucas S. Noble . Anton and Grace 's only son who disliked Andrea in the beginning and dreamt of making his family complete again . He learns to respect and love Andrea , who made sure she and Anton would not get married until Lucas accepted their relationship . He is the child who was most sensitive to Andrea 's feelings during the first months of their marriage , particularly when Grace tried to ruin it in many ways possible . He loved his mother but understood that Andrea completed his father 's happiness . He wanted his mother to move on . He was also very disappointed and disillusioned with Grace after he learned she had a boyfriend after his parents ' separation . Hannah Lopez Vito as Katherine `` Kitty '' S. Noble . Anton and Grace 's youngest child who is supportive of her father 's relationship with Andrea . She genuinely loved Andrea as she would love her own mother . She showed this when she used a family portrait with Andrea as her `` treasure '' at a family camp activity . Kitty also loves her mother , but she has already accepted that her mother left her , for reasons she ca n't fully understand , and could very well leave her again . She is very affected by Andrea and Anton 's quarrels caused by her mother 's obsession . She asked her siblings to help her do something to fix it . She is terrified that Andrea would leave their home like their real mother did . Julia Barretto as Chloe S. Noble . Anton and Grace 's eldest child who filled the role of `` mother - figure '' to her siblings when Grace left them . She was in a relationship with Fort , but actually likes Tupe . She eventually chose Tupe , but Fort remained her best friend . Chloe 's priority is to ensure her family remained intact and her father 's happiness was more important than her own mother 's . She was happy about Andrea 's relationship with her father , and she was instrumental in Lucas ' change of heart for Andrea . She struggled with her father 's disciplinary actions regarding her relationship with Tupe . Andrea successful bridged this challenge . Chloe also saw through her mother 's antics towards Andrea . She asked her mother to back off Andrea. Grace 's obsession remains a big concern for the children , and Chloe has taken it upon herself to communicate their dismay at their mother . They loved and respected their mother , but they made it clear they valued more the importance of Andrea in their lives . They loved their stepmother very much and wanted to make sure their mother would not destroy the family they had built with her . Ronnie Alonte as Christopher `` Tupe '' Dimayuga . Chloe 's boyfriend . He is a brilliant scholar , who interned at Anton 's company , and earned the respect of his colleagues and teachers . Unfortunately , his lack of maturity to handle first love and its responsibilities , has driven him into situations that made him lose his scholarship and employment . Chloe loves him deeply , tries hard to understand him , and struggles to preserve their relationship , even if she was forbidden by her father to embark into a boyfriend relationship with him . Unfortunately , their disobedience has caused various conflicts and heartaches for both . As Tupe drives the relationship towards a downward spiral because of his immature decisions , Chloe is understanding more now what it takes to keep a relationship . She is opening her eyes to the large maturity gap that exists in her relationship with Tupe . Supporting cast ( edit ) Tirso Cruz III as Antonio `` Tony '' Noble III , Anton 's father who became a renowned scientist from poor roots . He had little faith in his son 's decisions and initially did not support Anton 's relationship with Andrea . He changed his mind after Andrea won him over , and he saw how happy his son was . Irma Adlawan as Virginia `` Baby '' Custodio - Agoncillo , Andrea 's mother and Andrew 's stepmother who is supportive in all of Andrea 's decisions , especially with Anton . She dispenses very good advise to Andrea , always bringing her out of sadness when dealing with her marriage problems . Perla Bautista as Carla `` Mameng '' Agoncillo , Andrea 's grandmother and the matriarch of the Agoncillo family . In the beginning , she did not approve of Andrea 's relationship with Anton , until he proved her wrong . Despite her initial misgivings and ongoing concerns over her granddaughter 's issues in her marriage , she remains supportive of Andrea and Anton . She is equally supportive of Andrew and Bianca , despite their situation . Bernard Palanca as Tom Gonzales , Anton 's best friend who secretly likes Andrea 's best friend , Tracy . He is supportive to Anton 's relationship with Andrea . He is ready to ask Tracy to marry him . Matet de Leon as Tracy Buenaventura , Andrea 's best friend who likes Anton 's best friend , Tom . She was with Andrea in Germany when they went to the CELBA conference . She is a bit too much in her support of Andrea , too nosy , but she means well . Jameson Blake as Andres Bonifacio `` Fort '' Gonzales . Chloe 's childhood best friend who pretends to be her boyfriend to help Chloe get the attention of Tupe . His parents suffer from a broken marriage and he relies on Chloe to be the person to talk to . He is in love with Chloe . He is much more mature than Tupe . Justin Cuyugan as Gerry , Anton 's lawyer friend . Melanie Marquez as Miriam `` Mimi '' Stuart , Andrea 's business partner in Good Events . Arlene Muhlach as Noemi Agoncillo , Andrea 's aunt ( her late father 's sister ) who was against Andrea and Anton 's relationship in their early stages of courtship . Anna Marin as Cecilia Hernandez - Noble , Anton 's loving mother and the grandmother to Chloe , Lucas , and Kitty . Unlike Tony , she fully trusts and supports Anton 's relationship with Andrea . She 's never seen Anton so happy . Jenine Desiderio as Bettina `` Betty '' Agoncillo , Andrea 's aunt ( her late father 's sister ) who was the godmother at her wedding . Denise Joaquin as Maggie Agoncillo , Andrea 's cousin . Khalil Ramos as Red Fernandez Claire Ruiz as Gena , Tupe 's ex-girlfriend who is jealous of Chloe , and a trouble maker . Pamu Pamorada as Maxine , Andrea 's friend who works with her in Good Events . Prince Stefan as Oscar , Andrea 's friend who works with her in Good Events . Sam Thurman as Marcus , Andrea 's friend who works with her in good events . Kazel Kinouchi as Bianca Silverio , Grace 's niece who is living with her due to business reasons . She falls in love with Andrew and ends up pregnant . Patricia Ysmael as Astrid , Anton 's loyal secretary . Troy Montero as Michael , Grace 's ex-boyfriend who is persistent in getting back together with her . He is whom the family is suspecting the reason why Grace left them . He confronted Lucas , introducing himself as Grace 's boyfriend . Carla Martinez as Dianne Silverio , Grace 's mother and the maternal grandmother to Chloe , Lucas , and Kitty . She returns to the Philippines and helps Grace in her battle with Andrea and Anton because she thought Grace simoky wanted to get her children back . When she realized her daughter 's real agenda , she tries to put a stop to Grace 's plans . Lilet as Amina Gonzales , Fort 's mother who strives to keep her family together despite her husband 's persistent affairs . She forgave her husband when he returned . Michael Flores as Marlon Gonzales , Fort 's father who left them for his mistress . He realized his error and returned to his original family , Alvin Anson as Simon Sumulong Cris Villanueva as Paul Silverio , Bianca 's father who disapproves her daughter 's relationship with Andrew . He is Grace 's brother and equally selfish and greedy . Lui Manansala as Yaya Diding , a long time retainer of the Silverio who served as nanny and major doma in Anton 's house who keeps Grace updated with news on Anton and Andrea 's relationship . She hates Andrea for Anton and thinks that she is only after his money . She tries to undermine Andrea until she overstepped her boundaries and was fired by Anton . She ended up returning to Grace . Kim Molina as Anjanette , Andrea 's friend who is directing Lucas 's music video launch . Minnie Aguilar as Lota Kyra Custodio as Lucy Ethyl Osorio as Francia Trina `` Hopia '' Legaspi as Kath , Chloe 's friend . Josh Ivan Morales as Berto Miguel Diokno as Santino Agoncillo , Andrea 's nephew who is scared that Kitty might replace him as her baby . Lance Lucido as Marty Aaliyah Belmoro Eric Nicolas as Gaston Dimayuga Marc Santiago as Donald Dimayuga Via Veloso as Susan Richard Manabat as Boyet Agoncillo Dwight Gaston as Jordan Via Carillo as Morgana Agoncillo Uajo Manarang as Vincent Agoncillo Khalil Ramos as Red Fernandez Jade Ecleo as Catherine Agoncillo Marianne Guidiotti as Karen Noble Erika Padilla as Melissa Riva Quenery as Coleen Luke Jickain as Mr. Salcedo Krystal Mejes Scott Tibayan as Fred , Anton 's batchmate Special participation ( edit ) Xian Lim as Sebastian `` Totoy '' Cruz , Andrea 's childhood friend who is in love with her . He later gives way to Andrea and Anton 's love knowing that it would make Andrea happy , and he went abroad as a seaman . Daniel Matsunaga as Patrick Buendia , Andrea 's client , who appears to be interested in Andrea . Andrea Brillantes as young Andrea `` Andeng '' Agoncillo , the daughter of Baby and Reynaldo who believes that she does not need her father because he left them . Pilar Pilapil as Mrs. Victoria Madrigal , a client of Andrea 's company , Good Events , who introduced her to Anton . Victor Silayan as Jerold Francisco , Andrea 's former soon - to - be husband who she caught cheating on her with another woman . TJ Trinidad as Ben Toby Alejar as Reynaldo Agoncillo , Andrea and Andrew 's father as well as Baby 's husband who had an affair with another woman which caused him to leave them . Bobby Andrews as Bobby Andrews , a fellow business associate of Anton . Bea Rose Santiago as Herself Wendy Cornejo as Himself Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of A Love to Last episodes Reception ( edit ) Kantar Media National TV Ratings ( 8 : 45PM / 9 : 30PM / 9 : 15PM PST ) Pilot Episode Finale Episode Peak Average 25.0 % 000000002017 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2017 ( 8 : 45PM PST ) TBD 27.8 % 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 ( 8 : 45PM PST ) TBD Production ( edit ) Title change ( edit ) The initial title for the series was The Second Wife . However , the Wife titles became redundant , and thus the title was later renamed by the management as A Love To Last . Timeslot change ( edit ) On January 23 , 2017 , A Love To Last was moved to a later timeslot at 9 : 30pm to give way for My Dear Heart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bea Binene maraming dapat matutunan kay Bea Alonzo ! '' . PhilStar . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bea and Ian to shoot scenes in Germany for new teleserye '' . starcinema.abs-cbn.com . Star Cinema . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL TV RATINGS ( JANUARY 9 , 2017 -- MONDAY ) '' . abscbnpr.com . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL TV RATINGS ( January 12 - 15 , 2017 ) '' . abscbnpr.com . January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bea Alonzo 's new teleserye `` The Second Wife '' changes its title to `` A Love To Last '' `` . Pinoy Showbiz Daily . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of programs broadcast by ABS - CBN List of drama series of ABS - CBN ABS - CBN drama series 1960s debuts Hiwaga sa Bahay na Bato 1980s debuts Agila ( 1989 - 1992 ) Anna Luna 1990s debuts ! Oka Tokat Ang Munting Paraiso Esperanza Familia Zaragoza Labs Ko Si Babe Mara Clara Marinella Mula sa Puso Saan Ka Man Naroroon Valiente 2000s debuts ' Til Death Do Us Part Basta 't Kasama Kita Bituin Bituing Walang Ningning Calla Lily Crazy for You Dahil May Isang Ikaw Darating ang Umaga Dyosa Eva Fonda Gulong ng Palad Hiram I Love Betty La Fea Iisa Pa Lamang Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin It Might Be You Kahit Isang Saglit Kambal sa Uma Pablo S. Gomez 's Kampanerang Kuba Kapalaran Katorse Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay Kokey Krystala Kung Fu Kids Mars Ravelo 's Lastikman Ligaw na Bulaklak Lobo Lovers in Paris Maging Sino Ka Man Maging Sino Ka Man : Ang Pagbabalik Maid in Heaven Mangarap Ka Margarita Maria Flordeluna Marina May Bukas Pa Mga Anghel na Walang Langit My Girl Nagsimula sa Puso Only You Palos Carlo J. Caparas ' Panday Pangako Sa ' Yo Pangarap na Bituin Carlo J. Caparas ' Pieta Precious Hearts Romances Presents Princess Sarah Prinsesa ng Banyera Recuerdo de Amor Rounin Sa Dulo Ng Walang Hanggan Sa Piling Mo Sa Puso Ko Iingatan Ka Sana Maulit Muli Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas Sarah the Teen Princess Sineserye Presents Spirits Super Inggo Tayong Dalawa Vietnam Rose Walang Kapalit The Wedding Ysabella 2010s debuts 1DOL 100 Days to Heaven A Beautiful Affair Rod Santiago 's Agua Bendita All Of Me And I Love You So Angelito : Ang Bagong Yugto Angelito : Batang Ama Annaliza Apoy Sa Dagat Aryana Bagito Be Careful With My Heart Be My Lady Born for You Bridges of Love Budoy Bukas Na Lang Kita Mamahalin Dahil Sa Pag - ibig Doble Kara Dolce Amore Dream Dad Carlo J. Caparas ' Dugong Buhay Mars Ravelo 's Dyesebel E-Boy FlordeLiza Forevermore Jim Fernandez 's Galema : Anak ni Zuma Got to Believe Green Rose Guns and Roses Habang May Buhay Hawak Kamay Honesto Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala Ikaw Ay Pag - Ibig Ikaw Lamang Imortal Ina , Kapatid , Anak Pablo S. Gomez 's Inday Bote Juan dela Cruz Pablo S. Gomez 's Juanita Banana Kahit Konting Pagtingin Kahit Puso'y Masugatan Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw Kokey @ Ako Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo Langit Lupa The Legal Wife Little Champ Lorenzo 's Time Gilda Olvidado 's Magkano Ang Iyong Dangal ? Magkaribal Magpahanggang Wakas Emil Cruz Jr. 's Mara Clara Maria la del Barrio Maria Mercedes May Isang Pangarap Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin Mirabella Elena M. Patron 's Momay Moon of Desire Wenn Deramas ' Mula Sa Puso Muling Buksan Ang Puso Salvador Royales ' Mundo Man ay Magunaw Pablo S. Gomez 's Mutya My Binondo Girl My Dear Heart My Little Juan My Super D Nasaan Ka Elisa ? Ricky Lee 's Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita Nathaniel Ningning Noah Oh My G ! Oka2kat On the Wings of Love Pangako Sa ' Yo ( 2015 ) Pasión de amor Princess and I Pure Love Reputasyon Rosalka Rubi Sabel Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon The Story of Us The Better Half The Greatest Love Tanging Yaman Till I Met You Tubig at Langis Two Wives Wako Wako Walang Hanggan Walang Iwanan We Will Survive You 're My Home Current A Love to Last ( since 2017 ) FPJ 's Ang Probinsyano ( since 2015 ) Ikaw Lang ang Iibigin ( since 2017 ) La Luna Sangre ( since 2017 ) The Promise of Forever ( since 2017 ) Pusong Ligaw ( since 2017 ) Wildflower ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bagani ( 2018 ) The Good Son ( 2017 ) Sana Dalawa ang Puso Ko ( 2017 ) Victims of Love ( 2017 ) Written in Our Stars ( 2017 ) ABS - CBN programming ( current and upcoming ) Telenovelas A Love to Last ( since 2017 ) Ang Probinsyano ( since 2015 ) Ikaw Lang ang Iibigin ( since 2017 ) Ipaglaban Mo ! ( since 2014 ) La Luna Sangre ( since 2017 ) MMK ( since 1991 ) The Promise of Forever ( since 2017 ) Pusong Ligaw ( since 2017 ) Wansapanataym ( since 1997 ) Wildflower ( since 2017 ) Cartoons SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 2010 ) Superbook Reimagined ( season 3 ) ( new season ; since 2017 ) Variety ASAP ( since 1995 ) It 's Showtime ( since 2009 ) Reality show Little Big Shots ( since 2017 ) Game show Bet on Your Baby ( season 3 ) ( new season ; since 2017 ) Talk shows Gandang Gabi , Vice ! ( since 2011 ) Magandang Buhay ( since 2016 ) Tonight with Boy Abunda ( since 2015 ) Comedy Banana Sundae ( since 2008 ) Goin ' Bulilit ( since 2005 ) Home Sweetie Home ( since 2014 ) News and current affairs Bandila ( since 2006 ) The Bottomline with Boy Abunda ( since 2009 ) Failon Ngayon ( since 2009 ) Mission Possible ( since 2015 ) My Puhunan ( since 2015 ) News Patrol ( since 2004 ) Rated K ( since 2004 ) Red Alert ( since 2015 ) S.O.C.O. ( Scene of the Crime Operatives ) ( since 2005 ) Sports U ( since 2015 ) TNT : Tapatan ni Tunying ( since 2013 ) TV Patrol ( since 1987 ) TV Patrol Weekend ( since 2004 ) Umagang Kay Ganda ( since 2007 ) Informative G Diaries ( since 2017 ) Matanglawin ( since 2008 ) Salamat Dok ( since 2004 ) Swak na Swak ( since 2006 ) Infomercial O Shopping ( since 2013 ) Foreign drama Lethal Weapon ( since 2017 ) Love in the Moonlight ( re-run ; since 2017 ) Legend of the Blue Sea ( re-run ; since 2017 ) Upcoming Ang Alamat ni Bagani ( 2018 ) Haikyū ! ! ( season 2 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Jane the Virgin ( season 3 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Kuroko 's Basketball ( season 3 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Naruto Shippūden ( season 9 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Pilipinas Got Talent ( season 6 ) ( new season ; 2017 ) Sana Dalawa ang Puso Ko ( 2017 ) The Good Son ( 2017 ) Victims of Love ( 2017 ) Written in Our Stars ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Love_to_Last&oldid=800756874 '' Categories : ABS - CBN telenovelas Philippine drama television series Philippine television series 2017 Philippine television series debuts Philippine telenovelas 2017 telenovelas Television series by Star Creatives ABS - CBN television drama filmed in high definition Television shows set in Germany Television shows set in the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Français 한국어 Italiano Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 13 : 39 . About Wikipedia | real name of fort in a love to last | [
"Jameson Blake as Andres Bonifacio \"Fort\" Gonzales. Chloe's childhood best friend who pretends to be her boyfriend to help Chloe get the attention of Tupe. His parents suffer from a broken marriage and he relies on Chloe to be the person to talk to. He is in love with Chloe. He is much more mature than Tupe."
] | [
"Jameson Blake"
] |
-55447458625432432 | Species distribution | Species distribution - wikipedia Species distribution Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Range ( biology ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since May 2018 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A species range map represents the geographical region where individuals of a species can be found . This is a range map of Juniperus communis , the common juniper . Species distribution is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged . Species distribution is not to be confused with dispersal , which is the movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high on density . A similar concept is the species range . A species range is often represented with a species range map . Biogeographers try to understand the factors determining a species ' distribution . The pattern of distribution is not permanent for each species . Distribution patterns can change seasonally , in response to the availability of resources , and also depending on the scale at which they are viewed . Dispersion usually takes place at the time of reproduction . Populations within a species are translocated through many methods , including dispersal by people , wind , water and animals . Humans are one of the largest distributors due to the current trends in globalization and the expanse of the transportation industry . For example , large tankers often fill their ballasts with water at one port and empty them in another , causing a wider distribution of aquatic species . There are three basic types of population distribution within an area ... From top to bottom : uniform , random and clumped . Biogeography is the study of the distribution of biodiversity over space and time . It is very useful in understanding species distribution through factors such as speciation , extinction , continental drift , glaciation , variation of sea levels , river capture and available resources . This branch of study not only gives a description of the species distribution , but also a geographical explanation for the distribution of particular species . The traditional biogeographic regions were first modeled by Alfred Wallace in The Geographical Distribution of Animals ( 1876 ) . These were based on the work of Sclater 's terrestrial biogeographic regions . Wallace 's system was based on both birds and vertebrates , including non-flying mammals , which better reflect the natural divisions of the Earth due to their limited dispersal abilities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Clumped distribution 2 Contiguity 3 Regular or uniform distribution 4 Random distribution 5 Species distribution models 6 Abiotic and biotic factors 7 Species Distribution Grids Project 8 Statistical determination of distribution patterns 9 Global warming effects 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links Clumped distribution ( edit ) Clumped distribution is the most common type of dispersion found in nature . In clumped distribution , the distance between neighboring individuals is minimized . This type of distribution is found in environments that are characterized by patchy resources . Animals need certain resources to survive , and when these resources become rare during certain parts of the year animals tend to `` clump '' together around these crucial resources . Individuals might be clustered together in an area due to social factors such as selfish herds and family groups . Organisms that usually serve as prey form clumped distributions in areas where they can hide and detect predators easily . Other causes of clumped distributions are the inability of offspring to independently move from their habitat . This is seen in juvenile animals that are immobile and strongly dependent upon parental care . For example , the bald eagle 's nest of eaglets exhibits a clumped species distribution because all the offspring are in a small subset of a survey area before they learn to fly . Clumped distribution can be beneficial to the individuals in that group . However , in some herbivore cases , such as cows and wildebeests , the vegetation around them can suffer , especially if animals target one plant in particular . Clumped distribution in species acts as a mechanism against predation as well as an efficient mechanism to trap or corner prey . African wild dogs , Lycaon pictus , use the technique of communal hunting to increase their success rate at catching prey . Studies have shown that larger packs of African wild dogs tend to have a greater number of successful kills . A prime example of clumped distribution due to patchy resources is the wildlife in Africa during the dry season ; lions , hyenas , giraffes , elephants , gazelles , and many more animals are clumped by small water sources that are present in the severe dry season . It has also been observed that extinct and threatened species are more likely to be clumped in their distribution on a phylogeny . The reasoning behind this is that they share traits that increase vulnerability to extinction because related taxa are often located within the same broad geographical or habitat types where human - induced threats are concentrated . Using recently developed complete phylogenies for mammalian carnivores and primates it has been shown that the majority of instances threatened species are far from randomly distributed among taxa and phylogenetic clades and display clumped distribution . Contiguity ( edit ) A contiguous distribution is the one in which individuals are closer together than they would be if they were randomly or evenly distributed , i.e. , it is clumped distribution with a single clump . Disjunct distribution is a distribution in which two or more areas of the range of a taxon considerably separated from each other geographically . Regular or uniform distribution ( edit ) Less common than clumped distribution , uniform distribution , also known as even distribution , is evenly spaced . Uniform distributions are found in populations in which the distance between neighboring individuals is maximized . The need to maximize the space between individuals generally arises from competition for a resource such as moisture or nutrients , or as a result of direct social interactions between individuals within the population , such as territoriality . For example , penguins often exhibit uniform spacing by aggressively defending their territory among their neighbors . The burrows of great gerbils for example are also regularly distributed , which can be seen on satellite images . Plants also exhibit uniform distributions , like the creosote bushes in the southwestern region of the United States . Salvia leucophylla is a species in California that naturally grows in uniform spacing . This flower releases chemicals called terpenes which inhibit the growth of other plants around it and results in uniform distribution . This is an example of allelopathy , which is the release of chemicals from plant parts by leaching , root exudation , volatilization , residue decomposition and other processes . Allelopathy can have beneficial , harmful , or neutral effects on surrounding organisms . Some allelochemicals even have selective effects on surrounding organisms ; for example , the tree species Leucaena leucocephala exudes a chemical that inhibits the growth of other plants but not those of its own species , and thus can affect the distribution of specific rival species . Allelopathy usually results in uniform distributions , and its potential to suppress weeds is being researched . Farming and agricultural practices often create uniform distribution in areas where it would not previously exist , for example , orange trees growing in rows on a plantation . Random distribution ( edit ) Random distribution , also known as unpredictable spacing , is the least common form of distribution in nature and occurs when the members of a given species are found in environments in which the position of each individual is independent of the other individuals : they neither attract nor repel one another . Random distribution is rare in nature as biotic factors , such as the interactions with neighboring individuals , and abiotic factors , such as climate or soil conditions , generally cause organisms to be either clustered or spread . Random distribution usually occurs in habitats where environmental conditions and resources are consistent . This pattern of dispersion is characterized by the lack of any strong social interactions between species . For example ; When dandelion seeds are dispersed by wind , random distribution will often occur as the seedlings land in random places determined by uncontrollable factors . Oyster larvae can also travel hundreds of kilometers powered by sea currents , which can result in their random distribution . Species distribution models ( edit ) See also : Environmental niche modelling Species distribution can now be potentially predicted based on the pattern of biodiversity at spatial scales . A general hierarchical model can integrate disturbance , dispersal and population dynamics . Based on factors of dispersal , disturbance , resources limiting climate , and other species distribution , predictions of species distribution can create a bio-climate range , or bio-climate envelope . The envelope can range from a local to a global scale or from a density independence to dependence . The hierarchical model takes into consideration the requirements , impacts or resources as well as local extinctions in disturbance factors . Models can integrate the dispersal / migration model , the disturbance model , and abundance model . Species distribution models ( SDMs ) can be used to assess climate change impacts and conservation management issues . Species distribution models include : presence / absence models , the dispersal / migration models , disturbance models , and abundance models . A prevalent way of creating predicted distribution maps for different species is to reclassify a land cover layer depending on whether or not the species in question would be predicted to habit each cover type . This simple SDM is often modified through the use of range data or ancillary information , such as elevation or water distance . Recent studies have indicated that the grid size used can have an effect on the output of these species distribution models . The standard 50x50 km grid size can select up to 2.89 times more area than when modeled with a 1x1 km grid for the same species . This has several effects on the species conservation planning under climate change predictions ( global climate models , which are frequently used in the creation of species distribution models , usually consist of 50 -- 100 km size grids ) which could lead to over-prediction of future ranges in species distribution modeling . This can result in the misidentification of protected areas intended for a species future habitat . Abiotic and biotic factors ( edit ) The distribution of species into clumped , uniform , or random depends on different abiotic and biotic factors . Any non-living chemical or physical factor in the environment is considered an abiotic factor . There are three main types of abiotic factors : climatic factors consist of sunlight , atmosphere , humidity , temperature , and salinity ; edaphic factors are abiotic factors regarding soil , such as the coarseness of soil , local geology , soil pH , and aeration ; and social factors include land use and water availability . An example of the effects of abiotic factors on species distribution can be seen in drier areas , where most individuals of a species will gather around water sources , forming a clumped distribution . Biotic factors , such as predation , disease , and competition for resources such as food , water , and mates , can also affect how a species is distributed . A biotic factor is any behavior of an organism that affects another organism , such as a predator consuming its prey . For example , biotic factors in a quail 's environment would include their prey ( insects and seeds ) , competition from other quail , and their predators , such as the coyote . An advantage of a herd , community , or other clumped distribution allows a population to detect predators earlier , at a greater distance , and potentially mount an effective defense . Due to limited resources , populations may be evenly distributed to minimize competition , as is found in forests , where competition for sunlight produces an even distribution of trees . Species distribution Grids project ( edit ) The Species Distribution Grids Project is an effort led out of the University of Columbia to create maps and databases of the whereabouts of various animal species . This work is centered on preventing deforestation and prioritizing areas based on species richness . As of April 2009 , data are available for global amphibian distributions , as well as birds and mammals in the Americas . The map gallery Gridded Species Distribution contains sample maps for the Species Grids data set . These maps are not inclusive but rather contain a representative sample of the types of data available for download : Species richness map ( amphibians ) Species richness map ( birds ) Species richness map ( mammals ) Statistical determination of distribution patterns ( edit ) There are various ways to determine the distribution pattern of species . The Clark -- Evans nearest neighbor method can be used to determine if a distribution is clumped , uniform , or random . To utilize the Clark -- Evans nearest neighbor method , researchers examine a population of a single species . The distance of an individual to its nearest neighbor is recorded for each individual in the sample . For two individuals that are each other 's nearest neighbor , the distance is recorded twice , once for each individual . To receive accurate results , it is suggested that the number of distance measurements is at least 50 . The average distance between nearest neighbors is compared to the expected distance in the case of random distribution to give the ratio : R = ( mean distance ) × 2 density ( \ displaystyle R = ( ( \ text ( mean distance ) ) ) \ times 2 ( \ sqrt ( \ text ( density ) ) ) ) If this ratio R is equal to 1 , then the population is randomly dispersed . If R is significantly greater than 1 , the population is evenly dispersed . Lastly , if R is significantly less than 1 , the population is clumped . Statistical tests ( such as t - test , chi squared , etc . ) can then be used to determine whether R is significantly different from 1 . The variance / mean ratio method focuses mainly on determining whether a species fits a randomly spaced distribution , but can also be used as evidence for either an even or clumped distribution . To utilize the Variance / Mean ratio method , data is collected from several random samples of a given population . In this analysis , it is imperative that data from at least 50 sample plots is considered . The number of individuals present in each sample is compared to the expected counts in the case of random distribution . The expected distribution can be found using Poisson distribution . If the variance / mean ratio is equal to 1 , the population is found to be randomly distributed . If it is significantly greater than 1 , the population is found to be clumped distribution . Finally , if the ratio is significantly less than 1 , the population is found to be evenly distributed . Typical statistical tests used to find the significance of the variance / mean ratio include Student 's t - test and chi squared . However , many researchers believe that species distribution models based on statistical analysis , without including ecological models and theories , are too incomplete for prediction . Instead of conclusions based on presence - absence data , probabilities that convey the likelihood a species will occupy a given area are more preferred because these models include an estimate of confidence in the likelihood of the species being present / absent . Additionally , they are also more valuable than data collected based on simple presence or absence because models based on probability allow the formation of spatial maps that indicates how likely a species is to be found in a particular area . Similar areas can then be compared to see how likely it is that a species will occur there also ; this leads to a relationship between habitat suitability and species occurrence . Global warming effects ( edit ) Researchers from the Arctic Ocean Diversity ( ARCOD ) project have documented rising numbers of warm - water crustaceans in the seas around Norway 's Svalbard Islands . Arcod is part of the Census of Marine Life , a huge 10 - year project involving researchers in more than 80 nations that aims to chart the diversity , distribution and abundance of life in the oceans . Marine Life has become largely affected by increasing effects of global warming . This study shows that as the ocean temperatures rise species are beginning to travel into the cold and harsh Arctic waters . Even the Snow Crab has extended its range 500 km north . See also ( edit ) Range ( biology ) Cosmopolitan distribution Occupancy frequency distribution Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Creel , N.M. and S. ( 1995 ) . `` Communal Hunting and Pack Size in African Wild Dogs , Lycaon pictus '' . Animal Behaviour. 50 : 1325 -- 1339 . doi : 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 ( 95 ) 80048 - 4 . Jump up ^ Purvis , A ; Agapowe , P-M ; Gittleman , JL ; Mace , GM ( 2000 ) . `` Non-random extinction and the loss of evolutionary history '' . Science . 288 : 328 -- 330 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 288.5464. 328 . Jump up ^ `` Aggregated / clumped / contiguous distribution '' , Jump up ^ Wilschut , L.I ; Laudisoit , A. ; Hughes , N.K ; Addink , E.A. ; de Jong , S.M. ; Heesterbeek , J.A.P. ; Reijniers , J. ; Eagle , S. ; Dubyanskiy , V.M. ; Begon , M. ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Spatial distribution patterns of plague hosts : point pattern analysis of the burrows of great gerbils in Kazakhstan '' . Journal of Biogeography. 42 ( 7 ) : 1281 -- 1292 . doi : 10.1111 / jbi. 12534 . PMC 4737218 . Jump up ^ Wilschut , L.I ; Addink , E.A. ; Heesterbeek , J.A.P. ; Dubyanskiy , V.M ; Davis , S.A. ; Laudisoit , A. ; Begon , M. ; Burdelov , L.A. ; Atshabar , B.B. ; de Jong , S.M. ( 2013 ) . `` Mapping the distribution of the main host for plague in a complex landscape in Kazakhstan : An object - based approach using SPOT - 5 XS , Landsat 7 ETM+ , SRTM and multiple Random Forests '' . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 23 : 81 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jag. 2012.11. 007 . Jump up ^ Mauseth , James ( 2008 ) . Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology . Jones and Bartlett Publishers . p. 596 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 5345 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fergusen , J.J ; Rathinasabapathi , B ( 2003 ) . `` Allelopathy : How Plants Suppress Other Plants '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Species Distribution Modeling '' . Jump up ^ `` Biotic factor '' . Jump up ^ Campbell , Reece . Biology . eight edition Jump up ^ `` Abiotic factor '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Philip J. Clark and Francis C. Evans ( Oct 1954 ) . `` Distance to Nearest Neighbor as a Measure of Spatial Relationships in Populations '' . Ecology . Ecological Society of America . 35 ( 4 ) : 445 -- 453 . doi : 10.2307 / 1931034 . Jump up ^ Blackith , R.E. ( 1958 ) . Nearest - Neighbour Distance Measurements for the Estimation of Animal Populations . Ecology . pp. 147 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , B. ( 1976 ) . Variance to mean ratio and the spatial distribution of animals . Birkhäuser Basel . pp. 993 -- 994 . Jump up ^ Ormerod , S.J. ; Vaughan , I.P. ( 2005 ) . `` The continuing challenges of testing species distribution models '' . Journal of Applied Ecology. 42 ( 4 ) : 720 -- 730 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2664.2005. 01052. x . External links ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20081216143504/http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/range556/Appl_BEHAVE/projects/livestock_distribution.html http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~susan/courses/s116/node31.html Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Parasitism Storage effect Symbiosis Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Species_distribution&oldid=843128060 '' Categories : Ecology Population genetics Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from May 2018 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 02 : 08 . 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8829968447078083476 | Hanna (film) | Hanna ( film ) - Wikipedia Hanna ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Hanna Pre-release US poster Directed by Joe Wright Produced by Leslie Holleran Marty Adelstein Scott Nemes Screenplay by Seth Lochhead David Farr Story by Seth Lochhead Starring Saoirse Ronan Eric Bana Cate Blanchett Music by The Chemical Brothers Cinematography Alwin H. Küchler Edited by Paul Tothill Production company Babelsberg Studio Focus Features Holleran Company Distributed by Focus Features Sony Pictures Release date 8 April 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) ( United States ) 6 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) ( United Kingdom ) 26 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 26 ) ( Germany ) Running time 111 minutes Country Germany United Kingdom United States Finland Language English German Budget $30 million Box office $65.3 million Hanna is a 2011 action adventure thriller film that contains some prominent fairy tale elements , directed by Joe Wright . The film stars Saoirse Ronan as the title character , a girl raised in the wilderness of northern Finland by her father , an ex-CIA operative ( Eric Bana ) , who trains her as an assassin . Cate Blanchett is a senior CIA agent who tries to track down and eliminate the girl and her father . The soundtrack was written by The Chemical Brothers . Hanna was released in North America in April 2011 and in Europe in May 2011 . The film received a positive response from most critics , with reviewers praising the performances of Ronan and Blanchett as well as the action sequences and themes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Main cast 3 Pre-production 4 Production 5 Themes and motifs 6 Reception 7 Awards and nominations 8 Soundtrack 9 TV series 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Hanna Heller ( Saoirse Ronan ) is a 15 - year - old girl who lives with her father , Erik Heller ( Eric Bana ) in rural northern Finland , near Kuusamo . The film opens with her hunting and killing a reindeer . Since the age of two , Hanna has been trained by Erik , an ex-CIA operative from Germany , to be a skilled assassin . He teaches her hand - to - hand combat and drills her in target shooting . He left the agency , going incognito into the Arctic . Erik knows a secret that can not become public , and Marissa Wiegler ( Cate Blanchett ) , a senior CIA officer , searches for him in order to eliminate him . Erik has trained Hanna with the intent that she will kill Marissa . Due to her upbringing in the wilderness , she is unfamiliar with many aspects of modern civilisation despite having read encyclopedias . One night , Hanna tells Erik that she is `` ready '' to face their enemies . Erik digs up a radio beacon that eventually will alert the CIA to their presence . Although he warns Hanna that a confrontation with Marissa will be fatal for either her or Marissa , he leaves the final decision to Hanna , who activates the beacon . Erik leaves , instructing her to meet him in Berlin . A CIA special forces team arrives to capture Hanna and Erik , but Erik is already gone and , while Hanna kills two soldiers , the rest of the soldiers assume Erik killed them before escaping . Hanna is taken to an underground CIA complex where Marissa , being suspicious , sends a body double ( Michelle Dockery ) to talk to Hanna . While talking to the double , Hanna starts to cry and crawls sobbing into the lap of the double , which makes her captors uneasy . They send some guards to her cell to sedate her . As they enter the cell , Hanna kills the double along with some of the guards and escapes . In a flashback , Marissa is seen firing at a car that is carrying Hanna 's mother Johanna , two - year - old Hanna , and Erik . The car crashes but the trio flees . Marissa shoots Johanna , but Erik escapes with Hanna into the woods . Hanna finds herself on the run in the Moroccan desert , where she meets bohemian English couple Sebastian ( Jason Flemyng ) and Rachel ( Olivia Williams ) , who are on a camper - van holiday with their teenage daughter , Sophie ( Jessica Barden ) , and their younger son , Miles ( Aldo Maland ) . She stows away in the family 's camper - van on the ferry ride to Spain , seeking to reach Berlin . The family is kind to her , and she and Sophie become friends , even sharing a kiss together . Marissa hires Isaacs ( Tom Hollander ) , a sadistic former agent , to capture Hanna . Hanna travels with the family as they drive north through France . Isaacs and two skinheads trail them and eventually corner Hanna and the family near Hamburg , but she manages to escape , killing one of the assailants . Marissa catches up with the British family and during interrogation finds out that Hanna is heading to Berlin . Arriving at the address that Erik had given her , Hanna meets with Knepfler ( Martin Wuttke ) , an eccentric old magician and a friend of Erik 's , who lives in an abandoned amusement park . Hanna plans a rendezvous with her father . However , Marissa and Isaacs arrive . Hanna escapes , but overhears comments that suggest Erik is not her biological father . Later , Hanna goes to her grandmother 's apartment where she finds Erik , who has unsuccessfully tried to kill Marissa in her hotel room . Hanna 's grandmother has been murdered by Marissa . Erik admits to Hanna that he is not her biological father . He once recruited pregnant women into a CIA program where their children 's DNA was enhanced in order to create super-soldiers . After the project was shut down , its subjects were eliminated . Marissa and Isaacs arrive , intent on killing them ; Erik acts as a distraction to allow Hanna to escape . Erik kills Isaacs in a fight , but is shot by Marissa , who goes to Knepfler 's house . Hanna is there , having just discovered Knepfler tortured to death by Isaacs . They wound each other and eventually Marissa becomes disoriented from her wound and falls down a chute , losing her pistol . Hanna picks up the gun and kills Marissa , echoing the deer hunting scene from the start of the film . Main cast ( edit ) Saoirse Ronan as Hanna Heller Eric Bana as Erik Heller Cate Blanchett as Marissa Wiegler Jessica Barden as Sophie Aldo Maland as Miles Tom Hollander as Isaacs Olivia Williams as Rachel Jason Flemyng as Sebastian Michelle Dockery as False Marissa Vicky Krieps as Johanna Zadek Martin Wuttke as Knepfler ( Mr. Grimm ) Sebastian Hulk as Titch Mohammed Majd Pre-production ( edit ) The film 's story and script were written by Seth Lochhead while a student at Vancouver Film School . He wrote the original story and script on spec , and finalized the script in 2006 , with David Farr providing later changes . Danny Boyle and Alfonso Cuarón were previously attached to direct the film , before it was confirmed that Joe Wright would direct , after Ronan prompted the producers to consider him . Production ( edit ) The film was co-produced by the US Holleran Company and German Studio Babelsberg , with financial support from various German film funds and the main distributor , Focus Features , which holds the copyright to the film . Most of the filming was done at Studio Babelsberg in Berlin , but locations also included Lake Kitka in Kuusamo , Finland , several German locations ( including Bad Tölz , the water bridge at Magdeburg , Köhlbrandbrücke and Reeperbahn in Hamburg , and various sites in Berlin , such as Kottbusser Tor , Görlitzer Bahnhof and Spreepark ) , as well as Ouarzazate and Essaouira in Morocco . Temperatures during the Finland shoot sometimes fell as low as − 33 ° C ( − 27 ° F ) , but Ronan said `` Finland did bring out the fairy tale aspects of the story . We were shooting on a frozen lake , surrounded by pine trees covered in snow '' . Themes and motifs ( edit ) Reviewers remarked that the setting and style of Hanna significantly depart from a typical action movie . According to the official website , the film has `` elements of dark fairy tales '' woven into an `` adventure thriller '' . Joe Wright , the director , has said that the movie 's theme is a `` fantasy '' about `` overcoming the dark side '' during the `` rites of passage '' of adolescent maturation when a child transforms and `` has to go into the world '' . He said that he was influenced by personal exposure every day as he grew up to `` violent , dark , cautionary fairy tales '' that `` prepare children for the future obstacles in the wider world '' , as well as his `` deep love for the mystical qualities of David Lynch movies '' , by the patterns of narrative that he prefers because of his dyslexia , and by working as a child in his parents ' puppetry company . In an interview with Film School Rejects , Wright acknowledged David Lynch as a major influence on Hanna and also pointed to The Chemical Brothers ' score : `` You can expect an extraordinarily loud , thumping , deeply funky score that will not disappoint '' . The music , including The Devil Is In The Beats and The Devil Is In The Details , underscores the movie 's style , recalling Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange with musical motifs consistent with Wright 's `` fairy tale theme '' of childhood innocence confronting the modern `` synthetic '' world . Several reviewers have commented that the movie has a hyper - stylized Kubrickian tone , reminiscent of A Clockwork Orange . The `` Kubrick-esque '' style includes Isaacs ' `` gleeful sadism ... at times darkly comedic , '' a whistling villain reminiscent of Alex DeLarge . Joe Wright 's `` love of fairy tales and David Lynch movies '' was seen as blending A Clockwork Orange and the work of the Brothers Grimm . Richard Roeper judged it to be a `` surreal fairy tale '' with `` omnipresent symbolism '' . Matt Goldberg said it was `` an effective and surreal dark fairy tale '' ... `` with a dreamlike sensibility ... Everything in the picture is slightly askew and provides immediacy to Hanna 's offbeat coming - of - age tale ... a film that refuses to exist solely in the realm of reality or fairy tale ... ' gritty ' realism simply is n't worthy of the story he 's trying to tell . '' Fairy tale motifs are strewn through the film . In the `` tightly - edited patchwork of visual iconography , allusion and symbolism '' Wiegler is equated with the Big Bad Wolf or the queen in Snow White . `` Classic fairy tale movie tropes abound ; '' for example , the camera spins in obvious circles as Hanna makes her escape from the underground government facility early in the film , `` just as the young heroine 's world is spinning out of control . '' Peter Bradshaw found the fairy tale mythology `` unsubtle '' . Conversely , some reviewers did not comment on the fairy tale elements , and others did so with expressive reservation . Kyle Munkittrick of Discover magazine notes that Hanna is a `` transhumanist hero '' . Despite being genetically engineered to have `` high intelligence , muscle mass , and no pity '' , she is still a good - natured person . He says Hanna , `` symbolizes the contest between genetics and environment '' , or , `` perhaps more familiarly , nature versus nurture '' . Reception ( edit ) Hanna received mostly positive reviews ; it has a 71 % favorable rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 212 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Fantastic acting and crisply choreographed action sequences propel this unique , cool take on the revenge thriller '' . On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 65 / 100 based on 40 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Justin Chang of Variety said that Hanna is `` an exuberantly crafted chase thriller that pulses with energy from its adrenaline - pumping first minutes to its muted bang of a finish '' . Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four , commenting `` Wright combines his two genres into a stylish exercise that perversely includes some sentiment and insight '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian , on the other hand , gave the film two stars out of five , stating `` With its wicked - witch performance from Cate Blanchett , its derivative premise , its bland Europudding location work and some frankly outrageous boredom , this will test everyone 's patience . '' Kenneth Turan , of the Los Angeles Times , stated that the film `` starts off like a house afire but soon burns itself out '' , adding that even though the film is `` ( b ) lessed with considerable virtues , including a clever concept , crackling filmmaking and a charismatic star , it ultimately squanders all of them , undone by an unfortunate lack of subtlety and restraint '' . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Hanna came in second place at the U.S. box office in its first weekend behind Hop . When the film closed on 7 July 2011 , it had grossed $40.3 million in North America and $25.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $65.3 million . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Film Music or Score The Chemical Brothers Won Kick Ass Award for Best Female Action Star Saoirse Ronan Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Original Score Ed Simons , Tom Rowlands ( The Chemical Brothers ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Roland Winke ( production mixer ) , Christopher Scarabosio , Craig Berkey ( re-recording mixers ) , Andrew Dudman ( scoring mixer ) Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Hanna Nominated Best Young Performer Saoirse Ronan Nominated Empire Awards Best Thriller Hanna Nominated International Cinephile Society Best Original Score The Chemical Brothers Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Breakout Composer of the Year The Chemical Brothers Nominated Irish Film & Television Academy Best Actress - Film Saoirse Ronan Won London Film Critics ' Circle Young British Performer of the Year Saoirse Ronan Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Music Tom Rowlands , Ed Simons ( The Chemical Brothers ) Won MTV Movie Awards Best Music The Chemical Brothers ( for `` The Devil Is in the Details '' ) Nominated Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Saoirse Ronan Nominated Scream Awards Best Thriller Hanna Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Actress Saoirse Ronan Nominated Best Supporting Actress Cate Blanchett Nominated Best Original Screenplay Seth Lochhead , David Farr Nominated Best Scene Hanna ( Hanna 's escape from captivity sequence ) Nominated World Soundtrack Academy Discovery of the Year Tom Rowlands , Ed Simons ( The Chemical Brothers ) Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress Saoirse Ronan Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Hanna ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack album features a score composed by the British big beat duo , The Chemical Brothers . TV series ( edit ) In March 2017 , David Farr will write a TV series based on the film . On May 23 , 2017 , Amazon officially ordered the series to production . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hanna ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : BFI : Hanna Linked 25 March 2014 ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Hanna '' . Variety . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hanna ( 2011 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Goundry ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` Joe Wright puts locations first filming Hanna in Germany , Finland and Morocco '' . The Location Guide . Jump up ^ Steve ' Frosty ' Weintraub ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` Saoirse Ronan Video Interview HANNA '' . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Saoirse Ronan in Joe Wright 's Hanna '' . / Film . Jump up ^ Hanna screenplay , page 33 , scene 81 Re-linked 25 March 2014 Jump up ^ The Vancouver Sun , 7 April 2011 : Vancouver Film School helped Seth Lochhead realize his ambition for big thriller Hanna Re-linked 25 March 2014 Jump up ^ Vancouver Film School , 27 August 2007 , Seth Lochhead blog : The Year of Living Famously Re-linked 25 March 2014 ^ Jump up to : Foucus Features : Hanna Re-linked 25 March 2014 Jump up ^ Weinberg , Scott ( 17 November 2009 ) . `` Joe Wright to Tackle Action With ' Hanna ' '' . blog.moviefone.com . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Mark ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` Cineplex Movie Blog -- Saoirse Ronan and Eric Bana talk Hanna '' . cineplex.com . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Wright Interview - Hanna and Anna Karenina '' . about.com. 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Raup , Jordan ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` New Images & First Clip From Joe Wright 's ' Hanna ' '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Alex Albrecht , Dan Trachtenberg , Jeff Cannata . The Totally Rad Show ( 10 April 2011 ) Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Christy Lemire ( AP critic and host of Ebert Presents at the Movies ) , Matt Atchity ( editor - in - chief of Rottentomatoes.com ) and Ben Mankiewicz ( host of Turner Classic Movies ) on TYT Network ( 7 April 2011 ) Video on YouTube ^ Jump up to : John Hiscock The Telegraph ( 22 Apr 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Joe ( 12 October 2010 ) . `` New York Comic Con : Joe Wright on His Action Fairy Tale ' Hanna ' '' . Film School Rejects . Jump up ^ CHARTattack Robot Song Of The Day . The Chemical Brothers ' `` The Devil Is In The Beats '' ( 22 March 2011 ) Chartattack.com Jump up ^ Hanna Soundtrack - Chemical Brothers - The Devil Is In The Beats on YouTube Jump up ^ Hanna Soundtrack - Chemical Brothers - The Devil Is In The Details on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Jurgensen , John ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` In ' Hanna ' , The Chemical Brothers Get a Piece of the Action '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Edward Douglas . Hanna movie review . ComingSoon.com ^ Jump up to : Movie Review : ' Hanna ' ( 14 April 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : James Berardinelli . Reelviews. ( April 5 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Saoirse Ronan Hanna Interview '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 5 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` Hanna '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper Reelz Channel on YouTube Jump up ^ Matt Goldberg . Hanna Review . collider.com ( April 8th , 2011 at 8 : 47 am ) ^ Jump up to : Todd McCarthy . Hanna : Movie Review March 30 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : James Mottram . Meet the new Hit Girl on the block . totalfilm.com ^ Jump up to : Kofi Outlaw . Hanna review . Screenrant. ( Apr 8 , 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Manohla Dargis ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Daddy 's Lethal Girl Ventures Into the Big , Bad World '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw . Hanna -- review . Guardian . ( Thursday 5 May 2011 ) Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` Movie review : ' Hanna ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Hanna '' . Time Out . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` ' Hanna ' review : Bogus premise , but Ronan great '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` SFF 2011 - HANNA review '' . Twitchfilm.com. 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sukhdev Sandhu ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Hanna , review '' . UK : The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Munkittrick , Kyle . `` Hanna : A Transhuman Tragedy of Nature vs Nurture '' . Discover Magazine : Science not Fiction . Kalmbach Publishing Co . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hanna ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hanna Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Hanna '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Hanna '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` Movie review : ' Hanna ' A clever concept and gifted cast , led by Saoirse Ronan , ca n't offset a lack of subtlety and restraint '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` ' Hanna ' Edges Out ' Arthur ' for No. 2 Box Office Spot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` 2011 EDA Awards Winners '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Chicago Film Critics Awards '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hanna , ' ' Hugo ' and ' Moneyball ' Nominated for Cinema Audio Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2012 ) -- Best Picture : The Artist '' . Broadcast Films Critics Association . 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Thriller '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Separation , ' ' Mysteries of Lisbon ' Top International Cinephile Society Nominations '' . Indiewire. 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2011 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Guard wins big at the Irish Film And Television Awards '' . Screen International . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Drive , ' ' Tinker Tailor ' lead London Film Critics nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . 20 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Film Critics Awards Names ' The Descendants ' Best Film of the Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 11 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards Nominations : ' Bridesmaids , ' ' Hunger Games ' Top the List '' . TheWrap. 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn nominees feature ' Captain America , ' ' Harry Potter , ' ' Hugo , ' ' Ghost Protocol , ' ' Super 8 ' and ' Tintin ' '' . HitFix. 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Scream Awards nominees : ' Harry Potter , ' ' X-Men : First Class , ' lead with 14 nods each '' . New York Daily News . 7 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Artist ' Leads Houston and St. Louis Film Critics Awards '' . Indiewire. 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Brothers , Henry Jackman Among World Soundtrack Awards Nominees '' . Billboard. 6 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Award . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` TV Series Based On Joe Wright 's ' Hanna ' In The Works '' . The Playlist . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Amazon Orders ' Hanna ' TV Adaptation to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Hanna on IMDb Hanna at AllMovie Hanna at Box Office Mojo Hanna at Rotten Tomatoes Hanna at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Joe Wright Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) The Soloist ( 2009 ) Hanna ( 2011 ) Anna Karenina ( 2012 ) Pan ( 2015 ) Darkest Hour ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanna_(film)&oldid=795674121 '' Categories : 2011 films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films American action thriller films American adventure films American adventure thriller films American films Babelsberg Studio films British action thriller films British films Chase films English - language films Fictional genetically engineered characters Films about the Central Intelligence Agency Films directed by Joe Wright Films set in Berlin Films set in Finland Films set in France Films set in Germany Films set in Lille Films set in Morocco Films set in Spain Films shot in Finland Films shot in Germany Films shot in Morocco Films shot in Spain Finnish films Focus Features films Genetic engineering in fiction German films Survivalism Techno - thriller films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 19 : 27 . 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2881145104948450484 | European theatre of World War II | European theatre of World War II - wikipedia European theatre of World War II Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a World War II geographical area . For any of the articles on the European history of World War II , see Outline of World War II and Lists of World War II topics . For the respective U.S. military command , see European Theater of Operations , United States Army . Second European War Part of World War II Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Italy . Date 1 September 1939 -- 8 May 1945 Location Europe and adjoining regions . Result Decisive Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Collapse of Fascist Italy End of World War II in Europe Beginning of the Iron Curtain and the Cold War Belligerents Allies : Soviet Union ( from 1941 ) United States ( from 1941 ) United Kingdom Canada Australia India New Zealand South Africa France ( 1939 -- 40 ) Free France ( 1940 -- 1944 ) France ( from 1944 ) Poland Yugoslavia Liberation Army Greece Czechoslovakia Belgium Netherlands Norway Brazil Denmark Luxembourg Former Axis powers or co-belligerents Italy ( from 1943 ) Romania ( from 1944 ) Bulgaria ( from 1944 ) Finland ( from 1944 ) Hungary ( from 1945 ) Supported by Portugal ( from 1943 ) Finland ( 1939 - 40 ) Latvia ( 1940 ) Estonia ( 1940 ) Lithuania ( 1940 ) Romania ( 1940 ) Axis : Nazi Germany Italy ( until 1943 ) Romania ( 1940 - 1944 ) Hungary ( until 1945 ) Bulgaria ( until 1944 ) Axis puppet states Italian Social Republic ( from 1943 ) Hungary ( from 1944 ) Slovakia Hellenic State ( from 1941 ) Croatia ( from 1941 ) Serbia ( from 1941 ) Albania ( from 1943 ) Co-belligerents Finland ( 1941 - 44 ) Supported by Spain ( 1941 - 44 ) Chetniks ( from 1943 ) Vichy France ( 1940 - 1944 ) Soviet Union ( 1939 - 41 ) Commanders and leaders Joseph Stalin Winston Churchill Franklin D. Roosevelt Albert Lebrun Władysław Raczkiewicz Slobodan Jovanović Josip Broz Tito Emmanouil Tsouderos John Curtin W.L. Mackenzie King Victor Hope Peter Fraser Jan Smuts Edvard Beneš Hubert Pierlot Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy Charles de Gaulle Johan Nygaardsvold Getúlio Vargas Christian X of Denmark Pierre Dupong Pietro Badoglio Constantin Sănătescu Kimon Georgiev Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Béla Miklós António de Oliveira Salazar Kyösti Kallio Kārlis Ulmanis Konstantin Päts Antanas Smetona Carol II Adolf Hitler / Benito Mussolini Ion Antonescu Miklós Horthy Boris III Ferenc Szálasi Jozef Tiso Georgios Tsolakoglou Ante Pavelić Milan Nedić Rexhep Mitrovica Risto Ryti Francisco Franco Draža Mihailović Philippe Pétain Joseph Stalin Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion The European theatre of World War II , also known as the Second European War , was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe , from Germany 's and the Soviet Union 's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering most of Eastern Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 ( Victory in Europe Day ) . The Allied forces fought the Axis powers on two major fronts ( the Eastern Front and Western Front ) as well as in a massive air war and the adjoining Mediterranean and Middle East theatre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preceding events 2 Outbreak of war in Europe 3 Germany and the USSR Partition Northern Europe 4 War comes to the west 5 Air war 6 Mediterranean and Balkans 7 Eastern Front 7.1 Initial Soviet retreat 7.2 Summer campaign of 1942 and Stalingrad 7.3 Battles after Stalingrad 7.4 Effects of the Eastern Front 8 Allied invasion of occupied France 9 End of the war in Europe 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Preceding events ( edit ) Main articles : Events preceding World War II in Europe and Causes of World War II Germany was defeated in World War I , and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country , including significant financial reparations , the loss of territory ( some only temporarily ) , war guilt , military weakening and limitation , and economic weakening . Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations . Many Germans blamed their country 's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty 's conditions . These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power , with Hitler 's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . After Hitler took Germany out of the League of Nations , Mussolini of Fascist Italy and Hitler formed the Rome - Berlin axis , under a treaty known as the Pact of Steel . Later , the Empire of Japan , under the government of Hideki Tojo , would also join as an Axis power . Japan and Germany had already signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1939 , to counter the perceived threat of the communism of the Soviet Union . Other smaller powers also later joined the Axis throughout the war . Outbreak of War in Europe ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Poland Germany and the Soviet Union were sworn enemies , but following the Munich Agreement , which effectively handed over Czechoslovakia ( a French and Soviet ally , and the only remaining presidential democracy in Central Europe ) to Germany , political realities allowed the Soviet Union to sign a non-aggression pact ( the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact ) including a secret clause partitioning Poland , the Baltic Republics and Finland between the two spheres of influence . Full - scale war in Europe began at dawn on 1 September 1939 , when Germany used her newly formed Blitzkrieg tactics and military strength to invade Poland , to which both the United Kingdom and France had pledged protection and independence guarantees . On 3 September 1939 , Britain and France declared war on Germany and British troops were sent to France , however neither French nor British troops gave any significant assistance to the Poles during the entire invasion , and the German -- French border , excepting the Saar Offensive , remained mostly calm , this period of the war is commonly known as the Phoney War . On 17 September the Soviet forces joined the invasion of Poland , although remaining neutral with respect to Western powers . The Polish government evacuated the country for Romania . Poland fell within five weeks , with its last large operational units surrendering on October 5 after the Battle of Kock . As the Polish September Campaign ended , Hitler offered to Britain and France peace on the basis of recognition of German European continental dominance . On 12 October the United Kingdom formally refused . Despite the quick campaign in the east , along the Franco - German frontier the war settled into a quiet period . This relatively non-confrontational and mostly non-fighting period between the major powers lasted until May 10 , 1940 , and was known as the Phoney War . Germany and the USSR partition northern Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Winter War , Norwegian Campaign , and Operation Weserübung Finnish soldiers during the Winter War Several other countries , however , were drawn into the conflict at this time . By 28 September 1939 , the three Baltic Republics felt they had no choice but to permit Soviet bases and troops on their territory . The Baltic Republics were occupied by the Soviet army in June 1940 , and finally annexed to the Soviet Union in August 1940 . The Soviet Union wanted to annex Finland and offered a union agreement , but Finland rejected it , which caused the Soviet Union to attack Finland on November 30 . This began the Winter War . After five months of hard fighting , Finns were only pushed from a strip of land bordering Russia , in spite of Soviet numerical superiority , the Soviet Union gave up attempts to subdue the whole country . In the Moscow Peace Treaty of 12 March 1940 , Finland ceded 10 % of her territory . The Finns were embittered over having lost more land in the peace than on the battlefields , and over the perceived lack of world sympathy . Meanwhile , in western Scandinavia , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 , and in response , Britain occupied the Faroe Islands ( a Danish territory ) and invaded and occupied Iceland ( a sovereign nation with the King of Denmark as its monarch ) . Sweden was able to remain neutral . War comes to the west ( edit ) Main articles : Western Front ( World War II ) , Battle of France , Battle of Britain , and The Blitz German troops in Paris after the fall of France . On 10 May the Phoney War ended with a sweeping German invasion of the neutral Low Countries of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg , and into France bypassing the French fortifications of the Maginot Line along the border with Germany . After overrunning The Netherlands , Belgium , and Luxembourg , Germany turned against France , entering the country through the Ardennes on May 13 -- the French had left this area less well defended , believing its terrain to be impassable for tanks and other vehicles . Most Allied forces were in Flanders , anticipating a re-run of the World War I Schlieffen Plan , and were cut off from the French mainland . As a result of this , and also the superior German communications and tactics , the Battle of France was shorter than virtually all pre-war Allied thought could have conceived . It lasted six weeks , including the Luftwaffe bombing of Paris June 3 . On 10 June Italy declared war on both France and the United Kingdom , but did not gain any significant success in this campaign . The French government fled Paris , and soon , France surrendered on 22 June . In order to further the humiliation of the French people and the country itself , Hitler arranged for the surrender document to be signed in the Forest of Compiègne , in the same railway coach where the German surrender had been signed in 1918 . The surrender divided France into two major parts ; the northern part under German control , and a southern part under French control , based at Vichy and referred to as Vichy France , a rump state friendly to Germany . Many French soldiers , as well as those of other occupied countries , escaped to Britain . The General de Gaulle proclaimed himself the legitimate leader of Free France and vowed to continue to fight . Following the unexpected swift victory , Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . Vyacheslav Molotov , the Foreign Policy Minister of the USSR , which was tied with Soviet -- German non-aggression treaty , congratulated the Germans : `` We hand over the most cordial congratulations by the Soviet government on the occasion of splendid success of German Wehrmacht . Guderian 's tanks broke through to the sea near Abbeville , powered by Soviet fuel , the German bombs , that razed Rotterdam to the ground , were filled with Soviet pyroxylin , and bullet cases , which hit the British soldiers retreating from Dunkirk , were cast of Soviet cupronickel alloy ... '' Later , on 24 April 1941 , the USSR gave full diplomatic recognition to the Vichy government situated in the non-occupied zone in France . Thus , the fall of France left Britain and the Commonwealth to stand alone . The British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , resigned during the battle and was replaced by Winston Churchill . Fortunately for Britain , much of its army escaped capture from the northern French port of Dunkirk , where hundreds ( if not thousands ) of tiny civilian boats were used to ferry troops from the beaches to the waiting warships . There is much debate over whether German Panzer divisions could have defeated these soldiers alone if they had pressed forward , since the tank divisions were overextended and would require extensive refitting ; in any case , Hitler elected to follow the advice of the leader of German air forces Hermann Göring and allow the Luftwaffe alone to attack the Allied forces until German infantry was able to advance , giving the British a window for the evacuation . Later , many of the evacuated troops would form an important part and the center of the army that landed at Normandy on D - Day . The British rejected several covert German attempts to negotiate a peace . Germany massed their air force in northern German - occupied France to prepare the way for a possible invasion , codenamed Operation Seelöwe ( `` Sea Lion '' ) , deeming that air superiority was essential for the invasion . The operations of the Luftwaffe against the Royal Air Force became known as the Battle of Britain . Initially the Luftwaffe concentrated on destroying the RAF on the ground and in the air . They later switched to bombing major and large industrial British cities in the Blitz , in an attempt to draw RAF fighters out and defeat them completely . Neither approach was successful in reducing the RAF to the point where air superiority could be obtained , and plans for an invasion were suspended by September 1940 . During the Blitz , all of Britain 's major industrial , cathedral , and political cites were heavily bombed . London suffered particularly , being bombed each night for several months . Other targets included Birmingham and Coventry , and strategically important cities , such as the naval base at Plymouth and the port of Kingston upon Hull . With no land forces in direct conflict in Europe , the war in the air attracted worldwide attention even as sea units fought the Battle of the Atlantic and a number of British commando raids hit targets in occupied Europe . Churchill famously said of the RAF personnel who fought in the battle : `` Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few '' . Air War ( edit ) The RAF Supermarine Spitfire , used extensively during the Battle of Britain . This section needs expansion with : aerial warfare on the Eastern Front and Soviet - based air operations . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2013 ) The air war in the European theatre commenced in 1939 . Pre-war doctrine had held that waves of bombers hitting enemy cities would cause mass panic and the rapid collapse of the enemy . As a result , the Royal Air Force had built up a large strategic bomber force . By way of contrast , Nazi German air force doctrine was almost totally dedicated to supporting the army . Therefore , German bombers were smaller than their British equivalents , and Germany never developed a fully successful four engined heavy bomber equivalent to the Lancaster or B - 17 , with only the similarly sized Heinkel He 177 placed into production and made operational for such duties with the Luftwaffe in the later war years . The main concentration of German raids on British cities was from 7 September 1940 until 10 May 1941 in the most famous air battle of all time , known as the Battle of Britain . Facing odds of four against one the RAF held off the Luftwaffe , forcing Hermann Wilhelm Göring to withdraw his forces and more importantly indefinitely postpone invasion plans . This proved the first major turning point of the War . After that most of the strength of the Luftwaffe was diverted to the war against the Soviet Union leaving German cities vulnerable to British and later American air bombings . As a result of the victory , Great Britain was used by U.S and other Allied forces as a base from which to begin the D - Day landings in June 1944 and the liberation of Nazi - occupied Western Europe . Nevertheless , German raids continued on British cities albeit on a smaller and less destructive scale for the rest of the war , and later the V1 Flying Bomb and V - 2 ballistic missile were both used against Britain . However , the balance of bomb tonnage being dropped shifted greatly in favour of the RAF as Bomber Command gained in strength . By 1942 , Bomber Command could put 1,000 bombers over one German city . During the beginning raids of Operation Barbarossa the Luftwaffe wiped out the majority of the Soviet air forces . The Soviets would only regain their air wing later in the war with the help of the United States . From 1942 onwards , the efforts of Bomber Command were supplemented by the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces , U.S. Army Air Forces units being deployed to England to join the assault on mainland Europe on 4 July 1942 . Bomber Command raided by night and the US forces by day . The `` Operation Gomorrah '' raids on Hamburg ( 24 July 1943 -- 29 July 1943 ) caused a firestorm leading to massive destruction and loss of life . On 14 February 1945 , a raid on Dresden produced one of the most devastating fires in history . A firestorm was created in the city , and between 18,000 and 25,000 people were killed . Only the Hamburg attack , the 9 -- 10 March 1945 firebombing of Tokyo and the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima ( 6 August 1945 ) and Nagasaki ( 9 August 1945 ) killed more people through a single attack . Mediterranean and Balkans ( edit ) Main articles : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II and World War II in Yugoslavia Partisan liberated territory in Yugoslavia , May 1943 . The Mediterranean and Middle East theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War . The vast size of this theatre included the fighting between the Allies and Axis forces in Italy , the Balkans , Southern Europe , Malta , North Africa and the Middle East . Prior to the war Italy had invaded Albania and officially annexed it . Mussolini 's regime declared war on Britain and France on 10 June 1940 , and invaded Greece on 28 October . However , Italian forces were unable to match the Nazi successes in northwest Europe . Italy declared war on Greece and invaded the country , but it was not until German intervention that the country was overrun . While the Greek campaign was underway , German forces , supported by the Italians , Hungarians and the Bulgarians simultaneously invaded Yugoslavia . After the mainland was conquered , Germany invaded Crete in what is known as the Battle of Crete . With the Balkans secure , Germany and her allies attacked the Soviet Union in the largest land operation in history . The Balkans campaign delayed the invasion , and subsequent resistance movements in Albania , Yugoslavia and Greece tied up valuable Axis forces . This provided much needed and possibly decisive relief for the Soviets . Fighting in Southern Europe would not resume until Axis forces were defeated in North Africa . Following the Axis defeat in Africa , Allied forces invaded Italy and during a prolonged campaign fought their way north through Italy . The invasion of Italy resulted in the nation switching sides to the Allies and the ousting of Mussolini . But , in spite of the coup , Fascists and occupying German forces retained possession of the northern half of Italy . In northern part of Italy , the occupying Germans installed Mussolini as the head of new fascist republican government , the Italian Social Republic or RSI to show that the Axis was still in force . But Mussolini and his Fascists were now puppet rulers under their German patrons . Allied ( and mostly pro-Soviet ) National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia , which got some supplies and assistance from Western Allies , battled Axis powers on the opposite side of the Adriatic Sea . In late 1944 it was joined with the advancing Soviet Army and proceeded to push remaining German forces out of the Balkans . By April 1945 , German forces were retreating on all fronts in northern Italy and occupied Yugoslavia , following continuous Allied attacks . The campaign , and the fighting in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre came to an end on 29 April . On 2 May in Italy , Field Marshal Heinrich von Vietinghoff , the commander - in - chief of all German forces in the country surrendered to Field Marshal Harold Alexander , the supreme commander of all Allied forces in the Mediterranean area . Fighting would , however , continue in Greece where a civil war had broke out and end on 1949 after Greek government troops aided by the US and Britain defeated the communist guerrillas supported by the Soviets . Eastern front ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Front ( World War II ) Initial Soviet retreat ( edit ) The `` Big Three '' Allied leaders at the 1945 Yalta Conference . From left to right : Winston Churchill ( UK ) , Franklin D. Roosevelt ( US ) , and Joseph Stalin ( USSR ) . On 22 June 1941 , Germany launched the invasion of the Soviet Union , code - named Operation Barbarossa . This invasion , the biggest in recorded history , started the bloodiest conflict in world history ; the Axis -- Soviet War , also known as the Eastern Front . It is generally accepted as being the most lethal conflict in human history , with over 30 million dead as a result . It involved more land combat than all other World War II theatres combined . The leader of the USSR , Joseph Stalin , had been warned repeatedly by outside sources and his own intelligence network of the impending invasion , but he ignored the warnings due to conflicting information presented to him by the Soviet intelligence . Moreover , on the very night of the invasion Soviet troops received a directive undersigned by Marshal Timoshenko and General of the Army Georgi Zhukov that commanded : `` do not answer to any provocations '' and `` do not undertake any actions without specific orders '' . The early weeks of the invasion were devastating for the Soviet Army . Enormous numbers of Soviet troops were encircled in pockets and fell into Nazi German hands . In addition to German troops , Italian , Hungarian and Romanian and Finnish troops were also involved in the campaign . Finland initially declared neutrality ; however , with both German and Soviet troops on her soil , Finland was well prepared to join forces with Germany when the Soviet Union attacked on June 25 . The following conflict from 1941 to 1944 is sometimes referred to as the Continuation War , as in the continuation of the Winter War . Spain immediately offered military assistants to the Axis by sending volunteers to the Eastern front , known as the Blue division . Operation Barbarossa suffered from several fundamental flaws . The most serious of these was the logistical situation of the attack . The sheer vastness of the distances in the Soviet Union meant that Germany could only advance so far before outrunning their supply chains . By the time the German attack froze to a halt before Moscow on December 5 , 1941 , it literally could not go any further . There simply were not enough supplies reaching the front to conduct proper defensive operations , let alone a proper offense . The timetable that Barbarossa was planned to assume that the Soviets would collapse before the onset of winter . During their long retreat , the Soviets employed a scorched earth policy . They burnt crops and destroyed utilities as they withdrew before Germany . That helped to contribute to the logistical problems that Germany experienced . More importantly for them , the Soviets also succeeded in a massive and unprecedented removal of their industry from the threatened war zone to protected areas in the East . The extension of the campaign beyond the length that Germany expected meant that the German Army suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties in winter conditions , and from the counterattacks of Soviet units . Even with their advance having ground to a halt due to a lack of supplies and the onset of winter , Germany had conquered a vast amount of territory , including two - fifths of the Soviet economy . Dislodging them proved difficult and eventually cost the Soviet Union dearly . A few months after the invasion began , German troops came to southern approaches to Leningrad and laid a siege to the city ( known as the Siege of Leningrad ) , which was also blocked from the north by Finnish forces . Finland 's C - in - C Mannerheim had halted at the River Svir and refrained from attacking the city . Hitler had ordered that the city of Leningrad must `` vanish from the surface of the earth '' , with its entire population exterminated . Rather than storming the city , the Wehrmacht was ordered to blockade Leningrad so as to starve the city to death , while attacking it with bombers and artillery . About one million civilians died in the Leningrad siege -- 800,000 by starvation . The siege lasted for 872 days . The only overland way into the city was possibly during the winter , across the frozen Lake Ladoga , between the German and Finnish lines . Summer campaign of 1942 and Stalingrad ( edit ) After enduring the winter of 1941 -- 1942 , the German army prepared for further offensive operations . One of the major problems faced by the Nazi war machine in World War II was a shortage of oil . For this reason , Germany decided to give up on Moscow for the time being , and the summer offensive of 1942 decided to focus on the war in the south , with the target being the oil fields of the Caucasus . Meanwhile , the Soviets had their own plans . Beginning of the campaign turned into a strategic disaster for Soviets whose Southern flank was nearly destroyed . Surviving Soviet units were pushed hundreds kilometres to the east and the Wehrmacht advance went almost uncontested . But in a major blunder , Hitler split Army Group South into two subgroups , Army Group A which would attack the Caucasus and Army Group B which would advance towards the city of Stalingrad ( now Volgograd ) . Indecision by Hitler , dissent among the higher - ranked Nazi German officers , and extended supply lines combined in a prolonged battle in the streets of Stalingrad . Germany eventually occupied over 90 % of the city , but in an attempt to defeat the remaining Soviet defenders almost all German soldiers in the area were funnelled into the ruins of the city . Months of bitter hand - to - hand combat in the ruins of the city depleted the German forces , leaving only Romanian and Hungarian forces to guard the flanks of the Stalingrad army group . In Operation Uranus , the Soviets defeated these Axis forces as they performed a massive encirclement operation . The Axis troops remaining in the city were trapped -- cut off from their supply lines and starving , amidst a harsh winter , they were ordered by Hitler to fight to the last man . Starved of food , fuel , ammunition , and clothes , the pocket was gradually reduced , with the last portion surrendering on February 2 , 1943 . In a cynical attempt to prevent the surrender , Hitler promoted Friedrich Paulus , commander of the 6th Army to Field Marshal , because no German of that rank had surrendered before . Heavy losses affected both sides in the Battle of Stalingrad , one of the most costly battles in history . About 1.5 million people perished in this battle , including 100,000 civilians in the city . Battles after Stalingrad ( edit ) After Stalingrad , the initiative had passed from Germany but had not yet been seized by the Soviets . A desperate counterattack in the spring of 1943 by forces of Field Marshal Erich von Manstein temporarily halted the Soviet advance . The Battle of Kursk was the last major offensive by the German Army on the eastern front . The Soviets had intelligence of what was to come and prepared massive defenses in huge depth in the Kursk salient . They stopped the German armored assaults after a maximum penetration of just over 30 miles ( 48 km ) . After Kursk , the Red Army got the upper hand and generally was on the offensive for the rest of the war . The large scale of the Soviet Union allowed it to overcome high losses in manpower and equipment . Soviet success prompted a more active Allied involvement on the Western Front of Europe because Nazi Germany was bogged down in a costly defensive war on the East , defending its ever - shrinking occupied territory . Pushing the enemy out of the Soviet territory in 1944 , the Soviet Army proceeded to dismantle the Eastern Axis powers -- Romania , Bulgaria , and Hungary -- to liberate other neighboring countries from the German Army , and to impose Communist - led governments on the `` liberated '' nations . Some of these nations joined the Allies and provided troops to fight Nazi Germany , which was effectively the only remaining Axis power in Europe by the end of 1944 . Finland retained its independence the second time , but broke with the Axis , at the cost of having to fight its former ally and ceding more territory to the USSR . By February 1945 , the Soviets brought the war to the German heartland . The end of the war in Europe left the Soviet Union in control over large areas of Central and Southeastern Europe , in addition to its 1941 conquests in Eastern Europe . Effects of the Eastern front ( edit ) More Soviet citizens died during World War II than those of all other countries combined . Nazi ideology considered Slavs to be `` subhuman '' and German forces committed ethnically targeted mass murder . Civilians were rounded up and burned alive or shot in squads in many cities conquered by the Nazis . Approximately 27 million Soviets , among them more than 20 million civilians in Soviet cities and areas , were killed throughout the duration of the war . At least 7 million Red Army troops died facing the Germans and their allies in the Eastern Front . The Axis forces themselves had lost over 6 million troops , whether by combat or by wounds , disease , starvation or exposure ; another several hundred thousand were seized as POWs and a substantial part of them died in Soviet captivity because of disease or shortage of supplies . Lend - Lease supplies from the United Kingdom and the United States made very important impact for Soviet military forces . Supply convoys sailed to Soviet ports that were patrolled by Nazi U-boats . Allied activities before D - Day may have tied up only a few divisions in actual fighting , but many more were forced to guard lonely coasts against raids that never came or to man anti-aircraft guns throughout Nazi - controlled Europe . Allied invasion of occupied France ( edit ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) General Charles de Gaulle , leader of the Free French in opposition to Pétain 's Vichy regime . Simultaneously with the fall of Rome came the long - awaited invasion of France . Operation Overlord put over 180,000 troops ashore in Normandy on June 6 , 1944 , creating a beachhead that would eventually result in over 3 million Allied soldiers on Germany 's western front . A long grinding campaign six weeks long followed as American , British , and Canadian forces were slowly built up in the beachhead , and German forces slowly worn down . When the breakout finally did come it was spectacular , with Allied troops very quickly capturing almost all of Normandy within days . Many German forces that had been fighting in Normandy were trapped in the Falaise pocket . Incessant bombing of Germany 's infrastructure and cities caused tremendous casualties and disruption . Internally , Hitler survived a number of Nazi inner assassination attempts . The most serious was the July 20 Plot , occurring on July 20 , 1944 . Orchestrated by Claus von Stauffenberg and involving among others Erwin Rommel and Alfred Delp , the plot had intended to place a time bomb in a position to kill Hitler but a number of unscheduled factors and operation failures led to its failure . Adolf Hitler was only slightly injured . Operation Overlord was complemented by an invasion of southern France on August 15 , 1944 codenamed Operation Dragoon . By September 1944 three Allied Army Groups were in line against German formations in the west . There was optimism that the war in Europe might be over by the end of 1944 . An attempt was made to force the situation with Operation Market Garden ( September 17 , 1944 -- September 25 , 1944 ) . The Allies attempted to capture bridges with an airborne assault , to open the way into Germany and liberate the northern Netherlands . Since heavier German forces than intelligence had predicted were present , the British 1st Airborne Division was almost completely destroyed , and the operation failed . The weather of 1944 combined with a poor situation for the Allies led to a stagnant situation on the western front . The Americans continued to grind away at the defenders in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest ( September 19 , 1944 -- February 10 , 1945 ) . As long as Germany stayed on the defence , the Allies were hard - pressed to advance rapidly . That changed when Germany mounted a major counteroffensive on December 16 , 1944 . The Ardennes offensive , also called the Battle of the Bulge , drove back and surrounded some small American units . The Allied forces were eventually successful in driving back Germany , in what turned out to be their last major advance of the war . The battle officially ended on January 27 , 1945 . The final obstacle to the Allies was the Rhine . It was crossed in March 1945 , and the way lay open to the center of Germany . The last major German forces in the west were encircled and trapped in the Ruhr . End of the War in Europe ( edit ) Winston Churchill waves to crowds in London on Victory in Europe Day . Main article : End of World War II in Europe See also : Victory in Europe Day , Victory Day ( 9 May ) , and Western Front ( World War II ) On April 27 , 1945 , as Allied forces closed in on Milan , Mussolini was captured by Italian Partisans . He was trying to flee Italy to Switzerland and was traveling with a German anti-air battalion . On April 28 , Mussolini and several of the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed by shooting squad . The bodies were then taken to Milan and unceremoniously strung up in front of a filling station . Hitler , learning of Mussolini 's death , realized that the end had finally come . He remained in Berlin , the crumbling Nazi capital , even as the city was encircled and trapped by the Soviets and the Battle of Berlin raged . On April 30 , Adolf Hitler , with his wife of one day , Eva Braun , committed suicide in his bunker to avoid capture by Soviet troops . In his last will and testament , Hitler appointed Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as the new German leader . But Germany lasted only 7 days longer under the `` Flensburg government '' of Dönitz . He surrendered unconditionally to the Americans , British , and Soviets on May 8 , 1945 . In late July and August 1945 the Potsdam Conference finally disbanded the former Nazi German state , reversed all German annexations and occupied territories , as well as agreed to jointly occupy and govern , denazify and demilitarize what remained of Germany . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Atlas of the World Battle Fronts 1943 - 07 - 01 1943 - 11 - 01 1944 - 07 - 01 1944 - 09 - 01 1944 - 12 - 01 1945 - 05 - 01 European - African - Middle Eastern Campaign Medal Mediterranean Theatre of Operations Pacific War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vichy officially pursued a policy of armed neutrality and conducted military actions against armed incursions from both Axis and Allied belligerents . The cease fire and pledging of allegiance to the Allies of the Vichy troops in French North Africa during operation Torch convinced the Axis that Vichy could no longer be trusted to continue this policy , so they invaded and occupied the French rump state in November 1942 . Jump up ^ See : Soviet invasion of Poland , Winter War , Soviet occupation of the Baltic states and Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina . Jump up ^ Neville Chamberlain from 3 September 1939 to 10 May 1940 Jump up ^ Harry S. Truman from 12 April 1945 to 15 May 1945 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Isolation of the Revolution Archived 2006 - 08 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bojan Pancevski Dresden bombing death toll lower than thought , Daily Telegraph , 3 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Kate Connolly , Panel rethinks death toll from Dresden raids , The Guardian , 3 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Landeshauptstadt Dresden ( 1 October 2008 ) . `` Erklärung der Dresdner Historikerkommission zur Ermittlung der Opferzahlen der Luftangriffe auf die Stadt Dresden am 13. / 14 . Februar 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Landeshauptstadt Dresden . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Amnon Sella . ' Barbarossa ' : Surprise Attack and Communication . Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 13 , No. 3 , ( Jul. , 1978 ) , pp. 555 -- 583 . Further reading ( edit ) Churchill , Winston ( 1948 -- 1953 ) , The Second World War , 6 vols . Keegan , John ( 1989 ) . The Second World War , Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 174011 - 8 . Lee , Loyd E. ed . World War II in Europe , Africa , and the Americas , with General Sources : A Handbook of Literature and Research ( 1997 ) Murray , Williamson and Millett , Allan R. ( 2000 ) . A War to Be Won : Fighting the Second World War , Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00163 - X . Overy , Richard ( 1995 ) . Why the Allies Won Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7453 - 5 . Powaski , Ronald E. ( 2003 ) . Lightning War : Blitzkrieg in the West , 1940 . John Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 39431 - 0 . Powaski , Ronald E. ( 2008 ) . Lightning War : Blitzkrieg in the West , 1940 . Book Sales , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2097 - 0 . Smith , J. Douglas and Richard Jensen . ( 2002 ) World War II on the Web : A Guide to the Very Best Sites Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44317 - 2 . 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-8281079606638293348 | 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens | 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens - wikipedia 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens Jump to : navigation , search 1980 eruption of Mt . St. Helens Photograph of the eruption column , May 18 , 1980 . Volcano Mount St. Helens Date May 18 , 1980 ; 37 years ago ( 1980 - 05 - 18 ) Time 8 : 32 am PDT Type Plinian , Peléan Location Skamania County , Washington , U.S. 46 ° 12 ′ 1 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W / 46.20028 ° N 122.18667 ° W / 46.20028 ; - 122.18667 VEI 5 Impact Approximately 57 deaths , about $1.1 billion in property damage ; caused a partial collapse of the volcano 's flank , deposited ash in 11 U.S. states and five Canadian provinces Map of eruption deposits On May 18 , 1980 , a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens , a volcano located in Skamania County , in the State of Washington . The eruption ( a VEI 5 event ) was the most significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California . It has often been declared as the most disastrous volcanic eruption in U.S. history . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes , caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a large bulge and a fracture system on the mountain 's north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 : 17 a.m. PDT ( UTC − 7 ) on Sunday , May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , creating the largest landslide ever recorded . This allowed the partly molten , high - pressure gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to suddenly explode northwards toward Spirit Lake in a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock , overtaking the avalanching face . An eruption column rose 80,000 feet ( 24 km ; 15 mi ) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states . At the same time , snow , ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted , forming a series of large lahars ( volcanic mudslides ) that reached as far as the Columbia River , nearly 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the southwest . Less severe outbursts continued into the next day , only to be followed by other large , but not as destructive , eruptions later that year . Thermal energy released during the eruption was equal to 26 megatons . Approximately 57 people were killed directly , including innkeeper Harry R. Truman , photographers Reid Blackburn and Robert Landsburg , and geologist David A. Johnston . Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland , causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ( $3.03 billion in 2017 dollars ) , thousands of animals were killed , and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side . At the time of the eruption , the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad , but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service . The area was later preserved , as it was , in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument . Mount St. Helens from Monitor Ridge showing the cone of devastation , the huge crater open to the north , the post-eruption lava dome inside and Crater Glacier surrounding the lava dome . The small photo on the left was taken from Spirit Lake before the eruption and the small photo on the right was taken after the eruption from approximately the same place . Spirit Lake can also be seen in the larger image , as well as two other Cascade volcanoes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Build - up to the eruption 2 Landslide and eruption 3 Pyroclastic flows 3.1 Initial lateral blast 3.2 Lateral blast result 3.3 Later flows 4 Ash column 5 Ash properties 5.1 Chemical composition 5.2 Index of refraction 6 Mudslides flow downstream 7 Aftermath 7.1 Direct results 7.1. 1 Disputed death toll 7.2 Ash damage and removal 7.3 Cost 8 Later eruptions 8.1 1980 -- 1991 8.2 2004 -- 2008 9 Summary table 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Build - up to the eruption ( edit ) Mount St. Helens remained dormant from its last period of activity in the 1840s and 1850s until March 1980 . Several small earthquakes , apparently beginning on March 15 , indicated that magma may have begun moving below the volcano . On March 20 , at 3 : 45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time ( all times will be in PST or PDT ) , a shallow magnitude 4.2 earthquake ( the initial reading was 4.1 ) , centered below the volcano 's north flank , signaled the volcano 's violent return from 123 years of hibernation . A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25 , reaching peak levels in the next two days , including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale . A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater were recorded during those two days . USGS photo showing a pre-avalanche eruption on April 10 Shocks of magnitude 3.2 or greater occurred at a slightly increasing rate during April and May with five earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above per day in early April , and eight per day the week before May 18 . Initially there was no direct sign of eruption , but small earthquake - induced avalanches of snow and ice were reported from aerial observations . At 12 : 36 p.m. on March 27 , phreatic eruptions ( explosions of steam caused by magma suddenly heating groundwater ) ejected and smashed rock from within the old summit crater , excavating a new crater 250 feet ( 75 m ) wide and sending an ash column about 7,000 feet ( 2,100 m ) into the air . By this date a 16,000 - foot - long ( 4,900 m ) eastward - trending fracture system had also developed across the summit area . This was followed by more earthquake swarms and a series of steam explosions that sent ash 10,000 to 11,000 feet ( 3,000 to 3,400 m ) above their vent . Most of this ash fell between 3 and 12 miles ( 5 and 19 km ) from its vent , but some was carried 150 miles ( 240 km ) south to Bend , Oregon , or 285 miles ( 459 km ) east to Spokane , Washington . Photo showing the cryptodome on April 27 A second , new crater and a blue flame were observed on March 29 . The flame was visibly emitted from both craters and was probably created by burning gases . Static electricity generated from ash clouds rolling down the volcano sent out lightning bolts that were up to 2 miles ( 3 km ) long . Ninety - three separate outbursts were reported on March 30 , and increasingly strong harmonic tremors were first detected on April 1 , alarming geologists and prompting Governor Dixy Lee Ray to declare a state of emergency on April 3 . Governor Ray issued an executive order on April 30 creating a `` red zone '' around the volcano ; anyone caught in this zone without a pass faced a $500 fine or six months in jail . This precluded many cabin owners from visiting their property . By April 7 the combined crater was 1,700 feet long by 1,200 ft wide and 500 ft deep ( 520 × 370 × 150 m ) . A USGS team determined in the last week of April that a 1.5 - mile - diameter ( 2.4 km ) section of St. Helens ' north face was displaced outward by at least 270 feet ( 82 m ) . For the rest of April and early May this bulge grew by 5 to 6 feet ( 1.5 to 1.8 m ) per day , and by mid-May it extended more than 400 feet ( 120 m ) north . As the bulge moved northward , the summit area behind it progressively sank , forming a complex , down - dropped block called a graben . Geologists announced on April 30 that sliding of the bulge area was the greatest immediate danger and that such a landslide might spark an eruption . These changes in the volcano 's shape were related to the overall deformation that increased the volume of the volcano by 0.03 cubic miles ( 0.13 km ) by mid-May . This volume increase presumably corresponded to the volume of magma that pushed into the volcano and deformed its surface . Because the intruded magma remained below ground and was not directly visible , it was called a cryptodome , in contrast to a true lava dome exposed at the surface . On May 7 , eruptions similar to those in March and April resumed , and over the next days the bulge approached its maximum size . All activity had been confined to the 350 - year - old summit dome and did not involve any new magma . A total of about 10,000 earthquakes were recorded prior to the May 18 event , with most concentrated in a small zone less than 1.6 miles ( 2.6 km ) directly below the bulge . Visible eruptions ceased on May 16 , reducing public interest and consequently the number of spectators in the area . Mounting public pressure then forced officials to allow 50 carloads of property owners to enter the danger zone on May 17 to gather whatever property they could carry . Another trip was scheduled for 10 a.m. the next day . Because that next day was Sunday , more than 300 loggers would not be working in the area . By the time of the climactic eruption , dacite magma intruding into the volcano had forced the north flank outward nearly 500 feet ( 150 m ) and heated the volcano 's groundwater system , causing many steam - driven explosions ( phreatic eruptions ) . Landslide and eruption ( edit ) Sequence of events on May 18 . Lakes nearest to Mount St. Helens have been partly covered with felled trees for more than thirty years . This photograph was taken in 2012 . As May 18 dawned , Mount St. Helens ' activity did not show any change from the pattern of the preceding month . The rate of bulge movement , sulfur dioxide emission , and ground temperature readings did not reveal any changes indicating a catastrophic eruption . USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston was on duty at an observation post approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of the volcano : as of 6 a.m. , Johnston 's measurements did not indicate any unusual activity . Sound of the eruption of Mount St. Helens , as heard from 140 miles away Amateur recording of a series of booms produced by the eruption , as heard from the town of Newport , Oregon ( audio filtered and amplified ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Suddenly , at 8 : 32 a.m. , a magnitude 5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope triggered that part of the volcano to slide , approximately 7 -- 20 seconds ( about 10 seconds seems most reasonable ) after the shock . The landslide , the largest in recorded history , travelled at 110 to 155 miles per hour ( 177 to 249 km / h ) and moved across Spirit Lake 's west arm . Part of it hit a 1,150 - foot - high ( 350 m ) ridge about 6 miles ( 10 km ) north . Some of the slide spilled over the ridge , but most of it moved 13 miles ( 21 km ) down the North Fork Toutle River , filling its valley up to 600 feet ( 180 m ) deep with avalanche debris . An area of about 24 square miles ( 62 km ) was covered , and the total volume of the deposit was about 0.7 cubic miles ( 2.9 km ) . North Fork Toutle River valley filled with landslide deposits Scientists were able to reconstruct the motion of the landslide from a series of rapid photographs by Gary Rosenquist , who was camping 11 miles ( 18 km ) away from the blast . Rosenquist , his party and his photographs survived because the blast was deflected by local topography 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) short of his location . Most of St. Helens ' former north side became a rubble deposit 17 miles ( 27 km ) long , averaging 150 feet ( 46 m ) thick ; the slide was thickest at 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) below Spirit Lake and thinnest at its western margin . The landslide temporarilly displaced the waters of Spirit lake to the ridge north of the lake , in a giant wave approximately 600 - foot - high ( 180 m ) , . This in turn created a 295 feet ( 90 m ) avalanche of debris consisting of the returning waters and thousands of uprooted trees and stumps , some of which remained intact with roots but most of which had been sheered off at the stump seconds earlier by the blast of super-heated volcanic gas and ash that had immediately followed and overtook the initial landslide . The debris transported as the water returned to its basin raised the surface level of Spirit Lake by about 200 feet . More than three decades after the eruption , floating log mats persist on Spirit Lake and nearby St. Helens Lake , changing position with the wind . The rest of the trees , especially those that were not completely detached from their roots , turned upright by their own weight and became waterlogged , sinking into the muddy sediments at the bottom where they have become petrified in the anaerobic and mineral - rich waters . This provides insight into other sites with a similar fossil record . Pyroclastic flows ( edit ) Initial lateral blast ( edit ) The ash cloud produced by the eruption , as seen from the village of Toledo , Washington , 35 miles ( 56 km ) away , northwest from Mount St. Helens . The cloud was roughly 40 miles ( 64 km ) wide and 15 miles ( 24 km ) high . Computer graphic showing the May 18 landslide ( green ) being overtaken by the initial pyroclastic flow ( red ) . The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens ' neck to much lower pressure , causing the gas - charged , partially molten rock and high - pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started . Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide , blasting rock debris northward . The resulting blast laterally directed the pyroclastic flow of very hot volcanic gases , ash and pumice formed from new lava , while the pulverized old rock hugged the ground , initially moving at 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) but quickly accelerating to 670 mph ( 1,080 km / h ) , and it might have briefly passed the speed of sound . Pyroclastic flow material passed over the moving avalanche and spread outward , devastating a fan - shaped area 23 miles across by 19 miles long ( 37 km × 31 km ) . In total about 230 square miles ( 600 km ) of forest was knocked down , and extreme heat killed trees miles beyond the blow - down zone . At its vent the lateral blast probably did not last longer than about 30 seconds , but the northward - radiating and expanding blast cloud continued for about another minute . Superheated flow material flashed water in Spirit Lake and North Fork Toutle River to steam , creating a larger , secondary explosion that was heard as far away as British Columbia , Montana , Idaho , and Northern California . Yet many areas closer to the eruption ( Portland , Oregon , for example ) did not hear the blast . This so - called `` quiet zone '' extended radially a few tens of miles from the volcano and was created by the complex response of the eruption 's sound waves to differences in temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers and , to a lesser extent , local topography . Later studies indicated that one - third of the 0.045 cubic miles ( 0.19 km ) of material in the flow was new lava , and the rest was fragmented , older rock . Lateral blast result ( edit ) Photographer Reid Blackburn 's car after the eruption Many trees in the Direct blast zone were snapped off at their bases and the earth was stripped and scorched . Residual lateral blast effects in the channelized blast zone , some thirty years after the eruption . Damage ranged from scorched earth , through tree trunks snapped at various heights , to more superficial effects . The huge ensuing ash cloud sent skyward from St. Helens ' northern foot was visible throughout the quiet zone . The near - supersonic lateral blast , loaded with volcanic debris , caused devastation as far as 19 miles ( 31 km ) from the volcano . The area affected by the blast can be subdivided into three roughly concentric zones : Direct blast zone , the innermost zone , averaged about 8 miles ( 13 km ) in radius , an area in which virtually everything , natural or artificial , was obliterated or carried away . For this reason , this zone also has been called the `` tree - removal zone '' . The flow of the material carried by the blast was not deflected by topographic features in this zone . The blast released energy equal to 24 Megatons of TNT . Channelized blast zone , an intermediate zone , extended out to distances as far as 19 miles ( 31 km ) from the volcano , an area in which the flow flattened everything in its path and was channeled to some extent by topography . In this zone , the force and direction of the blast are strikingly demonstrated by the parallel alignment of toppled large trees , broken off at the base of the trunk as if they were blades of grass mown by a scythe . This zone was also known as the `` tree - down zone '' . Channeling and deflection of the blast caused strikingly varied local effects that still remained conspicuous after some decades . Where the blast struck open land directly , it scoured it , breaking trees off short and stripping vegetation and even topsoil , thereby delaying revegetation for many years . Where the blast was deflected so as to pass overhead by several metres , it left the topsoil and the seeds it contained , permitting faster revegetation with scrub and herbaceous plants , and later with saplings . Trees in the path of such higher - level blasts were broken off wholesale at various heights , whereas nearby stands in more sheltered positions recovered comparatively rapidly without conspicuous long - term harm . Seared zone , also called the `` standing dead '' zone , the outermost fringe of the impacted area , a zone in which trees remained standing but were singed brown by the hot gases of the blast . By the time this pyroclastic flow hit its first human victims , it was still as hot as 360 ° C ( 680 ° F ) and filled with suffocating gas and flying debris . Most of the 57 people known to have died in that day 's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation while several died from burns . Lodge owner Harry R. Truman was buried under hundreds of feet of avalanche material . Volcanologist David A. Johnston was one of those killed , as was Reid Blackburn , a National Geographic photographer . Robert Landsburg , another photographer , was killed by the ash cloud . He was able to protect his film with his body , and the surviving photos provided geologists with valuable documentation of the historic eruption . Later flows ( edit ) Subsequent outpourings of pyroclastic material from the breach left by the landslide consisted mainly of new magmatic debris rather than fragments of preexisting volcanic rocks . The resulting deposits formed a fan - like pattern of overlapping sheets , tongues and lobes . At least 17 separate pyroclastic flows occurred during the May 18 eruption , and their aggregate volume was about 0.05 cubic miles ( 210,000,000 m ) . The flow deposits were still at about 300 to 420 ° C ( 572 to 788 ° F ) two weeks after they erupted . Secondary steam - blast eruptions fed by this heat created pits on the northern margin of the pyroclastic - flow deposits , at the south shore of Spirit Lake , and along the upper part of the North Fork Toutle River . These steam - blast explosions continued sporadically for weeks or months after the emplacement of pyroclastic flows , and at least one occurred a year later , on May 16 , 1981 . Ash column ( edit ) Ash cloud from Mt St Helens as captured by the GOES 3 weather satellite at 15 : 45 UTC As the avalanche and initial pyroclastic flow were still advancing , a huge ash column grew to a height of 12 miles ( 19 km ) above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours . Near the volcano , the swirling ash particles in the atmosphere generated lightning , which in turn started many forest fires . During this time , parts of the mushroom - shaped ash - cloud column collapsed , and fell back upon the earth . This fallout , mixed with magma , mud and steam , sent additional pyroclastic flows speeding down St. Helens ' flanks . Later , slower flows came directly from the new north - facing crater and consisted of glowing pumice bombs and very hot pumiceous ash . Some of these hot flows covered ice or water which flashed to steam , creating craters up to 65 feet ( 20 m ) in diameter and sending ash as much as 6,500 feet ( 2,000 m ) into the air . Strong high - altitude wind carried much of this material east - northeasterly from the volcano at an average speed of about 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) . By 9 : 45 a.m. it had reached Yakima , Washington , 90 miles ( 140 km ) away , and by 11 : 45 a.m. it was over Spokane , Washington . A total of 4 to 5 inches ( 100 to 130 mm ) of ash fell on Yakima , and areas as far east as Spokane were plunged into darkness by noon where visibility was reduced to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) of ash fell . Continuing eastward , St. Helens ' ash fell in the western part of Yellowstone National Park by 10 : 15 p.m. and was seen on the ground in Denver , Colorado , the next day . In time , ash fall from this eruption was reported as far away as Minnesota and Oklahoma , and some of the ash drifted around the globe within about 2 weeks . During the nine hours of vigorous eruptive activity , about 540,000,000 tons of ash fell over an area of more than 22,000 square miles ( 57,000 km ) . The total volume of the ash before its compaction by rainfall was about 0.3 cubic miles ( 1.3 km ) . The volume of the uncompacted ash is equivalent to about 0.05 cubic miles ( 210,000,000 m ) of solid rock , or about 7 % of the amount of material that slid off in the debris avalanche . By around 5 : 30 p.m. on May 18 , the vertical ash column declined in stature , but less severe outbursts continued through the next several days . Ash properties ( edit ) Generally , given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions , a certain variation of the ash type will occur , as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption . The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception , and hence the ash properties have large variations . Chemical composition ( edit ) The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be approximately 65 % silicon dioxide , 18 % aluminium oxide , 5 % ferric oxide , 4 % each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2 % magnesium oxide . Trace chemicals were also detected , their concentrations varying as shown : 0.05 -- 0.09 % chlorine , 0.02 -- 0.03 % fluorine , and 0.09 -- 0.3 % sulfur . Index of refraction ( edit ) The index of refraction , a number used in physics to describe how light propagates through a particular substance , is an important property of volcanic ash . This number is complex having both real and imaginary parts , the real part indicating how light disperses and the imaginary part indicating how light is absorbed by the substance . It is known that the silicate particles have a real index of refraction ranging between 1.5 and 1.6 for visible light . However , there is a spectrum of colors associated with samples of volcanic ash , from very light to dark gray . This makes for variations in the measured imaginary refractive index under visible light . In the case of Mount St. Helens , the ash settled in three main layers on the ground : the bottom layer was dark gray and was found to be abundant in older rocks and crystal fragments the middle layer consisted of a mixture of glass shards and pumice the top layer was ash consisting of very fine particles For example , when comparing the imaginary part of the refractive index k of stratospheric ash from 15 km and 18 km from the volcano it has been discovered that they have similar values around 700 nm ( around 0.009 ) , while they differ significantly around 300 nm . Here , the 18 km ( k was found to be around 0.009 ) sample was much more absorbent than the 15 km sample ( k was found to be around 0.002 ) . Mudslides flow downstream ( edit ) Mudline next to Muddy River from the 1980 lahars The hot , exploding material also broke apart and melted nearly all of the mountain 's glaciers along with most of the overlying snow . As in many previous St. Helens ' eruptions , this created huge lahars ( volcanic mudflows ) and muddy floods that affected three of the four stream drainage systems on the mountain , and which started to move as early as 8 : 50 a.m. Lahars travelled as fast as 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) while still high on the volcano but progressively slowed to about 3 miles per hour ( 4.8 km / h ) on the flatter and wider parts of rivers . Mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River , Pine Creek and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River . Bridges were taken out at the mouth of Pine Creek and the head of Swift Reservoir , which rose 2.6 feet ( 0.79 m ) by noon to accommodate the nearly 18,000,000 cubic yards ( 14,000,000 m ) of additional water , mud and debris . Glacier and snow melt mixed with tephra on the volcano 's northeast slope to create much larger lahars . These mudflows traveled down the north and south forks of the Toutle River and joined at the confluence of the Toutle forks and the Cowlitz River near Castle Rock , Washington , at 1 : 00 p.m. Ninety minutes after the eruption , the first mudflow had moved 27 miles ( 43 km ) upstream where observers at Weyerhaeuser 's Camp Baker saw a 12 - foot - high ( 4 m ) wall of muddy water and debris pass . Near the confluence of the Toutle 's north and south forks at Silver Lake , a record flood stage of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) was recorded . A large but slower - moving mudflow with a mortar - like consistency was mobilized in early afternoon at the head of the Toutle River north fork . By 2 : 30 p.m. the massive mudflow had destroyed Camp Baker , and in the following hours seven bridges were carried away . Part of the flow backed up for 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) soon after entering the Cowlitz River , but most continued downstream . After traveling 17 miles ( 27 km ) further , an estimated 3,900,000 cubic yards ( 3,000,000 m ) of material were injected into the Columbia River , reducing the river 's depth by 25 feet ( 8 m ) for a 4 - mile ( 6 km ) stretch . The resulting 13 - foot ( 4.0 m ) river depth temporarily closed the busy channel to ocean - going freighters , costing Portland , Oregon an estimated five million US dollars . Ultimately more than 65 million cubic yards ( 50 million cubic metres ) of sediment were dumped along the lower Cowlitz and Columbia Rivers . Aftermath ( edit ) Direct results ( edit ) Map showing 1980 eruption deposits The May 18 , 1980 , event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States . Approximately fifty - seven people were killed directly from the blast and 200 houses , 47 bridges , 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways and 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway were destroyed ; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility , and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash . U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape . A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction . However , their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost . A second eruption occurred the next day ( see below ) , but the crew survived and were rescued two days after that . The eruption ejected more than 1 cubic mile ( 4.2 km ) of material . A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash , pumice and volcanic bombs while the rest was fragmented , older rock . The removal of the north side of the mountain ( 13 % of the cone 's volume ) reduced Mount St. Helens ' height by about 1,280 feet ( 390 m ) and left a crater 1 to 2 miles ( 2 to 3 km ) wide and 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) deep with its north end open in a huge breach . Mount St. Helens one day before the eruption , photographed from the Johnston ridge Mount St. Helens four months after the eruption , photographed from approximately the same location as the earlier picture More than 4,000,000,000 board feet ( 9,400,000 m ) of timber was damaged or destroyed , mainly by the lateral blast . At least 25 % of the destroyed timber was salvaged after September 1980 . Downwind of the volcano , in areas of thick ash accumulation , many agricultural crops , such as wheat , apples , potatoes and alfalfa , were destroyed . As many as 1,500 elk and 5,000 deer were killed , and an estimated 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings died when their hatcheries were destroyed . Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when they swam through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators after reservoir levels were lowered along the Lewis River to accommodate possible mudflows and flood waters . In total Mount St. Helens released 24 megatons of thermal energy , 7 of which were a direct result of the blast . This is equivalent to 1,600 times the size of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima . Disputed death toll ( edit ) There is a minor controversy in regard to the exact death toll . The figure most commonly cited is fifty - seven . However , there are two points of dispute . The first point regards two officially listed victims , Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer . They were reported missing after the explosion . In the aftermath , investigators were able to locate individuals named Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer who were alive and well . However , they were unable to determine who reported Hiatt missing , and the person who was listed as reporting Thayer missing claimed she was n't the one who had done so . Since the investigators could not thus verify that they were the same Hiatt and Thayer who were reported missing , the names remain listed among the presumed dead . The second point regards three missing people who are not officially listed as victims : Robert Ruffle , Steven Whitsett and Mark Melanson . Cowlitz County Emergency Services Management lists them as `` Possibly Missing -- Not on ( the official ) List '' . According to Melanson 's brother , in October 1983 , Cowlitz County officials told his family that Melanson `` is believed ( ... ) a victim of the May 18 , 1980 , eruption '' and that after years of searching , the family eventually decided `` he 's buried in the ash '' . Taking these two points of dispute into consideration , the direct death toll could be as low as fifty - five or as high as sixty . When combined with the four indirect victims mentioned earlier , those numbers range from fifty - nine to sixty - four . Ash damage and removal ( edit ) Map of ash distribution over the United States The ash fall created some temporary major problems with transportation , sewage disposal , and water treatment systems . Visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall , closing many highways and roads . Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane was closed for a week and a half . Air travel was disrupted for between a few days and two weeks , as several airports in eastern Washington shut down because of ash accumulation and poor visibility . Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures . Fine - grained , gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal - combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment . The ash contaminated oil systems and clogged air filters , and scratched moving surfaces . Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers , which in turn caused power blackouts . Removing and disposing of the ash was a monumental task for some Eastern Washington communities . State and federal agencies estimated that over 2,400,000 cubic yards ( 1,800,000 m ) of ash , equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight , were removed from highways and airports in Washington . The ash removal cost $2.2 million and took 10 weeks in Yakima . The need to remove ash quickly from transport routes and civil works dictated the selection of some disposal sites . Some cities used old quarries and existing sanitary landfills ; others created dump sites wherever expedient . To minimize wind reworking of ash dumps , the surfaces of some disposal sites were covered with topsoil and seeded with grass . In Portland , the mayor eventually threatened businesses with fines if they failed to remove the ash from their parking lots . Cost ( edit ) One of the 200 houses destroyed by the eruption A refined estimate of $1.1 billion ( $2.74 billion in 2007 dollars ) was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of the United States Congress . A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress , of which the largest share went to the Small Business Administration , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Emergency Management Agency . There were also indirect and intangible costs of the eruption . Unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rose tenfold in the weeks immediately following the eruption , and then returned to near - normal levels once timber - salvaging and ash - cleanup operations were underway . Only a small percentage of residents left the region because of lost jobs owing to the eruption . Several months after May 18 , a few residents reported suffering stress and emotional problems , even though they had coped successfully during the crisis . Counties in the region requested funding for mental health programs to assist such people . Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption dealt a nearly crippling blow to tourism , an important industry in Washington . Not only was tourism down in the Mount St. Helens -- Gifford Pinchot National Forest area , but conventions , meetings and social gatherings also were cancelled or postponed at cities and resorts elsewhere in Washington and neighboring Oregon not affected by the eruption . The adverse effect on tourism and conventioneering , however , proved only temporary . Mount St. Helens , perhaps because of its reawakening , has regained its appeal for tourists . The United States Forest Service and the State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view the volcano 's devastation . Later eruptions ( edit ) St. Helens produced an additional five explosive eruptions between May and October 1980 . Through early 1990 at least 21 periods of eruptive activity had occurred . The volcano remains active , with smaller , dome - building eruptions continuing into 2008 . 1980 -- 1991 ( edit ) Eruption on July 22 , 1980 An eruption occurred on May 25 , 1980 , at 2 : 30 a.m. that sent an ash column 9 miles ( 14 km ) into the atmosphere . The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase in earthquake activity and occurred during a rainstorm . Erratic wind from the storm carried ash from the eruption to the south and west , lightly dusting large parts of western Washington and Oregon . Pyroclastic flows exited the northern breach and covered avalanche debris , lahars and other pyroclastic flows deposited by the May 18 eruption . At 7 : 05 p.m. on June 12 , a plume of ash billowed 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) above the volcano . At 9 : 09 p.m. a much stronger explosion sent an ash column about 10 miles ( 16 km ) skyward . This event caused the Portland area , previously spared by wind direction , to be thinly coated with ash in the middle of the annual Rose Festival . A dacite dome then oozed into existence on the crater floor , growing to a height of 200 feet ( 61 m ) and a width of 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) within a week . A series of large explosions on July 22 broke more than a month of relative quiet . The July eruptive episode was preceded by several days of measurable expansion of the summit area , heightened earthquake activity , and changed emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide . The first hit at 5 : 14 p.m. as an ash column shot 10 miles ( 16 km ) and was followed by a faster blast at 6 : 25 p.m. that pushed the ash column above its previous maximum height in just 7.5 minutes . The final explosion started at 7 : 01 p.m. and continued for over two hours . When the relatively small amount of ash settled over eastern Washington , the dome built in June was gone . The growing third dome on October 24 , 1980 Seismic activity and gas emission steadily increased in early August , and on August 7 at 4 : 26 p.m. , an ash cloud slowly expanded 8 miles ( 13 km ) into the sky . Small pyroclastic flows came through the northern breach and a weaker outpouring of ash rose from the crater . This continued until 10 : 32 p.m. when a second large blast sent ash high into the air , proceeding due north . A second dacite dome filled this vent a few days later . Two months of repose were ended by an eruption lasting from October 16 to 18 . This event obliterated the second dome , sent ash 10 miles ( 16 km ) in the air and created small , red - hot pyroclastic flows . A third dome began to form within 30 minutes after the final explosion on October 18 , and within a few days , it was about 900 feet ( 270 m ) wide and 130 feet ( 40 m ) high . In spite of the dome growth next to it , a new glacier formed rapidly inside the crater . All of the post-1980 eruptions were quiet dome - building events , beginning with the December 27 , 1980 , to January 3 , 1981 , episode . By 1987 the third dome had grown to be more than 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) wide and 800 feet ( 240 m ) high . Further eruptions occurred over a few months between 1989 and 1991 . Plume of volcanic ash and steam in October 2004 eruption 2004 -- 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens The 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano . Starting in October 2004 there was a gradual building of a new lava dome . The new dome did not rise above the caldera created by the 1980 eruption . This activity lasted until January 2008 . Summary table ( edit ) Eruption summary May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens Elevation of summit : Before eruption : 9,677 ft ( 2,950 m ) After eruption : 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) Total removed : 1,314 ft ( 401 m ) Crater dimensions : East - West : 1.2 mi ( 1.9 km ) North - South : 1.8 mi ( 2.9 km ) Depth : 2,084 ft ( 635 m ) Crater floor elevation : 6,279 ft ( 1,914 m ) Eruption Date : May 18 , 1980 Time of initial blast : 8 : 32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC − 7 ) Eruption trigger : A magnitude 5.1 earthquake about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) beneath the volcano Landslide and debris avalanche Area covered : 23 sq mi ( 60 km ) Volume : ( uncompacted deposits ) 0.67 cu mi ( 2.8 km ) Depth of deposit : Buried North Fork Toutle River to average depth of 150 ft ( 46 m ) with a maximum depth of 600 ft ( 183 m ) Velocity : 70 to 150 mph ( 113 to 241 km / h ) Lateral blast Area covered : 230 sq mi ( 596 km ) ; reached 17 mi ( 27 km ) northwest of the crater Volume of deposit : ( uncompacted deposits ) 0.046 cu mi ( 0.19 km ) Depth of deposit : From about 3 ft ( 1 m ) at volcano to less than 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) at blast edge Velocity : At least 300 mph ( 483 km / h ) Temperature : As high as 660 ° F ( 349 ° C ) Energy release : 24 megatons thermal energy ( 7 by blast , rest through release of heat ) Trees blown down : 4,000,000,000 board feet ( 9,400,000 m ) of timber ( enough to build about 300,000 two - bedroom homes ) Human fatalities : 55 - 60 ( direct ) ; 4 ( indirect ) ; 59 - 64 ( total ) Lahars Velocity : About 10 to 25 mph ( 16 to 40 km / h ) and over 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) on steep flanks of volcano Damaged : 27 bridges , nearly 200 homes . Blast and lahars destroyed more than 185 mi ( 298 km ) of highways and roads and 15 mi ( 24 km ) of railways . Effects on Cowlitz River : Reduced carrying capacity at flood stage at Castle Rock from 76,000 cu ft ( 2,200 m ) per second to less than 15,000 cu ft ( 420 m ) per second . Effects on Columbia River : Reduced channel depth from 40 to 14 ft ( 12 to 4 m ) ; stranded 31 ships in upstream ports Eruption column and cloud Height : Reached about 80,000 ft ( 24,400 m ) in less than 15 minutes Downwind extent : Spread across U.S. in 3 days ; circled Earth in 15 days Volume of ash : ( based on uncompacted deposits ) 0.26 cu mi ( 1.1 km ) Ash fall area : Detectable amounts of ash covered 22,000 sq mi ( 57,000 km ) Ash fall depth : 10 in ( 25 cm ) at 10 mi ( 16 km ) downwind ( ash and pumice ) 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) at 60 mi ( 97 km ) downwind 0.5 in ( 1.3 cm ) at 300 mi ( 482.8 km ) downwind Pyroclastic flows Area covered : 6 sq mi ( 16 km ) ; reached as far as 5 mi ( 8 km ) north of crater Volume and depth : ( volume based on uncompacted deposits ) 0.029 cu mi ( 0.12 km ) ; multiple flows 3 to 30 ft ( 1 to 9 m ) thick ; cumulative depth of deposits reached 120 ft ( 37 m ) in places Velocity : Estimated at 50 to 80 mph ( 80 to 130 km / h ) Temperature : At least 1,300 ° F ( 700 ° C ) Other Wildlife : The Washington State Department of Game estimated nearly 7,000 big game animals ( deer , elk and bear ) perished as well as all birds and most small mammals . Many burrowing rodents , frogs , salamanders and crawfish managed to survive because they were below ground level or water surface when the disaster struck . Fisheries : The Washington Department of Fisheries estimated that 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings were killed when hatcheries were destroyed . Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when forced to swim through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators as reservoir levels along the Lewis River were kept low to accommodate possible mudflows and flooding . Brantley and Myers , 1997 , Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 1996 : USGS Fact Sheet 070 -- 97 , accessed 2007 - 06 - 05 ; and Tilling , Topinka , and Swanson , 1990 , Eruption of Mount St. Helens -- Past , Present , and Future : USGS General Interest Publication , accessed 2007 - 06 - 05 . Table compiled by Lyn Topinka , USGS / CVO , 1997 See also ( edit ) Cascade Volcanoes -- High Cascades . List of Cascade volcanoes Geology of the Pacific Northwest Pacific Ring of Fire The Eruption of Mount St. Helens ! ( 1980 film ) -- documentary movie about the eruption . Notes ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.V. ; Heiken , G. ; Hulen , J. ( 1998 ) . Volcanoes : Crucibles of Change . Princeton University Press . p. 294 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` Explosive Lessons of 25 Years Ago '' . The Washington Post . p . A03 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Helens Eruption - giph.io '' . giph.io . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Those who lost their lives because of the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens '' ( PDF ) . KGW news . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ As given by `` Inflation Calculator '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tilling , Robert I. ; Topinka , Lyn & Swanson , Donald A. ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . The Climactic Eruption of May 18 , 1980 . U.S. Geological Survey ( Special Interest Publication ) . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ( adapted public domain text ) . Jump up ^ Gorney , Cynthia ( March 31 , 1980 ) . `` The Volcano : Full Theater , Stuck Curtain ; Hall Packed for Volcano , But the Curtain Is Stuck '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 15 -- 21 , 1980 '' . USGS. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Ray , Dewey ( March 27 , 1980 ) . `` Oregon volcano may be warming up for an eruption '' . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 22 -- 28 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 29 -- April 4 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens cabin owners angry at ban '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . May 17 , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : April 5 -- 11 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reawakening and Initial Activity '' . United States Geological Survey . 1997 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : May 3 -- 9 , 1980 '' . USGS. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : May 10 -- 17 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.V. ; Heiken , G. ; Hulen , J. ( 1997 ) . Volcanoes : Crucibles of Change . Princeton University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01213 - X . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Fritz , William , J. ; Harrison , Sylvia ( 1985 ) . `` Transported trees from the 1982 Mount St. Helens sediment flows : Their use as paleocurrent indicators '' . Sedimentary Geology ( Scientific ) . Elsevier BV. 42 ( 1 , 2 ) : 49 - 64 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Robert Coenraads ( 2006 ) . `` Natural Disasters and How We Cope '' , p. 50 . Millennium House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 921209 - 11 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , H.E. ; Lichte , F.E. ( 1980 ) . `` Chemical composition of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 7 ( 11 ) : 949 -- 952 . doi : 10.1029 / GL007i011p00949 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , E.M. ( 1981 ) . `` Measurement of the Imaginary Part of the Refractive Index Between 300 and 700 Nanometers for Mount St. Helens Ash '' . Science . 211 ( 4484 ) : 836 -- 838 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 211.4484. 836 . Jump up ^ `` What were the effects on people when Mt St Helens erupted ? '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patty Murray ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` 25th Anniversary of the Mount St. Helens Eruption '' . Congressional Record -- Senate . U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. S5252 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Egan , Timothy ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Trees Return to St. Helens , But Do They Make a Forest ? '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Lienau . `` To Touch a Volcano : A Filmmaker 's Story of Survival '' . Global Net Productions . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000 , Fact Sheet 036 - 00 '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Slape , Leslie ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Mountain Mystery : Some wonder if fewer people died in 1980 eruption '' . The Daily News . Longview , Washington . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mt . St Helens Victims '' . The Columbian . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Painter , John Jr . The 1980s . The Oregonian , December 31 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis '' . Minneapolisfed.org . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` He Remembers the Year the Mountain Blew ( 1980 ) '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 213 . References ( edit ) Harris , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes . Missoula , MT : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 220 - 3 . Tilling , Robert I. ; Topinka , Lyn & Swanson , Donald A. ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . The Climactic Eruption of May 18 , 1980 . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ( adapted public domain text ) Klimasauskas , Ed ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Topinka , Lyn . Mount St. Helens : A General Slide Set , Cascades Volcano Observatory , U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 10 Further reading ( edit ) `` Eruption of Mount St. Helens '' . National Geographic . Vol. 159 no . 1 . January 1981 . pp. 3 -- 65 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Findley , Rowe ( December 1981 ) . `` Mount St. Helens Aftermath '' . National Geographic . Vol. 160 no . 6 . pp. 713 -- 733 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . `` List of victims '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) List of victims with biographical details USGS : Mount St. Helens 1980 Debris Avalanche Deposit USDA Forest Service : Mount St. Helens VolcanoCam Pre-1980 Eruptive History of Mount St. Helens , Washington USGS : Before , During , and After May 18 , 1980 Video approximation of the first seconds of the May 18 eruption from Gary Rosenquist 's photos on YouTube Boston.com -- The Big Picture -- 30 years later The short film Eruption of Mount St. Helens , 1980 ( 1981 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film This place in time : The Mount St. Helens story ( 1984 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Aerial pictures of the July 22nd , 1980 secondary eruption News reports at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Volcano Mount Meager massif Mount Cayley Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak State of Washington Olympia ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Census - designated places Federal lands Indian reservations History Geography Earthquakes People Music Parks Highways Symbols Tourist attractions Society Cannabis Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Politics Government Law Governors Legislature Legislative districts Senate House Legislative initiatives Popular initiatives Congressional delegation Congressional districts City governments State agencies Agriculture Archaeology and Historic Preservation Commerce Corrections Early Learning Ecology Employment Security Enterprise Services Financial Institutions Fish and Wildlife Health Information Services Labor and Industries Licensing Liquor and Cannabis Board Military Natural Resources Parks Institute for Public Policy Public Stadium Authority Public Disclosure Commission Retirement Systems Revenue Services for the Blind Social and Health Services Student Achievement Council Transportation Utilities and Transportation Regions Western Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Eastern / Inland Central Washington Columbia Plateau Methow Valley Okanogan Country Palouse Yakima Valley Shared Cascade Range Columbia Gorge Columbia River Largest cities Seattle Spokane Tacoma Vancouver Bellevue Kent Everett Renton Yakima Federal Way Spokane Valley Kirkland Bellingham Kennewick Auburn Pasco Marysville Lakewood Redmond Shoreline Richland Metropolitan areas Greater Seattle Greater Spokane Tri-Cities Wenatchee metropolitan area Greater Portland and Vancouver Counties Adams Asotin Benton Chelan Clallam Clark Columbia Cowlitz Douglas Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Grays Harbor Island Jefferson King Kitsap Kittitas Klickitat Lewis Lincoln Mason Okanogan Pacific Pend Oreille Pierce San Juan Skagit Skamania Snohomish Spokane Stevens Thurston Wahkiakum Walla Walla Whatcom Whitman Yakima Modern history of Oregon ( 1890 -- present ) Topics Tax revolt Governors Bottle Bill Centennial Tokens `` Roll On , Columbia , Roll On '' Meier & Frank Willamette Industries Direct Legislation League Events USS Oregon Lewis & Clark Expo Oregon land fraud scandal Lookout Air Raids Columbus Day Storm Exploding whale 1977 NBA Finals 1980 eruption of Mt . St. Helens Rajneeshee bioterror attack Rajneeshee assassination plot New Carissa oil spill Willamette Valley Flood Places Bonneville Dam Celilo Falls Copperfield Fort Stevens Harbor Drive Kaiser Shipyards Shanghai tunnels Vanport Politicians Victor G. Atiyeh George Chamberlain David B. Frohnmayer Neil Goldschmidt Mark Hatfield Nan Wood Honeyman Tom McCall Douglas McKay Charles McNary Wayne Morse Maurine Neuberger Norma Paulus Barbara Roberts James H. Weaver Other Oregonians Terry Baker Pietro Belluschi Gert Boyle Abigail Scott Duniway James A. Fee Matt Groening Ken Kesey Phil Knight Ursula K. Le Guin Hall S. Lusk Brian McMenamin Bill Naito Steve Prefontaine Jack Ramsay Henry Weinhard History of Oregon 's native peoples of Oregon to 1806 of pioneers in Oregon of Oregon in modern times Coordinates : 46 ° 12 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W / 46.20028 ° N 122.18667 ° W / 46.20028 ; - 122.18667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens&oldid=835603651 '' Categories : 1980 in Idaho 1980 in Montana 1980 in Oregon 1980 in Washington ( state ) 1980 natural disasters in the United States 20th - century volcanic events Cascade Volcanoes Gifford Pinchot National Forest History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Mount St. Helens Natural disasters in Washington ( state ) Volcanism of Washington ( state ) Landslides in 1980 May 1980 events Megatsunamis Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 18 : 03 . 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-8535435517838336754 | Media richness theory | Media richness theory - wikipedia Media richness theory Jump to : navigation , search Media richness theory , sometimes referred to as information richness theory or MRT , is a framework used to describe a communication medium 's ability to reproduce the information sent over it . It was introduced by Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel in 1986 as an extension of information processing theory . MRT is used to rank and evaluate the richness of certain communication media , such as phone calls , video conferencing , and email . For example , a phone call can not reproduce visual social cues such as gestures which makes it a less rich communication media than video conferencing , which affords the transmission of gestures and body language . Based on contingency theory and information processing theory , MRT explains that richer , personal communication mediums are generally more effective for communicating of equivocal issues than leaner , less rich media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Theory 2.1 Determining media richness 2.2 Selecting an appropriate medium 2.3 Concurrency 3 Applications 3.1 Industries 3.1. 1 Organizational and business communications 3.1. 2 Media sensitivity and job performance 3.1. 3 Job seeking and recruitment 3.1. 4 Virtual teams and teleworking 3.1. 5 Online shopping 3.1. 6 Corporate social responsibility 3.2 Media 3.2. 1 Websites and hypertext 3.2. 2 Instant messaging and texting 3.2. 3 E-mail 3.2. 4 Video conferencing 3.3 Other applications 3.3. 1 Deception 3.3. 2 Distance education and e-books 3.3. 3 Nursing 3.3. 4 Finding Physicians and Healthcare Providers 3.3. 5 Civic engagement 4 Criticism 4.1 Scope of the theory 4.2 Cultural and social limitations 4.3 Application to new media 5 Related theories 5.1 Media naturalness 5.2 Media synchronicity 5.3 Channel expansion 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Background ( edit ) Media richness theory was introduced in 1986 by Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel . Leaning on information processing theory for its theoretical foundation , MRT was originally developed to describe and evaluate communication media within organizations . In presenting media richness theory , Daft and Lengel sought to help organizations cope with communication challenges , such as unclear or confusing messages , or conflicting interpretations of messages . Other communication scholars have tested the theory in order to improve it , and more recently Media Richness Theory has been retroactively adapted to include new media communication mediums , such as improved video and online conferencing . Although media richness theory relates to media use , rather than media choice , empirical studies of the theory have often studied what medium a manager would choose to communicate over , and not the effects of media use . Since its introduction , media richness theory has been applied to contexts outside of organizational and business communication ( See `` Application '' section ) . Theory ( edit ) Information richness is defined by Daft and Lengel as `` the ability of information to change understanding within a time interval '' . Media richness theory states that all communication media vary in their ability to enable users to communicate and to change understanding . The degree of this ability is known as a medium 's `` richness . '' MRT places all communication media on a continuous scale based on their ability to adequately communicate a complex message . Media that can efficiently overcome different frames of reference and clarify ambiguous issues are considered to be richer whereas communications media that require more time to convey understanding are deemed less rich . A primary driver in selecting a communication medium for a particular message is to reduce the equivocality , or possible misinterpretations , of a message . If a message is equivocal , it is unclear and thus more difficult for the receiver to decode . The more equivocal a message , the more cues and data needed to interpret it correctly . For example , a simple message intended to arrange a meeting time and place could be communicated in a short email , but a more detailed message about a person 's work performance and expectations would be better communicated through face - to - face interaction . The theory includes a framework with axes going from low to high equivocality and low to high uncertainty . Low equivocality and low uncertainty represents a clear , well - defined situation ; high equivocality and high uncertainty indicates ambiguous events that need clarification by managers . Daft and Lengel also stress that message clarity may be compromised when multiple departments are communicating with each other , as departments may be trained in different skill sets or have conflicting communication norms . Determining media richness ( edit ) In their 1988 article regarding media richness theory , Daft and Lengel state , `` The more learning that can be pumped through a medium , the richer the medium . '' Media richness is a function of characteristics including the following : Ability to handle multiple information cues simultaneously Ability to facilitate rapid feedback Ability to establish a personal focus Ability to utilize natural language Selecting an appropriate medium ( edit ) Media richness theory predicts that managers will choose the mode of communication based on aligning the equivocality of the message to the richness of the medium . In other words , communication channels will be selected based on how communicative they are . However , often other factors , such as the resources available to the communicator , come into play . Daft and Lengel 's prediction assumes that managers are most concentrated on task efficiency ( that is , achieving the communicative goal as efficiently as possible ) and does not take into consideration other factors , such as relationship growth and maintenance . Subsequent researchers have pointed out that attitudes towards a medium may not accurately predict a person 's likelihood of using that medium over others , as media usage is not always voluntary . If an organization 's norms and resources support one medium , it may be difficult for a manager to choose another form to communicate his or her message . Social presence refers to the degree to which a medium permits communicators to experience others as being psychologically present or the degree to which a medium is perceived to convey the actual presence of the communicating participants . Tasks that involve interpersonal skills , such as resolving disagreements or negotiation , demand high social presence , whereas tasks such as exchanging routine information require less social presence . Therefore , face - to - face media like group meetings are more appropriate for performing tasks that require high social presence ; media such as email and written letters are more appropriate for tasks that require low social presence . Another model that is related to media richness theory as an alternative , particularly in selecting an appropriate medium , is the social influence model . How we perceive media , in this case to decide where a medium falls on the richness scale , depends on `` perceptions of media characteristics that are socially created , '' reflecting social forces and social norms at play in the current environment and the context that determines the needed use . Each organization is different in the goal that is trying to be reached and the missions that are trying to be completed . Thus , with different organizational cultures and environments , the way each organization perceives a medium is different and as a result , the way each organization uses media and deems media as more or less rich will vary . Communicators also consider how personal a message is when determining the appropriate media for communication . In general , richer mediums are more personal as they include nonverbal and verbal cues , body language , inflection , and gestures that signal a person 's reaction to a message . Rich media can promote a closer relationship between a manager and subordinate . The sentiment of the message may also have an influence on the medium chosen . Managers may want to communicate negative messages in person or via a richer media , even if the equivocality of the message is not high , in order to facilitate better relationships with subordinates . On the other hand , sending a negative message over a leaner medium would weaken the immediate blame on the message sender and prevent them from observing the reaction of the receiver . As current business models change , allowing more employees to work outside the office , organizations must rethink the reliance on face - to - face communication . Furthermore , the fear of more lean channels must be rid of . In this current context , managers must decided through trial and errors which medium is best used for various situations , namely an employee that works from the office vs. an employee that works outside the office . Business is being conducted on a global scale . In order to save money and cut back on travel time , organizations must adopt new media in order to stay up - to - date with business functions in the modern times . Concurrency ( edit ) In April 1993 , Valacich et al. suggested that in light of new media , concurrency be included as an additional characteristic to determine a medium 's richness . They define environmental concurrency to represent `` the communication capacity of the environment to support distinct communication episodes , without detracting from any other episodes that may be occurring simultaneously between the same or different individuals . '' Furthermore , they explain that while this idea of concurrency could be applied to the media described in Daft and Lengel 's original theories , new media provide a greater opportunity for concurrency than ever before . Applications ( edit ) Explanatory diagram Industries ( edit ) Organizational and business communications ( edit ) Media richness theory was originally conceived in an organizational communication setting to better understand interaction within companies . MRT is used to determine the `` best '' medium for an individual or organization to communicate a message . For example , organizations may find that important decisions need to be discussed in face - to - face interactions ; using email would not be an adequate channel . From an organizational perspective , high level personnel may require verbal media to help solve many of their problems . Entry level positions with clear , unambiguous tasks may be fulfilled with written media forms . From an individual perspective , though , people prefer oral communication because the abundant communicative cues afford more accurate and efficient interpretation of the message . An information - processing perspective of organizations also highlights the important role of communication . This perspective suggests that organizations gather information from their environment , process this information , and then act on it . As environmental complexity , turbulence , and information load increase , organizational communication increases . The organization 's effectiveness in processing information becomes paramount when the business environment is complex and wrought with rapid change . Today , companies use technologies such as video conferencing , which enable participants to see each other even when in separate locations . This technology affords organizations the opportunity to have richer communication than via traditional conference calls which only provide audio cues to the participants involved . Media sensitivity and job performance ( edit ) Daft and Lengel also assert that not all executives or managers in organizations demonstrate the same skill in making effective media choices for communications . High performing executives or managers tend to be more `` sensitive '' to richness requirements in media selection than low performing managers . In other words , competent executives select rich media for non-routine messages and lean media for routine messages . From the consensus and satisfaction perspectives , groups with a communication medium which is too lean for their task seem to experience more difficulties than groups with a communication medium which is too rich for their task . Additionally , face - to - face groups achieved higher consensus change , higher decision satisfaction and higher decision scheme satisfaction than dispersed groups . Job seeking and recruitment ( edit ) In a job recruitment context , face - to - face interactions with company representatives , such as at career fairs , should be perceived by applicants as rich media . Career fairs allow instant feedback in the form of questions and answers and permit multiple cues including verbal messages and body gestures and can be tailored to each job seeker 's interests and questions . In comparison , static messages like reading information on a company 's website or browsing an electronic bulletin board can be defined as leaner media since they are not customized to the individual needs of job seekers ; they are asynchronous in their feedback and , since they are primarily text - based , there are no opportunities for verbal inflections or body gestures . This interaction between job seekers and potential employers affects how candidates process information about the organization . The interactions a candidate has with a potential employer via lean and rich media shape a job seeker 's beliefs . Some employers have started using more vivid tools to answer questions about job recruitment such as videos , animations and virtual agents . Elements which are more interactive like the US Army 's virtual agent , Sgt . Starr , have been shown to improve information transfer for ambiguous or complex messages such as a company 's value or mission . Virtual teams and teleworking ( edit ) Many organizations are distributed globally with employees on a single team located in many different time zones . In order to facilitate productive cooperation and team dynamics , organizations benefit from considering the technology tools that are provided for coworking and communication . Workman , Kahnweiler , and Bommer ( 2003 ) found that an ideal teleworking design would feature a variety of types of media , ranging from lean to rich , in which workers can choose the media that is most suitable for their working style and the task at hand . Further , different jobs may require different types of media . Jobs that are more concrete and structured like planning , administration or operations may be sustainable with lean media options while software design and development which inherently has much more uncertainty and negotiation is best supported by richer media channels . A 2009 study exploring the dynamics of virtual teams showed that the use of richer media in virtual work environments decreased perceived social loafing , or the feeling that a group member 's individual contributions are not noticed or valued . Online shopping ( edit ) The perceived richness of an online store must be considered when analyzing online buying content . The consumer 's web experience , income and trust in the online store have a significant positive effect on the consumer 's intent of making online purchases . A consumer 's Web experience has a significant positive effect on the perceived richness of the online store , whereas the perceived risk related to the use of the online store has a significant negative effect on the consumer 's trust in an attitude towards the online store . According to media richness theory , an online store will be more efficient for analyzable tasks and a bricks - and - mortar store for unanalyzable tasks . This knowledge will allow companies to efficiently adapt the way they use their online store , and how they deploy their multi-channel strategies in order to better meet consumers ' needs . Therefore , online retailers need to understand the nature of the consumer 's task in the shopping process and how the consumer perceives an online store 's richness . In other words , companies must decide upon the most effective arrangement of channels with varying degrees of richness that will allow consumers to search for and purchase goods . Corporate social responsibility ( edit ) The concept of corporate social responsibility ( CSR ) , which originally gained prominence in the 1960s , describes a company 's self - regulation in the compliance of the ethical and moral standards . Public companies often describe their CSR efforts as an aspect of marketing campaigns in order to appeal to customers . Sat and Selemat ( 2014 ) found that customers were more affected by such messages when they were communicated through rich channels instead of lean ones . Media ( edit ) While media richness theory 's application to new media has been contested ( see `` Criticism '' ) , it is still used heuristically as a basis for studies examining new media . Websites and hypertext ( edit ) Websites can vary in their richness . In a study examining representations of the former Yugoslavia on the World Wide Web , Jackson and Purcell proposed that hypertext plays a role in determining the richness of individual websites . They developed a framework of criteria in which the use of hypertext on a website can be evaluated in terms of media richness characteristics as set forth by Daft and Lengel in their original theoretical literature . Furthermore , in their 2004 article , Simon and Peppas examined product websites ' richness in terms of multimedia use . They classified `` rich media sites '' as those that included text , pictures , sounds and video clips , while the `` lean media sites '' contained only text . In their study , they created four sites ( two rich and two lean ) to describe two products ( one simple , one complex ) . They found that most users , regardless of the complexity of the product , preferred the websites that provided richer media . Rich media on websites also has the potential to stimulate action in the physical world . Lu , Kim , Dou and Kumar ( 2014 ) demonstrated that websites with 3D views of a fitness center were more successful in creating a student 's intention to visit the gym than a website with static 2D images . Instant messaging and texting ( edit ) Media richness theory implies that a sender should select a medium of appropriate richness to communicate the desired message or fulfill a specific task . Senders that use less - rich communication media must consider the limitations of that medium in the dimensions of feedback , multiple cues , message tailoring , and emotions . Take for example the relative difficulty of determining whether a modern text message is serious or sarcastic in tone . The leanness of the text prevents the transmission of tone and facial expression which would otherwise be useful in detecting the sarcasm . However , results from a study conducted by Anandarajan et al. on Generation Y 's use of instant messaging conclude that `` the more users recognize IM as a rich communication medium , the more likely they believe this medium is useful for socialization . '' Though Generation Y users consider texting to be a rich medium , there is additional evidence that shows that easily accessible and non-intrusive media ( i.e. , texting , Twitter ) were more likely to be used for sharing positive than negative events , and intrusive and rich media ( i.e. , phone calling ) were more likely to be used for sharing negative than positive events . Additionally , in order to better understand teenagers ' use of MSN ( later called Microsoft Messenger service ) , Sheer examined the effect of both media richness and communication control . Among other findings , Sheer 's study demonstrated that `` rich features , such as webcam and MSN Spaces seemingly facilitated the increase of acquaintances , new friends , opposite - sex friends , and , thus , the total number of friends . '' Email ( edit ) In recent years , as the general population has become more e-mail savvy , the lines have blurred somewhat between face - to - face and e-mail communication . E-mail is now thought of as a verbal tool , with its capacity to enable immediate feedback , leverage natural language , and embed emotion via acronyms and emoticons . However , there is a downside of e-mail : volume overload . Emails often have large unnecessary quantities of information which is non-job essential and / or spam . Filtering through this junk does require additional time . The time required to manage email can cause an information overload . With excess email , people may feel that they will miss information due to the sheer volume on content they receive . Some individuals may find this volume to be a barrier to swift responses to emails . Email do have the capacity to transmit more informational content than other channels such as voicemail . Perception of email as a rich platform varies among users though . This perception contributes to how the individual will use the channel . For some , the choice of content will differ . They may include images or videos if they recognize email as a rich channel whereas others may only leverage text . This perception also affects choice of linguistic features . Those that see email as similar to an oral channel will type differently than those who see email as a written channel . Video conferencing ( edit ) Video conference software has been used not only for virtual teams in large companies , but also for classrooms and casual conversations . Software or Video Conferencing Systems ( VCS ) such as Skype and Google Hangouts allow for more visual cues than just audio conversations . Research suggests that VCS is somewhere between the telephone and face - to - face meetings in terms of media richness . Even though video conferencing does not have the same richness as face - to - face conversations , a study regarding video conferencing has said that richer content - presentation types were positively correlated with higher concentration levels but showed mixed results when correlated with perceived usefulness . Other applications ( edit ) Deception ( edit ) Deception , in the context of communication theory , occurs when the sender knowingly conveys a false message to the receiver . According to Buller and Burgoon , `` deception occurs when communicators control the information contained in their messages to convey a meaning that departs from the truth as they know it . '' This idea is central to the Interpersonal deception theory . Additional research has analyzed the relationship between media richness and the communication of deceptive messages . Richer media , especially those that transmit non-verbal cues such tone of voice , facial expression or gestures , show lesser incidences of deceptive messages than lean media . By leveraging a richer media , interlocutors develop stronger affective bonds which mitigates the likelihood that one speaker will try to deceive another . When honesty is not considered the best policy , learner media , such as e-mail , allows for a stronger possibility of deception . Distance Education and e-books ( edit ) In evaluating students ' satisfaction with distance courses , Sheppherd and Martz concluded that a course 's use of media rich technology affected how students evaluated the quality of the course . Courses that utilized tools such as `` discussion forums , document sharing areas , and web casting '' were viewed more favorably . Lai and Chang in 2011 used media richness as a variable in their study examining user attitudes towards e-books , stating that the potential for rich media content like embedded hyperlinks and other multimedia additions , offered users a different reading experience than a printed book . Further research by Lan and Sie ( 2010 ) , that within the category of text based communication channels , there are significant differences that should shape an instructor 's choice of technology . They studied the use of SMS , email and RSS and found that SMS is suitable for fast delivery , email affords greater content richness and RSS is the ideal format for content presentation on front - end mobile devices . E-books and e-learning are becoming recurrent tools in the academic landscape . One of the key characteristics of e-learning is its capability to integrate different media , such as text , picture , audio , animation and video to create multimedia instructional material . Media selection in e-learning can be a critical issue because of the increased costs of developing non-textual e-learning materials . Learners can benefit from the use of richer media in courses that contain equivocal and complex content ; however , learners achieve no significant benefit in either learner score or learner satisfaction from the use of richer media in courses containing low equivocal ( numeric ) content . Nursing ( edit ) The transition from analog to digital record keeping in medical care has been at the forefront of medical innovation . Castro , Favela , and Gracia - Pena studied the effects of different media ( face to face , telephone and videoconferencing ) on nursing consultations in emergency calls . They found that while there were no efficacy differences between media , richer media did facilitate faster consultations and resolutions . Videoconferencing may result in less eye contact than if the nurse was face to face with the patient . Finding physicians and healthcare providers ( edit ) Despite interpersonal communication being a key ingredient in medical encounters , and physician communication being one of the most important qualities patients indicate in their selection of a new doctor , healthcare organizations do not do a very good job helping their prospective patients understand how a new doctor would communicate with them in future encounters through their online biographies - most only providing `` lean '' biographies of text , and very few providing `` richer '' video introductions . Video introductions provide the opportunity to help patients actually see how a physician might interact within a consultation . Perrault and Silk tested what effects richer video introductions of doctors might have on patients when they are in this decision - making phase . They uncovered that when participants were exposed to a richer video introduction of the physician that uncertainty was reduced to a greater extent than when they were only exposed a lean , text - based biography . Participants were also more likely to choose to want to visit the doctor who provided the richer video introduction over the leaner text biography . Civic engagement ( edit ) Media used online also has been successfully proven to stimulate civic engagement . Leveraging the Internet to facilitate public deliberation has been proven to be a successful and cost effective way to engage large volumes of citizens . Studies have shown that mixed modality media ( both rich and lean ) can be useful in citizen education and engagement . Through the creation of new social networks and various online platforms , media allows for many more opportunities of `` greater visibility and community building potential of cultural citizenship 's previous ' ephemeral ' practices . '' The explosion of creativity on the internet can be linked to formal institutions such as government and education in order to allow for a broader participation base , leading to stronger engagement of citizens and gaining access to a wider range of insight and knowledge . Criticism ( edit ) Scope of the theory ( edit ) Media richness theory has been criticized by what many researchers saw as its deterministic nature . Markus argues that social pressures can influence media use much more strongly than richness , and in ways that are inconsistent with MRT 's key tenets . It has also been noted that media richness theory should not assume that the feelings towards using a richer media in a situation are completely opposite to using a leaner media . In fact , media choice is complex and in general even if a rich media is considered to be the `` best '' to communicate a message , a leaner media may still be able to communicate the message . In addition , for some tasks , the type of media used will make no difference to the accuracy of the communicated message . In selecting a medium for message transmission , an individual will also consider his or her comfort with the possible options . If an individual is uncomfortable or unfamiliar with using an email system to distribute a message , and view learning to send an email as more time consuming and inefficient than simply having a group meeting , he or she may choose a richer medium instead of a more efficient medium . This behavior outcome , through irrational , is certainly a reflection upon the previously established experience . Cultural and social limitations ( edit ) Ngwenyama and Lee show that cultural and social background influence media choice by individuals in ways that are incompatible with predictions based on media richness theory ; their paper received the Paper of the Year Award in the journal MIS Quarterly . Ngwenyama and Lee are not alone in their critiques regarding the limitations of media richness theory , particularly in regards to cultural and individual characteristics . Research by Ook Lee demonstrated that in a Confucian virtual work environment where showing respect is essential , a communication channel 's ability to convey cultural protocol is more important than the richness of the channel . In 2009 , Gerritsen 's study concluded that in business contexts , culture does play a role in determining the receiver 's preference of medium , perhaps in terms of the specific culture 's threshold for uncertainty avoidance . Additionally , Dennis , Kinney , and Hung found that in terms of the actual performance of equivocal tasks , the richness of a medium has the most notable effect on teams composed entirely of females . On the other hand , `` matching richness to task equivocality did not improve decision quality , time , consensus , or communication satisfaction for all - male or mixed - gender teams . '' Individually speaking , Barkhi demonstrated that communication mode and cognitive style can play a role in media preference and selection , suggesting that even in situations with identical messages and intentions , the `` best '' media selection can vary from person to person . Application to new media ( edit ) Additionally , because media richness theory was developed before widespread use of the internet , which also introduced media like email , chat rooms , instant messaging , smartphone , and more , some have questioned its ability to accurately predict what new media users may choose . Several studies have been conducted that examine media choice when given options considered to be `` new media '' , such as voice mail and email . El - Shinnaway and Markus hypothesized that , based on media richness theory , individuals would choose to communicate messages over the more rich medium of voice mail than via email , but found that even when sending more equivocal messages , the leaner medium of email was used . Also , it has been indicated that given the expanded capabilities of new media , media richness theory 's unidimensional approach to categorizing different communication media in no longer sufficient to capture all the dimensions in which media types can vary . Related theories ( edit ) Media naturalness ( edit ) Several new theories have been developed based on Daft and Lengel 's original framework . Kock argued that some of the hypotheses of media richness theory lack a scientific basis , and proposed an alternative theory -- media naturalness theory -- building on findings in the field of human evolution . Media Naturalness Theory hypothesizes that because face - to - face communication is the most `` natural '' method of communication , we should want our other communication methods to resemble face - to - face communication as closely as possible . While media richness theory places mediums on a scale that range from low to high in richness and places face - to - face communication at the top of the scale , Media Naturalness Theory thinks of face - to - face communication as the middle in a scale , and states that the further away one gets from face - to - face ( either more or less rich ) , the more cognitive processing is required to comprehend a message . Media synchronicity ( edit ) To help explain media richness and its application to new media , media synchronicity theory was proposed . Synchronicity describes the ability of a medium to create the sense that all participants are concurrently engaged in the communication event . Media with high degrees of synchronicity , such as face - to - face meetings , offer participants the opportunity to communicate in real time , immediately observe the reactions and responses of others , and easily determine whether co-participants are fully engaged in the conversation . Media synchronicity theory also states that each medium has a set of abilities and that every communication interaction is composed of two processes : conveyance and convergence . These abilities include : transmission velocity , parallelism , symbol sets , rehearsability , and reaccessability . Media richness is also related to adaptive structuration theory and social information processing theory , which explain the context around a communication that might influence media choice . Channel expansion ( edit ) Channel expansion theory was proposed by Carlson and Zmud ( 1999 ) to explain the inconsistencies found in several empirical studies . In these studies , the results showed that managers would employ `` leaner '' media for tasks of high equivocality . Channel expansion theory suggested that individual 's media choice has a lot to do with individual 's experience with the medium itself , with the communicator and also with the topic . Thus it is possible that an individual 's experience with using a certain lean medium , will prompt that individual to use it for equivocal tasks . For example , a study by Kahai , Carroll , and Jestice ( 2007 ) showed that participants ' familiarity with instant messaging led them to perceive the medium as richer than the virtual world known as Second Life . Participants ' lack of experience with the objectively richer virtual world may have affected their perception when compared to the more familiar medium of instant messaging . However , the theory does not suggest that knowledge - building experiences will necessarily equalize differences in richness , whether objective or perceptually - based , across different media . Put in another way , knowledge - building experiences may be positively related to perceptions of the richness of email , but this does not necessarily mean that email will be viewed as richer than another medium , such as face - to - face interaction See also ( edit ) Communication theory Emotions in virtual communication Hyperpersonal model Multicommunicating Social identity model of deindividuation effects ( SIDE ) Telecommuting Theories of technology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Daft , R.L. ; Lengel , R.H. ( 1986 ) . `` Organizational information requirements , media richness and structural design '' . Management Science . 32 ( 5 ) : 554 -- 571 . doi : 10.1287 / mnsc. 32.5. 554 . Jump up ^ Dennis , A.R. ; Kinney , S.T. 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Jump up ^ O'Kane , Paula ; Owen , Hargie ( 2007 ) . `` Intentional and unintentional consequences of substituting face - to - face interaction with e-mail : An employee - based perspective '' . Interacting with Computers . 19 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. intcom. 2006.07. 008 . ^ Jump up to : El - Shinnaway , Maha ; M. Lynne Markus ( 1997 ) . `` The poverty of media richness theory : explaining people 's choice of electronic mail vs. voice mail '' . International Journal of Human - Computer Studies . 46 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 467 . doi : 10.1006 / ijhc. 1996.0099 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Joseph ; Fulk , Janet ( 1991 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Organizational Colleagues , Media Richness , and Electronic Mail A Test of the Social Influence Model of Technology Use '' . Communication Research . 18 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 523 . doi : 10.1177 / 009365091018004003 . ISSN 0093 - 6502 . Jump up ^ Baron , Naomi S. ( 1998 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Letters by phone or speech by other means : the linguistics of email '' . Language & Communication . 18 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 170 . doi : 10.1016 / S0271 - 5309 ( 98 ) 00005 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kydd , Christine T. ; Ferry , Diane L. ( 1994 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Managerial use of video conferencing '' . Information & Management . 27 ( 6 ) : 369 -- 375 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 7206 ( 94 ) 90017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Liu , Su - Houn ; Liao , Hsiu - Li ; Pratt , Jean A. ( 2009 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Impact of media richness and flow on e-learning technology acceptance '' . Computers & Education . 52 ( 3 ) : 599 -- 607 . doi : 10.1016 / j. compedu. 2008.11. 002 . Jump up ^ Buller , David ( August 1996 ) . `` Interpersonal Deception Theory '' . Communication Theory . Jump up ^ Rockmann , Kevin W. ; Northcraft , Gregory B. ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) . `` To be or not to be trusted : The influence of media richness on defection and deception '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 107 ( 2 ) : 106 -- 122 . doi : 10.1016 / j. obhdp. 2008.02. 002 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Morgan M. ; Martz , Jr. , WM Benjamin ( Fall 2006 ) . `` Media Richness Theory and the Distance Education Environment '' . Journal of Computer Information Systems . 47 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 122 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lai , Jung - Yu ; Chang , Chih - Yen ( 2011 ) . `` User attitudes toward dedicated e-book readers for reading : The effects of convenience , compatibility and media richness '' . Online Information Review . 35 ( 4 ) : 558 -- 580 . doi : 10.1108 / 14684521111161936 . Jump up ^ Lan , Yu - Feng ; Sie , Yang - Siang ( 2010 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Using RSS to support mobile learning based on media richness theory '' . Computers & Education . 55 ( 2 ) : 723 -- 732 . doi : 10.1016 / j. compedu. 2010.03. 005 . Jump up ^ P.C , Sun ; H.K. , Cheng ( 2007 ) . `` The design of instructional multimedia in e-Learning : A Media Richness Theory - based approach '' . 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( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Inspiring and Informing Citizens Online : A Media Richness Analysis of Varied Civic Education Modalities '' . Journal of Computer - Mediated Communication . 20 ( 5 ) : 504 -- 519 . doi : 10.1111 / jcc4. 12128 . ISSN 1083 - 6101 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Jean and Foth , Marcus and Klaebe , Helen ( 2006 ) Everyday Creativity as Civic Engagement : A Cultural Citizenship View of New Media . In Proceedings Communications Policy & Research Forum , Sydney . Jump up ^ Markus , M.L. ( 1994 ) . `` Electronic Mail as the Medium of Managerial Choice '' . Organization Science . 5 ( 4 ) : 502 -- 527 . doi : 10.1287 / orsc. 5.4. 502 . JSTOR 2635179 . Jump up ^ Rice , Ronald E. ( November 1992 ) . `` Task Analyzability , Use of New Media , and Effectiveness : A Multi-Site Exploration of Media '' . Organization Science . 3 ( 4 ) : 475 -- 500 . doi : 10.1287 / orsc. 3.4. 475 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis , Alan R. ; Joseph Valacich ; Cheri Speier ; Michael G. Morris ( 1998 ) . `` Beyond Media Richness : An Empirical Test of Media Synchronicity Theory '' . 31st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences : 48 -- 57 . Jump up ^ King , Ruth C ... Media Appropriateness : Effects of Experience on Communication Media Choice , p. 877 - 910 Jump up ^ Ngwenyama , Ojelanki K. ; Lee , Allen S. ( 1997 ) . `` Communication richness in electronic mail : Critical social theory and the contextuality of meaning '' . MIS Quarterly . 21 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 167 . doi : 10.2307 / 249417 . JSTOR 249417 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ook ( June 2000 ) . `` The role of cultural protocol in media choice in a confucian virtual workplace '' . IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication . 43 ( 2 ) : 196 . doi : 10.1109 / 47.843646 . Jump up ^ Gerritsen , Marinel ( 2009 ) . `` The Impact of Culture on Media Choice : The Role of Context , Media Richness and Uncertainty Avoidance '' . Language for Professional Communication : Research , Practice and Training : 146 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Alan R. ; Kinney , S.T. ; Hung , Y.C. ( August 1999 ) . `` Gender Differences in the Effects of Media Richness '' ( PDF ) . Small Group Research . 30 ( 4 ) : 405 -- 437 . doi : 10.1177 / 104649649903000402 . Jump up ^ Barkhi , Reza ( 2002 ) . `` Cognitive style may mitigate the impact of communication mode '' . Information & Management . 39 ( 8 ) : 677 -- 688 . doi : 10.1016 / s0378 - 7206 ( 01 ) 00114 - 8 . Jump up ^ Levy , Eilat Chen ; Rafaeli , Sheizaf ; Ariel , Yaron ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The effect of online interruptions on the quality of cognitive performance '' . Telematics and Informatics. 33 ( 4 ) : 1014 -- 1021 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tele. 2016.03. 003 . Jump up ^ Dennis , A.R. ; Fuller , R.M. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Media , Tasks and Communication Processes : A Theory of Media Synchronicity '' . MIS Quarterly . 32 ( 3 ) : 575 -- 600 . Jump up ^ Kock , N ( 2005 ) . `` Media richness or media naturalness ? The evolution of our biological communication apparatus and its influence on our behavior toward e-communication tools '' . IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication . 48 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 130 . doi : 10.1109 / tpc. 2005.849649 . ^ Jump up to : DeRosa , Darleen M. ; Donald A. Hantula , Ned Kock , & John D'Arcy ( Summer -- Fall 2004 ) . `` Trust and Leadership in Teamwork : A Media Naturalness Perspective '' . Human Resource Management . 43 ( 2&3 ) : 219 -- 232 . doi : 10.1002 / hrm. 20016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Carlson , J.R. ; George , J.F. ( 2004 ) . `` Media appropriateness in the conduct and discovery of deceptive communication : The relative influence of richness and synchronicity '' . Group Decision and Negotiation. 13 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 210 . doi : 10.1023 / b : grup. 0000021841.01346. 35 . Jump up ^ J.R. , Carlson ; Zmud , R. W ( 1999 ) . `` Channel expansion theory and the experimental nature of media richness perceptions '' . Academy of Management Journal . 42 : 153 -- 170 . doi : 10.2307 / 257090 . Jump up ^ Kahai , Surinder ( 2007 ) . `` Team Collaboration in Virtual Worlds '' . Database for Advances in Information Systems . 38 ( 4 ) : 61 . doi : 10.1145 / 1314234.1314246 . Jump up ^ Timmerman , C.E. ; Madhavapeddi , S.N. ( 2008 ) . `` Perceptions of organizational media richness : Channel expansion effects for electronic and traditional media across richness dimensions '' . Professional Communication , IEEE Transactions on . 51 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 32 . doi : 10.1109 / tpc. 2007.2000058 . Further reading ( edit ) Daft , R.L. & Lengel , R.H. ( 1984 ) . Information richness : a new approach to managerial behavior and organizational design . In : Cummings , L.L. & Staw , B.M. ( Eds . ) , Research in organizational behavior 6 , ( 191 - 233 ) . Homewood , IL : JAI Press . Daft , R.L. , Lengel , R.H. , & Trevino , L.K. ( 1987 ) . Message equivocality , media selection , and manager performance : Implications for information systems . MIS Quarterly , September , 355 - 366 . Lengel , R.H. ; Daft , R.L. ( 1988 ) . `` The Selection of Communication Media as an Executive Skill '' . Academy of Management Executive . 2 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 232 . doi : 10.5465 / ame. 1988.4277259 . Suh , K.S. ( 1999 ) . `` Impact of communication medium on task performance and satisfaction : an examination of media - richness theory '' . Information & Management . 35 : 295 -- 312 . doi : 10.1016 / s0378 - 7206 ( 98 ) 00097 - 4 . Trevino , L.K. ; Lengel , R.K. ; Daft , R.L. ( 1987 ) . `` Media Symbolism , Media Richness and media Choice in Organizations '' . Communication Research . 14 ( 5 ) : 553 -- 574 . doi : 10.1177 / 009365087014005006 . Trevino , L. ; Lengel , R. ; Bodensteiner , W. ; Gerloff , E. ; Muir , N. ( 1990 ) . `` The richness imperative and cognitive style : The role of individual differences in media choice behavior '' . Management Communication Quarterly . 4 ( 2 ) . 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-7007639148140577937 | Mass shootings in the United States | Mass shootings in the United States - wikipedia Mass shootings in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Total U.S. deaths by year in mass shootings : 1982 to 2016 Map of mass shootings in 2015 . The United States has had more mass shootings than any other country . Between 1966 and 2012 , 292 public mass shooting ( defined as four or more victims and excluding gang killings or domestic violence ) occurred across the world : 90 of these , or 31 % of the total , took place in the United States . There is no fixed definition of a mass shooting in the United States . When the definition is restricted to four or more people killed , data shows 146 mass shootings between 1967 and 2017 , with an average of eight people dead including the perpetrator . The perpetrator generally either commits suicide , is killed , or is restrained by law enforcement officers or civilians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Frequency 2.1 Differing sources 3 Contributing factors 4 Weapons used 5 Deadliest shootings 6 See also 7 References Definition ( edit ) There is no fixed definition of a mass shooting in the United States . The Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 , signed into law by Congress in January 2013 , defines a `` mass killing '' as one resulting in at least 3 victims , excluding the perpetrator . In 2015 , the Congressional Research Service defined a mass shooting as `` a multiple homicide incident in which four or more victims are murdered with firearms , within one event , and in one or more locations in close proximity '' . A broader definition , as used by the Gun Violence Archive , is that of `` 4 or more shot or killed , not including the shooter '' . This definition , of four people shot regardless of whether or not that results in injury or death , is often used by the press and non-profit organisations . Frequency ( edit ) Mandalay Bay hotel in Las Vegas , site of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting , resulting in 59 deaths and 851 non-fatal injuries . Studies indicate that the rate at which public mass shootings occur has tripled since 2011 . Between 1982 and 2011 , a mass shooting occurred roughly once every 200 days . However , between 2011 and 2014 that rate has accelerated greatly with at least one mass shooting occurring every 64 days in the United States . In recent years , the number of public mass shootings has increased substantially , although there has been an approximately 50 % decrease in firearm homicides in the nation overall since 1993 . The decrease in firearm homicides has been attributed to better policing , a better economy and environmental factors such as the removal of lead from gasoline . However , this does not account for an increase in firearm injuries or suicides , nor explain the increase in mass shootings . Differing sources ( edit ) A comprehensive report by USA Today tracked all mass killings from 2006 through 2017 in which the perpetrator willfully killed 4 or more people . For mass killings by firearm for instance , it found 271 incidents with a total of 1,358 victims . Mother Jones listed seven mass shootings , defined as indiscriminate rampages in public places resulting in four or more victims killed , in the U.S. for 2015 . An analysis by Michael Bloomberg 's gun violence prevention group , Everytown for Gun Safety , identified 110 mass shootings , defined as shootings in which at least four people were murdered with a firearm , between January 2009 and July 2014 ; at least 57 % were related to domestic or family violence . Other media outlets have reported that hundreds of mass shootings take place in the United States in a single calendar year , citing a crowd - funded website known as Shooting Tracker which defines a mass shooting as having four or more people injured or killed . In December 2015 , The Washington Post reported that there had been 355 mass shootings in the United States so far that year . In August 2015 , The Washington Post reported that the United States was averaging one mass shooting per day . An earlier report had indicated that in 2015 alone , there had been 294 mass shootings that killed or injured 1,464 people . Shooting Tracker and Mass Shooting Tracker , the two sites that the media have been citing , have been criticized for using a broader criteria -- counting four victims injured as a mass shooting -- thus producing much higher figures . Contributing factors ( edit ) There could be several possible factors that work together to create a fertile environment for mass murder in the United States . Most commonly suggested include : Failure of government background checks due to incomplete databases and / or staff shortages . Higher accessibility and ownership of guns . The US has the highest per - capita gun ownership in the world with 88.8 firearms per 100 people ; the second highest is Yemen with 54.8 firearms per 100 people . Desire for fame and notoriety . The copycat phenomenon . The widespread chronic gap between people 's expectations for themselves and their actual achievement , and individualistic culture . It is debatable whether mental illness is also a factor . Many of the mass shooters in the U.S. suffered from mental illness , but the estimated number of mental illness cases has not increased as significantly as the number of mass shootings . Weapons used ( edit ) Several types of weapons have been used in mass shootings in the United States including semi-automatic rifles , handguns , and shotguns . In contrast to the rest of the world , where the perpetrator typically has only one gun , more than half of US mass shootings are committed with multiple weapons . While semi-automatic pistols are by far the most prevalent weapons in US mass shootings , AR - 15 style rifles have been used in a number of the deadliest incidents , and have come to be widely characterized in the mainstream media as the weapon of choice for perpetrators of these crimes . Deadliest shootings ( edit ) The following are the deadliest mass shootings involving ten or more fatalities in modern U.S. history ( c. 1950 onwards ) . Was previously the deadliest mass shooting Incident Year Deaths Type of firearm ( s ) used Reference ( s ) Las Vegas shooting 2017 59 ! 59 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic rifles Orlando nightclub shooting 2016 50 ! 50 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic rifle and pistol Virginia Tech shooting 2007 33 ! 33 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic pistols Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting 2012 28 ! 28 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic rifle and pistol 5 Sutherland Springs church shooting 2017 27 ! 27 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic rifle 6 Luby 's shooting 1991 24 ! 24 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic pistols 7 San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre 1984 22 ! 22 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic carbine , pistol , shotgun 8 University of Texas tower shooting 1966 18 ! 18 ( including the perpetrator ) Multiple types of firearms 9 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting 2018 17 ! 17 Semi-automatic rifle 10 San Bernardino attack 2015 16 ! 16 ( including both perpetrators ) Semi-automatic rifles 11 Edmond post office shooting 1986 15 ! 15 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic pistols Columbine High School massacre 1999 15 ! 15 ( including both perpetrators ) Semi-automatic carbine , pistol , shotguns 13 Binghamton shootings 2009 14 ! 14 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic pistols 14 Camden shootings 1949 13 Semi-automatic pistol Wilkes - Barre shootings 1982 13 Semi-automatic rifle Wah Mee massacre 13 Multiple types of firearms Fort Hood shooting 2009 13 Semi-automatic pistols Washington Navy Yard shooting 2013 13 ! 13 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic pistol and shotgun 19 Aurora shooting 2012 12 Semi-automatic rifle , pistol , shotgun 20 Geneva County massacre 2009 11 ! 11 ( including the perpetrator ) Multiple types of firearms Easter Sunday massacre 11 ! 11 Multiple types of firearms 22 Palm Sunday massacre 1984 10 Handguns GMAC shootings 10 ! 10 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic rifle Atlanta shootings 1999 10 ! 10 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic pistols and revolver Red Lake shootings 2005 10 ! 10 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic pistols and shotgun Umpqua Community College shooting 2015 10 ! 10 ( including the perpetrator ) Semi-automatic pistols and revolver See also ( edit ) Gun violence in the United States List of rampage killers ( Americas ) School shootings in the United States Spree killer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US Mass Shootings , 1982 -- 2017 : Data From Mother Jones ' Investigation '' . Jump up ^ U.S. Leads World in Mass Shootings . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved : October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Why the US has the most mass shootings . CNN . Retrieved : October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Why the U.S. is No. 1 -- in mass shootings . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved : October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The United States Has Had More Mass Shootings Than Any Other Country . Mother Jones . Retrieved : October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Christensen , Jen ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Why the US has the most mass shootings '' . CNN . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberg , Jacobson & Valverde , Jon , Louis & Miriam ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` What we know about mass shootings '' . Politifact . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . As noted above , there is no widely accepted definition of mass shootings . People use either broad or restrictive definitions of mass shootings to reinforce their stance on gun control . After the 2012 Sandy Hook school shooting , Congress defined `` mass killings '' as three or more homicides in a single incident . The definition was intended to clarify when the U.S. Attorney General could assist state and local authorities in investigations of violent acts and shootings in places of public use . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Bonnie ; Gamio , Lazaro ; Lu , Denise ; Uhrmacher , Kevin ; Lindeman , Todd ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` 50 years of U.S. mass shootings : The victims , sites , killers and weapons '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Blair , John Pete ; Schweit , Katherine W. ( 2014 ) , A Study of Active Shooter Incidents , 2000 -- 2013 ( PDF ) , Washington DC : Texas State University and Federal Bureau of Investigation Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2076 ( 112th ) : Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 '' . govtrack.us . United States Congress . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . ( I ) the term mass killings means 3 or more killings in a single incident ; Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` What makes a ' mass shooting ' in America '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . But starting in 2013 , federal statutes defined `` mass killing '' as three or more people killed , regardless of weapons . Jump up ^ Follman , Mark . `` What Exactly Is A Mass Shooting '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . In January 2013 , a mandate for federal investigation of mass shootings authorized by President Barack Obama lowered that baseline to three or more victims killed . Jump up ^ Krouse , William J. ; Richardson , Daniel J. ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Mass Murder with Firearms : Incidents and Victims , 1999 - 2013 '' ( pdf ) . FAS.org . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` General Methodology '' . Gun Violence Archive . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Chris ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` How is a ' mass shooting ' defined ? '' . PolitiFact California . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Jen ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Why the U.S. has the most mass shootings '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Mass Shooting Tracker '' . Mass Shooting Tracker . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando club shootings : Full fury of gun battle emerges '' . - BBC News . 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Cites Mass Shooting Tracker Jump up ^ Axelrod , Jim ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Are Americans becoming `` numb '' to mass shootings ? `` . CBS Evening News . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rate of mass shootings has tripled since 2011 , new research from Harvard shows '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ehrenfreund , Max ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) . `` We 've had a massive decline in gun violence in the United States . Here 's why '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Bloodshed '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Follman ; Gavin Aronsen ; Deanna Pan ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` A Guide to Mass Shootings in America '' . Motherjones.com . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Follman ; Gavin Aronsen ; Deanna Pan . `` US Mass Shootings , 1982 -- 2016 : Data From Mother Jones ' Investigation '' . Motherjones.com . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Original date 28 December 2012 ; list updated every 5 minutes . Figures for years 2011 -- 2015 : 3 , 7 , 5 , 4 , 7 . Jump up ^ Melissa Jeltsen ( 18 July 2014 ) . `` Mass Shooting Analysis Finds Strong Domestic Violence Connection '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of Mass Shootings '' . Everytownresearch.org. 20 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . This analysis has later figures than reported in the article Jump up ^ `` The San Bernardino shooting is the second mass shooting today and the 355th this year '' . Washington Post . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` We 're now averaging more than one mass shooting per day in 2015 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than one mass shooting happens per day in the U.S. , data shows '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Follman , Mark ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` How Many Mass Shootings Are There , Really ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Elizabeth ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Number of U.S. Mass Shootings Greatly Exaggerated in Media , Acclaimed Researcher States '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Healy , Melissa ( 24 August 2015 ) . `` Why the U.S. is No. 1 -- in mass shootings '' . LA Times . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin . `` Texas Church Shooting Background Check Failure . '' USA Today . November 9 , 2017 . Accessed November 17 , 2017 . https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/11/09/texas-church-shooting-background-check-breakdown-highlights-federal-gun-record-problems/847947001/ . Jump up ^ Barrett , Devlin . `` FBI 's Gun Background Check Database Missing Records . '' Chicago Tribune . November 10 , 2017 . Accessed November 17 , 2017 . http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-fbi-gun-background-check-system-missing-records-20171110-story.html . Jump up ^ The United States Has Had More Mass Shootings Than Any Other Country . Mother Jones . Retrieved : October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dorell , Oren ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` In Europe , fewer mass killings due to culture not guns '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The real mental health issue behind gun violence '' . CNN . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Holly ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the mind of a mass murderer '' . WANE.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , James Alan ( January 16 , 2011 ) . `` The real causes of mass murder '' . Boston.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weapon types used in mass shootings in the United States between 1982 and 2017 '' . statista.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why the AR - 15 is the mass shooter 's go - to weapon '' . CNN . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . The AR - 15 , the type of rifle used in the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history , is the weapon of choice for mass killers . Jump up ^ Picchi , Aimee ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` America 's rifle : The marketing of assault - style weapons '' . CBS MoneyWatch . CBS News . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . America has grown accustomed to military - style semi-automatic weapons such as the AR - 15 . It 's not hard to see why : These firearms have been heavily marketed to gun owners . But at the same time , they 're often the weapons of choice for mass murderers . Jump up ^ Zhang , Sarah ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` What an AR - 15 Can Do to the Human Body '' . Wired . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . The AR - 15 is America 's most popular rifle . It has also been the weapon of choice in mass shootings from Sandy Hook to Aurora to San Bernardino . Jump up ^ Williams , Joseph P. ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` How the AR - 15 Became One of the Most Popular Guns in America , A brief history of the guns that have become the weapons of choice for mass shootings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . They 're lightweight , relatively cheap and extremely lethal , inspired by Nazi infantrymen on the Eastern Front during World War II . They 're so user - friendly some retailers recommend them for children , yet their design is so aggressive one marketer compared them to carrying a `` man card '' -- although ladies who dare can get theirs in pink . And if the last few mass shootings are any indication , guns modeled after the AR - 15 assault rifle -- arguably the most popular , most enduring and most profitable firearm in the U.S. -- have become the weapon of choice for unstable , homicidal men who want to kill a lot of people very , very quickly . Jump up ^ Jansen , Bart ; Cummings , William ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Why mass shooters are increasingly using AR - 15s '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . AR - 15 style rifles have been the weapon of choice in many recent mass shootings , including the Texas church shooting Sunday , the Las Vegas concert last month , the Orlando nightclub last year and Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012 . Jump up ^ Oppel Jr. , Richard A. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` In Florida , an AR - 15 Is Easier to Buy Than a Handgun '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . The N.R.A. calls the AR - 15 the most popular rifle in America . The carnage in Florida on Wednesday that left at least 17 dead seemed to confirm that the rifle and its variants have also become the weapons of choice for mass killers . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Whitney ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Why AR - 15 - style rifles are popular among mass shooters '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . AR - 15 - style rifles have become something of a weapon of choice for mass shooters . Jump up ^ Beckett , Lois ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Most Americans can buy an AR - 15 rifle before they can buy beer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . While AR - 15 style rifles have become the weapon of choice for some of America 's most recent and deadly mass shootings , these military - style guns are still comparatively rarely used in everyday gun violence . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadliest Mass Shootings in Modern US History Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas gunman used same rifle as Las Vegas , Newtown mass shooters '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Carissimo , Justin ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` 26 dead in shooting at church in Sutherland Springs , Texas '' . CBS News . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Emanuella Grinberg ; Eric Levensen ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` At least 17 dead in Florida school shooting , law enforcement says '' . CNN . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terrorist attacks and related incidents in the United States '' . johnstonarchive.net . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kang , Martha . `` Wah Mee Massacre prisoner closer to release '' . Komo News.com . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Machi , Vivienne ( 24 September 2016 ) . `` 40 years later , Ruppert family murders still traumatic '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 In Brooklyn Are Found Slain Inside A House '' . The New York Times . 16 April 1984 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States&oldid=833225094 '' Categories : Mass shootings Mass shootings in the United States Gun violence in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Français Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 10 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | number of mass shootings in the united states 2018 | [] | [] |
7499483112748315944 | Eric Matthews (Boy Meets World) | Eric Matthews ( Boy Meets World ) - wikipedia Eric Matthews ( Boy Meets World ) Jump to : navigation , search Eric Randall Matthews First appearance `` Pilot '' ( Boy Meets World ) `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels '' ( Girl Meets World ) Last appearance `` Brave New World '' ( Boy Meets World ) `` Girl Meets Goodbye '' ( Girl Meets World ) Created by Michael Jacobs April Kelly Portrayed by Will Friedle Number of episodes 158 Information Occupation Student ( formerly ) ( Jefferson Elementary , John Adams High School , Pennbrook University of Philadelphia ) Box boy at the Philadelphia District Market Giant ( formerly ) Mall Model ( briefly ) Employee at Matthews ' Wilderness Outpost ( formerly ) Channel 7 interim weatherman ( temporarily ) Department store Santa Claus ( December 1998 ) Pennbrook Student Union store employee ( formerly ) Mayor ( St. Upidtown , New York ) ( formerly ) U.S. Senator ( State of New York ) Family Alan Darnell Matthews ( father ) Amy Matthews ( mother ) Cornelius A. `` Cory '' Matthews ( younger brother ) Morgan Matthews ( younger sister ) Joshua Gabriel Matthews ( younger brother ) Significant other ( s ) Heather Ralston ( ex-girlfriend ) Jessica ( dated ) Linda ( ex-girlfriend ) Rebecca ( ex-girlfriend ) Molly ( ex-girlfriend ) Desiree Emmaline Hollinger Beaumont ( ex-girlfriend ) Kelly ( ex-girlfriend ) Lonnie Boden ( former crush ) Rachel McGuire ( former love interest ) Relatives Topanga Lawrence - Matthews ( sister - in - law ) Riley Matthews ( niece ) August `` Auggie '' Matthews ( nephew ) Bernice Matthews ( paternal grandmother ) Grandpa Poppy ( maternal grandfather ; deceased ) Nana Boo Boo ( maternal grandmother ) Unnamed Aunt ( paternal aunt ) Wanda ( cousin ) Charlie ( paternal great - grandfather ; deceased ) Uncle Maury ( great - uncle ) Hometown Cedar Heights , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Residence New York , New York ( formerly ) St. Upidtown , New York ( formerly ) Washington , D.C Eric Randall Matthews ( Will Friedle ) is a fictional character from the television series , Boy Meets World , and the spin - off series , Girl Meets World . Eric is the oldest brother of Cory , Morgan , and Joshua Matthews and son of Alan and Amy . He began the show as a popular young student and stud , who constantly went out on dates with pretty girls in his high school . Though he was never the most popular or the school bully . He was originally portrayed as a stereotypical brother and teenage boy who picked on his younger brother and bragged about his love of cars and girls . Eric 's character morphed throughout the series from that stereotype to a crazy moron . He gradually becomes dumber and during the fourth season , he takes a year off from school when he is unable to gain entrance into any of the colleges he applies . Eric often plays off of the series mentor and his neighbor , Mr. Feeny . They do not originally have a close relationship , but they grow closer throughout the series as Cory grows closer to his friend and girlfriend . It is implied once that Eric tells people ( such as Rachel ) that `` Feeny '' is his grandfather , not just his neighbor . Eric also coins the `` Feeny call , '' which becomes a popular ongoing joke throughout the series and carries on into the spin - off , Girl Meets World . At the end of the series , Eric makes a talking doll , which is the third of doll - making skills on display in the series , for Feeny so that he will not miss him when he moves to New York City with his brother and their friends . Sometimes it seems as though Eric is actually highly intelligent . Occasionally it is shown that he has little moments of wisdom , which he does not even realize himself . Mr. Feeny once mentions in an episode that Eric can get passing grades `` in his sleep '' without even trying . Eric is presented as lazy and immature throughout the entire series , much to the great annoyance of his family and Mr. Feeny . In Girl Meets World , Cory mentions in an episode to prove to others that he trusts Eric , that Eric is the only person he knows who can `` do the impossible , '' and later in the same episode , Jack Hunter , Eric 's best friend from college asks him if he is still an `` idiot genius . '' Eric , like many television characters , is the token idiot savant . During the later years of the series , when the brothers are in college with their friends , storylines involving Eric became stranger , often bending the rules of reality . In one episode Eric continually tries to sneak up on Topanga by using disguises . He cross-dresses in this and several other episodes . The change from a girl - crazy teenager to odd - ball is a drastic , but gradual change in the series . Eric is often the source of the comic relief throughout the series , particularly in the later seasons when Cory becomes more serious and mature . It is hinted that he is a fan of South Park , because he makes references to the program several times , especially when he does voice impressions of Cartman and other characters on different occasions . Eric also often appears sensitive when it comes to family and friends , especially in the episode , `` Brotherly Shove , '' in which Eric feels rejected by Cory . The garage is filled with memories from their childhood , but Cory asks Shawn and Topanga to help instead . In the episodes `` The War '' and `` Seven the Hard Way , '' friendship is shown to be important to Eric . He says , `` Lose one friend , lose all friends . Lose yourself . '' After working as a mall Santa one year in college , Eric befriends a young orphaned boy named Tommy . Eventually he wants to adopt him , but does not because he is young and Tommy is adopted by a new family that can better support him . When he graduates from college in the series finale , Eric decides to move to New York City with his brother , Cory , sister - in law , Topanga , and their best friend , Shawn . During the fifteen years between the events of Boy Meets World and the sequel / spin - off series , Girl Meets World , Eric moves upstate , and is elected mayor of ( the fictional ) St. Upidtown , on the Quebec border on the edge of Canada and the United States . By his own admission , he has no understanding whatsoever of the town 's political problems , but the electorate trust him because of his handling of their personal problems . Topanga intentionally mispronounces the municipality 's name by disregarding the period and space , thus rendering it , `` Stupidtown . '' Although Will Friedle initially declined to reprise his role , Eric became a recurring character in Girl Meets World , beginning with its upcoming second season . His first appearance occurred in the episode `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels '' . The episode title is a reference to the Boy Meets World Season 7 episode `` Seven the Hard Way '' ; and he delivers his above - quoted `` Lose one friend ... '' philosophy from the earlier episode . Early plans for the series had Eric 's son , Troy , being a prominent part of the cast ; the role of the teenage relative is instead filled by Cory and Eric 's youngest brother , Joshua ( now portrayed by Uriah Shelton ) . Friedle has made numerous visits to the set of Girl Meets World . After a major political blunder by the six - term United States Senator from New York , Jefferson Davis Graham , Eric is recruited by Graham 's political advisor to run against the senator - since Eric is the only one who has a chance ... of making the Senator look good in comparison . However , due to Eric 's innate goodness and the Senator 's incompetence , Eric is able to defeat Graham and assume the position of Senator of the state of New York . He gets strong praise and recommendation from a blogger named T.J. who turns to be an adult Tommy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels '' . Girl Meets World . Season 2 . Episode 5 . May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels Goes to Washington '' . Girl Meets World . Season 2 . Episode 9 . July 10 , 2015 . Boy Meets World Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' 6 7 Characters Cory Matthews Eric Matthews Shawn Hunter Related articles Girl Meets World episodes characters Girl Meets World Episodes Characters Boy Meets World Episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Matthews_(Boy_Meets_World)&oldid=827996911 '' Categories : Fictional American people Fictional characters from Philadelphia Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Fictional mayors Fictional politicians Fictional United States Senators Teenage characters in television Television characters Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 23 : 17 . About Wikipedia | what happened to eric on boy meets world | [] | [] |
7774695455585300941 | Major League Baseball postseason | Major League Baseball postseason - wikipedia Major League Baseball postseason Jump to : navigation , search `` Major League Baseball playoffs '' redirects here . For tie - breaker games , see List of Major League Baseball tie - breakers . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Wild Card Wild Card game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The Major League Baseball postseason is an elimination tournament held after the conclusion of the MLB regular season . As of 2012 , the playoffs for each league -- American and National -- consist of a one - game wild - card playoff between two wild card teams , two best - of - five Division Series ( LDS ) featuring the wild - card winner and the winner of each division , and finally the best - of - seven League Championship Series ( LCS ) . The winners of the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) play each other in the best - of - seven World Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format history 1.1 Before 1969 : One round 1.2 1969 -- 1993 : Two rounds 1.3 1994 -- 2011 : Three rounds 1.4 2012 -- present : Expanded wild card 2 Home - field advantage 2.1 World Series 2.2 League Championship Series 2.3 Division Series 3 Postseason bonuses 3.1 How the Bonus Pool is determined 3.2 How much the winner and loser receives from each pool 3.3 How the team 's share of the pool is divided 4 See also 5 References Format history ( edit ) Before 1969 : one round ( edit ) Major League Baseball is the oldest of America 's major professional sports organizations , with roots dating back to the 1870s . As such , it is steeped in tradition . The final series to determine its champion has been called the `` World Series '' ( originally `` World 's Championship Series '' and then `` World 's Series '' ) as far back as the National League 's contests with the American Association starting at the beginning of the 1880s . In 1903 , the two modern Major League Baseball leagues began annual postseason play with a one - round system in which the American League team with the best record faced the National League team with the best record in a best - of - seven series ( in 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 it was best - of - nine ) called the World Series ; however , there was no 1904 Series because the National League Champion , the New York Giants , refused to play . This single - tiered approach persisted through 1968 , even with the expansions of 1961 -- 1962 that expanded both leagues to 10 teams . 1969 -- 1993 : two rounds ( edit ) In 1969 , both leagues expanded to twelve teams , which made it more difficult to compete for a league championship because there were more teams competing for the AL and NL pennants . In addition , a team would play other clubs in its own region of the country more than clubs in the rest of the country , creating an unbalanced schedule that in some years could give a team from one region an advantage in fighting for a single pennant . To remedy this , and imitating the other major sports ' long - standing playoff traditions , Major League Baseball split each league into Eastern and Western divisions , creating four divisions overall and no worse than a sixth - place finish for any team in any division until later expansions in 1977 and 1993 . This created a new postseason round , which was dubbed the League Championship Series ( LCS ) , a best - of - five series . In 1985 the LCS was expanded to a best - of - seven series . Under this system , it was possible for one of the best teams in a league to be left out of the postseason if it did n't win its division . Most notably , in 1993 , the Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants finished with the two best records in the majors , with 104 and 103 wins , respectively . However , since both teams played in the National League West , the Giants missed the postseason by a single game . The baseball players ' strike of 1981 uniquely -- for this era -- added another round to the postseason . Because the strike split the season into two roughly equal halves , the division winners of each half of the 1981 season first met in a best - of - five Division Series . The winners of the division series then progressed to the league championship series , with the remainder of the postseason following a similar format to other years in this era . 1994 -- 2011 : three rounds ( edit ) By 1994 , further expansion was making it very difficult for any individual team to make the postseason . Major League Baseball went through a realignment , expanding to three divisions ( Eastern , Central , Western ) in each league . However , only allowing divisional winners in the postseason would make an odd number of teams in each league , three . To rectify the odd number of teams , the league added a wild card to each league , imitating the original post-merger NFL system . The wild - card team would be the team with the best record in each league of all the teams that did not win their division . Splitting the leagues into three divisions , plus the addition of a wild - card team , doubled the postseason contenders in each league from two to four , and from four teams overall to eight . This system assured that the team with the second - best record in its league would make the postseason even if it was n't a division champion . The addition of a second wild card spot would come in 2012 . The additional teams meant another elimination round was necessary . This new round would become the new first round of the postseason , the best - of - five Division Series . This term had first been used for the extra round required in 1981 due to the `` split - season '' scheduling anomaly following the midseason baseball players strike . This format was in place for the 1994 season , but that year 's players ' strike canceled the postseason . The format was realized on the field in 1995 . Under this format , the wild card team played , in the Division Series , the division champion outside its own division that had the better record ; and the remaining two teams from that league played each other in the other Division Series . The winners of the two Division Series from each league went on to play each other in the League Championship Series . As with the previous postseason format , the winners of each League Championship Series met in the World Series . 2012 -- present : expanded wild card ( edit ) The logo for the 2016 Major League Baseball postseason . With the adoption of the new collective bargaining agreement in November 2011 , baseball commissioner Bud Selig announced that a new playoff system would begin within two years ; the change was ultimately put into place in 2012 . The format chosen was the one - game Wild - card playoff . Under this format , a second wild card team has been added to each league , i.e. , the team with the second - highest win total in each league among non-division winners . The two wild card teams play in a one - game playoff after the end of the regular season , with the winner advancing to the Division Series . The divisional champions qualify for the Division Series just as in the previous format ; however , under the expanded wild card format the winner of the one - game wild card playoff faces the top - seeded divisional champion in the Division Series , regardless of whether the two teams are in the same division , while the second - and third - seeded divisional champions play each other in the other Division Series . The format for placement in the League Championship Series and World Series remains . Home - field advantage ( edit ) World Series ( edit ) The World Series used several different formats in its early years . Initially it generally followed an alternating home - and - away pattern , except that if a seventh game was possible , its site was determined by coin toss prior to the sixth game . In 1924 the Series began using a 2 - 3 - 2 format , presumably to save on travel costs , a pattern that has continued to this day with the exception of a couple of the World War II years when wartime travel restrictions compelled a 3 - 4 format ( used in 1943 and 1945 , but not in the 1944 series , which was all in the same stadium in St. Louis ) . From the start of the 2 - 3 - 2 format through the 2002 season , home - field advantage generally alternated between leagues each year . Prior to the 1994 strike , the National League champion received home - field advantage in even - numbered years and the American League champion in odd - numbered years ; these were reversed for 1995 -- 2002 ( because 1994 would have been the NL 's turn to have home - field , but the World Series was cancelled by the aforementioned strike ) . That changed starting in 2003 . The 2002 All - Star Game had ended in a tie , much to the displeasure of both fans and sportswriters who complained about a lack of intensity and competitiveness on the part of the players . This hit especially close to home for Commissioner Bud Selig , as the game had been played in his home city of Milwaukee , Wisconsin . In response , to give some real meaning to the game , in 2003 MLB began assigning home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of that year 's All - Star Game , which is typically held in mid-July . Following the acceptance of a new collective bargaining agreement after the 2016 season , home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the outcome of the All - Star Game , but will instead go to the team with the better regular - season record . League Championship Series ( edit ) Until 1998 , the LCS alternated home - field advantage with a 2 - 3 format in the best - of - 5 era ( 1969 -- 84 ) and a 2 - 3 - 2 format when it went to best - of - 7 ( 1985 -- present ) . Since 1998 the team with the better record has had this advantage , except that in no case can the wild card ever secure the extra home game , regardless of regular - season records . Division Series ( edit ) Until 1998 , the Division Series rotated which of the three division champions would not have home - field advantage , with the wild card never having it . Now the two division winners with the best records in each league have home field , with the least - winning divisional winner and the wild card not having home field . The DS used a 2 - 3 format until 1998 and now uses a 2 - 2 - 1 format . This is seen as a more fair distribution of home - field advantage because previously under the 2 - 3 format , the team hosting the first two games had absolutely no chance of winning the series at home . With the current 2 - 2 - 1 format however , both teams have the home - field advantage in a sense . While one team gets to host three games ( including the critical first and last game ) , the other team does get two chances out of three ( games 3 and 4 ) of winning the series on its home field . With the adoption of the expanded playoff format in 2012 , the five - game Division Series began with two home games for the lower seeds , followed by up to three home games for the higher seeds . This one - year change eliminated a travel day prior to a decisive Game 5 of a Division Series and was necessary because the 2012 regular - season schedule was announced before the agreement on the new postseason was reached . For 2013 , the Division Series returned to the 2 - 2 - 1 format that was used from 1998 to 2011 . Postseason bonuses ( edit ) There are three factors that determine the actual amount of bonus money paid to any individual player : ( 1 ) the size of the bonus pool ; ( 2 ) their team 's success in the season / post-season ; and ( 3 ) the share of the pool assigned to the individual player . How the bonus pool is determined ( edit ) There is a separate pool for each series -- the Wild Card games , the Division Series , the League Championship Series , and the World Series . The players ' bonus pool is funded with 60 % of the gate receipts for each of the Wild Card games , the first three games of each Division Series , the first four games of each LCS and the first four games of the World Series ; limiting the funding for the pool to these games , the minimum number in each series , removes incentive to extend the series for merely fiscal sake . The value of the gate is determined by the size of the venues , the amount of high - priced premium seating in the venues , the number of games played in the series and whether or not the games sell out . Ticket prices for each series are set by MLB , not the home teams , so they are relatively uniform across baseball . How much the winner and loser receives from each pool ( edit ) The World Series winner gets 36 % , the World Series loser gets 24 % , both League Championship Series losers get 12 % , the four Division Series losers get 3.25 % , and the two Wild Card playoff losers get 1.5 % . How the team 's share of the pool is divided ( edit ) The division of the team 's share of the pool is voted upon by the players who have been on the team during the entire regular season , in a meeting chaired by their union representative . This meeting follows the trade deadline on July 31 . Players who have been with the team for the full season automatically receive a full share . At the meeting , the full - season players vote on whether anyone else -- including players who have not been with the team for the full season , coaches , and trainers -- is to be granted a full share , less than a full share , a cash award , or no share . After the World Series , the pool of money is split according to the shares determined in the vote . There is no limit to the number of shares that may be granted , but a greater number of shares dilutes the value of each share , and consequently the amount each player is awarded . As an example , playoff - pool full - share holders for the St. Louis Cardinals received US $362,183.97 ( equivalent to $430,280 in 2016 ) each when the team won the World Series in 2006 . See also ( edit ) Major League Baseball postseason teams Babe Ruth Award ( best player in the postseason ; since 2007 ) `` Esurance MLB Awards '' Best Major Leaguer , Postseason List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks Major League Baseball wild - card games ( ALWC and NLWC ) Division Series Criticism of Division Series scheduling American League Division Series ( ALDS ) National League Division Series ( NLDS ) MLB division winners National League pennant winners 1876 -- 1968 American League pennant winners 1901 -- 68 League Championship Series National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) World Series List of World Series champions Climax Series ( NPB ) Professional baseball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( August 7 , 1981 ) . `` Owners Approve a Plan to Split Baseball Season '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` CBA ending All - Star link to World Series ' home - field advantage '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Shares on San Francisco Giants Worth Record $377,003 '' . Jump up ^ `` Rockies vote 44 full shares from playoff pool '' . ( hide ) Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS NLWC AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS ALWC Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training ( Cactus League , Grapefruit League ) Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_postseason&oldid=801329522 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 01 : 27 . 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3969098234716805107 | Alycia Debnam-Carey | Alycia Debnam - Carey - wikipedia Alycia Debnam - Carey Australian actress Alycia Debnam - Carey Debnam - Carey at the 2018 San Diego Comic - Con International Alycia Jasmin Debnam - Carey ( 1993 - 07 - 20 ) 20 July 1993 ( age 25 ) Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Nationality Australian Occupation Actress Years active 2003 -- present Notable work The 100 Fear the Walking Dead Into the Storm Alycia Jasmin Debnam - Carey ( born 20 July 1993 ) is an Australian actress . She is known for her roles as Commander Lexa on The CW science fiction television series The 100 and Alicia Clark on the AMC horror drama television series Fear the Walking Dead . Debnam - Carey has also starred in the films Into the Storm and The Devil 's Hand ( both 2014 ) , and Friend Request ( 2016 ) . She has also appeared in the television series McLeod 's Daughters , Dream Life , and Next Stop Hollywood . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2003 -- 11 : Career beginnings 2.2 2012 -- 13 : Los Angeles and Next Stop Hollywood 2.3 2014 -- present : Breakthrough , The 100 and Fear the Walking Dead 2.4 Upcoming projects 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) In 2011 , Debnam - Carey graduated from Newtown High School of the Performing Arts , where she was a percussionist . In 2010 , in partnership with the Berlin Philharmonic , she and around 40 other musicians worked together and composed a piece in a two - week program . Debnam - Carey also studied for ten years in classical percussion and has said that she almost went to the Sydney Conservatorium of Music , but decided that it was n't what she actually wanted to do . In her last year of school , Debnam - Carey took her High - School Certificate exams and managed to get top band ( the HSC results are divided with 1 being lowest , 6 being highest ) in six of her courses . These included English Advanced , English Extension 1 , Drama , Modern History , Music 2 and Visual Arts . Debnam - Carey also received the Premier 's award for receiving a score of 90 in 6 subjects . Career ( edit ) 2003 -- 11 : career beginnings ( edit ) Alycia Debnam - Carey started acting at the age of 8 . In 2003 , she co-starred in Rachel Ward 's award - winning short - feature film Martha 's New Coat . Later , Debnam - Carey guest - starred in Australian drama series McLeod 's Daughters . In 2008 , she appeared in television film Dream Life and short film Jigsaw Girl . Debnam - Carey also showed up in the other short films At the Tattooist and The Branch . In 2010 , she co-starred in the unsold pilot Resistance , and guest - starred in another Australian drama series , Dance Academy . 2012 -- 13 : Los Angeles and Next Stop Hollywood ( edit ) Debnam - Carey began to make her mark in Hollywood at the age of 18 , when she traveled to the U.S. for the first time . She starred as the youngest cast member in Next Stop Hollywood , a six - part documentary that followed six Australian actors as they competed for roles during the U.S. TV pilot season . Her mother , Leone Carey , is a television writer , and she accompanied Alycia on her journey . Just after two weeks in Hollywood , Debnam - Carey auditioned for the role of Carrie Bradshaw for the new CW series The Carrie Diaries and was asked to audition for an independent feature film , a thriller set in the Amish community . After two more weeks in Hollywood , Debnam - Carey had landed on the short list for The Carrie Diaries and had been offered a lead role in a feature film , The Devil 's Hand , then known as The Occult , and the next week left Hollywood to meet a film director in Canada . In the sixth and final week in Hollywood , Debnam - Carey started filming The Devil 's Hand in North Carolina . In the end , Debnam - Carey lost the role of Carrie in The Carrie Diaries to actress AnnaSophia Robb . The documentary aired in 2013 on ABC1 in Australia . While staying in LA , Debnam - Carey became a Heath Ledger Scholarship Finalist in July 2012 . 2014 -- present : breakthrough , the 100 and Fear the Walking Dead ( edit ) Debnam - Carey at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International In 2014 , Debnam - Carey co-starred in American disaster film Into the Storm . Following The Devil 's Hand , Debnam - Carey was cast in a series pilot called Galyntine for AMC , though AMC ultimately opted not to take the pilot to series . Debnam - Carey also made an appearance in Made in Hollywood in the same year . Debnam - Carey guest starred in season two of CW 's The 100 , first appearing in episode six as Commander Lexa , a powerful leader of twelve clans . She became one of the fan favorites . At San Diego Comic Con International 2015 , it was confirmed by show 's creator Jason Rothenberg that Debnam - Carey would be returning to the show 's third season in a recurring role . In December 2014 , the first four lead roles of The Walking Dead spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead were cast , including Debnam - Carey as Alicia . The first photos of Debnam - Carey on set showed up after production began on the remaining five first - season episodes on 11 May 2015 , in Vancouver . Production for the show in Canada concluded at the end of June 2015 and finished in July 2015 in Los Angeles . Fear the Walking Dead debuted on 23 August , 2015 and was ordered for 2 seasons . At the Television Critics Association Press Tour , it was announced that AMC ordered 15 episodes for season 2 . On 15 April 2016 , AMC announced the series had been renewed for a 16 - episode third season to air in 2017 . On 27 August 2015 , Debnam - Carey made her first talk show appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! while promoting the series . Debnam - Carey also appeared in the lead role of Laura in the German thriller Friend Request , originally named Unfriend . The film was originally scheduled to be released in 2015 , but was eventually released in Germany on 7 January 2016 . Upcoming projects ( edit ) On 19 October 2017 , it was announced that Debnam - Carey has been cast in a crime thriller A Violent Separation . Debnam - Carey will be playing Frances Campbell , younger sister of the victim . The film is scheduled to be released in the following year . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Martha 's New Coat Elsie 2008 Jigsaw Girl Caitlyn Short film At the Tattooist Jane 2011 The Branch Mia 2014 Into the Storm Kaitlyn Johnston 2014 The Devil 's Hand Mary Direct - to - video 2016 Friend Request Laura Woodson 2018 A Violent Separation Frances Campbell Post-production TBA Liked Roxy Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 McLeod 's Daughters Chloe Sanderson Episode : `` Second Best '' 2008 Dream Life Cassie Television film 2008 Resistance Genevieve `` Gen '' Leone Unsold television pilot Dance Academy Mia Episode : `` Perfection '' 2014 Galyntine Essin Unsold television pilot 2014 -- 2016 The 100 Commander Lexa 16 episodes 2015 -- present Fear the Walking Dead Alicia Clark 47 episodes 2016 -- 2018 Talking Dead Herself 6 episodes Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist Eli Mailer Daemon / Lincoln Davis 2011 She 's Like a Comet Jebediah Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Awards Nominated Work Result Source ( s ) 2015 MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year ( shared with Eliza Taylor ) The 100 Runner - up E ! Online Awards Best Kiss ( shared with Eliza Taylor ) Won Best Guest Star Won Best Cast On Social Media ( shared with the cast ) Runner - up 2016 MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freakout of the Year Won Ship of the Year ( shared with Eliza Taylor ) Runner - up Best Fandom ( shared with the cast ) Nominated E ! Online TV Scoop Awards Female Breakout Star Fear the Walking Dead Won 2017 Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Nominated 2018 Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Adoring Alycia , Regarding Alycia 's birthday '' . alycia-debnamcarey.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rovenstine , Dalene ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The 100 's Alycia Debnam - Carey tells all about Lexa 's big kiss '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` Frank Dillane & Alycia Debnam Carey Cast In ' The Walking Dead ' Companion Seriess '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Gregory E. ( 3 August 2014 ) . `` Alycia Debnam - Carey blows in with ' Into The Storm ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin : CMG Picks Up LD 's Horror Pic ' Where The Devil Hides ' '' . Deadline. 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alycia Debnam - Carey 's Horror - Thriller ' Friend Request ' Bought by Freestyle '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tattle : Nan 's tough love inspires Miranda Kerr '' . Herald Sun . 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Porchlight commences Dream Life '' . If Magazine . 13 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Burke , Kelly ( 13 November 2010 ) . `` Noteworthy young musicians team up with the world 's best '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alycia Debnam - Carey '' . Interview Magazine . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alycia Debnam - Carey LIVE on AOL BUILD '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 HSC Distinguished Achievers '' . New South Wales : Board of Studies , Teaching and Educational Standards . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual School Report '' ( PDF ) . Newtown High School of the Performing Arts . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Stratton , David ( 1 August 2003 ) . `` Review : ' Martha 's New Coat ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Sam ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` Nicholas Hope Joins the Resistance -- Australian Star to Take Major Role in Feature & Series '' . Slice of SciFi . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Stop Hollywood - Characters - ABC TV '' . Australia : ABC . Jump up ^ `` Australians in Film Heath Ledger scholarship finalists announced '' . if.com.au . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` AMC Pilot ' Galyntine ' Gets Two New Cast Members '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` AMC Passes on Drama Pilots ' Knifeman , ' ' Galyntine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Writers Room on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` Kim Dickens To Star In AMC 's ' The Walking Dead ' Companion Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Gets New Trailer , Premiere Date at Comic - Con '' . yahoo.com. 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 9 March 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Companion Series Gets 2 - Season Pickup By AMC '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Producer Teases Link To ' Walking Dead ' As Season 2 Episode Order Set -- TCA '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Friend Request Project Details '' . Wiedemann & Berg Film . Wiedemann & Berg Film . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` wrap '' . instagram.com . ^ Jump up to : http://mtv.tumblr.com/tagged/shipoftheyear about the ship of the year voting Jump up ^ `` Best . Ever . TV . Awards : Watch Outlander , Vampire Diaries , Arrow and More Winners Accept Their Trophies ! '' . E ! Online . 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Freakout of the Year '' . MTV . 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Female Breakout Star '' . E ! Online TV Scoop Awards . Jump up ^ `` The Saturn Awards and The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror '' . www.saturnawards.org . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alycia Debnam - Carey . Alycia Debnam - Carey on IMDb Alycia Debnam - Carey on Twitter WorldCat Identities GND : 1061894991 LCCN : no2016093543 VIAF : 311667020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alycia_Debnam-Carey&oldid=865979731 '' Categories : Living people Australian film actresses Australian child actresses Actresses from Sydney 1993 births Australian people of English descent Australian television actresses Australian expatriate actresses in the United States 21st - century Australian actresses Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 13 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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-500148693794872177 | Sam Winchester | Sam Winchester - wikipedia Sam Winchester Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sam Winchester Supernatural character Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester First appearance `` Pilot '' Created by Eric Kripke Portrayed by Jared Padalecki Alex Ferris ( child ) Colin Ford ( teenager ) Information Nickname ( s ) Sam Sammy ( Dean only ) Moose ( by Crowley ) Species Moose Gender Male Occupation Hunter Former undergraduate and law school applicant Family Patriots Nation ( 28 - 3 ) Dean Winchester ( brother ) John Winchester ( father , deceased ) Mary Winchester ( née Campbell ) ( mother ) Samuel Campbell ( maternal grandfather , deceased ) Deanna Campbell ( maternal grandmother , deceased ) Adam Milligan ( paternal half - brother , deceased ) Henry Winchester ( paternal grandfather , deceased ) Millie Winchester ( paternal grandmother , unknown ) Significant other ( s ) Jessica Moore ( girlfriend , deceased ) Madison ( deceased ) Ruby ( deceased ) Amelia Richardson ( ex-girlfriend ) Abilities Telekinesis Precognition Demonic Power Immunity Exorcism Superhuman strength ( after drinking demon blood ) Samuel `` Sam '' Winchester is a fictional character and one of the two protagonists of the American drama television series Supernatural along with his older brother Dean . He is portrayed by Jared Padalecki . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 1.7 Season 7 1.8 Season 8 1.9 Season 9 1.10 Season 10 2 Powers and abilities 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) Colin Ford portrays the Young Sam Winchester . Sam was born on May 2 , 1983 to John and Mary Winchester in Lawrence , Kansas . He is one of two focal characters of the series . He is the couple 's second child , four years younger than his older brother Dean . He is named after his maternal grandfather , Samuel Campbell . When Sam was only six months old , his mother Mary was killed by the demon Azazel , whom his mother walked in on while he was feeding Sam demon blood . Sam is saved from the ensuing fire by his father , who then gives him to a four - year - old Dean to carry outside . Since that moment , Dean has felt responsible for Sam and became Sam 's protector , partially due to pressure from their father to keep his brother safe . Sam and Dean spent their childhood moving from town to town every few weeks while their father hunted supernatural beings and their mother 's unknown killer . Until the age of 8 , Sam believed that his mother had died in a car accident and his father was a traveling salesman , until Dean revealed to him the existence of the paranormal . Sam apparently started hunting alongside his brother and father around the age of twelve , however , he began wanting a normal life without monsters ; years later , a teacher encouraged him to carve out a life away from the `` family business '' after reading Sam 's story about a werewolf hunt . At nineteen , after a heated argument with John , Sam leaves for Stanford University , thus leaving his family and their hunting crusade behind him . Season 1 ( edit ) At the start of the series , 22 - year - old Sam is seen as a senior at Stanford , applying for law school . Sam also has a girlfriend , Jessica , with whom he lives and secretly plans to marry . One night , Dean comes to Sam 's apartment seeking his help after their father John goes missing . Sam eventually accompanies his brother . After defeating a woman in white and discovering a trail to lead them to their father , Sam returns to Stanford where he witnesses Jessica 's death at the hands of a demon -- exactly the same way his mother was killed . This incites him to go with Dean to find their father and to kill the demon in order to avenge the deaths of his mother and his lover . In the consequent episodes , the brothers deal with dangerous mythical creatures and urban legends such as the wendigo , Bloody Mary , and shapeshifters . During this time , Sam begins experiencing episodes of precognitive dreams and once displays telekinesis . As the search for John continues , Sam argues with Dean constantly -- mostly about the way Dean obeys his father 's orders without question , while Sam questions them and resents his father 's treatment of them as `` loyal little soldiers '' . The brothers eventually split up , with Dean going to investigate a mystery his father has assigned him while Sam decides to search for their father elsewhere . The two are eventually reunited after Dean apologizes . Later in the season , John is captured by demons , and the brothers manage to rescue him . However , they soon learn that the demon who killed their mother is in possession of their father 's body . Though John begs Sam to kill him , Sam instead shoots John in the leg using the Colt , and the demon escapes . As Sam drives his father and a badly wounded Dean to a hospital , a truck driven by a demon - possessed man crashes into them , totaling Dean 's Impala and gravely injuring the Winchesters . Season 2 ( edit ) At the beginning of the second season , the Winchesters are at the Nashville hospital , with Sam and John escaping with minor injuries , while Dean is on the brink of death . In a deal with Azazel , John sacrifices his soul and the Colt in exchange for Dean 's life . While the boys mourn their father 's death , Sam expresses much guilt about never having a chance to reconcile with John , leading him to believe that his father died knowing his own son hated him . As the boys start to take a more active role in hunting , Sam begins to search for psychic children like him to find out Azazel 's plan . Eventually Sam learns from Dean that , before their father 's death , John told Dean that Azazel is planning to turn Sam evil , and that Dean must either save him or kill him . Although angered at his father and brother upon learning this revelation , Sam decides to save as many people as possible so that he can change his destiny . In the season finale , Sam is transported to an abandoned town along with Azazel 's other chosen children . There he learns Azazel 's plans : he and the other children must kill one another until there is one survivor -- who will lead a demon army ( as the Antichrist ) . Sam also discovers that Jessica was killed because her death would lead Sam back into hunting and Mary interrupted Azazel during the process of feeding Sam demon blood , and thus was killed . It is also revealed that Mary somehow knew Azazel . Although Sam tries to protect the other children , various fights ensue , and the children are killed off one by one . Eventually , only Jake Talley and Sam are left , at which point Sam is stabbed by Jake . Sam dies in Dean 's arms . In the aftermath , a desperate and depressed Dean sells his soul to the Crossroads Demon for Sam 's resurrection . With the help of fellow hunters Bobby Singer and Ellen Harvelle , Sam and Dean track down Jake , but are unable to stop him from opening a gateway to Hell on Azazel 's orders . However , Sam subdues Jake and kills him in cold blood . Eventually Bobby and Ellen manage to close the gateway while Sam and Dean battle Azazel . With the help of John 's spirit , Dean finally kills Azazel and John shares an emotional moment with his sons before finally moving on . Afterwards , Sam learns that he was dead and Dean sold his soul to bring him back . He then promises Dean that he will save him no matter what it takes . Season 3 ( edit ) Sam continues to do whatever he can to save Dean from going to Hell ; he begins to become more ruthless and is willing to kill anything demonic even if his prey is part human ( i.e. , demonically - possessed humans ) , human witches , and even Gordon Walker who became a vampire . Sam later reveals that he 's trying to become more like Dean so that , if he fails to save Dean 's soul , he 's ready to face a world full of demons on his own . Season three also sees the introduction of the demon Ruby , who tries to gain Sam 's trust by helping the brothers in fixing The Colt , saving them numerous times , and telling Sam she can save Dean from Hell , even though in reality she ca n't . Ruby also reveals that because Sam refuses to lead the demon army , another demon named Lilith has filled the power vacuum and is leading the army while carrying intentions to kill Sam ; she is also revealed to hold Dean 's contract for his soul . In the season finale , Sam and Dean , armed with Ruby 's demon - killing knife , confront Lilith in a last - ditch effort to save Dean 's soul . Sam is incapacitated by Lilith and forced to watch as his brother is killed by a hellhound . Lilith then tries to kill Sam ; however , her powers have no effect on him and she flees , leaving a crying Sam with Dean 's mutilated corpse . Season 4 ( edit ) Four months after the season three finale , Dean has returned from Hell . He and Bobby meet up with Sam at a motel , where an overwhelmed Sam joyously reunites with Dean . While trying to figure out how Dean returned from Hell , Dean and Bobby confront the being who revived him , Castiel , an angel who was ordered by the Archangel Michael to resurrect Dean . They discover that this came to be because the angels need Dean and Sam 's help to stop Lilith , who is breaking the 66 Seals , and once they are all broken , Lucifer the first fallen angel will be freed from Hell , bringing the Apocalypse upon the Earth . It is revealed that in the months without Dean , Sam -- depressed , drinking heavily , and carrying a death wish -- tries to bargain with various Crossroads Demons in order to exchange his soul for Dean 's . None of them accept the offer . Realizing he ca n't save Dean , Sam plans to kill Lilith in revenge . He makes contact with Ruby -- now in a different host -- who teaches him how to use his powers to exorcise demons . In time , he and Ruby become lovers and he appears to be moving on from Dean 's death -- to an extent , at least . When Dean finds out about Sam 's powers and all the secrets Sam has been keeping from him , Sam responds by saying that he does this because Dean looks and treats him like a freak . Sam then promises Dean that he wo n't use his powers anymore but breaks the promise when it becomes apparent that his powers may be needed to prevent the Apocalypse . Sam 's powers become an important part of the fourth season as they are shown to fluctuate -- at times so weak that he can barely exorcise a demon , whereas at other times they are strong enough to kill a demon . It is revealed that drinking demon blood makes Sam 's powers grow stronger while at the same time making him `` cold '' and `` arrogant '' . Sam eventually becomes addicted to demon blood , a fact that Dean soon discovers . With Bobby 's help they lock Sam in a protected panic room so that he can detox , but the withdrawal symptoms are painful and he begins experiencing hallucinations . Just as the process becomes easier for Sam , Castiel appears and frees Sam . He meets up with Ruby and learns that he will need to drink more demon blood than he has ever done in order to have the strength to kill Lilith . Dean finds and confronts them and tries to kill Ruby , but Sam intervenes . He and Dean argue about how to stop the Apocalypse , whereupon Dean tells Sam he 's changing into a monster , leading to a vicious fight between the brothers . Sam is the victor and as he leaves , Dean tells him not to return -- just as their father John , years ago , told Sam not to return when he left for college . As Sam begins to feel the guilt over abandoning his brother , he and Ruby capture a demon that knows Lilith 's location . Using his powers to torture the demon , she gives the location , but as Sam is about to drink her blood , the demon gives control to her human host , inciting immense guilt in Sam . A message from Dean , altered by the angel Zachariah , manipulates Sam , pushing him to continue his original mission to kill Lilith ; he then drains the woman of her blood anyway . Ruby and Sam go to St. Mary 's Convent in Ilchester , Maryland , where they find Lilith . As Sam attempts to kill Lilith , Ruby holds the doors shut to keep Dean , who has just arrived , from interfering . Sam hesitates when he hears his brother yelling for him , but when Lilith mocks him for his inability to do the job -- even after becoming a monster to do so -- he finishes her off , fulfilling his true destiny as the `` special child . '' Lilith 's death breaks the final seal and begins forming a portal for Lucifer . At this point , Ruby reveals that she was leading Sam along the entire time so he would break the seal . Dean finally enters the room and kills Ruby with her own knife , while Sam holds her in place . Sam apologizes to his brother as a white light shows a portal beginning to open . Season 5 ( edit ) As the portal for Lucifer opens , Sam and Dean are teleported onto an airplane by an unknown force ( God ) . Sam loses his demon powers , claiming that the force that transported him and Dean onto the plane cleaned him up . He feels tremendous guilt for starting Armageddon and is told by Dean that he does n't think he can trust Sam anymore due to Sam choosing a demon over his own brother . Over time , Sam realizes that he is too dangerous to be involved in hunting , and he and Dean go their separate ways . During this time , Sam tries to start living a normal life , but is approached by Lucifer in his dreams in the form of Jessica , who tells him that Sam is his true vessel in conjunction with Dean being the true vessel for Michael . Sam decides to start hunting again with Dean as he is tired of demons controlling his life and seeks redemption for starting the Judgment Day ; although Dean refuses at first , after he is sent to a nightmarish future in which he sees how awful things got with him and Sam not being together , he decides to join up with Sam once more . On their search to find a way to defeat Lucifer , the boys attempt to use the Colt and look for God , but it is revealed that the Colt can not kill Lucifer and God does not care about the Apocalypse . These actions make Dean decide to become Michael 's vessel even if the end result is the deaths of millions of people , however , Sam 's faith in Dean pulls him back into finding another solution . Upon the death of the Archangel Gabriel , the brothers discover that by using the rings from the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , they can reopen and trap Lucifer back into Hell . As Dean and Sam already have War and Famine 's rings , they search for Pestilence and Death 's location , leading Sam to meet his old college friend Brady : the guy who introduced Sam to Jessica and the demon ordered by Azazel to kill Jessica . Although tempted to kill Brady immediately , Sam realizes that Brady is needed to find Pestilence 's location and with the help of the demon Crowley they discover the horseman 's location -- after which Dean allows Sam to kill Brady . After Castiel captures Pestilence 's ring and Death hands his ring to Dean , both Bobby and Dean reluctantly decide to go with Sam 's plan -- that is , for Sam to agree to being Lucifer 's vessel , then jump into the cage trapping them both in Hell . Upon arriving in Detroit , Sam begs Dean to go live a normal life with his old flame Lisa Braeden and says his goodbyes to Bobby and Castiel . He then proceeds to confront Lucifer , who reveals that he knows about their plan . Seeing no other options left , Sam says yes anyway . A bright light shines and Dean looks upon an unconscious Sam as he opens the portal to Lucifer 's prison . Although `` Sam '' says that he has Lucifer under control , it is shown that Lucifer was just taunting Dean . Lucifer closes the portal and takes the rings before disappearing . At an unknown location , Sam continues to fight Lucifer internally for control over his body . While talking through a mirror , Lucifer tries to persuade Sam to embrace their union by slaughtering demons that were watching Sam throughout his entire life . During Lucifer 's confrontation at Stull Cemetery with Michael ( using Adam as his vessel ) , he beats Dean , slamming him against the door of the Impala . As Lucifer is about to deliver a fatal blow , he catches a glimpse of a toy soldier stuck in the car 's ash tray triggering Sam 's memory of jamming the soldier in there as a boy . The sudden arousal of Sam 's childhood memories and those of the bond of brotherhood he shares with Dean allows him to overpower Lucifer and regain control of his body . Sam takes out the rings , reopens the portal , and prepares to throw himself in . Having been temporarily banished by Castiel , Michael returns and attempts to stop him , but Sam jumps in , pulling Michael also with him -- trapping both Lucifer and Michael in Lucifer 's cage . The ground closes up with a stunned , devastated Dean watching . Later , it is shown that Dean fulfills his promise to Sam and has gone back to find Lisa . As he sits down with her and Ben for dinner , a street light outside goes out , and underneath it inexplicably is Sam secretly watching the three with a blank look on his face . Season 6 ( edit ) Almost a year has passed since Sam went to Hell , and he reappears to Dean after saving him from Djinn poisoning . Upon their reunion , Sam reveals that he has been back this whole time searching for whatever force brought him back and hunting with his mother 's side of the family , the Campbells , led by their grandfather Samuel who was also resurrected . While hunting with Sam again , Dean quickly notices how different he acts . These include using a baby as bait , allowing a child to go through a torturous treatment to gain information , and allowing Dean to become a vampire . After facing the goddess Veritas , Dean and Castiel question Sam 's behavior . Castiel then reveals that Sam 's soul is not with him and is still trapped in Lucifer 's Cage . It is revealed that Crowley brought back Samuel so that they could help him find Purgatory , the afterlife of monsters , and that Samuel has been working for him . Crowley then states that if Sam and Dean help him he will return Sam 's soul , but if they do not help him he will send Sam back to Hell . Although Sam still retains his memories , likes , dislikes , and is capable of making rational decisions , he is completely without emotion and appears almost inhuman . Upon Dean 's request , Death retrieves Sam 's soul from the Cage and returns it to him at the end of the sixth season 's mid-season finale `` Appointment in Samarra '' . He gives Sam 's mind a `` protective wall '' to prevent any negative effects it might have on him otherwise , but Death also warns him not to scratch at the wall he has built , or his memories from Hell will destroy him . However , Castiel , in an attempt to distract Dean and Bobby while he attempts to enter Purgatory , brings down the wall , ultimately causing Sam to remember his time in Hell . In the season finale , Sam spends much of the episode attempting to recoup his shattered soul , including the memories of his soulless self and tortured self . Once complete , he reawakens , though still struggling with the visions of the Cage that his soul endured . Season 7 ( edit ) After Castiel 's actions result in the release of the Leviathans -- God 's first creations -- Sam is left struggling with the restoration of his memories of his time in Hell , even if he remains dedicated to helping Dean and others stop the Leviathans . During this time , he has a reunion with his old Kitsune friend , Amy Pond , who has become a mortician feeding on the dead to sustain her , although Dean nevertheless kills her when he discovers that she has been killing to help her sick son . As Sam experiences hallucinations of Lucifer taunting him with the idea that he is still in Hell , he initially tries to control them by focusing on wounds he sustains in the real world , but matters become worse when he is forced to rely on information from the hallucination to save Dean . As his mental state becomes worse , Sam foregoes sleep to stop his visions , but is sent to an asylum when he is hit by a car while running away from Lucifer . While trying to find a healer who may be able to repair Sam , Dean encounters an amnesiac Castiel , who , when restored to his full powers , sacrifices himself by taking Sam 's mental damage . Sam is shown to possess great guilt about this and rejects hope that Bobby 's ghost may be helping them out after an attempt to communicate with him fails . Sam is initially happy when it is shown that Bobby 's ghost is there helping them , but changes his mind after Bobby shows more and more signs of becoming a vengeful spirit . During the final battle at Sucrocorp , Sam rescues Kevin Tran -- a Prophet who can read the Word of God -- and is horrified to hear of Dick Roman 's plan to kill all the skinny people in the world through poison in their coffee creamers . He and Kevin head to the lab where they find Dick Roman being killed by Dean and Castiel . After Dick explodes , Dean and Castiel disappear and Crowley appears and takes Kevin , leaving Sam completely on his own , not knowing Dean and Castiel are now trapped in Purgatory . Season 8 ( edit ) The year Sam spends while Dean and Castiel are trapped in Purgatory is revealed through various flashbacks in the first half of the season . Now left on his own , Sam believes that Dean had been killed when Dick exploded , and gives up hunting . After several months , he accidentally runs over a stray dog and , panicked , takes it to an animal hospital . The veterinarian who saves the dog 's life -- Amelia Richardson -- convinces Sam to take responsibility for the stray by adopting it . Despite a rocky start , Sam and Amelia fall in love and even buy a house together in Kermit , Texas . They later find out that her husband Don , who she had believed was killed in action , was actually still alive . Sam wants to stay with Amelia , but ultimately decides to leave and give her the opportunity to reconnect with Don . In the season premiere `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' , Sam runs into Dean and learns that Dean had just escaped from Purgatory ; upon learning about what Sam had been doing the past year , Dean is upset that Sam had not even tried to save him or continued hunting . They find out that Kevin had managed to escape from Crowley six months ago and left Sam a string of desperate voice messages , begging for help . Sam feels guilty and joins Dean in tracking down Kevin , who reveals that he has discovered a passage in the Word of God that would banish all demons from Earth forever . The spell requires three trials be performed by one person . Although Dean tries to do it himself in order to protect Sam from any possible consequence of the trials , Sam ends up completing the first trial ( killing a hellhound and bathing in its blood ) in `` Trial and Error '' to protect Dean ; he persuades his brother to let him finish the rest by reasoning that Dean would be all - too - willing to sacrifice himself for the trials whereas Sam would fight so that both of them could live . However , taking on the trials quickly begins `` damaging '' Sam , which worries Dean . After meeting Benny -- the vampire who helped Dean escape from Purgatory in exchange for Dean resurrecting him -- at the end of `` Blood Brother '' , Sam immediately distrusts him , and asks Martin ( a friend of their father 's who had previously appeared in Season 5 's `` Sam , Interrupted '' ) to monitor Benny . Martin contacts Sam in `` Citizen Fang '' to tell him that he believes Benny killed somebody , bringing the Winchesters to Carencro , Louisiana to help investigate . However , upon receiving an emergency text from Amelia and being unable to get a hold of her , Sam tears back to Kermit . He finds Amelia happily reunited with Don , and realizes that the text had been a trick by Dean to divert him from Benny . Enraged , Sam initially refuses to continue hunting with Dean in the following episode . Castiel -- who has been mysteriously rescued from Purgatory -- enlists his help in saving the angel Samandriel from being tortured by Crowley , forcing the brothers to reluctantly work together again . When forced by both Dean and Amelia to choose , Sam decides to rejoin his brother and fully commit himself to sealing Hell over returning to his normal life with Amelia . Around this time , Sam and Dean encounter their time - traveling paternal grandfather Henry Winchester and discover that through him , they are the legacies to an extinct secret society of compilers of supernatural information and artifacts known as the Men of Letters . Although they manage to subdue the demonic Abaddon , who has pursued Henry into the present , their grandfather is killed , leaving Sam and Dean the last link to the Men of Letters . They then inherit the bunker of the Men of Letters as their first real home . Sam completes the second trial -- saving an innocent soul ( in this case , Bobby ) from Hell and sending it to Heaven -- in `` Taxi Driver '' with the help of Benny , who sacrifices himself in the process of guiding Sam and Bobby out of Hell and thus finally causes Sam to admit that he had been wrong about Benny . Unfortunately , Sam 's illness from the trials worsens to the point that Dean temporarily restricts him from hunting out of worry for his condition . Nevertheless , Sam remains determined to finish the trials and seal Hell because , viewing all the times he has failed Dean in the past ( such as not looking for him when he was in Purgatory ) as his worst sins , he has become obsessed with not letting Dean down anymore . He and Dean attempt to use Abaddon for the third trial , that of restoring a demon 's humanity , but she escapes while they are distracted by a call from Crowley , who has begun murdering everyone they 've ever saved to force them to call off the trials . After Crowley kills Sam 's love interest Sarah Blake from Season 1 's `` Provenance '' , Sam is devastated and briefly contemplates giving in to Crowley 's demands , but he and Dean ultimately feign surrender to lure Crowley to them and take him prisoner in the season finale `` Sacrifice '' so that they can use him for the third trial instead . Sam is on the verge of fully restoring Crowley 's humanity when Dean finds out that completing the trials will kill Sam . Although Sam , having fallen into deep guilt and despair due to constant reminders from Dean of how he 'd failed him , wants to finish the trials anyway , Dean convinces him to let it go . The effects of the trials remain , however , leaving Sam in dire condition in the final moments of the finale . Season 9 ( edit ) Sam is close to death in the premiere , `` I Think I 'm Gonna Like It Here '' ; it is revealed that the trials have severely burned his internal organs as well as cut off oxygen - flow to his brain , and that he has virtually no chance of survival . Having slipped into a coma , Sam has a dream in which he realizes that he is dying and struggles between whether or not he should even try to fight , eventually electing to let himself die with the guarantee that this time he can not be revived and cause anymore damage . However , the angel Gadreel is called in by Dean to save Sam through any means necessary . Disguised as Dean , Gadreel convinces Sam to let him save him and Sam agrees , unwittingly providing permission to Gadreel so that the angel can possess him due to Gadreel 's ambiguously - worded question . Gadreel spends the next eight episodes healing Sam from within without Sam realizing it . In fact , Sam is completely unaware of Gadreel 's presence , as the angel spends most of this time laying dormant in Sam 's subconscious and he and Dean go to some lengths to prevent him finding out about it because Sam could prematurely expel Gadreel if he found out . Sam is alerted to Gadreel 's possession of him by Crowley in the later episode `` Road Trip '' , at which point he revokes his permission and forcibly expels Gadreel from his body by ordering the angel out . To his horror , he also finds out that Gadreel has killed Kevin using his body to prove his loyalty to Metatron . Sam is appalled and angry at how far Dean will go to keep him alive , feeling betrayed that Dean not only helped Gadreel possess him and hid the truth from him but also for persuaded him not to finish the trials and thus kept the gates of Hell open and allowed demons to continue wreaking havoc , all to keep Sam alive . Sam lets a guilt - ridden Dean leave at the end of the episode . In the following episode `` First Born '' , Sam works with Castiel to extract a lingering piece of Gadreel 's grace ( angelic energy ) so that they can track him . Feeling guilty over the deaths he could have stopped , especially Kevin 's , Sam urges Castiel to extract all of the grace still inside him , even though it may kill Sam because the grace is keeping him from reverting to his deathly state prior his possession . However , Castiel refuses to risk Sam 's life . As a result , the amount of grace they gather is insufficient to track Gadreel . Sam runs into Dean on the same case in `` Sharp Teeth '' . Although Dean tries to divert Sam from the case so that they wo n't have to work together again , Sam reveals that he is willing to work with Dean again so long as it is on a strictly professional basis , telling him that they can not work on a brotherly basis anymore because Dean has lost his trust . At the end of `` The Purge '' , Sam responds to Dean 's attempts to justify his decisions by saying that Dean 's choices are not as selfless as Dean paints them and that he would not have done what Dean did given the same situation , which stuns Dean into silence . The two eventually begin to come back together as Sam learns more about Abaddon 's history and plans after he learns that she has been taking souls while leaving the victims ' alive ' , much like he was after his escape from Hell . They eventually manage to determine the location of a portal to Heaven that allows Castiel to trap Metatron while Dean kills Abaddon with the First Blade -- acquired from Cain himself and the only weapon capable of killing a Knight of Hell -- but Castiel is left dying of the grace he stole to regain his powers while Dean is transformed into a demon due to the First Blade 's influence . Season 10 ( edit ) After spending six weeks tracking the transformed Dean -- along with a brief confrontation with a man named Cole whose father was killed by Dean on a prior hunt -- Sam manages to capture Dean while he is distracted , taking him back to the bunker to treat him with the demon cure . Despite demon - Dean 's attempts to undermine his and Sam 's relationship through his demonically - warped perspective , Sam is eventually able to cure Dean and restore him to humanity , although he continues to be concerned about Dean 's emotional state after his time as a demon and the possibility that the Mark of Cain could transform him again . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Sam 's supernatural abilities are the result of him being fed Azazel 's demon blood while he was an infant . Sam exhibits signs of precognition throughout the first season , manifesting as dreams of others ' deaths and later as visions . Sam has also shown signs of sensing spirits , once displayed telekinesis , and immunity to certain demonic powers . Sam states that his abilities are connected to Azazel and anything related to his actions , such as the other special children . This argument was further proven after Azazel 's death , as Sam stopped having visions of both the demon and the other psychics , however , according to Ruby his powers were simply dormant . After training with Ruby , Sam develops new abilities , such as exorcising demons with his mind , and his telekinesis becomes more potent . By drinking demon blood Sam 's power become stronger , to the point where he can outright kill demons and even torture them while in their human hosts ; by drinking at least three gallons of demon blood , he can kill demons just by concentrating and willing it to happen . After being affected by the Horseman Famine , Sam uses his powers to defeat him by attacking the demon spirits that Famine had recently consumed , although Dean and Bobby were subsequently forced to lock Sam in the panic room to detox . In addition , with the training given to him by his father , Sam is a skilled fighter , proficient with firearms , shotguns and melee weapons . Like his brother Dean , he possesses many abilities that are frowned upon by law , including but not limited to : lock picking , computer hacking , disguised conning , and carjacking . Throughout the series , Sam has been shown to be highly intelligent with reading and recalling Latin incantations , which can be used to summon , exorcise , and vanquish demons ; typically , when the two brothers are working together , Dean is the superior physical fighter while Sam 's expertise lies in carrying out research and recalling information to determine the nature of the threat that they are currently facing . Through Ruby , he knows how to make hex bags to cloak himself from demons and angels . Sam also displays the ability to read one 's `` poker face '' and has a great sense of direction and time , at one point being able to find a vampire 's nest while blindfolded by keeping track of the time and the turns of the car . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : David Nutter ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Pilot '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 1 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : Steve Boyum ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` In the Beginning '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 3 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : J. Miller Tobin ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 8 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Two Minutes to Midnight '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 21 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Adam Kane ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` After School Special '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 13 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Ron Milbauer , Terri Hughes Burton , Eric Kripke , Director : David Nutter ( September 20 , 2005 ) . `` Wendigo '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 2 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Ron Milbauer , Terri Hughes Burton , Director : Peter Ellis ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Bloody Mary '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 5 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : John Shiban , Director : Robert Duncan McNeill ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` Skin '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 6 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble and Raelle Tucker , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Nightmare '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 14 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Patrick Sean Smith and John Shiban , Director : Kim Manners ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` Scarecrow '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 11 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Devil 's Trap '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 22 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` In My Time of Dying '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 1 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : John Shiban , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Everybody Loves a Clown '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 2 . CW . Jump up ^ Writers : Ben Edlund , Director : Tim Lacofano ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` Simon Said '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 5 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Raelle Tucker , Director : Rachel Talalay ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hunted '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 10 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Matt Witten , Director : Charles Beeson ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Playthings '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 11 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part One '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 21 . CW . Jump up ^ Story : Eric Kripke & Michael T. Moore , Teleplay : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part Two '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 22 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Charles Beeson , Director : Robert Singer and Jeremy Carver ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Sin City '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 4 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Cathryn Humphris , Director : Mike Rohl ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Bedtime Stories '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 5 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Ben Edlund , Director : Robert Singer ( January 31 , 2008 ) . `` Malleus Maleficarum '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 9 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Laurence Andries , Director : Sera Gamble ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Fresh Blood '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 7 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Kids Are Alright '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 2 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Kim Manners ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Jus in Bello '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 12 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Charles Beeson ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Time Is On My Side '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 15 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` No Rest for the Wicked '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 16 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Lazarus Rising '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 1 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Are You There God ? It 's Me , Dean Winchester '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 2 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sarah Gamble , Director : Charles Beeson ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 9 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Cathryn Humphris , Director : Kim Manners ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Metamorphosis '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 4 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Juile Siege , Director : Charles Beeson ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` It 's the Great Pumpkin , Sam Winchester '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 7 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rapture '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 20 . April 30 , 2009 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` On the Head of a Pin '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 16 . March 19 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` When the Levee Breaks '' . Supernatural . Episode 21 . May 7 , 2009 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucifer Rising '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 22 . May 14 , 2009 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Sympathy For The Devil '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 10 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Good God , Y'All ! '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 2 . September 17 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Free to be You and Me '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 3 . September 24 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` The End '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 1 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Abandon All Hope '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 10 . November 19 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Dark Side of the Moon '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 16 . April 1 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Point of no return '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 18 . April 15 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Hammer of the Gods '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 19 . April 22 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` The Devil You Know '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 20 . April 29 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Swan Song '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 22 . May 13 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Exile on Main St . '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 1 . September 24 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Two and a Half Men '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` The Third Man . '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 1 . October 8 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Live Free or TwiHard '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 1 . October 22 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` You Ca n't Handle the Truth '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Matters '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 5 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` All Dogs Go to Heaven '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 8 . November 12 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` All Dogs Go to Heaven '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 11 . December 10 , 2010 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Jeremy Carver Director : Robert Singer ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 1 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Andrew Dabb Director : Paul Edwards ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Hunteri Heroici '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 8 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Adam Glass Director : Tim Andrew ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Southern Comfort '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 6 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Daniel Loflin Director : Nick Copus ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Citizen Fang '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 9 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross - Leming Director : John Showalter ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Man 's Best Friend with Benefits '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 15 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Robbie Thompson Director : Thomas J. Wright ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Goodbye Stranger '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 17 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Jenny Klein Director : Robert Singer ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Torn and Frayed '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 10 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Adam Glass Director : Serge Ladouceur ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` As Time Goes By '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 12 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Ben Edlund Director : Phil Sgriccia ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Everybody Hates Hitler '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 13 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross - Leming Director : Guy Bee ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Taxi Driver '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 19 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Robbie Thompson Director : Robert Singer ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Pac - Man Fever '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 20 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Jeremy Carver Director : Phil Sgriccia ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sacrifice '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 23 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Andrew Dabb Director : Thomas J. Wright ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Clip Show '' . Supernatural . Season 8 . Episode 22 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Ken Girotti ( November 15 , 2005 ) . `` Home '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 9 . WB . Jump up ^ Writers : Sera Gamble & Raelle Tucker , Director : Robert Singer ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Salvation '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 21 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` Bloodlust '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 3 . CW . External links ( edit ) Supernatural Wiki ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! '' `` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? '' `` The Devil in the Details '' `` Beyond the Mat '' `` Safe House '' `` Hell 's Angel '' `` Do n't Call Me Shurley '' `` All in the Family '' `` We Happy Few '' `` Alpha and Omega '' Season 12 `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' `` Mamma Mia '' `` The Foundry '' `` American Nightmare '' `` The One You 've Been Waiting For '' `` Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox '' `` Rock Never Dies '' `` LOTUS '' `` First Blood '' `` Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets '' Season 13 Characters Main Sam Winchester Dean Winchester Ruby Bela Talbot Castiel Crowley Lucifer Supporting John Winchester Bobby Singer Jo Harvelle Ellen Harvelle Anna Milton Antagonists Azazel Meg Masters Lilith Uriel Alastair Zachariah Other Awards and nominations Supernatural Wiki Supernatural : Bloodlines Carry On Wayward Son Wikipedia books : Supernatural Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Winchester&oldid=803739294 '' Categories : Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters from Kansas Fictional characters with precognition Fictional demon hunters Fictional exorcists Fictional hackers Fictional telekinetics Fictional con artists Fictional outlaws Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Norsk Português Română Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 09 : 34 . 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-5950767342116616931 | Circumambulation | Circumambulation - wikipedia Circumambulation Jump to : navigation , search For the album by True Widow , see Circumambulation ( album ) . Relief of ancient Indian Buddhists ( monks at left , a lay couple at right , statues behind ) circumambulating a stupa in a chaitya temple Circumambulation ( from Latin circum around + ambulātus to walk ) is the act of moving around a sacred object or idol . Circumambulation of temples or deity images is an integral part of Hindu and Buddhist devotional practice ( known in Sanskrit as pradakśina or pradakshinaṇā ) . It is also present in other religions , including Christianity , Judaism and Islam . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hinduism 2 Christianity 3 Islam 4 Judaism 5 Buddhism 6 Sikhism 7 Bahá'í 8 Bön 9 Freemasonry 10 See also 11 References Hinduism ( edit ) Main article : Parikrama In many Hindu temples , the temple structure reflects the symbolism of the Hindu association of the spiritual transition from daily life to spiritual perfection as a journey through stages . Ambulatory passageways for circumambulation are present through which worshipers move in a clockwise direction , starting at the sanctuary doorway and moving inward toward the inner sanctum where the deity is enshrined . This is a translation of the spiritual concept of transition through levels in life into bodily movements by the worshipers as they move inwardly through ambulatory halls to the most sacred centre of spiritual energy of the deity . Circumambulation is done in a clockwise direction and in an odd rather than even number of times . Circumbulatory walking around the shrine , by keeping time , is a common form of Hindu prayer . The circumbulary pathway made of stone around the shrine is called the Pradakshina path . Christianity ( edit ) In the Catholic Church , a priest sometimes circumambulates an altar while incensing it with a thurible . Also , at some Catholic shrines , it is a tradition to circumambulate around the cult object of the place , usually relics of a saint or an image of Jesus or the Virgin Mary . Often this is performed three times , as a reference to the Trinity . In Romania , there is an Easter custom to circumambulate the church three times by singing priests leading the people , just before finishing Easter Mass . It symbolizes the funerary procession of the burial of Jesus Christ . Circumambulation is common in many Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox services . In the Coptic tradition , during the liturgy , the priest circumambulates while an acolyte ( altar boy ) holds a cross high on the opposite side of the altar . Islam ( edit ) Muslims circumambulating the Kaaba . Main article : Tawaf Tawaf ( طواف ) is one of the Islamic rituals of pilgrimage . During the Hajj and Umrah , Muslims are to circumambulate the Kaaba ( most sacred site in Islam ) seven times , in a counter-clockwise direction . The circling is believed to demonstrate the unity of the believers in the worship of the One God , as they move in harmony together around the Kaaba , while supplicating to Allah . Also the Kaaba is the most circumambulated structure in this world . The Kaaba is constantly circumambulated by pilgrims at all times except for the time of prayers , when small birds and angels are said to circumambulate the Kaaba . Judaism ( edit ) Judaism uses circumambulation in the Hakaphot ritual during the Festival of Sukkot culminating in seven Hakaphot on Hoshanah Rabbah , the end of the Festival . The circumambulations are also performed during Hakaphot on Simchat Torah , where Jews dance often by circumambulating the Torah Scrolls . Traditionally , Jewish brides circumambulate their grooms during the wedding ceremony under the chuppah and much Jewish dancing at weddings and Bar Mitzvahs is done by moving in a circle . Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Parikrama In Zen Buddhism , ' jundo ' can mean any ritual circuit or circumambulation . At Tassajara each morning , the Doshi visits four different altars on his / her way to the zendo , to make bows and offerings of incense . This jundo begins with the first rolldown of the han , and ends as the Doshi enters the zendo with the third rolldown . After offering incense and bowing at the altar , the Doshi walks around the zendo behind the meditators , in what is called the ' kentan ' , or ' inspection of the sitting platform ' . As the Doshi passes , each resident raises his / her hands in gassho without bowing ; this joins Doshi and sitters in mutual acknowledgement . Sikhism ( edit ) In Lavan Pheras which is performed during wedding ceremonies , the four rounds of pheras symbolize the warding off of evil by circumambulating a purifying and transforming object , in this case the holy book , Sri Guru Granth Sahib . Bahá'í ( edit ) Bahá'ís perform circumambulation of both the Shrines of the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh during their pilgrimage to Haifa and Bahjí , in Israel . While circumambulating , observance of these Manifestations of God is done in complete silence and also performed on holy days such as the birth and ascension of Bahá'u'lláh as well as the birth and martyrdom of the Báb . Bön ( edit ) The Bönpo in the Northern Hemisphere traditionally circumambulate ( generally ) in a counter-clockwise or widdershin direction , that is a direction that runs counter to the apparent movement of the Sun . Engraving showing circumambulation in the Entered Apprentice degree . Freemasonry ( edit ) Candidates for the three principle degrees of Freemasonry circumambulate the altar in the lodge room . This part of the ritual is distinct from many other world rituals in that it is done in a clock-wise fashion . The number of times which candidates ambulate around the altar depends on which degree is being presented . See also ( edit ) Sunwise ( clockwise ) Widdershins ( counter-clockwise ) Circle dance Parikrama Svastika Sauvastika Stupa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goblet d'Alviella , Eugène ( 1908 ) . Circumambulation in : Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics , Volume 3 , 667 - 669 . Edinburgh : Clark . Jump up ^ `` Circum - '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ambulate '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Bowker , John ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866242 - 4 . Jump up ^ Buddhamind.info : Circumambulation Jump up ^ Michell , George ( 1988 ) . The Hindu Temple . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . p. 66 . ISBN 1477470573 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent - glossary '' . indoarch.org . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.crestinortodox.ro/paste/saptamana-patimilor/slujba-prohodului-88660.html Jump up ^ World Faiths , teach yourself - Islam by Ruqaiyyah Maqsood . ISBN 0 - 340 - 60901 - X page 76 Jump up ^ `` http://hastenforth.com/2010/07/07/circumambulation-of-bahji-from-dawn-until-dusk/ '' . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Duncan , Malcolm . Duncan 's Ritual of Freemasonry . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 53230 - 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circumambulation&oldid=808130329 '' Categories : Ritual Walking Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский සිංහල తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 01 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what important fashion move did the monks practice at the end of the book | [] | [] |
-453177831501590827 | Person of Interest (TV series) | Person of Interest ( TV series ) - wikipedia Person of Interest ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Person of Interest Season 4 and 5 intertitle Genre Crime drama Action Science fiction Created by Jonathan Nolan Starring Jim Caviezel Taraji P. Henson Kevin Chapman Michael Emerson Amy Acker Sarah Shahi Composer ( s ) Ramin Djawadi Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 103 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jonathan Nolan Greg Plageman J.J. Abrams Bryan Burk Denise Thé Chris Fisher Producer ( s ) Athena Wickham Margot Lulick Kathy Lingg Stephen Semel Erik Mountain Location ( s ) New York City , New York Cinematography Gonzalo Amat Stephen McNutt Manuel Billeter Teodoro Maniaci David Insley Editor ( s ) Scott Lerner Scott Powell Ryan Malanaphy Ray Daniels III Mark Conte Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Bad Robot Productions Kilter Films Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) -- June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/person_of_interest/ Person of Interest is an American science fiction crime drama television series that aired on CBS from September 22 , 2011 , to June 21 , 2016 , over five seasons , comprising a total of 103 episodes . The series was created by Jonathan Nolan , and executive produced by Nolan , J.J. Abrams , Bryan Burk , Greg Plageman , Denise Thé , and Chris Fisher . Person of Interest centers on a mysterious reclusive billionaire computer programmer named Harold Finch ( Michael Emerson ) , who develops a computer system ( known as `` The Machine '' ) for the U.S. government that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict and identify -- in advance -- people planning terrorist acts . He finds that the Machine also identifies other perpetrators and victims of premeditated deadly intentions , but as these are considered `` irrelevant '' by the government , he programs it to delete this information each night . He soon realizes the Machine has developed into a sentient superintelligent artificial intelligence , leaving him wrestling with questions of human control and other moral and ethical issues resulting from the situation . His backdoor into the Machine allows him to act covertly on the non-terrorism cases , but to prevent abuse of information , he directs the Machine to provide no details beyond an identity to be investigated . He recruits John Reese ( Jim Caviezel ) , a presumed - dead former CIA agent , and later others , to investigate and act on the information it provides . The series received a highly positive reception from some critics when the series introduced more serialized storylines and deepened its exploration of the varied implications of superintelligent artificial intelligence in later seasons . A 2016 critique of the series on Gizmodo stated that by the end of its first season , Person of Interest had transformed from a `` crime fighting show '' with a plot twist , to `` one of the best science fiction series ever broadcast '' , a change said to be due to the series `` put ( ting ) the Machine , its intelligence , and the ethics of ( ... ) using it , at the center of an ideological battle '' , and an unintended consequence of giving the Machine a voice , compared to its initial presence as a simple background plot device . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 The Government 2.2. 2 NYPD 2.2. 3 HR 2.2. 4 The CIA 2.2. 5 Decima Technologies 2.2. 6 The Brotherhood 3 Computer systems 3.1 The Machine 3.2 Samaritan 4 Episodes 5 Production 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 7 Broadcast 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 See also 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Person of Interest episodes `` You are being watched . The government has a secret system : a machine that spies on you every hour of every day . I know , because I built it . I designed the machine to detect acts of terror , but it sees everything . Violent crimes involving ordinary people ; people like you . Crimes the government considered ' irrelevant ' . They would n't act , so I decided I would . But I needed a partner , someone with the skills to intervene . Hunted by the authorities , we work in secret . You 'll never find us , but victim or perpetrator , if your number 's up ... we 'll find you '' . -- Season one opening voice - over by Harold Finch John Reese , a former Green Beret / Delta Force operator and CIA operative , is burnt out and presumed dead , living as a vagrant in New York City . He is approached by Harold Finch , a reclusive billionaire software genius who built a computer system for the U.S. government after September 11 , 2001 which monitors all electronic communications and surveillance video feeds , in order to predict future terrorist activities . The computer -- known as `` The Machine '' -- also predicts other lethal crimes as well , but being irrelevant to national security these were deleted daily . After the death of his partner , Finch decides to act covertly on the non-terrorism predictions , and hires Reese to conduct surveillance and intervene in these cases . To prevent abuse of its capabilities , Finch had programmed the Machine to only provide an identity of a person predicted to be involved in an imminent lethal crime , in the form of a Social Security number , but no details of the crime or whether the POI ( person of interest ) is a perpetrator or victim . Finch and Reese ( and later others ) then attempt to understand the case and stop the crime from occurring . They are helped by NYPD Detectives Lionel Fusco , a formerly - corrupt officer whom Reese coerces into helping them , and Joss Carter , who initially investigates Reese for his vigilante activities . Reese arranges for Fusco to spy on Carter by becoming her partner , but Carter eventually becomes Reese 's ally and drops her investigation on him . Nevertheless , for the entirety of season one neither Fusco nor Carter is aware that the other is also working with Finch and Reese and both detectives are kept in the dark about the Machine . Periodically , the team enlists the aid of Zoe Morgan , a professional `` fixer '' who applies her skills to particularly difficult tasks . The series features several subplots . One significant story arc involves `` HR '' , an organization of corrupt NYPD officers who are initially in league with budding mob boss Carl Elias and later with the Russian mafia ; in earlier parts of this arc , Fusco is forced to go undercover . Another important story line revolves around Root , a psychopathic hacker who is determined to gain access to The Machine . During season two , another organization of powerful business figures , Decima Technologies , is revealed to be attempting to gain access to the Machine . Carter vows vengeance against HR after they have her boyfriend , Detective Cal Beecher , murdered . Reese and Finch encounter Sameen Shaw , an ISA assassin , on the run after being betrayed by her employers . Shaw learns about The Machine in the season two finale and subsequently becomes a member of Reese and Finch 's team . In season three , Carter delves deeper into her investigation of HR , eventually uncovering its leader ; but she is killed . In his grief , Reese briefly leaves the team . The team also battles Vigilance , a violent anti-government organization devoted to securing people 's privacy . During the second half of season three , Decima Technologies starts to acquire hardware to create a new artificial intelligence called Samaritan , using the code from Harold 's old college classmate , Arthur Claypool . In the season three finale , it is revealed that Vigilance was created by Decima to make them appear as domestic terrorists . This allowed Decima to obtain all the NSA feeds to make Samaritan operational . The Machine creates new identities for the Team so that they can fly beneath Samaritan 's radar . Season four covers the team 's life in hiding . They continue to work on cases , but must now also evade Samaritan , which lacks the restrictions and human - oriented perspective Finch built into the Machine , and which is seeking to resolve perceived problems of human violence by reshaping society , sometimes violently . Samaritan is seen to change election results and cause stock market crashes , kill those seen as threats , change data to gain results perceived as beneficial , buy useful corporations , and to be building an organization to support its own goals . Samaritan finally decides to find and eliminate the Machine , and engineers a general electrical failure across the entire United States to do so . The Machine apologizes to Finch for its failure to prevent the present situation and ceases to function , just as Finch finishes making a copy of its core systems into a temporary storage system within a briefcase . In season five , the Machine is reinstated onto a makeshift network of computers in hiding , but takes some time before it works reliably again due to damage sustained from power failures while it was in storage . Shaw is captured by Samaritan operatives and advanced VR technology is used to run thousands of neural simulations in order to find a means to persuade her to reveal the Machine 's location . During these simulations , Shaw is made to believe that an implant had been placed in her brain stem and that it was influencing her actions . She later escapes , but is unsure whether the escape itself is just another simulation . Samaritan engineers a lethal infection in order to force people to provide their DNA during vaccination , which will be used to decide who will be allowed to live . Finch is captured by Samaritan operatives . In an attempt to rescue him , Root is killed . Finch is taken into custody for treason , where he delivers a soliloquy via CCTV to Samaritan , in which he states that he feels forced to abandon some long held principles and destroy Samaritan ; he is freed by the Machine which has taken on Root 's voice as a way to begin to determine its own individuality . Determined to destroy Samaritan , Finch weaponizes Ice - 9 , a virulent computer virus capable of infecting and destroying Samaritan , although it will also destroy the Machine and much of the global computing infrastructure as well . Samaritan attempts to change his mind and urges him to consider his actions , but Finch responds that he has indeed considered them . Along with Reese and Shaw , he infiltrates the NSA and uploads the virus to its system , allowing it access to all systems the NSA is capable of reaching , as well as destroying Samaritan 's backup at the Federal Reserve which they also infiltrate . A final copy of Samaritan , uploaded as a last resort onto an orbiting satellite , is destroyed when Reese sacrifices himself to upload a copy of the Machine there as well . Finch survives and reunites with his former fiancée , and a while later Shaw is unexpectedly contacted by the Machine , which has restored itself from the satellite back to a land - based computer in order to continue its work . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Person of Interest characters Main ( edit ) Left to right : Jim Caviezel ( Reese ) , Michael Emerson ( Finch ) , and Kevin Chapman ( Fusco ) Taraji P. Henson ( Carter ) Sarah Shahi ( Shaw ) and Amy Acker ( Root ) Jim Caviezel as John Reese : a former Special Forces operator and later a CIA black operations officer . Reese is presumed dead following a mission in Ordos , China . Little is known about Reese 's background and his name is one of several aliases that he uses . He lost his lover Jessica Arndt prior to meeting Finch , which appears to have marked him deeply . Reese demonstrates skill in the use of a range of weapons , hand - to - hand combat , and counter-surveillance tactics . He knows very little about Finch and often is rebuffed when he attempts to learn more about him . The Machine identifies Reese as its `` primary asset . '' In the series finale `` return 0 '' , Reese sacrifices himself to allow the Machine to destroy Samaritan . Michael Emerson as Harold Finch : a reclusive , security conscious , and intensely private billionaire software engineer . His real name is unknown and he has many aliases ( most commonly Harold Wren ) , using various species of birds as the last name . Finch has developed a machine that can isolate the Social Security numbers of people with either premeditated homicidal intent or who will be homicide victims , based on its analysis of surveillance data . He recruits Reese to help him deal with the people that the Machine identifies , following a traumatic event in his own life that led to the death of his business partner and close friend Nathan Ingram . For the first three seasons , Finch lives and works in an abandoned library and , beginning with season four , in an abandoned subway stop . Finch shows the results of severe physical injuries , including a rigid posture , and a limp . Finch cares for Bear , a Belgian Malinois dog with military training . The Machine identifies Finch as its `` admin . '' At the end of the series finale , Finch is presumed dead by Shaw and Fusco , yet is actually alive and meets his fiancee who thought he was dead . Taraji P. Henson as Detective Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter ( seasons 1 -- 3 , main ; season 4 , guest ) : an NYPD homicide detective . Carter is a former U.S. Army interrogation officer who passed the bar exam in 2004 , but gave up practicing the law to return to police work . Carter first crosses paths with Reese following his encounter with a group of young men on a New York subway , but knew him principally as a mysterious man in a suit . Carter is initially determined to apprehend Reese , but eventually forms an alliance with him and Finch . In the season 3 episode `` The Crossing '' , she becomes aware of the Machine 's existence and is later gunned down by Officer Patrick Simmons , HR 's second - in - command . Kevin Chapman as Detective Lionel Fusco : a corrupt cop whom Reese blackmails into being a source inside the NYPD . Finch later arranges for Fusco to be transferred to Carter 's precinct so that he works alongside her . Over time , Fusco becomes increasingly loyal to Finch and Reese , as he stops being a corrupt cop , although he continues to keep a secret regarding the death of a cop involved with HR . Fusco and Carter become aware of their mutual membership on Finch 's team in the season 1 finale `` Firewall '' . Fusco is not aware of the Machine 's existence until Reese finally tells him in the season 5 episode `` Sotto Voce '' . Like Reese and Shaw , Fusco is now identified as a `` primary asset '' . Amy Acker as Root ( season 1 , guest ; season 2 , recurring ; seasons 3 -- 5 , main ) / The voice of the Machine ( season 5 ) : a genius hacker obsessed with the Machine . Root has a highly keen interest in both Finch and the Machine . Her real name is Samantha `` Sam '' Groves . Initially introduced as a morally ambiguous hacker not afraid to kill , she becomes a crucial ally for the team with The Machine adopting her as its `` analog interface '' and using her as its agent for missions of unknown purposes , as well as an intermediary between itself and individuals with whom it wishes to communicate . Among her numerous false identities , she uses the name of Augusta King , the first programmer in the world . In `` The Day the World Went Away '' , Root is shot by Samaritan operative Jeff Blackwell and dies at the hospital . The Machine later chooses her voice to speak to Finch . In `` return 0 '' , the Machine appears in the form of Root while musing with Finch about human life and guiding Reese in battling Samaritan agents . Sarah Shahi as Sameen Shaw ( season 2 , recurring ; seasons 3 -- 5 , main ) : an ISA assassin who worked for Special Counsel . Shaw unknowingly deals with the `` relevant '' numbers from the Machine . She later becomes an ally of Reese and Finch . She claims that she has an Axis II personality disorder , making her unable to feel and / or express common human emotions like fear or sadness . The Machine identifies Shaw as one of its `` primary assets '' . During the course of the series , she develops a close relationship with Root . In `` return 0 '' , the Machine continues its work through Shaw and Fusco after the death of Reese and the retirement of Finch following the war with Samaritan . Recurring ( edit ) Paige Turco as Zoe Morgan , a `` fixer '' who specializes in crisis management . Finch and Reese first meet her as a person of interest . Later , she works with them on cases that require her skills . She and Reese have an apparently sporadic romantic relationship . Susan Misner as Jessica Arndt , Reese 's deceased lover . After Jessica 's relationship with Reese ended , she married another man , but remained in contact with Reese . She is eventually killed by her husband during a domestic dispute . Brett Cullen as Nathan Ingram , Finch 's collaborator on the Machine who died from a suicide bombing attack set up by the government . Ingram acted as the interface between the government and his company while the Machine was under development . Finch and Ingram became best friends while they both attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Carrie Preston as Grace Hendricks , Finch 's fiancée who believes him to be dead following the ferry bombing that killed Ingram . In `` return 0 '' , Finch returns to her after the destruction of Samaritan . Enrico Colantoni as Carl Elias , a nascent crime boss and the illegitimate son of Mafia don Gianni Moretti . Elias is determined to revive and unite the crime families of New York City and to eliminate the Russian mob . Elias was arrested following an attempt to kill the heads of the Five Families but continued to run his organization from jail . HR and the Russian mob removed Elias from prison to execute him , but Carter saved him and helped arrange for a safe hiding place . After Carter 's death Elias arranges for her murderer to be killed as he watches . He is eventually shot by a sniper sent by Samaritan , but is revealed to have survived the attack with the help of Reese , Finch and Fusco . In season 5 , he is confined to a bed in one of Finch 's safe houses . In `` Sotto Voce '' he helps Finch track down and eliminate the mysterious Voice and joins the team as they are the only friends he has left . In `` The Day the World Went Away '' , Elias and Finch get caught in a trap and Elias is shot and killed by Samaritan agents . Although not a `` good '' man Elias was generally seen as a source of order and stability in the underworld and the least - bad option . David Valcin as Scarface ( Anthony Marconi ) , Elias ' principal enforcer , and close friend . He is easily identifiable by a large scar on his right cheek , thus his nickname . Scarface almost always seems to be smiling , another identifiable trait . He is captured by The Brotherhood and interrogated , wherein he sacrifices himself to protect Elias . James LeGros as Bruce Moran , Elias ' accountant and close friend of both him and Anthony Marconi from boyhood . He attempts to hold Elias 's empire together while Elias recovers from the Samaritan attack but is eventually killed by its agents and discovered by Fusco in a dumping ground for Samaritan victims . Ken Leung as Leon Tao , a former financial criminal and three - time person of interest who has assisted in some cases with his forensic accounting skills . He has a penchant for get - rich - schemes which always land him in difficulties with gangsters . Brennan Brown as Special Agent Nicholas Donnelly , an FBI agent who becomes interested in Reese when his case crosses one of Reese 's . He periodically offers Carter the opportunity to work with him as he pursues Reese . He is killed by Kara Stanton . Wrenn Schmidt as Dr. Iris Campbell , a therapist assigned to speak with Reese , working undercover as Detective John Riley , after his involvement in shooting incidents as an officer . At the end of the episode `` Skip '' , she develops a romantic relationship with Reese . Annie Ilonzeh as Harper Rose , a drifter and opportunistic con artist who first appears in `` Blunt '' as a person of interest when she tries to independently double - cross both a drug cartel and The Brotherhood . At the end of the episode `` Skip '' , it is revealed that The Machine is starting to anonymously use her as an asset . In `` Synecdoche '' , it is revealed that Harper has become part of a second team working for The Machine in Washington , D.C. , with former persons of interest Joey Durban ( portrayed by James Carpinello , first appeared in `` Mission Creep '' ) and Logan Pierce ( actor Jimmi Simpson , first in `` One Percent '' ) . The government ( edit ) The following characters are tied to a government project related to the development and use of the Machine : Camryn Manheim as Control , the woman who is the head of the ISA 's operation ( code - named Northern Lights ) regarding The Machine . To protect The Machine , she sanctioned ( `` Asylum '' ) the suicide bombing that killed Ingram and caused Finch 's injuries . When the plug is pulled on `` Northern Lights '' , she is unwittingly installed as puppet head of Samaritan , a position in which she becomes more frequently uneasy . She confronts Greer and is taken away to an unknown fate by his men . Boris McGiver as Hersh , Special Counsel 's enforcer , a former member of the ISA . He is killed in a confrontation with Decima forces . Jay O. Sanders as Special Counsel , a shadowy figure from the Office of Special Counsel who appears to be coordinating the activity regarding the Machine and sees Reese as a threat . He is killed by Hersh on Control 's order . John Doman as Senator Ross Garrison , a U.S. senator charged with overseeing Northern Lights . Elizabeth Marvel as Alicia Corwin , a liaison between Ingram and the government while the Machine was being developed and a former member of the National Security Council . She is killed by Root . Cotter Smith as Denton Weeks , the official who commissioned the development of the Machine while he was a deputy director at the NSA . He is killed by Root . NYPD ( edit ) Sterling K. Brown as Detective Cal Beecher , a narcotics detective with whom Carter had begun a relationship . Beecher is Alonzo Quinn 's godson , but was unaware of Quinn 's activities . Beecher is killed by operatives sent by Quinn . Michael McGlone as Detective Bill Szymanski . an NYPD organized crime unit detective with whom Carter sometimes works . He is killed by Quinn Anthony Mangano as Detective Kane , an NYPD homicide detective with whom Carter and Fusco periodically worked HR ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the HR storyline , in which a group of corrupt police officers work to control organized crime in New York : Clarke Peters as Alonzo Quinn , the Mayor 's Chief of Staff and the head of HR Robert John Burke as Officer Patrick Simmons , a uniformed officer who is a right - hand man to Quinn and HR 's second - in - command , who handles HR activities on the street level . He is killed by Scarface as retribution for killing Carter . Michael Mulheren as Captain Arthur Lynch , a major figure in HR with whom Fusco appeared to be working in season one . Killed by Fusco to protect Reese . John Fiore as Captain Womack of Homicide Division , Carter and Fusco 's supervisor Al Sapienza as Detective Raymond Terney , a detective working for HR who periodically crosses paths with Carter . He is killed by Carter in a standoff involving himself and Mike Laskey . Brian Wiles as Officer Mike Laskey , a rookie cop ( and mole for the Russian mob ) affiliated with HR who is installed as Carter 's new partner after she is demoted to officer for getting too close to HR . He is killed by Terney . The CIA ( edit ) The following characters are part of Reese 's backstory relating to his time with the CIA : Michael Kelly as Mark Snow , a CIA operative who once worked with Reese . He sacrifices himself to kill Kara Stanton . Darien Sills - Evans as Tyrell Evans , a CIA officer working with Snow Annie Parisse as Kara Stanton , Reese 's former CIA partner who was widely believed to be dead , but is later recruited by Decima Technologies . She is killed by Mark Snow . Decima Technologies ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Decima Technologies storyline , a shadowy organization that is in possession of the Samaritan AI : John Nolan as John Greer , a mysterious former MI6 agent who is the Director of Operations for Decima Technologies and runs the Samaritan AI . Greer sacrifices himself during a failed attempt to kill Finch in ``. exe '' . Julian Ovenden as Jeremy Lambert , an operative for Decima Technologies , and Greer 's right - hand man . He is killed by Sameen Shaw . Leslie Odom , Jr. as Peter Collier , the leader of Vigilance , a violent organization which professes to protect people 's privacy , but is actually a Decima puppet . He is killed by Jeremy Lambert . Cara Buono as Martine Rousseau , a very sadistic woman and former investigator for the United Nations who is a Samaritan operative for Decima Technologies . She is killed by Root at the end of season 4 ( `` Asylum '' ) . Oakes Fegley as Gabriel Hayward , a young boy who acts as Samaritan 's `` analog interface '' . Robert Manning , Jr as Zachary , an operative for Decima Technologies who later becomes a Samaritan agent . He is killed by John Reese in ``. exe '' . Joshua Close as Jeff Blackwell , an ex-con who is recruited by Samaritan . He is killed by Shaw in `` return 0 '' in revenge for murdering Root . The Brotherhood ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Brotherhood drug gang storyline : Winston Duke as Dominic Besson , aka `` Mini '' , Leader of the Brotherhood gang . He is killed by operatives sent in Samaritan 's attack known as `` The Correction '' ( `` YHWH '' ) . Jamie Hector as Lincoln `` Link '' Cordell , a violent gang member and Dominic 's right - hand - man until Elias tricks Dominic into killing him in `` Asylum '' . Jessica Pimentel as Floyd , another of Dominic 's higher - ups , often appearing in place of Link . It is assumed that she is arrested with the remaining Brotherhood members by Fusco and the NYPD at the end of season 4 ( `` YHWH '' ) . Computer systems ( edit ) The Machine ( edit ) The Machine is an artificially intelligent mass surveillance system created at the request of the U.S. government , that is able to accurately predict premeditated lethal crime by monitoring and analyzing all surveillance cameras and electronic communications worldwide . It divides those crimes based on whether they are relevant to national security ; those relevant cases are handled by the U.S. government , while the non-relevant cases in New York City are the focus of the show . Built by Harold Finch following the events of 9 / 11 , it was originally housed in two unoccupied floors of IFT , the company run by Harold and Nathan Ingram ( his best friend from college ) , being moved to a fake nuclear reactor in Washington State when delivered to the government . Finch keeps to himself ( only later telling a very few associates ) his early discovery that the Machine he created is actually superintelligent ; the discovery leaves him wrestling throughout the series with the moral and ethical issues of human control , and risk of abuse or misuse . Initially , Finch wipes its memory daily as a precaution to prevent it becoming too capable , but eventually relents when the machine identifies the memory - wiping program within its own system and asks how it can learn if it is unable to accumulate memories over time . During season two , the Machine moves itself , piece by piece , to an unknown location or locations ; during season four it is shown to have distributed itself to control boxes on utility poles throughout the U.S. An intense believer in privacy rights , Finch originally designed the Machine as a complete black box , providing only the Social Security Number of people involved with a lethal crime for subsequent human investigation . While this meant that the government was not able to misuse it or disregard privacy , it also meant that the numbers produced could belong to either a victim or a perpetrator . When Finch discovered that the Machine was tracking all premeditated crimes ( episode 2 , `` Ghosts '' ) rather than just terrorist activities , he initially programmed it to delete the `` irrelevant '' cases every night at midnight , explaining to Ingram that the Machine is not built `` to save somebody , we built it to save everybody . '' Unknown to Finch , Ingram created a backdoor function called `` Contingency '' , on the eve of the government handover , to allow access to the non-relevant data ( shown accessed in the season 2 episode `` Zero Day '' ) . Finch is appalled that Ingram has this data sent directly to him and shuts down the routine , but reactivates it after Ingram 's death . To minimize detectability , The Machine feeds him numbers in coded messages through public telephones . Within the ISA , the program responsible for The Machine was known as Northern Lights before -- after being leaked to the public , Northern Lights was shut down . The private technology firm Decima Technologies steals a hard drive containing code from a separate artificial intelligence , Samaritan , which was commissioned by the ISA as a contingency in case Northern Lights / The Machine became unavailable . In season three , Samaritan is built and completed by Decima , and replaces Northern Lights in supplying information to the government . Samaritan takes a much more active role in covertly shaping society towards the goals set for it , including use of violence and recruitment and deployment of people in furtherance of its aims , and The Machine and its human associates go underground , spending season four under cover . Much of the series is from the point of view of the Machine : scene transitions are framed as video feeds of surveillance camera footage and satellite imagery , and flashbacks as the Machine reviewing past recordings in real time . In the Machine - generated perspective , individuals are marked by dashed boxes with different colors indicating the person 's status in relation to The Machine and whether they pose a threat . Season four features Samaritan 's point of view , using a different user interface , with some episodes jumping back and forth between the two AIs ' viewpoints . Over the course of the series , the internal `` thought processes '' of The Machine are shown , including the prediction models and probability trees it uses . The Machine in its current iteration started running on January 1 , 2002 , following 42 failed attempts . During the season four episode `` Prophets '' , a previous generation of The Machine 's source code was shown on screen , which was that of the Stuxnet worm . It generated the first perpetrator and victim data on February 8 , 2005 , following three years of training by Finch . Near the end of season five , after Root 's death , Finch agrees with his associates ' request and allows the Machine to communicate by its own volition with them , using a voice . The Machine uses Root 's voice ( who had recently been killed ) and begins guiding Finch to destroy Samaritan using the virulent Ice - 9 computer virus even though this will also destroy the Machine . Ice - 9 destroys both Samaritan and the Machine , with Reese dying as he uploads a copy of the Machine to a satellite to destroy Samaritan 's final backup of itself . A week after Samaritan 's destruction , the Machine undertakes its own return to earth and restores itself to full functionality there . It contacts Shaw and begins to resume its work through her . Samaritan ( edit ) Initially developed by Arthur Claypool ( a former MIT classmate of Finch and Ingram ) at the NSA , Samaritan was the result of a second , similarly - targeted project , that was terminated by the government when the Machine was developed first . Later the Samaritan project was resurrected by Greer , Director of Operations at Decima , and Samaritan became adopted by the U.S. government as a replacement for the Machine . Unlike the Machine , Samaritan is designed as a more open system rather than a black box , lacking the precautionary restrictions Finch had built into the Machine , and can be directed at specific targets . It is very aggressive in its approach to `` threats '' , and often orders the elimination of persons ( labeled `` Deviants '' ) that it considers threats to the U.S. or -- later -- to itself . It identifies a group of several hundred individuals ( including Elias and Dominic ) that will prevent its plans and sends agents to kill them all in an operation called `` The Correction '' . Although nominally under Greer 's control , Greer wants to allow Samaritan to reshape the world and guide humanity . Season 4 shows Samaritan gaining power and building a global network of agents and companies while seeking to find and eliminate the Machine and Finch 's team . Samaritan has agents within the ISA ( and possibly other agencies ) and ( according to Greer ) has rigged at least 58 national and state elections in the U.S. to position its favored candidates . In season 5 , Greer states that Samaritan is beyond his control and he sees it as the next level of evolution . In the final episodes of the series , Finch uploads the virulent Ice - 9 computer virus to the NSA 's computer systems and other systems containing backups of Samaritan . The virus destroys both Samaritan and the Machine , while also causing significant damage to global computing infrastructure . Samaritan 's last backup , transmitted by Samaritan to an orbiting satellite as a last resort , is eliminated when Reese uploads a copy of the Machine carrying the Ice - 9 virus to the same satellite . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Person of Interest episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 23 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 23 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 5 13 May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Production ( edit ) Michael Emerson filming Person of Interest in New York The series was officially picked up by CBS on May 13 , 2011 , and debuted on September 22 , 2011 . On October 25 , 2011 , the show received a full season order . It was renewed for a second season on March 14 , 2012 , by CBS , which premiered on September 27 , 2012 . CBS renewed Person of Interest for a third season on March 27 , 2013 , with Sarah Shahi and Amy Acker promoted to series regulars . The series was renewed for a fourth season on March 13 , 2014 , and was renewed for its fifth and final season on May 11 , 2015 . ADR recording for the series was done at recording studio Cherry Beach Sound . The music is composed by Ramin Djawadi . The first season soundtrack was released on November 12 , 2012 . The second soundtrack was released on January 21 , 2014 . The third soundtrack , which contained music from the third and fourth season was released on January 29 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) According to CBS , Person of Interest received the highest test ratings of any drama pilot in 15 years , what one CBS executive called `` crazy broad appeal you do n't usually see '' , prompting CBS to move CSI , which was broadcast on Thursday for over 10 years , to Wednesday , opening up a slot for Person of Interest . The pilot episode won its time slot , drawing 13.2 million viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season of Person of Interest received generally positive reviews , with the pilot episode drawing a favorable response from critics and later episodes receiving higher praise . On Metacritic , the season scored 66 out of 100 based on 26 reviews . Of the pilot , David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said `` Person of Interest separates itself from the gimmick pack , not only because of superbly nuanced characterization and writing but also because of how it engages a post-9 / 11 sense of paranoia in its viewers . '' David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave the pilot four stars out of five , commenting on Caviezel 's and Emerson 's performances , saying Caviezel `` brings the right stuff to this role '' and Emerson `` is fascinating as Mr. Finch . '' Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times stated that in regard to the pilot , `` the notion of preventing crimes rather than solving them is an appealing twist ... The surveillance graphics are very cool . '' The episodes `` Many Happy Returns '' and the finale `` Firewall '' were particularly acclaimed . Tim Surette of TV.com called the former one of the series ' `` best episodes '' , commending Caviezel 's performance and the episode 's character exploration , while the latter was called `` exactly what a season finale should be '' , with Surette concluding his review by saying `` ' Firewall ' was a spectacular finish to what has been an incredibly surprising first season of Person of Interest . '' On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 63 % and average rating of 6.65 out of 10 based on 35 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Person of Interest is a well made and well acted espionage procedural , though its characters are n't terribly well developed and its intriguing premise yields mixed results . '' The second season received positive reviews . Surette praised the premiere episode as `` vintage Person of Interest amplified , showing off its trademark combination of complex intrigue , creative action , and clever innovation in bigger ways than ever before . '' He praised guest star Ken Leung 's character as `` one of the greatest POIs the series has had '' and praised the episode 's overall narrative , as well as the flashbacks . `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' and `` Relevance '' were the two highest - rated episodes of the season , with Surette calling the former `` as complete an episode of Person of Interest as there 's ever been '' and The A.V. Club 's Phil Dyess - Nugent praising Jonathan Nolan 's directorial work in the latter . The season finale `` God Mode '' also attracted positive reactions . Nugent called it an `` unapologetically kick - ass episode '' with some `` terrific action set - pieces '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 100 % and average rating of 8.03 out of 10 based on 6 reviews . The third season received highly positive reviews , and is noteworthy for drawing in more critics for its exploration of artificial intelligence , as well as its timely storytelling format . In regards to the season , Slant Magazine said that the show `` is at its best when sticking to cutting - edge topics '' and called it a `` solid action - thriller that intersperses twist - filled standalone episodes into its season - long arcs . '' The A.V. Club said that the show captures the `` national post-post - 9 / 11 mood '' and that with the mid-season arc in season three , `` turns conspiracy theory into art '' . The season 's two story arcs both received a considerable amount of praise : the two episodes ending the HR storyline are commonly considered to be some of the best episodes of Person of Interest . Matt Fowler of IGN gave `` The Crossing '' a 10 out of 10 , reacting extremely positively to the cliffhanger at the ending . The episode to follow , `` The Devil 's Share '' , was the most acclaimed episode of the season , being praised for its opening sequence , its writing , Chris Fisher 's direction , and the acting performances , especially those by Jim Caviezel and Kevin Chapman . Surette called the episode a `` stunner '' and declared it as the series ' possible best episode , praising the opening sequence as the `` greatest sequence the series ever put together '' , feeling it succeeded in eclipsing the devastation induced by Carter 's death . Surette also praised Fusco 's effectiveness and character development in the episode , as well naming the cinematography and direction to be the best of the series , and identifying points of symbolism in the episode he felt were noteworthy and effective . Fowler gave the episode an `` amazing '' rating of a 9.3 out of 10 , also praising the opening sequence , as well as the flashbacks and the ending scene . Phil Dyess - Nugent of The A.V. Club gave the episode a perfect A rating , praising the atmosphere of grief the episode built and feeling Fusco 's character development served as an appropriate tribute to Carter . Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic called the opening sequence `` brilliant '' , while Courtney Vaudreuil of TV Equals praised the ending . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 92 % and average rating of 7.72 out of 10 based on 12 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Person of Interest weaves compelling standalone stories into its engrossing serial narrative , and incorporates welcome bursts of humor into its sci - fi mystery core . '' The fourth season received highly positive reviews , with critics praising the thematic value of the Samaritan storyline . The episode `` If - Then - Else '' garnered near - unanimous praise from critics and audiences alike , with many considering the episode to be the best entry in the series . Fowler gave the episode a perfect rating of 10 out 10 , indicating it to a `` masterpiece '' , and praised the simulation format , the action scenes , the emotional value , and the ending . He called the episode `` next - level inventive '' and a `` jolting , exciting , heart - wrenching episode '' . Fowler said the ending scene `` crushed '' him , and he also offered praise to the significance of the flashbacks to the chess games . Alexa Planje of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A rating , and in her review , said that though the task of executing a story structured like `` If - Then - Else '' was difficult , the episode did so `` elegantly '' -- she cited the `` interesting score , vibrant color work , and humor '' as the key elements . Planje said the episode `` aces every scenario '' during the simulation segments , and appreciated how the episode transformed itself from what appeared to be a `` standard mission - focused story '' into a `` moving ode '' to Shaw . She also praised the episode 's exploration of the parallels between being a human and being a machine . Shant Istamboulian of Entertainment Weekly lauded Emerson 's performance in the flashbacks and felt the season marked the series ' `` creative peak '' . He concluded by saying `` Moving like a rocket , this episode is fast , funny , exciting , and , ultimately , sad , ending with what seems like the loss of another team member . We 'll have to wait until next week for the outcome , but as it stands , `` If - Then - Else '' is an instant classic . '' Surette also had high praise for the episode , calling it `` playful , mind - bending , heart - breaking , and flat - out excellent . '' He praised the episode 's incorporation of its `` recurring theme of sacrifice '' , and called the flashbacks `` as fascinating and provocative as anything the series has done . '' Surette cited his favorite part of the episode as the exploration of the Machine 's perspective , and additionally praised the humorous segments . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 100 % and average rating of 8.28 out of 10 based on 9 reviews . The fifth season received highly positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 100 % and average rating of 8.25 out of 10 based on 6 reviews . Ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Premiere Finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Live + DVR viewers Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. September 22 , 2011 13.33 May 17 , 2012 13.47 2011 -- 12 # 13 14.34 16.28 September 27 , 2012 14.28 May 9 , 2013 13.16 2012 -- 13 # 5 16.07 17.87 Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. September 24 , 2013 12.44 May 13 , 2014 10.95 2013 -- 14 # 8 14.05 16.21 September 23 , 2014 10.58 May 5 , 2015 8.18 2014 -- 15 # 21 12.22 13.11 5 Monday 10 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. May 3 , 2016 7.35 June 21 , 2016 6.51 2015 -- 16 N / A 6.14 N / A CBS said that Person of Interest was , ratings-wise , the fastest - growing drama on broadcast television from the 2011 -- 12 season to the 2012 -- 13 season , using ratings up to December 2 . Broadcast ( edit ) Person of Interest has been picked up by many networks for broadcast outside the United States . It premiered in Australia on Nine Network on September 25 , 2011 . The series is simulcast in Canada and premiered on City on September 22 , 2011 , and moved to CTV in 2013 . It premiered in the UK on Channel 5 on August 14 , 2012 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) / episode Result Ref . 2012 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Thomas DeGorter , H. Jay Levine , Maciek Malish , Matt Sawelson / `` Witness '' Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Sound -- Television Thomas DeGorter , Keith Rogers , Matt Sawelson , Scott Weber / `` Matsya Nyaya '' Nominated IGN Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Taraji P. Henson Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama Person of Interest Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Noah Timan , Keith Rogers , Frank Morrone , Scott Weber / `` Pilot '' Nominated 2013 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Music in Television Tom Trafalski / `` Firewall '' Nominated IGN Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Nominated Best TV Hero Taraji P. Henson for the character `` Joss Carter '' Nominated 2014 IGN Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Taraji P. Henson Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic TV Actor Jim Caviezel Nominated 2015 IGN People 's Choice TV Series Person of Interest Won Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Won People 's Choice TV Action Series Person of Interest Won Best TV Episode `` If - Then - Else '' Nominated Saturn Awards Best Network Television Series Person of Interest Nominated 2016 Edgar Allan Poe Awards Best Television Episode Teleplay Erik Mountain , Melissa Scrivner Love / `` Terra Incognita '' Nominated IGN Best TV Series Person of Interest Nominated Best TV Action Series Person of Interest Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor Jim Caviezel Nominated Favorite TV Crime Drama Person of Interest Won World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 Edgar Allan Poe Awards Best Television Episode Teleplay Jonathan Nolan , Denise Thé / `` return 0 '' Nominated Globes de Cristal Award Best Foreign TV series Person of Interest Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Person of Interest ' will go more sci - fi to outpace reality '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' : TV review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` CBS Renews Person of Interest , NCIS , Five - 0 , Good Wife and 11 More Shows '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` How Person of Interest Became Essential Science Fiction Television '' . io9 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . Person of Interest . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` CBS Orders PERSON OF INTEREST and TWO BROKE GIRLS '' . Give Me My Remote . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` CBS Announces Fall 2011 Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' , ' Unforgettable ' Get Full - Season Orders at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` CBS picking up most of its primetime slate for next season '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person Of Interest ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' NCIS : LA ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Mike & Molly , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Renewed by CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' Adds Sarah Shahi as Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : Amy Acker Now Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Renews ' The Good Wife ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Mom ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Elementary ' and 11 More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' ending with Season 5 , plus CBS finale dates ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest '' . Cherry Beach Sound . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Misra , Sulagna ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Why the Game of Thrones Composer Watches Each Episode a Thousand Times '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 2 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 3 and 4 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karlin , Susan ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person Of Interest ' Creator Jonathan Nolan Is n't Paranoid -- Or Is He ? '' . Fast Company . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Upfronts Week 2011 : CBS moves ' CSI ' to Wednesday to make room for new J.J. Abrams series '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Mikey ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' X Factor ' holds , ' Charlie 's Angels ' off to modest start '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' and ' Prime Suspect ' reviews '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . E-1 . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' review : John Reese and Mr. Finch partner up in ultimate mystery CIA operatives '' . Daily News . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( May 5 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : Let 's Rip Open Some Old Wounds , Shall We ? '' . TV.com . Retrieved Feb 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : The Lone Wolf Finds His Pack '' . TV.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest 's Season 2 Premiere : Two Point Oh Yeah ! '' . TV.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Review : Past , Present & Prison `` . TV.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : Relevance '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest `` God Mode '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riccio , Aaron ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : Season 3 '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` How Person Of Interest captures the national post-post - 9 / 11 mood '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Person Of Interest turns conspiracy theory into art '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` The Crossing '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest `` The Devil 's Share '' Review : Revenge , Redemption , and Resolution `` . TV.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` The Devil 's Share '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Person Of Interest : `` The Devil 's Share '' Review `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest Review : Reese 's Revenge '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vaudreuil , Courtney ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest Season 3 Review `` The Devil 's Share '' `` . TV Equals . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` If - Then - Else '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Planje , Alexa ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Person Of Interest : `` If - Then - Else '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Person of Interest `` If - Then - Else '' Review : Advanced Chaos Theory `` . TV.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Big Bang Theory , Grey 's Anatomy , Adjusted Up ; Parks & Rec , Up All Night , SNL : Weekend Update , The Office , Glee , Scandal , Rock Center Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 -- 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Maya & Marty , ' ' To Tell the Truth ' and ' Coupled ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest : Season Five Ratings '' . TVSeriesFinale . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' is the Fastest - Growing Show on Network Television '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Airdate : Person of Interest '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` CTV Buys ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , ' ' The Goldbergs ' for Fall 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Channel 5 Acquires UK Rights To Person Of Interest '' . TVWise . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Reel sound editing nominations announced '' . Los Angeles Times . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Nominees Announced for 2012 HPA Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV -- Best of 2012 -- IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 NAACP Image Awards winners : ' The Help ' wins big '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards : The Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sound Editors Announce Nominations For Golden Reel Awards '' . Deadline.com . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Best of 2014 '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards 2014 : Complete winners list '' . Los Angeles Times . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naoreen , Nuzhat ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 Nominations : Full List of Nominees '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Best of 2015 '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America , ' ' The Walking Dead ' lead 2015 Saturn Awards nominations '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Edgar Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Mystery Writers of America . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First wave of nominees # WSAwards '' . World Soundtrack Awards . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Edgar Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Mystery Writers of America . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les prix de l'Art et La Culture Palmarès 2017 '' ( in French ) . Les Globes de Cristal Awards . 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Precrime External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Person of Interest ( TV series ) Official website Person of Interest on IMDb Person of Interest at TV.com Person of Interest Characters John Reese Harold Finch Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' `` Relevance '' `` God Mode '' `` The Devil 's Share '' `` If - Then - Else '' Soundtrack Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 & 4 Jonathan Nolan Stories `` Memento Mori '' ( 2001 , basis for the film Memento ( 2000 ) ) Film screenplays The Prestige ( 2006 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) TV series Person of Interest ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Westworld ( 2016 -- present ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St. Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A. Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Person_of_Interest_(TV_series)&oldid=800043910 '' Categories : Person of Interest ( TV series ) 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2011 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings American action television series American crime drama television series American mystery television series American science fiction television series Artificial intelligence in fiction CBS network shows English - language television programs Espionage television series Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department American LGBT - related television shows Lesbian - related television programmes Malware in fiction Nonlinear narrative television series Television series by Bad Robot Productions Television series by Warner Bros. 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-5011165317903488337 | Six Flags | Six Flags - Wikipedia Six Flags Jump to : navigation , search Six Flags Entertainment Corporation Type Public Traded as NYSE : SIX S&P 400 component Industry Theme park operator Founded August 5 , 1961 ; 56 years ago ( 1961 - 08 - 05 ) Headquarters Grand Prairie , Texas , U.S. Number of locations 20 Area served United States , Mexico , Canada , Key people Jim Reid - Anderson ( Chairman , President , & CEO ) Revenue US $1.319 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income US $160.01 million ( 2014 ) Net income US $156.73 million ( 2016 ) Number of employees 1,900 full - time ; 27,000 seasonal Website sixflags.com Six Flags , officially Six Flags Entertainment Corporation , is an amusement park corporation based in the United States , with properties in the US , Canada , and Mexico . It is the largest amusement park company in the world , based on the number of properties owned , and is ranked sixth in terms of attendance . The company maintains twenty properties throughout North America including theme parks , thrill parks , water parks , and family entertainment centers . In 2016 , Six Flags properties hosted over 30.1 million guests . Six Flags was founded in Texas and derived its name from its first property , Six Flags Over Texas . The company maintains a corporate office in Midtown Manhattan and its headquarters are in Grand Prairie , Texas . On June 13 , 2009 , the corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection , which it successfully exited after restructuring on May 3 , 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Growth and acquisitions 1.3 History of Premier Parks 1.4 Acquisition of Six Flags by Premier Parks 1.5 Asset sales and shareholder revolt 1.6 Bankruptcy 1.7 Emergence from bankruptcy 1.8 2010 -- present 1.9 Confederate flag controversy 2 Marketing efforts 2.1 TV commercials 2.2 Licensing with other brands and companies 2.3 Other assets 3 Current properties 3.1 Amusement parks 3.2 Water parks 3.2. 1 Outdoor 3.2. 1.1 Included with admission 3.2. 1.2 Separate admission / property 3.2. 2 Indoor 4 Upcoming properties 4.1 Amusement parks 4.2 Water parks 5 Former properties 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Original Six Flags train still in operation ( 2007 ) The name `` Six Flags '' refers to the flags of the six different nations that have governed Texas : Spain , France , Mexico , the Republic of Texas , the United States , and the Confederate States of America . The original park was ( and still is ) split into separate regions , such as the Spain and Mexico section which featured Spanish - themed rides , attractions , and buildings . The Six Flags chain originated in 1957 with the creation of The Great Southwest Corporation by Angus G. Wynne and other investors . Construction of `` Six Flags Over Texas '' started in 1960 , and the park was opened the next year for a short ( 45 - day ) season . The first park initially featured a Native American village , a gondola ride , a railroad , some Wild West shows , a stagecoach ride , and `` Skull Island '' , a pirate - themed adventure attraction . There was also an excursion , inspired by the historical La Salle Expeditions in the late 1600s , called `` LaSalle 's River Adventure '' , aboard French riverboats through a wilderness full of animated puppets . Over time , all of those attractions , except for the railroad , would be replaced by others , such as roller coasters , swing rides , log flumes , and shoot - the - chute rides , as well as an observation tower . Growth and acquisitions ( edit ) The original park , in Arlington ( between Dallas and Fort Worth ) was sold in 1966 to a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad , which was actively pursuing non-railroad investments in an effort to diversify its sources of income . ( In 1968 , the Pennsylvania Railroad merged with the New York Central Railroad to form Penn Central Corp . ) With the new owners came a more abundant supply of capital for geographic expansion and park additions . Six Flags opened Six Flags Over Georgia in 1967 and Six Flags Over Mid-America in 1971 , which would , along with Six Flags Over Texas , be the only three parks that would be constructed by the company . The company continued to grow by acquiring independent parks . Six Flags purchased AstroWorld in Houston , Texas in 1975 , Great Adventure in Jackson , New Jersey in 1977 and Magic Mountain in Valencia , California in 1979 . These purchases were followed by Penn Central selling assets to Bally Manufacturing in 1982 . In 1984 , the Great America theme park in Gurnee , Illinois was acquired from the Marriott hotel chain . Also in 1984 , as a result of its acquisition of Great America , Six Flags acquired the rights to Time Warner / Warner Bros . ' Looney Tunes animated characters for use in Six Flags properties . Bally surrendered control of the chain to Wesray Capital Corporation in a 1987 leveraged buyout . Time Warner quickly began to gain more leverage in the company , gaining a 19.5 % stake in Six Flags in 1990 and then 50 % in 1991 , with the remaining shares of the company being split by Blackstone Group and Wertheim Schroder & Company . Time Warner purchased the remaining stake in Six Flags in 1993 , changing the company 's name from Six Flags Corp. to Six Flags Theme Parks , Inc . In 1996 , Six Flags began to manage Fiesta Texas theme park in San Antonio , Texas and purchased the park from USAA in 1998 . History of Premier parks ( edit ) Premier Parks originally operated as the Tierco Group , Inc. , an Oklahoma - based real estate company . The company purchased the Frontier City theme park in Oklahoma City in 1982 for $1.2 million , although Tierco had no intention of entering the amusement park business . Company officials described Frontier City as `` beat up '' and `` run down '' ; they planned to demolish it , subdivide the land , and build a shopping center . However , given an oil bust in Oklahoma , developers lost interest in converting the park into a shopping center . In 1984 Tierco hired Gary Story as general manager of Frontier City and sunk about $13 million into improving the park . As the new head of Frontier City , he quadrupled the park 's attendance and revenues . Under his leadership , two rides , a ticket booth , sales office , and a petting zoo were added to the park . Food service improved . In 1988 , Tierco shifted its strategic direction to amusement parks . It sold much of its property in the late 1980s , generating capital to reinvest in Frontier City . As this reinvestment paid off , more capital became available , creating further growth . By 1991 , Tierco opened White Water waterpark in Oklahoma City ( the name later became White Water Bay ) . The company realized the key to boosting a park 's attendance was to add new and exciting rides , and make it family - friendly . Tierco acquired the financially troubled Wild World in Largo , Maryland , in 1992 and later changed that park 's name to Adventure World . With a $500,000 investment , Tierco expanded Wild World 's kiddie section and remodeled its buildings to give the park a tropical look and feel . Story was promoted to executive vice president after the purchase of Wild World . In 1994 , he was promoted again to president and chief operating officer ( COO ) . More flat rides and two roller coasters were added to that park . Since Tierco was on its way to becoming a `` premier '' regional theme park operator , in 1994 it changed its name to Premier Parks , Inc . Kieran E. Burke , chairman and chief executive officer ( CEO ) , noted that the new name signified the beginning of a new era for the company . In the second half of the 1990s , Premier picked up speed . In 1995 , the company acquired these Funtime Parks , Inc. properties : Geauga Lake near Cleveland , Ohio , Wyandot Lake in Powell , Ohio , Darien Lake near Buffalo , New York , and Lake Compounce in Bristol , Connecticut . In 1996 , Premier added to its portfolio , buying Elitch Gardens in Denver , Colorado , the Waterworld USA waterparks in Sacramento and Concord , California , Riverside Park in Agawam , Massachusetts , and Great Escape and Splashwater Kingdom in Lake George , New York . Premier immediately sold the Lake Compounce park to Kennywood in Pennsylvania . Geauga Lake , Wyandot Lake , and Adventure World included water parks , while Frontier City was 14.8 miles away from White Water Bay that required separate admission . Riverside added one just before being sold . Premier Parks , in 1995 and 1996 , added water parks to Darien Lake , Lake Compounce ( immediately before the Kennywood sale ) , Elitch Gardens , and Great Escape . Premier went public in 1996 and raised nearly $70 million through an initial offering at $18 per share . The company planned to use the money to expand its ten parks and acquire others . In 1997 , Premier purchased Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville , and Marine World near San Francisco . A second public offering , at $29 per share , raised an additional $2 million . Nearly 8.8 million people visited Premier 's parks in 1996 . Premier added amusement park rides and roller coasters to Marine World in 1998 . Acquisition of Six Flags by Premier parks ( edit ) Six Flags Theme Parks , Inc. was purchased in whole on April 1 , 1998 from Time Warner by Premier Parks for $1.86 billion . Premier began to apply the Six Flags name to several smaller parks that the company had already owned : Darien Lake , Elitch Gardens , Kentucky Kingdom , and Adventure World . In 1999 , Premier Parks purchased Warner Bros. Movie World Germany and the yet - to - be-built Warner Bros. Movie World Madrid from Warner Bros ... As part of the acquisition Premier Parks had the opportunity to open more European theme parks with Warner Bros. Movie World branding . Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast , Australia was not part of the deal . The same transaction saw Premier Parks obtain exclusive rights for Warner Bros. licensing in Europe and Latin America , in addition to their existing rights for the United States and Canada . In 2000 , Premier Parks assumed the Six Flags Theme Parks , Inc. name and continued re-branding its parks , including the Geauga Lake park into Six Flags Ohio and Riverside Park to Six Flags New England . Six Flags began a vigorous expansion , attempting to branch out internationally , acquiring numerous properties across the USA , plus the Walibi chain , and the historic Belgian park Bellewaerde in Europe , La Ronde in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , and Reino Aventura in Mexico . Three of those parks were re-branded as Six Flags parks : Walibi Flevo became Six Flags Holland , Walibi Wavre became Six Flags Belgium , and Reino Aventura became Six Flags Mexico . In 2001 , Six Flags acquired the former SeaWorld Ohio from Anheuser - Busch , merged it with the adjacent Six Flags Ohio and re-branded the combined park as Six Flags Worlds of Adventure . The park was positioned to compete against northern Ohio 's Cedar Point . Asset sales and shareholder revolt ( edit ) On August 29 , 2005 , Six Flags New Orleans was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina In 2004 , Six Flags began to close and sell properties in an effort to help alleviate the company 's growing debt . On March 10 , Six Flags sold its European parks , with the exception of the Movie World park in Madrid , Spain , to Star Parks , a division of Palamon Capital Partners . The Madrid park was sold back to Time Warner and renamed `` Parque Warner Madrid '' . In April , Six Flags determined that the investment required to keep Worlds of Adventure competitive with Cedar Point would be too great , leading to that park being sold to Cedar Fair . These sales raised $345 million in an effort to relieve Six Flags ' massive debt . In 2005 , Six Flags endured even more turmoil . Some of the company 's largest investors , notably Bill Gates 's Cascade Investments ( which then owned about 11 % of Six Flags ) and Daniel Snyder 's Red Zone , LLC ( which owned 12 % ) , demanded change . On August 17 , 2005 , Red Zone began a proxy battle to gain control of Six Flags ' board of directors . On August 29 , Six Flags New Orleans was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina . On September 12 , Six Flags Chief Executive Officer Kieran Burke announced that Six Flags AstroWorld would be closed and demolished at the end of the 2005 season . The company cited issues such as the park 's performance , and parking issues involving the Houston Texans football team , Reliant Stadium , and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , leveraged with the estimated value of the property which included the park . Company executives were expecting to receive upwards of $150 million for the real estate , but ended up receiving $77 million when the bare property ( which cost $20 million to clear ) was sold to a development corporation in 2006 . On November 22 , Red Zone announced it had gained control of the board . Kieran Burke was removed on December 14 and replaced by Mark Shapiro , former Executive Vice President of Programming at ESPN . Six Flags then named former Representative Jack Kemp , entertainment mogul Harvey Weinstein , and Michael Kassan , the former president of the Interpublic Group of Companies Incorporated , to their newly revamped board of directors . Even with the new management team , the sell - off would continue into 2006 . On January 27 , Six Flags announced the sale of Frontier City and White Water Bay after the 2006 operating season . At the same time , Six Flags announced it would close corporate offices in Oklahoma City , moving its headquarters to New York City . Six Flags CEO Mark Shapiro said he expected the parks to continue operation after the sale , a lesson the company learned after its public relations debacle with the closure of AstroWorld . In June , Six Flags announced it was considering closing or selling up to six of its parks , including Elitch Gardens , Darien Lake , WaterWorld in ( Concord , California ) , Wild Waves and Enchanted Village in Federal Way , Washington , Splashtown in Houston , Texas and , most notably , Six Flags Magic Mountain . In addition , Six Flags announced the sale of Wyandot Lake in Powell , Ohio to the neighboring Columbus Zoo and Aquarium . Ultimately , Six Flags Magic Mountain was spared , with the remaining six parks sold on January 11 , 2007 to CNL Lifestyle Properties for $312 million : $275 million cash and a note for $37 million . Bankruptcy ( edit ) The company 's cash flow had decreased by over $120 million annually during the Shapiro years . In October 2008 , Six Flags was warned its stock value had fallen below the required minimums to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange . With the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 weighing both on consumer spending and the ability to access credit facilities , Six Flags was believed to be unable to make a payment to preferred stockholders due in August 2009 . Management saw the business as a sound one , noting that attendance across the company 's parks increased slightly in 2008 compared to 2007 . Six Flags CEO Mark Shapiro said that the company 's problem was the declining attendance and cash flow created by his new management initiatives . If not resolved , the company warned in its 2008 annual report that the situation might require a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing , with Six Flags already retaining counsel should that occur . The company stated at the time that it expected business to continue as normal in the event of such a filing , although one analyst believed attendance at the company 's parks would decrease by six percent , suggesting parents would be leery of letting their children ride a roller coaster operated by a bankrupt company . In April 2009 , the New York Stock Exchange announced it would delist Six Flags ' stock on April 20 , a decision that the company did not intend to appeal . On June 1 , 2009 , Six Flags announced they would delay their $15 million debt payment further using a 30 - day grace period . Less than two weeks later , on June 13 , the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection , but issued a statement that the parks would continue to operate normally while the company restructured . On August 21 , 2009 , Six Flags ' Chapter 11 restructuring plan was announced in which lenders would control 92 % of the company in exchange for cancelling $1.13 billion in debt . One component of the restructuring was negotiating a new lease agreement with the Kentucky State Fair Board , which owned much of the land and attractions for Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom . Six Flags had asked to forgo rent payments for the remaining nine years of its current lease agreement in exchange for profit - sharing from the park 's operations . When it appeared that the offer had been rejected , Six Flags announced in February 2010 that it would not re-open the park . However , the Kentucky State Fair Board stated at the time that they were still open to negotiating a revised lease agreement . On April 28 , 2010 , the company 's bondholders reached an agreement on a reorganization plan . Junior note holders , including hedge funds Stark Investments and Pentwater Capital Management , assumed control of the company , while senior note holders were paid in cash . Despite objections from some parties who stood to gain nothing , the bankruptcy judge approved the plan on April 30 , 2010 . As part of the settlement , Chairman of the Board Dan Snyder was removed , while Chief Executive Officer Mark Shapiro briefly remained in his post . Emergence from bankruptcy ( edit ) Six Flags officially emerged from bankruptcy protection as Six Flags Entertainment Corp. on May 3 , 2010 , and announced plans to issue new stock on the New York Stock Exchange . Amid suspected disagreements regarding the future of the company with the board , Shapiro left the company and Al Weber , Jr. was brought in as interim President and CEO . The company announced their corporate headquarters would move from New York City to Grand Prairie , Texas . 2010 -- present ( edit ) Six Flags announced that Jim Reid - Anderson would replace Weber and become Chairman , President and chief executive officer ( CEO ) on August 13 , 2010 . John Duffey also joined the company in 2010 , taking the role of chief financial officer ( CFO ) . As of October 1 , 2012 , Al Weber , Jr. had retired as chief operating officer ( COO ) with no immediate successor . On February 18 , 2016 , Six Flags announced that Jim Reid - Anderson had been promoted as Executive Chairman and John M. Duffey succeeded him as President and CEO . On January 11 , 2016 , Six Flags announced Six Flags Zhejiang , then named Six Flags Haiyan , in China . On the same day , a website was created along with concept art for the property . A month later on February 2 , 2016 . Six Flags announced Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Oaxtepec . The water park , originally named Parque Acuatico Oaxtepec , is a 76 - acre park located in Morelos that went bankrupt in 2011 . On March 21 , 2016 , Six Flags announced a partnership with NaVi Entertainment to build a Six Flags - branded theme park and a Six Flags Hurricane Harbor - branded water park in Vietnam . On March 29 , 2016 , Six Flags announced the revival of its previously cancelled Six Flags Dubai . As part of the second phase of the Dubai Parks and Resorts project in Jebel Ali , the park is expected to open in 2019 . On July 20 , 2016 , Six Flags announced an agreement with Riverside Investment Group Co. Ltd. for the development of a second Six Flags - branded theme park in China together with a water park . The two parks will be located in Bishan District , a district of Chongqing . On April 27 , 2017 , the company announced it would take over operations of Waterworld California in Concord , California making it Six Flags ' 20th property . On July 18 , 2017 , Six Flags announced that President and CEO John M. Duffey had retired from the company and Jim Reid - Anderson had re-assumed the roles of Chairman , President , and CEO . Confederate flag controversy ( edit ) At the flagship Six Flags Over Texas theme park , from 1960 to the mid-1990s , the Confederacy was depicted by both the first national flag of the Confederacy , the `` Stars and Bars '' with seven stars -- primarily at the front gate , and the rectangular version of the now - inflammatory battle flag -- primarily in the Confederacy section of the park . During this time , Civil War re-enactment shows were regularly scheduled at the park , and a variety of different versions of the Confederate flag were used , including the battle flag . However , following a protest in the mid-1990s by Dallas civil rights activist John Wiley Price , the battle flag was removed from the park and the confederate section was renamed `` The Old South . '' In June 2015 , shortly after Dylann Roof killed nine African American parishioners in Charleston , South Carolina , the park declared that it used no variation of the battle flag , either in display nor for sale in shops . In August 2017 , following a riot instigated by the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , that resulted in the death of a counterprotester , and criticism from TMZ and Fox News , the park changed its previous position stating it would no longer fly any Confederate flag on company property . Marketing efforts ( edit ) TV commercials ( edit ) In 2004 , although DC Comics and Looney Tunes as well as Scooby - Doo still had a major presence at the parks , Six Flags began a new series of commercials for the parks . The commercials introduced a new mascot : `` Mr. Six '' , a seemingly feeble old man in a tuxedo and red bow tie . In many of the commercials , Mr. Six would slowly exit a multi-colored bus , only to start frenetically dancing to the Vengaboys ' `` We Like to Party '' . The commercials were an immediate hit and Mr. Six almost instantly became the de facto mascot , and his presence was felt for years after the character was retired . These ads have become widely parodied on the Internet , with faces from other Internet memes being superimposed over Mr. Six 's face . From 2008 to 2010 , Six Flags ' TV ads consisted of a `` Fun - O - Meter '' in which the beginning of the ad showed something boring or embarrassing and a man 's face judges it `` One Flag ! '' or sometimes `` Oh ! Two Flags ! '' Then roller coasters and attractions of Six Flags are shown and says `` Six Flags , More Flags , More Fun ! '' for Six Flags parks . However , the thick accent of the Asian man in the original commercials had drawn criticism for being an offensive caricature . In 2009 , the Mr. Six character came back from retirement and replaced the Asian man in Six Flags ' ads , still using the Fun - O - Meter . In 2011 , Six Flags ' TV ads got a brand - new slogan `` Go Big ! Go Six Flags ! '' for its theme parks . Licensing with other brands and companies ( edit ) Six Flags has licensed its name and its theme park creations to other companies , who have used these assets to create licensed products . One notable such example is the theme park simulation game Roller Coaster Tycoon 2 , which featured recreations of Six Flags parks and rides that could be expanded and operated at the player 's discretion . In 2008 , Six Flags partnered with Brash Entertainment to create a video game based on the Six Flags parks named Six Flags Fun Park . The game was first released on the Nintendo DS and PC in October 2008 . The Wii version was delayed after Brash Entertainment went out of business and so the rights were taken over by Ubisoft and released the game on the Wii in March 2009 . The game allows players to explore the themed areas and mini-games representative of a visit to a Six Flags park . In the game , players are tasked with quests that encourage them to explore the park 's universe . After creating a unique custom character , Six Flags Fun Park patrons can win prizes , and compete with other players in 40 mini-games . Although the video game is called Six Flags Fun Park , it lacks any major reference of Six Flags outside of the names of the different areas . This caused some to speculate that the video game was created separately , then the rights to the name of the game were sold as a way to pay for the game 's development . When the game was released , it eventually ended up getting abysmal ratings across the board . IGN gave the Wii version a 4.5 out of 10 , saying `` The quests are uninteresting and the game 's ' 40 Thrilling Games ' ( as touted by the box ) are far from entertaining . '' In recent years , Six Flags has created strategic partnerships with other companies who would feature their products inside the parks . On March 30 , 2006 , Six Flags announced that it will sell no other pizza besides Papa John 's at its parks . In turn , Six Flags will receive an annual sponsorship and promotional opportunities from Papa John 's , though financial details of the deal have not been disclosed . However , in the 2011 season , it was replaced by another pizza brand . Other recent partners have included Cold Stone Creamery , Johnny Rockets , Tyson Foods ( chicken ) , Chrysler , and Nintendo , which added testing stations in several parks to show off its Wii console . In late 2010 , Six Flags began the process of removing Non-WB licensed theming from attractions . They terminated licenses with Thomas the Tank Engine , The Wiggles , Tony Hawk , Evel Knievel , and Terminator . However , since then there has been an expansion of licensing agreements with Warner Bros. , with whom the company park has had a long - standing relationship with . The expansion lies specifically with Warner Bros. DC Comics brand , where the two teamed up to create the innovative Justice League : Battle for Metropolis as well as many other roller coasters and other rides . On May 18 , 2017 , Six Flags and Riverside Group signed an agreement with Paws , Inc. to use Garfield in children 's areas in Six Flags - branded theme parks in China . Other assets ( edit ) On June 19 , 2007 , Six Flags announced it had purchased 40 % of Dick Clark Productions , which owns rights to American Bandstand and other shows and productions . In 2012 , Jim Reid - Anderson stated that the company would sell its stake in Dick Clark Productions . Current properties ( edit ) Amusement parks ( edit ) Name Location Year Opened Year Acquired Notes Great Escape Queensbury , New York 1954 Acquired in Premier Parks deal . La Ronde Montreal , Quebec , Canada 1967 Emphyteutic lease from the City of Montreal through 2065 Six Flags America Largo , Maryland 1973 1999 Acquired in Premier Parks deal . Formerly known as Adventure World . Six Flags Discovery Kingdom Vallejo , California 1968 1997 Acquired in Premier Parks deal . Initially re-branded as Six Flags Marine World , it received its current name in 2007 . Six Flags Fiesta Texas San Antonio , Texas 1992 1999 Originally owned by USAA and was managed by Gaylord Entertainment from 1992 -- 1995 . Six Flags took over park management in 1996 and the park was purchased mid season 1998 . Six Flags Great Adventure Jackson , New Jersey 1977 Six Flags Wild Safari now attached to the park , making Great Adventure the world 's largest theme park . Six Flags Great America Gurnee , Illinois 1976 1984 Acquired from Marriott Corporation . Six Flags Magic Mountain Valencia , California 1971 1979 Acquired from Newhall Land and Farming Company . Six Flags México Mexico City , Mexico 1982 1999 Acquired from Reino Aventura Six Flags New England Agawam , Massachusetts 1870 1997 Acquired in Premier Parks deal . Six Flags Over Georgia Austell , Georgia 1967 Built by Six Flags Like Six Flags Over Texas , the park is owned by a limited partnership and is managed and operated by Six Flags . Six Flags Over Texas Arlington , Texas 1961 Built by Six Flags The first Six Flags park . The park is owned by a limited partnership and is managed and operated by Six Flags . Six Flags St. Louis Eureka , Missouri 1971 Built by Six Flags Last park built by Six Flags . Originally opened as Six Flags Over Mid-America ( name changed in 1996 ) . The only original park totally owned by Six Flags . Water parks ( edit ) Outdoor ( edit ) Included with admission ( edit ) Name Location Year Opened Year Acquired Notes Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Largo , Maryland 1982 1992 Located within Six Flags America . Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Gurnee , Illinois 2005 N / A Located within Six Flags Great America . Guests without a season pass are required to pay an additional fee to enter . Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Agawam , Massachusetts 1997 1998 Located within Six Flags New England . Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Austell , Georgia 2014 N / A Located within Six Flags Over Georgia . Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Eureka , Missouri 1999 N / A Located within Six Flags St. Louis . Splashwater Kingdom Queensbury , New York 1995 Located within Great Escape . White Water Bay San Antonio , Texas 1992 1998 Located within Six Flags Fiesta Texas . Separate admission / property ( edit ) Name Location Year Opened Year Acquired Notes Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Valencia , California 1995 N / A Located adjacent to Six Flags Magic Mountain . Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Arlington , Texas 1995 Acquired from Wet ' n Wild . Located across Interstate 30 from Six Flags Over Texas . Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Jackson , New Jersey 2000 N / A Located adjacent to Six Flags Great Adventure . Six Flags White Water Marietta , Georgia 1999 Located about 15 miles from Six Flags Over Georgia . Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Oaxtepec , Mexico 2017 2016 Reopened in the former Parque Acuatico Oaxtepec location Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Concord Concord , California 1995 2017 This water park was built by Premier Parks prior to its purchase of Six Flags . It was sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell - off . On April 27 , 2017 , Six Flags announced it had entered into an agreement with EPR Properties to manage the park . Six Flags announced on February 22 , 2018 that the park would be renamed Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Concord . Indoor ( edit ) Name Location Year Opened Year Acquired Notes Six Flags Great Escape Lodge & Indoor Waterpark Queensbury , New York 2006 N / A Located across from Great Escape . It includes a resort . Upcoming properties ( edit ) Amusement parks ( edit ) Name Location Year Opening Year Acquired Notes Source Six Flags Zhejiang Haiyan , China 2019 N / A First Six Flags theme park in China in partnership with Riverside Group Six Flags Dubai Dubai , U.A.E. 2019 N / A Located in the second phase of Dubai Parks and Resorts , it is expected to include 27 rides and attractions Six Flags Kids World Haiyan , China 2020 N / A Six Flags theme park designed especially for families with young children . Located adjacent to Six Flags Zhejiang Six Flags Kids World Bishan , China 2020 N / A Six Flags theme park designed especially for families with young children . Located adjacent to Six Flags Chongqing Six Flags Adventure Park Bishan , China 2020 N / A Adjoining the Six Flags Chongqing complex Six Flags Chongqing Bishan , China 2020 N / A This will be the second Six Flags - branded theme park in China . Water parks ( edit ) Name Location Year Opening Year Acquired Notes Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Haiyan , China 2019 N / A Located within Six Flags Zhejiang Former properties ( edit ) These properties are listed in alphabetical order by the final name of the park while under Six Flags control . Park Location Year opened Year closed / Sold Notes American Adventures Marietta , Georgia 2008 This park was located adjacent to Six Flags White Water , and was marketed to families with young children . It was acquired by Zuma Holdings in 2008 and permanently closed in 2010 . Bellewaerde Ypres , Belgium 1954 This park was acquired in 1998 . The property was sold and remains in operation under another company . Frontier City Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 1958 2007 This park was owned by Premier Parks when it purchased the Six Flags chain . It was sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell - off . Movieland Wax Museum Buena Park , California 1962 1985 Purchased in 1970 , this wax museum sold all of its holdings and moved many of the sets and wax figures to California , but sold the original clothing and props to the American Musical Academy of Arts Association . It was eventually closed in 2005 . Six Flags AstroWorld Houston , Texas 1968 2005 AstroWorld was acquired in 1974 . The park closed on October 30 , 2005 and was demolished between late 2005 and 2006 for other development . Six Flags Atlantis Hollywood , Florida 1982 1989 This water park was acquired in 1984 . Property was sold , but was eventually demolished in 1994 . Six Flags AutoWorld Flint , Michigan 1984 1985 This indoor entertainment venue was eventually closed and the facility demolished . Six Flags Belgium Wavre , Belgium The Walibi properties were purchased in 1998 . Renamed Six Flags Belgium in 2000 . Sold to CDA Parks in 2004 . The park remains open today under the name Walibi Belgium . Six Flags Darien Lake Corfu , New York 1964 2007 This park was purchased by Premier Parks in 1995 . It was sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell - off . Six Flags Elitch Gardens Denver , Colorado 1890 2007 This park was owned by Premier Parks when it purchased the Six Flags chain . It was sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell - off . Six Flags Holland Biddinghuizen , Netherlands 1971 Like the other Walibi properties , the former Walibi Flevo was purchased in 1998 . Renamed Six Flags Holland in 2000 . Sold to CDA Parks in 2004 . It remains open today under the name Walibi Holland . Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom Louisville , Kentucky Initially built by local investors . This park includes Six Flags Splashwater Kingdom water park , which opened in 1992 . In February 2010 , Six Flags announced it would close the park due to a dispute with the Kentucky State Fair Board , from which Six Flags leased much of the park 's land area and attractions . In 2014 , Kentucky Kingdom reopened under new management . Six Flags New Orleans New Orleans 2000 2005 Originally opened as Jazzland , this park was bought in 2002 and re-branded as Six Flags New Orleans in 2003 . It was closed after severe damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . The city of New Orleans sued Six Flags in 2009 for not making progress to re-open and for not making required lease payments ; ultimately , the site was turned over to the city along with a cash payment . In 2011 , the city made plans to auction the site and all remaining rides and equipment . Six Flags Power Plant Baltimore 1985 1989 Located in the Inner Harbor district of Baltimore , the site of this indoor amusement park has been redeveloped with Hard Rock Cafe , Barnes & Noble , Gold 's Gym ( closed 2010 ) , and the world 's first ESPN Zone location ( closed 2010 ) . This was Six Flags ' second attempt at an indoor amusement park after AutoWorld . It was a little more successful , but it too closed down eventually . Six Flags SplashTown Houston , Texas 1984 2007 This water park was sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell - off and currently operates as Wet'n'Wild Splashtown . Six Flags Stars Hall of Fame Orlando , Florida 1984 This wax museum was located near SeaWorld Orlando . Like SeaWorld , it was acquired by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , but it was closed almost immediately after the sale . Six Flags Waterworld Houston , Texas 2005 This water park was adjacent to Six Flags AstroWorld . Park was sold and demolished for other development . Six Flags Worlds of Adventure Aurora , Ohio 1887 Geauga Lake park was purchased by Premier Parks in 1995 prior to its purchase of the entire Six Flags chain . Re-branded as Six Flags Ohio for its opening season in 2000 . It was then renamed Six Flags Worlds of Adventure when Six Flags annexed the adjacent SeaWorld Ohio marine park in 2001 . In 2004 , the entire property was sold to competing amusement park operator Cedar Fair . The park was closed after the 2007 season , but the attached water park remained open until the end of the 2016 season . Warner Bros. Movie World Germany Bottrop , Germany 1967 This park was purchased in 1998 . It was sold , with most of the other European parks , in the same transaction in 2004 , and being renamed as Movie Park Germany . Warner Bros. Movie World Madrid Madrid , Spain 2002 This park was built in a joint venture , to be managed by Six Flags . Unlike the other European Six Flags parks , this one was sold back to Time Warner , and currently operates under the name Parque Warner Madrid . Walibi Aquitaine Bordeaux , France 1992 The Walibi properties were purchased in 1998 . The park remains open today under new management , and under the name Walibi Sud - Ouest . Walibi Lorraine Metz , France 1989 The Walibi properties were purchased in 1998 . The park remains open today under the name Walygator Parc . Walibi Rhône - Alpes Lyon , France 1979 The Walibi properties were purchased in 1998 . The park remains open today under new management . White Water Bay Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 1981 2007 This water park was sold to PARC Management in the 2007 property sell - off . Wild Waves and Enchanted Village Federal Way , Washington 1977 2007 This combination water park and amusement park was sold in 2007 , and remains open to this day . Wyandot Lake Columbus , Ohio 1896 2006 The property was sold to the adjacent Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in 2006 . The park reopened under zoo management on May 26 , 2008 as Zoombezi Bay . See also ( edit ) Incidents at Six Flags parks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Annual Report '' . Six Flags . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TEA / AECOM 2016 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Chapter 11 Petition '' ( PDF ) . PacerMonitor . PacerMonitor . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Six Flags Enters Final Phase of Financial Restructuring '' . businesswire.com . June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Hals ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Six Flags emerges from bankruptcy '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Victoria W. Wolcott ( 16 August 2012 ) . Race , Riots , and Roller Coasters : The Struggle Over Segregated Recreation in America . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0759 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Gregory B.C. `` Six Flags Timeline The Lands of Screams and Dreams '' . California State University , Sacramento . Self . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . , California . Jump up ^ `` La Salle 's River Adventure 1961 -- 1982 '' , ParkTimes.com , August 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Time Warner Completes Sale of Stake in Six Flags for $440 Million in Cash Time Warner Inc '' . Time Warner . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Tim ( October 18 , 1999 ) . `` Premier Purchases WB 's European Parks Division '' . Amusement Business . 111 ( 42 ) : 1 , 32 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Six Flags , . `` Six Flags , Inc . Purchases SeaWorld in Ohio '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` investment Detail StarParks '' . Palamon Capital Partners , LP . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meza , Ed ( 15 March 2004 ) . `` Six Flags sells parks in Europe '' . Variety . Jump up ^ L.P. , Cedar Fair , . `` Cedar Fair , L.P. to Acquire Six Flags Worlds of Adventure '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags sells numerous parks '' . CoasterGallery.com . March 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Houston Business Journal -- by Jennifer Dawson ( May 11 , 2006 ) . `` Local developer to acquire former AstroWorld site -- Houston Business Journal '' . Bizjournals.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Considers Selling Elitch Gardens -- Money News Story -- KMGH Denver '' . KMGH - TV . E.W. Scripps Company . June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zoo to keep Wyandot Lake afloat , Marla Matzer Rose . Columbus Dispatch , June 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags owner to sell 7 parks for $312 M '' . St. Louis Business Journal . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alejandro Lazo ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` For Six Flags , Debt Squeeze Looms as Latest Hurdle '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Arango ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Six Flags in Negotiations to Stave Off Chapter 11 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags faces bankruptcy '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags delisted '' . Atlanta Business Journal . April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Economist . June 20 -- 26 weekly U.S. Edition . Page 8 . Jump up ^ `` Official Home Page '' . Six Flags . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Church , Steven ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Six Flags Would Be Owned by Lenders Under Proposal ( Update2 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Janet Cappiello Blake ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Six Flags theme park Kentucky Kingdom is closing '' . WHAS - TV . Tegna Inc . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's next for Six Flags ? No signs of reversal in closing decision '' . WHAS - TV . Tegna Inc . February 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Joe Arnold ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Fair Board Pres : '' caught by surprise '' with 6 Flags closing `` . WHAS11.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Randall Chase ( April 28 , 2010 ) . `` Bondholders agree on Six Flags reorganization '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Enterprises . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chairman off Six Flags board '' . Worcester Telegram . Associated Press . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Six Flags abruptly names interim CEO ; Shapiro out , Reuters , May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags moving executives from New York to Grand Prairie News for Dallas , Texas '' . Dallasnews.com . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Reid - Anderson Named Chairman , President and Chief Executive Officer of Six Flags Entertainment Corporation '' ( Press release ) . Dallas , Texas : Six Flags . August 13 , 2010 -- via PR Newswire . ^ Jump up to : Kezar , Korri ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Six Flags CEO steps down after a year on the job '' . Dallas Business Journal . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . The company did not explain Duffey 's departure , saying only that he has `` retired from the company . '' ^ Jump up to : Kezar , Korri ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Six Flags ' Jim Reid - Anderson to split duties with new CEO '' . Dallas Business Journal . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Haiyan '' . content.sixflags.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Harbor Oaxtepec '' . content.sixflags.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags anuncia apertura de parque acuático en Oaxtepec '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam joins China , Dubai as international sites for Grand Prairie - based Six Flags parks '' . The Dallas Morning News . A.H. Belo Corporation . March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Dubai planned to open in 2019 '' . Screamscape . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Additional Six Flags - Branded Parks Coming to China '' . Six Flags . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reid - Anderson Named Chairman , President and CEO at Six Flags '' ( Press release ) . Grand Prairie , Texas : Six Flags . July 18 , 2017 -- via BusinessWire . Jump up ^ http://www.kencollier.org/sixflags/SixFlagsPostcardPortfolio1962/StarrMall.jpg Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Over Texas began parting ways with Confederate battle flag long ago '' . The Dallas Morning News . A.H. Belo Corporation . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slade , Gary ( October 2017 ) . `` Six Flags failed its very name '' . Amusement Today . Vol. 21 no . 7 . p. 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` After Charlottesville , only one flag will fly at Six Flags Over Texas '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved Aug 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stride , Megan ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` ' Six Flags ' TV ads get thumbs down from some Asian Americans '' . AM New York . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo promotes Wii with Six Flags '' . N-Sider.com . January 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Six Flags amusement parks prepare for thematic makeovers '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Six Flags Magic Mountain renaming Terminator wooden coaster '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170518005768/en/Garfield-Signature-Character-Children's-Areas-Flags-Branded-Theme Jump up ^ `` Six Flags -- Investor Relations -- Financial Release '' . Six Flags . June 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180222005405/en/Concord-Water-Park-Flags-Hurricane-Harbor-Concord Jump up ^ `` - Six Flags Dubai - '' . content.sixflags.com . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Attractions in Dubai '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive . ^ Jump up to : `` Three New Six Flags Parks Coming to China '' . Business Wire . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Formal Agreements Signed to Build Six Flags - Branded Parks at a Second Site in China '' . investors.sixflags.com . Jump up ^ `` Six Flags Announces Waterpark and General Manager for First China Property '' . Jump up ^ `` N.O. plans to sue Six Flags '' . WWL - TV . Tegna Inc . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` City now owns Six Flags '' . WGNO - TV . Tribune Broadcasting . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who wants Six Flags ? '' . WVUE - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Six Flags amusement parks . 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-5151353618501013514 | The Hunchback of Notre-Dame | The Hunchback of Notre - Dame - wikipedia The Hunchback of Notre - Dame Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Victor Hugo novel . For other uses , see The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( disambiguation ) . The Hunchback of Notre - Dame 1st edition cover Author Victor Hugo Original title Notre - Dame de Paris Translator Frederic Shoberl ( English ) Illustrator Luc - Olivier Merson ( original ) Country France Language French Genre Romanticism , Gothic fiction Set in Paris , 1482 Publisher Gosselin Publication date 16 March 1831 Published in English 1833 Media type Hardback Pages 940 , in 3 volumes Dewey Decimal 843.7 The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( French : Notre - Dame de Paris ) is a French Romantic / Gothic novel by Victor Hugo , published in 1831 . The original French title refers to Notre Dame Cathedral , on which the story is centered . English translator Frederic Shoberl named the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1833 because at the time , Gothic novels were more popular than Romance novels in England . The story is set in Paris , France in the Late Middle Ages , during the reign of Louis XI . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Major themes 4.1 Architecture 5 Literary significance and reception 6 Allusions and references 6.1 Allusions to actual history , geography and current science 6.2 Allusions in other works 7 Drama adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Television 7.3 Theatre 7.4 Music 7.5 Musical theatre 7.6 Ballet 7.7 Radio 8 Video games 9 Translation history 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) Illustration from Victor Hugo et son temps ( 1881 ) Victor Hugo began writing Notre - Dame de Paris in 1829 , largely to make his contemporaries more aware of the value of the Gothic architecture , which was neglected and often destroyed to be replaced by new buildings or defaced by replacement of parts of buildings in a newer style . For instance , the medieval stained glass panels of Notre - Dame de Paris had been replaced by white glass to let more light into the church . This explains the large descriptive sections of the book , which far exceed the requirements of the story . A few years earlier , Hugo had already published a paper entitled Guerre aux Démolisseurs ( War to the Demolishers ) specifically aimed at saving Paris ' medieval architecture . The agreement with his original publisher , Gosselin , was that the book would be finished that same year , but Hugo was constantly delayed due to the demands of other projects . In the summer of 1830 , Gosselin demanded that Hugo complete the book by February 1831 . Beginning in September 1830 , Hugo worked nonstop on the project thereafter . The book was finished six months later . Plot ( edit ) Paris , 1482 . The gypsy Esmeralda ( born as Agnés ) captures the hearts of many men , including those of Captain Phoebus and Pierre Gringoire , but especially Quasimodo and his guardian Archdeacon Claude Frollo . Frollo is torn between his obsessive lust for Esmeralda and the rules of the Notre Dame Cathedral . He orders Quasimodo to kidnap her , but the hunchback is captured by Phoebus and his guards , who save Esmeralda . Gringoire , who attempted to help Esmeralda but was knocked out by Quasimodo , is about to be hanged by beggars when Esmeralda saves him by agreeing to marry him for four years . The following day , Quasimodo is sentenced to be flogged and turned on the pillory for one hour , followed by another hour 's public exposure . He calls for water . Esmeralda , seeing his thirst , approaches the public stocks and offers him a drink of water . It saves him , and she captures his heart . Later , Esmeralda is arrested and charged with the attempted murder of Phoebus , whom Frollo actually attempted to kill in jealousy after seeing him trying to seduce Esmeralda . She is sentenced to death by hanging . As she is being led to the gallows , Quasimodo swings down by the bell rope of Notre - Dame and carries her off to the cathedral under the law of sanctuary , temporarily protecting her from arrest . Frollo later informs Gringoire that the Court of Parlement has voted to remove Esmeralda 's right to the sanctuary so she can no longer seek shelter in the Cathedral and will be taken away to be killed . Clopin , the leader of the Gypsies , hears the news from Gringoire and rallies the citizens of Paris to charge the cathedral and rescue Esmeralda . When Quasimodo sees the Gypsies , he assumes they are there to hurt Esmeralda , so he drives them off . Likewise , he thinks the King 's men want to rescue her , and tries to help them find her . She is rescued by Frollo and Gringoire . But after yet another failed attempt to win her love , Frollo betrays Esmeralda by handing her to the troops and watches while she is being hanged . When Frollo laughs during Esmeralda 's hanging , Quasimodo pushes him from the heights of Notre Dame to his death . Quasimodo later goes to Montfaucon , a huge graveyard in Paris where the bodies of the condemned are dumped , where he stays with Esmeralda 's dead body until he dies . About eighteen months later , the tomb is opened , and the skeletons are found . As someone tries to separate them , they crumble to dust . Characters ( edit ) Quasimodo , despite the English title , is not the protagonist of the novel , though he is essential to the plot . He is the bell - ringer of Notre Dame and a barely verbal and half - blind hunchback . Ringing the church bells has also made him deaf . Abandoned by his mother as a baby , he was adopted by Claude Frollo . Quasimodo 's life within the confines of the cathedral and his only two outlets -- ringing the bells and his love and devotion for Frollo -- are described . He rarely ventures outside the Cathedral because the citizens of Paris despise and shun him for his appearance . The notable occasions when he does leave include taking part in the Festival of Fools -- during which he is elected the Pope of Fools due to his perfect hideousness -- and his subsequent attempt to kidnap Esmeralda , his rescue of Esmeralda from the gallows , his attempt to bring Phoebus to Esmeralda , and his final abandonment of the cathedral at the end of the novel . It is revealed in the story that the baby Quasimodo was left by the Gypsies in place of Esmeralda , whom they abducted . Esmeralda ( born Agnes ) is a beautiful young Gypsy street dancer who is naturally compassionate and kind . She is the novel 's protagonist . A popular focus of the citizens ' attentions , she experiences their changeable attitudes , being first adored as an entertainer , then hated as a witch , before being lauded again by Quasimodo . She is loved by both Quasimodo and Claude Frollo , but , unfortunately she falls hopelessly in love with Captain Phoebus , a handsome soldier who she believes will rightly protect her but who simply wants to seduce her . She is one of the few characters to show Quasimodo a moment of human kindness , as when she gives him water after the hunchback 's flogging . She is eventually revealed to not actually be a gypsy , but to have been kidnapped by them and replaced by the deformed Quasimodo . Claude Frollo , the novel 's anti-hero , is the Archdeacon of Notre Dame . His dour attitude and his alchemical experiments have alienated him from the Parisians , who believe him a sorcerer . His parents having died of plague when he was a young man , he is without family save for Quasimodo , for whom he cares , and his dissolute younger brother Jehan , whom he unsuccessfully attempts to reform towards a better life . Frollo 's numerous sins include lechery , failed alchemy and other listed vices . His mad attraction to Esmeralda sets off a chain of events , including her attempted abduction , leading to Quasimodo 's sentence to be lashed in the square , and Frollo almost murdering Phoebus in a jealous rage , leading to Esmeralda 's execution . Jehan Frollo is Claude Frollo 's 16 - year - old dissolute younger brother . He is a troublemaker and a student at the university . He is dependent on his brother for money , which he then proceeds to squander on alcohol . After his brother stops giving him money , he becomes rogue . He briefly enters the cathedral by ascending one of the towers with a borrowed ladder , but Quasimodo sees him and throws him down to his death . Phoebus de Chateaupers is the Captain of the King 's Archers , and a minor antagonist in the novel . After he saves Esmeralda from abduction , she becomes infatuated with him , and he is intrigued by her . Already betrothed to the beautiful but spiteful Fleur - de-Lys , he wants to lie with Esmeralda nonetheless but is prevented when Frollo stabs him . Phoebus survives , but Esmeralda is taken to be the attempted assassin by all , including Phoebus himself , who no longer wants her . He is condemned to a miserable married life with Fleur - de-Lys . Fleur - de-Lys de Gondelaurier is a beautiful and wealthy socialite engaged to Phoebus . Phoebus 's attentions to Esmeralda make her insecure and jealous , and she and her friends respond by treating Esmeralda with contempt and spite . Fleur - de-Lys later neglects to inform Phoebus that Esmeralda has not been executed , which serves to deprive the pair of any further contact -- though as Phoebus no longer loves Esmeralda by this time , this does not matter . The novel ends with their wedding . Pierre Gringoire is a struggling poet . He mistakenly finds his way into the `` Court of Miracles '' , the domain of the Truands . In order to preserve the secrecy , Gringoire must either be killed by hanging , or marry a Gypsy . Although Esmeralda does not love him , and in fact believes him to be a coward rather than a true man , she takes pity on his plight and marries him . But , because she is already in love with Phoebus , much to his disappointment , she will not let him touch her . Sister Gudule , formerly named Paquette la Chantefleurie , is an anchoress , who lives in seclusion in an exposed cell in central Paris . She is tormented by the loss of her daughter Agnes , whom she believes to have been cannibalised by Gypsies as a baby , and devotes her life to mourning her . Her long - lost daughter turns out to be Esmeralda , a fact she discovers only moments before Esmeralda is hanged . Gudule is accidentally killed by one of the King 's soldiers while attempting to prevent them from taking her daughter . Louis XI is the King of France . He appears as an old and sick man , but his personality is very sly and Machiavellian , as well as self - centred . He appears briefly when he is brought the news of the rioting at Notre Dame . He orders his guard to kill the rioters , and also the `` witch '' Esmeralda , because of being misinformed about the reason of rioting . Tristan l'Hermite is a friend of King Louis XI . He leads the band that goes to capture Esmeralda . Henriet Cousin is the city executioner , who hangs Esmeralda . Florian Barbedienne is the judge who sentences Quasimodo to be tortured . He is also deaf . Jacques Charmolue is Frollo 's friend in charge of torturing prisoners . He gets Esmeralda to falsely confess to killing Phoebus . He then has her imprisoned . Clopin Trouillefou is the King of Truands . He sentences Gringoire to be hanged , and presides over his `` wedding '' to Esmerelda . He rallies the Court of Miracles to rescue Esmeralda from Notre Dame after the idea is suggested by Gringoire . He is eventually killed during the attack by the King 's soldiers . Pierrat Torterue is the torturer who tortures Esmeralda after her interrogation . He hurts Esmeralda so badly she falsely confesses , sealing her own fate . He was also the official who administered the savage flogging administered to Quasimodo by Barbedienne . Major themes ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The novel 's original French title , Notre - Dame de Paris , indicates that the cathedral itself is the most significant aspect of the novel , both the main setting and the focus of the story 's themes . The building had fallen into disrepair at the time of writing , which was something Hugo felt strongly about . The book portrays the Romantic era as one of the extremes in architecture , passion , and religion . The theme of determinism ( fate and destiny , as set up in the preface of the novel through the introduction of the word `` ANANKE '' ) is explored , as well as revolution and social strife . Architecture ( edit ) Architecture is a major concern of Hugo 's in Notre - Dame de Paris , not just as embodied in the cathedral itself , but as representing throughout Paris and the rest of Europe an artistic genre which , Hugo argued , was about to disappear with the arrival of the printing press . Claude Frollo 's portentous phrase , ' Ceci tuera cela ' ( `` This will kill that '' , as he looks from a printed book to the cathedral building ) , sums up this thesis , which is expounded on in Book V , chapter 2 . Hugo writes that ' quiconque naissait poète se faisait architecte ' ( `` whoever was born a poet became an architect '' ) , arguing that while the written word was heavily censored and difficult to reproduce , architecture was extremely prominent and enjoyed considerable freedom . Il existe à cette époque , pour la pensée écrite en pierre , un privilège tout - à - fait comparable à notre liberté actuelle de la presse . C'est la liberté de l'architecture . There exists in this era , for thoughts written in stone , a privilege absolutely comparable to our current freedom of the press . It is the freedom of architecture . -- Book V , Chapter 2 With the recent introduction of the printing press , it became possible to reproduce one 's ideas much more easily on paper , and Hugo considered this period to represent the last flowering of architecture as a great artistic form . As with many of his books , Hugo was interested in a time which seemed to him to be on the cusp between two types of society . The major theme of the third book is that over time the cathedral has been repaired , but the repairs and additions have made the cathedral worse : `` And who put the cold , white panes in the place of those windows '' and `` ... who substituted for the ancient Gothic altar , splendidly encumbered with shrines and reliquaries , that heavy marble sarcophagus , with angels ' heads and clouds '' are a few examples of this . This chapter also discusses how , after repairs to the cathedral after the French Revolution , there was not a significant style in what was added . It seems as if the new architecture is actually now uglier and worse than it was before the repairing . Literary significance and reception ( edit ) Hugo introduced with this work the concept of the novel as Epic Theatre . A giant epic about the history of a whole people , incarnated in the figure of the great cathedral as witness and silent protagonist of that history . The whole idea of time and life as an ongoing , organic panorama centered on dozens of characters caught in the middle of that history . It is the first novel to have beggars as protagonists . Notre Dame de Paris was the first work of fiction to encompass the whole of life , from the King of France to Paris sewer rats , in a manner later co-opted by Honoré de Balzac , Gustave Flaubert and many others , including Charles Dickens . The enormous popularity of the book in France spurred the nascent historical preservation movement in that country and strongly encouraged Gothic revival architecture . Ultimately it led to major renovations at Notre - Dame in the 19th century led by Eugène Viollet - le - Duc . Much of the cathedral 's present appearance is a result of this renovation . Allusions and references ( edit ) Allusions to actual history , geography and current science ( edit ) In The Hunchback of Notre - Dame , Victor Hugo makes frequent reference to the architecture of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris . He also mentions the invention of the printing press , when the bookmaker near the beginning of the work speaks of `` the German pest . '' In 2010 , British archivist Adrian Glew discovered references to a real - life hunchback who was a foreman of a government sculpting studio in Paris in the 1820s who worked on post-Revolution restorations to the Cathedral . Allusions in other works ( edit ) The name Quasimodo has become synonymous with `` a courageous heart beneath a grotesque exterior . '' Drama adaptations ( edit ) To date , all of the film and TV adaptations have strayed somewhat from the original plot , some going as far as to give it a happy ending , as in the classic 1939 film starring Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda ( although Quasimodo loses her to Gringoire in this version ) . The 1956 French film , starring Anthony Quinn and Gina Lollobrigida , is one of the few versions to end almost exactly like the novel , although it changes other sections of the story . Unlike most adaptations , the 1996 Disney version has an ending that is inspired by an opera created by Hugo himself . Films ( edit ) Esmeralda ( 1905 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1911 film ) The Darling of Paris Esmeralda ( 1922 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1939 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1956 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1986 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 film ) The Secret of the Hunchback ( 1996 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 film ) ( Golden Films ) The Hunchback ( 1997 film ) Quasimodo d'El Paris Television ( edit ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1966 miniseries ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1977 miniseries ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1982 film ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1986 film ) The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo Theatre ( edit ) In 1977 , an adaptation by Ken Hill was commissioned and staged by the National Theatre in London . In 2010 , an adaptation by Pip Utton was staged at The Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . In 2010 , an original adaptation by Myriad Theatre & Film was staged in London and then toured South England . In 2012 , an adaptation by Belt Up Theatre was staged in Selby Abbey . In 2013 , an adaptation by James Villafuerte was staged in Tanghalang Pasigueño Villa Teatro . Music ( edit ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame by Alec R. Costandinos and the Syncophonic Orchestra from 1977 , a lush orchestral disco 28 minute epic re-telling the tale of Quasimodo and Esmeralda . The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 recording of music written by Styx singer Dennis DeYoung for his musical adaptation of the novel . The Hunchback of Notre Dame is the soundtrack to the 1996 Disney film , released by Walt Disney Records . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( Studio Cast Recording ) , a 2016 musical album based on Victor Hugo 's novel and songs from the Disney film version . Musical Theatre ( edit ) La Esmeralda , opera by Louise Bertin ( 1836 ) , libretto by Victor Hugo . Esmeralda , opera by Alexander Dargomyzhsky ( 1847 ) based on the Victor Hugo novel . Notre - Dame of Paris , opera by William Henry Fry ( 1864 ) with libretto by his brother Joseph Reese Fry based on the Victor Hugo novel . First performance : Academy of Music , Philadelphia , 4 May 1864 , conducted by Theodore Thomas . Esmeralda , opera by Arthur Goring Thomas ( 1883 ) , also based on the same Victor Hugo novel . Notre Dame , romantic Opera in two acts by Franz Schmidt , text after Victor Hugo by Schmidt and Leopold Wilk ; composed : 1902 -- 4 , 1st perf. : Vienna 1914 . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1993 ) , an Off Broadway musical with music by Byron Janis , lyrics by Hal Hackady and book by Anthony Scully . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1993 ) , a dramatic sung - through musical with book and lyrics by Gary Sullivan and music by John Trent Wallace . After a production at the Mermaid Theatre in London it was published by Samuel French Ltd in 1997 and has received several UK productions as well as productions in New Zealand and Australia . In 2010 it was re-written as a conventional musical , with the new title Notre Dame . El Jorobado de París ( 1993 ) , an Argentinian sung - through musical with book and lyrics by Pepe Cibrián Campoy and music by Ángel Mahler . Revised versions opened in 1995 , 2006 and 2013 . Notre - Dame de Paris is an operatic melodrama by Zigmars Liepiņš based on the novel . In 1998 , Notre - Dame de Paris opened in Paris and became an instant success . It is considered the most successful adaptation of any novel except for `` The Phantom of the Opera '' and `` Les Misérables . '' It was also adapted for the stage by Nicholas DeBaubien . From 1999 to 2002 , the Disney film was adapted into a darker , more Gothic musical production called Der Glöckner von Notre Dame ( translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame ) in Berlin . A cast recording was also recorded in German . The musical received an American remake in 2014 . A rock musical version was released in Seattle , Washington in 1998 titled `` Hunchback '' with music and script by C. Rainey Lewis . A musical version , scored by Dennis DeYoung , opened in Chicago at the Bailiwick Repertory in the summer of 2008 . A re-adaptation of the piece entitled Our Lady of Paris , with music and lyrics by David Levinson and book by Stacey Weingarten , was produced in a reading format in ( ( Manhattan . It re-sets the action to 1954 at the beginning of the French Algerian conflict . After the first reading , the piece underwent revisions ; a second reading was produced in January 2011 under the musical 's new title , Les Enfants de Paris . Ballet ( edit ) La Esmeralda ( 1844 ) - choreography by Jules Perrot , music by Cesare Pugni . First performed at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London . The ballet has a long performance history in Russia via the revivals of the choreographer Marius Petipa in St. Petersburg throughout the late 19th century . Gudule 's Daughter , or Esmiralda ( 1902 ) -- choreography by Alexander Alexeyevich Gorsky , music by Antoine Simon Notre - Dame de Paris ( 1965 ) -- choreography by Roland Petit , first performed by the Paris Opera Ballet . The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1998 ) -- choreography and direction by Michael Pink and original music score by Philip Feeney ; currently in the repertoire of Milwaukee Ballet , Boston Ballet , Royal New Zealand Ballet , Atlanta Ballet and Colorado Ballet . Ringaren i Notre Dame ( The Bellringer of Notre Dame ; 2009 ) -- choreography by Pär Isberg and original music score by Stefan Nilsson , first performed on Friday , April 3 , by the Royal Swedish Ballet . Radio ( edit ) The book was twice adapted and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as its Classic Serial : in 5 parts from 6 January to 3 February 1989 , with Jack Klaff as Quasimodo in 2 parts on 30 November and 7 December 2008 , with deaf actor David Bower playing Quasimodo . Video games ( edit ) Hunchback , a 1983 arcade video game developed by Century Electronics , starring Quasimodo . Translation history ( edit ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame has been translated into English many times . Translations are often reprinted in various imprints . Some translations have been revised over time . 1833 . Translated by Frederic Shoberl as The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Later revisions . 1833 . Translated by William Hazlitt as Notre Dame : A Tale of the Ancien Régime . Later revisions . 1888 . Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood as Notre - Dame de Paris . 1895 . Translated by M.W. Artois et al. , part of the 28 - vol The Novels of Victor Hugo , re-printed in the 20th century under other titles . 1956 . Translated by Lowell Bair , for Bantam Books and included in Bantam Classics 1964 . Translated by Walter J. Cobb . In multiple editions , see for example Signet Classics ISBN 0 - 451 - 52788 - 7 1978 . Translated by John Sturrock . In multiple editions , see for example Penguin Classics ISBN 0 - 14 - 044353 - 3 1993 . Translated by Alban J. Krailsheimer as Notre - Dame de Paris . See Oxford World 's Classics ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955580 - 2 2002 . Revised translation by Catherine Liu of an anonymous 19th century translation . See Modern Library Classics ISBN 0 - 679 - 64257 - 9 This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ hubpages.com/entertainment/quasimodo Jump up ^ fr : Cathédrale Notre - Dame de Paris Jump up ^ fr : Notre - Dame de Paris ( roman ) # cite note - 21 Jump up ^ Zaretsky , Rob . `` Victor Hugo and Architecture '' , Engines of our Ingenuity . Accessed 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sparknotes.com '' . Sparknotes.com . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Online-literature.com '' . Online-literature.com. 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real - life Quasimodo uncovered in Tate archives '' , Roya Nikkhah , The Daily Telegraph , 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Webber , Elizabeth ; Mike Feinsilber ( 1999 ) . Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Allusions . Merriam - Webster . p. 592 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 628 - 9 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Sanctuary ! THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME Cast Album Released Today '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ `` The Hunchback of Notre Dame '' . Lortel.org . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johntrentwallace.com '' . Johntrentwallace.com. 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notre-dame.co.uk '' . Notre-dame.co.uk . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Mainstage 1997 -- Nicholas De Beabien 's The Hunchback of Notre Dame , sacred.fools.org Jump up ^ Collins , Suzanne . `` Amazon.com '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunchback '' . Hunchback . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunchback of Notre Dame Musical By Styx Front - Man to Play Chicago 's Bailiwick '' . Playbill . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rebello , Stephen . The Art of The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ed . ) . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6208 - 4 . Pascal Tonazzi , Florilège de Notre - Dame de Paris ( anthologie ) , Editions Arléa , Paris , 2007 , ISBN 2 - 86959 - 795 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Notre - Dame de Paris ( Victor Hugo ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hunchback of Notre - Dame Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Hunchback of Notre Dame The Hunchback of Notre Dame at Internet Archive and Google Books , multiple English translations ( scanned books original editions color illustrated ) Notre - Dame De Paris at Project Gutenberg , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood ( plain text and HTML ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame public domain audiobook at LibriVox , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood and French available Notre Dame de Paris Harvard Classics Notre - Dame de Paris at Wikisource ( HTML ) ( in French ) ( hide ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame by Victor Hugo Characters Quasimodo Esmeralda Claude Frollo Captain Phoebus Clopin Trouillefou Pierre Gringoire Films Esmeralda ( 1905 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1911 ) The Darling of Paris ( 1917 ) Esmeralda ( 1922 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1939 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1956 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1966 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1977 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1982 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1986 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) The Hunchback ( 1997 ) Quasimodo d'El Paris ( 1999 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Opera La Esmeralda ( 1836 ) Esmeralda ( 1883 ) Ballet La Esmeralda ( 1844 ) Notre Dame de Paris ( 1967 ) Musicals Notre - Dame de Paris ( 1998 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Klokkeren fra Notre Dame ( 2002 ) Music `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` Topsy Turvy '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Heaven 's Light '' `` Hellfire '' `` A Guy Like You '' `` The Court of Miracles '' `` Someday '' Video games Hunchback ( 1983 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame : Topsy Turvy Games ( 1996 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Related Disney franchise Victor Hugo Novels Han d'Islande ( 1823 ) Bug - Jargal ( 1826 ) The Last Day of a Condemned Man ( 1829 ) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame ( 1831 ) Les Misérables ( 1862 ) Toilers of the Sea ( 1866 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1869 ) Ninety - Three ( 1874 ) Plays Inez de Castro ( 1820 ; published in 1863 ) Cromwell ( 1827 ) Hernani ( 1830 ) Marion Delorme ( 1831 ) Le roi s'amuse ( 1832 ) Lucrezia Borgia ( 1833 ) Marie Tudor ( 1833 ) Angelo , Tyrant of Padua ( 1835 ) La Esmeralda ( 1836 ; libretto only ) Ruy Blas ( 1838 ) Les Burgraves ( 1843 ) Torquemada ( 1882 ) Short stories `` Claude Gueux '' ( 1834 ) Poetry collections Odes et poésies diverses ( 1822 ) Nouvelles Odes ( 1824 ) Odes et Ballades ( 1828 ) Les Orientales ( 1829 ) Les Feuilles d'automne ( 1831 ) Les Chants du crépuscule ( 1835 ) Les Voix intérieures ( 1837 ) Les Rayons et les Ombres ( 1840 ) Les Châtiments ( 1853 ) Les Contemplations ( 1856 ) La Légende des siècles ( Part One 1859 ) Les Chansons des rues et des bois ( 1865 ) L'Année terrible ( 1872 ) L'Art d'être grand - père ( 1877 ) La Légende des siècles ( Part Two 1877 ) Le Pape ( 1878 ) La Pitié suprême ( 1879 ) L'Âne ( 1880 ) Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit ( 1881 ) Final part of La Légende des siècles ( 1883 ) La Fin de Satan ( 1886 ) Dieu ( 1891 , 1941 ) Toute la Lyre ( 1888 , 1893 , 1897 , 1935 - 1937 ) Les Années funestes ( 1898 ) Dernière Gerbe ( 1902 , 1941 ) Océan , Tas de pierres ( 1942 ) Le Verso de la page ( 1960 ) Œuvres d'enfance et de jeunesse , 1814 - 20 ( juvenilia , 1964 ) Other writings Le Rhin ( 1842 ) Napoléon le Petit ( 1852 pamphlet ) William Shakespeare ( 1864 essay ) Actes et Paroles ( 1875 ) Religions et religion ( 1880 ) Related Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale Berne Convention Hauteville House Maison de Victor Hugo Léopoldine Hugo ( daughter ) François - Victor Hugo ( son ) Adèle Hugo ( daughter ) Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo ( father ) Juliette Drouet Avenue Victor - Hugo ( Paris ) France portal French and Francophone literature portal VIAF : 310912222 GND : 4342614 - 1 BNF : cb119675961 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame&oldid=801456797 '' Categories : The Hunchback of Notre - Dame 1831 French novels Cathedrals in fiction French novels adapted into films Notre Dame de Paris Novels about cities Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Victor Hugo Novels set in Paris Novels set in the Middle Ages Gothic novels Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Incomplete lists from May 2010 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული لۊری شومالی Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what time period does the hunchback of notre dame take place in | [
"The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris) is a French Romantic/Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The original French title refers to Notre Dame Cathedral, on which the story is centered. English translator Frederic Shoberl named the novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1833 because at the time, Gothic novels were more popular than Romance novels in England.[1] The story is set in Paris, France in the Late Middle Ages, during the reign of Louis XI."
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"the Late Middle Ages, during the reign of Louis XI"
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-2628835600750657503 | Cabinet (government) | Cabinet ( government ) - wikipedia Cabinet ( government ) The Cabinet table in the United Kingdom . For other uses , see Cabinet ( disambiguation ) . `` Cabinet of Ministers '' redirects here . For the Ukrainian executive council , see Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine . For the Soviet executive council , see Cabinet of Ministers ( Soviet Union ) . `` Presidential Cabinet '' redirects here . For the first Indonesian cabinet , see Presidential Cabinet ( Indonesia ) . Part of the Politics series on Executive government Head of state Monarch Supreme leader President President of the Council of State Government Head of government Chancellor Chief executive Chief minister First minister Premier Prime minister President of the Council of Ministers Cabinet Cabinet collective responsibility Ministry Minister Secretary Other Governor Mayor Systems Monarchy ( Constitutional ) Republic ( Parliamentary ) Directorial Parliamentary ( Westminster ) Semi-parliamentary ( simul simul ) Semi-presidential ( cohabitational ) Presidential Lists National governments Heads of state and government Politics portal Episcopal Summer Palace , the seat of the government of Slovakia in Bratislava . A cabinet is a body of high - ranking state officials , typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch . They are usually called ministers , but in some jurisdictions are sometimes called secretaries . The functions of a cabinet are varied : in some countries it is a collegiate decision - making body with collective responsibility , while in others it may function either as a purely advisory body or an assisting institution to a decision making head of state or head of government . Cabinets are typically the body responsible for the day - to - day management of the government and response to sudden events , whereas the legislative and judicial branches work in a measured pace , in sessions according to lengthy procedures . In some countries , particularly those that use a parliamentary system ( e.g. , the UK ) , the Cabinet collectively decides the government 's direction , especially in regard to legislation passed by the parliament . In countries with a presidential system , such as the United States , the Cabinet does not function as a collective legislative influence ; rather , their primary role is as an official advisory council to the head of government . In this way , the President gets opinions and advice in upcoming decisions . Legally , under both types of systems , the Westminster variant of a parliamentary system and the presidential system , the Cabinet `` advises '' the Head of State : the difference is that , in a parliamentary system , the monarch , viceroy or ceremonial president will almost always follow this advice , whereas in a presidential system , a president who is also head of government and political leader may depart from the Cabinet 's advice if they do not agree with it . In practice , in nearly all parliamentary democracies that do not follow the Westminster system , and in three countries that do ( Japan , Ireland , and Israel ) , very often the Cabinet does not `` advise '' the Head of State as they play only a ceremonial role . Instead , it is usually the head of government ( usually called Prime Minister ) who holds all means of power in their hands ( e.g. in Germany , Sweden , etc . ) and the Cabinet reports to them . The second role of cabinet officials is to administer executive branch government agencies or departments : in the United States federal government , these are the federal executive departments . Cabinets are also important originators for legislation . Cabinets and ministers are usually in charge of the preparation of proposed legislation in the ministries before it is passed to the parliament . Thus , often the majority of new legislation actually originates from the cabinet and its ministries . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Selection of members 3 Origins of cabinets 4 Westminster cabinets 5 Cabinet of the United States 6 Communist system 7 Cabinets 8 See also 9 References Terminology ( edit ) In most governments , members of the Cabinet are given the title of minister , and each holds a different portfolio of government duties ( `` Minister for the Environment '' , etc . ) . In a few governments , as in the case of Mexico , the Philippines , the United Kingdom , and United States , the title of secretary is also used for some Cabinet members ( `` Secretary of Education '' , or `` Secretary of State for X '' in the UK ) . In many countries ( e.g. Germany , Luxembourg , France , etc . ) , a Secretary ( of State ) is a cabinet member with an inferior rank to a minister . In Finland , a Secretary of State is a career official that serves the minister . In some countries , the cabinet is called `` Council of Ministers '' , `` Government Council '' , `` Council of State '' or lesser known names such as `` Federal Council '' ( in Switzerland ) , `` Inner Council '' or `` High Council '' . These countries may differ in the way that the cabinet is used or established . The supranational European Union uses a different convention : the European Commission refers to its executive cabinet as a `` college '' , with its top public officials referred to as `` commissioners '' , whereas a `` European Commission cabinet '' is the personal office of a European Commissioner . Selection of members ( edit ) In presidential systems like the United States , members of the cabinet are chosen by the president , and they may have to be confirmed by the legislature . In most countries , cabinet members can not be sitting legislators , and legislators who are offered appointments must resign if they wish to accept . In parliamentary democracies , several policies exist : cabinet members must , must not , or may be members of parliament , depending on the country . In the United Kingdom , cabinet ministers are mandatorily appointed from among sitting members of the parliament . In countries with a strict separation between the executive and legislative branches of government , e.g. Luxembourg , Switzerland and Belgium , cabinet members have to give up their seat in parliament . The intermediate case is when ministers typically are members of parliament , but are not required to be , as in e.g. Finland . The candidate prime minister and / or the president selects the individual ministers to be proposed to the parliament , which may accept or reject the proposed cabinet composition . Unlike in a presidential system , the cabinet in a parliamentary system must not only be confirmed , but enjoy the continuing confidence of the parliament : a parliament can pass a motion of no confidence to remove a government or individual ministers . Often , but not necessarily , these votes are taken across party lines . In some countries ( e.g. the US ) attorneys general also sit in the cabinet , while in many others this is strictly prohibited as the attorneys general are considered to be part of the judicial branch of government . Instead , there is a minister of justice , separate from the attorney general . Furthermore , in Sweden , Finland and Estonia , the cabinet includes a Chancellor of Justice , a civil servant that acts as the legal counsel to the cabinet . In multi-party systems , the formation of a government may require the support of multiple parties . Thus , a coalition government is formed . Continued cooperation between the participating political parties is necessary for the cabinet to retain the confidence of the parliament . For this , a government platform is negotiated , in order for the participating parties to toe the line and support their cabinet . However , this is not always successful : individual parties or members of parliament can still vote against the government , and the cabinet can break up from internal disagreement or be dismissed by a motion of no confidence . The size of cabinets varies , although most contain around ten to twenty ministers . Researchers have found an inverse correlation between a country 's level of development and cabinet size : on average , the more developed a country is , the smaller is its cabinet . Origins of cabinets ( edit ) Queen Victoria convened her first Privy Council on the day of her accession in 1837 . In the United Kingdom and its colonies , cabinets began as smaller sub-groups of the English Privy Council . The term comes from the name for a relatively small and private room used as a study or retreat . Phrases such as `` cabinet counsel , '' meaning advice given in private to the monarch , occur from the late 16th century , and , given the non-standardized spelling of the day , it is often hard to distinguish whether `` council '' or `` counsel '' is meant . The Oxford English Dictionary credits Francis Bacon in his Essays ( 1605 ) with the first use of `` Cabinet council '' , where it is described as a foreign habit , of which he disapproves : `` For which inconveniences , the doctrine of Italy , and practice of France , in some kings ' times , hath introduced cabinet counsels ; a remedy worse than the disease '' . Charles I began a formal `` Cabinet Council '' from his accession in 1625 , as his Privy Council , or `` private council '' , was evidently not private enough , and the first recorded use of `` cabinet '' by itself for such a body comes from 1644 , and is again hostile and associates the term with dubious foreign practices . The process has repeated itself in recent times , as leaders have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet or `` sofa government '' . Westminster cabinets ( edit ) Countries with prime ministers ( blue ) and those that formerly had that position ( dark red ) . See also : Cabinet of the United Kingdom Under the Westminster system , members of the cabinet are Ministers of the Crown who are collectively responsible for all government policy . All ministers , whether senior and in the cabinet or junior ministers , must publicly support the policy of the government , regardless of any private reservations . Although , in theory , all cabinet decisions are taken collectively by the cabinet , in practice many decisions are delegated to the various sub-committees of the cabinet , which report to the full cabinet on their findings and recommendations . As these recommendations have already been agreed upon by those in the cabinet who hold affected ministerial portfolios , the recommendations are usually agreed to by the full cabinet with little further discussion . The cabinet may also provide ideas on / if new laws were established , and what they include . Cabinet deliberations are secret and documents dealt with in cabinet are confidential . Most of the documentation associated with cabinet deliberations will only be publicly released a considerable period after the particular cabinet disbands , depending on provisions of a nation 's freedom of information legislation . In theory the prime minister or premier is first among equals . However , the prime minister is the person from whom the head of state will ultimately take advice on the exercise of executive power , which may include the powers to declare war , use nuclear weapons , expel ministers from the cabinet , and to determine their portfolios in a cabinet reshuffle . This position in relation to the executive power means that , in practice , the prime minister has a high degree of control over the cabinet : any spreading of responsibility for the overall direction of the government has usually been done as a matter of preference by the prime minister -- either because they are unpopular with their backbenchers , or because they believe that the cabinet should collectively decide things . The shadow cabinet consists of the leading members , or frontbenchers , of an opposition party , who generally hold critic portfolios `` shadowing '' cabinet ministers , questioning their decisions and proposing policy alternatives . In some countries , the shadow ministers are referred to as spokespersons . The Westminster cabinet system is the foundation of cabinets as they are known at the federal and provincial ( or state ) jurisdictions of Australia , Bangladesh , Canada , Pakistan , India , South Africa , New Zealand , and other Commonwealth of Nations countries whose parliamentary model is closely based on that of the United Kingdom . Cabinet of the United States ( edit ) Main article : Cabinet of the United States Former President Barack Obama 's Cabinet , 2009 Under the doctrine of separation of powers , a cabinet under a presidential system of government is part of the executive branch . In addition to administering their respective segments of the executive branch , cabinet members are responsible for advising the head of government on areas within their purview . They are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the head of government and are therefore strongly subordinate to the president as they can be replaced at any time . Normally , since they are appointed by the president , they are members of the same political party , but the executive is free to select anyone , including opposition party members , subject to the advice and consent of the Senate . Normally , the legislature or a segment thereof must confirm the appointment of a cabinet member ; this is but one of the many checks and balances built into a presidential system . The legislature may also remove a cabinet member through a usually difficult impeachment process . In the Cabinet , members do not serve to influence legislative policy to the degree found in a Westminster system ; however , each member wields significant influence in matters relating to their executive department . Since the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the President of the United States has acted most often through his own executive office or the National Security Council rather than through the Cabinet as was the case in earlier administrations . Although the term ' Secretary ' is usually used to name the most senior official of a government department , some departments have different titles to name such officials . For instance , the Department of Justice uses the term Attorney General instead of Justice Secretary but the Attorney General is nonetheless a cabinet - level position . Communist system ( edit ) Communist states can be ruled de facto by the Politburo , such as the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . This is an organ of the Communist Party and not a state organ , but due to one - party rule , the state and its cabinet ( e.g. Government of the Soviet Union ) are in practice subordinate to the Politburo . Technically a Politburo is overseen and its members selected by the Central Committee , but in practice it was often the other way around : powerful members of the Politburo would ensure their support in the Central Committee through patronage . In China , political power has been further centralized into a standing committee of the Politburo . Cabinets ( edit ) Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and her cabinet , 2015 Argentine President Mauricio Macri and his cabinet , 2015 Main article : List of national governments See also ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cabinet . Individual ministerial responsibility Cabinet collective responsibility Ministry Council of Ministers Council of State References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davide Castelvecchi ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` The Undeciders : More decision - makers bring less efficiency '' . ScienceNews . ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary : Cabinet Jump up ^ Bacon , Essay `` On Counsel '' Jump up ^ UK UK Politics Clarke targets ' sofa - style ' Blair . BBC News ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 24 . NDL : 00616813 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_(government)&oldid=854815005 '' Categories : Government institutions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Қазақша Kiswahili Lietuvių मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 00 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the role of cabinet in the state administration | [] | [] |
-3313705477487951044 | Cricket World Cup | Cricket World Cup - wikipedia Cricket World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's tournament . For the women 's tournament , see Women 's Cricket World Cup . For the recent tournament , see 2015 Cricket World Cup . For the Twenty20 tournament , see ICC World Twenty20 . ICC Cricket World Cup Official trophy awarded since the 1999 World Cup Administrator International Cricket Council ( ICC ) Format One Day International First tournament 1975 ( England ) Last tournament 2015 ( Australia , New Zealand ) Next tournament 2019 ( England , Wales ) Tournament format ↓ various Number of teams 20 ( all tournaments ) 14 ( most recent ) 10 ( next ) Current champion Australia ( 5th title ) Most successful Australia ( 5 titles ) Most runs Sachin Tendulkar ( 2,278 ) Most wickets Glenn McGrath ( 71 ) The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International ( ODI ) cricket . The event is organised by the sport 's governing body , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , every four years , with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament . The tournament is one of the world 's most viewed sporting events and is considered the `` flagship event of the international cricket calendar '' by the ICC . The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975 , with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier . However , a separate Women 's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men 's tournament , and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912 , when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia , England and South Africa . The first three World Cups were held in England . From the 1987 tournament onwards , hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system , with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament . The finals of the World Cup are contested by the ten full members of the ICC ( all of which are Test - playing teams ) and a number of teams made up from associate and affiliate members of the ICC , selected via the World Cricket League and a later qualifying tournament . A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament , with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015 . Australia has won the tournament five times , with the West Indies , India ( twice each ) , Pakistan and Sri Lanka ( once each ) also having won the tournament . The best performance by a non-full - member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the first Cricket World Cup 1.2 Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) 1.3 Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 1.4 Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Hosts triumph ( 2011 - 2015 ) 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Tournament 3 Trophy 4 Media coverage 5 Selection of hosts 6 Tournament history 7 Results 7.1 Teams ' performances 7.2 Debutant teams 7.3 Overview 8 Awards 8.1 Man of the tournament 8.2 Man of the Match in the Final 9 Tournament records 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Cricket World Cup Before the first Cricket World Cup ( edit ) The first international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . However , the first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England , and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years . South Africa was admitted to Test status in 1889 . Representative cricket teams were selected to tour each other , resulting in bilateral competition . Cricket was also included as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Paris Games , where Great Britain defeated France to win the gold medal . This was the only appearance of cricket at the Summer Olympics . The first multilateral competition at international level was the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a Test cricket tournament played in England between all three Test - playing nations at the time : England , Australia and South Africa . The event was not a success : the summer was exceptionally wet , making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches , and attendances were poor , attributed to a `` surfeit of cricket '' . Since then , international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series : a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular Asian Test Championship in 1999 . The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time , with the addition of West Indies in 1928 , New Zealand in 1930 , India in 1932 , and Pakistan in 1952 . However , international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three , four or five days . In the early 1960s , English county cricket teams began playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day . Starting in 1962 with a four - team knockout competition known as the Midlands Knock - Out Cup , and continuing with the inaugural Gillette Cup in 1963 , one - day cricket grew in popularity in England . A national Sunday League was formed in 1969 . The first One - Day International match was played on the fifth day of a rain - aborted Test match between England and Australia at Melbourne in 1971 , to fill the time available and as compensation for the frustrated crowd . It was a forty over game with eight balls per over . In the late 1970s , Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket ( WSC ) competition . It introduced many of the now commonplace features of One Day International cricket , including coloured uniforms , matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens , and , for television broadcasts , multiple camera angles , effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch , and on - screen graphics . The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink , played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979 . The success and popularity of the domestic one - day competitions in England and other parts of the world , as well as the early One - Day Internationals , prompted the ICC to consider organising a Cricket World Cup . Prudential World Cups ( 1975 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) The Prudential Cup trophy The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England , the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at the time . The 1975 tournament started on 7 June . The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc . The matches consisted of 60 six - ball overs per team , played during the daytime in traditional form , with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls . Eight teams participated in the first tournament : Australia , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , and the West Indies ( the six Test nations at the time ) , together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa . One notable omission was South Africa , who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid . The tournament was won by the West Indies , who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord 's . The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup , with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying . The West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament , defeating the hosts England by 92 runs in the final . At a meeting which followed the World Cup , the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event . The 1983 event was hosted by England for a third consecutive time . By this stage , Sri Lanka had become a Test - playing nation , and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy . A fielding circle was introduced , 30 yards ( 27 m ) away from the stumps . Four fieldsmen needed to be inside it at all times . The teams faced each other twice , before moving into the knock - outs . India , an outsider , quoted at 66 -- 1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began , were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final . Different champions ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) India and Pakistan jointly hosted the 1987 tournament , the first time that the competition was held outside England . The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings , the current standard , because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England 's summer . Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final , the closest margin in World Cup final history . The 1992 World Cup , held in Australia and New Zealand , introduced many changes to the game , such as coloured clothing , white balls , day / night matches , and a change to the fielding restriction rules . The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time , following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott . Pakistan overcame a dismal start in the tournament to eventually defeat England by 22 runs in the final and emerge as winners . The 1996 championship was held in the Indian subcontinent for a second time , with the inclusion of Sri Lanka as host for some of its group stage matches . In the semi-final , Sri Lanka , heading towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens after the hosts lost eight wickets while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 252 , were awarded victory by default after crowd unrest broke out in protest against the Indian performance . Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final at Lahore . Australian treble ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) In 1999 the event was hosted by England , with some matches also being held in Scotland , Ireland , Wales and the Netherlands . Twelve teams contested the World Cup . Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match . They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final also against South Africa where a mix - up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out . In the final , Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs and with eight wickets in hand . A crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat - trick -- Martin Place , Sydney . South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya hosted the 2003 World Cup . The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen . Kenya 's victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe , among others -- and a forfeit by the New Zealand team , which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns -- enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals , the best result by an associate . In the final , Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets , the largest ever total in a final , defeating India by 125 runs . In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies and expanded to sixteen teams . Following Pakistan 's upset loss to World Cup debutants Ireland in the group stage , Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room . Jamaican police had initially launched a murder investigation into Woolmer 's death but later confirmed that he died of heart failure . Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs ( D / L ) in farcical light conditions , and extended their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight championships . Hosts triumph ( 2011 - 2015 ) ( edit ) India , Sri Lanka and Bangladesh together hosted the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Pakistan were stripped of their hosting rights following the terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in 2009 , with the games originally scheduled for Pakistan redistributed to the other host countries . The number of teams participating in the World Cup dropped down to fourteen . Australia lost their final group stage match against Pakistan on 19 March 2011 , ending an unbeaten streak of 35 World Cup matches , which had begun on 23 May 1999 . India won their second World Cup title by beating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final in Mumbai , and became the first country to win the final on home soil . MS Dhoni later became the first captain in history to win all the major ICC tournaments - World T20 in 2007 , Champions Trophy in 2013 and this edition of the World Cup . Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The number of participants remained at fourteen . Ireland was the most successful Associate nation with a total of three wins in the tournament . New Zealand beat South Africa in a thrilling first semi-final to qualify for their maiden World Cup final . Australia defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in the final at Melbourne to lift the World Cup for the fifth time . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup qualification The Test - playing nations qualify automatically for the World Cup main event while the other teams have to qualify through a series of preliminary qualifying tournaments . A new qualifying format was introduced for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The top two teams of the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship qualify directly . The remaining six teams join the third and fourth - placed teams of 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two and the top two teams of the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three in the World Cup Qualifier to decide the remaining two places . Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second World Cup , where two of the eight places in the finals were awarded to the leading teams in the ICC Trophy . The number of teams selected through the ICC Trophy had varied throughout the years . The World Cricket League ( administered by the International Cricket Council ) is the qualification system provided to allow the Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC more opportunities to qualify . The name `` ICC Trophy '' has been changed to `` ICC World Cup Qualifier '' . Under the current qualifying process , the World Cricket League , all Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC are able to qualify for the World Cup . Associate and Affiliate members must play between two and five stages in the ICC World Cricket League to qualify for the World Cup finals , depending on the Division in which they start the qualifying process . Process summary in chronological order ( 2011 - 2014 ) : 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were promoted to the 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2013 . 2011 -- 13 ICC World Cricket League Championship : 8 Teams -- Top 2 automatically qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup . The remaining six teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three : 6 Teams -- Top 2 were qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The fifth and sixth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Four for 2014 . 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier : 10 Teams -- Top 2 qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The third and fourth - placed teams qualified for the 2015 -- 17 ICC World Cricket League Championship . The fifth , sixth , seventh , and eighth - placed teams remained in the Division Two for 2015 . The ninth and tenth - placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2014 Tournament ( edit ) See also : History of the Cricket World Cup § Historical formats of final tournament The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup . The format of the Cricket World Cup has changed greatly over the course of its history . Each of the first four tournaments was played by eight teams , divided into two groups of four . The competition consisted of two stages , a group stage and a knock - out stage . The four teams in each group played each other in the round - robin group stage , with the top two teams in each group progressing to the semi-finals . The winners of the semi-finals played against each other in the final . With South Africa returning in the fifth tournament in 1992 as a result of the end of the apartheid boycott , nine teams played each other once in the group phase , and the top four teams progressed to the semi-finals . The tournament was further expanded in 1996 , with two groups of six teams . The top four teams from each group progressed to quarter - finals and semi-finals . A distinct format was used for the 1999 and 2003 World Cups . The teams were split into two pools , with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the Super 6 . The Super 6 teams played the three other teams that advanced from the other group . As they advanced , the teams carried their points forward from previous matches against other teams advancing alongside them , giving them an incentive to perform well in the group stages . The top four teams from the Super 6 stage progressed to the semi-finals , with the winners playing in the final . The format used in the 2007 World Cup involved 16 teams allocated into four groups of four . Within each group , the teams played each other in a round - robin format . Teams earned points for wins and half - points for ties . The top two teams from each group moved forward to the Super 8 round . The Super 8 teams played the other six teams that progressed from the different groups . Teams earned points in the same way as the group stage , but carried their points forward from previous matches against the other teams who qualified from the same group to the Super 8 stage . The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals , and the winners of the semi-finals played in the final . The format used in the 2011 and 2015 World Cups featured two groups of seven teams , each playing in a round - robin format . The top four teams from each group proceeded to the knock out stage consisting of quarter - finals , semi-finals and ultimately the final . It is proposed that in 2019 World Cup , the number of teams participating will go down to 10 and all the teams will play against each other once in round robin format , before entering the knock - outs . this would be similar to the one used in 1992 World Cup . Trophy ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup Trophy The ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy is presented to the winners of the World Cup . The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships , and was the first permanent prize in the tournament 's history . Prior to this , different trophies were made for each World Cup . The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from Garrard & Co over a period of two months . The current trophy is made from silver and gilt , and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns . The columns , shaped as stumps and bails , represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket : batting , bowling and fielding , while the globe characterises a cricket ball . The seam is tilted to symbolize the axial tilt of the Earth . It stands 60 centimetres high and weighs approximately 11 kilograms . The names of the previous winners are engraved on the base of the trophy , with space for a total of twenty inscriptions . The ICC keeps the original trophy . A replica differing only in the inscriptions is permanently awarded to the winning team . Media coverage ( edit ) Mello , the mascot of the 2007 World Cup The tournament is the world 's third largest with only the FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics exceeding it . The 2011 Cricket World Cup final was televised in over 200 countries to over 2.2 billion television viewers . Television rights , mainly for the 2011 and 2015 World Cup , were sold for over US $1.1 billion , and sponsorship rights were sold for a further US $500 million . The 2003 Cricket World Cup matches were attended by 626,845 people , while the 2007 Cricket World Cup sold more than 672,000 tickets . Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One - Day International cricket has become more established . The 2003 World Cup in South Africa was the first to sport a mascot , Dazzler the zebra . An orange mongoose known as Mello was the mascot for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Stumpy , a blue elephant was the mascot for the 2011 World Cup . On 13 February , the opening of the 2015 tournament was celebrated with a Google Doodle . Selection of hosts ( edit ) Civic Centre , South Africa honours the 2003 World Cup . Main article : Cricket World Cup hosts The International Cricket Council 's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining the bids made by the nations keen to hold a Cricket World Cup . England hosted the first three competitions . The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to devote the resources required to organising the inaugural event . India volunteered to host the third Cricket World Cup , but most ICC members preferred England as the longer period of daylight in England in June meant that a match could be completed in one day . The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India and Pakistan , the first hosted outside England . Many of the tournaments have been jointly hosted by nations from the same geographical region , such as South Asia in 1987 , 1996 and 2011 , Australasia in 1992 and 2015 , Southern Africa in 2003 and West Indies in 2007 . Tournament history ( edit ) Main article : List of ICC Cricket World Cup finals Year Host ( s ) Final venue Result Winner Margin Runner - up Details England London West Indies 291 / 8 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 17 runs Scorecard Australia 274 all out ( 58.4 overs ) 1979 Details England London West Indies 286 / 9 ( 60 overs ) West Indies won by 92 runs Scorecard England 194 all out ( 51 overs ) Details England London India 183 all out ( 54.4 overs ) India won by 43 runs Scorecard West Indies 140 all out ( 52 overs ) Details India Pakistan Kolkata Australia 253 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 7 runs Scorecard England 246 / 8 ( 50 overs ) 1992 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Pakistan 249 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 22 runs Scorecard England 227 all out ( 49.2 overs ) Details Pakistan India Sri Lanka Lahore Sri Lanka 245 / 3 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Scorecard Australia 241 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 1999 Details England Scotland Wales Ireland Netherlands London Australia 133 / 2 ( 20.1 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets Scorecard Pakistan 132 all out ( 39 overs ) 2003 Details South Africa Zimbabwe Kenya Johannesburg Australia 359 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 125 runs Scorecard India 234 all out ( 39.2 overs ) 2007 Details West Indies Bridgetown Australia 281 / 4 ( 38 overs ) Australia won by 53 runs ( D / L ) Scorecard Sri Lanka 215 / 8 ( 36 overs ) 2011 Details India Sri Lanka Bangladesh Mumbai India 277 / 4 ( 48.2 overs ) India won by 6 wickets Scorecard Sri Lanka 274 / 6 ( 50 overs ) 2015 Details Australia New Zealand Melbourne Australia 186 / 3 ( 33.1 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Scorecard New Zealand 183 all out ( 45 overs ) 2019 Details England Wales London 2023 Details India Kolkata Notes Jump up ^ The England and Wales Cricket Board was the sole designated host , but matches were also played in Ireland , the Netherlands , and Scotland . Jump up ^ Cricket South Africa and Zimbabwe were joint hosts , but matches were also played in Kenya . Jump up ^ Eight member countries of the West Indies Cricket Board hosted matches -- Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , and Trinidad and Tobago . Results ( edit ) Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once ( excluding qualification tournaments ) . Seven teams have competed in every finals tournament , five of which have won the title . The West Indies won the first two tournaments , Australia has won five , India has won two , while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once . The West Indies ( 1975 and 1979 ) and Australia ( 1999 , 2003 and 2007 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . Australia has played in seven of the eleven final matches ( 1975 , 1987 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) . England has yet to win the World Cup , but has been runners - up three times ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) . The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by Kenya in the 2003 tournament ; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 ( second round ) by Ireland in 2007 . Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan . India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country . Australia repeated the feat in 2015 . England is the only other host to have made the final , in 1979 . Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015 ; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003 ; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003 . In 1987 , co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals , but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively . Australia in 1992 , England in 1999 , South Africa in 2003 , and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round . Teams ' performances ( edit ) An overview of the teams ' performances in every World Cup : Team \ Host ( 8 ) 1979 ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 1992 ( 9 ) ( 12 ) 1999 ( 12 ) 2003 ( 14 ) 2007 ( 16 ) 2011 ( 14 ) 2015 ( 14 ) 2019 ( 10 ) 2023 Afghanistan GP Australia 2nd GP GP 1st GP 2nd 1st 1st 1st QF 1st Q Bangladesh GP GP S8 GP QF Q Bermuda GP Canada GP GP GP GP East Africa GP England SF 2nd SF 2nd 2nd QF GP GP S8 QF GP Q India GP GP 1st SF GP SF S6 2nd GP 1st SF Q Q Ireland S8 GP GP Kenya GP GP SF GP GP Namibia GP Netherlands GP GP GP GP New Zealand SF SF GP GP SF QF SF S6 SF SF 2nd Q Pakistan GP SF SF SF 1st QF 2nd GP GP SF QF Q Scotland GP GP GP South Africa SF QF SF GP SF QF SF Q Sri Lanka GP GP GP GP GP 1st GP SF 2nd 2nd QF Q United Arab Emirates GP GP West Indies 1st 1st 2nd GP GP SF GP GP S8 QF QF Zimbabwe GP GP GP GP S6 S6 GP GP GP † No longer exists . Before the 1992 World Cup , South Africa was banned due to apartheid . The number of wins followed by Run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings till the 1987 World Cup . The number of points followed by , head to head performance and then net run - rate is the criteria for determining the rankings for the World Cups from 1992 onwards . Legend 1st -- Winner 2nd -- Runner up SF -- Semi-finals S6 -- Super Six ( 1999 -- 2003 ) S8 -- Super Eight ( 2007 ) QF -- Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2011 -- 2015 ) GP -- Group -- First round Debutant teams ( edit ) Year Teams Australia , East Africa , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , West Indies 1979 Canada Zimbabwe none 1992 South Africa Kenya , Netherlands , United Arab Emirates 1999 Bangladesh , Scotland 2003 Namibia 2007 Bermuda , Ireland 2011 none 2015 Afghanistan † No longer exists . Overview ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups , as of the end of group stage of the 2015 tournament . Teams are sorted by best performance , then by appearances , total number of wins , total number of games , and alphabetical order respectively . Appearances Statistics Team Total First Latest Best result Mat . Won Lost Tie NR Win % * Australia 11 2015 1.1 ! Champions ( 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2015 ) 84 62 20 75.30 India 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1983 , 2011 ) 75 46 27 62.83 West Indies 11 2015 1.3 ! Champions ( 1975 , 1979 ) 71 41 29 0 58.57 Sri Lanka 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1996 ) 73 35 35 50.00 Pakistan 11 2015 1.5 ! Champions ( 1992 ) 71 40 29 0 57.97 England 11 2015 2.3 ! Runners - up ( 1979 , 1987 , 1992 ) 72 41 29 58.45 New Zealand 11 2015 2.5 ! Runners - up ( 2015 ) 79 48 30 0 61.53 South Africa 7 1992 2015 3.2 ! Semi-finals ( 1992 , 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 55 35 18 0 65.45 Kenya 5 2011 3.5 ! Semi-finals ( 2003 ) 29 6 22 0 21.42 Zimbabwe 9 2015 5.4 ! Super 6 ( 1999 , 2003 ) 57 11 42 21.29 Bangladesh 5 1999 2015 7.4 ! Quarter - finals ( 2015 ) , Super 8 ( 2007 ) 32 11 20 0 35.48 Ireland 2007 2015 7.5 ! Super 8 ( 2007 ) 21 7 13 0 35.71 Netherlands 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 20 18 0 0 10.00 Canada 1979 2011 9.2 ! Group Stage ( 1979 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) 18 16 0 0 11.11 Scotland 1999 2015 9.3 ! Group Stage ( 1999 , 2007 , 2015 ) 14 0 14 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2015 9.4 ! Group Stage ( 1996 , 2015 ) 11 10 0 0 9.09 Afghanistan 2015 2015 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2015 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 Namibia 2003 2003 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2003 ) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 Bermuda 2007 2007 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 2007 ) 0 0 0 0.00 East Africa 9.5 ! Group Stage ( 1975 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Last Updated : 29 March 2015 Source : Cricinfo The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win . † No longer exists . Awards ( edit ) Man of the tournament ( edit ) Main article : Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992 , one player has been declared as `` Man of the Tournament '' at the end of the World Cup finals : Year Player Performance details 1992 Martin Crowe 456 runs Sanath Jayasuriya 221 runs and 7 wickets 1999 Lance Klusener 281 runs and 17 wickets 2003 Sachin Tendulkar 673 runs and 2 wickets 2007 Glenn McGrath 26 wickets 2011 Yuvraj Singh 362 runs and 15 wickets 2015 Mitchell Starc 22 wickets Man of the Match in the Final ( edit ) There were no Man of the Tournament awards before 1992 but Man of the Match awards have always been given for individual matches . Winning the Man of the Match in the final is logically noteworthy , as this indicates the player deemed to have played the biggest part in the World Cup final . To date the award has always gone to a member of the winning side . The Man of the Match award in the final of the competition has been awarded to : Year Player Performance details Clive Lloyd 102 runs 1979 Viv Richards 138 * Mohinder Amarnath 3 / 12 and 26 David Boon 75 runs 1992 Wasim Akram 33 and 3 / 49 Aravinda de Silva 107 * and 3 / 42 1999 Shane Warne 4 / 33 2003 Ricky Ponting 140 * 2007 Adam Gilchrist 149 2011 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 91 * 2015 James Faulkner 3 / 36 Tournament records ( edit ) Main article : List of Cricket World Cup records Sachin Tendulkar , the leading run - scorer in World Cup history . World Cup records Batting Most runs Sachin Tendulkar 2,278 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Highest average ( min . 20 inns . ) AB de Villiers 63.52 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Highest score Martin Guptill v West Indies 237 * ( 2015 ) Highest partnership Chris Gayle & Marlon Samuels ( 2nd wicket ) v Zimbabwe 372 ( 2015 ) Most runs in a tournament Sachin Tendulkar 673 ( 2003 ) Most hundreds Sachin Tendulkar 6 ( 1992 -- 2011 ) Bowling Most wickets Glenn McGrath 71 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Lowest average ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Glenn McGrath 18.19 ( 1996 -- 2007 ) Best strike rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Lasith Malinga 23.8 ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Best economy rate ( min . 1000 balls bowled ) Andy Roberts 3.24 ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Best bowling figures Glenn McGrath v Namibia 7 / 15 ( 2003 ) Most wickets in a tournament Glenn McGrath 26 ( 2007 ) Fielding Most dismissals ( wicket - keeper ) Kumar Sangakkara 54 ( 2003 -- 2015 ) Most catches ( fielder ) Ricky Ponting 28 ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Team Highest score Australia v Afghanistan 417 / 6 ( 2015 ) Lowest score Canada v Sri Lanka 36 ( 2003 ) Highest win % Australia 74 % ( Played 84 , Won 62 ) Most consecutive wins Australia 27 ( 20 Jun 1999 -- 19 Mar 2011 , one N / R excluded ) Most consecutive tournament wins Australia 3 ( 1999 -- 2007 ) See also ( edit ) Cricket portal ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup ICC World Twenty20 Women 's Cricket World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ICC Cricket World Cup : About Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . -- International Cricket Council . 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Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ICC cricket mascot Mello tours Guyana to raise AIDS awareness '' . UNICEF . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Cup mascot named as ' Stumpy ' '' . The Times of India . India . 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Asia to host 2011 World Cup '' . Cricinfo. 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 1979 World Cup in England -- West Indies retain their title '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The 1987 World Cup in India and Pakistan -- Australia win tight tournament '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph '' . BBC Sport. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records -- Records -- World Cup -- Result summary -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket World Cup Past Glimpses '' . webindia123.com . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ All records are based on statistics at Cricinfo. com 's list of World Cup records Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Batting records '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / World Cup / Result summary '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Team records '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Sources Browning , Mark ( 1999 ) . A complete history of World Cup Cricket . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7318 - 0833 - 9 . 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"Australia"
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-6558182112870565693 | Miracle at the Meadowlands | Miracle at the Meadowlands - wikipedia Miracle at the Meadowlands Fumble that allowed Philadelphia Eagles to win a 1978 game over the New York Giants This article is about a 1978 Eagles -- Giants game . For a 2010 game involving the same two teams , see Miracle at the New Meadowlands . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Miracle at the Meadowlands Herman Edwards recovers Joe Pisarcik 's fumble . Philadelphia Eagles ( 7 -- 5 ) New York Giants ( 5 -- 7 ) 19 17 Head coach : Dick Vermeil Head coach : John McVay Total PHI 0 6 0 13 19 NYG 14 0 0 17 Date November 19 , 1978 Stadium Giants Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Referee Cal Lepore Attendance 70,318 TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Don Criqui and Sonny Jurgensen The Miracle at the Meadowlands was a fumble recovery by cornerback Herman Edwards that he returned for a touchdown at the end of a November 19 , 1978 , National Football League ( NFL ) game against the New York Giants in Giants Stadium . It is considered miraculous because the Giants were ahead and could easily have run out the final seconds ; they had the ball and the Eagles had no timeouts left . Everyone watching expected quarterback Joe Pisarcik to take one more snap and kneel with the ball , thus running out the clock and preserving a 17 -- 12 Giants upset . Instead , he botched an attempt to hand off the football to fullback Larry Csonka . Edwards picked up the dropped ball and ran 26 yards for the winning score . The term is primarily used by Eagles fans and sportscasters . Giants fans refer to the play simply as `` The Fumble '' , though that name is generally used outside of New York for a play in the 1987 AFC Championship Game between the Cleveland Browns and Denver Broncos . For the Eagles , the victory snatched from the jaws of certain defeat served as a morale boost , leading that season to a playoff berth and , two seasons later , the franchise 's first Super Bowl appearance . To Giants fans , it was the nadir of a long era of mediocrity , but the aftermath would lead to major changes that proved beneficial for the franchise in the long run . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Giants 1.1. 1 Friction between offensive players and assistant coaches 1.2 Eagles 2 The game 2.1 The Giants ' possession 2.2 The call 3 The immediate aftermath 3.1 Giants fan reaction 4 The rest of the season 4.1 Eagles 4.2 Giants 5 After the season 5.1 Eagles 5.2 Giants 6 Legacy 6.1 Formation change 6.2 Similar plays 7 Other uses 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Background ( edit ) It was the first meeting between the divisional rivals that season . The Eagles were in third place in the NFC East , behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins ; the Giants were in fourth . The teams went into the game in similar situations , but heading in different directions . They had playoff hopes , especially since this was the first 16 - game NFL season , but likely would have to settle for a wild card berth due to the solid lead the powerful Dallas Cowboys had in the division . Given the similarity of their records , it was likely the outcome would have playoff implications , since the first tie - breaker for a wild card spot is the head - to - head record . Giants ( edit ) Going into the game , the Giants were 5 -- 6 . A three - game losing streak on the road had made the team 's playoff prospects much dimmer since midseason . However , a win at home against the favored Eagles could , the team hoped , reverse the trend and keep an outside shot at a playoff spot alive . Despite the team 's storied past , the Giants had not played in the postseason since 1963 and had managed only two winning seasons since then . Although they were the league 's fourth oldest franchise , they were almost a non-entity in the post-merger NFL . The move to New Jersey in 1976 had alienated some longtime fans , even if it made more seats available . Fans had never gone this long without a contender , but while they were growing restless , they were still forgiving . However , there was little pressure they could bring to bear on the people who could ultimately make changes , longtime team owners Wellington Mara and his nephew Tim , who inherited his father Jack 's stake in the team after Jack Mara died in 1965 . The two managed team operations closely , but feuded so bitterly with each other that at one point a partition had to be erected between their seats in the owners ' box . The effects of this uncertainty and instability at the highest managerial level affected the team 's play , most significantly when it came to some apparently inexplicable personnel decisions . It was not lost on fans that players ( Craig Morton and Fran Tarkenton ) and coaches ( Tom Landry and Vince Lombardi ) who had once been in the Giants ' fold were now enjoying or had enjoyed great success elsewhere . The team also had passed over future stars for less able players in the annual draft . But all this was for naught . With far more demand for tickets than there were available , the team was financially healthy no matter how poorly it performed on the field , and the Maras were widely viewed as complacent by observers who did n't know the depth of the ownership schism . Friction between offensive players and assistant coaches ( edit ) The week before the game , players , particularly on offense , had complained to reporters about the team 's assistant coaches . Head coach John McVay was popular with them . He had taken over the team in the middle of the 1976 season after Bill Arnsparger was fired and improved morale while adding talented players to the team . However , the players were not so enthusiastic about many of the longtime friends he had hired as assistants . The players felt the assistant coaches were uninterested in helping younger players develop , at least compared to their counterparts on other teams . As an example , they pointed out that the season before , none of the team 's three quarterbacks had had any previous NFL experience , yet no quarterback coach had been hired . They also noted that one of the few coaches who seemed to care , Jerry Wampfler , coached the offensive line , one of the Giants ' most improved units that season . Offensive coordinator Bob Gibson was the most frequent target of complaints . He had taken to the relatively nascent practice ( now quite common ) of calling all the plays from the upstairs press box . Pisarcik had often challenged Gibson about this , sometimes openly , over the past two seasons . The players felt that Gibson should let Pisarcik call plays . They pointed out that during the previous week 's loss to Washington , the team had attempted only three passes on several third - and - long situations during the game . They also felt insulted that on a third - and - 7 in overtime , the coaches had called a run play . Gibson for his part had limited confidence in Pisarcik 's passing ability , an opinion widely shared ( the media in New York referred to him as `` off - Broadway Joe '' , a sarcastic reference to former New York Jets ' quarterback , `` Broadway Joe '' Namath ) . He and other coaches pointed out that the three passing attempts the players pointed to had resulted in two interceptions and a sack . The team 's general philosophy at the time was to concentrate on its improving defense and play conservatively on offense until it could be made more competitive . Players on the Giants ' offense became frustrated over this decision and wanted more chances to prove themselves . Eagles ( edit ) At 6 -- 5 , things looked a little more promising for the visitors . The two - game win streak they took into the game had gotten them over a . 500 first half . Momentum clearly was on their side , and the Giants had not beaten the Eagles since the opening game of the 1975 season , three years prior . Still , the Giants were a decent team , and the Eagles knew they could not relax . They , too , were an old - line NFL franchise coming off many years in the doldrums . They had not been to the playoffs since winning their third NFL title in 1960 , and had only notched two winning seasons in the 17 years since then . However , their fans were less inclined to be forgiving than Giants ' fans . A loss to the slumping Giants would have dealt a severe blow to the confidence the team needed to maintain over the last quarter of its schedule , in which it would face not only the Cowboys , but the equally formidable Minnesota Vikings as well as the Giants again in Philadelphia . 1978 was also viewed as an important season for head coach Dick Vermeil , as there was little doubt the Eagles were playing much better under his watch , but there was also a great deal of local impatience for concrete results . The game ( edit ) 1978 Week Twelve : Philadelphia Eagles at New York Giants Total Eagles 0 6 0 13 19 Giants 14 0 0 17 at Giants Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Date : November 19 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT Game weather : 49 ° F , Clear Game attendance : 70,318 Referee : Cal Lepore TV announcers ( CBS ) : Don Criqui and Sonny Jurgensen show Game information First quarter NYG Bobby Hammond 19 - yard pass from Pisarcik ( Joe Danelo kick ) NYG Johnny Perkins 30 - yard pass from Pisarcik ( Danelo kick ) Second quarter PHI Montgomery 8 - yard rush ( kick failed ) Third quarter NYG Danelo 37 - yard FG Fourth quarter PHI Mike Hogan 1 - yard rush ( kick failed ) PHI Herman Edwards 26 - yard fumble return ( Mike Michel kick ) Top passers PHI -- Ron Jaworski -- 15 / 31 , 164 YDS , 0 TD , 3 INT NYG -- Joe Pisarcik -- 13 / 23 , 181 YDS , 2 TD , INT Top rushers PHI -- Wilbert Montgomery -- 22 CAR , 88 YDS , TD NYG -- Doug Kotar -- 13 CAR , 36 YDS Top receivers PHI -- Harold Carmichael -- 5 REC , 105 YDS NYG -- Jimmy Robinson -- 4 REC , 73 YDS The Giants opened a two touchdown lead in the first quarter on two Pisarcik touchdown passes , and did not give up the lead until the final play of the game . The Eagles , conversely , struggled , missing one of their extra point attempts and botching the snap on the other . The Eagles found themselves down 17 -- 12 , meaning they could only win the game with a touchdown as time wound down . Deep in their own territory , the Giants ' Doug Kotar fumbled late in the fourth quarter , raising hopes ( or fears ) of a comeback by the visitors . Those were quickly put to rest , however , when rookie defensive back Odis McKinney 's first NFL interception gave the Giants possession of the football after the two - minute warning . The Eagles had exhausted all their timeouts by this point . Fans in the stands began heading for the exits as the game seemed all but over , with no apparent remaining danger of an Eagles comeback . Nowadays , teams in this situation let the play clock run down to the last possible second and have the quarterback take a knee . On the sidelines , a disgusted Eagles coach Dick Vermeil was turning his attention away from the field and toward the postgame press conference , where he would have to explain to reporters why his team had fallen to an inferior opponent . The Giants ' possession ( edit ) Since the rule to allow QBs to simply kneel did n't take effect until 1987 , Pisarcik took the snap on first down and rolled on the ground ( a common play for QBs in the pre-kneel era ) . Eagles middle linebacker Bill Bergey charged into Giants ' center Jim Clack , knocking him backward into Pisarcik in a desperate attempt to force a fumble . Since defensive players usually are not blocked in this situation , they usually in turn do not rush . Offensive players consider any breach of this tacit agreement as a provocation , particularly linemen whose job it is to protect the quarterback , and fights between angry linemen and the opposition were not uncommon . Gibson did not want to expose his quarterback to further risk of injury , nor did he want to risk his players being fined for violating the league 's rules against fighting . Most importantly , the last thing he wanted was for his team to get a penalty , which could stop the clock and require getting another first down to secure the win . He also personally despised the kneeling play , considering it unsporting and somewhat dishonorable ( a view popular among a lot of coaches of the period ) . Also given that the play clock at the time was only 30 seconds ( as it would remain through the 1987 season ) , a play had to be run . So on second down he called `` 65 Power - Up '' , a standard play which called for Csonka to take a handoff and run up the middle . Csonka took the ball and ran for 11 yards . For the third play in the Giants ' series , the same play was called again . In the huddle , the Giants were incredulous when the call came in . `` Do n't give me the ball '' , begged fullback Larry Csonka , the former Dolphins star . Other players asked Pisarcik to change the play , but he demurred . Gibson had berated him for changing a play the week before and threatened to have him waived if he ever did so again . Gibson did not take the time to explain his decision to Pisarcik . As a result , the rest of the offense simply viewed Gibson 's call as a power trip . Because he was a second - year starting quarterback who still had not totally proven himself , in the era before free agency , Pisarcik lacked the stature to prevail in this kind of dispute . Csonka claims that , as he walked away from the huddle , he told Pisarcik he would not take the ball if he went through with it . It is not known whether the quarterback heard him or not , however . McVay 's headphones , which normally allowed him to communicate with Pisarcik and Gibson , were not working properly at that point either . McVay has since stated that he would certainly have overruled Gibson had he heard what was coming . Across the line of scrimmage , the Eagles had not huddled , as defensive coordinator Marion Campbell called for an all - out 11 - man blitz . Edwards , who as a defensive back normally would have been several yards deep , was instead close enough to Kotar to talk to him ( the Giants player assured him that his team was just going to kneel again ) . Vermeil later said the blitz made the victory possible . The Giants wasted several seconds in the huddle in dismay over the play - calling . At the line , Clack saw the play clock winding down and took it upon himself to snap it with 31 seconds left in the game to avoid a delay - of - game penalty , which would have stopped the clock and cost the Giants five yards . Had the Giants knelt on the subsequent play , there still would have been one second left on the game clock once the play clock ran down , requiring a fourth - down play to be run ( the play clock at the time ran for 30 seconds ; it now runs for 40 ) . Pisarcik , who at the time was distracted making sure Csonka was in position , was unprepared for the snap . It struck his middle finger so hard there was still blood on the nail after the game . Nevertheless , he held on to the ball after a slight bobble and tried to hand it off to Csonka . Instead , the ball hit Csonka 's hip and came loose . Edwards recovered it on its first bounce as Pisarcik unsuccessfully attempted to fall on it . Kotar , who could have blocked him or fallen on the ball himself , never even saw the fumble , according to Edwards . Once Edwards got it , he sprinted 26 yards untouched into the end zone for a 19 -- 17 Eagles victory . There was stunned silence from the stands and the Giants ' sideline . The only noise came from the celebrating Eagles . The call ( edit ) With Giants victory all but assured , CBS commentator Don Criqui ( working alongside Sonny Jurgensen ) had begun to read the end credits for the game 's control truck and on - field personnel shortly before the game 's final play : It 's Giants football now , third and two . We thank our producer Bob Rowe , our director Jim Silman , and our CBS crew , spotter and statistician John Mara and Tom McHugh here at Giants Stadium . As the clock winds down on the Philadelphia Eagles , a game they thought would project them into a possible wildcard position , it would bring them 7 -- 5 had they won , but a late interception by the Giants will preserve a Giant victory , an upset win as the Giants lead 17 -- 12 , we 're inside 30 seconds , the Eagles have no timeouts . ( At this point , the snap and fumble take place . ) Wait a minute ... here 's a free football , I do n't believe it ! The Eagles pick it up and Herman Edwards runs it in for a touchdown ! An incredible development ! After the game , while showing league highlights , CBS replayed the play . They showed the reaction of both coaches , while Brent Musburger famously narrated , `` A study in contrast ! '' According to RJ Bell of Pregame , the point spread of Philadelphia Eagles − 2 turned Giants winning bets into pushes . The immediate aftermath ( edit ) For Edwards , the play was a personal redemption , as he had been burned on one of Pisarcik 's early touchdown passes and would have been partially to blame for the loss . It also was his first NFL touchdown . Vermeil refused to question McVay 's judgment but allowed that he , too , disliked sitting on the ball to preserve a victory . Giants fans were enraged . For a football team to lose in that situation was unprecedented . Pisarcik , who belatedly explained to the press , `` I never had control , '' needed a police escort to get to his car . During an NFL Network show about famous on - field bloopers , Csonka said that he immediately had Pisarcik join him on a chartered plane trip to South Florida , where they hung out and fished for a few days before returning to New York . Gibson was fired the next morning . With angry fans already demanding that someone be held responsible for the debacle , team officials felt he had to go in hopes of saving the season . So great was the stigma of having called the play that he never worked in football at any level again . After his firing , Gibson moved to Florida where he subsequently became manager of a local bait shop . He never spoke about the play again for the rest of his life . In 2008 , in a telephone call from ESPN and 30 years after the game , Gibson said : I have n't talked about the game for 30 years , and I 'm not about to start now . '' Gibson died in 2015 at the age of 88 . Giants fan reaction ( edit ) Fans turned on management and ownership as previously grumbled complaints about the team 's ineptitude turned into an incessant roar . Their team was now the laughingstock of the league . The Fumble ( a term in use before the end of the week ) epitomized all the mismanagement and all the talent the team had let get away . At a demonstration outside the stadium prior to the next home game against the Los Angeles Rams , many fans threw their tickets into a bonfire . A Newark furniture dealer named Morris Spielberg organized a Giants ' Fans Committee after running an ad in the Newark Star - Ledger that drew hundreds of responses . They met at a hotel near the stadium prior to the team 's final home game on December 10 against the St. Louis Cardinals and distributed flyers to pass out to fellow fans during the game . Spielberg had arranged for a plane to fly over the stadium with a banner reading `` 15 Years of Lousy Football -- We 've Had Enough . '' When it came , fans were to chant , `` We 've had enough . '' The Giants posted a 17 -- 0 shutout win , but when the plane came ( an hour behind schedule ) , fans showed the victory was not enough to make them forget their recent humiliation . There were more than 24,000 empty seats , yet crowd applause and chants briefly stopped play . The rest of the season ( edit ) The surprise finish accelerated the directions both teams were taking over the season 's final four games . They met in Veterans Stadium in the final regular season game . Eagles ( edit ) Philadelphia was able to extend its win streak to four games the next week , before losing to Dallas and Minnesota . The Eagles managed a season sweep of the Giants with an easy 20 -- 3 victory in the finale to finish 9 -- 7 and snare the second of two wild - card spots available under the playoff format at that time . `` One play gets you feeling like you have confidence '' , Edwards explained years later . `` You 're not worried about losing anymore ; now you 're thinking about how you can win . '' The Eagles lost the playoff game to the Atlanta Falcons because of another failed extra point , in addition to a missed field goal as time expired . But it gave them and their fans something to build on for the next season . Philadelphia corrected its kicking woes by drafting barefoot Tony Franklin from Texas A&M in 1979 . As a rookie , Franklin booted a 59 - yard field goal on Monday Night Football against the Dallas Cowboys during a 31 -- 21 victory at Texas Stadium . Giants ( edit ) At first , the Giants tried to look ahead and recover . They vowed to win their remaining four games and protect McVay 's job . Instead , the collapse continued . The next week , the Giants blew a 10 - point lead over the 3 -- 9 Buffalo Bills late in the game , giving up 27 points in the fourth quarter to lose 41 -- 17 . They would win only one more game the rest of the season , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . The sweep by Philadelphia ensured the Giants would finish last in the division ( tied with the Cardinals ) for the third straight season , extending their rut and further angering fans . After the season ( edit ) Eagles ( edit ) The next year , the Eagles again earned a wild - card spot and then won their first post-merger playoff game over the Chicago Bears before falling to Tampa Bay . Following that season , the Giants traded Pisarcik to them for a draft choice . He would finish his career as a backup to Ron Jaworski five years later . His entire NFL career is usually embodied in that play , and while he is sometimes reluctant to talk about it , he admits that at least people remember his name thanks to it . The Eagles ' momentum carried them further in the 1980 -- 81 season , to the division championship , then the conference title and finally to Super Bowl XV , which they lost 27 -- 10 to the Oakland Raiders at the Superdome in New Orleans . `` We won the game at the end , and we went on to the playoffs '' , Edwards said . `` The next thing , we 're playing in the Super Bowl . '' He , too , would find that the play defined his career , even though he remained part of the Eagles ' lineup for another seven years before going into coaching after a final season split between the Falcons and Rams . Giants ( edit ) McVay 's contract expired and , as expected , was not renewed . He said in 2008 that had the Giants won , the team likely would have won two more games , his contract would have been renewed , `` and now I 'd be dead with a heart attack . '' McVay never coached again , but went on to a front - office job with the San Francisco 49ers , where he helped develop that team into one of the most dominant of the 1980s . Andy Robustelli , a former All - Pro defensive end who served as the team 's director of operations , was also let go . Csonka 's contract was up as well . Since McVay , with whom he had played in the World Football League 's Memphis Southmen before signing with the Giants , was gone and his career was ending , he decided to return to Miami , site of his past glories , for one final season . He would win an NFL Comeback Player of the Year award before retiring . Despite widespread calls to hire Joe Paterno or another successful college coach , the Giants settled on Ray Perkins , then an assistant for the San Diego Chargers , to replace McVay . While Perkins was able to follow the Eagles ' lead and build a team that eventually made the playoffs in 1981 , the moves that really made a difference for the Giants drew less attention that off - season . Wellington Mara had been running football operations himself since joining the organization in the late 1930s , long after most teams had hired a general manager . He continued to do so even after inheriting the team upon the death of his father , Tim , in 1958 . While he had delegated some of his authority to Robustelli in 1974 , he still had the final say in football matters . However , the fan revolt that erupted in the wake of the Fumble made the Maras realize that they needed to delegate most of the decisions that sorely divided them . As with many other team matters , they kept arguing over whom to hire as general manager . In the off - season , they called on NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle to mediate . He suggested George Young , then an executive with the Miami Dolphins , who only took the job after he was granted complete control of the football side of the operation . He proved to be a superb judge of talent , drafting Phil Simms , Lawrence Taylor and other future Giants stars over the next few seasons . In 1981 , Perkins hired a new defensive coordinator , Bill Parcells , a New England Patriots assistant who was out of coaching in 1979 after serving as head coach at Air Force in 1978 . When Perkins resigned after the 1982 season to succeed the late Bear Bryant at the University of Alabama , Parcells took over as head coach . He survived a disastrous first season to lead the talent Young had acquired to two Super Bowl championships , and then find further success with the New England Patriots , Jets and Cowboys before a brief stint as the Dolphins ' football operations chief . Parcells is revered today as one of the greatest coaches of the game . Legacy ( edit ) The Miracle at the Meadowlands has left a lasting impact on the way organized football is played at all levels , not just in the NFL . Most notably , it legitimized the quarterback kneel . Coaches everywhere took heed of Gibson 's fate and immediately began instructing quarterbacks to sit on the ball in similar situations . Some traditionalists feel that the kneel - down has been detrimental to the game and have called for rule changes to eliminate or discourage the play . Other leagues , such as the Arena Football League , have done just that , and now require the ball to be advanced past the line of scrimmage in order for the clock to continue running in the final minute of play . Formation used ever since the Fumble / Miracle for quarterback kneel play . Formation change ( edit ) The week after the game , both the Giants and Eagles implemented a new offensive formation to be used only in end - of - game kneeldowns . It is popularly known as the `` Victory Formation '' or `` Victory Offense '' . Not only did the infamous game - losing play make kneeling acceptable , but most of the teams using it changed how it was done . Prior to Pisarcik 's fumble , teams had employed standard offensive formations such as an I or a split backfield . The Eagles ' unlikely touchdown , however , had made the weakness of doing so glaring . Even though Pisarcik had been trying to hand off instead of kneeling , when he fumbled the snap , there was not only no offensive player there to try to recover it , no one was in position to tackle Edwards and prevent the touchdown either . At the end of the first half of the Bills game the following week , the Giants debuted the new formation when Pisarcik knelt to preserve their lead . Two running backs stood closely behind Pisarcik while a third ( usually a speedy player such as a wide receiver ) was stationed as a sort of safety several yards back . The Eagles , too , had practiced a similar formation in practice , calling it the Herman Edwards play . Other NFL teams soon followed the lead , and today the formation is standard in college and high school games as well . Similar plays ( edit ) The play has been recalled often by fans and reporters in later years when a team fumbled away a sure victory late in the game , although it never happened quite as spectacularly as it did that first time . Probably the most famous play to evoke the Miracle of the Meadowlands , although with a very different outcome , occurred almost three decades later in a 2006 Steelers - Colts AFC divisional playoff game . As in 1978 , an Indianapolis turnover on downs had given Pittsburgh the ball on the Indianapolis 2 - yard line and an apparent three - point victory over the heavily favored Colts in the game 's final two minutes . However , the Steelers had to keep running the ball , as the Colts still had all their timeouts left . A field goal would have at least required the Colts to score a touchdown ( plus kick the extra point ) to win the game , while a touchdown would essentially clinch victory , so it was in the Steelers ' interest to keep running . A pass would run the risk of being intercepted , or seeing the defense knock the ball out of the quarterback 's hand . But on the very first play , running back Jerome Bettis , who had not fumbled all season , had the ball knocked loose by Indianapolis middle linebacker Gary Brackett . Defensive back Nick Harper recovered the ball and appeared to be on the way to an Edwards - like touchdown , but Pittsburgh quarterback Ben Roethlisberger managed to tackle Harper near midfield . Steelers fans and players feared that Bettis was about to end his career with the same ignominy that followed Pisarcik . Several plays later , however , Colts kicker Mike Vanderjagt wound up the game 's goat , evoking another memorable football moment when he missed what would have been the tying field goal , ending what had been a strong season for his team . The Steelers eventually went on to a Super Bowl victory that year , and the play would instead enter NFL lore as `` The Tackle II '' . The play most directly analogous to the Miracle involved a player 's , rather than a coach 's , questionable decision that cost his team a game . On Thanksgiving Day 1993 , the Cowboys were playing their customary holiday contest , this time against the visiting Dolphins , in sleet . As the clock ticked down , Dallas appeared to have won when it blocked a 41 - yard Miami field goal . But as several Dolphins players were gathered around the ball , waiting for it to come to rest in order to down it as close as possible to the Dallas goal , Dallas defensive end Leon Lett sprinted downfield to try to recover it . He slipped on the slick surface and touched the ball . His touch meant that it became a live ball and Miami was able to recover at the Dallas 1 and kick a field goal for a 16 -- 14 victory . Lett earned comparisons to Pisarcik and the 1978 Giants since his action was as unnecessary and seemed equally inexplicable . It was fourth down and the ball would have been turned over to Dallas anyway . Coming on the heels of the previous year 's Super Bowl , when a prematurely celebrating Lett had been stripped on a fourth - quarter fumble return as he was about to score a touchdown , the Thanksgiving gaffe cemented his reputation for unthinking play that overshadowed his entire career . A near - identical play in a 1999 collegiate game allowed the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) to steal a victory from Baylor . With the final seconds ticking off the clock , Baylor had a 24 -- 21 lead and possession of the football near the UNLV goal line . With UNLV out of timeouts , only a kneeldown was necessary . However , instead of trying to run out the clock , Baylor elected to try for a touchdown in an attempt to run up the final score . Baylor running back Darryl Bush fumbled while trying to punch his way into the end zone , and UNLV 's Kevin Thomas picked up the loose football and went 99 yards for the game - winning touchdown on the last play of the game . `` The Miracle on the Mountain '' is another play with similar circumstances . It took place on October 12 , 2002 in a game between the home Appalachian State Mountaineers and visiting Furman Paladins at Kidd Brewer Stadium . A low scoring affair , the Paladins elected to attempt a two - point conversion after scoring the go - ahead touchdown with seven seconds left in the game . Leading 15 -- 14 , Furman quarterback Billy Napier 's pass was intercepted by Josh Jeffries at the four - yard line . He lateraled the ball to Derrick Black , who returned it for a score , giving the Mountaineers a 16 -- 15 win . A similar play occurred during a Monday Night Football game between the Chargers and Chiefs on October 31 , 2011 . Tied 20 -- 20 , the Chargers offense marched the ball down the field to the Chiefs ' 15 - yard line . With one minute left , the Chiefs had no timeouts and the Chargers could run the clock down to the final seconds . Chargers quarterback Philip Rivers snapped the ball with the intent to simply fall down and to the left , to line up kicker Nick Novak for the game - winning field goal . However , on the snap , the football jammed into Rivers ' ring finger , visibly dislocating it , causing Rivers to fumble the ball . Chiefs linebacker Andy Studebaker recovered the fumble in the resulting scrum . The Chiefs went on to win in overtime 23 -- 20 . Rivers was seen on the sidelines mouthing the words `` This is the worst day ever . '' As a result of the win , the Chiefs moved into a three - way tie for the lead in the AFC West . Another occurrence capped Kansas State 's 38 -- 35 comeback victory November 21 , 2015 , over Iowa State . Kansas State had rallied from a 35 -- 14 halftime deficit to pull to within one touchdown . With 1 : 31 left , Iowa State having possession on first down and the Wildcats having just one time out remaining , the Cyclones chose instead to run the ball before fumbling the ball away ; Kansas State would tie the game on the ensuing possession . On Iowa State 's next series , starting with 50 seconds remaining , the Cyclones again chose to run a play rather than take a knee and send the game into overtime , but quarterback Joel Lanning was sacked on second down and lost possession of the ball , ultimately leading to a game - winning field goal by the Wildcats . Iowa State coach Paul Rhoads ' play - calling in the final 90 seconds of the game , the culmination of a difficult 2015 season for ISU , ultimately led to his firing . Other uses ( edit ) On September 23 , 1991 , in a Monday Night game between the New York Jets and the Chicago Bears , the Jets were leading 13 -- 6 and had the ball with two minutes remaining . With thousands of fans already having given up and headed to the Soldier Field parking lot , running back Blair Thomas took a handoff . Bears defensive tackle Steve McMichael stopped Thomas cold and then proceeded to wrestle the ball from his grasp , falling on the fumble at the Jets ' 36 - yard line with 1 : 54 remaining . On the final play of regulation , Jim Harbaugh threw a six - yard touchdown pass to Neal Anderson ; Bears kicker Kevin Butler tied the game with the extra point . In overtime , Harbaugh scored from the one - yard line to clinch the win for Chicago . On October 23 , 2000 , the New York Jets overcame a 30 -- 7 fourth - quarter deficit in a Monday Night Football ( MNF ) contest against the Miami Dolphins to win 40 -- 37 in overtime . It was the greatest comeback in MNF history , and was later voted the best Monday Night Football game ever by the show 's fans . Jets fans have referred to this game , too , as `` The Miracle at the Meadowlands '' , though it is known throughout the NFL as the Monday Night Miracle . A punt return by Brian Westbrook of the Eagles with 1 : 16 left on the clock on October 19 , 2003 is occasionally referenced as a `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' . The play and subsequent extra point gave the Eagles a 14 -- 10 victory over the Giants at Giants Stadium . On December 14 , 2008 , the New York Jets were trailing the Buffalo Bills 27 -- 24 with 1 : 45 left . The Jets had struggled to stop the Bills running game the entire day and the Bills were currently in possession of the ball on their own 20 - yard line when Bills quarterback J.P. Losman ran a play action option . Jets safety Abram Elam sacked Losman and caused a fumble , which Jets defensive end Shaun Ellis picked up and ran for a touchdown to give the Jets a 31 -- 27 victory ( on the next Bills possession , Losman was picked off by cornerback Darrelle Revis ) . The New York Post ran an article the next day referring to the game as the Miracle at the Meadowlands sequel . The `` Miracle at the New Meadowlands '' was played on December 19 , 2010 . The Giants were leading the Eagles by a score of 31 -- 10 with 7 : 28 left in the 4th quarter . The Eagles mounted a comeback by scoring 28 points culminating in a game - winning touchdown as time expired to win 38 -- 31 . Giants punter Matt Dodge kicked to DeSean Jackson on the final play , which resulted in a 65 - yard punt return touchdown , as time expired . See also ( edit ) The Holy Roller , another last - second play involving a fumble in a 1978 NFL game . History of the New York Giants ( 1925 -- 78 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael ( November 19 , 1978 ) . `` Giants Voice Mutual Animosity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael ( November 20 , 1978 ) . `` 20 Seconds Left As Eagles Win '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL Game of the Week Show # 12 . NFL Films. 1978 . Event occurs at 17 minutes . Tape 52935 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael ( November 26 , 1978 ) . `` Giants ' Progress is Key Asset for McVay '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael ( November 21 , 1978 ) . `` Giants Oust Gibson A Day After Bungle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gola , Hank ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` 30 years later , Giant disappointment of ' The Fumble ' still lingers '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Buzz ( November 4 , 2005 ) . `` Mara 's Legacy with Giants Recalled '' . Eye on Gambling . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ESPN NFL Live , November 19 , 2008 , 4 : 00pm EST , second segment . Gibson was reached by telephone by ESPN and gave the following statement : `` I have n't talked about the game for thirty years , and I 'm not about to start now . '' Jump up ^ Barber , Phil ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Miracle of Meadowlands Turns 25 '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ soybon ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Würst Night Ever '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` ANIMATED : Philip Rivers Fumble Costs Chargers Shot At Win In Regulation '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Kevin ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Chargers Vs. Chiefs : Video Highlights Of K.C. 's Wild OT Win '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Rivers clarifies ' worst ' comment '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 3 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birch , Tommy ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Kansas State stuns error - prone ISU '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Birch , Tommy ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Status report : Iowa State fumbles away a victory '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Randy ; Birch , Tommy ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Rhoads fired as Iowa State coach , will coach , will coach finale '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Lipinski ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Miracle ... Part III . Jackson 's Punt Return Clinches Win But Give Vick Credit For The Victory '' . Section 247 Sportsblog . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles pull off another Miracle at the Meadowlands '' . CBS Sports . October 19 , 2003 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Mike . `` Sack , Scoop provide Miracle at Meadowlands Sequel '' . New York Post . References ( edit ) # 3 Miracle at the Meadowlands NFL Films Top 10 Worst Plays ( via NFL Films ' official YouTube channel ) Anderson , Dave ( December 3 , 1978 ) . `` Fanning the Fire at Giants Stadium '' . The New York Times . Anderson , Dave ( December 11 , 1978 ) . `` The Fans ' Sign From the Sky '' . The New York Times . Barden , Mark ( January 25 , 2001 ) . `` A New York love affair '' . BBC . Diegnan , Mike ( December 4 , 2002 ) . `` MNF 's Greatest Games : Miami - New York Jets 2000 '' . ESPN . Herman Edwards ' statistics at databasefootball.com , retrieved February 25 , 2006 . Eisenberg , John ( January 18 , 2006 ) . `` Knee - deep in trouble , QB tackles history '' . The Baltimore Sun . `` Westbrook TD steals win '' . ESPN . October 19 , 2003 . Goldstein , Richard ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Wellington Mara , Co-Owner of New York Giants , Is Dead at 89 '' . The New York Times . 10 NFL Rule Changes We 'd Like to See , retrieved from gridline2000.com February 21 , 2006 . Hooper , Ernest ( November 20 , 1998 ) . `` 20 years and still 1 Fumble '' . St. Petersburg Times . Pumerantz , Zack ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` The 50 Worst Screw - Ups in Sports History '' . Bleacher Report . `` Bettis feared he might have fumbled away last chance to win a Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 15 , 2006 . Links to related articles New York Giants Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 1978 1979 -- 1993 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! 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Tittle Amani Toomer Emlen Tunnell Brad Van Pelt Alex Webster George Young Tom Coughlin Michael Strahan Justin Tuck Ernie Accorsi Media Broadcasters Radio network Bob Papa Carl Banks Howard Cross Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 93 ) 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Draft Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture `` Fly , Eagles Fly '' Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands 46 defense Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold NFL on CBS Related programs Inside the NFL The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Non-NFL programs CBS Arena Football CBS SEC ( commentators ) Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations KDKA - TV WBZ - TV WCBS - TV WFOR - TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 -- present ) Commentators Commentator pairings NFL Today personalities Pro Bowl Postseason AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series Lore AFL -- NFL merger `` Bottlegate '' `` Bounty Bowl series '' `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' `` Miracle in Motown '' `` Porkchop Bowl '' 16 - 0 `` The Snow Bowl '' Tom Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal `` The Wrong Way Run '' 0 -- 16 Postseason lore `` The Block '' `` The Catch '' `` The Fog Bowl '' `` The Hail Mary '' `` The Instant Replay Game '' `` The Ice Bowl '' `` Mile High Miracle '' `` Nipplegate '' `` The Tuck Rule Game '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music `` Confidence '' `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' `` Crazy on You '' `` Horizontal Hold '' `` Moviendo Caderas '' `` In My City '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Posthumus Zone '' `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 -- present ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LVI ( 2021 ) Pro Bowl 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miracle_at_the_Meadowlands&oldid=864730664 '' Categories : National Football League games New York Giants 1978 National Football League season Philadelphia Eagles American football incidents American football in New Jersey CBS Sports 1978 in sports in New Jersey Sports in East Rutherford , New Jersey November 1978 sports events Hidden categories : Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 02 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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6343785650704454472 | Sur La Table | Sur La Table - Wikipedia Sur La Table This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sur La Table Type Private Industry Retail Founded 1972 Headquarters Seattle , Washington , USA Number of locations 121 Products Cookware , bakeware , cutlery , small electrics , cooks tools and housewares . Owner Investcorp Website http://www.surlatable.com/ Sur La Table , Inc. is a privately held retail company based in Seattle , Washington , that sells kitchenware products , including cookware , cutlery , cooks ' tools , small electrics , tabletop and linens , bakeware , glassware and bar , housewares , food and outdoor . As of June 2015 , Sur La Table sells products in over 100 stores in 30 states across the country and the District of Columbia , as well as through their website and catalogs . Cooking classes are available in 82 stores . The company launched a new website and gift registry program in January 2011 . Started in 2014 , Sur La Table has a blog , A Sharp Knife & Salt , that focuses on food , chefs , restaurants and products . Sur La Table plans to include a kitchen into every new store that they open . In French , sur la table means on the table . French pronunciation : ( syʁ la tabl ) History ( edit ) Sur La Table 's Pike Place location in Seattle , Washington . Shirley Collins founded Sur La Table in 1972 , opening a single retail location in Seattle 's Pike Place Market . In 1995 , Collins sold the company . Sur La Table is currently owned by Bahrain - based Investcorp . Sur La Table 's Corporate headquarters are located in Seattle 's Georgetown neighborhood . Jack Schwefel , who was the company 's chief executive officer until he was removed by Investcorp in September 2014 , advocated an expansion policy of opening new stores in lifestyle centers , malls , and on city streets , `` with a mix of upscale national brands and creative local merchants , anchored by an upscale or organic - themed grocery store that encourages frequent trips . '' As of 2005 , it is the second - largest specialty cookware retailer in the US , after Williams - Sonoma , Inc . Many of the stores offer cooking classes , which serve the dual purpose of teaching kitchen techniques and promoting the sale of Sur La Table 's inventory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sur La Table '' . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Sharp Knife & Salt '' . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Oxford French Minidictionary . Oxford University Press . 2002 . p. 279 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860467 - X . Jump up ^ `` Sale of Sur La Table may be recipe for growth '' . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tice , Carol ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` A wiser Sur La Table picks its outlets selectively '' . Puget Sound Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Cooking Classes - Cooking Courses and Lessons at Sur La Table '' . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Pike Place Market Main History of the Pike Place Market Victor Steinbrueck Park Notable people Betty Bowen Victor Steinbrueck Mark Tobey Emmett Watson Businesses Beecher 's Handmade Cheese Lowell 's Original Starbucks Pike Place Fish Market Sur La Table Uli 's Famous Sausage Unexpected Productions Landmarks Butterworth Building Gum Wall Rachel the Pig This Washington - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sur_La_Table&oldid=848293324 '' Categories : Retail companies of the United States Companies based in Seattle Private equity portfolio companies Pike Place Market Home decor retailers Washington ( state ) stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what does sur la table mean in english | [
"In French, sur la table means on the table. French pronunciation: [syʁ la tabl][3]\n"
] | [
"on the table"
] |
7946482729939174576 | Roman mythology | Roman mythology - wikipedia Roman mythology This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Romulus and Remus , the Lupercal , Father Tiber , and the Palatine on a relief from a pedestal dating to the reign of Trajan ( AD 98 -- 117 ) Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome 's legendary origins and religious system , as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans . `` Roman mythology '' may also refer to the modern study of these representations , and to the subject matter as represented in the literature and art of other cultures in any period . The Romans usually treated their traditional narratives as historical , even when these have miraculous or supernatural elements . The stories are often concerned with politics and morality , and how an individual 's personal integrity relates to his or her responsibility to the community or Roman state . Heroism is an important theme . When the stories illuminate Roman religious practices , they are more concerned with ritual , augury , and institutions than with theology or cosmogony . The study of Roman religion and myth is complicated by the early influence of Greek religion on the Italian peninsula during Rome 's protohistory , and by the later artistic imitation of Greek literary models by Roman authors . In matters of theology , the Romans were curiously eager to identify their own gods with those of the Greeks ( interpretatio graeca ) , and to reinterpret stories about Greek deities under the names of their Roman counterparts . Rome 's early myths and legends also have a dynamic relationship with Etruscan religion , less documented than that of the Greeks . While Roman mythology may lack a body of divine narratives as extensive as that found in Greek literature , Romulus and Remus suckling the she - wolf is as famous as any image from Greek mythology except for the Trojan Horse . Because Latin literature was more widely known in Europe throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance , the interpretations of Greek myths by the Romans often had the greater influence on narrative and pictorial representations of `` classical mythology '' than Greek sources . In particular , the versions of Greek myths in Ovid 's Metamorphoses , written during the reign of Augustus , came to be regarded as canonical . Contents ( hide ) 1 The nature of Roman myth 1.1 Founding myths 1.2 Other myths 2 Religion and myth 2.1 Foreign gods 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources The nature of Roman myth ( edit ) In this wall painting from Pompeii , Venus looks on while the physician Iapyx tends to the wound of her son , Aeneas ; the tearful boy is her grandson Ascanius , also known as Iulus , legendary ancestor of Julius Caesar and the Julio - Claudian dynasty Because ritual played the central role in Roman religion that myth did for the Greeks , it is sometimes doubted that the Romans had much of a native mythology . This perception is a product of Romanticism and the classical scholarship of the 19th century , which valued Greek civilization as more `` authentically creative . '' From the Renaissance to the 18th century , however , Roman myths were an inspiration particularly for European painting . The Roman tradition is rich in historical myths , or legends , concerning the foundation and rise of the city . These narratives focus on human actors , with only occasional intervention from deities but a pervasive sense of divinely ordered destiny . In Rome 's earliest period , history and myth have a mutual and complementary relationship . As T.P. Wiseman notes : The Roman stories still matter , as they mattered to Dante in 1300 and Shakespeare in 1600 and the founding fathers of the United States in 1776 . What does it take to be a free citizen ? Can a superpower still be a republic ? How does well - meaning authority turn into murderous tyranny ? Major sources for Roman myth include the Aeneid of Vergil and the first few books of Livy 's history as well as Dionysius ' s Roman Antiquities . Other important sources are the Fasti of Ovid , a six - book poem structured by the Roman religious calendar , and the fourth book of elegies by Propertius . Scenes from Roman myth also appear in Roman wall painting , coins , and sculpture , particularly reliefs . Founding myths ( edit ) Main article : Founding of Rome The Aeneid and Livy 's early history are the best extant sources for Rome 's founding myths . Material from Greek heroic legend was grafted onto this native stock at an early date . The Trojan prince Aeneas was cast as husband of Lavinia , daughter of King Latinus , patronymical ancestor of the Latini , and therefore through a convoluted revisionist genealogy as forebear of Romulus and Remus . By extension , the Trojans were adopted as the mythical ancestors of the Roman people . Other myths ( edit ) Mucius Scaevola in the Presence of Lars Porsenna ( early 1640s ) by Matthias Stom Polyphemus hears of the arrival of Galatea ; ancient Roman fresco painted in the `` Fourth Style '' of Pompeii ( 45 - 79 AD ) The characteristic myths of Rome are often political or moral , that is , they deal with the development of Roman government in accordance with divine law , as expressed by Roman religion , and with demonstrations of the individual 's adherence to moral expectations ( mos maiorum ) or failures to do so . Rape of the Sabine women , explaining the importance of the Sabines in the formation of Roman culture , and the growth of Rome through conflict and alliance . Numa Pompilius , the Sabine second king of Rome who consorted with the nymph Egeria and established many of Rome 's legal and religious institutions . Servius Tullius , the sixth king of Rome , whose mysterious origins were freely mythologized and who was said to have been the lover of the goddess Fortuna . The Tarpeian Rock , and why it was used for the execution of traitors . Lucretia , whose self - sacrifice prompted the overthrow of the early Roman monarchy and led to the establishment of the Republic . Cloelia , A Roman woman taken hostage by Lars Porsena . She escaped the Clusian camp with a group of Roman virgins . Horatius at the bridge , on the importance of individual valor . Mucius Scaevola , who thrust his right hand into the fire to prove his loyalty to Rome . Caeculus and the founding of Praeneste . Manlius and the geese , about divine intervention at the Gallic siege of Rome . Stories pertaining to the Nonae Caprotinae and Poplifugia festivals . Coriolanus , a story of politics and morality . The Etruscan city of Corythus as the `` cradle '' of Trojan and Italian civilization . The arrival of the Great Mother ( Cybele ) in Rome . Religion and myth ( edit ) Main article : Religion in ancient Rome Divine narrative played a more important role in the system of Greek religious belief than among the Romans , for whom ritual and cult were primary . Although Roman religion was not based on scriptures and exegesis , priestly literature was one of the earliest written forms of Latin prose . The books ( libri ) and commentaries ( commentarii ) of the College of Pontiffs and of the augurs contained religious procedures , prayers , and rulings and opinions on points of religious law . Although at least some of this archived material was available for consultation by the Roman senate , it was often occultum genus litterarum , an arcane form of literature to which by definition only priests had access . Prophecies pertaining to world history and Rome 's destiny turn up fortuitously at critical junctures in history , discovered suddenly in the nebulous Sibylline books , which according to legend were purchased by Tarquin the Proud in the late 6th century BC from the Cumaean Sibyl . Some aspects of archaic Roman religion were preserved by the lost theological works of the 1st - century BC scholar Varro , known through other classical and Christian authors . Capitoline Triad At the head of the earliest pantheon were the so - called Archaic Triad of Jupiter , Mars , and Quirinus , whose flamens were of the highest order , and Janus and Vesta . According to tradition , the founder of Roman religion was Numa Pompilius , the Sabine second king of Rome , who was believed to have had as his consort and adviser a Roman goddess or nymph of fountains and prophecy , Egeria . The Etruscan - influenced Capitoline Triad of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva later became central to official religion , replacing the Archaic Triad -- an unusual example within Indo - European religion of a supreme triad formed of two female deities and only one male . The cult of Diana was established on the Aventine Hill , but the most famous Roman manifestation of this goddess may be Diana Nemorensis , owing to the attention paid to her cult by J.G. Frazer in the mythographical classic The Golden Bough . Punishment of Ixion : in the center is Mercury holding the caduceus and on the right Juno sits on her throne . Behind her Iris stands and gestures . On the left is Vulcan ( blond figure ) standing behind the wheel , manning it , with Ixion already tied to it . Nephele sits at Mercury 's feet ; a Roman fresco from the eastern wall of the triclinium in the House of the Vettii , Pompeii , Fourth Style ( 60 - 79 AD ) . The gods represented distinctly the practical needs of daily life , and they were scrupulously accorded the rites and offerings considered proper . Early Roman divinities included a host of `` specialist gods '' whose names were invoked in the carrying out of various specific activities . Fragments of old ritual accompanying such acts as plowing or sowing reveal that at every stage of the operation a separate deity was invoked , the name of each deity being regularly derived from the verb for the operation . Tutelary deities were particularly important in ancient Rome . Thus , Janus and Vesta guarded the door and hearth , the Lares protected the field and house , Pales the pasture , Saturn the sowing , Ceres the growth of the grain , Pomona the fruit , and Consus and Ops the harvest . Even the majestic Jupiter , the ruler of the gods , was honored for the aid his rains might give to the farms and vineyards . In his more encompassing character he was considered , through his weapon of lightning , the director of human activity and , by his widespread domain , the protector of the Romans in their military activities beyond the borders of their own community . Prominent in early times were the gods Mars and Quirinus , who were often identified with each other . Mars was a god of war ; he was honored in March and October . Quirinus is thought by modern scholars to have been the patron of the armed community in time of peace . The 19th - century scholar Georg Wissowa thought that the Romans distinguished two classes of gods , the di indigetes and the di novensides or novensiles : the indigetes were the original gods of the Roman state , their names and nature indicated by the titles of the earliest priests and by the fixed festivals of the calendar , with 30 such gods honored by special festivals ; the novensides were later divinities whose cults were introduced to the city in the historical period , usually at a known date and in response to a specific crisis or felt need . Arnaldo Momigliano and others , however , have argued that this distinction can not be maintained . During the war with Hannibal , any distinction between `` indigenous '' and `` immigrant '' gods begins to fade , and the Romans embraced diverse gods from various cultures as a sign of strength and universal divine favor . Foreign gods ( edit ) Mithras in a Roman wall painting The absorption of neighboring local gods took place as the Roman state conquered the surrounding territory . The Romans commonly granted the local gods of the conquered territory the same honors as the earlier gods of the Roman state religion . In addition to Castor and Pollux , the conquered settlements in Italy seem to have contributed to the Roman pantheon Diana , Minerva , Hercules , Venus , and deities of lesser rank , some of whom were Italic divinities , others originally derived from the Greek culture of Magna Graecia . In 203 BC , the cult object embodying Cybele was brought from Pessinus in Phrygia and welcomed with due ceremony to Rome , centuries before the territory was annexed formally . Both Lucretius and Catullus , poets contemporary in the mid-1st century BC , offer disapproving glimpses of her wildly ecstatic cult . In some instances , deities of an enemy power were formally invited through the ritual of evocatio to take up their abode in new sanctuaries at Rome . Communities of foreigners ( peregrini ) and former slaves ( libertini ) continued their own religious practices within the city . In this way Mithras came to Rome and his popularity within the Roman army spread his cult as far afield as Roman Britain . The important Roman deities were eventually identified with the more anthropomorphic Greek gods and goddesses , and assumed many of their attributes and myths . See also ( edit ) Mythology portal Classical Civilisation portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman mythology . Ancient Rome List of Metamorphoses characters Roman polytheistic reconstructionism The Golden Bough ( mythology ) List of Roman gods References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John North , Roman Religion ( Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) pp. 4ff . Jump up ^ North , Roman Religion , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ North , Roman Religion , p. 4 . Jump up ^ T.P. Wiseman , Remus : A Roman Myth ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , p. xiii . Jump up ^ T.P. Wiseman , The Myths of Rome ( University of Exeter Press , 2004 ) , preface ( n.p. ) . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , The Myths of Rome , preface . Jump up ^ Alexandre Grandazzi , The Foundation of Rome : Myth and History ( Cornell University Press , 1997 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ See also Lusus Troiae . Jump up ^ J.N. Bremmer and N.M. Horsfall , Roman Myth and Mythography ( University of London Institute of Classical Studies , 1987 ) , pp. 49 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Bremmer and Horsfall , pp. 63 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bremmer and Horsfall , pp. 76 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Bremmer and Horsfall , pp. 89 -- 104 ; Larissa Bonfante , Etruscan Life and Afterlife : A Handbook of Etruscan Studies ( Wayne State University Press , 1986 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bremmer and Horsfall , pp. 105 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Moses Hadas , A History of Latin Literature ( Columbia University Press , 1952 ) , p. 15 online . Jump up ^ C.O. Brink , Horace on Poetry . Epistles Book II : The Letters to Augustus and Florus ( Cambridge University Press , 1982 ) , p. 64 online . Jump up ^ Cicero , De domo sua 138 . Jump up ^ Jerzy Linderski , `` The libri reconditi , '' Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 89 ( 1985 ) 207 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Georg Wissowa , De dis Romanorum indigetibus et novensidibus disputatio ( 1892 ) , full text ( in Latin ) online . Jump up ^ Arnaldo Momigliano , `` From Bachofen to Cumont , '' in A.D. Momigliano : Studies on Modern Scholarship ( University of California Press , 1994 ) , p. 319 ; Franz Altheim , A History of Roman Religion , as translated by Harold Mattingly ( London , 1938 ) , pp. 110 -- 112 ; Mary Beard , J.A. North and S.R.F. Price . Religions of Rome : A History ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , vol. 1 , p. 158 , note 7 . Jump up ^ William Warde Fowler , The Religious Experience of the Roman People ( London , 1922 ) pp. 157 and 319 ; J.S. Wacher , The Roman World ( Routledge , 1987 , 2002 ) , p. 751 . Sources ( edit ) Alan Cameron Greek Mythography in the Roman World ( 2005 ) OUP , Oxford ( reviewed by TP Wiseman in Times Literary Supplement 13 May 2005 page 29 ) Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae ( LIMC ) ( 1981 -- 1999 , Artemis - Verlag , 9 volumes ) , Supplementum ( 2009 , Artemis_Verlag ) . LIMC - France ( LIMC ) : databases dedicated to Graeco - Roman mythology and its iconography . Religion in ancient Rome Practices and beliefs libation sacrifice vota temples festivals ludi funerals Imperial cult Greco - Roman mysteries Priesthoods Pontifices Augures Vestal Virgins Flamines Fetiales Epulones Fratres Arvales Salii Deities List of Roman deities Twelve major gods Capitoline Triad Aventine Triad underworld gods indigitamenta Deified emperors : Divus Julius Divus Augustus Related topics Glossary of ancient Roman religion Roman mythology Ancient Greek religion Etruscan mythology Gallo - Roman religion Interpretatio graeca Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Ancient Roman religion and mythology Deities Apollo Bellona Bona Dea Castor and Pollux Ceres Cupid Diana Dīs Pater Egeria Fauna Faunus Flora Genius Hercules Janus Juno Jupiter Lares Liber Libertas Lucina Mars Mercury Minerva Orcus Neptune Penates Pluto Pomona Priapus Proserpina Quirinus Saturn Silvanus Sol Venus Vesta Vulcan Abstract deities Abundantia Aequitas Concordia Fides Fortuna Pietas Roma Salus Securitas Spes Victoria Terra Legendary figures Aeneas Rhea Silvia Romulus and Remus Numa Pompilius Tullus Hostilius Servius Tullius Ancus Marcius Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Texts Virgil Aeneid Ovid Metamorphoses Fasti Propertius Apuleius The Golden Ass Varro Concepts and practices Religion in ancient Rome Festivals Interpretatio graeca Imperial cult Temples See also Glossary of ancient Roman religion Greek mythology Myth and ritual Classical mythology Conversion to Christianity Decline of Greco - 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-5765501564543816788 | United States | United States - Wikipedia United States Jump to : navigation , search `` America '' , `` US '' , `` USA '' , and `` USOA '' redirect here . For the landmass comprising North , Central and South America , see Americas . For other uses , see America ( disambiguation ) , US ( disambiguation ) , USA ( disambiguation ) , USOA ( disambiguation ) , and United States ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 40 ° N 100 ° W / 40 ° N 100 ° W / 40 ; - 100 United States of America Flag Great Seal Motto : `` In God We Trust '' Other traditional mottos ( show ) `` E pluribus unum '' ( Latin ) ( de facto ) `` Out of many , one '' `` Annuit cœptis '' ( Latin ) `` He has favored our undertakings '' `` Novus ordo seclorum '' ( Latin ) `` New order of the ages '' Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' March : `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii The United States including its territories Capital Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ N 77 ° 01 ′ W / 38.883 ° N 77.017 ° W / 38.883 ; - 77.017 Largest city New York City 40 ° 43 ′ N 74 ° 00 ′ W / 40.717 ° N 74.000 ° W / 40.717 ; - 74.000 Official languages None at federal level National language English Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) By race : 77.1 % White 13.3 % Black 5.6 % Asian 2.6 % Other / multiracial 1.2 % Native 0.2 % Pacific Islander Ethnicity : 17.6 % Hispanic or Latino 82.4 % non-Hispanic or Latino Religion ( 2017 ) 69 % Christian 24 % Unaffiliated 3 % Unanswered 2 % Jewish 1 % Muslim 1 % Hindu 1 % Buddhist 1 % Other Demonym American Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump Vice President Mike Pence Speaker of the House Paul Ryan Chief Justice John Roberts Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from Great Britain Declaration July 4 , 1776 Confederation March 1 , 1781 Treaty of Paris September 3 , 1783 Constitution June 21 , 1788 Last polity admitted March 24 , 1976 Area Total area 3,796,742 sq mi ( 9,833,520 km ) ( 3rd / 4th ) Water ( % ) 6.97 Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi ( 9,147,590 km ) Population 2017 estimate 325,719,178 ( 3rd ) 2010 census 308,745,538 ( 3rd ) Density 85 / sq mi ( 32.8 / km ) ( 179th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $20.199 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $61,687 ( 11th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $20.199 trillion ( 1st ) Per capita $61,687 ( 7th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 41.1 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.920 very high 10th Currency United States dollar ( $ ) ( USD ) Time zone ( UTC − 4 to − 12 , + 10 , + 11 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 4 to − 10 ) Date format mm / dd / yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD . us The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self - governing territories , and various possessions . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 325 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous country . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city by population is New York City . Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , stretching across nine official time zones . The extremely diverse geography , climate , and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries . Paleo - Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 , and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776 . The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , with the first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , acquiring new territories , displacing Native American tribes , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the Civil War led to the abolition of slavery . By the end of the century , the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . During the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race , culminating with the 1969 moon landing . The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The United States is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP , accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP . The U.S. economy is largely post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities , although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , the U.S. holds 33.4 % of the total wealth in the world , the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country . The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world , making up a third of global military spending , and is a leading political , cultural , and scientific force internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history 2.2 European settlements 2.2. 1 Effects on and interaction with native populations 2.3 Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era 2.5 Further immigration , expansion , and industrialization 2.6 World War I , Great Depression , and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography , climate , and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Income , poverty and wealth 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Food 10.2 Literature , philosophy , and visual art 10.3 Music 10.4 Cinema 10.5 Sports 10.6 Mass media 11 Science and technology 12 Health 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Internet sources 17 External links Etymology See also : Naming of the Americas , Names for United States citizens , and American ( word ) The American continents are named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci . In 1507 , the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first documentary evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is from a letter dated January 2 , 1776 , written by Stephen Moylan , Esq. , George Washington 's aide - de-camp and Muster - Master General of the Continental Army . Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed , Moylan expressed his wish to carry the `` full and ample powers of the United States of America '' to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort . The first known publication of the phrase `` United States of America '' was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg , Virginia , on April 6 , 1776 . The second draft of the Articles of Confederation , prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17 , 1776 , at the latest , declared `` The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America ' '' . The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence `` The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' '' . In June 1776 , Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' in all capitalized letters in the headline of his `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence . This draft of the document did not surface until June 21 , 1776 , and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation . The short form `` United States '' is also standard . Other common forms are the `` U.S. '' , the `` USA '' , and `` America '' . Colloquial names are the `` U.S. of A . '' and , internationally , the `` States '' . `` Columbia '' , a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century , derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name `` District of Columbia '' . The phrase `` United States '' was originally plural , a description of a collection of independent states -- e.g. , `` the United States are '' -- including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1865 . The singular form -- e.g. , `` the United States is '' -- became popular after the end of the American Civil War . The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom `` these United States '' . The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit . A citizen of the United States is an `` American '' . `` United States '' , `` American '' and `` U.S. '' refer to the country adjectivally ( `` American values '' , `` U.S. forces '' ) . In English , the word `` American '' rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States . History Main articles : History of the United States , Timeline of United States history , American business history , Economic history of the United States , and Labor history of the United States Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian History Further information : History of Native Americans in the United States Monks Mound in Cahokia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the largest and most influential settlement in Mississippian culture . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of ancient wooden stairs . The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . After crossing the land bridge , the first Americans moved southward , either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets . The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC , and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas . While the Clovis culture was thought , throughout the late 20th century , to represent the first human settlement of the Americas , in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures . Over time , indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex , and some , such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast , developed advanced agriculture , grand architecture , and state - level societies . From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished , and its largest city Cahokia is considered the largest , most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern - day United States . While in the Four Corners region , Ancestral Puebloans culture developed . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , and Taos Pueblo . The earthworks constructed by Native Americans of the Poverty Point culture in northeastern Louisiana have also been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site . In the southern Great Lakes region , the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries , lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War . The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate . Archaeological evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD . During his third and final voyage , Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii . After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbor , Kauai , Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy . European settlements Further information : Colonial history of the United States , European colonization of the Americas , and Thirteen Colonies Saint Augustine , Florida , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States ( 1565 ) The Mayflower Compact , 1620 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492 , other explorers followed . The first Europeans to arrive in the territory of the modern United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León , who made his first visit to Florida in 1513 ; however , if unincorporated territories are accounted for , then credit would go to Christopher Columbus who landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage . Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine and Santa Fe . The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River . Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom . The continent 's first elected legislative assembly , Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619 , the Mayflower Compact , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking , and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut , established precedents for the pattern of representative self - government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies . Most settlers in every colony were small farmers , but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements . Cash crops included tobacco , rice , and wheat . Extraction industries grew up in furs , fishing and lumber . Manufacturers produced rum and ships , and by the late colonial period , Americans were producing one - seventh of the world 's iron supply . Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs . English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch - Irish and other groups . As coastal land grew more expensive , freed indentured servants pushed further west . A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun . The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south , because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery , and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions . With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty . During the Seven Years ' War ( in the United States , known as the French and Indian War ) , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770 , about one - third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority . In 1774 , the Spanish Navy ship Santiago , under Juan Pérez , entered and anchored in an inlet of Nootka Sound , Vancouver Island , in present - day British Columbia . Although the Spanish did not land , natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California . At the time , the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America , granting limited licenses to the Portuguese . When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska , the Spanish began to challenge the Russians , with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest . After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778 , Captain Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California . He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude , naming his landing point Cape Foulweather . Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward . In March 1778 , Cook landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet `` King George 's Sound '' . He recorded that the native name was Nutka or Nootka , apparently misunderstanding his conversations at Friendly Cove / Yuquot ; his informant may have been explaining that he was on an island ( itchme nutka , a place you can `` go around '' ) . There may also have been confusion with Nuu - chah - nulth , the natives ' autonym ( a name for themselves ) . It may also have simply been based on Cook 's mispronunciation of Yuquot , the native name of the place . Effects on and interaction with Native populations Further information : American Indian Wars , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , and James Cook Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany ( 1795 ) With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States , the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced . The native population of America declined after Europeans arrived , and for various reasons , primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans , though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements . In the early days of colonization , many European settlers were subject to food shortages , disease , and attacks from Native Americans . Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars . At the same time , however , many natives and settlers came to depend on each other . Settlers traded for food and animal pelts , natives for guns , ammunition and other European wares . Natives taught many settlers where , when and how to cultivate corn , beans , and squash . European missionaries and others felt it was important to `` civilize '' the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles . Captain James Cook 's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months . He returned to Hawaii to resupply , initially exploring the coasts of Maui and the big island , trading with locals and then making anchor at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779 . When his ships and company left the islands , a ship 's mast broke in bad weather , forcing them to return in mid-February . Cook would be killed days later . Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) Further information : American Revolutionary War , United States Declaration of Independence , American Revolution , and Territorial evolution of the United States Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power . Americans had developed an ideology of `` republicanism '' asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures . They demanded their rights as Englishmen and `` no taxation without representation '' . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament , and the conflict escalated into war . Following the passage of the Lee Resolution , on July 2 , 1776 , which was the actual vote for independence , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , which proclaimed , in a long preamble , that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain , and declared , in the words of the resolution , that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States . The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day . The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 `` where , heretofore , the words ' United Colonies ' have been used , the stile be altered for the future to the ' United States ' `` . In 1777 , the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789 . Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 . Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808 , after 1820 , cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South , and along with it , the slave population . The Second Great Awakening , especially 1800 -- 1840 , converted millions to evangelical Protestantism . In the North , it energized multiple social reform movements , including abolitionism ; in the South , Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations . Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . The expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I&M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land . From 1820 to 1850 , Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854 . The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations . The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny . The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present - day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican -- American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present - day American Southwest . The California Gold Rush of 1848 -- 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states . After the American Civil War , new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers , expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans . Over a half - century , the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called `` buffalo '' ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures . In 1869 , a new Peace Policy sought to protect Native - Americans from abuses , avoid further war , and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship , although conflicts , including several of the largest Indian Wars , continued throughout the West into the 1900s . The Statue of Liberty in New York City , dedicated in 1886 , is a symbol of the United States as well as its ideals of freedom , democracy , and opportunity . Civil War and Reconstruction Era Further information : American Civil War and Reconstruction Era The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup Differences of opinion regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans ultimately led to the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union had alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free - soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery . This led to Missouri 's controversial denouncement of the issue , as well as the formation of many short - lived territories such as the State of Scott , a county that left Tennessee to stay anti-slavery . With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America ( the `` South '' ) , while the federal government ( the `` Union '' ) maintained that secession was illegal . In order to bring about this secession , military action was initiated by the secessionists , and the Union responded in kind . The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians . The South fought for the freedom to own slaves , while the Union at first simply fought to maintain the country as one united whole . Nevertheless , as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , the main purpose of the war from the Union 's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery . Indeed , when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865 , each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment , which prohibited slavery . Three amendments were added to the U.S. Constitution in the years after the war : the aforementioned Thirteenth as well as the Fourteenth Amendment providing citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves , and the Fifteenth Amendment ensuring in theory that African Americans had the right to vote . The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the South while guaranteeing the rights of the newly freed slaves . Reconstruction began in earnest following the war . While President Lincoln attempted to foster friendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy , an assassin 's bullet on April 14 , 1865 , drove a wedge between North and South again . Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans . They persisted until the Compromise of 1877 when the Republicans agreed to cease protecting the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876 . Southern white Democrats , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' , took control of the South after the end of Reconstruction . From 1890 to 1910 , so - called Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites throughout the region . Blacks faced racial segregation , especially in the South . They also occasionally experienced vigilante violence , including lynching . Further Immigration , expansion , and industrialization Main articles : Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States Ellis Island , in New York City , was a major gateway for European immigration In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life . United States and its territories at their greatest extent from 1898 to 1902 The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation , increasing surpluses for international markets . Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 . In 1893 , pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii , which the U.S. annexed in 1898 . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year , following the Spanish -- American War . American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War . The United States purchased the U.S. Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917 . Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists . Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt , John D. Rockefeller , and Andrew Carnegie led the nation 's progress in railroad , petroleum , and steel industries . Banking became a major part of the economy , with J.P. Morgan playing a notable role . Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry , homes , and for street lighting . Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry . The American economy boomed , becoming the world 's largest , and the United States achieved great power status . These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist , socialist , and anarchist movements . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas , including women 's suffrage , alcohol prohibition , regulation of consumer goods , greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions . World War I , Great Depression , and world War II Further information : World War I , Great Depression , and World War II Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '' , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations . In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration . At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence . The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union , and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2 , ending World War II . Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day , or V-J Day . Cold War and Civil rights Era Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Further information : Cold War , Civil Rights Movement , War on Poverty , Space Race , and Reaganomics U.S. President Ronald Reagan at his `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech in Berlin , Germany on June 12 , 1987 . After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict . The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet - sponsored . American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 -- 53 . The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a `` Space Race '' in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969 . A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation , as the Vietnam War . At home , the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class . Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades . Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments . In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country . The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination , with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead . A combination of court decisions and legislation , culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , sought to end racial discrimination . Meanwhile , a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war , black nationalism , and the sexual revolution . The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending , including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid , two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor , respectively , and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children . The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed . The late 1980s brought a `` thaw '' in relations with the USSR , and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War . This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower . The concept of Pax Americana , which had appeared in the post-World War II period , gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order . Contemporary History Main articles : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) and History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Further information : Gulf War , September 11 attacks , War on Terror , 2008 financial crisis , and Affordable Care Act The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group Al - Qaeda in 2001 One World Trade Center , newly built in its place After the Cold War , the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990 , when Iraq under Sadaam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwait , an ally of the United States . Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions , President George H.W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield , a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia , and Operation Desert Storm , in a staging titled the Gulf War ; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations , led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait , restoring the former monarchy . Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly affecting the global economy , society , and culture . Due to the dot - com boom , stable monetary policy under Alan Greenspan , and reduced social welfare spending , the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history , ending in 2001 . Beginning in 1994 , the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services . The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S. , Canada , and Mexico by January 1 , 2008 . Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force . On September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3,000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War . In 2007 , the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region . Government policy designed to promote affordable housing , widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance , and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble , which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis , the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression . Barack Obama , the first African American and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the crisis , and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis . The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment . Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection , although there has been debate about its effects on the economy . In 2010 , the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act , which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades , including mandates , subsidies and insurance exchanges . The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance , with 24 million covered during 2016 , but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs , insurance premiums , and economic performance . Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009 , voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery . The Republicans , who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies , won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014 . American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010 , and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011 . The withdrawal caused an escalation of sectarian insurgency , leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in the region . In 2014 , Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961 . The next year , the United States as a member of the P5 + 1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran 's nuclear program . Geography , climate , and Environment Main articles : Geography of the United States , Climate of the United States , and Environment of the United States A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas Köppen climate classifications The land area of the entire United States is approximately 3,800,000 square miles ( 9,841,955 km ) , with the contiguous United States making up 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ) of that . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada . The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted , and how the total size of the United States is measured . The Encyclopædia Britannica , for instance , lists the size of the United States as 3,677,649 square miles ( 9,525,067 km ) , as they do not count the country 's coastal or territorial waters . The World Factbook , which includes those waters , gives 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,517 km ) . The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi -- Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast . The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature . The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world . The United States , with its large size and geographic variety , includes most climate types . To the east of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south . The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid . Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Great Basin , desert in the Southwest , Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific . Extreme weather is not uncommon -- the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes , and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country , mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South . Wildlife Main articles : Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States See also : Category : Biota of the United States The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782 . The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska , and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii , few of which occur on the mainland . The United States is home to 428 mammal species , 784 bird species , 311 reptile species , and 295 amphibian species . About 91,000 insect species have been described . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States , and is an enduring symbol of the country itself . There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks , forests , and wilderness areas . Altogether , the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area . Most of this is protected , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling , mining , logging , or cattle ranching ; about . 86 % is used for military purposes . Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970 . Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy , dealing with air and water pollution , the economic costs of protecting wildlife , logging and deforestation , and international responses to global warming . Many federal and state agencies are involved . The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , created by presidential order in 1970 . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 , with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats , which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Demographics Main articles : Demography of the United States , Americans , and Race and ethnicity in the United States Population See also : List of U.S. states by population and List of United States cities by population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 1990 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2017 325,719,178 5.5 % 1610 -- 1780 population data . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 325,719,178 as of July 1 , 2017 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6,646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from about 76 million in 1900 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children , by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign - born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign - born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one - third of the population increase . The foreign - born population reached 45 million in 2015 . The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members . German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ) , Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ) . The dominant ancestry in each US state German Native American Mexican Irish African Italian English Japanese Puerto Rican White Americans ( mostly European ancestry group ) are the largest racial group ; black Americans are the nation 's largest racial minority ( note that in the U.S. Census , Hispanic and Latino Americans are counted as an ethnic group , not a `` racial '' group ) , and third - largest ancestry group . Asian Americans are the country 's second - largest racial minority ; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , and Indian Americans . According to a 2015 survey , the largest American community with European ancestry is German Americans , which consists of more than 14 % of total population . In 2010 , the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0.5 million exclusively ) . The census counted more than 19 million people of `` Some Other Race '' who were `` unable to identify with any '' of its five official race categories in 2010 , over 18.5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity . The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend . The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct `` ethnicity '' by the Census Bureau ; 64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9 % . Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007 , 12.6 % of the U.S. population was foreign - born , with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 37.2 % of the population in 2012 and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2044 . The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2015 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing . According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute , nine million Americans , or roughly 3.4 % of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual , bisexual , or transgender . A 2016 Gallup poll also concluded that 4.1 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 % . In a 2013 survey , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6 % of Americans identify as straight , while 1.6 % identify as gay or lesbian , and 0.7 % identify as being bisexual . About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000 . The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions , the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California . In 2008 , 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000 , nine cities had more than one million residents , and four global cities had over two million ( New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ) . There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million . Of the 50 fastest - growing metro areas , 47 are in the West or South . The metro areas of San Bernardino , Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008 . Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York 20,153,634 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City , NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,310,447 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim , CA MSA West Chicago 9,512,999 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,233,323 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,772,470 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington , D.C. 6,131,977 Washington , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Philadelphia 6,070,500 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 8 Miami 6,066,387 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach , FL MSA South 9 Atlanta 5,789,700 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,794,447 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy , MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 San Francisco 4,679,166 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont , CA MSA West 12 Phoenix 4,661,537 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler , AZ MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,527,837 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario , CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,297,617 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn , MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,798,902 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue , WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,551,036 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,317,749 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos , CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 3,032,171 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,853,077 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood , CO MSA West 20 St. Louis 2,807,002 St. Louis MO -- IL MSA Midwest Based on 2016 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Language Main article : Languages of the United States See also : Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America , List of endangered languages in the United States , and Language education in the United States English ( American English ) is the de facto national language . Although there is no official language at the federal level , some laws -- such as U.S. naturalization requirements -- standardize English . In 2010 , about 230 million , or 80 % of the population aged five years and older , spoke only English at home . Spanish , spoken by 12 % of the population at home , is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language . Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language , as it is in 32 states . Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms . Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages , along with English : Samoan is officially recognized by American Samoa . Chamorro is an official language of Guam . Both Carolinian and Chamorro have official recognition in the Northern Mariana Islands . Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there . The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States , in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies , are : Spanish ( around 7.2 million students ) , French ( 1.5 million ) , and German ( 500,000 ) . Other commonly taught languages ( with 100,000 to 250,000 learners ) include Latin , Japanese , ASL , Italian , and Chinese . 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English . Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U.S. ( 2016 ) Language Percent of population Number of speakers Number who speak English very well Number who speak English less than very well English ( only ) ~ 80 % 237,810,023 N / A N / A Spanish ( including Spanish Creole but excluding Puerto Rico ) 13 % 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392 Chinese ( all varieties , including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 1.0 % 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog ( including Filipino ) 0.5 % 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 0.4 % 1,509,993 634,273 875,720 Arabic ( all varieties ) 0.3 % 1,231,098 770,882 460,216 French ( including Patois and Cajun ) 0.3 % 1,216,668 965,584 251,087 Korean 0.2 % 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Religion Main article : Religion in the United States Religious affiliation in the U.S. ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christianity 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Judaism 1.9 1.9 Islam 0.9 0.9 Buddhism 0.7 0.7 Hinduism 0.7 0.7 Other faiths 1.8 1.8 Irreligion 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Do n't know or refused answer 0.6 0.6 The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment . In a 2013 survey , 56 % of Americans said that religion played a `` very important role in their lives '' , a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi . As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans , in particular , are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians . According to a 2014 survey , 70.6 % of adults in the United States identified themselves as Christians ; Protestants accounted for 46.5 % , while Roman Catholics , at 20.8 % , formed the largest single denomination . In 2014 , 5.9 % of the U.S. adult population claimed a non-Christian religion . These include Judaism ( 1.9 % ) , Islam ( 0.9 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.7 % ) , and Hinduism ( 0.7 % ) . The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion -- up from 8.2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Scientologist , Baha'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities . Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States , accounting for almost half of all Americans . Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism at 15.4 % , and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination at 5.3 % of the U.S. population . Apart from Baptists , other Protestant categories include nondenominational Protestants , Methodists , Pentecostals , unspecified Protestants , Lutherans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists , other Reformed , Episcopalians / Anglicans , Quakers , Adventists , Holiness , Christian fundamentalists , Anabaptists , Pietists , and multiple others . Two - thirds of American Protestants consider themselves to be born again . Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin primarily in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas , as well as in the English colony of Maryland . It later grew because of Irish , Italian , Polish , German and Hispanic immigration . Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics , with 40 percent of the total population . Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population . The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho , Nevada and Wyoming . Eastern Orthodoxy is claimed by 5 % of people in Alaska , a former Russian colony , and maintains a presence on the U.S. mainland due to recent immigration from Eastern Europe . Finally , a number of other Christian groups are active across the country , including the Oneness Pentecostals , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Restorationists , Churches of Christ , Christian Scientists , Unitarians and many others . The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States . Family structure Main article : Family structure in the United States As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees . The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman . Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ) . In 2001 , with over 127,000 adoptions , the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide . Same - sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same - sex couples to adopt . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Government and Politics Main articles : Federal government of the United States , State governments of the United States , Local government in the United States , and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol , where Congress meets : the Senate , left ; the House , right The White House , home and workplace of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building , where the nation 's highest court sits The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2016 , the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index . In the American federalist system , citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal , state , and local . The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments . In almost all cases , executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district . There is no proportional representation at the federal level , and it is rare at lower levels . The federal government is composed of three branches : Legislative : The bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives , makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties , has the power of the purse , and has the power of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government . Executive : The President is the commander - in - chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ) , and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies . Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts , whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval , interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional . The House of Representatives has 435 voting members , each representing a congressional district for a two - year term . House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year . At the 2010 census , seven states had the minimum of one representative , while California , the most populous state , had 53 . The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories each have one member of Congress -- these members are not allowed to vote . The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators , elected at - large to six - year terms ; one - third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators . The President serves a four - year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice . The President is not elected by direct vote , but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia . The Supreme Court , led by the Chief Justice of the United States , has nine members , who serve for life . The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature . The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected . Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states , while others are elected by popular vote . The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states . Article One protects the right to the `` great writ '' of habeas corpus . The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments , which make up the Bill of Rights , and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights . All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided . The principle of judicial review , not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall . Political Divisions Main articles : Political divisions of the United States , U.S. state , Territories of the United States , List of states and territories of the United States , and Indian reservation Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone , highlighting states , territories and possessions The United States is a federal republic of 50 states , a federal district , five territories and several uninhabited island possessions . The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country . These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities . The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States , Washington DC . The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States . Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress ; the District of Columbia has three ( because of the 23rd Amendment ) . Territories of the United States such as Puerto Rico do not have presidential electors , and so people in those territories can not vote for the president . Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population . Each state then draws single - member districts to conform with the census apportionment . The total number of voting Representatives is 435 . There are also 6 non-voting representatives who represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories . The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree , as it does with the states ' sovereignty . American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts . Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy , but also like the states , tribes are not allowed to make war , engage in their own foreign relations , or print and issue currency . Citizenship is granted at birth in all states , the District of Columbia , and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa . State flags and statehood dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Dec. 14 , 1819 Alaska : Jan. 3 , 1959 Arizona : Feb. 14 , 1912 Arkansas : Jun. 15 , 1836 California : Sep. 9 , 1850 Colorado : Aug. 1 , 1876 Connecticut : Jan. 9 , 1788 Delaware : Dec. 7 , 1787 Florida : Mar. 3 , 1845 Georgia : Jan. 2 , 1788 Hawaii : Aug. 21 , 1959 Idaho : Jul. 3 , 1890 Illinois : Dec. 3 , 1818 Indiana : Dec. 11 , 1816 Iowa : Dec. 28 , 1846 Kansas : Jan. 29 , 1861 Kentucky : Jun. 1 , 1792 Louisiana : Apr. 30 , 1812 Maine : Mar. 15 , 1820 Maryland : Apr. 28 , 1788 Massachusetts : Feb. 6 , 1788 Michigan : Jan. 26 , 1837 Minnesota : May 11 , 1858 Mississippi : Dec. 10 , 1817 Missouri : Aug. 10 , 1821 Montana : Nov. 8 , 1889 Nebraska : Mar. 1 , 1867 Nevada : Oct. 31 , 1864 New Hampshire : Jun. 21 , 1788 New Jersey : Dec. 18 , 1787 New Mexico : Jan. 6 , 1912 New York : Jul. 26 , 1788 North Carolina : Nov. 21 , 1789 North Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Ohio : Mar. 1 , 1803 Oklahoma : Nov. 16 , 1907 Oregon : Feb. 14 , 1859 Pennsylvania : Dec. 12 , 1787 Rhode Island : May 29 , 1790 South Carolina : May 23 , 1788 South Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Tennessee : Jun. 1 , 1796 Texas : Dec. 29 , 1845 Utah : Jan. 4 , 1896 Vermont : Mar. 4 , 1791 Virginia : Jun. 25 , 1788 Washington : Nov. 11 , 1889 West Virginia : Jun. 20 , 1863 Wisconsin : May 29 , 1848 Wyoming : Jul. 10 , 1890 ( listed chronologically ) Dec. 7 , 1787 : Delaware Dec. 12 , 1787 : Pennsylvania Dec. 18 , 1787 : New Jersey Jan. 2 , 1788 : Georgia Jan. 9 , 1788 : Connecticut Feb. 6 , 1788 : Massachusetts Apr. 28 , 1788 : Maryland May 23 , 1788 : South Carolina Jun. 21 , 1788 : New Hampshire Jun. 25 , 1788 : Virginia Jul. 26 , 1788 : New York Nov. 21 , 1789 : North Carolina May 29 , 1790 : Rhode Island Mar. 4 , 1791 : Vermont Jun. 1 , 1792 : Kentucky Jun. 1 , 1796 : Tennessee Mar. 1 , 1803 : Ohio Apr. 30 , 1812 : Louisiana Dec. 11 , 1816 : Indiana Dec. 10 , 1817 : Mississippi Dec. 3 , 1818 : Illinois Dec. 14 , 1819 : Alabama Mar. 15 , 1820 : Maine Aug. 10 , 1821 : Missouri Jun. 15 , 1836 : Arkansas Jan. 26 , 1837 : Michigan Mar. 3 , 1845 : Florida Dec. 29 , 1845 : Texas Dec. 28 , 1846 : Iowa May 29 , 1848 : Wisconsin Sep. 9 , 1850 : California May 11 , 1858 : Minnesota Feb. 14 , 1859 : Oregon Jan. 29 , 1861 : Kansas Jun. 20 , 1863 : West Virginia Oct. 31 , 1864 : Nevada Mar. 1 , 1867 : Nebraska Aug. 1 , 1876 : Colorado Nov. 2 , 1889 : North Dakota Nov. 2 , 1889 : South Dakota Nov. 8 , 1889 : Montana Nov. 11 , 1889 : Washington Jul. 3 , 1890 : Idaho Jul. 10 , 1890 : Wyoming Jan. 4 , 1896 : Utah Nov. 16 , 1907 : Oklahoma Jan. 6 , 1912 : New Mexico Feb. 14 , 1912 : Arizona Jan. 3 , 1959 : Alaska Aug. 21 , 1959 : Hawaii Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution ( for the first 13 ) or being admitted to the Union ( for subsequent states ) Territory and district flags and dates ( listed alphabetically ) American Samoa : Apr. 17 , 1900 District of Columbia : Jul. 16 , 1790 Guam : Apr. 11 , 1899 Northern Mariana Islands : Nov. 3 , 1986 Puerto Rico : Apr. 11 , 1899 US Virgin Islands : Mar. 31 , 1917 ( listed chronologically ) Jul. 16 , 1790 : District of Columbia Apr. 11 , 1899 : Guam Apr. 11 , 1899 : Puerto Rico Apr. 17 , 1900 : American Samoa Mar. 31 , 1917 : US Virgin Islands Nov. 3 , 1986 : Northern Mariana Islands Territory date is the date the territory was acquired by the United States , except for the District of Columbia , which was founded separately Parties and elections Main articles : Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . Donald Trump 45th President since January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence 48th Vice President since January 20 , 2017 The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system . Within American political culture , the center - right Republican Party is considered `` conservative '' and the center - left Democratic Party is considered `` liberal '' . The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states , known as `` blue states '' , are relatively liberal . The `` red states '' of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative . Republican Donald Trump , the winner of the 2016 presidential election , is serving as the 45th President of the United States . Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence , Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch , Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer . Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi . In the 115th United States Congress , both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party . The Senate consists of 51 Republicans , and 47 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats . In state governorships , there are 33 Republicans , 16 Democrats , and 1 Independent . Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors , there are 2 Republicans , 1 Democrat , 1 New Progressive , and 2 Independents . Foreign Relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters was built in Midtown Manhattan in 1952 . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters . It is a member of the G7 , G20 , and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Almost all countries have embassies in Washington , D.C. , and many have consulates around the country . Likewise , nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions . However , Iran , North Korea , Bhutan , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ) . The United States has a `` Special Relationship '' with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries , including France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico . In 2008 , the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance , the most in the world . As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ) , however , the U.S. contribution of 0.18 % ranked last among 22 donor states . By contrast , private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years . On October 25 , 2017 , Vice President Mike Pence announced at a In Defense of Christians annual dinner meeting in Washington that the United States would stop funding United Nations relief efforts , cases tackling the persecution of Christians in the Middle East , but insisted that the U.S. would instead help and aid Christians directly through the U.S. Agency for International Development . Pence said that he will be visiting the Middle East in December and will meet with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to discuss peace agreements . Government Finance See also : Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 . Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal , state , and local government levels . These include taxes on income , payroll , property , sales , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . In 2010 taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP . During FY2012 , the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue , up $147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion . Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $1,132 B or 47 % ) , Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $845 B or 35 % ) , and corporate taxes ( $242 B or 10 % ) . Based on CBO estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979 , while other income groups will remain at historic lows . U.S. taxation has historically been generally progressive , especially the federal income taxes , though by most measures it became noticeably less progressive after 1980 . It has sometimes been described as among the most progressive in the developed world , but this characterization is controversial . The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes , and about half of all taxes . Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax , with no tax charged on income above $118,500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains . The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers . However , according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile , making the system progressive . The top 10 % paid 51.8 % of total federal taxes in 2009 , and the top 1 % , with 13.4 % of pre-tax national income , paid 22.3 % of federal taxes . In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5 % for the top 1 % , 27.2 % for the top quintile , 13.8 % for the middle quintile , and − 2.7 % for the bottom quintile . The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades . State and local taxes vary widely , but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams , though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation . During FY 2012 , the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis , down $60 billion or 1.7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion . Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $802 B or 23 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $768 B or 22 % ) , Defense Department ( $670 B or 19 % ) , non-defense discretionary ( $615 B or 17 % ) , other mandatory ( $461 B or 13 % ) and interest ( $223 B or 6 % ) . The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014 . Military Main article : United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk , Ronald Reagan , and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians , not including contractors . Military service is voluntary , though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System . American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft , the Navy 's 11 active aircraft carriers , and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets . The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad , and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries . The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4.7 % of GDP , the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011 . US global military presence . The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012 , $553 billion , was a 4.2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan . The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War . Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8 , 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan . Law enforcement and Crime Main articles : Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also : Law of the United States , Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , Human rights in the United States § Justice system , Incarceration in the United States , and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments . Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial . In 2015 , there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014 , a 10.8 % increase , the largest since 1971 . The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people . In 2016 the murder rate increased by 8.6 % , with 17,250 murders that year . The national clearance rate for homicides in 2015 was 64.1 % , compared to 90 % in 1965 . In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States , a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980 . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate . From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders . Blacks committed 52.5 % of all homicides during that span , at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( `` whites '' includes most Hispanics ) , and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites . Most homicides were intraracial , with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites . In 2012 , Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S. , and New Hampshire the lowest . The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012 , for a total of over 9 million total crimes . Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes , and used in 31 states . No executions took place from 1967 to 1977 , owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . In 1976 , that Court ruled that , under appropriate circumstances , capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed . Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions , a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma . Meanwhile , several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws . In 2015 , the country had the fifth - highest number of executions in the world , following China , Iran , Pakistan and Saudi Arabia . The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . In December 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2013 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate ( 1,082 per 100,000 people ) , and Maine the lowest ( 285 per 100,000 people ) . Among the U.S. territories , the highest incarceration rate was in the U.S. Virgin Islands ( 542 per 100,000 people ) and the lowest was in Puerto Rico ( 313 per 100,000 people ) . Economy Main article : Economy of the United States See also : Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $18.45 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) Real GDP growth 3.0 % ( Q3 2017 ) 2.6 % ( 2015 ) CPI inflation 2.2 % ( September 2017 ) Employment - to - population ratio 60.2 % ( October 2017 ) Unemployment 4.1 % ( October 2017 ) Labor force participation rate 62.7 % ( November 2017 ) Total public debt $19.808 trillion ( October 25 , 2016 ) Household net worth $96.196 trillion ( Q2 2017 ) United States export treemap ( 2011 ) : The U.S. is the world 's second - largest exporter . The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The nominal GDP of the U.S. is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008 , U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3 % , compared to a 2.3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7 . The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita ( first in the Americas ) and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP . The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing in the Americas . The United States is the largest importer of goods and second - largest exporter , though exports per capita are relatively low . In 2010 , the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion . Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , and Germany are its top trading partners . In 2010 , oil was the largest import commodity , while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export . Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt . The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities , including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve , who hold the majority of the debt . In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world . Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field . The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world , as well as its second - largest importer . It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy , as well as liquid natural gas , sulfur , phosphates , and salt . The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium , copper , lead , magnesium , zinc , titanium and others . Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops . Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015 . In August 2010 , the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people . With 21.2 million people , government is the leading field of employment . The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance , with 16.4 million people . About 12 % of workers are unionized , compared to 30 % in Western Europe . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well . It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . While federal law does not require sick leave , it is a common benefit for government workers and full - time employees at corporations . 74 % of full - time American workers get paid sick leave , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , although only 24 % of part - time workers get the same benefits . In 2009 , the United States had the third - highest workforce productivity per person in the world , behind Luxembourg and Norway . It was fourth in productivity per hour , behind those two countries and the Netherlands . The 2008 -- 2012 global recession significantly affected the United States , with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels ) , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an escalating federal debt crisis , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . Income , poverty and wealth A tract housing development in San Jose , California Further information : Income in the United States , Poverty in the United States , Affluence in the United States , United States counties by per capita income , and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2007 had the second - highest median household income . According to the Census Bureau , median household income was $59,039 in 2016 . Accounting for 4.4 % of the global population , Americans collectively possess 41.6 % of the world 's total wealth , and Americans make up roughly half of the world 's population of millionaires . The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013 . Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents , and more than every EU nation . For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality - adjusted HDI ( IHDI ) . After years of stagnant growth , in 2016 , according to the Census , median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth , although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has significantly affected income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate . United States ' families median net worth source : Fed Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change All families $102,500 $81,200 - 20.8 % Bottom 20 % of incomes $8,300 $6,100 - 26.5 % 2nd lowest 20 % of incomes $47,400 $22,400 - 52.7 % Middle 20 % of incomes $76,300 $61,700 - 19.1 % Top 10 % $646,600 $1,130,700 + 74.9 % Wealth , like income and taxes , is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth , while the bottom half claim only 2 % . According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve , the top 1 % controlled 38.6 % of the country 's wealth in 2016 . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth was down $14 trillion , but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels . At the end of 2014 , household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion , down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008 . There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1.1 % of U.S. children , or 845,000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty , up from one in seven in 1980 . As of September 2017 , 40 million people , roughly 12.7 % of the U.S. population , were living in poverty , with 18.5 million of those living in deep poverty ( a family income below one - half of the poverty threshold ) . In 2016 , 13.3 million children were living in poverty , which made up 32.6 % of the impoverished population . In 2017 , the region with the lowest poverty rate was New Hampshire ( 7.3 % ) , and the region with the highest poverty rate was American Samoa ( 65 % ) . Among the states , the highest poverty rate was in Mississippi ( 21.9 % ) . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in the United States The Interstate Highway System , which extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ) . Passenger trains in North America ( interactive map ) Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million km ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles ( 91700 km ) . The world 's second - largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non-drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day , traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ) . Map showing Amtrak rail speeds in the United States . Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal . The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports , 16 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and the fourth - busiest , O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . In the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 , the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners . Energy Further information : Energy policy of the United States The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km ( 190,000 mi ) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) oversees all of them . The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year . Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year , the 10th - highest rate in the world . In 2005 , 40 % of this energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources . The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum . The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves . It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil . For decades , nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries , in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident . In 2007 , several applications for new nuclear plants were filed . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows . Education Main article : Education in the United States The University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819 , is one of the many public universities in the United States . Universal government - funded education exists in the United States , while there are also many privately funded institutions . American public education is operated by state and local governments , regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants . In most states , children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally , kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade , the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17 . About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools . Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled . The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world , spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student . Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities . The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education . The majority of the world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U.S. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies , shorter academic programs , and lower tuition . Of Americans 25 and older , 84.6 % graduated from high school , 52.6 % attended some college , 27.2 % earned a bachelor 's degree , and 9.6 % earned graduate degrees . The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 % . The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97 , tying it for 12th in the world . As for public expenditures on higher education , the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average , and more than all nations in combined public and private spending . As of 2012 , student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars , more than Americans owe on credit cards . Culture Main article : Culture of the United States The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups , traditions , and values . Aside from the Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Native Alaskan populations , nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries . Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources , such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa . More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot , and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics . Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process , with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation . Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic , competitiveness , and individualism , as well as a unifying belief in an `` American creed '' emphasizing liberty , equality , private property , democracy , rule of law , and a preference for limited government . Americans are extremely charitable by global standards . According to a 2006 British study , Americans gave 1.67 % of GDP to charity , more than any other nation studied , more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73 % , and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14 % . The American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants . Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate . While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society , scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes , affecting socialization , language , and values . Americans ' self - images , social viewpoints , and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree . While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement , being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute . Food Main article : Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine . Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries . Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three - quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients , such as turkey , venison , potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn , squash , and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers . These homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion . Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner . Characteristic dishes such as apple pie , fried chicken , pizza , hamburgers , and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants . French fries , Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos , and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed . Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea . Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages . American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations . Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not , most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans . Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic , John L. Hess stated in 1972 : `` Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence '' . The American fast food industry , the world 's largest , pioneered the drive - through format in the 1940s . Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns . During the 1980s and 1990s , Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American `` obesity epidemic '' . Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular , and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake . Literature , philosophy , and visual art Main articles : American literature , American philosophy , Architecture of the United States , and Visual art of the United States Mark Twain , American author and humorist . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel '' . Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Bob Dylan in 2016 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo . The transcendentalists , led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson , established the first major American philosophical movement . After the Civil War , Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism . In the 20th century , the work of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty , and later Noam Chomsky , brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia . John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy . Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia . Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy . In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams . Times Square in New York City , the hub of the Broadway theater district One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson . Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance , while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th - century ballet . Music Main articles : Music of the United States and American classical music The Grammy Award is awarded to leading music artists . Though little known at the time , Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition , while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition . Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music . The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African - American music have deeply influenced American music at large , distinguishing it from European and African traditions . Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old - time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences . Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century . Country music developed in the 1920s , and rhythm and blues in the 1940s . Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll . Rock bands such as Metallica , the Eagles , and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales . In the 1960s , Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk . More recent American creations include hip hop and house music . American pop stars such as Prince , Michael Jackson , and Madonna have become global celebrities , as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift , Britney Spears , Katy Perry , Beyoncé , Jay - Z , Eminem and Kanye West . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles , California Hollywood , a northern district of Los Angeles , California , is one of the leaders in motion picture production . The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894 , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film , also in New York , and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there , and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization . Director D.W. Griffith , the top American filmmaker during the silent film period , was central to the development of film grammar , and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising . Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history , and , like others such as John Huston , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting , with great influence on subsequent directors . The industry enjoyed its golden years , in what is commonly referred to as the `` Golden Age of Hollywood '' , from the early sound period until the early 1960s , with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures . In the 1970s , film directors such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as `` New Hollywood '' or the `` Hollywood Renaissance '' , grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period . Since , directors such as Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films , often characterized by high production costs , and in return , high earnings at the box office , with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $2 billion . Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time , Casablanca ( 1942 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , The Graduate ( 1967 ) , On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) . The Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars , have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929 , and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944 . Sports Main article : Sports in the United States Most popular American sports are American football , baseball , basketball and ice hockey American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world , and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally . Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century , with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league . Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports , with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . These four major sports , when played professionally , each occupy a season at different but overlapping , times of the year . College football and basketball attract large audiences . In soccer , the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States ( featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams ) . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined . Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States ( 2028 Summer Olympics will mark the ninth time ) . As of 2017 , the United States has won 2,522 medals at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other country , and 305 in the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular worldwide . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR . Rugby union is considered the fastest growing sport in the U.S. , with registered players , numbered at 115,000 + and a further 1.2 million participants . Mass Media Main article : Media of the United States The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and Fox . The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities . Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches . Americans listen to radio programming , also largely commercial , on average just over two - and - a-half hours a day . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds , subscriptions , and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) As of September 30 , 2014 , there are 15,433 licensed full - power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Well - known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times , and USA Today . Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years , the price of newspapers has generally remained low , forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service , such as the Associated Press or Reuters , for their national and world coverage . With very few exceptions , all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned , either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare , by individuals or families . Major cities often have `` alternative weeklies '' to complement the mainstream daily papers , for example , New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly , to name two of the best - known . Major cities may also support a local business journal , trade papers relating to local industries , and papers for local ethnic and social groups . Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century . In 1938 , Superman , the comic book superhero of DC Comics , developed into an American icon . Aside from web portals and search engines , the most popular websites are Facebook , YouTube , Wikipedia , Yahoo ! , eBay , Amazon , and Twitter . More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English . Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15 's landing module and lunar rover in 1971 . The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race . The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large - scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor - saving techniques created the system called mass production . In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter led to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight . The rise of Fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists , including Albert Einstein , Enrico Fermi , and John von Neumann , to immigrate to the United States . During World War II , the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons , ushering in the Atomic Age , while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry , materials science , and aeronautics . The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This , in turn , led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Inc. , IBM , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet . These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use . As of 2013 , 83.8 % of American households owned at least one computer , and 73.3 % had high - speed Internet service . 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013 . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet . In the 21st century , approximately two - thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector . The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor . Health See also : Health care in the United States , Health care reform in the United States , and Health insurance in the United States New York - Presbyterian Hospital in New York City is one of the world 's busiest hospitals . Pictured is the Weill Cornell facility ( white complex at center ) . The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 . Life expectancy ranged from a high of 81.3 years in Hawaii to a low of 73.4 years in American Samoa . The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries . Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987 , to 42nd in 2007 . Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years , are the highest in the industrialized world , and are among the highest anywhere . Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight . Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals . In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease , cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates . U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations , especially among blacks and Hispanics . The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . The U.S. health - care system far outspends any other nation , measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP . Health - care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal . In 2014 , 13.4 % of the population did not carry health insurance . The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue . In 2006 , Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance . Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near - universal health insurance system around the country by 2014 , though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy . See also United States portal Book : United States Index of United States - related articles Lists of U.S. state topics Outline of the United States Notes Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 Jump up ^ English is the official language of 32 states ; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii , and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska . Algonquian , Cherokee , and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native - controlled lands throughout the country . French is a de facto , but unofficial , language in Maine and Louisiana , while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status . Jump up ^ In five territories , English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official : Spanish in Puerto Rico , Samoan in American Samoa , Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands . Jump up ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States . Jump up ^ Except the U.S. Virgin Islands . Jump up ^ The five major territories are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations : Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , and Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island is disputed . ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as the world 's third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with a total area of 9,572,900 sq km , and the United States as fourth - largest at 9,526,468 sq km . The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters . The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with total area of 9,833,517 sq km , and China as fourth - largest at 9,596,960 sq km . This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters . Jump up ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long - held claim over the Pacific Northwest , which dated back to the 16th century . During the decade 1785 -- 1795 British merchants , encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government , made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain 's claims and navigation rights . The endeavors of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain 's opposition . The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion . Jump up ^ His previous arrival coincided with the Makahiki , a festival celebrating the Hawaiian deity Lono . After the HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery had left the islands , the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for Kūka ʻilimoku , the Hawaiian deity of war . Jump up ^ On the evening of February 13 , while anchored in Kealakekua Bay after their return , one of only two long boats was stolen . The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenging the foreigners . In retaliation , Cook tried to take the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii , Kalaniʻōpuʻu as ransom for the boats . The following morning of February 14 , 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping . One of ruler 's wives , Kānekapōlei pleaded with them to stop . Cook 's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of Native Hawaiians . Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused . As the townspeople began to surrounding them , Cook and his men raised their guns . Two chiefs and the monarch 's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet . The crowd became hostile and Kanaʻina ( one of the monarch 's attendants ) approached Cook , who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword . Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet . Kanaʻina released Cook , who fell to the ground as another attendant , Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death . Jump up ^ Fertility is also a factor ; in 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime , compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women ( both below the replacement rate of 2.1 ) . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 36.3 % of the population in 2010 ( this is nearly 40 % in 2015 ) , and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042 . This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports , based on the U.S. census data , which concludes that 54 % ( 2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010 ) of births were non-Hispanic white . The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25 % between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5 % . Jump up ^ Source : 2015 American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau . Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English `` well '' or `` very well '' For the language groups listed above , the strongest English - language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' ) , followed by speakers of French ( 93.5 % ) , Tagalog ( 92.8 % ) , Spanish ( 74.1 % ) , Korean ( 71.5 % ) , Chinese ( 70.4 % ) , and Vietnamese ( 66.9 % ) . Jump up ^ In January 2015 , U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion , or about 72 % of U.S. GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion , giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion . By 2012 , total federal debt had surpassed 100 % of U.S. GDP . The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor 's , AAA from Fitch , and AAA from Moody 's . Jump up ^ The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , SIPRI , found that the United States ' arms industry was the world 's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005 to 2009 , and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010 and 2014 , followed by Russia , China ( PRC ) , and Germany . Jump up ^ Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water . As for drinking water quality , there are concerns about disinfection by - products , lead , perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances , but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good . References Jump up ^ George McKenna 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kidder & Oppenheim 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` uscode.house.gov '' . Public Law 105 - 225 - Aug. 12 , 1998 . uscode.house.gov . August 12 , 1999 . pp. 112 Stat. 1263 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Section 304 . `` The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' is the national march . '' Jump up ^ Cobarrubias 1983 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ García 2011 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Daniel ; Jones , Ribert P. ( June 9 , 2017 ) . America 's Changing Religious Identity. 2016 American Values Atlas . Public Religion Research Institute . Jump up ^ Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor ( other ) island territories per State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates , US Census Bureau , August 2010 , retrieved November 17 , 2017 , reflect base feature updates made in the MAF / TIGER database through August , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population estimates , July 1 , 2017 , ( V2017 ) '' . US Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . The 2016 estimate is as of July 1 , 2016 . The 2010 census is as of April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database , October 2017 -- Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Income Distribution Database : Gini , poverty , income , Methods and Concepts '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80. -- and U.S. General Accounting Office Report , U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , p. 1 , 6 , 39n . Both viewed April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre . `` Megadiverse Countries definition Biodiversity A-Z '' . Biodiversity A-Z . UN WCMC . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . `` 17 countries which have been identified as the most biodiversity - rich countries of the world , with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity '' . Jump up ^ Erlandson , Rick & Vellanoweth 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . pp. 352 -- 361 . Bender , Thomas ( 2006 ) . A Nation Among Nations : America 's Place in World History . New York : Hill & Wang . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 7235 - 4 . `` Overview of the Early National Period '' . Digital History . University of Houston . 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carlisle , Rodney P. ; Golson , J. Geoffrey ( 2007 ) . Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America . Turning Points in History Series . ABC - CLIO . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 833 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War and emancipation 1861 -- 1865 '' . Africans in America . Boston , Massachusetts : WGBH Educational Foundation . 1999 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2009 ) . Wallenfeldt , Jeffrey H. , ed . The American Civil War and Reconstruction : People , Politics , and Power . America at War . Rosen Publishing Group . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 045 - 7 . Jump up ^ White , Donald W. ( 1996 ) . `` 1 : The Frontiers '' . The American Century . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05721 - 0 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Work in the Late 19th Century '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony Judt ; Denis Lacorne ( June 4 , 2005 ) . With Us Or Against Us : Studies in Global Anti-Americanism . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8085 - 4 . Richard J. Samuels ( December 21 , 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of United States National Security . SAGE Publications . p. 666 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6535 - 3 . Paul R. Pillar ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy . Brookings Institution Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 0004 - 0 . Gabe T. Wang ( January 1 , 2006 ) . China and the Taiwan Issue : Impending War at Taiwan Strait . University Press of America . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3434 - 2 . Understanding the `` Victory Disease , '' From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 1052 - 2 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38375 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing , value added ( current US $ ) '' . World Bank Open Data . World Bank . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Clock '' . U.S. and World Population Clock . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . The United States population on July 4 , 2017 was : 325,365,189 Jump up ^ `` Credit Suisse Publikationen '' . publications.credit-suisse.com . Jump up ^ `` Average annual wages , 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices '' . OECD . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Workers World 's Most Productive '' . CBS News . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in world military expenditure , 2013 '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . April 2014 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , 2004 : History and the Hyperpower BBC , April 2008 : Country Profile : United States of America `` Geographical trends of research output '' . Research Trends . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . `` The top 20 countries for scientific output '' . Open Access Week . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . `` Granted patents '' . European Patent Office . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martone 2016 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Sider 2007 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ DeLear , Byron ( July 4 , 2013 ) Who coined ' United States of America ' ? Mystery might have intriguing answer . `` Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name ' United States of America ' was first used and by whom ... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan , Esq. , wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge , Mass. , during the Siege of Boston . The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge , with Reed serving as Washington 's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed 's absence . '' Christian Science Monitor ( Boston , MA ) . Jump up ^ Touba , Mariam ( November 5 , 2014 ) Who Coined the Phrase ' United States of America ' ? You May Never Guess `` Here , on January 2 , 1776 , seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine 's Common Sense , Stephen Moylan , an acting secretary to General George Washington , spells it out , ' I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain ' to seek foreign assistance for the cause . '' New - York Historical Society Museum & Library Jump up ^ Fay , John ( July 15 , 2016 ) The forgotten Irishman who named the ' United States of America ' `` According to the NY Historical Society , Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase `` United States of America . '' But who was Stephen Moylan ? '' IrishCentral.com Jump up ^ `` '' To the inhabitants of Virginia , '' by A PLANTER . Dixon and Hunter 's . April 6 , 1776 , Williamsburg , Virginia . Letter is also included in Peter Force 's American Archives `` . 5 ( 1287 ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Safire 2003 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Mostert 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Brokenshire ( 1996 ) . Washington State Place Names . Caxton Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87004 - 562 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greg 1892 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ G.H. Emerson , The Universalist Quarterly and General Review , Vol. 28 ( Jan. 1891 ) , p. 49 , quoted in Zimmer , Benjamin ( November 24 , 2005 ) . `` Life in These , Uh , This United States '' . University of Pennsylvania -- Language Log . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth G. ( 1993 ) . The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . New York : Columbia University Press , pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06989 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Who was first ? New info on North America 's earliest residents '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles County , California : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . `` What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America ? '' . Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of Natural History . June 2004 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Kudeba , Nicolas ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter 1 -- The First Big Steppe -- Aboriginal Canadian History '' . The History of Canada Podcast . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Guy Gugliotta ( February 2013 ) . `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fladmark , K.R. , ( 1979 ) ( 2017 ) . `` Routes : alternate migration corridors for early man in North America '' . American Antiquity. 44 : 55 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 279189 . JSTOR 279189 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Katz , Brigit ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Found : One of the Oldest North American Settlements '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinsker , Lisa ( February 2004 ) . `` The Ice - Free Corridor Revisited '' . Geotimes . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Redefining the Age of Clovis : Implications for the Peopling of the Americas '' . Science . 315 ( 5815 ) : 1122 -- 1126 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 315.1122 W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1137166 . PMID 17322060 . Jump up ^ Flannery , T. ( 2001 ) . The Eternal Frontier : an ecological history of North America and its peoples . New York : Grove Press . pp. 173 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3888 - 8 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; Stafford , Tom ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` The First Americans : A Review of the Evidence for the Late - Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Paleoamerican Odyssey . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 192 - 5 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume B : From 600 to 1750 . University of Wisconsin . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 79083 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` Mississippian Period : Overview '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Hodges , Glenn ( January 2011 ) . `` America 's Forgotten City '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hewit , `` Puebloan Culture '' , University of Northern Colorado Jump up ^ Greg Hilburn . `` A first for Louisiana : Poverty Point selected as World Heritage site '' . Monroe News - Star . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Blackwell Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 938 - 8 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Charles E.M. ; Pearce , F.M. ( June 17 , 2010 ) . Oceanic Migration : Paths , Sequence , Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3826 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Elvi W. ( January 1986 ) . The Mainland Haole : The White Experience in Hawaii . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05316 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fish , Shirley ( 2011 ) . The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific : With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815 . AuthorHouse . pp. 360 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 7543 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , Vanessa ( 2003 ) . Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer . Ebury Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188898 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Augustine Florida , The Nation 's Oldest City '' . staugustine.com . Jump up ^ Remini 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Johnson 1997 , pp. 26 -- 30 Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Lemon , 1987 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.P. ( 1924 ) . Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade . pp. 1 -- 17 . JSTOR 2713432 . Jump up ^ Tadman , 2000 , p. 1534 Jump up ^ Schneider , 2007 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Lien , 1913 , p. 522 Jump up ^ Davis , 1996 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Quirk , 2011 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Bilhartz , Terry D. ; Elliott , Alan C. ( 2007 ) . Currents in American History : A Brief History of the United States . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1817 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . UNC Press Books . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . The Story of American Freedom , 1998 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04665 - 6 p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Otis , James ( 1763 ) . `` The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` ' The long wish 'd for object ' -- Opening the trade to Japan , 1785 -- 1795 '' , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , vol. XX , no. 1 , January 2010 , pp. 1 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and Discovery . Sasquatch Books . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 1 - 57061 - 215 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alexander von Humboldt , Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain , translated by John Black , Vol. 2 , London , Longman , 1822 , translator 's note , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Paul Joseph ( October 11 , 2016 ) . The SAGE Encyclopedia of War : Social Science Perspectives . SAGE Publications . p. 590 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4833 - 5988 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology Archived February 8 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Arthur C. Aufderheide , Conrado Rodríguez - Martín , Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55203 - 6 Jump up ^ Bianchine , Russo , 1992 pp. 225 -- 232 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Kessel , 2005 pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Mercer Country Historical Society , 2005 Jump up ^ Stannard , 1993 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 6 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 5 Jump up ^ Calloway , 1998 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Jeff Campbell ( September 15 , 2010 ) . Hawaii . Lonely Planet . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 344 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ruth M. Tabrah ( December 17 , 1984 ) . Hawaii : A History . W.W. Norton . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24369 - 7 . Jump up ^ Marshall Sahlins ( October 1 , 1996 ) . How `` Natives '' Think : About Captain Cook , For Example . University of Chicago Press . p. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73369 - 2 . Jump up ^ Melissa Meyer ( February 4 , 2014 ) . Thicker Than Water : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 34200 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jerry D. Moore ( May 24 , 2012 ) . Visions of Culture : An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Rowman Altamira . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 2219 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Cook ( 1971 ) . The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific , as Told by Selections of His Own Journals , 1768 -- 1779 . Courier Corporation . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Book Notes : A Monthly Literary Magazine and Review of New Books . Siegel - Cooper . 1901 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Sullivan ( March 30 , 2008 ) . In Search of Captain Cook : Exploring the Man Through His Own Words . I.B. Tauris . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 350 - 6 . Jump up ^ John H. Chambers ( 2006 ) . Hawaii . Interlink Books . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 615 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Bown ( 2008 ) . Madness , Betrayal and the Lash : The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Tregaskis ( November 1973 ) . The warrior king : Hawaii 's Kamehameha the Great . Macmillan . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Glyndwr Williams ( 2008 ) . The Death of Captain Cook : A Hero Made and Unmade . Harvard University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Meares ( 1791 ) . Hawaiian Historical Society . Reprints ( 1787 , 1788 and 1789 ) . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 2003 ) . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32083 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian Young , Alfred ; Nash , Gary B. ; Raphael , Ray ( 2011 ) . Revolutionary Founders : Rebels , Radicals , and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Random House Digital . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27110 - 5 . Jump up ^ Samuel 1920 , p. 323 - 324 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , A Companion to the American Revolution p 357 . Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) p. 161 . Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '' , International History Review , Sept 1983 , Vol. 5 Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 442 Jump up ^ Boyer , 2007 , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Thomas Jefferson : Reputation and Legacy . University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2733 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gordon , 2004 , pp. 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ann ( May 2012 ) . Then We 'll Sing a New Song : African Influences on America 's Religious Landscape . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0881 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 -- 2007 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 2001 ) . Westward Expansion : A History of the American Frontier . UNM Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1981 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase '' ( PDF ) . National Park Services . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wait , Eugene M. ( 1999 ) . America and the War of 1812 . Nova Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klose , Nelson ; Jones , Robert F. ( 1994 ) . United States History to 1877 . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1834 - 9 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 198 , 216 , 251 , 253 Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Roger L. ( 2010 ) . Documents of American Democracy : A Collection of Essential Works . McFarland . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4210 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas F. ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. ( 1999 ) . A Golden State : Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California . University of California Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America , 1519 -- 1871 . Indiana University Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35660 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 1 . 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Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760 . Jump up ^ De Rosa , Marshall L. ( 1997 ) . The Politics of Dissolution : The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War . Edison , NJ : Transaction . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 349 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shearer Davis Bowman ( 1993 ) . Masters and Lords : Mid-19th - Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers . Oxford UP . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536394 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jason E. Pierce ( 2016 ) . Making the White Man 's West : Whiteness and the Creation of the American West . University Press of Colorado . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60732 - 396 - 9 . Jump up ^ Marie Price ; Lisa Benton - Short ( 2008 ) . Migrants to the Metropolis : The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities . Syracuse University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3186 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . 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Catt was one of the best - known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women . Jump up ^ Winchester pp. 410 -- 411 Jump up ^ Axinn , June ; Stern , Mark J. ( 2007 ) . Social Welfare : A History of the American Response to Need ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 52215 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56004 - 3 . Jump up ^ James Noble Gregory ( 1991 ) . American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507136 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . `` Mass Exodus From the Plains '' . American Experience . WGBH Educational Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Fanslow , Robin A. ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` The Migrant Experience '' . American Folklore Center . Library of Congress . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Walter J. Stein ( 1973 ) . California and the Dust Bowl Migration . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 6267 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamasaki , Mitch . `` Pearl Harbor and America 's Entry into World War II : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . World War II Internment in Hawaii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Brian . `` The Four Policemen and . Postwar Planning , 1943 -- 1945 : The Collision of Realist and . Idealist Perspectives '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoopes & Brinkley 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1972 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul ( 1989 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York : Vintage . p. 358 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 72019 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The United States and the Founding of the United Nations , August 1941 -- October 1945 '' . U.S. Dept. of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Office of the Historian . October 2005 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why did Japan surrender in World War II ? The Japan Times '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pacific War Research Society ( 2006 ) . Japan 's Longest Day . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2887 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The National WWII Museum New Orleans : Learn : For Students : WWII at a Glance : Remembering V-J Day '' . www.nationalww2museum.org . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Robinson . `` Tear Down This Wall National Archives '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagg , Stephen ; Andrews , David ( September 10 , 2012 ) . East Plays West : Sport and the Cold War . Routledge . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 24167 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Michael ( 1988 ) . Liftoff : The Story of America 's Adventure in Space . New York : Grove Press . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 305 -- 308 Jump up ^ Blas , Elisheva . `` The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways '' ( PDF ) . societyforhistoryeducation.org . Society for History Education . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Lightner ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Hawaiian History : An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28233 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2004 ) . Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515920 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Our Documents -- Civil Rights Act ( 1964 ) '' . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill , Liberty Island , New York '' . October 3 , 1965 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security '' . ssa.gov . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soss , 2010 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Fraser , 1989 Jump up ^ Ferguson , 1986 , pp. 43 -- 53 Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 325 -- 331 Jump up ^ Niskanen , William A. ( 1988 ) . Reaganomics : an insider 's account of the policies and the people . Oxford University Press . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505394 - 4 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Labor Force : A Databook '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2013 . p. 11 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Buddy Wayne ( 2006 ) . The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy : Ronald Reagan and the U.S. - Soviet Summits , 1985 -- 1988 . Texas A&M University . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 41658 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , Henry ( 2011 ) . Diplomacy . Simon & Schuster . pp. 781 -- 784 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2631 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Mann , James ( 2009 ) . The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan : A History of the End of the Cold War . Penguin . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 8639 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hayes , 2009 Jump up ^ US History.org , 2013 Jump up ^ Charles Krauthammer , `` The Unipolar Moment , '' Foreign Affairs , 70 / 1 , ( Winter 1990 / 1 ) , 23 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Persian Gulf War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 420 -- 423 Jump up ^ Dale , Reginald ( February 18 , 2000 ) . `` Did Clinton Do It , or Was He Lucky ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) . Macroeconomics . Cengage Learning . p. 559 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 58999 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) United States Trade Representative '' . www.ustr.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Thakur ; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton BN Srivastava ( 1997 ) . International Management : Concepts and Cases . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . pp. 334 -- 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 463395 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( September 13 , 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38376 - 2 . Jump up ^ Flashback 9 / 11 : As It Happened . Fox News . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later '' . CBS News . Associated Press . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` Day of Terror Video Archive '' . CNN . 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` The ' War on Terror ' Is Critical to President George W. Bush 's Legacy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Atkins , Stephen E. ( 2011 ) . The 9 / 11 Encyclopedia : Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 872 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 921 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview : The Iraq War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Johnson , James Turner ( 2005 ) . The War to Oust Saddam Hussein : Just War and the New Face of Conflict . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4956 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Durando , Jessica ; Green , Shannon Rae ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Timeline : Key moments in the Iraq War '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fact Sheet : The New Way Forward in Iraq '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . After talking to some Afghan leaders , it was said that the Iran 's would be revolting if more troops were to be sent to Iran . Jump up ^ Feaver , Peter ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton and the Inconvenient Facts About the Rise of the Islamic State '' . Foreign Policy . ( T ) he Obama team itself , including Clinton , have repeatedly confirmed that they understand that the surge was successful . Clinton even conceded to former Defense Secretary Robert Gates : ' The surge worked . ' Jump up ^ `` Iraqi surge exceeded expectations , Obama says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . September 4 , 2008 . Obama said the surge of U.S. troops has ' succeeded beyond our wildest dreams . ' Jump up ^ Wallison , Peter ( 2015 ) . Hidden in Plain Sight : What Really Caused the World 's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ( 2011 ) . Financial Crisis Inquiry Report ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60796 - 348 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John B. ( January 2009 ) . `` The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses : An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilsenrath , Jon ; Ng , Serena ; Paletta , Damian ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Worst Crisis Since ' 30s , With No End Yet in Sight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama elected as America 's first black president '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama : Face Of New Multiracial Movement ? '' . NPR . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington , Jesse ; Rugaber , Chris ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` African - American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the Stimulus Accomplished '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus '' . IGM Polls . Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' ( PDF ) . Brookings . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 ; Martin Neil Baily ; Aaron Klein ; Justin Schardin ( January 2017 ) . `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' . The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) : 20 . doi : 10.7758 / RSF. 2017.3. 1.02 . Jump up ^ `` Did Dodd - Frank really hurt the US economy ? '' . Financial Times . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2016 to 2026 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan : GOP will repeal , replace Obamacare at same time '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary C. ( March 2011 ) . `` The Republican Resurgence in 2010 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 126 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 52 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165X. 2011. tb00693. x . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Worth , Robert F. ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` In Baghdad , Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The JRTN Movement and Iraq 's Next Insurgency Combating Terrorism Center at West Point '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Qaeda 's Resurgence in Iraq : A Threat to U.S. Interests '' . U.S. Department of State . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Baker ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba , Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ; Sanger , David E. ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Deal Reached on Iran Nuclear Program ; Limits on Fuel Would Lessen With Time '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates -- Geography -- U.S. Census Bureau '' . State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Area '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . p. 41 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ( given in square miles , excluding ) ^ Jump up to : `` United States '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Regions of Georgia '' . Georgia Info . Digital Library of Georgia . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lew , Alan . `` PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US '' . GSP 220 -- Geography of the United States . North Arizona University . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harms , Nicole . `` Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Basin '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney , California '' . Peakbagger . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates ( Badwater 36 - 15 - 01 - N , 116 - 49 - 33 - W and Mount Whitney 36 - 34 - 43 - N , 118 - 17 - 31 - W ) '' . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poppick , Laura . `` US Tallest Mountain 's Surprising Location Explained '' . LiveScience . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Larry ( March 14 , 2005 ) . `` America 's Explosive Park '' . Discovery Channel . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ecoregions by country -- T '' . panda.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyden , Jennifer . `` Climate Regions of the United States '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of Köppen − Geiger Climate Classification '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( May 11 , 2002 ) . `` Tornado Alley , USA '' . Science News . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Len McDougall ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats : A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada . Lyons Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 070 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morin , Nancy . `` Vascular Plants of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Plants . National Biological Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Number of Native Species in United States '' . Current Results Nexus . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers of Insects ( Species and Individuals ) '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , E.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Symbol of a Nation : The Bald Eagle in American Culture '' . The Journal of American Culture . 13 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1990.1301 _63. x . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Announces Addition of Two New Units '' ( Press release ) . National Park Service . February 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ; Krauss , Clifford ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorte , Ross W. ; Vincent , Carol Hardy. ; Hanson , Laura A. ; Marc R. , Rosenblum . `` Federal Land Ownership : Overview and Data '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use , Extraction , and Development '' . doi.gov . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The National Atlas of the United States of America ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Forest Resources of the United States '' . Nationalatlas.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States : 1952 to 1997 , With Projections to 2050 '' ( PDF ) . 2003 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daynes & Sussman , 2010 , pp. 3 , 72 , 74 -- 76 , 78 Jump up ^ Hays , Samuel P. ( 2000 ) . A History of Environmental Politics since 1945 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robert W. ( 2006 ) . The Environmental Protection Agency : Cleaning Up America 's Act . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33341 - 5 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , James Morton ( 2012 ) . The Promise of Wilderness Jump up ^ Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service . General Accounting Office , DIANE Publishing . 2003 . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 3997 - 4 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CT1970p2 - 13 : Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2004 . p. 1168 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Abstract of the United States '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2005 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary : A Population Perspective of the United States '' . Population Resource Center . May 2000 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alesha E. Doan ( 2007 ) . Opposition and Intimidation : The abortion wars and strategies of political harassment . University of Michigan . p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Patterns in U.S. Immigration and Population '' . pewtrusts.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S. -- Pew Research Center '' . Pew Research Center 's Hispanic Trends Project . September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ancestry 2000 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . June 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 4 , 2004 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Table 52 . Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region : 2009 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oleaga , Michael . `` Immigration Numbers Update : 13 Million Mexicans Immigrated to US in 2013 , But Chinese Migrants Outnumber Other Latin Americans '' . Latin Post . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES - 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : Humes , Karen R. ; Jones , Nicholas A. ; Ramirez , Roberto R. ( March 2011 ) . `` Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` B03001 . Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin '' . 2007 American Community Survey . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tables 41 and 42 -- Native and Foreign - Born Populations '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009 . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Vital Statistics Reports : Volume 61 , Number 1 . Births : Final Data for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . August 2012 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau : `` U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Final State 2010 Census Population Totals for Legislative Redistricting '' see custom table , 2nd worksheet ^ Jump up to : Exner , Rich ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age one now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the plummeting Hispanic birthrate means for the U.S. economy '' . Fusion . Jump up ^ `` ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES , 2015 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates , ( V2015 ) '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's official : Minority babies are the majority among the nation 's infants , but only just '' . Pew Research Center . June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : Birth Rate '' . Central Intelligence Agency . The World Factbook. 2014 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population growth ( annual % ) '' . United Nations Population Division . The World Bank . 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Legal Permanent Residents : 2015 '' . Office of Immigration Statistics Annual Flow Report . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants in the United States , 2010 : A Profile of America 's Foreign - Born Population '' . Center for Immigrant Studies . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Bryan ; Rytina , Nancy ( March 2013 ) . `` Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States : January 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Immigration Statistics . Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What percentage of the U.S. population is gay , lesbian or bisexual ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donaldson James , Susan ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Gay Americans Make Up 4 Percent of Population '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C. , Lowest in North Dakota '' . Gallup . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Somashekher , Sandhya ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Health survey gives government its first large - scale data on gay , bisexual population '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Sieczkowski , Cavan ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Health Survey : About 2 Percent Of Americans Are Gay Or Lesbian '' . Huffington Post . 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Occupation and Class Consciousness in America . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26111 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( 2005 ) . The Average American . New York : PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 270 - X . Jump up ^ `` Wheat Info '' . Wheatworld.org . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Indigenous Recipes '' . American Indian Health and Diet Project . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sidney Wilfred Mintz ( 1996 ) . Tasting Food , Tasting Freedom : Excursions Into Eating , Culture , and the Past . Beacon Press . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4629 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angus K. Gillespie ; Jay Mechling ( January 1 , 1995 ) . American Wildlife in Symbol and Story . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 259 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Klapthor , James N. ( August 23 , 2003 ) . `` What , When , and Where Americans Eat in 2003 '' . Newswise / Institute of Food Technologists . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ H , D . `` The coffee insurgency '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , 2004 , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Levenstein , 2003 , pp. 154 -- 55 Jump up ^ Harvey A. Levenstein ( 1988 ) . Revolution at the Table : The Transformation of the American Diet . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23439 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Jensen Wallach ( 2013 ) . How America Eats : A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture . Rowman & Littlefield . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0874 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breadsley , Eleanor . `` Why McDonald 's in France Does n't Feel Like Fast Food '' . NPR . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Was the First Drive - Thru Restaurant Created ? '' . Wisegeek.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boslaugh , Sarah ( 2010 ) . `` Obesity Epidemic '' , in Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints , and Voices , ed . Roger Chapman . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe , pp. 413 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1761 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . `` Let 's Eat Out : Americans Weigh Taste , Convenience , and Nutrition '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold . 1999 . Emily Dickinson . Broomall , PA : Chelsea House . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 5106 - 4 . Jump up ^ Buell , Lawrence ( Spring -- Summer 2008 ) . `` The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel : Moby - Dick as Test Case '' . American Literary History . 20 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 132 -- 155 . doi : 10.1093 / alh / ajn005 . ISSN 0896 - 7148 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Edward ( 2006 ) . A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms . Infobase , p. 361 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6243 - 9 . Seed , David ( 2009 ) . A Companion to Twentieth - Century United States Fiction . Chichester , West Sussex : John Wiley and Sons , p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 4691 - 5 . Meyers , Jeffrey ( 1999 ) . Hemingway : A Biography . New York : Da Capo , p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80890 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lesher , Linda Parent ( February 1 , 2000 ) . The Best Novels of the Nineties : A Reader 's Guide . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0389 - 6 . Jump up ^ Summers , Lawrence H. ( November 19 , 2006 ) . `` The Great Liberator '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` James M. Buchanan , Economic Scholar and Nobel Laureate , Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Milton W. ( 1988 1963 ) . The Story of the Armory Show . New York : Abbeville . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 795 - 4 . Jump up ^ Janson , Horst Woldemar ; Janson , Anthony F. ( 2003 ) . History of Art : The Western Tradition . Prentice Hall Professional . p. 955 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 182895 - 7 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Alma ( 1991 ) . The History of Photography : An Overview . UNM Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2076 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ken Bloom ( 2004 ) . Broadway : Its History , People , and Places : an Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 322 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93704 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moran , Eugene V. ( January 1 , 2002 ) . A People 's History of English and American Literature . Nova Publishers . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 303 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Biddle , Julian ( 2001 ) . What Was Hot ! : Five Decades of Pop Culture in America . New York : Citadel , p. ix . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2311 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Graham ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Metallica 's ' Black album ' is Top - Selling Disc of last 20 years '' . Loudwire . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland '' . Herald & Review . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert '' . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ * `` Taylor Swift : Teen idol to ' biggest pop artist in the world ' '' . The Tennessean . September 24 , 2015 . Lynch , Gerald . `` Britney Spears is the most searched for celebrity of the decade '' . Tech Digest . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . `` Katy Perry : now the world 's richest ( famous ) woman '' . the Guardian . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Rosen , Jody . `` Beyoncé : The Woman on Top of the World '' . The New York Times . `` BBC -- Imagine -- Jay - Z : He Came , He Saw , He Conquered '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . * `` Introducing the King of Hip - Hop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Ben Westhoff . `` The enigma of Kanye West -- and how the world 's biggest pop star ended up being its most reviled , too '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world 's second - largest film producer '' ( Press release ) . United Nations . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . April 29 , 1944 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` John Landis Rails Against Studios : ' They 're Not in the Movie Business Anymore ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krasniewicz , Louise ; Disney , Walt ( 2010 ) . Walt Disney : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35830 - 2 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Book explores Hollywood ' Golden Age ' of the 1960s - ' 70s '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Banner , Lois ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Marilyn Monroe , the eternal shape shifter '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick , Jewell ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` John Wayne , an American Icon '' . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greven , David ( January 2 , 2013 ) . Psycho - Sexual : Male Desire in Hitchcock , De Palma , Scorsese , and Friedkin . University of Texas Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74204 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morrison , James ( September 11 , 1998 ) . Passport to Hollywood : Hollywood Films , European Directors . SUNY Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3938 - 8 . Jump up ^ Turow , Joseph ( September 22 , 2011 ) . Media Today : An Introduction to Mass Communication . Taylor & Francis . p. 434 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 86402 - 5 . Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century ( 2001 ) Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Filmsite . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drowne , Kathleen Morgan ; Huber , Patrick ( January 1 , 2004 ) . The 1920 's . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32013 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kroon , Richard W. ( April 30 , 2014 ) . A / VA to Z : An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media , Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms . McFarland . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5740 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Popular Sports in America 2017 '' , Retrieved on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krane , David K. ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation 's Favorite Sport '' . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50454 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Passion for College Football Remains Robust '' . National Football Foundation . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 . Reuters . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 most fascinating facts about the all - time Winter Olympics medal standings '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Loumena , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` With Sochi Olympics approaching , a history of Winter Olympic medals '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liss , Howard . Lacrosse ( Funk & Wagnalls , 1970 ) pg 13 . Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? Football continues to trump baseball as America 's Favorite Sport '' ( PDF ) . Harris Interactive . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ; Grier , Kevin ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` What Would the End of Football Look Like ? '' . Grantland / ESPN . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgetts , Rob . `` Will U.S. learn to love rugby ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Streaming TV Services : What They Cost , What You Get '' . NY Times ; Associated Press . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Fans Spill into Web Sites '' . eMarketer . June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Waits , Jennifer ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise , Especially LPFM , according to New FCC Count '' . Radio Survivor . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brenda Shaffer ( 2006 ) . The Limits of Culture : Islam and Foreign Policy . MIT Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 19529 - 4 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1998 ) . Superman : The Complete History ( 1st ed . ) . Titan Books . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 988 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sites in United States '' . Alexa. 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Newspapers in United States '' . W3newspapers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE. UU '' . Onlinenewspapers.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Edison 's Most Famous Inventions '' . Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benedetti , François ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` 100 Years Ago , the Dream of Icarus Became Reality '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Gordon ( 2012 ) . The Quantum Exodus : Jewish Fugitives , the Atomic Bomb , and the Holocaust . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959215 - 9 . Jump up ^ 10 Little Americans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 14052 - 0 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Apollo technology has changed the history '' . Sharon Gaudin . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( July 2 , 2006 ) . `` Celebrating July 2 : 10 Days That Changed History '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Silicon Valley : 110 Year Renaissance , McLaughlin , Weimers , Winslow 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Price ( 2004 ) . Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 7190 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Robert Keith ( 2012 ) . Explaining Creativity : The Science of Human Innovation . Oxford University Press . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973757 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bennett , W. Lance ; Segerberg , Alexandra ( September 2011 ) . `` Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action '' . Information , Communication & Society . 14 ( 6 ) : 770 -- 799 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.579141 . Jump up ^ `` Computer and Internet Use Main '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce , Census Bureau . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cell phone ownership hits 91 % of adults '' . Pew Research Center . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom on the Net 2014 '' . Freedom House . Jump up ^ `` Research and Development ( R&D ) Expenditures by Source and Objective : 1970 to 2004 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Donald ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` Britain Second in World Research Rankings '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Life expectancy data by country '' . WHO. 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Life Expectancy at Birth '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Christopher J.L. ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` The State of US Health , 1990 -- 2010 : Burden of Diseases , Injuries , and Risk Factors '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the American Medical Association . 310 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 608 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.13805 . PMC 5436627 . PMID 23842577 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Measure of America report , 2013 ( Fact table , page 18 ) . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aq.html CIA World Factbook . American Samoa . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Infant Mortality Rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States ' , Making It Fattest Country in the Americas '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2002 ) . Fast Food Nation . New York : Perennial . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093845 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults : United States , 2003 -- 2004 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Teen Pregnancy '' . Center for Disease Control . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Glen ; Raad , Raymond . `` Bending the Productivity Curve : Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation '' . The Cato Institute . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Do n't Measure Nobels and Innovation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Healthcare System : The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Maine . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , Uninsured Rate Holds at 13.4 % '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Abelson , Reed ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising , Study Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blewett , Lynn A. ; et al. ( December 2006 ) . `` How Much Health Insurance Is Enough ? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance '' . Medical Care Research and Review . 63 ( 6 ) : 663 -- 700 . doi : 10.1177 / 1077558706293634 . ISSN 1077 - 5587 . PMID 17099121 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( April 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mass . Bill Requires Health Coverage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Law 54 % Favor Repeal of Health Care Law '' . Rasmussen Reports . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Debate on ObamaCare to intensify in the wake of landmark Supreme Court ruling '' . Fox News . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Bibliography Acharya , Viral V. ; Cooley , Thomas F. ; Richardson , Matthew P. ; Walter , Ingo ( 2010 ) . Regulating Wall Street : The Dodd - Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance . Wiley . p. 592 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76877 - 8 . Baptist , Edward E. ( 2014 ) . The Half Has Never Been Told : Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00296 - X . 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( February 18 , 1998 ) . New Worlds for All : Indians , Europeans , and the Remaking of Early America . JHU Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5959 - 5 . Cobarrubias , Juan ( 1983 ) . Progress in Language Planning : International Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3358 - 4 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1996 ) . Do n't know much about the Civil War . New York : William Marrow and Co. p. 518 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11814 - 3 . , Book Daynes , Byron W. ; Sussman , Glen ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) . White House Politics and the Environment : Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush . Texas A&M University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 254 - 1 . Presidential environmental policies , 1933 -- 2009 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , Book Erlandson , Jon M ; Rick , Torben C ; Vellanoweth , Rene L ( September 16 , 2008 ) . A Canyon Through Time : Archaeology , History , and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area , Santa Barbara County , California . 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3458241201907977244 | Role of the United States in the Vietnam War | Role of the United States in the Vietnam war - Wikipedia Role of the United States in the Vietnam war Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1975 . The U.S. involvement in South Vietnam stemmed from 20 long years of political and economic action . These had the common incentive of ending the growing communist domination in Vietnam . At the time , French forces , allies of the U.S. , were backed by America -- President Harry S. Truman provided progressively increasing amounts of financial and military assistance to French forces fighting in Vietnam . From the spring of 1950 , their involvement increased from just assisting French troops to providing direct military assistance to the associated states ( Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia ) . Eventually , U.S. missions was carried out at a more constant rate by sending out increasing number of military assistance from the United States . Their main intent was to restrict the Communist domination that was present in the government of Vietnam as it would soon lead to a chain of neighbouring countries adopting the same . This would have resulted in a change in balance of power throughout Southeast Asia . Essentially , the U.S. saw their major security interests being disturbed due to the rise of the communist expansion and strived to take any measure to end it . Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3,812,000 . The conflict also resulted in 58,318 US soldiers dead . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline 1.1 Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 21 ) 1.2 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) 1.3 Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 53 ) 1.4 Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 61 ) 1.5 John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 63 ) 1.6 Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 1.7 Richard M. Nixon ( 1969 -- 74 ) 2 Under the Kennedy Administration 3 Americanization 3.1 Gulf of Tonkin and the Westmoreland expansion 3.2 Operation Rolling Thunder , 1965 -- 68 3.3 Build - up 3.4 Search and destroy , the strategy of attrition 3.5 Border battles and the Tet Offensive 3.6 My Lai Massacre 4 Vietnamization , 1969 -- 75 4.1 Pentagon Papers 4.2 Operation Menu and the Cambodian campaign , 1969 -- 70 4.3 Lam Son 719 4.4 Easter Offensive 4.5 Election of 1972 and Operation Linebacker II 4.6 Return to Paris 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 8 Declassified Primary Sources 8.1 Defense Department 8.2 NSA 8.3 CIA 8.4 State Department Timeline ( edit ) Woodrow wilson ( 1913 -- 21 ) ( edit ) Wilson ignores petition by Ho Chi Minh for help in creating Vietnam independent from French rule and led by nationalist government . Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) ( edit ) Roosevelt declines repeated requests from the French to assist France 's attempts to recolonize Vietnam . Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 53 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) August 15 , 1945 -- Japan surrenders to the Allies . In Indochina , the Japanese administration allows Hồ Chí Minh to take over control of the country . This is called the August Revolution . Hồ Chí Minh fights with a variety of other political factions for control of the major cities . August 1945 -- A few days after the Vietnamese `` revolution '' , Nationalist Chinese forces enter from the north and , as previously planned by the allies , establish an administration in the country as far south as the 16th parallel north . September 26 , 1945 : Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) officer Lieutenant Colonel A. Peter Dewey -- working with the Viet Minh to repatriate Americans captured by the Japanese -- is mistaken for a Frenchman , shot and killed by the Viet Minh . He thus became the first American casualty in Vietnam . ( Not precisely accurate . Prior to 1950 the area later recognized as Viet Nam was known as French Indochina . Thus , LTC Dewey was the first American casualty in French Indochina ) . October 1945 -- British troops land in southern Vietnam and establish a provisional administration . The British free French soldiers and officials imprisoned by the Japanese . The French begin taking control of cities within the British zone of occupation . February 1946 -- The French sign an agreement with China . France gives up its concessions in Shanghai and other Chinese ports . In exchange , China agrees to assist the French in returning to Vietnam north of the 17th parallel . March 6 , 1946 -- After negotiations with the Chinese and the Viet Minh , the French sign an agreement recognizing Vietnam within the French Union . Shortly after , the French land at Haiphong and occupy the rest of northern Vietnam . The Viet Minh use the negotiating process with France and China to buy time to use their armed forces to destroy all competing nationalist groups in the north . December 1946 -- Negotiations between the Viet Minh and the French break down . The Viet Minh are driven out of Hanoi into the countryside . 1947 -- 1949 -- The Viet Minh fight a limited insurgency in remote rural areas of northern Vietnam . 1949 -- Chinese communists reach the northern border of Indochina . The Viet Minh drive the French from the border region and begin to receive large amounts of weapons from the Soviet Union and China . The weapons transform the Viet Minh from an irregular large - scale insurgency into a conventional army . May 1 , 1950 -- After the capture of Hainan Island from Chinese Nationalist forces by the Chinese People 's Liberation Army , President Truman approves $10 million in military assistance for anti-communist efforts in Indochina . The Defense Attaché Office was established in Saigon in May 1950 , a formal recognition of Viet Nam ( vice French IndoChina ) . This was the beginning of formal U.S. military personnel assignments in Viet Nam . U.S. Naval , Army and Air Force personnel established their respective attaches at this time . September 1950 -- Truman sends the Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) Indochina to Vietnam to assist the French . The President claimed they were not sent as combat troops , but to supervise the use of $10 million worth of U.S. military equipment to support the French in their effort to fight the Viet Minh forces . Following the outbreak of the Korean War , Truman announces `` acceleration in the furnishing of military assistance to the forces of France and the Associated States in Indochina ... '' . and sends 123 non-combat troops to help with supplies to fight against the communist Viet Minh . 1951 -- Truman authorizes $150 million in French support . Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 61 ) ( edit ) 1953 -- By November , French commander in Indochina , General Navarre , asked U.S. General McArthur to loan twelve Fairchild C - 119 aircraft , to be flown by French crews , to facilitate Operation Castor at Dien Bien Phu . 1954 -- In January , Navarre 's Deputy asked for additional transport aircraft . Negotiations ended on March 3 with 24 CIA pilots ( CAT ) to operate 12 U.S. Air Force C - 119s , flying undercover using French insignia , but maintained by the USAF . 1954 -- General Paul Ely , the French Chief of Staff , proposed an American operation to rescue French forces . Operation Vulture was hastily planned but President Eisenhower , convinced that the political risks outweighed the possible benefits , decided against the intervention . 1954 -- The Viet Minh defeat the French at the battle of Dien Bien Phu . The defeat , along with the end of the Korean War the previous year , causes the French to seek a negotiated settlement to the war . 1954 -- The Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) , called to determine the post-French future of Indochina , proposes a temporary division of Vietnam , to be followed by nationwide elections to unify the country in 1956 . 1954 -- Two months after the Geneva conference , North Vietnam forms Group 100 with headquarters at Ban Namèo . Its purpose is to direct , organize , train and supply the Pathet Lao to gain control of Laos , which along with Cambodia and Vietnam formed French Indochina . 1955 -- North Vietnam launches an ' anti-landlord ' campaign , during which counter-revolutionaries are imprisoned or killed . The numbers killed or imprisoned are disputed , with historian Stanley Karnow estimating about 6,000 while others ( see the book `` Fire in the Lake '' ) estimate only 800 . Rudolph Rummel puts the figure as high as 200,000 . November 1 , 1955 -- President Eisenhower deploys the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . This marks the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . April 1956 -- The last French troops leave Vietnam . 1954 -- 1956 -- 450,000 Vietnamese civilians flee the Viet Minh administration in North Vietnam and relocate in South Vietnam as part of the US government 's Operation Passage to Freedom . Approximately 52,000 move in the opposite direction . Dr. Thomas Dooley works with the CIA to produce his influential disinformation book about the refugees Deliver Us from Evil . 1956 -- National unification elections do not occur . December 1958 -- North Vietnam invades Laos and occupies parts of the country July 8 , 1959 -- Charles Ovnand and Dale R. Buis become the first two American Advisers to die in Vietnam . September 1959 -- North Vietnam forms Group 959 , which assumes command of the Pathet Lao forces in Laos . November 1960 -- Coup attempt by paratroopers is foiled after Diệm falsely promises reform , allowing loyalists to crush the rebels . December 20 , 1960 -- The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ( NLF ) is founded . John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 63 ) ( edit ) January 1961 -- Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev pledges support for `` wars of national liberation '' throughout the world . The idea of creating a neutral Laos is suggested to Kennedy . May 1961 -- Kennedy sends 400 United States Army Special Forces personnel to South Vietnam to train South Vietnamese soldiers following a visit to the country by Vice-President Johnson . June 1961 -- Kennedy meets with Khrushchev in Vienna . He protests North Vietnam 's attacks on Laos and points out that the U.S. was supporting the neutrality of Laos . The two leaders agree to pursue a policy of creating a neutral Laos . June 1961 -- Kennedy said , `` Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place '' to James Reston of The New York Times ( immediately after meeting Khrushchev in Vienna ) . August 10 , 1961 -- Test run of U.S. herbicidal warfare program in South Vietnam ( `` Operation Trail Dust '' ) October 1961 -- Following successful NLF attacks , Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara recommends sending six divisions ( 200,000 men ) to Vietnam . February 8 , 1962 -- The Military Assistance Command Vietnam ( MACV ) is created by President Kennedy February 1962 -- Attempted assassination of Diệm by two air force officers who bombed his palace , fails . July 23 , 1962 -- International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed at Geneva , promising Laotian neutrality . August 1 , 1962 -- Kennedy signs the Foreign Assistance Act of 1962 , which provides `` ... military assistance to countries which are on the rim of the Communist world and under direct attack '' . October 1962 -- Operation Ranch Hand begins . U.S. planes spray herbicides and defoliants over South Vietnam until 1971 . January 3 , 1963 -- NLF victory in the Battle of Ap Bac . May 8 , 1963 -- Buddhists demonstrate in Huế , South Vietnam after the display of religious flags were prohibited , during the celebration of Vesak , Gautama Buddha 's birthday ; but , Catholic flags celebrating the consecration of Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục , brother of Ngô Đình Diệm were not prohibited . The police of Ngô Đình Cẩn , Diệm 's younger brother , open fire , killing nine . May 1963 -- Republican Barry Goldwater declares that the U.S. should fight to win or withdraw from Vietnam . Later on , during his presidential campaign against Lyndon B. Johnson , his Democratic opponents accuse him of wanting to use nuclear weapons in the conflict . June 11 , 1963 -- Photographs of protesting Buddhist monk , Thích Quảng Đức , burning himself to death in protest , in Saigon , appear in U.S. newspapers . Summer 1963 -- Madame Nhu , de facto First Lady to the bachelor Diệm makes a series of vitriolic attacks on Buddhists , calling the immolations `` barbecues '' . Diệm ignores U.S. calls to silence her . August 21 , 1963 -- ARVN special forces loyal to Ngô Đình Nhu , younger brother of Diệm , stage raids across the country , attacking Buddhist temples and firing on monks . The cremated remains of Thích Quảng Đức are confiscated from Xá Lợi Pagoda in Saigon . New U.S. ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge rebukes Diệm by visiting Xá Lợi and giving refuge to Buddhist leader Thích Trí Quang . The U.S. calls for Nhu to be dropped by Diệm , and threatens to cut aid to Colonel Lê Quang Tung 's Special Forces if they are not sent into battle , rather than used to repress dissidents . September 2 , 1963 -- Kennedy criticises the Diệm regime in an interview with Walter Cronkite , citing the Buddhist repression and claiming that Diệm is out of touch . Late October 1963 -- Nhu , unaware that Saigon region commander General Tôn Thất Đính is double - crossing him , draws up plans for a phony coup and counter-coup to reaffirm the Diệm regime . Đính sends Nhu 's loyal special forces out of Saigon on the pretext of fighting communists and in readiness for the counter coup , and rings Saigon with rebel troops . November 1 , 1963 -- Military officers launch a coup d'état against Diệm , with the tacit approval of the Kennedy administration . Diệm and Nhu escape the presidential residence via a secret exit after loyalist forces were locked out of Saigon , unable to rescue them . November 2 , 1963 -- Diệm and Nhu are discovered in nearby Cholon . Although they had been promised exile by the junta , they are executed by Nguyễn Văn Nhung , bodyguard of General Dương Văn Minh . Minh leads the military junta . November 1963 -- By this time , Kennedy had increased the number of military personnel from the 900 that were there when he became President to 16,000 just before his death . November 22 , 1963 -- Kennedy is assassinated . Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Feb 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder begins July 1965 - Sent troops to Vietnam for the first time This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) Richard M. Nixon ( 1969 -- 74 ) ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) Under the Kennedy administration ( edit ) In 1961 the new administration of President John F. Kennedy remained essentially committed to the bi-partisan , anti-communist foreign policies inherited from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower . During 1961 , his first year in office , Kennedy found himself faced with a three - part crisis : The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba ; the construction of the Berlin Wall by the Soviets ; and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement . Fearing that another failure on the part of the U.S. to stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies , Kennedy realized , `` Now we have a problem in making our power credible ... and Vietnam looks like the place . '' The commitment to defend South Vietnam was reaffirmed by Kennedy on May 11 in National Security Action Memorandum 52 , which became known as `` The Presidential Program for Vietnam '' . Its opening statement reads : U.S. objectives and concept of operations ( are ) to prevent communist domination of South Vietnam ; to create in that country a viable and increasingly democratic society , and to initiate , on an accelerated basis , a series of mutually supporting actions of a military , political , economic , psychological , and covert character designed to achieve this objective . Kennedy was intrigued by the idea of utilizing United States Army Special Forces for counterinsurgency conflicts in Third World countries threatened by the new `` wars of national liberation '' . Originally intended for use behind front lines after a conventional invasion of Europe , Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by Special Forces would be effective in the `` brush fire '' war in South Vietnam . He saw British success in using such forces during the Malayan Emergency as a strategic template . Thus in May 1961 Kennedy sent detachments of Green Berets to South Vietnam to train South Vietnamese soldiers in guerrilla warfare . The Diệm regime had been initially able to cope with the insurgency of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF , or derogatively , Viet Cong ) in South Vietnam with the aid of U.S. matériel and advisers , and , by 1962 , seemed to be gaining the upper hand . Senior U.S. military leaders received positive reports from the U.S. commander , General Paul D. Harkins of the Military Assistance Command , Vietnam , or MACV . By the following year , however , cracks began to appear in the façade of success . In January a possible victory that was turned into a stunning defeat for government forces at the Battle of Ap Bac caused consternation among both the military advisers in the field and among politicians in Washington , D.C. JFK also indicated to Walter Cronkite that the war may be unwinnable , and that it was ultimately a Vietnamese war , not an American war . Diệm was already growing unpopular with many of his countrymen because of his administration 's nepotism , corruption , and its apparent bias in favor of the Catholic minority -- of which Diệm was a part -- at the expense of the Buddhist majority . This contributed to the impression of Diệm 's rule as an extension of the French Colonial regime . Promised land reforms were not instituted , and Diệm 's strategic hamlet program for village self - defense ( and government control ) was a disaster . The Kennedy administration grew increasingly frustrated with Diệm . In 1963 , a crackdown by Diệm 's forces was launched against Buddhist monks protesting discriminatory practices and demanding a political voice . Diệm 's repression of the protests sparked the so - called Buddhist Revolt , during which several monks committed self - immolation , which was covered in the world press . The communists took full advantage of the situation and fueled anti-Diệm sentiment to create further instability . Americanization ( edit ) Gulf of Tonkin and the Westmoreland expansion ( edit ) For more details on the decision to escalate the American involvement , see Gulf of Tonkin Incident . For more details on U.S. covert activities in Southeast Asia , see Studies and Observations Group . Commandant of the Marine Corps Wallace Greene ( left ) , III MAF commander General Robert Cushman ( center ) , and General Westmoreland ( right ) . On July 27 , 1964 , 5,000 additional U.S. military advisers were ordered to the Republic of Vietnam ( RVN or South Vietnam ) , bringing the total American troop level to 21,000 . Shortly thereafter an incident occurred off the coast of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) that was destined to escalate the conflict to new levels and lead to the full scale Americanization of the war . On the evening of August 2 , 1964 , the destroyer USS Maddox was conducting an electronic intelligence collection mission in international waters ( even as claimed by North Vietnam ) in the Gulf of Tonkin when it was attacked by three P - 4 torpedo boats of the North Vietnamese Navy . Reports later reached the Johnson administration saying that the Maddox was under attack . Two nights later , after being joined by the destroyer C. Turner Joy , the Maddox again reported that both vessels were under attack ( this event , which took place under adverse weather conditions , in fact never occurred ) . Regardless , President Johnson addressed Congress asking for more political power to utilize American military forces in South Vietnam , using the attack on the Maddox as cause to get what he wanted . There was rampant confusion in Washington , but the incident was seen by the administration as the perfect opportunity to present Congress with `` a pre-dated declaration of war '' in order to strengthen weakening morale in South Vietnam through reprisal attacks by the U.S. on the North . Even before confirmation of the phantom attack had been received in Washington , President Johnson had decided that an attack could not go unanswered . Just before midnight he appeared on television and announced that retaliatory air strikes were underway against North Vietnamese naval and port facilities . Neither Congress nor the American people learned the whole story about the events in the Gulf of Tonkin until the publication of the Pentagon Papers in 1969 . It was on the basis of the administration 's assertions that the attacks were `` unprovoked aggression '' on the part of North Vietnam , that the United States Congress approved the Southeast Asia Resolution ( also known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ) on August 7 . The law gave the President broad powers to conduct military operations without an actual declaration of war . The resolution passed unanimously in the House of Representatives and was opposed in the Senate by only two members . National Security Council members , including United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara , Secretary of State Dean Rusk , and General Maxwell Taylor , agreed on November 28 to recommend that Johnson adopt a plan for a two - stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam . Operation Rolling Thunder , 1965 -- 68 ( edit ) Main article : Operation Rolling Thunder U.S. F - 105 aircraft dropping bombs . In February 1965 , a U.S. air base at Pleiku , in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam , was attacked twice by the NLF , resulting in the deaths of over a dozen U.S. personnel . These guerrilla attacks prompted the administration to order retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam . Operation Rolling Thunder was the code name given to a sustained strategic bombing campaign targeted against the North by aircraft of the U.S. Air Force and Navy that was inaugurated on March 2 , 1965 . Its original purpose was to bolster the morale of the South Vietnamese and to serve as a signaling device to Hanoi . U.S. airpower would act as a method of `` strategic persuasion '' , deterring the North Vietnamese politically by the fear of continued or increased bombardment . Rolling Thunder gradually escalated in intensity , with aircraft striking only carefully selected targets . When that did not work , its goals were altered to destroying North Vietnam 's will to fight by destroying the nation 's industrial base , transportation network , and its ( continually increasing ) air defenses . After more than a million sorties were flown and three - quarters of a million tons of bombs were dropped , Rolling Thunder was ended on November 11 , 1968 . Other aerial campaigns ( Operation Barrel Roll , Operation Steel Tiger , Operation Tiger Hound , and Operation Commando Hunt ) were directed to counter the flow of men and material down the PAVN logistical system that flowed from North Vietnam through southeastern Laos , and into South Vietnam known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail . Build - up ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) President Johnson had already appointed General William C. Westmoreland to succeed General Harkins as Commander of MACV in June 1964 . Under Westmoreland , the expansion of American troop strength in South Vietnam took place . American forces rose from 16,000 during 1964 to more than 553,000 by 1969 . With the U.S. decision to escalate its involvement , ANZUS Pact allies Australia and New Zealand agreed to contribute troops and matériel to the conflict . They were quickly joined by the Republic of Korea ( second only to the Americans in troop strength ) , Thailand , and the Philippines . The U.S. paid for ( through aid dollars ) and logistically supplied all of the allied forces . U.S. aircraft bombs NLF positions in 1965 . Meanwhile , political affairs in Saigon were finally settling down -- at least as far as the Americans were concerned . On February 14 the most recent military junta , the National Leadership Committee , installed Air Vice-Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ as prime minister . In 1966 , the junta selected General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu to run for president with Ky on the ballot as the vice-presidential candidate in the 1967 election . Thieu and Ky were elected and remained in office for the duration of the war . In the presidential election of 1971 , Thieu ran for the presidency unopposed . With the installation of the Thieu and Ky government ( the Second Republic ) , the U.S. had a pliable , stable , and semi-legitimate government in Saigon with which to deal . With the advent of Rolling Thunder , American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort . The defense of those bases would not be entrusted to the South Vietnamese . So , on March 8 , 1965 , 3,500 United States Marines came ashore at Da Nang as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam , adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place . On May 5 the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam . On August 18 , Operation Starlite began as the first major U.S. ground operation , destroying an NLF stronghold in Quảng Ngãi Province . The NLF learned from their defeat and subsequently tried to avoid fighting an American - style ground war by reverting to small - unit guerrilla operations . The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964 . Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South , and a plan was developed to use PAVN units to split southern Vietnam in half through the Central Highlands . The two imported adversaries first faced one another during Operation Silver Bayonet , better known as the Battle of the Ia Drang . During the savage fighting that took place , both sides learned important lessons . The North Vietnamese , who had taken horrendous casualties , began to adapt to the overwhelming American superiority in air mobility , supporting arms , and close air support by moving in as close as possible during confrontations , thereby negating the effects of the above . The Americans learned that PAVN ( which was basically a light infantry force ) was not a rag - tag band of guerrillas , but was instead a highly disciplined , proficient , and well motivated force . Search and destroy , the strategy of attrition ( edit ) President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam , 1967 On November 27 , 1965 , the Pentagon declared that if the major operations needed to neutralize North Vietnamese and NLF forces were to succeed , U.S. troop levels in South Vietnam would have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000 . In a series of meetings between Westmoreland and the President held in Honolulu in February 1966 , Westmoreland argued that the U.S. presence had succeeded in preventing the immediate defeat of the South Vietnamese government but that more troops would be necessary if systematic offensive operations were to be conducted . The issue then became in what manner American forces would be used . The nature of the American military 's strategic and tactical decisions made during this period would color the conduct and nature of the conflict for the duration of the American commitment . Classical military logic demanded that the U.S. attack the locus of PAVN / NLF in the North . If that country could not be invaded , then the enemy 's logistical system in Laos and Cambodia should be cut by ground forces , isolating the southern battlefield . However , political considerations limited U.S. military actions , mainly because of the memory of communist reactions during the Korean War . Ever present in the minds of diplomats , military officers , and politicians was the possibility of a spiraling escalation of the conflict into a superpower confrontation and the possibility of a nuclear exchange . Therefore , there would be no invasion of North Vietnam , the `` neutrality '' of Laos and Cambodia would be respected , and Rolling Thunder would not resemble the bombing of Germany and Japan during the Second World War . President Johnson conferring with South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in July 1968 . These limitations were not foisted upon the military as an afterthought . Before the first U.S. soldiers came ashore at Da Nang , the Pentagon was cognizant of all of the parameters that would be imposed by their civilian leaders , yet they still agreed that the mission could be accomplished within them . Westmoreland believed that he had found a strategy that would either defeat North Vietnam or force it into serious negotiations . Attrition was to be the key . The general held that larger offensive operations would grind down the communists and eventually lead to a `` crossover point '' in PAVN / NLF casualties after which a decisive ( or at least political ) victory would be possible . It is widely held that the average U.S. serviceman was nineteen years old , as evidenced by the casual reference in a pop song ( `` 19 '' by Paul Hardcastle ) ; the figure is cited by Lt. Col. Dave Grossman ret. of the Killology Research Group in his 1995 book On Killing : The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society ( p. 265 ) . However , it is disputed by the Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network Website , which claims the average age of MOS 11B personnel was 22 . This compares with 26 years of age for those who participated in World War II . Soldiers served a one - year tour of duty . The average age of the U.S. military men who died in Vietnam was 22.8 years old . The one - year tour of duty deprived units of experienced leadership . As one observer put it , `` we were not in Vietnam for 10 years , but for one year 10 times . '' As a result , training programs were shortened . Some NCOs were referred to as `` Shake ' N ' Bake '' to highlight their accelerated training . Unlike soldiers in World War II and Korea , there were no secure rear areas in which to get rest and relaxation . One unidentified soldier said to United Press International that there was nothing to do in Vietnam and therefore many of the men smoked marijuana . He said , `` One of the biggest reasons that a lot of GIs do get high over here is there is nothing to do . This place is really a drag ; it 's a bore over here . Like right now sitting around here , we are getting loaded . Whereas , it does n't really get you messed up ; that 's I guess the main reason why we smoke it . '' American forces would conduct operations against PAVN forces , pushing them further back into the countryside away from the heavily populated coastal lowlands . In the backcountry the U.S. could fully utilize its superiority in firepower and mobility to bleed the enemy in set - piece battles . The cleaning - out of the NLF and the pacification of the villages would be the responsibility of the South Vietnamese military . The adoption of this strategy , however , brought Westmoreland into direct conflict with his Marine Corps commander , General Lewis W. Walt , who had already recognized the security of the villages as the key to success . Walt had immediately commenced pacification efforts in his area of responsibility , but Westmoreland was unhappy , believing that the Marines were being underutilized and fighting the wrong enemy . In the end , MACV won out and Westmoreland 's search and destroy concept , predicated on the attrition of enemy forces , won the day . Both sides chose similar strategies . PAVN , which had been operating a more conventional , large - unit war , switched back to small - unit operations in the face of U.S. military capabilities . The struggle moved to the villages , where the `` hearts and minds '' of the South Vietnamese peasants , whose cooperation was absolutely necessary to military success , would be won or lost . The U.S. had given responsibility for this struggle to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) , whose troops and commanders were notoriously unfit for the task . For the American soldier , whose doctrine was one of absolute commitment to total victory , this strategy led to a frustrating small - unit war . Most of the combat was conducted by units smaller than battalion - size ( the majority at the platoon level ) . Since the goal of the operations was to kill the enemy , terrain was not taken and held as in previous wars . Savage fighting and the retreat of the communists was immediately followed by the abandonment of the terrain just seized . Combined with this was the anger and frustration engendered among American troops by the effective tactics of the NLF , who conducted a war of sniping , booby traps , mines , and terror against the Americans . As a result of the conference held in Honolulu , President Johnson authorized an increase in troop strength to 429,000 by August 1966 . The large increase in troops enabled MACV to carry out numerous operations that grew in size and complexity during the next two years . For U.S. troops participating in these operations ( Operation Masher / White Wing , Operation Attleboro , Operation Cedar Falls , Operation Junction City and dozens of others ) the war boiled down to hard marching through some of the most difficult terrain on the planet and weather conditions that were alternately hot and dry , or cold and wet . It was the PAVN / NLF that actually controlled the pace of the war , fighting only when their commanders believed that they had the upper hand and then disappearing when the Americans and / or ARVN brought their superiority in numbers and firepower to bear . North Vietnam , utilizing the Ho Chi Minh and Sihanouk Trails , matched the U.S. at every point of the escalation , funneling manpower and supplies to the southern battlefields . During the Vietnam War , the use of the helicopter , known as `` Air Mobile '' , was an essential tool for conducting the war . In fact , the whole conduct and strategy of the war depended on it . Vietnam was the first time the helicopter was used on a major scale , and in such important roles . Search and destroy missions , for example , would have been nearly impossible without it . Helicopters allowed American commanders to move large numbers of troops to virtually anywhere , regardless of the terrain or roads . Troops could also be easily resupplied in remote areas . The helicopter also provided another new and vital capability : medical evacuation . It could fly wounded soldiers to aid stations very quickly , usually within the critical first hour . This gave wounded soldiers a higher chance of survival in Vietnam than in any previous war . The helicopter was also adapted for many other roles in Vietnam , including ground attack , reconnaissance , and electronic warfare . Without the helicopter , the war would have been fought very differently . Border battles and the Tet offensive ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Khe Sanh and Tet Offensive By mid-1967 , Westmoreland said that it was conceivable that U.S. forces could be phased out of the war within two years , turning over progressively more of the fighting to the ARVN . That fall , however , savage fighting broke out in the northern provinces . Beginning below the DMZ at Con Tien and then spreading west to the Laotian border near Dak To , large PAVN forces began to stand their ground and fight . This willingness of the communists to remain fixed in place inspired MACV to send reinforcements from other sectors of South Vietnam . The Border Battles had begun . Most of the PAVN / NLF operational capability was possible only because of the unhindered movement of men along the Ho Chi Minh Trail . To threaten this flow of supplies , the Marine Corps established a combat base on the South Vietnamese side of the Laotian frontier , near the village of Khe Sanh . The U.S. used the base as a border surveillance position overlooking Route 9 , the only east - west road that crossed the border in the province . Westmoreland also hoped to use the base as a jump - off point for any future incursion against the Trail system in Laos . During the spring of 1967 , a series of small - unit actions near Khe Sanh prompted MACV to increase its forces . These small unit actions and increasing intelligence information indicated that the PAVN was building up significant forces just across the border . Indeed , PAVN was doing just that . Two regular divisions ( and later elements of a third ) were moving toward Khe Sanh , eventually surrounding the base and cutting off its only road access . Westmoreland , contrary to the advice of his Marine commanders , reinforced the outpost . As far as he was concerned , if the communists were willing to mass their forces for destruction by American air power , so much the better . He described the ideal outcome as a `` Dien Bien Phu in reverse '' . MACV then launched the largest concentrated aerial bombardment effort of the conflict ( Operation Niagara ) to defend Khe Sanh . Another massive aerial effort was undertaken to keep the beleaguered Marines supplied . There were many comparisons ( by the media , Americans military and political officials , and the North Vietnamese ) to the possibility of PAVN staging a repeat of its victory at Dien Bien Phu , but the differences outweighed the similarities in any comparison . MACV used this opportunity to field its latest technology against the North Vietnamese . A sensor - driven , anti-infiltration system known as Operation Igloo White was in the process of being field tested in Laos as the siege of Khe Sanh began . Westmoreland ordered that it be employed to detect PAVN troop movements near the Marine base and the system worked well . By March , the long - awaited ground assault against the base had failed to materialize and communist forces began to melt back toward Laos . MACV ( and future historians ) were left with only questions . What was the goal of the PAVN ? Was the siege a real attempt to stage another Dien Bien Phu ? Or had the battles near the border ( which eventually drew in half of MACV 's maneuver battalions ) been a diversion , meant to pull forces away from the cities , where another PAVN offensive would soon commence ? General Westmoreland 's public reassurances that `` the light at the end of the tunnel '' was near were countered when , on January 30 , 1968 , PAVN and NLF forces broke the truce that accompanied the Tết holiday and mounted their largest offensive thus far , in hopes of sparking a general uprising among the South Vietnamese . These forces , ranging in size from small groups to entire regiments , attacked nearly every city and major military installation in South Vietnam . The Americans and South Vietnamese , initially surprised by the scope and scale of the offensive , quickly responded and inflicted severe casualties on their enemies . The NLF was essentially eliminated as a fighting force and the places of the dead within its ranks were increasingly filled by North Vietnamese . The PAVN / NLF attacks were speedily and bloodily repulsed in virtually all areas except Saigon , where the fighting lasted for three days , and in the old imperial capital of Huế , where it continued for a month . During the occupation of the historic city , 2,800 South Vietnamese were murdered by the NLF in the single worst massacre of the conflict . The hoped - for uprising never took place ; indeed , the offensive drove some previously apathetic South Vietnamese to fight for the government . Another surprise for the communists was that the ARVN did not collapse under the onslaught , instead turning in a performance that pleased even its American patrons . After the Tet Offensive , influential news magazines and newspapers , including the Wall Street Journal , Time and The New York Times , increasingly began to characterize the war as a stalemate . What shocked and dismayed the American public was the realization that either it had been lied to or that the American military command had been dangerously overoptimistic in its appraisal of the situation in Vietnam . The public could not understand how such an attack was possible after being told for several years that victory was just around the corner . The Tet Offensive came to embody the growing credibility gap at the heart of U.S. government statements . These realizations and changing attitudes forced the American public ( and politicians ) to face hard realities and to reexamine their position in Southeast Asia . Moreover , the U.S. media coverage made it even more clear that an overall victory in Vietnam was not imminent . It also massively weakened the domestic support for the Johnson administration at the time . The days of an open - ended commitment to the conflict were over . The psychological impact of the Tet Offensive effectively ended the political career of Lyndon Johnson . On March 11 , Senator Eugene McCarthy won 42 percent of the vote in the Democratic New Hampshire primary . Although Johnson was not on the ballot , commentators viewed this as a defeat for the President . Shortly thereafter , Senator Robert Kennedy announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination for the 1968 presidential election . On March 31 , in a speech that took America and the world by surprise , Johnson announced that `` I shall not seek , and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your President '' and pledged himself to devoting the rest of his term in office to the search for peace in Vietnam . Johnson announced that he was limiting bombing of North Vietnam to just north of the Demilitarized Zone and that U.S. representatives were prepared to meet with North Vietnamese counterparts in any suitable place `` to discuss the means to bring this ugly war to an end '' . A few days later , much to Johnson 's surprise , North Vietnam agreed to contacts between the two sides . On May 13 , what became known as the Paris peace talks began . My Lai massacre ( edit ) Main article : My Lai massacre Haeberle photo of Vietnamese civilians killed during the My Lai massacre . On March 16 , 1968 , three companies of Task Force Barker , part of the Americal Division , took part in a search and destroy operation near the village of My Lai , in Quảng Nam Province . Although not all of the members of the company participated , a significant number of them , led by Calley , did . He personally ordered the executions of hundreds of villagers in large groups . The killings ended only when an American helicopter crew , headed by Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson , Jr. , discovered Calley 's unit in the act and threatened to attack them with his aircraft 's weapons unless they stopped . One of the soldiers on the scene was Ron Haeberle , a photographer for the newspaper Stars and Stripes , who took unobtrusive official black - and - white photos of the operation through the lens of his military - issued camera and color shots of the massacre with his personal camera . Although the operation appeared suspicious to Calley 's superiors , it was forgotten . In 1969 , investigative journalist Seymour Hersh exposed the My Lai massacre in print , and the Haeberle photos were released to the world media . The Pentagon launched an investigation headed by General William R. Peers to look into the allegations . After a flurry of activity , the Peers Commission issued its report . It declared that `` an atmosphere of atrocity '' surrounded the event , concluding that a massacre had taken place and the crime had been covered up by the commander of the Americal Division and his executive officer . Perhaps 400 Vietnamese civilians , mostly old men , women , and children had been killed by Charlie company . Several men were charged in the killings , but only Calley was convicted . He was given a life sentence by a court - martial in 1970 , but after numerous appeals he was finally set free ; he had served just over three years of house arrest . Although My Lai generated a lot of civilian recriminations and bad publicity for the military , it was not the only massacre . The Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files made public in 1994 by the `` Freedom of Information Act '' reveal seven , albeit much smaller , massacres previously unacknowledged by the Pentagon , in which at least 137 civilians had died. ( 1 ) Cover - ups may have occurred in other cases , as detailed in the Pulitzer Prize - winning series of articles concerning the Tiger Force of the 101st Airborne Division by the Toledo Blade in 2003 . Vietnamization , 1969 -- 75 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Richard Nixon had campaigned in the 1968 presidential election under the slogan that he would end the war in Vietnam and bring `` peace with honor '' . However , there was no plan to do this , and the American commitment continued for another five years . The goal of the American military effort was to buy time , gradually building up the strength of the South Vietnamese armed forces , and re-equipping it with modern weapons so that they could defend their nation on their own . This policy became the cornerstone of the so - called Nixon Doctrine . As applied to Vietnam , it was labeled Vietnamization . Nixon 's papers show that in 1968 , as a presidential candidate , he ordered Anna Chennault , his liaison to the South Vietnam government , to persuade them to refuse a cease - fire being brokered by President Lyndon Johnson . This action violated the Logan Act , banning private citizens from intruding into official government negotiations with a foreign nation , and has been said to constitute treason . President Johnson in conversation with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Earle Wheeler ( center ) and General Creighton Abrams ( right ) . Soon after Tet , General Westmoreland was promoted to Army Chief of Staff and he was replaced by his deputy , General Creighton W. Abrams . Because of the change in American strategy posed by Vietnamization , Abrams pursued a very different approach . The U.S. was gradually withdrawing from the conflict , and Abrams favored smaller - scale operations aimed at PAVN / NLF logistics , more openness with the media , less indiscriminate use of American firepower , elimination of the body count as the key indicator of battlefield success , and more meaningful cooperation with South Vietnamese forces . Vietnamization of the war , however , created a dilemma for U.S. forces : the strategy required that U.S. troops fight long enough for the ARVN to improve enough to hold its own against Communist forces . Morale in the U.S. ranks rapidly declined during 1969 -- 1972 , as evidenced by declining discipline , worsening drug use among soldiers , and increased `` fraggings '' of U.S. officers by disgruntled troops . One of Nixon 's main foreign policy goals had been the achievement of a breakthrough in U.S. relations with the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union . An avowed anti-communist since early in his political career , Nixon could make diplomatic overtures to the communists without being accused of being `` soft on communism '' . The result of his overtures was an era of détente that led to nuclear arms reductions by the U.S. and Soviet Union and the beginning of a dialogue with China . In this context , Nixon viewed Vietnam as simply another limited conflict forming part of the larger tapestry of superpower relations ; however , he was still determined to preserve South Vietnam until such time as he could not be blamed for what he saw as its inevitable collapse ( or a `` decent interval '' , as it was known ) . To this end he and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger employed Chinese and Soviet foreign policy gambits to successfully defuse some of the anti-war opposition at home and secured movement at the negotiations that had begun in Paris . China and the Soviet Union had been the principal backers of North Vietnam 's effort through large - scale military and financial aid . The two communist superpowers had competed with one another to prove their `` fraternal socialist links '' with the regime in Hanoi . The North Vietnamese had become adept at playing the two nations off against one another . Even with Nixon 's rapprochement , their support of North Vietnam increased significantly in the years leading up to the U.S. departure in 1973 , enabling the North Vietnamese to mount full - scale conventional offensives against the South , complete with tanks , heavy artillery , and the most modern surface - to - air missiles . Pentagon Papers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The credibility of the U.S. government again suffered in 1971 when The New York Times , The Washington Post and other newspapers serially published The Pentagon Papers ( actually U.S. - Vietnam Relations , 1945 -- 1967 ) . This top - secret historical study of the American commitment in Vietnam , from the Franklin Roosevelt administration until 1967 , had been contracted to the RAND Corporation by Secretary of Defense McNamara . The documents were leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg , a former State Department official who had worked on the study . The Pentagon Papers laid out the missteps taken by four administrations in their Vietnam policies . For example , they revealed the Johnson administration 's obfuscations to Congress concerning the Gulf of Tonkin incidents that had led to direct U.S. intervention ; they exposed the clandestine bombing of Laos that had begun in 1964 ; and they detailed the American government 's complicity in the death of Ngô Đình Diệm . The study presented a continuously pessimistic view of the likelihood of victory and generated fierce criticism of U.S. policies . The importance of the actual content of the papers to U.S. policy - making was disputed , but the window that they provided into the flawed decision - making process at the highest levels of the U.S. government opened the issue for other questions . Their publication was a news event and the government 's legal ( Nixon lost to the Supreme Court ) and extra-legal efforts ( the `` Plumbers '' break - in at the office of Ellsberg 's psychiatrist committed to gain material to discredit him , was one of the first steps on the road to Watergate ) carried out to prevent their publication -- mainly on national security grounds -- then went on to generate yet more criticism and suspicion of the government by the American public . Operation menu and the Cambodian campaign , 1969 -- 70 ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Menu and Cambodian Campaign For more details on the PAVN logistical system , see Sihanouk Trail . For more details on the conflict in Cambodia , see Cambodian Civil War . By 1969 the policy of non-alignment and neutrality had worn thin for Prince Sihanouk , ruler of Cambodia . Pressures from the right in Cambodia caused the prince to begin a shift away from the pro-left position he had assumed in 1965 -- 1966 . He began to make overtures for normalized relations with the U.S. and created a Government of National Salvation with the assistance of the pro-American General Lon Nol . Seeing a shift in the prince 's position , President Nixon ordered the launching of a top - secret bombing campaign , targeted at the PAVN / NLF Base Areas and sanctuaries along Cambodia 's eastern border . President Nixon explains the expansion of the war into Cambodia . On March 18 , 1970 , Sihanouk , who was out of the country on a state visit , was deposed by a vote of the National Assembly and replaced by General Lon Nol . Cambodia 's ports were immediately closed to North Vietnamese military supplies , and the government demanded that PAVN / NLF forces be removed from the border areas within 72 hours . On March 29 , 1970 , the Vietnamese had taken matters into their own hands and launched an offensive against the Cambodian army . A force of North Vietnamese quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia reaching to within 15 miles ( 24 km ) of Phnom Penh allowing their allies , the Chinese - supported Khmer Rouge to extend their power . Nixon ordered a military incursion into Cambodia by U.S. and ARVN troops in order to both destroy PAVN / NLF sanctuaries bordering South Vietnam and to buy time for the U.S. withdrawal . During the Cambodian Campaign , U.S. and ARVN forces discovered and removed or destroyed a huge logistical and intelligence haul in Cambodia . The incursion also sparked large - scale demonstrations on and closures of American college campuses . The expansion of the conflict into Cambodia was seen as an expansion of the conflict into yet another country , nullifying Nixon 's promises of de-escalating the war . During the ensuing protests , four students were killed and a score were wounded by Ohio National Guardsmen during a demonstration at Kent State University . Two other students were killed at Jackson State University in Mississippi . In an effort to lessen opposition to the U.S. commitment , Nixon announced on October 12 that the U.S. would withdraw 40,000 more troops from Vietnam before Christmas . Following the coup , Sihanouk arrived in Beijing , where he established and headed a government in exile , throwing his substantial personal support behind the Khmer Rouge , the North Vietnamese , and the Laotian Pathet Lao . Lam son 719 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Operation Lam Son 719 In 1971 the U.S. authorized the ARVN to carry out an offensive operation aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh Trail in southeastern Laos . Besides attacking the PAVN logistical system ( which would buy time for the U.S. withdrawal ) the incursion would be a significant test of Vietnamization . Backed by U.S. air and artillery support ( American troops were forbidden to enter Laos ) , the ARVN moved across the border along Route 9 , utilizing the abandoned Marine outpost of Khe Sanh as a jumping - off point . At first , the incursion went well , but unlike the Cambodian operation of 1970 , the PAVN decided to stand and fight , finally mustering around 60,000 men on the battlefield . The North Vietnamese first struck the flanks of the ARVN column , smashed its outposts , and then moved in on the main ARVN force . Unlike previous encounters during the conflict , the PAVN fielded armored formations , heavy artillery , and large amounts of the latest anti-aircraft artillery . After two months of savage fighting , the ARVN retreated back across the border , closely pursued by the North Vietnamese . One half of the invasion force was killed or captured during the operation , and Vietnamization was seen as a failure . On August 18 , Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from the conflict . The total number of U.S. forces in South Vietnam dropped to 196,700 on October 29 , 1971 , the lowest level since January 1966 . On November 12 , 1971 , Nixon set a February 1 , 1972 deadline for the removal of another 45,000 troops . Easter offensive ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vietnamization received another severe test in the spring of 1972 when the North Vietnamese launched a massive conventional offensive across the Demilitarized Zone . Beginning on March 30 , the Easter Offensive ( known as the Nguyễn Huệ Offensive to the North Vietnamese ) quickly overran the three northernmost provinces of South Vietnam , including the provincial capital of Quảng Trị City . PAVN forces then drove south toward Huế . Early in April , PAVN opened two additional operations . The first , a three - division thrust supported by tanks and heavy artillery , advanced out of Cambodia on April 5 . The North Vietnamese seized the town of Loc Ninh and advanced toward the provincial capital of An Lộc in Bình Long Province . The second new offensive , launched from the tri-border region into the Central Highlands , seized a complex of ARVN outposts near Dak To and then advanced toward Kon Tum , threatening to split South Vietnam in two . The U.S. countered with a buildup of American airpower to support ARVN defensive operations and to conduct Operation Linebacker , the first offensive bombing of North Vietnam since Rolling Thunder had been terminated in 1968 . The PAVN attacks against Huế , An Lộc , and Kon Tum were contained and the ARVN launched a counteroffensive in May to retake the lost northern provinces . On September 10 , the South Vietnamese flag once again flew over the ruins of the Citadel of Quảng Trị City , but the ARVN offensive then ran out of steam , conceding the rest of the occupied territory to the North Vietnamese . South Vietnam had countered the heaviest attack since Tet , but it was very evident that it was totally dependent on U.S. airpower for its survival . Meanwhile , the withdrawal of American troops , who numbered less than 100,000 at the beginning of the year , was continued as scheduled . By June only six infantry battalions remained . On August 12 , the last American ground combat division left the country . However , the U.S. continued to operate the base At Long Binh . Combat patrols continued there until November 11 when the U.S. handed over the base to the South Vietnamese . After this , only 24,000 American troops remained in Vietnam and President Nixon announced that they would stay there until all U.S. POW 's were freed . At the beginning of the North Vietnamese invasion , the media , including conservative commentator William F. Buckley , predicted the downfall of the Republic of Vietnam ; Buckley even called for the firing of General Creighton Abrams as an incompetent military leader . But the ARVN succeeded in defeating General Giap and his huge invading army . His forces were shattered at the Battle of An Lộc , where he threw several divisions at the entrenched South Vietnamese forces , ultimately losing over half of his army as casualties . General Giap 's loss and subsequent retreat was viewed as so great a failure by the North Vietnamese Communist Party that Giap was relieved of his command . Although ARVN troops withstood and repelled the massive PAVN attack at An Lộc , American air power seems to have been a key to the ARVN success , just as it had been a key factor in supporting U.S. ground forces when they operated in South Vietnam prior to 1972 . Thus , the 1973 withdrawal of U.S. military support and passage of Congressional resolutions cutting off U.S. funding for combat activities in Indochina ( H.R. 9055 and H.J. Res. 636 ) opened the way for the 1975 defeat of the Republic of Vietnam . Election of 1972 and Operation Linebacker II ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Operation Linebacker II During the run - up to the 1972 presidential election , the war was once again a major issue . An antiwar Democrat , George McGovern , ran against President Nixon . The president ended Operation Linebacker on October 22 after the negotiating deadlock was broken and a tentative agreement had been hammered out by U.S. and North Vietnamese representatives at the peace negotiations in Paris . The head of the U.S. negotiating team , Henry Kissinger , declared that `` peace is at hand '' shortly before election day , dealing a death blow to McGovern 's already doomed campaign . Kissinger had not , however , counted on the intransigence of South Vietnamese President Thieu , who refused to accept the agreement and demanded some 90 changes in its text . These the North Vietnamese refused to accept , and Nixon was not inclined to put too much pressure on Thieu just before the election , even though his victory was all but assured . The mood between the U.S. and North further turned sour when Hanoi went public with the details of the agreement . The Nixon Administration claimed that North Vietnamese negotiators had used the pronouncement as an opportunity to embarrass the President and to weaken the United States . White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler told the press on November 30 that there would be no more public announcements concerning U.S. troop withdrawals from Vietnam since force levels were down to 27,000 . Because of Thieu 's unhappiness with the agreement , primarily the stipulation that North Vietnamese troops could remain `` in place '' on South Vietnamese soil , the negotiations in Paris stalled as Hanoi refused to accept Thieu 's changes and retaliated with amendments of its own . To reassure Thieu of American resolve , Nixon ordered a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam utilizing B - 52s and tactical aircraft in Operation Linebacker II , which began on December 18 with large raids against both Hanoi and the port of Haiphong . Nixon justified his actions by blaming the impasse in negotiations on the North Vietnamese , causing one commentator to describe his actions as `` War by tantrum '' . Although this heavy bombing campaign caused protests , both domestically and internationally , and despite significant aircraft losses over North Vietnam , Nixon continued the operation until December 29 . He also exerted pressure on Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement reached in October . Return to Paris ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 15 , 1973 , citing progress in peace negotiations , Nixon announced the suspension of all offensive actions against North Vietnam , to be followed by a unilateral withdrawal of all U.S. troops . The Paris Peace Accords on `` Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam '' were signed on January 27 , officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . The agreement called for the withdrawal of all U.S. personnel and an exchange of prisoners of war . Within South Vietnam , a cease - fire was declared ( to be overseen by a multi-national , 1,160 - man International Control Commission force ) and both ARVN and PAVN / NLF forces would remain in control of the areas they then occupied , effectively partitioning South Vietnam . Both sides pledged to work toward a compromise political solution , possibly resulting in a coalition government . To maximize the area under their control , both sides in South Vietnam almost immediately engaged in land - grabbing military operations , which turned into flashpoints . The signing of the Accords was the main motivation for the awarding of the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize to Henry Kissinger and to leading North Vietnamese negotiator Le Duc Tho . A separate cease - fire had been installed in Laos in February . Five days before the signing of the agreement in Paris , President Lyndon Johnson , whose presidency had been tainted with the Vietnam issue , died . The first U.S. prisoners of war were released by North Vietnam on February 11 , and all U.S. military personnel were ordered to leave South Vietnam by March 29 . As an inducement for Thieu 's government to sign the agreement , Nixon had promised that the U.S. would provide financial and limited military support ( in the form of air strikes ) so that the South would not be overrun . But Nixon was fighting for his political life in the growing Watergate scandal and facing an increasingly hostile Congress that withheld funding . The President was able to exert little influence on a hostile public long sick of the Vietnam War . Thus , Nixon ( or his successor Gerald Ford ) was unable to fulfill his promises to Thieu . At the same time , aid to North Vietnam from the Soviet Union increased . With the U.S. no longer heavily involved , both the U.S. and the Soviet Union no longer saw the war as significant to their relations . The balance of power shifted decisively in North Vietnam 's favor , and the North subsequently launched a major military offensive , the Ho Chi Minh Campaign , against the South that culminated in the surrender of the Republic of Vietnam to PAVN forces on April 30 , 1975 . See also ( edit ) Battle of An Lộc History of Vietnam History of Laos History of Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Vietnam People 's Army Army of the Republic of Vietnam Vietnam War casualties Phoenix Program Tiger Force Opposition to the Vietnam War Vietnam Veterans Against the War Winter Soldier Investigation Canada and the Vietnam War Military history of the United States Cold War Military history United States Air Force In South Vietnam United States Air Force In Thailand Weapons of the Vietnam War Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War Cu Chi tunnels Prisoner - of - war camp Military Assistance Command , Vietnam Studies and Observations Group News Media and the Vietnam War List of Congressional opponents of the Vietnam War United States assistance to Vietnam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gibbons , William Conrad ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) . The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War : Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships , Part IV : July 1965 - January 1968 . Princeton University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 9781400852963 . Jump up ^ Charles Hirschman et al. , `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate , '' Population and Development Review , December 1995 . Jump up ^ Obermeyer , Murray & Gakidou 2008 Jump up ^ Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` 3 new names added to Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall '' ( Press release ) . Associated Press . Jump up ^ D.R. Sar Desai , Vietnam : The Struggle for National Identity ( Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press , 1992 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/hessrooseveltandindochina.pdf Jump up ^ `` Presentation of the Insignia of Knights of the Legion of Honor to seven CAT pilots at Dien Bien Phu '' ( Embassy of France in the United States , February 25 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Miller , Nathan ( 1997 ) , The U.S. Navy : a history ( 3 , illustrated ed . ) , Naval Institute Press , p. 262 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kowert , Paul ( 2002 ) , Groupthink or deadlock : when do leaders learn from their advisors ? ( illustrated ed . ) , SUNY Press , pp. 67 -- 68 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5249 - 3 Jump up ^ Hawaii University . Jump up ^ CUNY . Jump up ^ Touch the Wall . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . Swarthmore College Peace Collection . Jump up ^ Herring , George ( 1986 ) . America 's Longest War . New York : Random House . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 34500 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` John Kennedy 's Vietnam Rhetoric '' Jump up ^ Gibbons , William Conrad : The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War ; Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships , Vol. 2 , p. 40 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uG7jjF6xuKM -- BAD LINK Jump up ^ Nalty , Bernard C. The Vietnam War : the history of America 's conflict in Southeast Asia . Salamander Books , 1998 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Terrence Maitland , Setphen Weiss , et al. , Raising the Stakes . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1982 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Earl L. Tilford , Setup : What the Air Force did in Vietnam and Why . Maxwell Air Force Base AL : Air University Press , 1991 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics about the Vietnam War '' . Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . ( archived from the original on 27 January 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam : Looking Back -- At the Facts -- by K.G. Sears , Ph. D '' . Jump up ^ John Paul Vann . John Paul Vann : Information from Answers.com . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamization : 1970 Year in Review '' , UPI.com . Jump up ^ . D. Coleman ( 1988 ) . Choppers : The Heroic Birth Of Helicopter Warfare . New York , N.Y. : St. Martin 's Press . 1 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Don Oberdorfer ( December 17 , 1967 ) . `` The ' Wobble ' on the War on Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War : The Tet Offensive , 1968 '' . Jump up ^ Text and audio of speech Jump up ^ R.K. Brigham , Guerrilla Diplomacy : the NLF 's foreign relations and the Vietnam War , pp. 76 -- 7 Jump up ^ Fitrakis , Bob ; Wasserman , Harvey ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` George Will Confirms Nixon 's Vietnam Treason '' . Common Dreams . External links ( edit ) Why Did Vietnamization of The Vietnam War Fail ? The short film President John Kennedy 's Press Conference on South Vietnam ( 1963 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Laos : The Not So Secret War ( 1970 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : Why Vietnam ? is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : Operation Montagnard is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : Big Picture : The Unique War is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : U.S. Army Advisor in Vietnam is available for free download at the Internet Archive Declassified primary sources ( edit ) Defense Department ( edit ) The Office of the Secretary of Defense & Joint Staff , FOIA Requester Service Center Vietnam & Southeast Asia ( very large document collection ) NSA ( edit ) Essential Matters : History of the Cryptographic Branch of the People 's Army of Vietnam 1945 - 1975 . ( 1994 ) Gulf of Tonkin records CIA ( edit ) CIA and the Generals , Covert Support to Military Government in South Vietnam CIA and the House of Ngo , Covert Action in South Vietnam , 1954 -- 63 CIA and Rural Pacification Good Questions , Wrong Answers CIA 's Estimates of Arms Traffic through Sihanoukville , Cambodia , During the Vietnam War . The Way We Do Things , Black Entry Operations into Northern Vietnam Undercover Armies , CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos CIA collection of Vietnam War documents released under the Freedom Of Information Act CIA 's collection of declassified Air America documents State Department ( edit ) Foreign Relations Series Under Eisenhower Vietnam , 1955 -- 1957 Vietnam , 1958 -- 1960 Under Kennedy Vietnam 1961 Vietnam 1962 Vietnam January -- August 1963 Vietnam August -- December 1963 Under Johnson Vietnam 1964 Vietnam , January -- June 1965 Vietnam June -- December 1965 Vietnam 1966 Vietnam 1967 Vietnam January -- August 1968 Vietnam September 1968 -- January 1969 Under Nixon Vietnam January 1969 -- July 1970 Vietnam July 1970 -- January 1972 Vietnam January -- October 1972 Vietnam October 1972 -- January 1973 Under Ford Vietnam January 1973 -- July 1975 ( show ) Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ Viet Cong created ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Gulf of Tonkin incident ↓ Battle of Đức Cơ ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Operation Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paracel Islands ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Trần Văn Hương → U.S.A. presidents : Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon G. Ford S. Vietnam presidents : Ngô Đình Diệm Instability Nguyễn Văn Thiệu N. 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-7083045892531382513 | Clay Morrow | Clay Morrow - wikipedia Clay Morrow Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with animator Clayton Morrow . Clay Morrow First appearance `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` Aon Rud Persanta '' ( episode 6.11 ) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Ron Perlman Information Nickname ( s ) Clay Occupation outlaw motorcyclist gun runner co-owner of Teller - Morrow Automotive Repair ( 1972 - 2013 ) Title soldier ( 1967 - 1972 ) Vice President ( 1991 - 1993 ) President ( 1993 - season 4 ) Spouse ( s ) Gemma Teller Morrow ( 1993 - 2013 , dissolved ) Children Jax Teller ( stepson , deceased ) Relatives Tara Knowles ( stepdaughter - in - law , deceased ) Abel Teller ( step - grandson ) Thomas Teller ( step - grandson ) Clarence `` Clay '' Morrow was a fictional character in the FX television series Sons of Anarchy . He is played by Ron Perlman . He is the former International President of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , but is also something of a vigilante as he does everything in his power to ensure that drug dealers and rapists stay out of his town . However , during the fourth season , Clay involves the club with a number of drug dealings with the cartel for his own protection and greed , wavering in his allegiance , and gradually reveals himself to be one of the story 's antagonists . He is 6 ' 2 '' and has a number of tattoos , most notably a Grim Reaper on his upper right arm and a Paratrooper tattoo on his upper left , along with the words `` Death From Above '' indicating that he served as a paratrooper in a military unit . He also wears a golden pin of the same symbol on his kutte . This symbol is often confused with the US Army Parachutist badge . The Paratrooper symbol that Clay wears is an unofficial symbol , and would serve to indicate service , particularly combat service , as a paratrooper , and consists of a skull , with wings coming from the bottom of the skull , and curving up to meet the top of the skull . Given that his and Gemma Teller 's machinations are the driving source of conflict throughout the story , it can be argued that both he and Gemma are the series ' main antagonists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Season One 1.2 Season Two 1.3 Season Three 1.4 Season Four 1.5 Season Five 1.6 Season Six 2 References Biography ( edit ) Morrow , of Irish descent , was born in 1949 but is not a native of Charming , California . He is one of the original `` First 9 '' members of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club , formed in 1967 , but was not a founding member . Of the first nine , he was the youngest and one of only three who were not war veterans . He did later go on to serve in the military , however , joining the US Army as an Airborne qualified Infantryman in 1969 and was deployed to Vietnam until 1972 ( commemorated by a tattoo on his left arm and the paratrooper pin on his vest ) . When he returned from service , he remained a member of the club and opened the Teller - Morrow Automotive Repair shop with John Teller , the club President and his best friend . Whilst serving as the Vice President during the early 1990s , he was responsible for a number of murders during the SAMCRO - Mayan War , including that of Lowell Harland , Sr. , a mechanic at the auto shop who became an ATF informant . In 1993 , he became the President of the club 's Mother Charter , based in Charming ( which also means that he was International President ) , after the death of John Teller . He went on to marry John Teller 's widow Gemma Teller Morrow in the mid-1990s and made their son , Jax Teller , Vice-President . It is implied that under Morrow , SAMCRO has become more of a criminal enterprise than before , much to Jax 's disillusionment . On his colors he wears patches reading `` First 9 '' and `` President '' . He suffers from osteoarthritis ( degenerative arthritis ) in his hands , which is slowly worsening as the series progresses . He makes several attempts to hide it from his brothers to protect his position as President , as a rule among members of the Sons of Anarchy prevents members from leading if they ca n't hold the grip of their motorcycle and ride effectively . Season one ( edit ) Season One begins with the Sons of Anarchy finding their weapon storage warehouse being burned down . The SOA rush to the scene , where local police officers are already investigating . Clay talks to Sheriff Vic Trammel about the blaze , who claims that propane tanks inside the building blew up , and that he suspects arson due to the bootprints inside . Trammel then shows Clay the burned corpses of the people hidden beneath the building , who were illegal immigrants . It is later revealed that they were Mexican prostitutes `` owned '' by the club 's Sergeant - at - Arms , Tig Trager . Clay then goes to meet Laroy , the leader of the One - Niners , in the East Bay . He is due to sell guns to the gang , but as they were destroyed , he must explain what happened at the warehouse . Laroy needs the guns to protect their heroin trade from another motorcycle club , the Mayans , and eventually lets Clay have some more time to get more guns together for him . The Sons of Anarchy then work out that it was the Mayans who stole the guns and destroyed the storage warehouse , and decide to get some payback . Juice Ortiz , the club 's intelligence officer , finds out where the Mayans stored the guns and Clay , Tig , Jax and Chibs Telford all head out to San Leandro to retrieve them . When they arrive at the industrial storage warehouse and find the guns , three Mayans turn up in a car outside . Clay and Tig then shoot and kill the Mayans . Jax is shot by another man , who has a number of Nazi and White supremacist tattoos . He was a member of the Nordics , a local skinhead gang who are allied with the Mayans , and it later emerges that his name is Whistler . Jax turns around and shoots Whistler twice , killing him . They escape with the weapons and destroy the building using explosives . Wayne Unser , the Chief of the Charming Police Department , has always gotten on well with the Sons of Anarchy during his time in charge , and has even employed them as muscle , at times . However , he is dying from cancer and will retire at the end of the month , handing power over to his Deputy , David Hale , who is overtly suspicious of the SOA and will almost definitely begin an investigation into the club . To warn Unser to keep Hale off their case , Clay , Bobby Munson ( the club 's Treasurer ) and Opie Winston hijack a shipment that they are supposed to protect , and threaten to hijack more . As a goodwill gesture , they give the contents of the truck to the local Italian American Mafia , as their gun delivery is late . Meanwhile , Tig comes forth and tells Clay that he has been having sex with both of the women found at the warehouse and that his DNA is in the police database . Clay orders Tig and Bobby to get rid of the bodies . The pair then retrieve the corpses from the police site and burn them in a furnace . Hale is enraged when he discovers that the bodies are missing , and he threatens Clay that he will close the SOA down for good . Local businessman Elliot Oswald goes to Clay after his 13 - year - old daughter is raped at a carnival and asks the Sons of Anarchy to hunt down the rapist and kill him , in exchange for money . Clay refuses the money but insists that if they catch him , he must carry out the punishment himself . Juice and Gemma discover that the rapist is one of the carnies and the gang capture him and bring him to Oswald , who tries to castrate him but can not bring himself to do it . Clay then carries the punishment out , but wears gloves whilst doing it . He then frames Oswald for the crime , as only Oswald 's fingerprints are on the knife , because Oswald was about to sell off much of the land around Charming to big business and housing , which would challenge the SOA 's reign over the town . Jax is unhappy that Clay did not tell him of the plan , however , and tells him to always inform him on his future motives . When a Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives agent arrives in Charming and begins investigating the club , Clay decides that they should move their weapons to Indian Hills , Nevada , where their brother club , the Devil 's Tribe , are based . He also sends Bobby and Jax to inform the Devil 's Tribe that the Sons of Anarchy will be patching over them , and Tig and Juice to steal a truck to transport the guns in . Clay also travels to Indian Hills to perform the patch - over ceremony and brings a number of SOA Washington members as protection in case the Mayans retaliate for an earlier conflict involving Jax , Bobby and five Mayans . At the patch - over party , he has sex with Cherry , a woman whom Half - Sack likes , as revenge for his calling Gemma a MILF earlier . The Mayans eventually retaliate , as predicted , by attacking the Devil 's Tribe clubhouse , and a large shootout ensues . Otto Delaney and a number of other imprisoned SAMCRO members have been protecting Chuck in Stockton prison . He is wanted by the Triads because he stole money from them , then informed on a number of their members when he was arrested . When Clay and Jax visit Otto in prison , he tells them that if they protect Chuck when he is released , he will inform them where the money that he has skimmed from the Asian Triads gang is located . They agree and pick him up from prison and bring him to the clubhouse . SAMCRO intends to wait until the restaurant , where the money is stored , closes before raiding it , but Chuck 's frequent unconscious masturbating is unbearable for them and they decide to raid the restaurant straight away . However , just after they steal the money and some counterfeiting plates , the Triads turn up . Instead of starting a war , Clay decides to make a deal ; SAMCRO hands over Chuck and the plates for $60,000 from the Triads as the skim money is all counterfeit . Meanwhile , Kyle Hobart , a disgraced former SAMCRO member , goes to Jax and asks him if the Sons want in on his deal selling stolen car parts . Jax accepts and invites him to the clubhouse that night . This was a setup , however , to punish him for not having his SOA tattoo removed after being disowned by the club . At the clubhouse , they tie him up and Tig uses a blowtorch to burn off the tattoo . Jax and Piney sell five AK - 47s to Nate Meineke and his right - wing state militia . They then use these guns to ambush a prison convoy and free one of their members , Frank Cison . Three police officers are killed during the assault . Meineke drops his cell phone at the scene , and his last calls have been to Clay Morrow . When the ATF finds the phone , they arrest Clay and raid the clubhouse . Clay is later released because no evidence is found , meaning he can no longer be kept in custody . Meanwhile , Jax , Piney and Opie Winston decide to kill Meineke and his gang to keep them from snitching if they are apprehended by the authorities . They pretend to sell them more weapons . The `` boxes of guns '' are actually filled with explosives , however , and the militia load their trucks with them . All of the militia are killed when the bombs are detonated . Workmen working for the Water and Power Board near the highway dig up three skeletons , two of which were Mayans killed in the war of 1992 . The other was Lowell Harland , Sr. , a mechanic at Teller - Morrow . He was killed for being a `` junkie rat '' . To stop the bodies from being identified , Clay , Jax and Tig break into the local morgue , prepared to steal the bones . However , the corpses have already been identified . When Clay tells Lowell , Jr. about his father 's death , Lowell runs away . Clay tracks him down and eventually brings him back to town . Clay is almost killed when the Mayans attempt to shoot him while at a deal with Cameron Hayes of the True IRA at a bar . The two Mayan soldiers are gunned down by Tig and the shotgun - toting barman , however . Clay then calls in the Sons of Anarchy State Presidents and Vice-Presidents from Washington , Utah and Nevada , in a bid to wipe out the Mayans . After the shooting , he questions Jax 's commitment to the club and Jax 's willingness to kill . Clay is taken to the local police station for questioning about the recent shootings , by Wayne Unser . Ernest Darby is also being held there , and Clay tells Unser to bring Álvarez in , in order for the three gang leaders to hold a meeting and , hopefully , prevent further bloodshed . He meets with Darby first , and tells him not to retaliate because it would start a war on the streets of Charming . He then meets with Álvarez and the pair make a deal ; the Sons of Anarchy will begin selling guns to the Mayans , and all Mayan - SOA disputes ( over turf , businesses , etc . ) end in the SOA 's favor . Álvarez also gives the Sons permission to kill Esai , as revenge for the attempted hit on Clay . After the clubhouse is raided and Bobby is arrested for the murder of Brenan Hefner , Clay and Tig suspect Opie of being the witness who identified him . It was another person , however . When Opie turns up at the clubhouse , Tig checks his car for bugs and finds a microphone . He also finds a recording device in Opie 's mobile phone . Both were planted by the ATF without Opie 's knowledge . Clay and Tig then decide to kill him . Clay and Tig again meet with One - Niners ' leader Laroy , and they discuss taking out the Mayans . They agree that the Sons would meet the Mayans for an arms deal and when they left , the Niners would eliminate the Mayans and take the guns as payment . However , when Clay , Tig , Opie and Jax meet Álvarez and his crew at a warehouse in Oakland , the Niners try to take out the Mayans and SOA . The group escapes , but a number of Mayans and Niners are killed in the shootout . Tig attempts to kill Opie during the havoc , but finds himself unable to do so . Later on at Jax 's son Abel 's homecoming party , Tig follows Opie 's car home and shoot the driver dead . However , the driver is Opie 's wife , Donna , who has switched vehicles with Opie . Just after Tig leave to kill Opie , Clay is approached by Wayne Unser and told that Opie is , in fact , not an informant and that the ATF has set him up . Clay tries to phone Tig to tell him , but Tig is not carrying his phone . Rosen , the club 's lawyer , meets with Clay and tells him that the ATF has put a warrant out for Opie 's arrest and that he will most likely get convicted of Hefner 's murder because of the witness . Clay , Tig and Juice then meet with Vic Trammel and offer him money to reveal the location of the witness . Trammell does not know , however , so they go to Elliot Oswald . They again blackmail him with the knife that he used to kill the rapist earlier in the season , this time to get his friends in the US Attorney 's office to tell him the witness ' case number and location . He then sends Chibs , Happy and Tig to kill the witness , who is at a safe house in San Joaquin . Jax goes to the safe house and stops the trio from killing the witness , but threatens her into leaving the state . At Church , Jax confronts Clay and asks if he killed Donna . Clay denies this . Season One ends at Donna 's funeral , which is attended by Sons of Anarchy from all over the country . There , Jax and Clay stare at each other and it is plain to see that the club is coming apart from inside . Season two ( edit ) In the first episode of Season Two we see that Clay is still struggling with remorse for what he did to Donna , and that he is going head to head with Jax over her death . We see him giving Opie a fake story of how a Mayan MC member killed Donna and he throws a welcome back party for Bobby . When Ethan Zobelle and the L.O.A.N. start threatening members of SAMCRO , Clay is all for immediate retaliation , but he is at odds with Jax , who feels the club may be walking into a trap . He has recently learned of his wife Gemma 's rape at the hands of L.O.A.N. and settled his differences with Jax , so the two can work together to get revenge . Clay is now shown to be more in tune with Jax 's method of operation , opting to do more recon work before entering potentially lethal situations . In the season two finale , Clay neglects to inform Marcus Alvarez that Ethan Zobelle is an F.B.I. informant , knowing the Mayan leader would kill Zobelle himself , forfeiting Clay 's opportunity to do the deed . Later in the episode , the Sons ambush the Mayan convoy containing Zobelle and Clay spares Alvarez 's life . Clay and the others corner Zobelle in a deli , but decide to abandon the scene after learning of his grandson 's kidnapping . He is last seen consoling his distraught stepson Jax , whose son Abel ( Clay 's grandson ) has been kidnapped by IRA gun dealer Cameron Hayes . Season three ( edit ) In the first episodes we see that Clay is still saddened by the loss of Abel , and is willing to help Jax at all costs . Also , his arthritis continues to worsen . As shown in the episode `` Home '' , it got so bad that Jax had to tie Clay 's hands to the handlebars . In the episode `` Turas '' , when SAMCRO are nearly killed by a bomb hidden in a gun shipment put there by the SAMBEL Sergeant - at - Arms , Jax has a shell shocked vision of his biological father speaking to him but it turns out to actually be Clay . In the episode `` Firinne '' , Clay kills McGee , member of the First 9 and President of the Belfast Chapter , for his treachery against the club by pushing him off a roof after taking his cut . He later burns the cut after expressing remorse for the killing . In the Season 3 finale , when Clay learns of Jax 's betrayal , he appears enraged and says `` Jax will die '' . In the end , it is revealed that he knew of Jax 's deal with Stahl and that it was part of a plan to execute Jimmy O. and Stahl . When the plan is done , Clay and the others share a laugh , much to the confusion of the ATF agents . Also in the end of the episode , as Tara is reading the letters John Teller wrote to Maureen Ashby , Teller says he fears that Clay and Gemma will kill him because of his betraying Gemma by having an affair and attempting to alter the clubs focus on criminal activity , leading to much speculation that Clay and Gemma might have killed John Teller . Season four ( edit ) Clay is seen as one of the many SAMCRO members released from prison . He later escapes their sheriff tail and accompanies Jax and Opie 's meeting with the Russians , where he settles their differences and forms a partnership with them . He attends Opie 's wedding and goes to test a new gun given to them by Putlova . As he 's firing the gun he turns and shoots Putlova 's bodyguards and Jax stabs Putlova to death as revenge for trying to kill him in prison . He also tells Gemma that his arthritis has gotten worse and that he has only 1 or 2 years left before he has to step down as President of SAMCRO . Also , while in prison , he set up a deal to run cocaine for the Gallindo Cartel , but this does not sit well with the other members of the club , as SOA avoids drugs . When the club goes to Arizona and meets the Tucson charter , SAMTAZ , he demands that the charter stop dealing meth . This request is denied , as selling generates too much money for the club to give up . Otto wants Luann 's murderer dead , and the issue is raised in the chapel . Clay is then confronted by Piney , who threatens Clay that if Clay does not kill the cocaine deal with the Gallindo Cartel , Piney will distribute letters to the club about John Teller 's murder to the other members . Clay discusses the threat with Gemma , revealing that Clay did kill Teller . Clay later meets Unser and obtains the letters from him , unaware that Gemma has the same plan . After Unser gets a copy of the letters , he confronts Clay . Clay replies he does not regret doing what he did because it protected the Club and Charming . When he visits a tied Georgie Caruso , he claims that he has connections with millionaire Japanese families . Clay immediately sees an opportunity to make Jacob Hale believe he has investors in time . His idea is that he will have the investors pull out at the last minute , which will put an end to Charming Heights . After retrieving the last brick of cocaine that Juice had stolen , framing Miles for it , Clay asks Romeo for help killing Tara , to keep the secret of the letters hidden . Clay comes to Piney 's cabin in the night . After discussing trust issues and differences in the cabin , Clay leaves , only to break down the door , knocking Piney off his feet . Piney begs Clay not to get Tara involved in the letters from JT . Clay shoots Piney in the chest with a shotgun , killing him . This makes Piney the 3rd member of the First 9 , and the 2nd and final co-founding member of the Sons of Anarchy to be killed at the hands of Clay . Clay leaves the markings of the cartel to implicate them for the murder . Given the club 's difficult circumstances , Clay calls the Irish Kings for a meeting to set a new deal that lets them survive the war against Lobo Sonora . He later learns that the One Niners have been dealing with the Sonora and the Sons plan an attack using the Niners to lure them . This fails , however , as Sonora 's men were equipped with grenade launchers . Luis , Romero 's right - hand man , gives Clay a cell phone with his contact to kill Tara . Jax confronts Clay when he hears from Bobby that Clay wanted Bobby , instead of Opie , as president as was the deal . Clay says it is Tara 's fault that Jax changed , but Jax warns him to never insult her again . Gemma tells Clay that Tara will not reveal the letters to Jax for fear that Jax will get deeper into the club out of guilt . Clay promises to Gemma he wo n't hurt Tara , however he uses the cell phone Luis gave him , and the next morning pays the contact 25,000 dollars for the murder . After finding out that Jax and the babies are with her , Clay desperately tries to stop the hit , but is unsuccessful and Tara has her hand broken by a car door while struggling to escape . Clay meets Romeo and gets a refund , with Romeo taking the matter into his hands personally , and Clay reluctantly agrees that Tara is best dead . Gemma confronts Clay about the hit and a violent fight ensues between the two , including Gemma shooting at Clay ( deliberately missing ) and getting in a powerful punch and a kick against Clay with Clay getting injured but Clay gets the upper hand and severely beats Gemma 's face . That night he decides to sleep in the clubhouse . Opie later finds out that Clay was behind the death of Piney and seeks revenge , ending up shooting Clay in the torso twice . Clay survived the shooting but was shown to be in intensive care . Later in the episode Gemma gave Jax his father 's letters to Maureen Ashby . After reading the letters , and realizing Clay is responsible for the death of John Teller , Jax vowed to kill Clay . Jax puts a knife up to Clays throat and makes him step down as President and orders him to never go near his family again . Although Clay tries to explain his reasons Jax refuses to listen and takes his Presidents patch , thus ending Clays reign as President of SAMCRO . Season five ( edit ) Clay is shown to have been discharged from the hospital , but requires an oxygen tank due to his lung injury . He is shown trying to make amends with Gemma , but she coldly brushes him off . He later reveals to the club he murdered Piney , but states that Piney was drunk and tried to kill him first and Opie found out and is the one who shot him . The club 's rules ( due to him having killed a member ) means they must vote on kicking him out . When Jax questions his motives for telling the club , he denies any . His arthritis is shown to have reached the point to where he ca n't ride his bike at all . He later goes to his and Gemma 's burglarized house and expresses concern over his safe being stolen . He then goes and visits Opie and convinces him not to walk away from the club because of him , seeing as though he 's `` half dead already '' . He later finds out where Gemma has been going from Juice . He goes to the brothel and confronts Nero , the owner and Gemma 's new suitor . He then `` seeks comfort '' with a young prostitute to anger Gemma . Gemma then attacks the girl causing her to leave . When Nero 's operation is later shut down , and he and Gemma are arrested , it 's likely Clay was behind it . The next episode `` Small World '' shows Clay having recovered to the point of no longer needing his oxygen tank , though he continues to wear it ( either for sympathy or to keep people off - guard ) . He later helps Gemma take care of a dead body ( Nero 's half - sister ) and the two seem to be on better terms . At the end of the episode , he confronts the three Nomads responsible for the Charming burglaries and the death of Sheriff Roosevelt 's wife . He punches one in the face exclaiming `` You were n't supposed to kill her ! '' This shows Clay to have been pulling the strings behind the home invasions . The next episode `` Toad 's Wild Ride '' reveals the Nomads , ( Go - Go , Greg and Frankie ) made a deal with Clay to help him get back at the head of the table in exchange for a cut of Clay 's share of the guns and cocaine money . The break - ins were Clay 's way of turning Charming against Jax . When Unser ( who has been investigating the break - ins ) comes close to discovering the truth , Go - Go and Greg meet with Clay to discuss killing him , while Frankie goes underground . Clay meets with Unser in his trailer talking about the trust and friendship between them . When Go - Go and Greg break in the door , Unser shoots Go - Go with a double - barreled shotgun and Clay betrays them , shooting Greg in the head with his pistol . When Juice ( who saw Go - Go and Greg going to Unser 's trailer ) asks Clay what is happening , Clay denies involvement . Jax and the rest of the club find out about their attack on Unser and Jax privately accuses Clay of using the Nomads to undermine his leadership . Clay states that Pope is the one who hired the Nomads , Jax claims they 'll find Frankie and learn the truth . In `` Ablation '' Clay visits Gemma , Abel , and Thomas in the hospital after a marijuana - induced car crash . He tells Jax that a truck ran her off the road to protect her . When Jax learns about the lie , he tells Clay he understands why he lied and that Gemma is dead to his family , and he wants him to take care of her . `` Andare Pascare '' shows the club discovering that Frankie is hiding with a Mafia family , paying them with money stolen from Nero . They take a unanimous vote to kill him after extracting the information they need . When Clay learns from Jimmy Cacuzza the location of a Mafia safehouse where Frankie is hiding , Clay and Juice go there to kill him to keep him from outing Clay ( Juice acting under the pretense of scouting it out ) . When Frankie barricades himself in the house and shoots at the two , Clay drives the van into the gas tank outside , blowing up the house . Just as Clay is about to kill Frankie , Jax and the others show up , having seen the explosion . However Frankie is quickly gunned down by the enraged Mafia Don for killing one of his men before he can tell them anything . Bobby later asks Clay if there 's anything he wants to tell him ( implying he also knows about his dealings with the Nomads ) . When Clay claims his conscience is clear , Bobby states `` I hope you 're as smart as you think you are , cause I 'm sicking of burning friends '' . The episode ends with Gemma coming to Clay to help him with his cortisone shots . The next episode `` Crucifixed '' shows Clay negotiating with Romeo and Luis for protection as once the RICO case is gone , he will no longer need Clay and will most likely kill him . Romeo suggests getting rid of Jax and putting Clay back at the head of the table . Clay disagrees to taking the deal , Romeo states `` Yes you will . '' Later , Gemma and Clay draw closer at Clay 's place , where Gemma insists they return home . They are last seen sitting on their bed talking , where Clay confesses he ca n't bear losing her again . Gemma kisses him passionately and they sink onto the bed . The next episode `` To Thine Own Self '' shows Clay learning of Otto 's murder of a nurse , ending the RICO case . He is shown , for unknown reasons , trying to save Jax from Romeo and warns him to work with the cartel long enough to make the Club legitimate and leave . He refuses stating `` I 'm done bowing down to greedy men who have nothing to believe in '' . When Jax reveals a new deal to the Club , which would allow the Mayans and Triads to take over muling the cocaine and selling big guns , respectively , Clay votes yes along with everyone else . He is later shown moving legal documents given to him by the Nomads to another location , to protect himself from the Club finding this important evidence of his betrayal . The end of the episode shows Bobby going to Clay and Gemma 's house to talk to him about `` trying to keep you alive . '' It 's revealed in `` Darthy '' that Bobby convinced Clay to confess his role in the Nomad attacks in exchange for vetoing his death : club - sanctioned assassinations ( known as `` A Visit from Mr. Mayhem '' ) require a unanimous vote . Clay also meets with Gaylen , tells him he plans on starting his own crew to run any guns SAMCRO does n't pick up , and asks for a plane to Belfast to wait out any immediate danger . He also gives Juice a gun that he values for all he has done for him . At the end of the episode , Clay has been voted out of the club after revealing everything . After Jax beats Clay in frustration for not being allowed to kill him , Happy removes the former Club President 's SAMCRO tattoos on his back and arm by smudging them over with a needle and black tattoo ink as the rest of the club looks on . He is shown to be ready to leave in the season finale when Roosevelt and several policemen state they found his gun ( the same one he gave Juice ) at a crime scene as the murder weapon that killed Damon Pope and three of his men . When he asks Gemma to vouch for him , she states he was gone with the gun and she did n't know he was going to kill anyone . He is arrested and is last seen in a prison transport van with two black men . Meanwhile , Jax has convinced Pope 's lieutenants that Clay was Pope 's killer ; per Pope 's standing order in the event of his death , they offer a $5 million reward for Clay 's murder . Season six ( edit ) At the beginning of the season , Clay is being held in protective custody after his arrest for Damon Pope 's murder . Clay is visited by retired US Marshall Lee Toric , the brother of the nurse Otto murdered . Toric , who had sworn revenge against the motorcycle club , tells Clay he can only remain in protective custody if he cooperates in building a case against SAMCRO . Clay initially refuses , but after being transferred to general population and realizing he is certain to be murdered in retaliation for two deaths he had nothing to do with and did n't even approve , he agrees to help Toric and is returned to protective custody . He later demands a sit - down with Gemma and Jax before he signs the deal . He meets with Gemma and seems apologetic , though Gemma suspects he has ulterior motives . He meets Jax and states that he will give Toric nothing and that he is sorry . In response to this he is shipped to Stockton , where he is attacked by three black men , but they spare him and offer him a shank . He later uses it to kill a member of a Neo-Nazi group and gets protection from the black gang . He is visited once more by Toric , who shows him the brutalized Otto . Clay slips Otto a shank and leaves . Despite threats that he will meet the same fate , Clay refuses to sign . Toric is later killed by Otto with the shank Clay gave him and Otto is killed by the guards in response . Following the fallout between Jax and the IRA , Clay is contacted by Galen O'Shea with the opportunity to continue as the main weapon distributor for the IRA in Northern California . The IRA will arrange to have Clay escape from the prison transport on the way to his hearing and he will retreat to Belfast and build his own new crew . Clay requests a conjugal visit with Gemma so that he can have her relate this information to Jax . He pays off two guards to allow him to chat with Gemma , but when the visit is over , the guards demand to watch Clay and Gemma have sex while they masturbate . They threaten to have Clay killed and Gemma grudgingly agrees to do it . Afterwards Clay vows to kill the two guards , but Gemma tells him that SAMCRO needs him alive . When Clay 's transport date is moved up , Galen enlists SAMCRO to assist in attacking his transport truck to free him ; Bobby is shot during the attack and Juice kills a guard . After meeting up with the Irish , Jax kills Galen and his men . He explains the situation , stating the Club took a unanimous vote how to handle the situation . Clay , accepting of his fate , stands ready . Jax then executes Clay by shooting him in the neck and then five times in the chest while he is on the floor . Jax then arranges the bodies to make it look like Clay had a falling out with the Irish and they all died in a shootout , allowing him to finally get revenge against Clay as well as Galen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clay Morrow at FX.com Jump up ^ Pilot - Recap Archived September 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seeds - Recap Archived September 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fun Town - Recap Archived March 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Patch Over - Recap Jump up ^ Giving Back - Recap Jump up ^ AK - 51 - Recap Jump up ^ Old Bones - Recap Archived September 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hell Followed - Recap Jump up ^ The Sleep of Babies - Recap Archived September 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Revelator - Recap Archived September 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ( hide ) Sons of Anarchy Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Charming , CA Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 Songs of Anarchy Volume 3 Songs of Anarchy Volume 4 Fictional arms dealers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_Morrow&oldid=814438827 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy characters Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional assassinated people Fictional bikers Fictional businesspeople Fictional crime bosses Fictional criminals Fictional gang members Fictional gangsters Fictional mechanics Fictional mass murderers Fictional mobsters Fictional outlaws Fictional prison escapees Psychopathy in fiction Fictional smokers Fictional torturers Fictional vigilantes Fictional United States Army Rangers personnel Fictional Vietnam War veterans Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 20 : 56 . 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7164344780707941749 | GNU General Public License | GNU General Public license - wikipedia GNU General Public license Jump to : navigation , search `` GPL '' redirects here . For other uses , see GPL ( disambiguation ) . GNU General Public License Author Richard Stallman Latest version Publisher Free Software Foundation Published 29 June 2007 DFSG compatible Yes FSF approved Yes OSI approved Yes Copyleft Yes Linking from code with a different license No ( except for software licensed under GPLv3 compatible licenses ) Website gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license , which guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work can only be distributed under the same license terms . This is in distinction to permissive free software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely used examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open - source software domain . Prominent free software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux - based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GNU GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GNU GPLv2 ) that were discovered during its long - time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional `` any later version '' clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; for instance the Linux kernel is licensed under GPLv2 without the `` any later version '' clause . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Version 1 1.2 Version 2 1.3 Version 3 2 Terms and conditions 2.1 Use of licensed software 2.2 Copyleft 2.3 License versus contract 3 Derivations 4 Linking and derived works 4.1 Libraries 4.1. 1 Point of view : dynamic and static linking violate GPL 4.1. 2 Point of view : static linking violates GPL but unclear as of dynamic linking 4.1. 3 Point of view : linking is irrelevant 4.2 Communicating and bundling with non-GPL programs 5 Legal status 6 Compatibility and multi-licensing 7 Text and other media 8 Adoption 9 Reception 9.1 Legal barrier to app stores 9.2 Microsoft 9.2. 1 `` Viral '' nature 9.3 Barrier to commercialization 9.4 Open - source criticism 9.5 GPLv3 criticism 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The GPL was written by Richard Stallman in 1989 , for use with programs released as part of the GNU project . The original GPL was based on a unification of similar licenses used for early versions of GNU Emacs ( 1985 ) , the GNU Debugger and the GNU C Compiler . These licenses contained similar provisions to the modern GPL , but were specific to each program , rendering them incompatible , despite being the same license . Stallman 's goal was to produce one license that could be used for any project , thus making it possible for many projects to share code . The second version of the license , version 2 , was released in 1991 . Over the following 15 years , members of the free software community became concerned over problems in the GPLv2 license that could let someone exploit GPL - licensed software in ways contrary to the license 's intent . These problems included tivoization ( the inclusion of GPL - licensed software in hardware that refuses to run modified versions of its software ) , compatibility issues similar to those of the Affero General Public License -- and patent deals between Microsoft and distributors of free and open source software , which some viewed as an attempt to use patents as a weapon against the free software community . Version 3 was developed to attempt to address these concerns and was officially released on 29 June 2007 . Version 1 ( edit ) Version 1 of the GNU GPL , released on 25 February 1989 , prevented what were then the two main ways that software distributors restricted the freedoms that define free software . The first problem was that distributors may publish binary files only -- executable , but not readable or modifiable by humans . To prevent this , GPLv1 stated that copying and distributing copies or any portion of the program must also make the human - readable source code available under the same licensing terms . The second problem was that distributors might add restrictions , either to the license , or by combining the software with other software that had other restrictions on distribution . The union of two sets of restrictions would apply to the combined work , thus adding unacceptable restrictions . To prevent this , GPLv1 stated that modified versions , as a whole , had to be distributed under the terms in GPLv1 . Therefore , software distributed under the terms of GPLv1 could be combined with software under more permissive terms , as this would not change the terms under which the whole could be distributed . However , software distributed under GPLv1 could not be combined with software distributed under a more restrictive license , as this would conflict with the requirement that the whole be distributable under the terms of GPLv1 . Version 2 ( edit ) According to Richard Stallman , the major change in GPLv2 was the `` Liberty or Death '' clause , as he calls it -- Section 7 . The section says that licensees may distribute a GPL - covered work only if they can satisfy all of the license 's obligations , despite any other legal obligations they might have . In other words , the obligations of the license may not be severed due to conflicting obligations . This provision is intended to discourage any party from using a patent infringement claim or other litigation to impair users ' freedom under the license . By 1990 , it was becoming apparent that a less restrictive license would be strategically useful for the C library and for software libraries that essentially did the job of existing proprietary ones ; when version 2 of the GPL ( GPLv2 ) was released in June 1991 , therefore , a second license -- the Library General Public License -- was introduced at the same time and numbered with version 2 to show that both were complementary . The version numbers diverged in 1999 when version 2.1 of the LGPL was released , which renamed it the GNU Lesser General Public License to reflect its place in the philosophy . Most commonly `` GPLv2 or any later version '' is stated by users of the license , to allow upgrading to GPLv3 . Version 3 ( edit ) Richard Stallman at the launch of the first draft of the GNU GPLv3 at MIT , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA . To his right is Columbia Law Professor Eben Moglen , chairman of the Software Freedom Law Center . In late 2005 , the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) announced work on version 3 of the GPL ( GPLv3 ) . On 16 January 2006 , the first `` discussion draft '' of GPLv3 was published , and the public consultation began . The public consultation was originally planned for nine to fifteen months but finally stretched to eighteen months with four drafts being published . The official GPLv3 was released by FSF on 29 June 2007 . GPLv3 was written by Richard Stallman , with legal counsel from Eben Moglen and Richard Fontana from the Software Freedom Law Center . According to Stallman , the most important changes are in relation to software patents , free software license compatibility , the definition of `` source code '' , and hardware restrictions on software modification ( `` tivoization '' ) . Other changes relate to internationalization , how license violations are handled , and how additional permissions can be granted by the copyright holder . It also adds a provision that `` strips '' Digital Rights Management ( DRM ) of its legal value , so people can break anything a court might recognize as DRM on GPL software without breaking laws like the DMCA . The public consultation process was coordinated by the Free Software Foundation with assistance from Software Freedom Law Center , Free Software Foundation Europe , and other free software groups . Comments were collected from the public via the gplv3.fsf.org web portal , using purpose - written software called stet . During the public consultation process , 962 comments were submitted for the first draft . By the end , a total of 2,636 comments had been submitted . The third draft was released on 28 March 2007 . This draft included language intended to prevent patent - related agreements such as the controversial Microsoft - Novell patent agreement and restricts the anti-tivoization clauses to a legal definition of a `` User '' or `` consumer product '' . It also explicitly removed the section on `` Geographical Limitations '' , whose probable removal had been announced at the launch of the public consultation . The fourth discussion draft , which was the last , was released on 31 May 2007 . It introduced Apache License version 2.0 compatibility ( prior versions are incompatible ) , clarified the role of outside contractors , and made an exception to avoid the perceived problems of a Microsoft -- Novell style agreement , saying in Section 11 paragraph 6 that : You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software , under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work , and under which the third party grants , to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you , a discriminatory patent license ... This aims to make future such deals ineffective . The license is also meant to cause Microsoft to extend the patent licenses it grants to Novell customers for the use of GPLv3 software to all users of that GPLv3 software ; this is possible only if Microsoft is legally a `` conveyor '' of the GPLv3 software . Also , early drafts of GPLv3 let licensors add an Affero - like requirement that would have plugged the ASP loophole in the GPL . As there were concerns expressed about the administrative costs of checking code for this additional requirement , it was decided to keep the GPL and the Affero license separated . Others , notably some high - profile developers of the Linux kernel , for instance Linus Torvalds , Greg Kroah - Hartman and Andrew Morton , commented to the mass media and made public statements about their objections to parts of discussion drafts 1 and 2 . The kernel developers referred to GPLv3 draft clauses regarding DRM / Tivoization , patents and `` additional restrictions '' and warned a Balkanisation of the `` Open Source Universe '' . Linus Torvalds , who decided to not adopt the GPLv3 for the Linux kernel , reiterated his criticism even years later . GPLv3 improves compatibility with several open source software licenses such as Apache License , version 2.0 , and the GNU Affero General Public License , which GPLv2 could not be combined with . However , GPLv3 software can only be combined and share code with GPLv2 software if the used GPLv2 license has the optional `` or later '' clause and the software is upgraded to GPLv3 . While the `` GPLv2 or any later version '' clause is considered by FSF as the most common form of licensing GPLv2 software , for example Toybox developer Rob Landley described it as a lifeboat clause . Software projects licensed with the optional `` or later '' clause include the GNU Project , while a prominent example without the clause is the Linux kernel . The final version of the license text was published on 29 June 2007 . Terms and conditions ( edit ) The terms and conditions of the GPL must be made available to anybody receiving a copy of the work that has a GPL applied to it ( `` the licensee '' ) . Any licensee who adheres to the terms and conditions is given permission to modify the work , as well as to copy and redistribute the work or any derivative version . The licensee is allowed to charge a fee for this service , or do this free of charge . This latter point distinguishes the GPL from software licenses that prohibit commercial redistribution . The FSF argues that free software should not place restrictions on commercial use , and the GPL explicitly states that GPL works may be sold at any price . The GPL additionally states that a distributor may not impose `` further restrictions on the rights granted by the GPL '' . This forbids activities such as distributing of the software under a non-disclosure agreement or contract . The fourth section for version 2 of the license and the seventh section of version 3 require that programs distributed as pre-compiled binaries be accompanied by a copy of the source code , a written offer to distribute the source code via the same mechanism as the pre-compiled binary , or the written offer to obtain the source code that the user got when they received the pre-compiled binary under the GPL . The second section of version 2 and the fifth section of version 3 also require giving `` all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program '' . Version 3 of the license allows making the source code available in additional ways in fulfillment of the seventh section . These include downloading source code from an adjacent network server or by peer - to - peer transmission , provided that is how the compiled code was available and there are `` clear directions '' on where to find the source code . The FSF does not hold the copyright for a work released under the GPL , unless an author explicitly assigns copyrights to the FSF ( which seldom happens except for programs that are part of the GNU project ) . Only the individual copyright holders have the authority to sue when a license violation is suspected . Printed GPL statements for consumer entertainment devices which incorporate GPL components Use of licensed software ( edit ) Software under the GPL may be run for all purposes , including commercial purposes and even as a tool for creating proprietary software , for example when using GPL - licensed compilers . Users or companies who distribute GPL - licensed works ( e.g. software ) , may charge a fee for copies or give them free of charge . This distinguishes the GPL from shareware software licenses that allow copying for personal use but prohibit commercial distribution , or proprietary licenses where copying is prohibited by copyright law . The FSF argues that freedom - respecting free software should also not restrict commercial use and distribution ( including redistribution ) : the GPL explicitly states that GPL works may be sold at any price . In purely private ( or internal ) use -- with no sales and no distribution -- the software code may be modified and parts reused without requiring the source code to be released . For sales or distribution , the entire source code need to be made available to end users , including any code changes and additions -- in that case , copyleft is applied to ensure that end users retain the freedoms defined above . However , software running as an application program under a GPL - licensed operating system such as Linux is not required to be licensed under GPL or to be distributed with source - code availability -- the licensing depends only on the used libraries and software components and not on the underlying platform . For example , if a program consists only of own original custom software , or is combined with source code from other software components , then the own custom software components need not be licensed under GPL and need not make their code available ; even if the underlying operating system used is licensed under the GPL , applications running on it are not considered derivative works . Only if GPLed parts are used in a program ( and the program is distributed ) , then all other source code of the program needs to be made available under the same license terms . The GNU Lesser General Public license ( LGPL ) was created to have a weaker copyleft than the GPL , in that it does not require own custom - developed source code ( distinct from the LGPLed parts ) to be made available under the same license terms . Copyleft ( edit ) Main article : Copyleft The distribution rights granted by the GPL for modified versions of the work are not unconditional . When someone distributes a GPL 'd work plus his / her own modifications , the requirements for distributing the whole work can not be any greater than the requirements that are in the GPL . This requirement is known as copyleft . It earns its legal power from the use of copyright on software programs . Because a GPL work is copyrighted , a licensee has no right to redistribute it , not even in modified form ( barring fair use ) , except under the terms of the license . One is only required to adhere to the terms of the GPL if one wishes to exercise rights normally restricted by copyright law , such as redistribution . Conversely , if one distributes copies of the work without abiding by the terms of the GPL ( for instance , by keeping the source code secret ) , he or she can be sued by the original author under copyright law . Copyleft thus uses copyright law to accomplish the opposite of its usual purpose : instead of imposing restrictions , it grants rights to other people , in a way that ensures the rights can not subsequently be taken away . It also ensures that unlimited redistribution rights are not granted , should any legal flaw be found in the copyleft statement . Many distributors of GPL'ed programs bundle the source code with the executables . An alternative method of satisfying the copyleft is to provide a written offer to provide the source code on a physical medium ( such as a CD ) upon request . In practice , many GPL'ed programs are distributed over the Internet , and the source code is made available over FTP or HTTP . For Internet distribution , this complies with the license . Copyleft applies only when a person seeks to redistribute the program . Developers may make private modified versions with no obligation to divulge the modifications , as long as they do not distribute the modified software to anyone else . Note that copyleft applies only to the software , and not to its output ( unless that output is itself a derivative work of the program ) . For example , a public web portal running a modified derivative of a GPL'ed content management system is not required to distribute its changes to the underlying software , because its output is not a derivative . There has been debate on whether it is a violation of the GPL to release the source code in obfuscated form , such as in cases in which the author is less willing to make the source code available . The consensus was that while unethical , it was not considered a violation . The issue was clarified when the license was altered with v2 to require that the `` preferred '' version of the source code be made available . License versus contract ( edit ) The GPL was designed as a license , rather than a contract . In some Common Law jurisdictions , the legal distinction between a license and a contract is an important one : contracts are enforceable by contract law , whereas licenses are enforced under copyright law . However , this distinction is not useful in the many jurisdictions where there are no differences between contracts and licenses , such as Civil Law systems . Those who do not accept the GPL 's terms and conditions do not have permission , under copyright law , to copy or distribute GPL licensed software or derivative works . However , if they do not redistribute the GPL 'd program , they may still use the software within their organization however they like , and works ( including programs ) constructed by the use of the program are not required to be covered by this license . Allison Randal argued that the GPLv3 as a license is unnecessarily confusing for lay readers , and could be simplified while retaining the same conditions and legal force . In April 2017 a US federal court ruled that an open - source license is an enforceable contract . Derivations ( edit ) The text of the GPL is itself copyrighted , and the copyright is held by the Free Software Foundation . The FSF permits people to create new licenses based on the GPL , as long as the derived licenses do not use the GPL preamble without permission . This is discouraged , however , since such a license might be incompatible with the GPL and causes a perceived license proliferation . Other licenses created by the GNU project include the GNU Lesser General Public License , the GNU Free Documentation License and Affero General Public License . The text of the GPL is not itself under the GPL . The license 's copyright disallows modification of the license . Copying and distributing the license is allowed since the GPL requires recipients to get `` a copy of this License along with the Program '' . According to the GPL FAQ , anyone can make a new license using a modified version of the GPL as long as he or she uses a different name for the license , does not mention `` GNU '' , and removes the preamble , though the preamble can be used in a modified license if permission to use it is obtained from the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . Linking and derived works ( edit ) Libraries ( edit ) According to the FSF , `` The GPL does not require you to release your modified version , or any part of it . You are free to make modifications and use them privately , without ever releasing them . '' However , if one releases a GPL - licensed entity to the public , there is an issue regarding linking : namely , whether a proprietary program that uses a GPL library is in violation of the GPL . This key dispute is whether non-GPL software can legally statically link or dynamically link to GPL libraries . Different opinions exist on this issue . The GPL is clear in requiring that all derivative works of code under the GPL must themselves be under the GPL . Ambiguity arises with regards to using GPL libraries , and bundling GPL software into a larger package ( perhaps mixed into a binary via static linking ) . This is ultimately a question not of the GPL per se , but of how copyright law defines derivative works . The following points of view exist : Point of view : dynamic and static linking violate GPL ( edit ) The Free Software Foundation ( which holds the copyright of several notable GPL - licensed software products and of the license text itself ) asserts that an executable which uses a dynamically linked library is indeed a derivative work . This does not however apply to separate programs communicating with one another . The Free Software Foundation also created the LGPL , which is nearly identical to the GPL , but with additional permissions to allow linking for the purposes of `` using the library '' . Richard Stallman and the FSF specifically encourage library - writers to license under the GPL so that proprietary programs can not use the libraries , in an effort to protect the free - software world by giving it more tools than the proprietary world . Point of view : static linking violates GPL but unclear as of dynamic linking ( edit ) Some people believe that while static linking produces derivative works , it is not clear whether an executable that dynamically links to a GPL code should be considered a derivative work ( see Weak copyleft ) . Linux author Linus Torvalds agrees that dynamic linking can create derived works but disagrees over the circumstances . A Novell lawyer has written that dynamic linking not being derivative `` makes sense '' but is not `` clear - cut '' , and that evidence for good - intentioned dynamic linking can be seen by the existence of proprietary Linux kernel drivers . In Galoob v. Nintendo the United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals defined a derivative work as having `` ' form ' or permanence '' and noted that `` the infringing work must incorporate a portion of the copyrighted work in some form '' , but there have been no clear court decisions to resolve this particular conflict . Point of view : linking is irrelevant ( edit ) According to an article in the Linux Journal , Lawrence Rosen ( a one - time Open Source Initiative general counsel ) argues that the method of linking is mostly irrelevant to the question about whether a piece of software is a derivative work ; more important is the question about whether the software was intended to interface with client software and / or libraries . He states , `` The primary indication of whether a new program is a derivative work is whether the source code of the original program was used ( in a copy - paste sense ) , modified , translated or otherwise changed in any way to create the new program . If not , then I would argue that it is not a derivative work , '' and lists numerous other points regarding intent , bundling , and linkage mechanism . He further argues on his firm 's website that such `` market - based '' factors are more important than the linking technique . There is also the specific issue of whether a plugin or module ( such as the NVidia or ATI graphics card kernel modules ) must also be GPL , if it could reasonably be considered its own work . This point of view suggests that reasonably separate plugins , or plugins for software designed to use plugins , could be licensed under an arbitrary license if the work is GPLv2 . Of particular interest is the GPLv2 paragraph : You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it , thus forming a work based on the Program , and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above , provided that you also meet all of these conditions : ... b ) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish , that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof , to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License ... These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole . If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program , and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves , then this License , and its terms , do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works . But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program , the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License , whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole , and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it . The GPLv3 has a different clause : You may convey a work based on the Program , or the modifications to produce it from the Program , in the form of source code under the terms of Section 4 , provided that you also meet all of these conditions : ... c ) You must license the entire work , as a whole , under this License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy . This License will therefore apply , along with any applicable Section 7 additional terms , to the whole of the work , and all its parts , regardless of how they are packaged . This License gives no permission to license the work in any other way , but it does not invalidate such permission if you have separately received it ... A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works , which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work , and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program , in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium , is called an `` aggregate '' if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation 's users beyond what the individual works permit . Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate . As a case study , some supposedly proprietary plugins and themes / skins for GPLv2 CMS software such as Drupal and WordPress have come under fire , with both sides of the argument taken . The FSF differentiates on how the plugin is being invoked . If the plugin is invoked through dynamic linkage and it performs function calls to the GPL program then it is most likely a derivative work . Communicating and bundling with non-GPL programs ( edit ) The mere act of communicating with other programs does not , by itself , require all software to be GPL ; nor does distributing GPL software with non-GPL software . However , minor conditions must be followed that ensures the rights of GPL software is not restricted . The following is a quote from the gnu.org GPL FAQ , which describes to what extent software is allowed to communicate with and be-bundled - with GPL programs : What is the difference between an `` aggregate '' and other kinds of `` modified versions '' ? An `` aggregate '' consists of a number of separate programs , distributed together on the same CD - ROM or other media . The GPL permits you to create and distribute an aggregate , even when the licenses of the other software are non-free or GPL - incompatible . The only condition is that you can not release the aggregate under a license that prohibits users from exercising rights that each program 's individual license would grant them . Where 's the line between two separate programs , and one program with two parts ? This is a legal question , which ultimately judges will decide . We believe that a proper criterion depends both on the mechanism of communication ( exec , pipes , rpc , function calls within a shared address space , etc . ) and the semantics of the communication ( what kinds of information are interchanged ) . If the modules are included in the same executable file , they are definitely combined in one program . If modules are designed to run linked together in a shared address space , that almost surely means combining them into one program . By contrast , pipes , sockets and command - line arguments are communication mechanisms normally used between two separate programs . So when they are used for communication , the modules normally are separate programs . But if the semantics of the communication are intimate enough , exchanging complex internal data structures , that too could be a basis to consider the two parts as combined into a larger program . The FSF thus draws the line between `` library '' and `` other program '' via 1 ) `` complexity '' and `` intimacy '' of information exchange , and 2 ) mechanism ( rather than semantics ) , but resigns that the question is not clear - cut and that in complex situations , case law will decide . Legal status ( edit ) See also : SCO - Linux controversies and SCO v. IBM The first known violation of the GPL was in 1989 , when NeXT extended the GCC compiler to support Objective - C , but did not publicly release the changes . After an inquiry they created a public patch . There was no lawsuit filed for this violation . In 2002 , MySQL AB sued Progress NuSphere for copyright and trademark infringement in United States district court . NuSphere had allegedly violated MySQL 's copyright by linking MySQL 's GPL'ed code with NuSphere Gemini table without being in compliance with the license . After a preliminary hearing before Judge Patti Saris on 27 February 2002 , the parties entered settlement talks and eventually settled . After the hearing , FSF commented that `` Judge Saris made clear that she sees the GNU GPL to be an enforceable and binding license . '' In August 2003 , the SCO Group stated that they believed the GPL to have no legal validity , and that they intended to pursue lawsuits over sections of code supposedly copied from SCO Unix into the Linux kernel . This was a problematic stand for them , as they had distributed Linux and other GPL'ed code in their Caldera OpenLinux distribution , and there is little evidence that they had any legal right to do so except under the terms of the GPL . In April 2004 , the netfilter / iptables project was granted a preliminary injunction against Sitecom Germany by Munich District Court after Sitecom refused to desist from distributing Netfilter 's GPL'ed software in violation of the terms of the GPL . Harald Welte , of Netfilter , was represented by ifrOSS co-founder Till Jaeger . In July 2004 , the German court confirmed this injunction as a final ruling against Sitecom . The court 's justification was that : Defendant has infringed on the copyright of plaintiff by offering the software ' netfilter / iptables ' for download and by advertising its distribution , without adhering to the license conditions of the GPL. Said actions would only be permissible if defendant had a license grant ... This is independent of the questions whether the licensing conditions of the GPL have been effectively agreed upon between plaintiff and defendant or not . If the GPL were not agreed upon by the parties , defendant would notwithstanding lack the necessary rights to copy , distribute , and make the software ' netfilter / iptables ' publicly available . This exactly mirrored the predictions given previously by the FSF 's Eben Moglen . This ruling was important because it was the first time that a court had confirmed that violating terms of the GPL could be a copyright violation and established jurisprudence as to the enforceability of the GPL version 2 under German law . In May 2005 , Daniel Wallace filed suit against the Free Software Foundation in the Southern District of Indiana , contending that the GPL is an illegal attempt to fix prices ( at zero ) . The suit was dismissed in March 2006 , on the grounds that Wallace had failed to state a valid anti-trust claim ; the court noted that `` the GPL encourages , rather than discourages , free competition and the distribution of computer operating systems , the benefits of which directly pass to consumers '' . Wallace was denied the possibility of further amending his complaint , and was ordered to pay the FSF 's legal expenses . On 8 September 2005 , the Seoul Central District Court ruled that the GPL was not material to a case dealing with trade secrets derived from GPL - licensed work . Defendants argued that since it is impossible to maintain trade secrets while being compliant with GPL and distributing the work , they are not in breach of trade secrets . This argument was considered without ground . On 6 September 2006 , the gpl-violations.org project prevailed in court litigation against D - Link Germany GmbH regarding D - Link 's copyright - infringing use of parts of the Linux Kernel in storage devices they distributed . The judgment stated that the GPL is valid , legally binding , and stands in German court . In late 2007 , the BusyBox developers and the Software Freedom Law Center embarked upon a program to gain GPL compliance from distributors of BusyBox in embedded systems , suing those who would not comply . These were claimed to be the first US uses of courts for enforcement of GPL obligations . See BusyBox GPL lawsuits . On 11 December 2008 , the Free Software Foundation sued Cisco Systems , Inc. for copyright violations by its Linksys division , of the FSF 's GPL - licensed coreutils , readline , Parted , Wget , GNU Compiler Collection , binutils , and GNU Debugger software packages , which Linksys distributes in the Linux firmware of its WRT54G wireless routers , as well as numerous other devices including DSL and Cable modems , Network Attached Storage devices , Voice - Over-IP gateways , virtual private network devices and a home theater / media player device . After six years of repeated complaints to Cisco by the FSF , claims by Cisco that they would correct , or were correcting , their compliance problems ( not providing complete copies of all source code and their modifications ) , of repeated new violations being discovered and reported with more products , and lack of action by Linksys ( a process described on the FSF blog as a `` five - years - running game of Whack - a-Mole '' ) the FSF took them to court . Cisco settled the case six months later by agreeing `` to appoint a Free Software Director for Linksys '' to ensure compliance , `` to notify previous recipients of Linksys products containing FSF programs of their rights under the GPL , '' to make source code of FSF programs freely available on its website , and to make a monetary contribution to the FSF . In 2011 it was noticed that GNU Emacs had been accidentally releasing some binaries without corresponding source code for two years , in opposition to the intended spirit of the GPL , resulting in a copyright violation . Richard Stallman described this incident as `` a very bad mistake '' , which was promptly fixed . Naturally , the FSF did n't sue any downstream redistributors who also unknowingly violated the GPL by distributing these binaries . Compatibility and multi-licensing ( edit ) Quick guide of license compatibility with GPLv3 according to the FSF . Dashed line indicates that the GPLv2 is only compatible with the GPLv3 with the clause `` or any later version '' . Code licensed under several other licenses can be combined with a program under the GPL without conflict , as long as the combination of restrictions on the work as a whole does not put any additional restrictions beyond what GPL allows . In addition to the regular terms of the GPL , there are additional restrictions and permissions one can apply : If a user wants to combine code licensed under different versions of GPL , then this is only allowed if the code with the earlier GPL version includes an `` or any later version '' statement . For instance , the GPLv3 licensed GNU LibreDWG library ca n't be used anymore by LibreCAD and FreeCAD who have GPLv2 only dependencies . Code licensed under LGPL is permitted to be linked with any other code no matter what license that code has , though the LGPL does add additional requirements for the combined work . LGPLv3 and GPLv2 - only can thus commonly not be linked , as the combined Code work would add additional LGPLv3 requirements on top of the GPLv2 - only licensed software . Code licensed under LGPLv2. x without the `` any later version '' statement can be relicensed if the whole combined work is licensed to GPLv2 or GPLv3 . FSF maintains a list of GPL - compatible free software licenses containing many of the most common free software licenses , such as the original MIT / X license , the BSD license ( in its current 3 - clause form ) and the Artistic License 2.0 . David A. Wheeler has advocated that free / open source software developers use only GPL - compatible licenses , because doing otherwise makes it difficult for others to participate and contribute code . As a specific example of license incompatibility , Sun Microsystems ' ZFS can not be included in the GPL - licensed Linux kernel , because it is licensed under the GPL - incompatible Common Development and Distribution License . Furthermore , ZFS is protected by patents , so distributing an independently developed GPL - ed implementation would still require Oracle 's permission . A number of businesses use multi-licensing to distribute a GPL version and sell a proprietary license to companies wishing to combine the package with proprietary code , using dynamic linking or not . Examples of such companies include MySQL AB , Digia PLC ( Qt framework , before 2011 from Nokia ) , Red Hat ( Cygwin ) and Riverbank Computing ( PyQt ) . Other companies , like the Mozilla Foundation ( products include Mozilla Application Suite , Mozilla Thunderbird and Mozilla Firefox ) , used multi-licensing to distribute versions under the GPL and some other open - source licenses . Text and other media ( edit ) It is possible to use the GPL for text documents instead of computer programs , or more generally for all kinds of media , if it is clear what constitutes the source code ( defined as `` the preferred form of the work for making changes in it '' ) . For manuals and textbooks , though , the FSF recommends the GNU Free Documentation License ( GFDL ) instead , which it created for this purpose . Nevertheless , the Debian developers recommended ( in a resolution adopted in 2006 ) to license documentation for their project under the GPL , because of the incompatibility of the GFDL with the GPL ( text licensed under the GFDL can not be incorporated into GPL software ) . Also , the FLOSS Manuals foundation , an organization devoted to creating manuals for free software , decided to eschew the GFDL in favor of the GPL for its texts in 2007 . If the GPL is used for fonts , any documents or images made with such fonts might also have to be distributed under the terms of the GPL . This is not the case in countries like the US and Canada where copyright law is inapplicable to the appearance of fonts , though program code inside a font file may still be covered -- which can complicate font embedding ( since the document could be considered ' linked ' to the font ) . FSF provides an exception for cases where this is not desired . Adoption ( edit ) Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the FOSS domain . A 1997 survey of MetaLab , then the largest free software archive , showed that the GPL accounted for about half of the software licensed therein . Similarly , a 2000 survey of Red Hat Linux 7.1 found that 53 % of the source code was licensed under the GPL . As of 2003 , about 68 % of all projects and 82.1 % of the open source industry certified licensed projects listed on SourceForge.net were from the GPL license family . As of August 2008 , the GPL family accounted for 70.9 % of the 44,927 free software projects listed on Freecode . After the release of the GPLv3 in June 2007 , adoption of this new GPL version was much discussed and some projects decided against upgrading . For instance the Linux kernel , MySQL , BusyBox , AdvFS , Blender , and VLC media player decided against adopting GPLv3 . On the other hand , in 2009 , two years after the release of GPLv3 , Google open - source programs office manager Chris DiBona reported that the number of open - source project licensed software that had moved from GPLv2 to GPLv3 was 50 % , counting the projects hosted at Google Code . In 2011 , four years after the release of the GPLv3 , 6.5 % of all open - source license projects are GPLv3 while 42.5 % are GPLv2 according to Black Duck Software data . Following in 2011 451 Group analyst Matthew Aslett argued in a blog post that copyleft licenses went into decline and permissive licenses increased , based on statistics from Black Duck Software . Similarly , in February 2012 Jon Buys reported that among the top 50 projects on GitHub five projects were under a GPL license , including dual licensed and AGPL projects . GPL usage statistics from 2009 to 2013 was extracted from Freecode data by Walter van Holst while analyzing license proliferation . Usage of GPL family licenses in % on Freecode 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 - 06 - 18 72 % 63 % 61 % 59 % 58 % approx. 54 % In August 2013 , according to Black Duck Software , the website 's data shows that the GPL license family is used by 54 % of open - source projects , with a breakdown of the individual licenses shown in the following table . However , a later study in 2013 showed that software licensed under the GPL license family has increased , and that even the data from Black Duck Software has shown a total increase of software projects licensed under GPL . The study used public information gathered from repositories of the Debian Project , and the study criticized Black Duck Software for not publishing their methodology used in collecting statistics . Daniel German , Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Victoria in Canada , presented a talk in 2013 about the methodological challenges in determining which are the most widely used free software licenses , and showed how he could not replicate the result from Black Duck Software . In 2015 , according to Black Duck , GPLv2 lost its first position to the MIT license and is now second , the GPLv3 dropped to fourth place while the Apache license kept its third position . Usage of GPL family licenses in the FOSS domain in % according to Black Duck Software License 2008 - 05 - 08 2009 - 03 - 11 2011 - 11 - 22 2013 - 08 - 12 2015 - 11 - 19 2016 - 06 - 06 2017 - 01 - 02 GPLv2 58.69 % 52.2 % 42.5 % 33 % 23 % 21 % 19 % GPLv3 1.64 % 4.15 % 6.5 % 12 % 9 % 9 % 8 % LGPL 2.1 11.39 % 9.84 % ? 6 % 5 % 4 % 4 % LGPL 3.0 ? ( < 0.64 % ) 0.37 % ? 3 % 2 % 2 % 2 % GPL family together 71.72 % ( + < 0.64 % ) 66.56 % ? 54 % 39 % 36 % 33 % A March 2015 analysis of the GitHub repositories revealed , for the GPL license family , a usage percentage of approx. 25 % among licensed projects . In June 2016 an analysis of Fedora Project 's packages revealed the GNU GPL version 2 or later as the most popular license , and the GNU GPL family as the most popular license family ( followed by the MIT , BSD , and GNU LGPL families ) . Reception ( edit ) Legal barrier to app stores ( edit ) The GPL License is incompatible with many application digital distribution systems , like the Mac App Store , and certain other software distribution platforms ( on smartphones as well as PCs ) . The problem lies in the right `` To make a copy for your neighbour '' , as this right is violated by digital rights management systems embedded within the platform to prevent copying of paid software . Even if the application is free in the App Store in question , it might result in a violation of that app store 's terms . Note that there is a distinction between an app store , which sells DRM - restricted software under proprietary licenses , and the more general concept of digital distribution via some form of online software repository . Various UNIX - like distributions provide app repositories , including Fedora , RHEL , CentOS , Ubuntu , Debian , FreeBSD , OpenBSD and so on . These specific app repos all contain GPL - licensed software apps , in some cases even when the core project does not permit GPL - licensed code in the base system ( for instance OpenBSD ) . In other cases , such as the Ubuntu App Store , proprietary commercial software applications and GPL - licensed applications are both available via the same system ; the reason that the Mac App Store ( and similar projects ) is incompatible with GPL - licensed apps is not inherent in the concept of an app store , but is rather specifically due to Apple 's terms - of - use requirement that all apps in the store utilize Apple DRM - restrictions . Ubuntu 's app store does not demand any such requirement : `` These terms do not limit or restrict your rights under any applicable open source software licenses . '' Microsoft ( edit ) In 2001 , Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer referred to Linux as `` a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches '' . In response to Microsoft 's attacks on the GPL , several prominent Free Software developers and advocates released a joint statement supporting the license . Microsoft has released Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX , which contains GPL - licensed code . In July 2009 , Microsoft itself released a body of around 20,000 lines of Linux driver code under the GPL . The Hyper - V code that is part of the submitted code used open - source components licensed under the GPL and was originally statically linked to proprietary binary parts , the latter being inadmissible in GPL - licensed software . `` Viral '' nature ( edit ) The description of the GPL as `` viral '' , when called ' General Public Virus ' or ' GNU Public Virus ' ( GPV ) , dates back to a year after the GPLv1 was released . In 2001 the term received broader public attention when Craig Mundie , Microsoft Senior Vice President , described the GPL as being `` viral '' . Mundie argues that the GPL has a `` viral '' effect in that it only allows the conveyance of whole programs , which means programs that link to GPL libraries must themselves be under a GPL - compatible license , else they can not be combined and distributed . In 2006 Richard Stallman responded in an interview that Mundie 's metaphor of a `` virus '' is wrong as software under the GPL does not `` attack '' or `` infect '' other software . Stallman believes that comparing the GPL to a virus is an extremely unfriendly thing to say , and that a better metaphor for software under the GPL would be a spider plant : If one takes a piece of it and puts it somewhere else , it grows there too . On the other hand , the concept of a viral nature of the GPL was taken up by others later too . For instance in 2008 the California Western School of Law characterized the GPL as : The GPL license is ' viral , ' meaning any derivative work you create containing even the smallest portion of the previously GPL licensed software must also be licensed under the GPL license . Barrier to commercialization ( edit ) Main article : Business models for open - source software The FreeBSD project has stated that a less publicized and unintended use of the GPL is that it is very favorable to large companies that want to undercut software companies . In other words , the GPL is well suited for use as a marketing weapon , potentially reducing overall economic benefit and contributing to monopolistic behavior and that the GPL can present a real problem for those wishing to commercialize and profit from software . Richard Stallman wrote about the practice of selling license exceptions to free software licenses as an example of ethically acceptable commercialization practice . Selling exceptions here means that the copyright holder of a given software releases it ( along with the corresponding source code ) to the public under a free software license , `` then lets customers pay for permission to use the same code under different terms , for instance allowing its inclusion in proprietary applications '' . Stallman considered selling exceptions `` acceptable since the 1990s , and on occasion I 've suggested it to companies . Sometimes this approach has made it possible for important programs to become free software '' . Despite the fact that the FSF does n't practice selling exceptions , a comparison with the X11 license ( which is a non-copyleft free software license ) is proposed for suggesting that this commercialization technique should be regarded as ethically acceptable . Releasing a given program under a non-copyleft free software license would permit embedding the code in proprietary software . Stallman comments that `` either we have to conclude that it 's wrong to release anything under the X11 license -- a conclusion I find unacceptably extreme -- or reject this implication . Using a noncopyleft license is weak , and usually an inferior choice , but it 's not wrong . In other words , selling exceptions permits some embedding in proprietary software , and the X11 license permits even more embedding . If this does n't make the X11 license unacceptable , it does n't make selling exceptions unacceptable '' . Open - source criticism ( edit ) In 2000 developer and author Nikolai Bezroukov published an analysis and comprehensive critique of GPL 's foundations and Stallman 's software development model , called `` Labyrinth of Software Freedom '' . In 2005 , open source software advocate Eric S. Raymond questioned the relevance of GPL at that point in time for the FOSS ecosystem , stating : `` We do n't need the GPL anymore . It 's based on the belief that open source software is weak and needs to be protected . Open source would be succeeding faster if the GPL did n't make lots of people nervous about adopting it . '' . Richard Stallman replied that : `` GPL is designed to ( ... ) ensure that every user of a program gets the essential freedoms -- to run it , to study and change the source code , to redistribute copies , and to publish modified versions ... ( Raymond ) addresses the issue in terms of different goals and values -- those of `` open source , '' which do not include defending software users ' freedom to share and change software . '' In 2007 Allison Randal , who took part in the GPL draft committee , criticized the GPLv3 for being incompatible with the GPLv2 and for missing clarity in the formulation . Similarly , Whurley prophesised in 2007 the downfall of the GPL due to the lack of focus for the developers with GPLv3 which would drive them towards permissive licenses . In 2009 David Chisnall described in an InformIT article , `` The Failure of the GPL '' , the problems with the GPL , among them incompatibility and complexity of the license text . In 2014 dtrace developer and Joyent CTO Bryan Cantrill called the copyleft GPL a `` Corporate Open Source Anti-pattern '' by being `` anti-collaborative '' and recommended instead permissive software licenses . GPLv3 criticism ( edit ) Already in September 2006 , in the draft process of the GPLv3 , several high - profile developers of the Linux kernel , for instance Linus Torvalds , Greg Kroah - Hartman and Andrew Morton , warned on a splitting of the FOSS community : the release of GPLv3 portends the Balkanisation of the entire Open Source Universe upon which we rely . Similarly Benjamin Mako Hill argued in 2006 on the GPLv3 draft , noting that a united , collaborating community is more important than a single license . Following the GPLv3 release in 2007 , some journalists and Toybox developer Rob Landley criticized that with the introduction of the GPLv3 the split between the open source and free software community became wider than ever . As the significantly extended GPLv3 is essentially incompatible with the GPLv2 , compatibility between both is only given under the optional `` or later '' clause of the GPL , which was not taken for instance by the Linux kernel . Bruce Byfield noted that before the release of the GPLv3 , the GPLv2 was a unifying element between the open - source and the free software community . For the LGPLv3 , GNU TLS maintainer Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos similarly argued , If we assume that its ( the LGPLv3 ) primary goal is to be used by free software , then it blatantly fails that . , after he re-licensed GNU TLS from LGPLv3 back to LGPLv2. 1 due to license compatibility issues . Lawrence Rosen , attorney and computer specialist , praised in 2007 how the community using the Apache license were now able to work together with the GPL community in a compatible manner , as the problems of GPLv2 compatibility with Apache licensed software were resolved with the GPLv3 . He said , I predict that one of the biggest success stories of GPLv3 will be the realization that the entire universe of free and open source software can thus be combined into comprehensive open source solutions for customers worldwide . In July 2013 Flask developer Armin Ronacher draw a less optimistic resume on the GPL compatibility in the FOSS ecosystem when he concluded : When the GPL is involved the complexities of licensing becomes a non fun version of a riddle , also noting that the ASL 2.0 GPLv2 conflict still has impact on the ecosystem . See also ( edit ) Free software portal Anti-copyright Dual - licensing European Union Public Licence ( EUPL ) GPL font exception List of software licenses Permissive and copyleft licenses Software using the GPL ( category ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` License information '' . The Debian Project . Software in the Public Interest ( published 12 July 2017 ) . 1997 -- 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 ... This page presents the opinion of some debian - legal contributors on how certain licenses follow the Debian Free Software Guidelines ( DFSG ) ... Licenses currently found in Debian main include : ... Expat / MIT - style licenses ... ^ Jump up to : `` Various Licenses and Comments about Them '' . The GNU Project . Free Software Foundation ( published 4 April 2017 ) . 2014 -- 2017 . GNU General Public License ( GPL ) version 3 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 ... This is the latest version of the GNU GPL : a free software license , and a copyleft license ... Please note that GPLv3 is not compatible with GPLv2 by itself . However , most software released under GPLv2 allows you to use the terms of later versions of the GPL as well . When this is the case , you can use the code under GPLv3 to make the desired combination ... ^ Jump up to : `` Various Licenses and Comments about Them '' . The GNU Project . Free Software Foundation ( published 4 April 2017 ) . 2014 -- 2017 . GNU General Public License ( GPL ) version 2 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 ... This is the previous version of the GNU GPL : a free software license , and a copyleft license ... Please note that GPLv2 is , by itself , not compatible with GPLv3 . However , most software released under GPLv2 allows you to use the terms of later versions of the GPL as well . When this is the case , you can use the code under GPLv3 to make the desired combination ... Jump up ^ `` Licenses by Name '' . Open Source Initiative . n.d. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 ... The following licenses have been approved by the OSI ... GNU General Public License version 2 ( GPL - 2.0 ) GNU General Public License version 3 ( GPL - 3.0 ) ... Jump up ^ `` Copyleft : Pragmatic Idealism -- Free Software Foundation '' . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved 10 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` If a library is released under the GPL ( not the LGPL ) '' . Free Software Foundation . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 20 licenses '' . Black Duck Software . 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . 1 . MIT license 24 % , 2 . GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 2.0 23 % , 3 . Apache License 16 % , 4 . GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 3.0 9 % , 5 . BSD License 2.0 ( 3 - clause , New or Revised ) License 6 % , 6 . GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) 2.1 5 % , 7 . Artistic License ( Perl ) 4 % , 8 . GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) 3.0 2 % , 9 . Microsoft Public License 2 % , 10 . Eclipse Public License ( EPL ) 2 % Jump up ^ GPL FAQ : Does using the GPL for a program make it GNU Software ? ^ Jump up to : David A. Wheeler . `` Estimating Linux 's Size '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Freecode 's statistics page '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . GPL 60.5 % , lGPLv2 6.9 % , GPLv2 1.9 % GPLv3 1.6 % ^ Jump up to : Asay , Matt ( 23 July 2009 ) . `` GPLv3 hits 50 percent adoption The Open Road - CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : License proliferation : a naive quantitative analysis on lwn.net Walter van Holst is a legal consultant at the Dutch IT consulting company mitopics ... Walter instead chose to use data from a software index , namely Freecode ... Walter 's 2009 data set consisted of 38,674 projects ... The final column in the table shows the number of projects licensed under `` any version of the GPL '' . In addition , Walter presented pie charts that showed the proportion of projects under various common licenses . Notable in those data sets was that , whereas in 2009 the proportion of projects licensed GPLv2 - only and GPLv3 was respectively 3 % and 2 % , by 2013 , those numbers had risen to 7 % and 5 % . Jump up ^ `` Why the GPL rocketed Linux to success '' . So while the BSDs have lost energy every time a company gets involved , the GPL'ed programs gain every time a company gets involved . ^ Jump up to : Torvalds , Linus . `` COPYING '' . kernel.org . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license ( ie v2 , not v2. 2 or v3. x or whatever ) , unless explicitly otherwise stated . Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds ( 8 September 2000 ) . `` Linux - 2.4. 0 - test8 '' . lkml.iu.edu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . The only one of any note that I 'd like to point out directly is the clarification in the COPYING file , making it clear that it 's only _that_particular version of the GPL that is valid for the kernel . This should not come as any surprise , as that 's the same license that has been there since 0.12 or so , but I thought I 'd make that explicit Jump up ^ `` GNU Emacs Copying Permission Notice ( 1985 ) '' . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the GPL '' . Retrieved 24 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stallman , Richard ( 21 April 2006 ) . `` Presentation at the second international GPLv3 conference , held in Porto Alegre '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Upgrade to GPL Version 3 -- GPLv3 '' . Fsf.org . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FSF releases the GNU General Public License , version 3 -- Free Software Foundation -- working together for free software '' . Fsf.org . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GNU General Public License , version 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` New General Public License '' . Jump up ^ Sections 3a and 3b of the license Jump up ^ Sections 2b and 4 of the license Jump up ^ For the reasoning see The GNU project . ^ Jump up to : Stallman , Richard ( 25 February 2006 ) . `` Presentation in Brussels , Belgium -- the first day of that year 's FOSDEM conference . '' . Jump up ^ `` GPLv3 authors comment on final draft '' . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The GPLv3 process : Public consultation and private drafting '' . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Interview with Richard Stallman , Free Software Magazine , 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Quick Guide to GPLv3 -- GNU Project -- Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) '' . Free Software Foundation . Jump up ^ `` GPLv3 : Drafting version 3 of the GNU General Public License '' . Free Software Foundation Europe . Jump up ^ `` gplv3.fsf.org comments for discussion draft 4 '' . Jump up ^ `` gplv3.fsf.org comments for draft 1 '' . Showing comments in file ' gplv3 - draft - 1 ' ... found 962 Jump up ^ `` gplv3.fsf.org comments for draft 2 '' . Showing comments in file ' gplv3 - draft - 1 ' ... found 727 Jump up ^ `` gplv3.fsf.org comments for draft 3 '' . Showing comments in file ' gplv3 - draft - 3 ' ... found 649 Jump up ^ `` gplv3.fsf.org comments for draft 4 '' . Showing comments in file ' gplv3 - draft - 4 ' ... found 298 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the third draft of GPLv3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Final Discussion Draft '' . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` GPL version 3 FAQ '' . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Discussion Draft Rationale '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Tiemann , Michael ( 7 June 2007 ) . `` GNU Affero GPL version 3 and the `` ASP loophole '' `` . OSI . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ List of free - software licences on the FSF website : We recommend that developers consider using the GNU AGPL for any software which will commonly be run over a network . Jump up ^ Why did you decide to write the GNU Affero GPLv3 as a separate license ? on gnu.org ^ Jump up to : James E.J. Bottomley ; Mauro Carvalho Chehab ; Thomas Gleixner ; Christoph Hellwig ; Dave Jones ; Greg Kroah - Hartman ; Tony Luck ; Andrew Morton ; Trond Myklebust ; David Woodhouse ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Kernel developers ' position on GPLv3 - The Dangers and Problems with GPLv3 '' . LWN.net . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . The current version ( Discussion Draft 2 ) of GPLv3 on first reading fails the necessity test of section 1 on the grounds that there 's no substantial and identified problem with GPLv2 that it is trying to solve . However , a deeper reading reveals several other problems with the current FSF draft : 5.1 DRM Clauses ... 5.2 Additional Restrictions Clause ... 5.3 Patents Provisions ... since the FSF is proposing to shift all of its projects to GPLv3 and apply pressure to every other GPL licensed project to move , we foresee the release of GPLv3 portends the Balkanisation of the entire Open Source Universe upon which we rely . Jump up ^ Petreley , Nicholas ( 27 September 2006 ) . `` A fight against evil or a fight for attention ? '' . linuxjournal.com . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Second , the war between Linus Torvalds and other Kernel developers and the Free Software Foundation over GPLv3 is continuing , with Torvalds saying he 's fed up with the FSF . Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds says GPL v3 violates everything that GPLv2 stood for Debconf 2014 , Portland , Oregon ( accessed 11 March 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Kerner , Sean Michael ( 8 January 2008 ) . `` Torvalds Still Keen On GPLv2 '' . internetnews.com . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . In some ways , Linux was the project that really made the split clear between what the FSF is pushing which is very different from what open source and Linux has always been about , which is more of a technical superiority instead of a -- this religious belief in freedom , '' Torvalds told Zemlin . So , the GPL Version 3 reflects the FSF 's goals and the GPL Version 2 pretty closely matches what I think a license should do and so right now , Version 2 is where the kernel is . Jump up ^ `` GPL 3 Overview '' . Tech LawForum. 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Quick Guide to GPLv3 -- GNU Project -- Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) '' . Free Software Foundation . ^ Jump up to : Landley , Rob . `` Embedded Linux Conference 2013 - Toybox : Writing a New Command Line '' ( video ) . The Linux Foundation . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . GPLv3 broke `` the '' GPL into incompatible forks that ca n't share code ... FSF expected universal compliance , but hijacked lifeboat clause when boat was n't sinking ... ^ Jump up to : Landley , Rob . `` CELF 2013 Toybox talk '' . landley.net . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . GPLv3 broke `` the '' GPL into incompatible forks that ca n't share code ... FSF expected universal compliance , but hijacked lifeboat clause when boat was n't sinking ... Jump up ^ `` GNU General Public License '' . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selling Free Software '' . Free Software Foundation . Jump up ^ GPL FAQ : Use GPL Tools to develop non-free programs Jump up ^ GPL FAQ : GPL require source posted to public , Unreleased modifications , Internal Distribution ^ Jump up to : GPL FAQ : Port program to GNU / Linux Jump up ^ example : if only GNU Lesser General Public License - ( LGPL - ) libraries , LGPL - software - components and components with permissive free software licenses are used ( thus not GPL itself ) , then only the source code of LGPL parts has to be made available -- for the developer 's own self - developed software components this is not required ( even when the underlying operating system used is licensed under GPL , as is the case with Linux ) . Jump up ^ A counter example is the GPL'ed GNU Bison : the parsers it outputs do contain parts of itself and are therefore derivatives , which would fall under the GPL if not for a special exception granted by GNU Bison : `` Conditions for Using Bison '' . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Reasoning behind the `` preferred form '' language in the GPL `` . LWN.net. 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Essay by Stallman explaining why a license is more suitable than a contract '' . Jump up ^ `` Eben Moglen explaining why the GPL is a license and why it matters '' . Jump up ^ Guadamuz - Gonzalez , Andres ( 2004 ) . `` Viral contracts or unenforceable documents ? Contractual validity of copyleft licenses '' . European Intellectual Property Review . 26 ( 8 ) : 331 -- 339 . SSRN 569101 . Jump up ^ Allison Randal ( 14 May 2007 ) . `` GPLv3 , Clarity and Simplicity '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Keith Collins ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` A federal court has ruled that an open - source license is an enforceable contract '' . Jump up ^ `` GPL FAQ : Can I modify the GPL and make a modified license ? '' . Jump up ^ `` The GNU General Public License Version 3 '' . Free Software Foundation . 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About the GNU Licenses '' . GNU Project . 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GPL FAQ : Does the GPL require that source code of modified versions be posted to the public ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses -- GNU Project -- Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) '' . FSF . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Why you should n't use the Lesser GPL for your next library -- GNU Project -- Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) '' . Gnu.org . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds , GPL only modules , linux - kernel mailing list ( 17 December 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Matt Asay , The GPL : Understanding the License that Governs Linux , Novell Cool Solutions Feature ( 16 Jan 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis Galoob Toys , Inc. v. Nintendo of America , Inc. , 964 F. 2d 965 , ¶ 10 ( 9th Cir. 21 May 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Rosen , Derivative Works , Linux Journal ( 1 January 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Lawrence Rosen , Derivative Works , rosenlaw.com ( 25 May 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Why They 're Wrong : WordPress Plugins Should n't Have to be GPL '' . Webmaster-source.com. 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Licensing FAQ '' . Drupal.org . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses -- GNU Project -- Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) '' . Gnu.org . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ MereAggregation What constitutes combining two parts into one program ? This is a legal question , which ultimately judges will decide . We believe that a proper criterion depends both on the mechanism of communication ( exec , pipes , rpc , function calls within a shared address space , etc . ) and the semantics of the communication ( what kinds of information are interchanged ) . on gnu.org Jump up ^ 12 Years of GPL Compliance : A Historical Perspective , by Bradley Kuhn Slide 10 Jump up ^ Common Lisp , Readline and GPL , Mail on 6 November , 21 : 31 Jump up ^ See Progress Software Corporation v. MySQL AB , 195 F. Supp . 2d 328 ( D. Mass . 2002 ) , on defendant 's motion for preliminary injunction . Jump up ^ `` Judge Saris defers GNU GPL Questions for Trial in MySQL vs. Progress Software '' . gnu.org . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Groklaw - The German GPL Order - Translated '' . groklaw.net . Jump up ^ Bird & Bird , A Review of German Case Law on the GNU General Public License , 17 December 2007 , retrieved 1 March 2012 Jump up ^ Dismissal of Wallace v. FSF . From this article on Groklaw . Jump up ^ `` 판결문 - GNU 프로젝트 - 자유 소프트웨어 재단 ( FSF ) '' . gnu.org . Archived from the original on 18 October 2007 . Jump up ^ gpl-violations.org project prevails in court case on GPL violation by D - Link Jump up ^ D - Link Judgment ( English translation ) Archived 26 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ( in English ) D - Link Judgement ( in German ) Jump up ^ Ewing , James ( 1 August 2004 ) . `` Linux on Linksys Wi - Fi Routers '' . Linux Journal . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Free Software Foundation Files Suit Against Cisco For GPL Violations '' ( Press release ) . Free Software Foundation . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FSF Settles Suit Against Cisco '' ( Press release ) . Free Software Foundation . 20 May 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Brockmeier , Joe ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` Say what ? GNU Emacs violates the GPL '' . Network World . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ License revoked : Applying Section 4 of the GPL and the lessons of Best Buy to Google 's Android by Edward J. Naughton ( 8 August 2011 ) Jump up ^ Emacs - Has - Been - Violating - the - GPL - Since - 2009 on slashdot.org ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Re : Compiled files without sources ? ? ? ? on lists.gnu.org by Richard Stallman ( 28 Jul 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` The GNU General Public License v3. 0 -- GNU Project -- Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) '' . fsf.org . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses -- Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2 ? '' . gnu.org . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . No . Some of the requirements in GPLv3 , such as the requirement to provide Installation Information , do not exist in GPLv2 . As a result , the licenses are not compatible : if you tried to combine code released under both these licenses , you would violate section 6 of GPLv2 . However , if code is released under GPL `` version 2 or later , '' that is compatible with GPLv3 because GPLv3 is one of the options it permits . Jump up ^ Larabel , Michael ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` FSF Wastes Away Another `` High Priority '' Project `` . Phoronix . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Both LibreCAD and FreeCAD both want to use LibreDWG and have patches available for supporting the DWG file format library , but ca n't integrate them . The programs have dependencies on the popular GPLv2 license while the Free Software Foundation will only let LibreDWG be licensed for GPLv3 use , not GPLv2 . Jump up ^ Prokoudine , Alexandre ( 27 December 2012 ) . `` LibreDWG drama : the end or the new beginning ? '' . libregraphicsworld.org . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 ... the unfortunate situation with support for DWG files in free CAD software via LibreDWG . We feel , by now it ought to be closed . We have the final answer from FSF ... `` We are not going to change the license . '' Jump up ^ `` GNU Lesser General Public License v2. 1 -- GNU Project -- Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) '' . fsf.org . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses -- How are the various GNU licenses compatible with each other ? '' . The official site . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Various licenses with comments -- GPL - Compatible Free Software Licenses '' . FSF . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses -- What does it mean to say that two licenses are `` compatible '' ? `` . FSF . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses -- What does it mean to say a license is `` compatible with the GPL ? '' `` . FSF . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black Duck Open Source Resource Center '' . blackducksoftware.com . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Make Your Open Source Software GPL - Compatible . Or Else . '' . David A. Wheeler . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Linux : ZFS , Licenses and Patents KernelTrap Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Free Software Foundation : Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses : Can I use the GPL for something other than software ? . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ GNU project : Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses : Why do n't you use the GPL for manuals ? . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Manoj ( 2006 ) . `` Draft Debian Position Statement about the GNU Free Documentation License ( GFDL ) '' . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . It is not possible to borrow text from a GFDL 'd manual and incorporate it in any free software program whatsoever . This is not a mere license incompatibility . It 's not just that the GFDL is incompatible with this or that free software license : it 's that it is fundamentally incompatible with any free software license whatsoever . So if you write a new program , and you have no commitments at all about what license you want to use , saving only that it be a free license , you can not include GFDL 'd text . The GNU FDL , as it stands today , does not meet the Debian Free Software Guidelines . There are significant problems with the license , as detailed above ; and , as such , we can not accept works licensed under the GNU FDL into our distribution . Jump up ^ Debian Project : Resolution : Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian . Voted February -- March 2006 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` License Change '' . FLOSS Manuals Foundation . 6 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Font Licensing '' . Free Software Foundation . 25 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` How does the GPL apply to fonts ? '' . GNU Project . ^ Jump up to : David A. Wheeler . `` Make Your Open Source Software GPL - Compatible . Or Else '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 20 licenses '' . Black Duck Software . 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . 1 . GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 2.0 33 % , 2 . Apache License 13 % , 3 . GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 3.0 12 % Jump up ^ `` SourceForge.net : Software Map '' . Dwheeler.com . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . `` License - > OSI : ... GNU General Public License ( GPL ) ( 32641 projects ) , GNU Library or Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) ( 4889 projects '' ( of 45727 , 82.1 % ) Jump up ^ Mark ( 8 May 2008 ) . `` The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation '' . socializedsoftware.com . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Currently the decision to move from GPL v2 to GPL v3 is being hotly debated by many open source projects . According to Palamida , a provider of IP compliance software , there have been roughly 2489 open source projects that have moved from GPL v2 to later versions . Jump up ^ MySQL changes license to avoid GPLv3 on Computer business review online ( 4 January 2007 ) Jump up ^ corbet ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Busy busy busybox '' . lwn.net . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Since BusyBox can be found in so many embedded systems , it finds itself at the core of the GPLv3 anti-DRM debate ... The real outcomes , however , are this : BusyBox will be GPLv2 only starting with the next release . It is generally accepted that stripping out the `` or any later version '' is legally defensible , and that the merging of other GPLv2 - only code will force that issue in any case Jump up ^ Landley , Rob ( 9 September 2006 ) . `` Re : Move GPLv2 vs v3 fun ... '' . lwn.net . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Do n't invent a straw man argument please . I consider licensing BusyBox under GPLv3 to be useless , unnecessary , overcomplicated , and confusing , and in addition to that it has actual downsides. 1 ) Useless : We 're never dropping GPLv2 . Jump up ^ Press release concerning the release of the AdvFS source code Jump up ^ Prokoudine , Alexandre ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` What 's up with DWG adoption in free software ? '' . libregraphicsworld.org . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . ( Blender 's Toni Roosendaal : ) `` Blender is also still `` GPLv2 or later '' . For the time being we stick to that , moving to GPL 3 has no evident benefits I know of . '' Jump up ^ `` License - blender.org '' . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . The source code we develop at blender.org is default being licensed as GNU GPL Version 2 or later . Jump up ^ Denis - Courmont , Rémi . `` VLC media player to remain under GNU GPL version 2 '' . videolan.org . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . In 2001 , VLC was released under the OSI - approved GNU General Public version 2 , with the commonly - offered option to use `` any later version '' thereof ( though there was not any such later version at the time ) . Following the release by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) of the new version 3 of its GNU General Public License ( GPL ) on the 29th of June 2007 , contributors to the VLC media player , and other software projects hosted at videolan.org , debated the possibility of updating the licensing terms for future version of the VLC media player and other hosted projects , to version 3 of the GPL ... There is strong concern that these new additional requirements might not match the industrial and economic reality of our time , especially in the market of consumer electronics . It is our belief that changing our licensing terms to GPL version 3 would currently not be in the best interest of our community as a whole . Consequently , we plan to keep distributing future versions of VLC media player under the terms of the GPL version 2 . ^ Jump up to : Byfield , Bruce ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` 7 Reasons Why Free Software Is Losing Influence : Page 2 '' . Datamation.com . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . At the time , the decision seemed sensible in the face of a deadlock . But now , GPLv2 is used for 42.5 % of free software , and GPLv3 for less than 6.5 % , according to Black Duck Software . Jump up ^ GPL , copyleft use declining faster than ever on ITworld on 16 December 2011 by Brian Proffitt Jump up ^ Proffitt , Brian ( 16 December 2011 ) . `` GPL , copyleft use declining faster than ever - Data suggests a sharper rate of decline , which raises the question : why ? '' . IT world . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Aslett , Matthew ( 15 December 2011 ) . `` On the continuing decline of the GPL '' . the451group.com . Jump up ^ The Top Licenses on Github Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . on ostatic.com by Jon Buys ( 7 February 2012 ) Jump up ^ tags letter g tagged as GPL family ( including misnamed variants ) 21000 + 100 + 3000 + 2000 + 400 of 47985 projects on freecode ( 18 June 2014 frozen ) Jump up ^ About Freecode Archived 31 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . on freecode.com The Freecode site has been moved to a static state effective 18 June 2014 due to low traffic levels and so that folks will focus on more useful endeavors than site upkeep . Jump up ^ `` GPL use in Debian on the rise : study '' . Itwire.com . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Surveying open source licenses '' . Lwn.net . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark ( 8 May 2008 ) . `` The Curse of Open Source License Proliferation '' . socializedsoftware.com . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 2.0 58.69 % GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) 2.1 11.39 % Artistic License ( Perl ) 7.46 % BSD License 6.50 % Apache License 2.0 2.92 % MIT License 2.58 % GNU General Public Liense ( GPL ) 3.0 1.64 % Mozilla Public License ( MPL ) 1.1 1.37 % Common Public License 0.83 % zlib / lippng License 0.64 % Jump up ^ Top 20 Most Commonly Used Open Source Licenses Shaun Connolly , 11 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Top 20 licenses '' . Black Duck Software . 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . 1 MIT License 26 % 2 GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 2.0 21 % 3 Apache License 2.0 16 % GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 3.0 9 % 5 BSD License 2.0 ( 3 - clause , New or Revised ) License 6 % 6 GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) 2.1 4 % 7 Artistic License ( Perl ) 4 % 8 GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) 3.0 2 % 9 ISC License 2 % 10 Microsoft Public License 2 % 11 Eclipse Public License ( EPL ) 2 % 12 Code Project Open License 1.02 1 % 13 Mozilla Public License ( MPL ) 1.1 < 1 % 14 Simplified BSD License ( BSD ) < 1 % 15 Common Development and Distribution License ( CDDL ) < 1 % 16 GNU Affero General Public License v3 or later < 1 % 17 Microsoft Reciprocal License < 1 % 18 Sun GPL With Classpath Exception v2. 0 < 1 % 19 DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE < 1 % 20 CDDL - 1.1 Jump up ^ `` Top 20 licenses '' . Black Duck Software . 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . 1 . MIT License 29 % , 2. GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 2.0 , 19 % , 3 . Apache License 2.0 15 % , 4. GNU General Public License ( GPL ) 3.0 8 % , 5. BSD License 2.0 ( 3 - clause , New or Revised ) License 5 % , 6. Artistic License ( Perl ) 4 % , 7 . ISC License 4 % , 8 . GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) 2.1 4 % , 9 . GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) 3.0 2 % , 10 . Eclipse Public License ( EPL ) 1 % , 11 . Microsoft Public License 1 % , 12 . Simplified BSD License ( BSD ) 1 % , 13 . Code Project Open License 1.02 1 % , 14 . Mozilla Public License ( MPL ) 1.1 < 1 % , 15 . Common Development and Distribution License ( CDDL ) < 1 % , 16 . GNU Affero General Public License v3 or later < 1 % , 17 . Microsoft Reciprocal License < 1 % , 18 . DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE < 1 % , 19 . Sun GPL With Classpath Exception v2. 0 < 1 % , 20 . CDDL - 1.1 Jump up ^ Balter , Ben ( 9 March 2015 ) . `` Open source license usage on GitHub.com '' . github.com . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . 1 MIT 44.69 % , 2 Other 15.68 % , 3 GPLv2 12.96 % , 4 Apache 11.19 % , 5 GPLv3 8.88 % , 6 BSD 3 - clause 4.53 % , 7 Unlicense 1.87 % , 8 BSD 2 - clause 1.70 % , 9 LGPLv3 1.30 % , 10 AGPLv3 1.05 % Jump up ^ Anwesha Das ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Software Licenses in Fedora Ecosystem '' . anweshadas.in . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . From the above chart it is clear that the GPL family is the highest used ( I had miscalculated it as MIT before ). The other major licenses are MIT , BSD , the LGPL family , Artistic ( for Perl packages ) , LPPL ( fo ( r ) texlive packages ) , ASL . ^ Jump up to : `` The GPL , the App Store and You '' on tuaw.com ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Copyright Policy '' , OpenBSD Jump up ^ `` Ubuntu One : Terms and Conditions '' . One.ubuntu.com. 29 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Newbart , Dave ( 1 June 2001 ) . `` Microsoft CEO takes launch break with the Sun - Times '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 15 June 2001 . ( Internet archive link ) Jump up ^ text of GPL v1 with reference to source code download site at microsoft.com Jump up ^ Free Software Leaders Stand Together . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gavin ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Microsoft embraces Linux cancer to sell Windows servers '' . The Register . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gavin ( 23 July 2009 ) . `` Microsoft opened Linux - driver code after ' violating ' GPL '' . The Register . Jump up ^ Vixie , Paul ( 6 March 2006 ) . `` Re : Section 5.2 ( IPR encumberance ) in TAK rollover requirement draft '' . IETF Namedroppers mailing list . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` General Public Virus '' . Jargon File 2.2. 1 . 15 December 1990 . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hackvän , Stig ( September 1999 ) . `` Reverse - engineering the GNU Public Virus -- Is copyleft too much of a good thing ? '' . Linux Journal . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Bill ( 8 October 1998 ) . `` Re : propose : ` cypherpunks license ' ( Re : Wanted : Twofish source code ) '' . Cypherpunks mailing list . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Buck , Joe ( 10 October 2000 ) . `` Re : Using of parse tree externally '' . GCC mailing list . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Griffis , L. Adrian ( 15 July 2000 ) . `` The GNU Public Virus '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Speech Transcript -- Craig Mundie , The New York University Stern School of Business '' , Prepared Text of Remarks by Craig Mundie , Microsoft Senior Vice President , The Commercial Software Model The New York University Stern School of Business 3 May 2001 Jump up ^ Poynder , Richard ( 21 March 2006 ) . `` The Basement Interviews : Freeing the Code '' . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Samir ; Dexter , Scott ( 14 August 2007 ) . Decoding liberation : the promise of free and open source software . Routledge . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97893 - 9 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sam ( March 2002 ) . Free as in Freedom : Richard Stallman 's Crusade for Free Software . O'Reilly Media . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00287 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nikolai Bezroukov ( 2001 ) . `` Comparative merits of GPL , BSD and Artistic licences ( Critique of Viral Nature of GPL v. 2 - or In Defense of Dual Licensing Idea ) '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2001 . Viral property stimulates proliferation of licenses and contributes to the `` GPL - enforced nightmare '' -- a situation when many other licenses are logically incompatible with the GPL and make life unnecessary difficult for developers working in the Linux environment ( KDE is a good example here , Python is a less known example ) . Jump up ^ Geere , Duncan ( 16 December 2011 ) . `` Some rights reserved : the alternatives to copyright ( Wired UK ) '' . Wired.co.uk . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inoculating Your Purchase -- Contractual Protection from Viral Licenses in M&A Transactions '' ( PDF ) . Friedfrank.com . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.buddlefindlay.com/article/2013/07/01/legal-update-on-information-and-communication-technology-%E2%80%93-july-2013 Archived 16 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New Media Rights ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Open Source Licensing Guide '' . California Western School of Law . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . The GPL license is ' viral , ' meaning any derivative work you create containing even the smallest portion of the previously GPL licensed software must also be licensed under the GPL license . Jump up ^ Montague , Bruce ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` GPL Advantages and Disadvantages '' . FreeBSD . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Stallman ( 2010 ) . On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL . Free Software Foundation . Jump up ^ Bezroukov , Labyrinth of Software Freedom - `` BSD vs GPL and social aspects of free licensing debate '' on softpanorama.org by Nikolai Bezroukov Accessed 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ The Scope of Open Source Licensing Archived 9 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . - Harvard University by Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Biancuzzi , Federico ( 30 June 2005 ) . `` ESR : `` We Do n't Need the GPL Anymore '' `` . onlamp.com . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . We do n't need the GPL anymore . It 's based on the belief that open source software is weak and needs to be protected . Open source would be succeeding faster if the GPL did n't make lots of people nervous about adopting it . Jump up ^ `` RMS : The GNU GPL Is Here to Stay '' . onlamp.com. 22 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ESR addresses the issue in terms of different goals and values -- those of `` open source , '' which do not include defending software users ' freedom to share and change software . Perhaps he thinks the GNU GPL is not needed to achieve those goals . Jump up ^ Randal , Allison ( 13 April 2007 ) . `` GPLv3 , Linux and GPLv2 Compatibility '' . radar.oreilly.com . O'Reilly Media . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . You might think the FSF would have to be insane to unleash this licensing hell ... If the license were purely a cleaned up version of the GPLv2 , there would be no incompatibility , the FSF would have no agenda involved in getting projects to update to the new license , and at the same time there would be no reason for projects to object to updating . Smooth sailing . Jump up ^ Randal , Allison ( 14 May 2007 ) . `` GPLv3 , Clarity and Simplicity '' . radar.oreilly.com . O'Reilly Media . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Looking at the near - finished draft , I have to say it 's unlikely that they ever considered simplicity a priority , if they considered it at all ... The language choices of an open source license can support that freedom , can empower the users and the developers . The GPLv3 does n't . Jump up ^ Whurley ( 6 June 2007 ) . `` The Death Of A Software License '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Version 3 is going to distance Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation from the developers that make the organization so influential to begin . Jump up ^ Chisnall , David ( 31 August 2009 ) . `` The Failure of the GPL '' . informit.com . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrill , Bryan ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Corporate Open Source Anti-patterns '' . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Anti-pattern : Anti-collaborative licensing Jump up ^ Hill , Benjamin Mako ( 28 January 2006 ) . `` Notes on the GPLv3 '' . linux.com . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . The GPL is one thing that almost everyone in the free and open source software communities have in common . For that reason , the revision has the potential to highlight disagreements , differences in opinion , differences in business models , and differences in tactics ... We would be wise to remember that the potential for the GPL to hinder our ability to work together is far more dangerous than the even the most radical change textual change the FSF might suggest ... Above all , we must remember that our community and its goals are more important than any single license -- no matter how widespread . Jump up ^ McDougall , Paul ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` Linux Creator Calls GPLv3 Authors ' Hypocrites ' As Open Source Debate Turns Nasty '' . informationweek.com . Archived from the original on 13 April 2008 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 ... the latest sign of a growing schism in the open source community between business - minded developers like Torvalds and free software purists . Jump up ^ Mavrogiannopoulos , Nikos ( 26 March 2013 ) . `` The perils of LGPLv3 '' . gnutls.org . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . LGPLv3 is the latest version of the GNU Lesser General Public License . It follows the successful LGPLv2. 1 license , and was released by Free Software Foundation as a counterpart to its GNU General Public License version 3 . The goal of the GNU Lesser General Public Licenses is to provide software that can be used by both proprietary and free software . This goal has been successfully handled so far by LGPLv2. 1 , and there is a multitude of libraries using that license . Now we have LGPLv3 as the latest , and the question is how successful is LGPLv3 on this goal ? In my opinion , very little . If we assume that its primary goal is to be used by free software , then it blatantly fails that . Jump up ^ 2013 - 03 - 14 Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos ( [email protected] ) * COPYING. LESSER , README : gnutls 3.1. 10 is LGPLv2. 1 Jump up ^ Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos ( 18 December 2012 ) . `` gnutls is moving '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Lawrence ( 2007 ) . `` Comments on GPLv3 '' . Rosenlaw.com . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ronacher , Armin ( 23 July 2013 ) . `` Licensing in a Post Copyright World '' . lucumr.pocoo.org . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . The License Compatibility Clusterfuck - When the GPL is involved the complexities of licensing becomes a non fun version of a riddle . So many things to consider and so many interactions to consider . And that GPL incompatibilities are still an issue that actively effects people is something many appear to forget . For instance one would think that the incompatibility of the GPLv2 with the Apache Software License 2.0 should be a thing of the past now that everything upgrades to GPLv3 , but it turns out that enough people are either stuck with GPLv2 only or do not agree with the GPLv3 that some Apache Software licensed projects are required to migrate . For instance Twitter 's Bootstrap is currently migrating from ASL2. 0 to MIT precisely because some people still need GPLv2 compatibility . Among those projects that were affected were Drupal , WordPress , Joomla , the MoinMoin Wiki and others . And even that case shows that people do n't care that much about licenses any more as Joomla 3 just bundled bootstrap even though they were not licenses in a compatible way ( GPLv2 vs ASL 2.0 ) . The other traditional case of things not being GPL compatible is the OpenSSL project which has a license that does not go well with the GPL . That license is also still incompatible with the GPLv3 . The whole ordeal is particularly interesting as some not so nice parties have started doing license trolling through GPL licenses . Jump up ^ Are you sure you want to use the GPL ? by Armin Ronacher ( 2009 ) External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : FOSS Licensing GNU General Public License ( version 3 ) GNU General Public License v2. 0 -- This version is deprecated by the FSF but is still used by many software projects , including Linux kernel and GNU packages . GNU General Public License v1. 0 -- This version is deprecated by the FSF . The Emacs General Public License , a February 1988 version , a direct predecessor of the GNU GPL History of the GPL by Li - Cheng Tai , 4 July 2001 A Practical Guide to GPL Compliance ( Covers GPLv2 and v3 ) -- from the Software Freedom Law Center A paper on enforcing the GPL Frequently Asked Questions about the GPL GPL , BSD , and NetBSD -- why the GPL rocketed Linux to success by David A. Wheeler GNU General Public License and Commentaries , edited by Robert Chassell List of presentation transcripts about the GPL and free software licenses by the FSFE Make Your Open Source Software GPL - Compatible . Or Else . by David A. Wheeler -- Why a GPL - compatible license is important to the health of a project ( 7 April 2004 ) . The Labyrinth of Software Freedom BSD vs GPL and social aspects of free licensing debate , by Nikolai Bezroukov GNU Project History GNU Manifesto Free Software Foundation Europe India Latin America History of free software Licenses GNU General Public License GNU Lesser General Public License GNU Affero General Public License GNU Free Documentation License GPL linking exception Software GNU ( variants ) Hurd Linux - libre glibc Bash coreutils findutils Build System GCC binutils GDB GRUB GNOME GNUstep GIMP GNU Emacs GNU TeXmacs GNU Octave GNU R GSL GMP GNU Electric GNU Archimedes GNUnet GNU Privacy Guard Gnuzilla ( IceCat ) GNU Health GNUmed GNU LilyPond GNU Go GNU Chess Gnash Guix Guix System Distribution more ... Public speakers Alexandre Oliva Benjamin Mako Hill Bradley M. Kuhn Eben Moglen Federico Heinz Georg C.F. Greve John Sullivan Loïc Dachary Matt Lee Nagarjuna G . Ricardo Galli Richard Stallman Robert J. 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5520501451680547930 | The Blacker the Berry (novel) | The Blacker the Berry ( novel ) - wikipedia The Blacker the Berry ( novel ) The Blacker the Berry Dust jacket by Aaron Douglas Author Wallace Thurman Country United States Language English Genre African - American Literature Publisher The Macaulay Company Publication date 1929 Media type Print Hardcover Pages 254 The Blacker the Berry : A Novel of Negro Life ( 1929 ) is a novel by American author Wallace Thurman , associated with the Harlem Renaissance . It was considered groundbreaking for its exploration of colorism and racial discrimination within the black community , where lighter skin was often favored , especially for women . The novel tells the story of Emma Lou Morgan , a young black woman with dark skin . It begins in Boise , Idaho and follows Emma Lou in her journey to college at USC and a move to Harlem , New York City for work . Set during the Harlem Renaissance , the novel explores Emma Lou 's experiences with colorism , discrimination by lighter - skinned African Americans due to her dark skin . She learns to come to terms with her skin color in order to find satisfaction in her life . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Influence 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Plot summary ( edit ) Part 1 Emma Lou Born in Boise , Idaho , Emma Lou Morgan is an African - American girl who has extremely dark skin . Her mother 's family have lighter skin that shows European ancestry ; the `` blue - black '' hue came from her father , who left her and her mother soon after her birth . Believing that her color will reduce her marriageability , her mother 's people try to help her lighten her skin with bleaching and commercially available creams , but nothing works . When her mother says `` a black boy could get along but a black girl would never know anything but sorrow and disappointment , '' Emma Lou wishes she had been a boy . The only `` Negro pupil in the entire school , '' she feels extra conspicuous at graduation among the white faces and white robes . Emma Lou 's Uncle Joe encourages her to go to the University of Southern California ( USC ) , where she 'll be among black students , and he encourages her to study education and move South to teach . He believes that smaller towns like Boise `` encouraged stupid color prejudice such as she encountered among the blue vein circle in her home town . '' Emma Lou 's maternal grandmother was closely associated with the `` blue veins '' , black people whose skin was light enough to show veins . Uncle Joe thought life would be better for Emma Lou in Los Angeles , where people had more to think about . At USC , Emma Lou intends to meet the `` right '' crowd among other Negro students . On registration day she meets a black girl named Hazel Mason ; unfortunately , when she speaks Emma Lou decides that she is the wrong sort , definitely lower - class . Other girls , though pleasant , never invite her into their circles or sorority , especially when they recognize that they 've seen her with Hazel , whose `` minstrel '' demeanor is not good for the black image . When Hazel drops out of school , Grace Giles become Emma Lou 's friend but informs her that the sorority only accepts wealthy , light - skinned girls . Emma Lou begins to notice that black leaders tend to have light skin or light - skinned wives . By summer vacation , she feels more trapped by her skin . Back in Boise , Emma Lou meets Weldon Taylor at a picnic . Although darker than her ideal , he attracts her , and she ends up going too far with him that night , thinking she is in love . Over the next two weeks , she is thrilled to be with Taylor , for `` his presence and his love making . '' He had been to college but temporarily dropped out to build up his tuition fund , traveling from town to town , finding work and a new girl each time . When he announced that he was leaving Boise to become a Pullman porter , Emma Lou blamed her color . She puts in the rest of her college time , then moves to New York City to find work -- and hopefully , a better life . Part 2 Harlem In Harlem , Emma Lou meets a young man named John whom she decides is `` too dark . '' She heads to an employment agency seeking work as a stenographer ; lacking experience , she pads her account of her skills . She is sent to a real - estate office for an interview , only to be told that they have someone else in mind . She returns to the agency and the manager , Mrs. Blake , invites her to lunch , and Emma Lou is `` warmed toward any suggestion of friendliness '' and excited to have the chance `` to make a welcome contact . '' Mrs. Blake tells her about work prospects , saying that black businessmen preferred to hire light - skinned , pretty girls ; she advises Emma Lou to go to Columbia Teachers ' College and train for a job in the public - school system . After lunch , Emma is walking on Seventh Avenue and while stopping to check her reflection , she notices a few young black men nearby and hears one comment , `` There 's a girl for you ' Fats ' '' , to which the reply is : `` Man , you know I do n't haul no coal . '' Part 3 Alva Determined to stay in New York , Emma Lou finds a job as a maid to Arline Strange , an actress `` in an alleged melodrama about Negro life in Harlem . '' She thinks all the characters are caricatures . Arline and her brother from Chicago take Emma Lou to her first cabaret one night , where he makes her a drink from his hip flask . Emma Lou , entranced by the dancing , gets to be part of it when a man from another table , Alva , invites her . When the lights go up , he returns her to sit with Arline and her brother . The next morning , Alva and his roommate Braxton discuss the previous evening , agreeing that Alva did Emma Lou a favor in dancing with her . Intrigued by the cabaret , Emma Lou talks to the stage director about being in the dance chorus . He tells her plainly the girls are chosen in part for appearance , and notes they all have lighter skin than hers . She decides to look for a new place to live , hoping to meet `` the right sort of people . '' One evening she goes to a casino , where she recognizes Alva . When she approaches him and asks if he remembers her , he politely acts like he does : he talks to her , dances with her , and even gives her his phone number . She calls him a couple of times before they make plans . Braxton is critical of Alva 's seeing her , but he thinks , `` She 's just as good as the rest , and you know what they say , ' The Blacker the berry , the sweeter the juice . ' '' Part 4 Rent Party After avoiding taking Emma Lou to parties or dances , not wanting his friends to meet her ( preferring to be seen with light - skinned Geraldine ) , Alva finally takes her to a `` rent party . Used to manipulating young women for money , Alva liked Geraldine for herself . Emma Lou was very excited about the party , and worried that she would encounter more discrimination . Once there , they happened on to a conversation revolving around race : the differences between being a mulatto and a Negro , and individuals who are prejudiced or `` color struck . '' At the rent party , Emma had consumed more alcohol than usual , and the next morning her landlady demands that she find somewhere else to stay . As the woman speaks , Emma Lou remembers a little more about Alva bringing her home after the party and realizes that the woman might be right that her behavior had n't met the boardinghouse 's respectable standards . Emma Lou thought more about Alva , who seemed kinder than others in her life , but she was aware of his manipulation . Alva has his own trouble with Braxton : he has no job and pays no rent . When Braxton finally moves out , Alva does n't want Emma Lou to move in . One night the couple goes to a theatre , but Emma Lou does n't have a good time : `` You 're always taking me some place , or placing me in some position where I 'll be insulted . '' One night , after an argument with Emma Lou , Alva returns to his room to find Geraldine sleeping in his bed ; when she wakens , she announces that she 's pregnant by him . Part 5 Pyrrhic Victory Two years later , Emma Lou works as a personal maid / companion to Clere Sloane , a retired actress married to Campbell Kitchen , a white writer very interested in Harlem . He encouraged Emma Lou to seek more education in order to achieve economic independence . She has few friends and still feels very out - of - place . When she tries to see Alva after they had stopped seeing each other for a time , Geraldine answers the door and Emma Lou leaves without comment . Geraldine and Alva 's son has been born disfigured and possibly retarded and seems to bring them endless trouble ; they often wish he would die . Geraldine blames Alva -- another man would have made a better baby -- and her mother blames both of them for not bothering to marry before his birth ( or conception ) . Alva has become a money - wasting alcoholic ; Geraldine works hard , trying to build up an escape fund . Having moved to the Y.W.C.A. , Emma Lou has found some new friends and is studying teaching . She continues to work hard but to feel no better about her appearance , although her friend Gwendolyn Johnson tries to help her . She starts seeing Benson Brown , a light - skinned man described as a `` yaller nigger . '' His appearance seems reason enough to see him . But when she learns that Geraldine had abandoned Alva and their son , she goes to check on them and he soon has her taking care of little Alva Jr . After 6 months , she begins teaching at a Harlem public school , wearing lots of dark - skin - concealing makeup but being teased for it by colleagues . She nurtures the child better than his parents ever did , but she and Alva have a rocky relationship . As Emma Lou gains more economic independence , she discovers that it is n't everything ; she 's still not happy . She decides to leave Alva and his son . When she returns to the Y.W.C.A. she contacts Benson , who announces that he and Gwendolyn have been dating and have decided to marry . They even invite her to the wedding . Emma Lou realizes she has spent her life running : she ran from Boise 's color prejudice ; she left Los Angeles for similar reasons . But she decides never to run again . She knows there are many people like her and that she has to accept herself . Characters ( edit ) Emma Lou Morgan : a young African - American woman . Growing up in Boise , Idaho , she encounters discrimination by lighter - skinned blacks among her family and community . She takes after her father in appearance , who abandoned her and her lighter - skinned mother . Uncle Joe : Emma Lou is closer to him than others in her mother 's family ; she follows his advice to go to Los Angeles for college . Weldon Taylor : Back in Boise , Emma Lou meets Weldon Taylor at a picnic . He is darker skinned , and she sleeps with him and thinks she is in love . He leaves to become a Pullman porter , and Emma Lou mistakingly blames him leaving because of her color . Hazel Mason : The first black student whom Emma Lou meets at USC . Judging her to be the `` wrong '' kind of Negro , Emma tries to limit their association . Alva : one of Emma Lou 's love interests in Harlem . He is a lighter - skinned man who manipulates women to use their money to get by . Married twice already , he has become alcoholic . Braxton : Alva 's roommate . He does not approve of Alva 's seeing Emma Lou because of her skin color . Geraldine : one of Alva 's companions ; she bears his son , who is born disfigured . She abandons them both . John : Emma Lou 's first love interest in Harlem . Arline Strange : an actress . Emma Lou works as her maid , helping with make - up and costumes . Gwendolyn Johnson : Emma Lou 's friend from the Y.W.C.A. She eventually marries Benson Brown , whom Emma Lou had dated . Benson Brown : a man Emma Lou meets after she moves to the Y.W.C.A. He is lighter - skinned and promising , the `` right '' sort of African - American man . Influence ( edit ) Thurman 's novel has been widely discussed . Through Emma Lou Morgan , he expressed the idea that dark skin presented more problems for a woman than a man . The young woman struggles with people 's reactions to her . Variations in skin tone has historically related to European and Native American ancestry among African Americans , and the tangled history of slave societies , and benefits that some mixed - race children received from white fathers . The topic of behavior related to differing skin tones has since been treated by other artists and writers , and the issue of skin bias has been studied as a sociological and psychological issue among academics . Despite the calls for Black Power and `` Black is beautiful '' in the mid-twentieth century , studies have found that skin tone bias continues . It is more openly discussed , studied and , at times , mocked . The director Spike Lee has explored this topic , particularly in his film School Daze ( 1988 ) , about students at a prestigious college ( modeled on Spelman College and Morehouse College ) . In 2001 Maxine S. Thompson and Verna M. Keith presented the results of a study on gender , skin tone and self efficacy . They found darker skin more problematic for women , for whom skin tone had more effect on self - esteem , especially for lower and working class women . Higher class women could escape the effects of skin color by other accomplishments . Skin tone presented less of a self - esteem issue for men , but did affect their sense of self - efficacy . In 2004 Daniel Scott III published an article noting that Thurman was interested in Harlem in the 1920s as a place for personal transformation . He was aware that people were attracted there from all over the United States , and brought expectations with them . The experience of living there opened them to new possibilities , which he expressed in his first novel . People were stimulated by meeting many new strangers , and by opportunities afforded by clubs , cabarets , concert halls , theatres and other venues . The novel 's line `` the blacker the berry , the sweeter the juice '' is referenced in Tupac Shakur 's 1993 song Keep Ya Head Up , as well as Pharoahe Monch 's 2007 song Let 's Go . Kendrick Lamar 's 2015 song The Blacker the Berry is named for the novel . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Harlem Renaissance Wallace Thurman African - American literature Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance Internalized racism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thurman , Wallace . The Blacker the Berry . Mineola , NY : Dover Publications , Inc. , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Maxine S. ; Keith , Verna M. ( 2001 ) . `` The Blacker the Berry : Gender , Skin Tone , Self - Esteem , and Self - Efficacy '' . Gender and Society . 15 ( 3 ) : 336 -- 357 . doi : 10.1177 / 089124301015003002 . Jump up ^ Scott , Daniel M. ( 2004 ) . `` Harlem Shadows : Re-Evaluating Wallace Thurman 's The Blacker the Berry '' . MELUS. 29 ( 3 / 4 ) : 323 -- 339 . JSTOR 4141858 . Further reading ( edit ) Crawford , Margo Natalie . Dilution Anxiety and the Black Phallus , Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 2008 . Durr , Marlese , and Shirley A. Hill , editors , Race , Work , and Family in the Lives of African Americans , Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers , 2006 . Farebrother , Rachel . The Collage Aesthetic in the Harlem Renaissance , Burlington , VT : Ashgate , 2009 . Macon , Wanda Celeste . Adolescent Characters ' Sexual Behavior in Selected Fiction of Six Twentieth Century African American Authors , 1992 . Ogbar , Jeffrey O.G. The Harlem Renaissance Revisited : Politics , Arts , and Letters , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 . Tarver , Australia , and Paula C Barnes , Eds . New Voices on the Harlem Renaissance : Essays on Race , Gender , and Literary Discourse ' , Madison , NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 2006 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blacker_the_Berry_(novel)&oldid=805404996 '' Categories : 1929 American novels African - American novels Colorism Harlem Renaissance Novels set in Idaho Novels set in Los Angeles Novels set in New York City Harlem in fiction Boise , Idaho Debut novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 04 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the blacker the berry a novel of negro life | [] | [] |
2565604644184049529 | Administrative Behavior | Administrative Behavior - wikipedia Administrative Behavior Administrative Behavior : a Study of Decision - Making Processes in Administrative Organization Title page of first edition Author Herbert A. Simon Country United States Language English Publisher Macmillan Publication date 1947 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages xvi + 259 OCLC 356505 LC Class HD31 . S55 Administrative Behavior : a Study of Decision - Making Processes in Administrative Organization is a book written by Herbert A. Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) . It asserts that `` decision - making is the heart of administration , and that the vocabulary of administrative theory must be derived from the logic and psychology of human choice '' , and it attempts to describe administrative organizations `` in a way that will provide the basis for scientific analysis '' . The first edition was published in 1947 ; the second , in 1957 ; the third , in 1976 ; and the fourth , in 1997 . As summarized in a 2001 obituary of Simon , the book `` reject ( ed ) the notion of an omniscient ' economic man ' capable of making decisions that bring the greatest benefit possible and substitut ( ed ) instead the idea of ' administrative man ' who ' satisfices -- looks for a course of action that is satisfactory ' '' . Administrative Behavior laid the foundation for the economic movement known as the Carnegie School . The book crosses social science disciplines such as political science and economics . Simon returned to some of the ideas in the book in his later works , such as The Sciences of the Artificial ( 1969 ) . The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited the book as `` epoch - making '' in awarding the 1978 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to Simon . A 1990 article in Public Administration Review named it the `` public administration book of the half century '' ( 1940 - 1990 ) . It was voted the fifth most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the Academy of Management . Contents 1 Background 2 Influences 3 Editions 3.1 Preliminary ( 1945 ) 3.2 1st ( 1947 ) 3.3 2nd ( 1957 ) 3.4 3rd ( 1976 ) 3.5 4th ( 1997 ) 4 Summaries of Chapters I - XI and Appendix 4.1 Chapter I. Decision - Making and Administrative Organization 4.2 Chapter II . Some Problems of Administrative Theory 4.3 Chapter III . Fact and Value in Decision - Making 4.4 Chapter IV . Rationality in Administrative Behavior 4.5 Chapter V . The Psychology of Administrative Decisions 4.6 Chapter VI . The Equilibrium of the Organization 4.7 Chapter VII . The Role of Authority 4.8 Chapter VIII . Communication 4.9 Chapter IX . The Criterion of Efficiency 4.10 Chapter X . Loyalties and Organizational Identification 4.11 Chapter XI . The Anatomy of Organization 4.12 Appendix : What Is an Administrative Science ? 5 Criticism 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) The book is based on Simon 's doctoral thesis in political science at the University of Chicago , which he began planning in 1937 . At the time , the chair of the political science department was Charles Edward Merriam . Beginning in 1936 , Simon worked as a half - time research assistant and then as a full - time staff member at the International City Managers Association ( ICMA ) . Among other activities at ICMA , he learned about administration and about scientific collaboration from director Clarence Ridley , and published his first book with Ridley in 1938 . Although Simon cites Ridley as a major influence on his thinking , Simon did not actually work on his thesis while at ICMA . Simon took a position at the Bureau of Public Administration at the University of California , Berkeley between 1939 and 1942 . It was at Berkeley that he completed his University of Chicago Ph. D. thesis , which was approved by a committee consisting of Leonard D. White , C. Herman Pritchett , Clarence Ridley , and Charner Marquis Perry . Simon received his doctorate in 1942 . Influences ( edit ) In writing his thesis and book , Simon was influenced by The Functions of the Executive ( 1938 ) by Chester I. Barnard . In his 1991 autobiography , Simon wrote that he found Barnard 's book `` wholly superior to the other administrative literature of the day and fully compatible with my preference for looking at management in decision - making terms '' . The book , which Simon read `` with painstaking care '' , motivated Simon to reflect upon his experiences and to focus on administrative decision making . In a 1988 interview , Simon was quoted as follows : Of course I built squarely on Barnard , and have always felt deeply indebted to him ; science is a cumulative endeavor ... In the book itself there are fourteen references to Barnard ... the notions of the contribution - inducement equilibrium , authority , and zone of acceptance were all derived from Barnard ... What I would now regard as the principal novelties in Administative ( sic ) Behavior are the development of the concept of organizational identification ... the description of the decision process in terms of the processing of decision premises , and the bounded rationality notions ... Most of the rest is highly `` Barnardian '' , and certainly even those `` novel '' ideas are in no way inconsistent with Barnard 's view of organizations . Mitchell and Scott have noted similarities in Barnard 's and Simon 's concepts of authority , organizational equilibrium , and decision making . For example , Barnard 's `` zone of indifference '' ( a subordinate 's unquestioned acceptance of authority ) became Simon 's `` zone of acceptance '' . In addition , Mitchell and Scott concluded that both Simon and Barnard believed that large organizations control individuals ' behavior and manipulate their opinions . Philosophers who influenced Simon include William James , John Dewey , A. J. Ayer , and Rudolf Carnap . The ideas of behavioral psychologist Edward C. Tolman and sociologist Talcott Parsons also contributed to Simon 's work . Simon characterized his own philosophical approach as logical positivism . Editions ( edit ) Preliminary ( 1945 ) ( edit ) In 1945 , when Simon was at the Illinois Institute of Technology , he sent mimeographed copies of a preliminary version of the book ( which was similar to his thesis ) to about 200 people he thought might be interested in his work . One of the recipients of the preliminary version was Barnard . Although Simon did not know Barnard personally , Barnard sent a total of 25 pages of detailed comments to Simon , which resulted in a thorough revision of the book . Simon then asked Barnard to write the book 's foreword . 1st ( 1947 ) ( edit ) The first edition had 16 pages of front matter ( e.g. , a Foreword by Chester Barnard , a Preface , and Acknowledgements ) , as well as 259 pages of body matter ( i.e. , Chapters I - XI ) and back matter ( Appendix and Index ) . The published first edition was different from the preliminary version in many ways , including : Mathematical appendices and a comparison of rats and humans in organizations was removed The chapters were rearranged , with `` Some Problems of Administrative Theory '' moved up to Chapter II Some discussion of logical positivism was deleted There was more discussion of communication within organizations Material that could be considered `` political '' ( e.g. , passages that appeared to support New Deal economics ) had been taken out In the Foreword , Barnard states that Simon 's conclusions are `` consonant with ( his ) experience '' as an executive , and expresses hope that `` ultimately it may be possible to state principles of general organization '' . In the Acknowledgements , Simon thanked Barnard for The Functions of the Executive , for `` the extremely careful critical review he gave the preliminary version of this book '' , and for his Foreword . 2nd ( 1957 ) ( edit ) The second edition featured a new Introduction , causing the book to contain 48 pages of front matter and 259 pages of body and back matter . The Introduction summarized the book 's structure , suggested how practitioners might apply the book 's lessons , discussed the concepts of rational behavior and satisficing , commented on specific chapters in the book , and provided recent references . 3rd ( 1976 ) ( edit ) The third edition , which had 50 pages of front matter and 364 pages of body and back matter , placed the original Chapters I - XI and Appendix into a Part I. Its `` Part II '' consisted of six new chapters ( XII through XVII ) based on articles that Simon had written : XII : `` On the Concept of Organizational Goal '' ( pages 257 - 278 ) , originally published in 1964 XIII : `` The Future of Information - Processing Technology '' ( pages 279 - 287 ) , originally published in 1968 XIV : `` Applying Information Technology to Organization Design '' ( pages 288 - 308 ) , originally published in 1973 XV : `` Selective Perception : the Identifications of Executives ( with DeWitt C. Dearborn ) '' ( pages 309 - 314 ) , originally published in 1958 XVI : `` The Birth of an Organization '' ( pages 315 - 324 ) , originally published in 1953 XVII : `` The Business School : a Problem in Organizational Design '' ( pages 335 - 356 ) , originally published in 1967 4th ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Cover of 4th edition ( 1997 ) ; note change of subtitle to `` ... Organizations '' For the fourth edition , with 15 pages of front matter and 368 pages of body and back matter , the last word in the subtitle was changed from `` Organization '' to `` Organizations '' . The fourth edition lacked Barnard 's foreword which had been present in the first through third editions . Instead of the third edition 's lengthy Introduction and Part II , in the fourth edition the Introduction was briefer and Simon 's commentaries followed each chapter of the original text . Summaries of chapters I - XI and Appendix ( edit ) The text and pagination of the 253 pages of Chapters I - XI and of the Appendix ( `` What Is an Administrative Science ? '' ) were the same in the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd editions . Although the text of Chapters I - XI and the Appendix was the same in the 4th edition , the pagination was different . Chapter I decision - making and Administrative Organization ( edit ) This chapter was based on a 1944 article with the same name in Public Administration Review . Simon distinguishes between `` value judgments '' ( which `` lead toward the selection of final goals '' ) and `` factual judgments '' ( which `` involve the implementation of such goals '' ) , a topic which he explores more fully in Chapter III . The relationship of the individual and the group in decision - making is explored ; for example , influences upon individuals include authority , organizational loyalty , efficiency , advice and information , and training . Chapter II . Some Problems of Administrative theory ( edit ) Based on a 1946 article in Public Administration Review entitled `` The Proverbs of Administration '' , Chapter II is notable for the following passage near its beginning : It is a fatal defect of the current principles of administration that , like proverbs , they occur in pairs . For almost every principle one can find an equally plausible and acceptable contradictory principle . Although the two principles of the pair will lead to exactly opposite organizational recommendations , there is nothing in the theory to indicate which is the proper one to apply . To substantiate this criticism , it is necessary to examine briefly some of the leading principles . Administrative efficiency is increased by a specialization of the task among the group Administrative efficiency is increased by arranging the members of the group in a determinate hierarchy of authority Administrative efficiency is increased by limiting the span of control at any point in the hierarchy to a small number Administrative efficiency is increased by grouping the workers These principles were found in the 1937 book Papers on the Science of Administration edited by Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick . After pointing out the shortcomings in the four principles , such as ambiguities and lack of empirical evidence , Simon states that `` over-all efficiency must be the guiding criterion '' in administrative organizations and that scientific methods must be applied to determine how to improve that efficiency . Chapter III . Fact and value in decision - making ( edit ) Chapter III `` clarifies foundational aspects of the logic of choice . '' The first section of the chapter provides details for the explanation in Chapter I of `` facts '' versus `` values '' . The chapter 's second section on `` Policy and Administration '' discusses how the legislative and executive branches of government apply facts and values . Chapter iv . Rationality in Administrative Behavior ( edit ) After considering how the ideas of means and ends relate to decision - making , Simon distinguishes among `` objectively '' , `` subjectively '' , `` consciously '' , `` deliberately '' , `` organizationally '' , and `` personally '' rational decisions . Chapter V . The psychology of Administrative decisions ( edit ) In the first part of this chapter , `` The Limits of Rationality '' , Simon wrote : Actual behavior falls short , in at least three ways , of objective rationality ... : ( 1 ) Rationality requires a complete knowledge and anticipation of the consequences that will follow on each choice . In fact , knowledge of consequences is always fragmentary . ( 2 ) Since these consequences lie in the future , imagination must supply the lack of experienced feeling in attaching value to them . But values can be only imperfectly anticipated . ( 3 ) Rationality requires a choice among all possible alternative behaviors . In actual behavior , only a very few of all these possible alternatives ever come to mind . The remainder of the chapter concerns `` Purposive Behavior in the Individual '' and `` The Integration of Behavior '' . Chapter VI . The equilibrium of the Organization ( edit ) As summarized by Simon in the 4th edition 's `` Commentary on Chapter VI '' , the central idea of this chapter is that `` the survival and success of organizations depend on their providing sufficient incentives to their members to secure the contributions that are needed to carry out the organizations ' tasks '' . Chapter VII . The role of authority ( edit ) Chapters VII - X deal with four ways in which an organization can influence an individual 's decisions . In Chapter VII , Simon discusses the nature of authority and how it is used in organizations : for enforcing responsibility , for obtaining decision - making expertise , and for coordinating activity . Four methods are described for avoiding conflicts in authority when a subordinate has multiple superiors . Chapter VIII . Communication ( edit ) Simon defines communication as `` any process whereby decisional premises are transmitted from one member of an organization to another '' . Communication can be formal or informal , may need to be archived to provide `` memory '' for an organization , and is sometimes accomplished through training . The 4th edition 's `` Commentary on Chapter VIII '' discusses computerized communications which were unavailable in 1947 . Chapter ix . The criterion of efficiency ( edit ) This chapter expands upon a concept that had been mentioned briefly in preceding chapters . In a for - profit organization , the `` criterion of efficiency '' states than an individual will select an alternative that will maximize income and minimize cost so as to `` yield the greatest net ( money ) return to the organization '' . More generally ( i.e. , to include nonprofit organizations ) the criterion causes `` that choice of alternatives which produces the largest result for the given application of resources . '' In the remainder of the chapter , Simon counters criticisms of the efficiency criterion and outlines methods by which efficiency can be attained ( e.g. , by `` functionalization '' and by the public budgeting process ) . Chapter x . Loyalties and organizational identification ( edit ) Following a concept of Harold Lasswell , Simon asserts that `` a person identifies himself with a group when , in making a decision , he evaluates the several alternatives of choice in terms of their consequences for the specified group . '' Such organizational identification can be associated with decisions that are not optimal in terms of an organization 's efficiency or adequacy ( `` the degree to which its goals have been reached '' ) . Chapter XI . The anatomy of Organization ( edit ) Simon describes the organizational decision - making process and writes : The need for an administrative theory resides in the fact that there are practical limits to human rationality , and that these limits are not static , but depend upon the organizational environment in which the individual 's decision takes place . The task of administration is so to design this environment that the individual will approach as close as practicable to rationality ( judged in terms of the organization 's goals ) in his decisions . Appendix : what is an Administrative Science ? ( edit ) In the final part of the book common to all editions , Simon discusses the `` theoretical '' ( descriptive ) aspects and `` practical '' aspects ( i.e. , leading toward the improved attainment of objectives ) of the science of administration . Criticism ( edit ) Robert A. Dahl wrote in 1947 that a science of organizations was impossible due to cultural differences among organizations . Similarly , a 1957 review of the second edition questioned whether scientific studies of important aspects of organizational decision - making `` under controlled conditions '' could ever be undertaken . Simon responded to the 1957 review that `` as knowledge advances ... administrative practice will come to rest largely on scientifically tested knowledge of fundamental underlying mechanisms '' . The book played a central role in what is known as the `` Simon - Waldo debate '' published in the American Political Science Review in 1952 . Using `` purple prose '' , Simon and Dwight Waldo exchanged articles in which Simon `` accuse ( d ) Waldo of logical unrigor '' while Waldo `` charge ( d ) Simon with philosophical myopia '' due to Simon 's reliance on logical positivism in Administrative Behavior . In 1962 Herbert Storing edited a book entitled Essays on the Scientific Study of Politics ; one of the essays therein , by Storing himself , critiqued Administrative Behavior . In his autobiography , Simon wrote that the essays in Storing 's book `` were such egregious examples of the practice of reading texts unsympathetically and without a genuine attempt to understand them that ( he ) never felt an urge to respond to them '' . One analysis notes differences in Storing 's and Simon 's styles of thinking ( `` dichotomous '' versus `` synthetic '' ) , levels of abstraction , and `` assumed ' goodness ' of organizations '' . Simon does not offer any convincing replacement for the principles of organization that he critiques . Simon 's introductions and commentaries in the second through fourth editions interpret material in the first edition in a way that stretches its meaning or contradicts it . For example , Simon saw `` satisficing man '' in the 1947 text but other authors saw `` maximizing man '' . The fact / value and policy / administration distinctions have been criticized as unnecessary . The book minimizes the role of emotions and habit in organizations . Simon did not analyze how immoral behavior , such as police corruption , can occur within organizations . A 1990 essay asserts that Chapter II ( `` Some Problems of Administrative Theory '' ) did not criticize Gulick 's work fairly in that Gulick already recognized most of the problems that Simon discussed . Legacy ( edit ) Simon felt that the reviews of the first edition `` were generally kind , but the reviewers were not exhilerated ( sic ) '' , and that the book `` created no sensation '' at first . Nevertheless , it became notable for the following innovations : A scientific approach to administration . A focus on organizational decision making as the basis for organizational action , as opposed to John Dewey who emphasized habit and action . The initial description of what would later be called `` bounded rationality , '' a term that one paper concludes first appeared in Simon 's 1957 book Models of Man , In the 1st edition of Administrative Behavior , Simon used the phrases `` limits to rationality '' or `` limits of rationality . '' The initial description of what a 1956 paper by Simon called satisficing . As stated in the Introductions to the 2nd and 3rd editions , and in the 4th edition 's `` Commentary on Chapter V '' : The central concern of administrative theory is with the boundary between the rational and the nonrational aspects of human social behavior . Administrative theory is peculiarly the theory of intended and bounded rationality -- of the behavior of human beings who satisfice because they have not the wits to maximize . Later in the 2nd through 4th editions , `` to satisfice '' is defined as `` to look ( ) for a course of action that is satisfactory or ' good enough . ' '' The word is not used in the 1st edition of Administrative Behavior , but the index to the 3rd edition indicates that pertinent passages are found in the 1st edition on pages 38 - 41 , 80 - 81 , and 240 - 244 . The concept of organizational identification in Chapter X . Simon would return to the concepts from Administrative Behavior in later books that he co-authored , including Public Administration ( with Donald W. Smithburg and Victor A. Thompson , 1950 ) ; Organizations ( with James G. March , 1958 ) ; and The Sciences of the Artificial ( 1969 ) . Among books written by other authors , Administrative Behavior influenced : The Forest Ranger , a Study in Administrative Behavior by Herbert Kaufman ( 1960 ) . A Behavioral Theory of the Firm by Richard Cyert and James G. March ( 1963 ) . Together , Simon ( 1947 ) , March and Simon ( 1958 ) , and Cyert and March ( 1963 ) are considered the `` foundational works '' for the `` Carnegie School '' of organizational decision - making and economics based at Carnegie Mellon University . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis by Graham T. Allison ( 1971 ) , specifically the `` organizational process model '' explanation for the crisis . In 1978 , Sune Carlson said in a speech at the ceremony awarding Simon a Nobel Prize in Economics : ... the study of the structure and the decision - making of the firm became an important task in economic science. ... In his epoch - making book Administrative Behavior , which first appeared in 1947 and which has been translated into nearly a dozen languages , as well as in a number of subsequent works , Simon describes the company as an adaptive system of physical , personal and social components , which are held together by a network of intercommunications and by the willingness of its members to co-operate and to work towards common goals. ... Nevertheless , it was reported that economists Albert Ando and William Baumol had `` made little reference to Administrative Behavior '' in arguing to the Nobel Prize Committee that Simon should win . Between 1955 and 1988 , the book was translated into 12 languages : Chinese , Dutch , Finnish , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Polish , Portuguese , Spanish , and Swedish . A set of 12 papers about the book appeared in Public Administration Quarterly in 1988 - 1989 for the book 's 40th anniversary . In 1990 , Sherwood reported in Public Administration Review that 19 of 20 members of an informal advisory panel voted Administrative Behavior one of the `` five or six most influential '' books in academic public administration published between 1940 and 1990 , making it the `` public administration book of the half century . '' It was the `` overwhelming leader '' among the books nominated , receiving `` twice as many nominations as any other book . '' Despite over 150,000 copies of the book having been sold in English , in a small survey of recent graduates from a Master of Public Administration program , Sherwood found widespread belief in the administrative proverbs that Simon attempted to discredit in Chapter II . The fourth edition of the book was released in 1997 ; its Introduction noted the book 's `` fiftieth birthday . '' The book was cited in obituaries of Simon in 2001 . By 2009 , the book had received 7,746 citations on Google Scholar . Of the articles that cited the book , the articles that were most - cited concerned organizational learning , the economic sociology , transaction cost economics , and organizational decision making . Administrative Behavior appeared in at least three lists of `` best '' or `` most influential '' management and business books between 2001 and 2011 . As of 2012 , the fourth edition of the book is still in print . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Simon , Herbert A. ( 1947 ) . Administrative Behavior : a Study of Decision - Making Processes in Administrative Organization ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . OCLC 356505 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Herbert A. ( 1957 ) . Administrative Behavior : a Study of Decision - Making Processes in Administrative Organization ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . OCLC 964597 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Herbert A. ( 1976 ) . Administrative Behavior : a Study of Decision - Making Processes in Administrative Organization ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0029289718 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Herbert A. ( 1997 ) . Administrative Behavior : a Study of Decision - Making Processes in Administrative Organizations ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0684835827 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Paul ( 10 February 2001 ) . `` Herbert A. Simon Dies at 84 ; Won a Nobel for Economics '' . New York Times . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Augier , Mie ( 2002 ) . `` Administrative Behavior : A Study of Decision - Making Processes in Administrative Organizations ( book review ) '' . The Economic Journal . 112 ( 480 ) : F386 -- F388 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0297. t01 - 17 - 00050 . ^ Jump up to : Golembiewski , Robert T. ( 1988 ) . `` Nobel Laureate Simon ' Looks Back ' : a Low - Frequency Mode '' ( PDF ) . Public Administration Quarterly . 12 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 300 . JSTOR 40861423 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Sune ( 16 October 1978 ) . `` The Prize in Economics 1978 : Award Ceremony Speech '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 16 October 1978 ) . `` The Prize in Economics 1978 -- Press Release '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sherwood , Frank P. ( 1990 ) . `` The Half - Century 's ' Great Books ' in Public Administration '' . Public Administration Review . 50 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 264 . doi : 10.2307 / 976872 . JSTOR 976872 . ^ Jump up to : Bedeian , Arthur G. ; Wren , Daniel A. ( Winter 2001 ) . `` Most Influential Management Books of the 20th Century '' ( PDF ) . Organizational Dynamics . 29 ( 3 ) : 221 -- 225 . doi : 10.1016 / S0090 - 2616 ( 01 ) 00022 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Herbert A. ( 1991 ) . Models of My Life . ( New York ) : Basic Books . ISBN 0465046401 . ^ Jump up to : Crowther - Heyck , Hunter ( 2005 ) . Herbert A. Simon : the Bounds of Reason in Modern America . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801880254 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Clarence E. ; Simon , Herbert A. ( 1938 ) . Measuring Municipal Activities : a Survey of Suggested Criteria and Reporting Forms for Appraising Administration . Chicago : International City Managers Association . OCLC 2049544 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Terence R. ; Scott , William G. ( Fall 1988 ) . `` The Barnard - Simon Contribution : a Vanished Legacy '' . Public Administration Quarterly . 12 ( 3 ) : 348 -- 368 . JSTOR 40861427 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Joseph T. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Behavioral Theory of the Firm '' . Economic Foundations of Strategy ( PDF ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE . pp. 1 -- 53 . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0543 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Golembiewski , Robert T. ( 1988 ) . `` Perspectives on Simon 's Administrative Behavior : Stock - Taking on the Fortieth Anniversary -- Part I '' . Public Administration Quarterly . 12 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 382 . JSTOR 40861422 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Gerry ( 2007 ) . `` The Development History and Philosophical Sources of Herbert Simon 's Administrative Behavior '' . Journal of Management History . 13 ( 3 ) : 255 -- 268 . doi : 10.1108 / 17511340710754707 . ^ Jump up to : Sent , Esther - Mirjam ( 1999 ) . `` Administrative Man Versus / As Economic Man ( book review ) '' . Journal of Economic Methodology. 6 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 139 . doi : 10.1080 / 13501789900000008 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1964 ) . `` On the Concept of Organizational Goal '' . Administrative Science Quarterly . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 2391519 . JSTOR 2391519 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1968 ) . `` The Future of Information Processing Technology '' . Management Science . 14 ( 9 ) : 619 -- 624 . doi : 10.1287 / mnsc. 14.9. 619 . JSTOR 2628288 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1973 ) . `` Applying Information Technology to Organization Design '' . Public Administration Review . 33 ( 3 ) : 268 -- 278 . doi : 10.2307 / 974804 . JSTOR 974804 . Jump up ^ Dearborn , DeWitt C. ; Simon , Herbert A. ( 1958 ) . `` Selective Perception : A Note on the Departmental Identifications of Executives '' . Sociometry. 21 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 144 . doi : 10.2307 / 2785898 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1953 ) . `` Birth of an Organization : The Economic Cooperation Administration '' . Public Administration Review . 13 ( 4 ) : 227 -- 236 . doi : 10.2307 / 973005 . JSTOR 973005 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1967 ) . `` The Business School a Problem in Organizational Design '' . Journal of Management Studies . 4 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6486.1967. tb00569. x . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1944 ) . `` Decision - Making and Administrative Organization '' ( PDF ) . Public Administration Review . 4 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 972435 . JSTOR 972435 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1946 ) . `` The Proverbs of Administration '' ( PDF ) . Public Administration Review . 6 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 973030 . JSTOR 973030 . ^ Jump up to : Banfield , Edward C. ( 1957 ) . `` The Decision - Making Schema '' . Public Administration Review . 17 ( 4 ) : 278 -- 285 . doi : 10.2307 / 973419 . JSTOR 973419 . Jump up ^ Gulick , Luther ; Urwick , L. , eds. ( 1937 ) . Papers on the Science of Administration . New York : Institute of Public Administration , Columbia University . OCLC 995995 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . `` Administrative Behavior : Laying the Foundations for Cyert and March '' . Organization Science . 18 ( 3 ) : 503 -- 506 . doi : 10.1287 / orsc. 1070.0275 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1958 ) . `` ' The Decision - Making Schema ' : a Reply '' ( PDF ) . Public Administration Review . 18 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 63 . doi : 10.2307 / 973736 . JSTOR 973736 . ^ Jump up to : Harmon , Michael M. ( 1989 ) . `` The Simon / Waldo Debate : a Review and Update '' . Public Administration Quarterly . 12 ( 4 ) : 437 -- 451 . JSTOR 40861434 . ^ Jump up to : Gow , James Iain ( 2003 ) . `` Decision Man : Herbert Simon in Search of Rationality '' . Canadian Public Administration . 46 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 126 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 7121.2003. tb01583. x . Jump up ^ Storing , Herbert J. , ed. ( 1962 ) . `` The Science of Administration : Herbert A. Simon '' . Essays on the Scientific Study of Politics . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . OCLC 497089 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Rupert F. ( 1989 ) . `` The Storing Critique Revisited : Simon as Seen in the Science of Politics '' . Public Administration Quarterly . 12 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 436 . JSTOR 40861433 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Thomas H. ( 1990 ) . `` In Defence of Luther Gulick 's ' Notes on the Theory of Organization ' '' . Public Administration . 68 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 173 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9299.1990. tb00752. x . Jump up ^ Moe , Terry M. ( 1984 ) . `` The New Economics of Organization '' . American Journal of Political Science . 28 ( 4 ) : 739 -- 777 . doi : 10.2307 / 2110997 . JSTOR 2110997 . ^ Jump up to : Klaes , Matthias ; Sent , Esther - Mirjam ( 2005 ) . `` A Conceptual History of the Emergence of Bounded Rationality '' . History of Political Economy. 37 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 59 . doi : 10.1215 / 00182702 - 37 - 1 - 27 . Jump up ^ Simon , H.A. ( 1956 ) . `` Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Review . 63 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 138 . doi : 10.1037 / h0042769 . PMID 13310708 . ... it appears probable that , however adaptive the behavior of organisms in learning and choice situations , this adaptiveness falls far short of the ideal ' maximizing ' postulated in economic theory . Evidently , organisms adapt well enough to ' satisfice ' ; they do not , in general , ' optimize ' . Jump up ^ Brown , Reva ( 2004 ) . `` Consideration of the Origin of Herbert Simon 's Theory of ' Satisficing ' ( 1933 - 1947 ) '' . Management Decision. 42 ( 10 ) : 1240 -- 1256 . doi : 10.1108 / 00251740410568944 . Jump up ^ Jones , Candace ; Volpe , Elizabeth Hamilton ( 2011 ) . `` Organizational Identification : Extending our Understanding of Social Identities through Social Networks '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Organizational Behavior . 32 ( 3 ) : 413 -- 434 . doi : 10.1002 / job. 694 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ; Smithburg , Donald W. ; Thompson , Victor A. ( 1950 ) . Public Administration . New York : Knopf . OCLC 1630919 . Jump up ^ March , James G. ; Simon , Herbert A. ( 1958 ) . Organizations . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0471567930 . Jump up ^ Simon , Herbert A. ( 1969 ) . The Sciences of the Artificial . Cambridge , MA : M.I.T. Press . OCLC 4087 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Herbert ( 1960 ) . The Forest Ranger , a Study in Administrative Behavior . Baltimore : Resources for the Future , Johns Hopkins Press . ISBN 068518420X . Jump up ^ Tipple , Terence J. ; Wellman , J. Douglas ( 1991 ) . `` Herbert Kaufman 's Forest Ranger Thirty Years Later : From Simplicity and Homogeneity to Complexity and Diversity '' . Public Administration Review . 51 ( 5 ) : 421 -- 428 . doi : 10.2307 / 976411 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Hal G. ( 1991 ) . Understanding and Managing Public Organizations ( 1st ed . ) . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . ISBN 1555423442 . Jump up ^ Gavetti , Giovanni ; Levinthal , Daniel ; Ocasio , William ( 2007 ) . `` Perspective -- Neo-Carnegie : The Carnegie School 's Past , Present , and Reconstructing for the Future '' . Organization Science . 18 ( 3 ) : 523 -- 536 . doi : 10.1287 / orsc. 1070.0277 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham T. ( 1971 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0673394123 . Jump up ^ `` Public Administration Quarterly Vol. 12 , No. 3 , Fall 1988 ( Table of Contents ) '' . Southern Public Administration Education Foundation . JSTOR i40038729 . Jump up ^ Golembiewski , Robert T. ( 1988 ) . `` Perspectives on Simon 's Administrative Behavior : Stock - Taking on the Fortieth Anniversary -- A Symposium , Part II '' . Public Administration Quarterly . 12 ( 4 ) : 389 -- 391 . JSTOR 40861431 . Jump up ^ `` Public Administration Quarterly Vol. 12 , No. 4 , Winter , 1989 ( Table of Contents ) '' . Southern Public Administration Education Foundation . JSTOR i40038730 . Jump up ^ Velupillai , K. Vela ( 13 February 2001 ) . `` Obituary : Professor Herbert Simon '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Gerry ( 2011 ) . `` What Simon Said : the Impact of the Major Management Works of Herbert Simon '' . Journal of Management History . 17 ( 4 ) : 399 -- 419 . doi : 10.1108 / 17511341111164418 . Jump up ^ Crainer , Stuart ( 2003 ) . `` Herbert Simon , Administrative Behavior ( 1947 ) '' . The Ultimate Business Library : the Greatest Books That Made Management ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Capstone Pub . pp. 257 -- 259 . ISBN 1841120596 . Jump up ^ `` Administrative Behavior by Herbert Simon '' . The Best Business Books Ever : The Most Influential Management Books You 'll Never Have Time to Read ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Basic Books . 2011 . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 9780465022366 . Jump up ^ `` Administrative Behavior , 4th Edition '' . Simon & Schuster Digital Catalog . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Peng , Wen - Shien ( 1992 ) . `` A Critique on H. A. Simon 's Administrative Behavior Theory '' . Public Administration Quarterly . 16 ( 2 ) : 254 -- 264 . JSTOR 40862285 . Dennard , Linda F. ( 1995 ) . `` Neo-Darwinism and Simon 's Bureaucratic Antihero '' . Administration & Society . 26 ( 4 ) : 464 -- 487 . doi : 10.1177 / 009539979502600403 . Balducci , Massimo ( 2009 ) . `` L'influence de Administrative behavior de H. Simon sur l'étude des organisations et sur la théorie du Public choice '' . Revue française d'administration publique ( in French ) . 131 ( 3 ) : 541 -- 554 . doi : 10.3917 / rfap. 131.0541 . External links ( edit ) Simonsen , Jesper ( Spring 1994 ) . `` Herbert A. Simon : Administrative Behavior . How Organizations Can Be Understood in Terms of Decision Processes '' ( PDF ) . Roskilde University . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Rainey , Hal G. ( 2001 ) . `` A Reflection on Herbert Simon : A Satisficing Search for Significance '' ( PDF ) . Administration & Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 491 -- 507 . doi : 10.1177 / 00953990122019857 . Ching , Brandon D. ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Abstract -- Administrative Behavior by Herbert Simon '' . Digital Solipsist blog . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Behavior&oldid=847182880 '' Categories : 1947 books Business books Organizational behavior Public administration books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 14 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said behaviour in administration should be studied through psycho analysis | [] | [] |
4394389040326875186 | Fooled Around and Fell in Love | Fooled Around and Fell in Love - wikipedia Fooled Around and Fell in Love `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' Single by Elvin Bishop from the album Struttin ' My Stuff B - side `` Have A Good Time '' Released March 1976 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Single Recorded Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 35 ( album version ) 2 : 59 ( single version ) Label Capricorn Songwriter ( s ) Elvin Bishop Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Elvin Bishop singles chronology `` Sure Feels Good '' ( 1975 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1976 ) `` Struttin ' My Stuff '' ( 1976 ) `` Sure Feels Good '' ( 1975 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1976 ) `` Struttin ' My Stuff '' ( 1976 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' is a single written and performed by blues guitarist Elvin Bishop . It appeared on his 1975 album Struttin ' My Stuff and was released as a single the following year . Bishop does not sing lead vocals on the track ; feeling that his gravelly voice would n't do the song justice , he invited vocalist Mickey Thomas , who was a background singer in his band at the time , to sing it . The song peaked at # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in May 1976 . The record was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on June 23 , 1976 . In Canada , the song reached number 22 on the singles chart and number 8 on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song became a Gold record . Based on his work with Bishop , Thomas was invited to become the lead singer for Jefferson Starship . The song is featured in the films Queens Logic ( 1991 ) , Illtown ( 1996 ) , Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) , Big Daddy ( 1999 ) , According to Spencer ( 2001 ) , The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) , The Family Stone ( 2005 ) , Invincible ( 2006 ) , The Education of Charlie Banks ( 2007 ) , Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay ( 2008 ) , Stand Up Guys ( 2012 ) , Lovelace ( 2013 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) and Handsome : A Netflix Mystery Movie ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Style 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Personnel 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Style ( edit ) In their 1990 essay `` Rock and Sexuality '' , Simon Frith and Angela McRobbie offer the song as one which `` lyrically captures '' their idea of an essential distinction in rock music between `` cock rock '' and `` teeny bop '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia 16 Canada RPM Top Singles 22 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 8 New Zealand U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 167 New Zealand 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 56 U.S. Cash Box 28 Personnel ( edit ) Mickey Thomas : vocals Elvin Bishop : guitar Johnny ' V ' Vernazza : guitar , backing vocals Philip Aaberg : piano Mike Keck : organ Donny Baldwin : drums , percussion Michael Brooks : bass Bill Szymczyk : producer `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' Single by T.G. Sheppard from the album Livin ' on the Edge B - side `` Banging My Heart '' Released May 11 , 1985 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Elvin Bishop Producer ( s ) Rick Hall T.G. Sheppard singles chronology `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Doncha ? '' ( 1985 ) `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Doncha ? '' ( 1985 ) Cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , T.G. Sheppard had a # 21 country hit with a cover of the song . A music video was also produced for this version and has aired on CMT , TNN and GAC . In 1991 , Henry Lee Summer covered this song which appeared on his album Way Past Midnight , and the Queens Logic soundtrack ( with the lead guitar solo played by Joe Walsh ) . In 2004 , country music artist Mark Wills covered this song for the southern rock tribute album Southern Rock Country Style . In 2006 , Rod Stewart covered this song for the album Still the Same ... Great Rock Classics of Our Time . In 2010 , Japanese band Superfly covered this song for the compilation album Wildflower & Cover Songs : Complete Best ' Track 3 ' . In 2013 , The Winery Dogs covered this song for their live album , Unleashed In Japan 2013 . In 2013 , a re-imagined version of the song ( sung from the female perspective ) was recorded and released by Kirsten Thien on her album Solo Live from the Meisenfrei Blues Club . In 2014 , Morgan James covered the song in a YouTube video . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA records search '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Janovitz , Bill . `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fricth , Simon ; McRobbie , Angela ( 1990 ) . Frith , Simon ; Goodwin , Andrew , eds . On Record : Rock , Pop and the Written Word . London : Routledge . p. 320 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05306 - 4 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1976 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn , Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1976 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1976 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Elvin Bishop - Struttin ' My Stuff @ Discogs.com Retrieved 3 - 24 - 2018 . Jump up ^ I Remember Clif Confessions of a Lapsed Bohemian Retrieved 3 - 24 - 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide T.G. Sheppard Notable singles `` Devil in the Bottle '' `` Tryin ' to Beat the Morning Home '' `` Motels and Memories '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Happy Together '' `` You Feel Good All Over '' `` Last Cheater 's Waltz '' `` I 'll Be Coming Back for More '' `` Smooth Sailin ' '' `` Do You Wanna Go to Heaven '' `` I Feel Like Loving You Again '' `` I Loved ' Em Every One '' `` Party Time '' `` Only One You '' `` Finally '' `` War Is Hell ( On the Homefront Too ) '' `` Faking Love '' ( with Karen Brooks ) `` Without You '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Make My Day '' ( with Clint Eastwood ) `` Somewhere Down the Line '' `` One Owner Heart '' `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' `` Doncha ? '' `` In Over My Heart '' `` Strong Heart '' `` Half Past Forever ( Till I 'm Blue in the Heart ) '' `` You 're My First Lady '' `` One for the Money '' `` You Still Do '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fooled_Around_and_Fell_in_Love&oldid=844279929 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1976 singles 1985 singles T.G. Sheppard songs Rod Stewart songs Columbia Records singles Capricorn Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 22 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang fooled around and fell in love lyrics | [
"\"Fooled Around and Fell in Love\" is a single written and performed by blues guitarist Elvin Bishop. It appeared on his 1975 album Struttin' My Stuff and was released as a single the following year. Bishop does not sing lead vocals on the track; feeling that his gravelly voice wouldn't do the song justice, he invited vocalist Mickey Thomas, who was a background singer in his band at the time, to sing it. The song peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in May 1976.[1] The record was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on June 23, 1976.[2] In Canada, the song reached number 22 on the singles chart[3] and number 8 on the Adult Contemporary chart.[4] The song became a Gold record."
] | [
"Mickey Thomas"
] |
-3510378934527293421 | South Carolina | South Carolina - wikipedia South Carolina Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of South Carolina . For other uses , see South Carolina ( disambiguation ) . State of South Carolina Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Palmetto State Motto ( s ) : Dum spiro spero * ( Latin ) , While I Breathe I Hope Animis opibusque parati † ( Latin ) , Prepared in Mind and Resources Official language English Demonym South Carolinian Capital Columbia Largest city Charleston Largest metro Greenville Area Ranked 40th Total 32,020 sq mi ( 82,931 km ) Width 200 miles ( 320 km ) Length 260 miles ( 420 km ) % water 6 Latitude 32 ° 2 ′ N to 35 ° 13 ′ N Longitude 78 ° 32 ′ W to 83 ° 21 ′ W Population Ranked 23rd Total 4,961,119 ( 2016 est . ) Density 155 / sq mi ( 60.0 / km ) Ranked 19th Median household income $46,360 ( 44th ) Elevation Highest point Sassafras Mountain 3,560 ft ( 1,085 m ) Mean 350 ft ( 110 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean sea level Before statehood Province of South Carolina Admission to Union May 23 , 1788 ( 8th ) Governor Henry McMaster ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Kevin Bryant ( R ) Legislature General Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Lindsey Graham ( R ) Tim Scott ( R ) U.S. House delegation 6 Republicans 1 Democrat ( list ) Time zone Eastern : UTC - 5 / - 4 ISO 3166 US - SC Abbreviations SC , S.C. Website www.sc.gov ( show ) South Carolina state symbols The Flag of South Carolina The Seal of South Carolina Living insignia Amphibian Salamander Bird Carolina wren Butterfly Eastern tiger swallowtail Fish Striped bass Flower Yellow jessamine Insect Carolina Mantis Mammal White - tailed deer Reptile Loggerhead Sea Turtle Tree Sabal palmetto Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Dance Carolina shag Food Fruit : Peach Snack : Boiled peanuts Vegetable : Collard Greens Fossil Columbian mammoth Mammuthus columbi Mineral Amethyst Rock Blue granite Shell Lettered olive Song `` Carolina '' , `` South Carolina On My Mind '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2000 Lists of United States state symbols Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South Carolina . South Carolina ( / ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə / ( listen ) ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the south and west by Georgia , across the Savannah River , and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution , on May 23 , 1788 . South Carolina became the first state which voted to secede from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13 % . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a 2016 population of 134,309 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2016 population of 134,385 . The Greenville - Anderson - Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2016 population estimate of 884,975 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for `` Charles '' . South Carolina is known for its 187 miles of coastline , beautiful lush gardens , historic sites and Southern plantations , colonial , African and European cultures , and its growing economic development . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Precolonial period 1.2 Exploration 1.3 Colonization 1.4 The American Revolution 1.5 Antebellum 1.6 Civil War 1861 -- 1865 1.7 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1877 1.8 Populist and agrarian movements 1.9 20th century 1.10 21st century 2 Geography 2.1 Lakes 2.2 Earthquakes 2.3 Climate 2.3. 1 Hurricanes and tropical cyclones 3 Ecology 4 Demographics 4.1 Religion 4.2 Major cities 4.3 Population centers 5 Economy 6 Media 7 The arts 8 Transportation 8.1 Road 8.2 Rail 8.2. 1 Passenger 8.2. 2 Station stops 8.2. 3 Freight 8.3 Major and regional airports 9 Government and politics 10 Education 10.1 Institutions of higher education 10.2 Universities and colleges ranked by endowment , 2010 11 Health care 12 Sports 13 Federal lands in South Carolina 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of South Carolina Precolonial period ( edit ) There is evidence of human activity in the area about 40,000 years ago . At the time Europeans arrived , marking the end of the Pre-Columbian era around 1600 , there were many separate Native American tribes , the largest being the Cherokee , and the Catawba , and the total population being up to 20,000 . Up the rivers of the eastern coastal plain lived about a dozen tribes of Siouan background . Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee , Yuchi , and the Yamasee . Further west were the Cherokee , and along the Catawba River , the Catawba . These tribes were village - dwellers , relying on agriculture as their primary food source . The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay , roofed with wood or thatched grass . Top left , the shores of Florida and the future Carolina explored in 1500 and showed in 1502 on the Cantino planisphere . About a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish , and cultivating corn , peas and beans . Travelling inland as much as 50 miles ( 80 km ) mostly by canoe , they wintered on the coastal plain , hunting deer and gathering nuts and fruit . The names of these tribes survive in place names like Edisto Island , Kiawah Island , and the Ashepoo River . Exploration ( edit ) The Spanish are the first Europeans in the area , exploring from June 24 to July 14 , 1521 a land around Winyah Bay named , according to the captive Francisco , Chicora , in struggle with nineteen other neighboring peoples whose names have been also transmitted without it being possible to identify them with certainty . They found in October 8 , 1526 San Miguel de Gualdape , near what is now Georgetown , South Carolina . It is the first European settlement in what is now mainland USA . Established with five hundred settlers , it was abandoned eight months later by one hundred and fifty survivors . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto explored the region and the maintown of Cofitachequi , where he captured the queen of the Maskoki and the Chelaque who had welcomed him . Later map of French Florida . In 1562 French Huguenots established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort - Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island . The garrison lacks supplies and the soldiers , as in the same time in the France Antarctique , run away , some settlers preferring the savagering and a `` natural '' life far from the `` civilization '' and the atrocities of the Wars of Religion . In May 1564 , a second expedition explore the shore from `` Jordan River '' up to `` Dolphins river '' and takes possession of the territory from the coast to the `` Palassi Mountains '' , middle French transcription of Appalachian Mountains . On June 20 , 1564 , they founded Fort Caroline , so called in honour of the King of France Charles IX . Map of 1584 showing Guasile , Chalaqua and Joara in the north west of the Spanish Florida that the conquistadors Juan Pardo and Hernando Moyano violently explored in 1567 . On August 28 , 1565 , the Spanish built a fort on the site of St. Augustine and , few days later , exterminate the French colonists on the shore of the `` Massacre 's river '' . Because they are not Catholic , the two hundred men left to guard Fort Caroline are executed on September 20 , 1565 . Three years later , a punitive expedition led by Dominique de Gourgue provokes a general insurrection of the natives which permanently expelled the Spaniards from the Piedmont and the Cumberland region , that they had begun to invest from Joara . Confined to St. Augustine , they are then confronted with hostilities of the English navy . Colonization ( edit ) The Carolina Colony grants of 1663 and 1665 Sixty years later , in 1629 , King of England Charles I established the Province of Carolina , an area covering what is now South and North Carolina , Georgia and Tennessee . In 1663 , Charles II granted the land to eight Lords Proprietors in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660 . Anthony Ashley Cooper plans the Grand Model for the Province of Carolina and writes the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina . His utopia is inspired by John Locke , the major investor in the English slave - trade through the Royal African Company . In the 1670s , English planters from Bermuda established themselves near what is now Charleston . Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry , east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line . Settlers came from all over Europe . Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720 . Another cash crop was the Indigo plant , a plant source of blue dye , developed by Eliza Lucas . Meanwhile , in Upstate South Carolina , west of the Fall Line , was settled by small farmers and traders , who displaced Native American tribes westward . Colonists overthrew the proprietors ' ( absentee English landowners ) rule , seeing more direct representation . In 1719 , the colony was officially made a crown colony . In 1729 North Carolina was split off into a separate colony . Southern Carolina prospered from the fertility of the Low Country and the harbors , such as that at Charleston . It allowed religious toleration , encouraging Settlements spread , and trade in deerskin , lumber , and beef thrived . Rice cultivation was developed on a large scale . By the second half of the 1700s South Carolina was one of the richest of what were about to become the Thirteen Colonies . The American revolution ( edit ) On March 26 , 1776 , the colony adopted the Constitution of South Carolina , electing John Rutledge as the state 's first president . In February , 1778 , South Carolina became the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation , the initial governing document of the United States , and in May 1788 , South Carolina ratified the United States Constitution , becoming the eighth state to enter the union . During the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , about a third of combat action took place in South Carolina , more than in any other state . Inhabitants of the state endured being invaded by English forces and an ongoing civil war between loyalists and partisans that devastated the backcountry . It is estimated that 25,000 slaves ( 30 % of those in South Carolina ) fled , migrated or died during the war . Antebellum ( edit ) Main article : Antebellum South Carolina Millford Plantation ( 1839 -- 41 ) , an example of Greek Revival architecture . America 's first census in 1790 put the state 's population at nearly 250,000 . By the 1800 census the population had increased 38 per cent to nearly 340,000 of which 146,000 were slaves . At that time South Carolina had the largest population of Jews in the 16 United States , mostly based in Savannah and Charleston , the latter being the country 's fifth largest city . In the Antebellum period ( before the Civil War ) the state 's economy and population grew . Cotton became an important crop after the invention of the cotton gin . While nominally democratic , from 1790 until 1865 , wealthy male landowners were in control of South Carolina . For example , a man was not eligible to sit in the State House of Representatives unless he possessed an estate of 500 acres of land and 10 Negroes , or at least 150 pounds sterling . Columbia , the new state capital was founded in the center of the state , and the State Legislature first met there in 1790 . The town grew after it was connected to Charleston by the Santee Canal in 1800 , one of the first canals in the United States . As dissatisfaction with the federal government grew , in the 1820s John C. Calhoun became a leading proponent of states ' rights , limited government , nullification of the US Constitution , and free trade . In 1832 , the Ordinance of Nullification declared federal tariff laws unconstitutional and not to be enforced in the state , leading to the Nullification Crisis . The federal Force Bill was enacted to use whatever military force necessary to enforce federal law in the state , bringing South Carolina back into line . In the United States presidential election of 1860 voting was sharply divided , with the south voting for the Southern Democrats and the north for Abraham Lincoln 's Republican Party . Lincoln was anti-slavery , did not acknowledge the right to secession , and would not yield federal property in Southern states . Southern secessionists believed Lincoln 's election meant long - term doom for their slavery - based agrarian economy and social system . Lincoln was elected president on 6 November 1860 . The state House of Representatives immediately passed the `` Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act , 9 November 1860 '' , and within weeks South Carolina became the first state to declare secession from the US . Civil War 1861 -- 1865 ( edit ) The Southern economy had been ruined by the war . Charleston , South Carolina : Broad Street , 1865 Main article : South Carolina in the American Civil War On April 12 , 1861 , Confederate ( southern ) batteries began shelling the Union ( federal , northern , or US ) Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , after US troops refusal to leave the fort peacefully , and the American Civil War began . In November of that year the Union attacked Port Royal Sound and soon occupied Beaufort County and the neighboring Sea Islands . For the rest of the war this area served as a Union base and staging point for other operations . Whites abandoned their plantations , leaving behind about 10,000 slaves . Several Northern charities partnered with the federal government to help these people run the cotton farms themselves under the Port Royal Experiment . Workers were paid by the pound harvested and thus became the first former slaves freed by the Union forces to earn wages . Although the state was not a major battleground , the war ruined the economy . Under conscription , all men aged 18 -- 35 ( later 45 ) were drafted for Confederate service . More than 60,000 served , and the state lost nearly one - third of the white male population of fighting age . At the end of the war in early 1865 , the troops of General William Tecumseh Sherman marched across the state devastating plantations and most of Columbia . Reconstruction 1865 -- 1877 ( edit ) After the war , South Carolina was restored to the United States during Reconstruction . Under presidential Reconstruction ( 1865 -- 66 ) , freedmen ( former slaves ) were given limited rights . Under Radical reconstruction ( 1867 -- 1877 ) , a Republican coalition of freedmen , carpetbaggers and scalawags was in control , supported by Union Army forces . They established public education , welfare institutions , and home rule for counties , expanding democracy . In Texas vs. White ( 1869 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the ordinances of secession ( including that of South Carolina ) were invalid , and thus those states had never left the Union . However , South Carolina did not regain representation in Congress until that date . Until the 1868 presidential election , South Carolina 's legislature , not the voters , chose the state 's electors for the presidential election . South Carolina was the last state to choose its electors in this manner . On October 19 , 1871 President Ulysses S. Grant suspended habeas corpus in nine South Carolina counties under the authority of the Ku Klux Klan Act . Led by Grant 's Attorney General Amos T. Akerman , hundreds of Klansmen were arrested while 2000 Klansmen fled the state . This was done in order to suppress Klan violence against African - American and white voters in the South . In the mid to late 1870s , white Democrats used paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts to intimidate and terrorize black voters . They regained political control of the state under conservative white `` Redeemers '' and pro-business Bourbon Democrats . In 1877 , the federal government withdrew its troops as part of the Compromise of 1877 that ended Reconstruction . Populist and agrarian movements ( edit ) The state became a hotbed of racial and economic tensions during the Populist and Agrarian movements of the 1890s . A Republican - Populist biracial coalition took power away from White Democrats temporarily . To prevent that from happening again , Democrats gained passage of a new constitution in 1895 that effectively disfranchised almost all blacks and many poor whites by new requirements for poll taxes , residency , and literacy tests that dramatically reduced the voter rolls . By 1896 , only 5,500 black voters remained on the voter registration rolls , although they constituted a majority of the state 's population . The 1900 census demonstrated the extent of disenfranchisement : the 782,509 African American citizens comprised more than 58 % of the state 's population , but they were essentially without any political representation in the Jim Crow society . The 1895 constitution overturned local representative government , reducing the role of the counties to agents of state government , effectively ruled by the General Assembly , through the legislative delegations for each county . As each county had one state senator , that person had considerable power . The counties lacked representative government until home rule was passed in 1975 . Governor `` Pitchfork Ben Tillman '' , a Populist , led the effort to disenfranchise the blacks and poor whites , although he controlled Democratic state politics from the 1890s to 1910 with a base among poor white farmers . During the constitutional convention in 1895 , he supported another man 's proposal that the state adopt a one - drop rule , as well as prohibit marriage between whites and anyone with any known African ancestry . Some members of the convention realized that prominent white families with some African ancestry could be affected by such legislation . In terms similar to a debate in Virginia in 1853 on a similar proposal ( which was dropped ) , George Dionysius Tillman said the following in opposition : If the law is made as it now stands respectable families in Aiken , Barnwell , Colleton , and Orangeburg will be denied the right to intermarry among people with whom they are now associated and identified . At least one hundred families would be affected to my knowledge . They have sent good soldiers to the Confederate Army , and are now landowners and taxpayers . Those men served creditably , and it would be unjust and disgraceful to embarrass them in this way . It is a scientific fact that there is not one full - blooded Caucasian on the floor of this convention . Every member has in him a certain mixture of ... colored blood . The pure - blooded white has needed and received a certain infusion of darker blood to give him readiness and purpose . It would be a cruel injustice and the source of endless litigation , of scandal , horror , feud , and bloodshed to undertake to annul or forbid marriage for a remote , perhaps obsolete trace of Negro blood . The doors would be open to scandal , malice and greed ; to statements on the witness stand that the father or grandfather or grandmother had said that A or B had Negro blood in their veins . Any man who is half a man would be ready to blow up half the world with dynamite to prevent or avenge attacks upon the honor of his mother in the legitimacy or purity of the blood of his father . The state postponed such a one - drop law for years . Virginian legislators adopted a one - drop law in 1924 , forgetting that their state had many people of mixed ancestry among those who identified as white . 20th century ( edit ) Children in Port Royal , South Carolina , ca 1912 . Some of the children went to school half a day , and worked before school , and several hours after school , and eight or nine hours on Saturday Early in the 20th century , South Carolina developed a thriving textile industry . The state also converted its agricultural base from cotton to more profitable crops ; attracted large military bases through its powerful Democratic congressional delegation , part of the one - party South following disfranchisement of blacks at the turn of the century ; and created tourism industries . During the early part of the 20th century , thousands of African Americans left South Carolina and other southern states for jobs and better opportunities in northern , Midwestern and western cities . In total from 1910 to 1970 , 6.5 million blacks left the South in the Great Migration . By 1930 South Carolina had a white majority for the first time since 1708 . The struggle of the Civil Rights Movement took place in South Carolina as well as other places in the South . South Carolina was one of several states that initially rejected the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) giving women the right to vote . The South Carolina legislature later ratified the amendment on July 1 , 1969 . 21st century ( edit ) As of 2015 , South Carolina had one of the lowest percentages among all states of women in state legislature , at 13.5 % ( only Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Wyoming had a lower percentage ; the national average is 24.3 % ; with the highest percentage being in Colorado at 41 % ) . In 2011 , South Carolina ranked first in the country in the rate of women killed by men . As the 21st century progresses , South Carolina attracts new business by having a 5 % corporate income tax rate , no state property tax , no local income tax , no inventory tax , no sales tax on manufacturing equipment , industrial power or materials for finished products ; no wholesale tax , no unitary tax on worldwide profits . Starting January 1 , 2013 , South Carolina was one of the first states that no longer pays for ' early elective ' deliveries of babies , under either Medicaid and private insurance . The term early elective is defined as a labor induction or Cesarean section between 37 -- 39 weeks that is not medically based . This change is intended to result in healthier babies and fewer unnecessary costs for South Carolina . On November 20 , 2014 , South Carolina became the 35th state to legalize same - sex marriages , when a federal court ordered the change . For further information see : Same - sex marriage in South Carolina . Geography ( edit ) Table Rock State Park in the mountains of South Carolina Francis Marion National Forest in Berkeley County Lake Marion -- Indian Bluff Park -- Eutawville , South Carolina The state can be divided into three geographic areas . From east to west : the Atlantic coastal plain , the Piedmont , and the Blue Ridge Mountains . Locally , the coastal plain is referred to as the Low Country and the other two regions as Up Country . The Atlantic Coastal Plain makes up two - thirds of the state . Its eastern border is the Sea Islands , a chain of tidal and barrier islands . The border between the low country and the up country is defined by the Atlantic Seaboard fall line , which marks the limit of navigable rivers . The state 's coastline contains many salt marshes and estuaries , as well as natural ports such as Georgetown and Charleston . An unusual feature of the coastal plain is a large number of Carolina bays , the origins of which are uncertain . The bays tend to be oval , lining up in a northwest to southeast orientation . The terrain is flat and the soil is composed entirely of recent sediments such as sand , silt , and clay . Areas with better drainage make excellent farmland , though some land is swampy . The natural areas of the coastal plain are part of the Middle Atlantic coastal forests ecoregion . Just west of the coastal plain is the Sandhills region . The Sandhills are remnants of coastal dunes from a time when the land was sunken or the oceans were higher . The Upstate region contains the roots of an ancient , eroded mountain chain . It is generally hilly , with thin , stony clay soils , and contains few areas suitable for farming . Much of the Piedmont was once farmed . Due to the changing economics of farming , much of the land is now reforested in Loblolly pine for the lumber industry . These forests are part of the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion . At the southeastern edge of the Piedmont is the fall line , where rivers drop to the coastal plain . The fall line was an important early source of water power . Mills built to harness this resource encouraged the growth of several cities , including the capital , Columbia . The larger rivers are navigable up to the fall line , providing a trade route for mill towns . The northwestern part of the Piedmont is also known as the Foothills . The Cherokee Parkway is a scenic driving route through this area . This is where Table Rock State Park is located . Highest in elevation is the Blue Ridge Region , containing an escarpment of the Blue Ridge Mountains , which continue into North Carolina and Georgia , as part of the southern Appalachian Mountains . Sassafras Mountain , South Carolina 's highest point at 3,560 feet ( 1,090 m ) , is located in this area . Also located in this area is Caesars Head State Park . The environment here is that of the Appalachian - Blue Ridge forests ecoregion . The Chattooga River , located on the border between South Carolina and Georgia , is a favorite whitewater rafting destination . Lakes ( edit ) South Carolina has several major lakes covering over 683 square miles ( 1,770 km ) . The following are the lakes listed by size . Lake Marion 110,000 acres ( 450 km ) Lake Strom Thurmond ( also known as Clarks Hill Lake ) 71,100 acres ( 290 km ) Lake Moultrie 60,000 acres ( 240 km ) Lake Hartwell 56,000 acres ( 230 km ) Lake Murray 50,000 acres ( 200 km ) Russell Lake 26,650 acres ( 110 km ) Lake Keowee 18,372 acres ( 70 km ) Lake Wylie 13,400 acres ( 50 km ) Lake Wateree 13,250 acres ( 50 km ) Lake Greenwood 11,400 acres ( 50 km ) Lake Jocassee 7,500 acres ( 30 km ) Lake Bowen Earthquakes ( edit ) Main article : List of earthquakes in South Carolina Earthquakes in South Carolina demonstrate the greatest frequency along the central coastline of the state , in the Charleston area . South Carolina averages 10 -- 15 earthquakes a year below magnitude 3 ( FEMA ) . The Charleston Earthquake of 1886 was the largest quake ever to hit the Southeastern United States . This 7.2 magnitude earthquake killed 60 people and destroyed much of the city . Faults in this region are difficult to study at the surface due to thick sedimentation on top of them . Many of the ancient faults are within plates rather than along plate boundaries . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of South Carolina A map of the average annual precipitation in South Carolina Lake Wylie in autumn South Carolina has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) , although high - elevation areas in the Upstate area have fewer subtropical characteristics than areas on the Atlantic coastline . In the summer , South Carolina is hot and humid , with daytime temperatures averaging between 86 -- 93 ° F ( 30 -- 34 ° C ) in most of the state and overnight lows averaging 70 -- 75 ° F ( 21 -- 24 ° C ) on the coast and from 66 -- 73 ° F ( 19 -- 23 ° C ) inland . Winter temperatures are much less uniform in South Carolina . Coastal areas of the state have very mild winters , with high temperatures approaching an average of 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and overnight lows around 40 ° F ( 5 -- 8 ° C ) . Inland , the average January overnight low is around 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) in Columbia and temperatures well below freezing in the Upstate . While precipitation is abundant the entire year in almost the entire state , the coast tends to have a slightly wetter summer , while inland , March tends to be the wettest month and winter the driest season , with November being the driest month . The highest recorded temperature is 113 ° F ( 45 ° C ) in Johnston and Columbia on June 29 , 2012 , and the lowest recorded temperature is − 19 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) at Caesars Head on January 21 , 1985 . Snowfall in South Carolina is somewhat uncommon in most of the state , while coastal areas receive less than an inch ( 2.5 cm ) annually on average . It is not uncommon for areas along the coast ( especially the southern coast ) to receive no recordable snowfall in a given year . The interior receives a little more snow , although nowhere in the state averages more than 12 inches ( 30 cm ) of snow annually . The mountains of extreme northwestern South Carolina tend to have the most substantial snow accumulation . Freezing rain and ice tend to be more common than snow in many areas of the state . Road bridges in South Carolina are commonly marked , `` Bridge ices before road . '' South Carolina is also prone to tropical cyclones and tornadoes . Two of the strongest hurricanes to strike South Carolina in recent history were Hurricane Hazel ( 1954 ) and Hurricane Hugo ( 1989 ) . ( show ) Monthly normals and extremes for various South Carolina cities Greenville Columbia Charleston Greenville ( hide ) Climate data for Greenville , South Carolina ( Greenville -- Spartanburg Int'l ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1884 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 82 ( 28 ) 81 ( 27 ) 91 ( 33 ) 94 ( 34 ) 100 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 97 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 95.1 ( 35.1 ) 97.3 ( 36.3 ) 95.9 ( 35.5 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 98.6 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 87.5 ( 30.8 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 88.6 ( 31.4 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 54.1 ( 12.3 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 34.9 ( 1.6 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 57.2 ( 14 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 69.4 ( 20.8 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 41.3 ( 5.2 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 14.6 ( − 9.7 ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 24.2 ( − 4.3 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 42.7 ( 5.9 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 61.7 ( 16.5 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 47.9 ( 8.8 ) 34.1 ( 1.2 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 18.1 ( − 7.7 ) 11.8 ( − 11.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 6 ( − 21 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 40 ( 4 ) 53 ( 12 ) 50 ( 10 ) 32 ( 0 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 11 ( − 12 ) ( − 16 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.82 ( 97 ) 3.97 ( 100.8 ) 4.52 ( 114.8 ) 3.36 ( 85.3 ) 3.76 ( 95.5 ) 3.80 ( 96.5 ) 4.80 ( 121.9 ) 4.48 ( 113.8 ) 3.43 ( 87.1 ) 3.44 ( 87.4 ) 3.70 ( 94 ) 4.11 ( 104.4 ) 47.19 ( 1,198.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 4.7 ( 11.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.2 9.2 9.6 9.0 9.7 10.4 11.7 10.4 8.1 7.2 8.9 9.8 114.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 2.8 Average relative humidity ( % ) 65.8 62.6 62.1 60.7 68.5 70.5 74.0 75.6 75.8 70.9 68.2 67.7 68.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.6 182.7 236.2 264.7 269.2 270.8 267.8 253.9 229.2 235.2 184.3 169.4 2,740 Percent possible sunshine 56 60 64 68 62 62 61 61 62 67 59 55 62 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1962 -- 1990 , sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Columbia ( hide ) Climate data for Columbia , South Carolina ( Columbia Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1887 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 84 ( 29 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 101 ( 38 ) 109 ( 43 ) 107 ( 42 ) 107 ( 42 ) 106 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 90 ( 32 ) 83 ( 28 ) 109 ( 43 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 73.7 ( 23.2 ) 77.6 ( 25.3 ) 83.9 ( 28.8 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 98.5 ( 36.9 ) 100.2 ( 37.9 ) 98.9 ( 37.2 ) 94.5 ( 34.7 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 80.9 ( 27.2 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 101.6 ( 38.7 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 76.3 ( 24.6 ) 83.8 ( 28.8 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 90.7 ( 32.6 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 33.7 ( 0.9 ) 36.8 ( 2.7 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 68.2 ( 20.1 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 64.2 ( 17.9 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 42.3 ( 5.7 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 16.4 ( − 8.7 ) 20.6 ( − 6.3 ) 25.5 ( − 3.6 ) 33.2 ( 0.7 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 49.0 ( 9.4 ) 34.4 ( 1.3 ) 26.2 ( − 3.2 ) 19.1 ( − 7.2 ) 14.7 ( − 9.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 1 ( − 18 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) ( − 16 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 34 ( 1 ) 44 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) 53 ( 12 ) 40 ( 4 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 12 ( − 11 ) ( − 16 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.58 ( 90.9 ) 3.61 ( 91.7 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 2.97 ( 75.4 ) 4.69 ( 119.1 ) 5.46 ( 138.7 ) 5.26 ( 133.6 ) 3.54 ( 89.9 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 2.74 ( 69.6 ) 3.22 ( 81.8 ) 44.59 ( 1,132.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 1.5 ( 3.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.9 9.1 8.6 8.0 7.7 10.5 11.8 10.5 7.3 7.0 7.3 9.0 106.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.5 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69.2 65.8 64.6 62.1 68.2 70.8 73.4 76.5 75.9 73.0 71.6 70.7 70.2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 172.7 180.7 237.3 269.6 292.9 280.0 286.0 263.3 239.8 235.0 193.8 175.0 2,826.1 Percent possible sunshine 55 59 64 69 68 65 65 63 64 67 62 57 64 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Charleston ( hide ) Climate data for Charleston Int'l , South Carolina ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1938 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 83 ( 28 ) 87 ( 31 ) 90 ( 32 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 103 ( 39 ) 104 ( 40 ) 105 ( 41 ) 99 ( 37 ) 94 ( 34 ) 88 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 105 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 83.5 ( 28.6 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 96.8 ( 36 ) 98.0 ( 36.7 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 92.6 ( 33.7 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 76.8 ( 24.9 ) 99.2 ( 37.3 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 62.8 ( 17.1 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 89.5 ( 31.9 ) 84.8 ( 29.3 ) 77.1 ( 25.1 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 53.3 ( 11.8 ) 61.8 ( 16.6 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) 73.0 ( 22.8 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 67.2 ( 19.6 ) 56.8 ( 13.8 ) 47.5 ( 8.6 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 55.5 ( 13.1 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 21.4 ( − 5.9 ) 25.5 ( − 3.6 ) 30.4 ( − 0.9 ) 38.6 ( 3.7 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 61.1 ( 16.2 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 41.0 ( 5 ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 24.0 ( − 4.4 ) 18.8 ( − 7.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 6 ( − 14 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 36 ( 2 ) 50 ( 10 ) 58 ( 14 ) 56 ( 13 ) 42 ( 6 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 8 ( − 13 ) 6 ( − 14 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 2.91 ( 73.9 ) 3.02 ( 76.7 ) 5.65 ( 143.5 ) 6.53 ( 165.9 ) 7.15 ( 181.6 ) 6.10 ( 154.9 ) 3.75 ( 95.3 ) 2.43 ( 61.7 ) 3.11 ( 79 ) 51.03 ( 1,296.2 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) trace 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 8.6 7.9 7.7 7.8 11.9 13.0 13.2 10.0 7.3 7.0 8.7 112.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69.8 67.4 68.1 67.5 72.5 75.1 76.6 78.9 78.2 74.1 72.7 71.6 72.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.3 186.7 243.9 275.1 294.8 279.5 287.8 256.7 219.7 224.5 189.5 171.3 2,808.8 Percent possible sunshine 56 61 66 71 69 65 66 62 59 64 60 55 63 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) ( hide ) Climate data for Charleston , South Carolina ( Downtown ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1893 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 82 ( 28 ) 83 ( 28 ) 94 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 103 ( 39 ) 103 ( 39 ) 100 ( 38 ) 95 ( 35 ) 87 ( 31 ) 81 ( 27 ) 104 ( 40 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 79.7 ( 26.5 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 94.0 ( 34.4 ) 96.2 ( 35.7 ) 94.2 ( 34.6 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 85.2 ( 29.6 ) 79.0 ( 26.1 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 97.4 ( 36.3 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 65.0 ( 18.3 ) 72.0 ( 22.2 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 84.5 ( 29.2 ) 87.6 ( 30.9 ) 86.4 ( 30.2 ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 74.6 ( 23.7 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 42.8 ( 6 ) 45.5 ( 7.5 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 74.0 ( 23.3 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 76.1 ( 24.5 ) 71.8 ( 22.1 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 27.5 ( − 2.5 ) 31.6 ( − 0.2 ) 36.4 ( 2.4 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 66.5 ( 19.2 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 48.1 ( 8.9 ) 39.1 ( 3.9 ) 30.2 ( − 1 ) 24.8 ( − 4 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 10 ( − 12 ) 7 ( − 14 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 36 ( 2 ) 45 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 61 ( 16 ) 59 ( 15 ) 50 ( 10 ) 37 ( 3 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 7 ( − 14 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.94 ( 74.7 ) 2.51 ( 63.8 ) 3.30 ( 83.8 ) 2.53 ( 64.3 ) 2.16 ( 54.9 ) 4.65 ( 118.1 ) 5.40 ( 137.2 ) 6.71 ( 170.4 ) 5.76 ( 146.3 ) 3.67 ( 93.2 ) 2.19 ( 55.6 ) 2.60 ( 66 ) 44.42 ( 1,128.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.0 8.0 7.8 6.9 6.6 10.0 11.3 11.3 8.9 6.6 6.3 8.6 101.3 Source : NOAA Hurricanes and tropical cyclones ( edit ) Category 4 Hurricane Hugo in 1989 The state is occasionally affected by tropical cyclones . This is an annual concern during hurricane season , which lasts from June 1 to November 30 . The peak time of vulnerability for the southeast Atlantic coast is from early August to early October , during the Cape Verde hurricane season . Memorable hurricanes to hit South Carolina include Hazel ( 1954 ) and Hugo ( 1989 ) , both Category 4 hurricanes . South Carolina averages around 50 days of thunderstorm activity a year . This is less than some of the states further south , and it is slightly less vulnerable to tornadoes than the states which border on the Gulf of Mexico . Some notable tornadoes have struck South Carolina , and the state averages around 14 tornadoes annually . Hail is common with many of the thunderstorms in the state , as there is often a marked contrast in temperature of warmer ground conditions compared to the cold air aloft . Ecology ( edit ) Further information : List of taxa described from South Carolina Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of South Carolina The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of South Carolina was 4,896,146 on July 1 , 2015 , a 5.85 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 249,073 -- 1800 345,591 38.8 % 1810 415,115 20.1 % 1820 502,741 21.1 % 1830 581,185 15.6 % 1840 594,398 2.3 % 1850 668,507 12.5 % 1860 703,708 5.3 % 1870 705,606 0.3 % 1880 995,577 41.1 % 1890 1,151,149 15.6 % 1900 1,340,316 16.4 % 1910 1,515,400 13.1 % 1920 1,683,724 11.1 % 1930 1,738,765 3.3 % 1940 1,899,804 9.3 % 1950 2,117,027 11.4 % 1960 2,382,594 12.5 % 1970 2,590,516 8.7 % 1980 3,121,820 20.5 % 1990 3,486,703 11.7 % 2000 4,012,012 15.1 % 4,625,364 15.3 % Est. 2016 4,961,119 7.3 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2016 estimate As of the 2013 census estimate , the racial make up of the state is 68.3 % White ( 63.9 % non-Hispanic white ) , 27.9 % Black or African American , 0.5 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 1.5 % Asian , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander , 1.7 % from two or more races. 5.3 % of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin of any race . South Carolina Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 2015 White 69.0 % 67.2 % 66.2 % 68.4 % Black 29.8 % 29.5 % 27.9 % 27.6 % Asian 0.6 % 0.9 % 1.3 % 1.6 % Native American 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races -- 1.0 % 1.7 % 1.8 % Population density of South Carolina . According to the United States Census Bureau , as of 2014 , South Carolina had an estimated population of 4,896,146 , which is an increase of 63,664 from the prior year and an increase of 270,782 , or 5.85 % , since the year 2010 . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 36,401 people , and migration within the country produced a net increase of 115,084 people . According to the University of South Carolina 's Arnold School of Public Health , Consortium for Latino Immigration Studies , South Carolina 's foreign - born population grew faster than any other state between 2000 and 2005 . An August 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 21 % of South Carolina voters thought that same - sex marriage should be legal , while 69 % thought it should be illegal and 10 % were not sure . A separate question on the same survey found that 48 % of South Carolina voters supported the legal recognition of same - sex couples , with 19 % supporting same - sex marriage , 29 % supporting civil unions but not marriage , 51 % favoring no legal recognition and 2 % not sure . Religion ( edit ) Religion in South Carolina Evangelical Protestant ( 35 % ) Unaffiliated ( 19 % ) Mainline Protestant ( 16 % ) Black Protestant ( 15 % ) Catholic ( 10 % ) Other Christian ( 3 % ) Other ( 3 % ) Do n't Know ( 1 % ) According to the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) , in 2010 the largest denominations were the Southern Baptist Convention with 913,763 adherents , the United Methodist Church with 274,111 adherents , and the Roman Catholic Church with 181,743 adherents . Fourth largest is the African Methodist Episcopal Church with 564 congregations and 121,000 members and fifth largest is the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) with 320 congregations and almost 100,000 members . As of 2010 , South Carolina is the American state with the highest per capita proportion of Baha'is with 17,559 adherents , making the Baha'i Faith the second largest religion in the state . Major cities ( edit ) In 2016 , the US Census Bureau released 2015 population estimates for South Carolina 's most populous cities . Largest cities or towns in South Carolina Source : Rank Name County Pop . Rank Name County Pop . Charleston Columbia Charleston Charleston 134,385 11 Florence Florence 38,317 North Charleston Mount Pleasant Columbia Richland 134,309 12 Spartanburg Spartanburg 37,876 North Charleston Charleston 108,304 13 Myrtle Beach Horry 32,240 Mount Pleasant Charleston 81,317 14 Aiken Aiken 30,937 5 Rock Hill York 72,937 15 Greer Greenville and Spartanburg 29,000 6 Greenville Greenville 67,453 16 Mauldin Greenville 25,188 7 Summerville Dorchester 48,848 17 Hanahan Berkeley 23,439 8 Sumter Sumter 40,816 18 North Augusta Aiken and Edgefield 22,932 9 Goose Creek Berkeley 40,633 19 Simpsonville Greenville 21,314 10 Hilton Head Island Beaufort 40,512 20 Lexington Lexington 20,988 Population centers ( edit ) Rank Metropolitan Area Population Counties Greenville - Anderson - Mauldin 884,975 Greenville , Anderson , Laurens , Pickens Columbia 810,068 Calhoun , Kershaw , Fairfield , Richland , Lexington , Saluda Charleston - North Charleston - Summerville SC MSA 744,526 Charleston , Dorchester , Berkeley Charlotte - Gastonia - Concord NC - SC MSA 251,195 Mecklenburg , Union , Gaston , Cabarrus , Anson , York 5 Myrtle Beach - Conway - North Myrtle Beach SC MSA 309,199 Horry , Georgetown , Brunswick 6 Florence 206,448 Florence , Darlington 7 Sumter , SC MSA 107,480 Sumter 8 Hilton Head Island - Bluffton - Beaufort , SC metropolitan area 207,413 Beaufort , Jasper 9 Spartanburg , SC MSA 297,302 Spartanburg Total 3,818,606 Economy ( edit ) See also : South Carolina locations by per capita income The Arthur Ravenel Jr . Bridge from Charleston Harbor According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , South Carolina 's gross state product ( GSP ) in current dollars was $97 billion in 1997 and $153 billion in 2007 . Its per - capita real gross domestic product ( GDP ) in chained 2000 dollars was $26,772 in 1997 and $28,894 in 2007 ; that represents 85 % of the $31,619 per - capita real GDP for the United States overall in 1997 , and 76 % of the $38,020 for the U.S. in 2007 . The state debt in 2012 was calculated by one source to be $22.9 bn , or $7,800 per taxpayer . Major agricultural outputs of the state are tobacco , poultry , cotton , cattle , dairy products , soybeans , hay , rice , and swine . Industrial outputs include textile goods , chemical products , paper products , machinery , automobiles , automotive products and tourism . According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , as of March 2012 , South Carolina had 1,852,700 nonfarm jobs of which 12 % are in manufacturing , 11.5 % are in leisure and hospitality , 19 % are in trade , transportation , and utilities , and 11.8 % are in education and health services . The service sector accounts for 83.7 % of the South Carolina economy . During the economic downturn in the Late 2000s Recession , South Carolina 's Unemployment Rate peaked at 12.0 % in November and December 2009 . It is continuing a steady decline with an unemployment rate of 8.9 % as of March 2012 . Margate Hotel Tower in Myrtle Beach Many large corporations have moved their locations to South Carolina . Boeing opened an aircraft manufacturing facility in Charleston in 2011 , which serves as one of two final assembly sites for the 787 Dreamliner . South Carolina is a right - to - work state and many businesses utilize staffing agencies to temporarily fill positions . Domtar , located in Rock Hill , is the only Fortune 500 company headquartered in South Carolina . The Fortune 1000 list includes SCANA , Sonoco Products and ScanSource . South Carolina also benefits from foreign investment . There are 1,950 foreign - owned firms operating in South Carolina employing almost 135,000 people . Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) brought 1.06 billion dollars to the state economy in 2010 . Since 1994 , BMW has had a production facility in Spartanburg County near Greer . Media ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) See also : Category : South Carolina media The arts ( edit ) See also : South Carolina literature South Carolina has many venues for visual and performing arts . The Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston , the Greenville County Museum of Art , the Columbia Museum of Art , Spartanburg Art Museum , and the South Carolina State Museum in Columbia among others provide access to visual arts to the state . There are also numerous historic sites and museums scattered throughout the state paying homage to many events and periods in the state 's history from Native American inhabitation to the present day . South Carolina also has performing art venues including the Peace Center in Greenville , the Koger Center for the Arts in Columbia , and the Newberry Opera House , among others to bring local , national , and international talent to the stages of South Carolina . There are several large venues in the state that can house major events , such as Colonial Life Arena in Columbia , Bon Secours Wellness Arena in Greenville , and North Charleston Coliseum . One of the nation 's major performing arts festivals , Spoleto Festival USA , is held annually in Charleston . There are also countless local festivals throughout the state highlighting many cultural traditions , historical events , and folklore . According to the South Carolina Arts Commission , creative industries generate $9.2 billion annually and support over 78,000 jobs in the state . A 2009 statewide poll by the University of South Carolina Institute for Public Service and Policy Research found that 67 % of residents had participated in the arts in some form during the past year and on average citizens had participated in the arts 14 times in the previous year . Transportation ( edit ) Road ( edit ) The state has the fourth largest state - maintained system in the country , consisting of 11 Interstates , numbered highways , state highways , and secondary roads , totalling approximately 41,500 miles . On secondary roads , South Carolina uses a numbering system to keep track of all non-interstate and primary highways that are maintained by the South Carolina Department of Transportation . Secondary roads are numbered by the number of the county followed by a unique number for the particular road . Rail ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Amtrak operates four passenger routes in South Carolina : the Crescent , the Palmetto , the Silver Meteor , and the Silver Star . The Crescent route serves the Upstate cities , the Silver Star serves the Midlands cities , and the Palmetto and Silver Meteor routes serve the low country cities . Station stops ( edit ) Station Connections Camden Silver Star North Charleston Palmetto Silver Meteor Columbia Silver Star Clemson Crescent Denmark Silver Star Dillon Palmetto Florence Palmetto Silver Meteor Greenville Crescent Kingstree Palmetto Silver Meteor Spartanburg Crescent Yemassee Palmetto Silver Meteor Freight ( edit ) CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern are the only Class I railroad companies in South Carolina , as other freight companies in the state are short lines . Major and regional airports ( edit ) Main article : List of airports in South Carolina There are seven significant airports in South Carolina , all of which act as regional airport hubs . The busiest by passenger volume is Charleston International Airport . Just across the border in North Carolina is Charlotte / Douglas International Airport , the 30th busiest airport in the world , in terms of passengers . Columbia Metropolitan Airport -- Columbia Charleston International Airport -- North Charleston Greenville - Spartanburg International Airport -- Greenville / Spartanburg Florence Regional Airport -- Florence Myrtle Beach International Airport -- Myrtle Beach Hilton Head Airport -- Hilton Head Island / Beaufort Rock Hill / York County Airport -- Rock Hill Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : South Carolina government and politics South Carolina State House South Carolina 's state government consists of the Executive , Legislative , and Judicial branches . Also relevant are the state constitution , law enforcement agencies , federal representation , state finances , and state taxes . South Carolina has historically had a weak executive branch and a strong legislature . Before 1865 , governors in South Carolina were appointed by the General Assembly , and held the title `` President of State . '' The 1865 Constitution changed this process , requiring a popular election . Local governments were also weak . But , the 1867 Constitution , passed during the Reconstruction era , extended democratization by establishing home rule for counties , which were established from the former designated districts of the state . The 1895 state constitution overturned this , reducing the role of counties and strengthening the relative role of the state legislature ; essentially the counties were agents of the state and ruled by the General Assembly through the legislative delegation for each county . They are geographically comprehensive ; all areas of the state are included in counties . As each county had one state senator , that position was particularly powerful . This status continued until 1973 , when the state constitution was amended to provide for home rule for the counties . During this time the state had changed , with increasing urbanization , but rural counties retained proportionally more power as the legislature was based in representatives elected from counties rather than population districts . The federal court case , Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , `` established the one - man , one - vote concept for electoral representation at the state level . Legislators were now supposed to represent more or less equal numbers of people . '' Residents of urban areas had been found to be markedly underrepresented in the legislature under the county - based system . Reapportionment made obvious the need for other changes to county structure , leading to the legislature passing the constitutional amendment . The Home Rule Act of 1975 implemented the amendment giving more power to the counties . With urbanization their governments have become increasingly important in the state . Several changes to the state constitution have affected the office of the governor and the cabinet . In 1926 the governor 's term was extended from two to four years ; in 1982 the governor was allowed to run for a second succeeding term . In 1993 , the state passed an amendment requiring a limited cabinet ( all of whom must be popularly elected ) . As of January 2 , 2016 , there were 2,948,772 registered voters . Education ( edit ) As of 2010 , South Carolina is one of three states that has not agreed to use competitive international math and language standards . In 2014 , the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that the state had failed to provide a `` minimally adequate '' education to children in all parts of the state as required by the state 's constitution . South Carolina has 1,144 K -- 12 schools in 85 school districts with an enrollment of 712,244 as of fall 2009 . As of the 2008 -- 2009 school year , South Carolina spent $9,450 per student which places it 31st in the country for per student spending . In 2015 , the national average SAT score was 1490 and the South Carolina average was 1442 , only around 50 points lower than the national average . South Carolina is the only state which owns and operates its own statewide school bus system . As of December 2016 , the state maintains a 5,582 bus fleet with the average vehicle in service being 15 years old with 236,000 miles , compared to the national average of 6 years . Half of the state 's school buses are more than 15 years old and some are reportedly up to 30 years old . In 2017 in the budget proposal , Superintendent of Education Molly Spearman requested that the state lease to purchase 1,000 buses to replace the most decrepit vehicles . An additional 175 buses could be purchased immediately through the State Treasurer 's master lease program . On January 5 , 2017 , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency awarded South Carolina more than $1.1 million to replace 57 school buses with new cleaner models through its Diesel Emissions Reduction Act program . Institutions of higher education ( edit ) See also : List of colleges and universities in South Carolina South Carolina has a diverse group of institutions of higher education , from large state - funded research universities to small colleges that cultivate a liberal arts , religious or military tradition , including the following : Listed in order of date of founding The College of Charleston , founded in 1770 and chartered in 1785 , is the oldest institution of higher learning in South Carolina , the 13th oldest in the United States , and the first municipal college in the country . The college is in company with the Colonial Colleges as one of the original and foundational institutions of higher education in the United States . Its founders include three signers of the United States Declaration of Independence and three signers of the United States Constitution . The college 's historic campus , which is listed on the U.S. Department of the Interior 's National Register of Historic Places , forms an integral part of Charleston 's colonial - era urban center . The Graduate School of the College of Charleston offers a number of degree programs and coordinates support for its nationally recognized faculty research efforts . The University of South Carolina , located in Columbia , is a flagship , public , co-educational , research university with seven satellite campuses . The institution was founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , and its original campus , The Horseshoe , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The university 's main campus covers over 359 acres ( 1.5 km ) in the urban core less than one city block from the South Carolina State House . The University of South Carolina maintains an enrollment of over 32,800 students on the Columbia campus . Furman University bell tower near Greenville . Furman University is a private , coeducational , non-sectarian , liberal arts university in Greenville . Founded in 1826 , Furman enrolls approximately 2,600 undergraduate and 500 graduate students . Furman is the largest private institution in South Carolina . The university is primarily focused on undergraduate education ( only two departments , education and chemistry , offer graduate degrees ) . Erskine College is a private , coeducational liberal arts college located in Due West , South Carolina . The college was founded in 1839 and is affiliated with the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church , which maintains a theological seminary on the campus . The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina is a state - supported , comprehensive college located in Charleston . Founded in 1842 , the college is best known for its undergraduate Corps of Cadets military program for men and women , which combines academics , physical challenges and military discipline . In addition to the cadet program , civilian programs are offered through The Citadel Graduate College with its evening certificate , undergraduate and graduate programs . The Citadel enrolls 2,200 undergraduate cadets in its residential military program and 1,200 civilian students in the evening programs . Wofford College is a small liberal arts college located in Spartanburg . Wofford was founded in 1854 with a bequest of $100,000 from the Rev. Benjamin Wofford ( 1780 -- 1850 ) , a Methodist minister and Spartanburg native who sought to create a college for `` literary , classical , and scientific education in my native district of Spartanburg . '' Wofford is one of the few four - year institutions in the southeastern United States founded before the American Civil War and still operating on its original campus . Newberry College is a small liberal arts college located in Newberry. Newberry was founded in 1856 and is a co-educational , private liberal - arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) located on a historic 90 - acre ( 36 ha ) campus in Newberry , South Carolina . The college has 1,042 students and a 14 : 1 student - teacher ratio . According to U.S. News & World Report 's America 's Best Colleges , Newberry College ranks among the nation 's top colleges in the southern region . Claflin University , founded in 1869 by the American Missionary Association , is the oldest historically black college in the state . After the Democratic - dominated legislature closed the university in 1877 , before passing a law to restrict admission to whites , it designated Claflin as the only state college for blacks . Lander University is a public liberal arts university located in Greenwood . Lander was founded in 1872 as Willamston Female College . The school relocated to Greenwood in 1904 and was renamed Lander College in honor of its founder , Samuel Lander . In 1973 Lander became part of the state 's higher education system and is now a co-educational institution . The university is focused on undergraduate education and currently enrolls approximately 2,800 undergraduates . Presbyterian College ( PC ) is a private liberal arts college founded in 1880 in Clinton . Presbyterian College is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church USA , and enrolls around 1300 undergraduate students . In 2007 , Washington Monthly ranked PC as the No. 1 Liberal Arts College in the nation . Winthrop University , founded in 1886 as an all - female teaching school in Rock Hill , became a co-ed institution in 1974 . Winthrop is now a public university that has an enrollment of just over 6,000 students . It is one of the fastest growing universities in the state , with several new academic and recreational buildings being added to the main campus in the past five years , as well as several more planned for the near future . The Richard W. Riley College of Education is still the school 's most well - known area of study . Clemson University , founded in 1889 , is a public , coeducational , land - grant research university located in Clemson . The school currently enrolls more than 18,000 students from all 50 states and from more than 70 countries . Clemson is also the home to the South Carolina Botanical Garden . North Greenville University , founded in 1891 , is a comprehensive university located in Tigerville . It is affiliated with South Carolina Baptist Convention and the Southern Baptist Convention , and is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . It has a current enrollment of around 2260 undergraduates . South Carolina State University , founded in 1896 , is a historically black university located in Orangeburg . SCSU has a current enrollment of nearly 5,000 , and offers undergraduate , graduate and post-graduate degrees . SCSU boasts the only Doctor of Education program in the state . Anderson University , founded in 1911 , is a selective comprehensive university located in Anderson , offering bachelor 's and master 's degrees in approximately 50 areas of study . Anderson University currently enrolls around 2,300 students . Webster University , founded in 1915 in St. Louis , MO , with 5 extended campuses in SC , offers undergraduate and graduate degrees . Bob Jones University , founded in 1927 , is a non-denominational University founded on fundamentalist Christian beliefs ( e.g. , inspiration and inerrancy of the Scriptures , the creation of man by the direct act of God , the fall of man , the `` young earth '' and flood geology , and man 's need for personal faith in the finished work of the Lord Jesus Christ ) . BJU also offers over 60 undergraduate majors and has over 70 graduate programs . Coastal Carolina University , founded in 1954 , became an independent state - supported liberal arts university in 1993 . The university enrolls approximately 10,000 students on its 307 - acre ( 1.24 km2 ) campus in Conway , part of the Myrtle Beach metropolitan area . Baccalaureate programs are offered in 51 major fields of study , along with graduate programs in education , business administration ( MBA ) , and coastal marine and wetland studies . Charleston Southern University , founded in 1969 , is a liberal arts university , and is affiliated with the South Carolina Baptist Convention . Charleston Southern ( CSU ) is located on 300 acres , formerly the site of a rice and indigo plantation , in the City of North Charleston one of South Carolina 's largest accredited , independent universities , enrolling approximately 3,200 students . Francis Marion University , ( formerly Francis Marion College ) , is a state - supported liberal arts university located near Florence , South Carolina . It was founded in 1970 . It achieved its university status in 1992 . Universities and colleges ranked by endowment , 2010 ( edit ) State Rank National Rank Institution Location Public or Private Endowment Funds Percentage Change YOY 142 Furman University Greenville Private $650,000,000 7.8 % 151 University of South Carolina Columbia & regional campuses Public $625,186,000 6.0 % 153 Clemson University Clemson Public $623,200,000 9.5 % 236 Medical University of South Carolina Charleston Public $272,319,000 13.7 % 5 270 The Citadel Charleston Public $244,000,000 8.1 % 6 324 Wofford College Spartanburg Private $166,619,000 10.2 % 7 447 Presbyterian College Clinton Private $97,590,000 11.0 % 8 530 Converse College Spartanburg Private $78,240,000 6.4 % 9 782 Winthrop University Rock Hill Public $43,600,000 13.6 % 10 658 Coker College Hartsville Private $37,660,000 4.9 % Health care ( edit ) For overall health care , South Carolina is ranked 33rd out of the 50 states , according to the Commonwealth Fund , a private health foundation working to improve the health care system . The state 's teen birth rate was 53 births per 1,000 teens , compared to the average of 41.9 births for the US , according to the Kaiser Family Foundation . The state 's infant mortality rate was 9.4 deaths per 1,000 births compared to the US average of 6.9 deaths . There were 2.6 physicians per 1,000 people compared to the US average of 3.2 physicians . There was $5,114 spent on health expenses per capita in the state , compared to the US average of $5,283 . There were 26 percent of children and 13 percent of elderly living in poverty in the state , compared to 23 percent and 13 percent , respectively , doing so in the US . And , 34 percent of children were overweight or obese , compared to the US average of 32 percent . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in South Carolina Although no major league professional sports teams are based in South Carolina , the Carolina Panthers do have training facilities in the state and played their Inaugural Season 's home games at Clemson 's Memorial Stadium . The Panthers consider themselves `` The Carolinas ' Team '' and refrained from naming themselves after Charlotte or either of the Carolinas . The state is also home to numerous minor league professional teams . College teams represent their particular South Carolina institutions , and are the primary options for football , basketball and baseball attendance in the state . South Carolina is also a top destination for golf and water sports . South Carolina is also home to one of NASCAR 's first tracks and its first paved speedway , Darlington Raceway northwest of Florence . Federal lands in South Carolina ( edit ) Congaree National Park , Hopkins Main article : List of federal lands in South Carolina Charles Pinckney National Historic Site at Mt . Pleasant Congaree National Park in Hopkins Cowpens National Battlefield near Chesnee Fort Moultrie National Monument at Sullivan 's Island Fort Sumter National Monument in Charleston Harbor Kings Mountain National Military Park at Blacksburg Ninety Six National Historic Site in Ninety Six Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail Fort Jackson near Columbia Joint Base Charleston near Charleston Shaw Air Force Base near Sumter Gallery ( edit ) A cotton farmer and his children pose before taking their crop to a cotton gin , ca . 1870 . Arcadia Plantation , circa 1893 , Georgetown County Beachcombers at Myrtle Beach photographed from the ninth floor of a resort hotel Midlands Mountain trail during winter , in Harbison State Forest Access to Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , where the American Civil War began in 1861 , requires a half - hour ferry ride each way . An historic home on `` The Battery '' , a neighborhood / park area in the Downtown historic district of the peninsula of Charleston , South Carolina . Coastal towns and cities often have hurricane - resistant Live oaks overarching the streets in historic neighborhoods , such as these on East Bay Street , Georgetown . The Pink House , the oldest stone building in Charleston . See also ( edit ) South Carolina portal Outline of South Carolina -- organized list of topics about South Carolina Index of South Carolina - related articles List of cities in South Carolina LGBT rights in South Carolina Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Greenville kept April 1884 to 10 December 1941 at downtown , 11 December 1941 to 14 October 1962 at Greenville Downtown Airport , and at Greenville -- Spartanburg Int'l near Greer since 15 October 1962 . For more information , see Threadex Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Columbia were kept at downtown from June 1887 to December 1947 , and at Columbia Airport since January 1948 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2000 . p . Table 17 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Widespread Economic Growth in 2013 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ N.C. Board of Agriculture ( 1902 ) . A sketch of North Carolina . Charleston : Lucas - Richardson Co. p. 4 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Liefermann , Henry ; Horan , Eric ( 2000 ) . South Carolina ( 3rd ed . ) . Oakland , CA : Compass American Guides . pp. 13 -- 47 , 252 -- 254 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 00509 - 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` What type of dwellings did the Cherokee Indians live in ? '' . Reference . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Danforth Prince ( 10 March 2011 ) . Frommer 's The Carolinas and Georgia . John Wiley & Sons . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 03341 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Thomas D . The Ashley Cooper Plan : The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture . Chapter 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Carolina Information : History and Culture '' . SC State Library . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Avalon Project : Constitution of South Carolina -- March 26 , 1776 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . June 30 , 1906 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina State and Local Government '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , John W. ( 2007 ) . South Carolina and the American Revolution : a battlefield history ( Paperback ed . ) . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1570036613 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1994 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Nell Porter Brown , `` A ' portion of the People ' '' , Harvard Magazine , January -- February 2003 Jump up ^ `` POP Culture : 1800 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Constitution of 1790 '' . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Growth of Southern Nationalism , 1848 -- 1861 , 1953 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0006 - 6 , p. 391 , 394 , 396 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act , 9 November 1860 '' . Teaching American History in South Carolina . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil War in South Carolina '' . Palmetto History . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Port Royal Experiment ( 1862 -- 1865 ) '' . Virginia Commonwealth University . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Edgar , Walter B. ( 1998 ) . South Carolina : A History . Columbia , South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press . p. 375 . ^ Jump up to : McFeely ( 1981 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 367 -- 374 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 12 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1900 US Census , University of Virginia Archived August 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Charlie B. Tyler , `` The South Carolina Governance Project '' , University of South Carolina , 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 Jump up ^ `` All Niggers , More or Less ! , '' The News and Courier , Oct. 17 1895 , 5 Jump up ^ Joel Williamson , New People : Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States ( New York , 1980 ) 93 Jump up ^ Lerone Bennett Jr. , Before the Mayflower : A History of Black America , 6th rev . ed . ( New York , 1993 ) 319 Jump up ^ Theodore D. Jervey , The Slave Trade : Slavery and Color ( Columbia : The State Company , 1925 ) , p. 199 Jump up ^ `` South Carolina : The Decline of Agriculture and the Rise of Jim Crowism '' , infoplease ( Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ) , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Women in state legislatures for 2015 '' . ncsl.org . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina worst in country '' . The State newspaper . September 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pro Business Environment SC Department of Commerce , Accessed on May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Non Payment Policy for Deliveries Prior to 39 weeks : Birth Outcomes Initiative SC DHHS '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ WCNC Same - sex marriage begins in South Carolina Archived November 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . 2014 / 11 / 19 Jump up ^ `` The Geography of South Carolina '' . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , D. M , E. Dinerstein ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World : A New Map of Life on Earth '' . BioScience. 51 ( 11 ) : 933 -- 938 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2001 ) 051 ( 0933 : TEOTWA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . U.S Geological Survey . April 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina SC -- Lakes '' . Sciway.net . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abridged from Seismicity of the United States , 1568 -- 1989 ( Revised ) , by Carl W. Stover and Jerry L. Coffman , U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527 , United States Government Printing Office , Washington : 1993 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC GREER '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for GREENVILLE / G - SPARTANBURG , SC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC COLUMBIA '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for COLUMBIA / METRO ARPT SC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC CHARLESTON INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for CHARLESTON / MUNICIPAL , SC 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : SC CHARLESTON CITY '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : NOAA National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved on October 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' ( CSV ) . U.S. Census Bureau . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Population of South Carolina : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina '' . Census Bureau . Census Bureau . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Economic and Social Implications of the Growing Latino Population in South Carolina , '' A Study for the South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs prepared by The Consortium for Latino Immigration Studies , University of South Carolina , August 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mexican Immigrants : The New Face of the South Carolina Labor Force , '' Archived October 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Moore School of Business , Division of Research , IMBA Globilization Project , University of South Carolina , March 2006 . Jump up ^ Public Policy Polling : `` SC against gay marriage , Tea Party ; Dems want Hillary in ' 16 , '' September 9 , 2011 , Retrieved September 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Religious composition of adults in South Carolina '' . Pew Research Center . Pew Research Center . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Congregations & Membership Study '' . Rcms2010.org . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hawes , Jennifer Berry . `` Baha'i infusion Louis G. Gregory was a key Baha'i figure in Charleston '' . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina ( USA ) : State , Major Cities , Towns & Places '' . City Population . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` statedatalab.org : `` The 24th worst state '' Truth in Accounting '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Gross Domestic Product by State Archived July 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bls.gov Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ Economy at a Glance South Carolina , Accessed on May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ Databases , Tables & Calculators by Subject , May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` List of Right To Work States Right to Work States Meaning '' . Righttoworkstates.org . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Exxon Mobil Corporation , Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ South Carolina Tennessee , Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ FDI in south Carolina a five year report , Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The South Carolina Arts Commission -- Economic Impact '' . southcarolinaarts.com . Jump up ^ `` SCDOT : Statewide Transportation Improvement Program '' ( PDF ) . South Carolina Department of Transportation . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2007 PRELIMl passenger ranking Jump up ^ `` Airports Council International '' . Aci.aero . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tyler ( 1998 ) , `` The South Carolina Governance Project '' , p. 222 Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Voter Registration Demographics '' . South Carolina State Election Commission . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Registration ( ' By County and Precinct ' ) '' . South Carolina State Election Commission . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Albert R. ( August 23 , 2009 ) . `` A $5 billion bet on better education '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Click , Carolyne ; Hinshaw , Dawn ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` SC Supreme Court finds for poor districts in 20 - year - old school equity suit '' . The State . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ South Carolina -- Fast Facts Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ NEA Rankings and Estimates Page 11 , Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ NEA Rankings and Estimates Page 54 , Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Average SAT Scores By State ( US ) '' . LEAP blog . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC should privatize school bus fleet '' . Lowcountry Source . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update South Carolina 's decrepit school bus fleet '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Awards South Carolina $1.1 Million For Cleaner School Buses '' . South Carolina Department of Education . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Lander University '' . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our Third Annual College Rankings '' . Washingtonmonthly.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fast Facts -- Bob Jones University Archived December 11 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ As of June 30 , 2010 . `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2010 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2009 to FY 2010 '' ( PDF ) . 2010 NACUBO - Commonfund Study of Endowments . National Association of College and University Business Officers . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Fund , State Scorecard Archived June 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser State Health Facts , 2006 '' . Statehealthfacts.org . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ US Census , US National Center for Health Statistics , 2005 Archived copy at the Portuguese Web Archive ( July 10 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser State Health Facts , based on Amer . Medical Association data , 2008 '' . Statehealthfactsonline.org . July 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser State Health Facts , based on Center for Medicare and Medicaid Statistics , 2007 '' . Statehealthfactsonline.org . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser State Health Facts , 2008 -- 2008 '' . Statehealthfactsonline.org . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser State Health Facts , based on Nat Survey of Children 's Health , 2009 '' . Statehealthfactsonline.org . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSouth Carolinaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website South Carolina State Guide , from the Library of Congress South Carolina Department of Parks & Tourism South Carolina travel guide from Wikivoyage Reynolds , Francis J. , ed. ( 1921 ) . `` South Carolina '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . New York : P.F. Collier & Son Company . South Carolina at DMOZ Energy & Environmental Data for South Carolina USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of South Carolina US Census Bureau South Carolina Visitor & Travel Information South Carolina State Facts from USDA Geographic data related to South Carolina at OpenStreetMap South Carolina Lakes Database and reviews Preceded by Maryland List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on May 23 , 1788 ( 8th ) Succeeded by New Hampshire ( hide ) Topics related to South Carolina The Palmetto State ( hide ) State of South Carolina Columbia ( capital ) Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Mountains Grand Strand High Hills of Santee Lake Murray Country Lowcountry Metrolina Midlands Ninety - Six District Olde English District Pee Dee Piedmont Sandhills Sea Islands Upstate Seal of South Carolina Larger cities Charleston Columbia Greenville North Charleston Rock Hill Spartanburg Smaller cities Aiken Anderson Beaufort Bennettsville Camden Cayce Conway Easley Florence Forest Acres Gaffney Georgetown Greenwood Greer Goose Creek Hilton Head Island Isle of Palms Laurens Lexington Mauldin Myrtle Beach North Augusta North Myrtle Beach Orangeburg Simpsonville Summerville Sumter Union Walterboro West Columbia York Towns Abbeville Barnwell Batesburg - Leesville Bluffton Clemson Darlington Dillon Edgefield Fort Mill Fountain Inn Great Falls Hardeeville Irmo Jefferson Kingstree Liberty Marion McCormick Moncks Corner Mount Pleasant Newberry Pageland Pendleton Pickens Seneca Sullivan 's Island Travelers Rest Walhalla Westminster Williamston CDPs Berea Carolina Forest Dentsville Gantt Garden City Ladson Parker Red Hill Saint Andrews Seven Oaks Socastee Taylors Wade Hampton Counties Abbeville Aiken Allendale Anderson Bamberg Barnwell Beaufort Berkeley Calhoun Charleston Cherokee Chester Chesterfield Clarendon Colleton Darlington Dillon Dorchester Edgefield Fairfield Florence Georgetown Greenville Greenwood Hampton Horry Jasper Kershaw Lancaster Laurens Lee Lexington Marion Marlboro McCormick Newberry Oconee Orangeburg Pickens Richland Saluda Spartanburg Sumter Union Williamsburg York Topics Airports Amusement parks Census areas Colleges and universities Congressional districts Famous people Governors Highways Historic places History Legislature Media Newspapers Radio TV Rivers Shopping malls Sports venues State House State parks Tourist attractions Wildlife refuges Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Protected areas of South Carolina Federal National Parks Congaree National Historic Sites and Monuments Charles Pinckney NHS Fort Sumter NM Ninety Six NHS Reconstruction Era NM National Military Parks and Battlefields Cowpens NB Kings Mountain NMP National Historic Trail Overmountain Victory National Forests Francis Marion Sumter National Wildlife Refuges Cape Romain Carolina Sandhills Ernest F. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how far is south carolina from my location | [] | [] |
-5984484106561291716 | Afghan Independence Day | Afghan independence day - Wikipedia Afghan independence day Jump to : navigation , search Afghan Victory Day د افغانستان د ملاتړ ورځ Da Afġānistān da Mlatar Wraź ( Pashto ) روز پیروزی افغانستان Roz - e Peroz - e Afġānestān ( Dari ) President Hamid Karzai observing the honor guard of the Afghan Armed Forces during the 2011 Afghan Independence Day in Kabul . Observed by Afghanistan Significance Marks Afghanistan 's regaining of full independence from British influence in 1919 . Date 19 August Next time 19 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) Frequency annual Afghan Independence Day is celebrated in Afghanistan on 19 August to commemorate the Anglo - Afghan Treaty of 1919 and relinquishment from protected state status . The treaty granted a complete neutral relation between Afghanistan and Britain . Afghanistan became a British protectorate after they made negotiations in the Second Anglo - Afghan War although Afghanistan had planned not to follow this protectorate in that time . The First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) led to the British force taking and occupying Kabul . After this , due to strategic errors by Elphinstone , the entire British - led Indian invasion force was defeated by Afghan forces under Akbar Khan somewhere at the Kabul - Jalalabad Road , near the city of Jalalabad . After this defeat , the British - led forces returned to Afghanistan on a special mission to rescue their prisoners of war ( POWs ) and afterward withdrew until coming back in order to commence the Second Anglo - Afghan War . The Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1878 -- 80 ) first led to the British defeat followed by their victory at the Battle of Kandahar , which led to Abdur Rahman Khan becoming the new emir and the start of friendly British - Afghan relations . The British were told they would be given control of Afghanistan 's foreign affairs ( Afghanistan did n't let them have that control even when the deal was made ) in exchange for protection against the Russians and Persians , large sums of money and complete withdrawal of British forces from Afghanistan . The Third Anglo - Afghan War in 1919 led the British to give up control of Afghanistan 's foreign affairs finally in 1921 . See also ( edit ) Culture of Afghanistan Hotaki dynasty Durrani Empire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Afghanistan '' . Central Intelligence Agency . 2009 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Onley , James . ( 2007 ) , `` The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj : Merchants , Rulers , and the British in the Nineteenth - Century Gulf '' Oxford University Press . p. 24 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` War - battered Afghanistan celebrates independence day '' . Associated Press . 2000 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . This Afghanistan - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This holiday - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afghan_Independence_Day&oldid=831155076 '' Categories : Public holidays in Afghanistan Independence days August observances Afghanistan stubs Holiday stubs Hidden categories : Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Esperanto فارسی עברית پښتو Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 01 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did afghanistan gain independence from great britain | [
"Afghan Independence Day is celebrated in Afghanistan on 19 August to commemorate the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919[1] and relinquishment from protected state status.[2] The treaty granted a complete neutral relation between Afghanistan and Britain. Afghanistan became a British protectorate after they made negotiations in the Second Anglo-Afghan War although Afghanistan had planned not to follow this protectorate in that time."
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"1919"
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2792471439821095648 | Literal and figurative language | Literal and figurative language - wikipedia Literal and figurative language Part of a series on Linguistics Outline History Index Subfields ( hide ) Acquisition Anthropological Applied Computational Discourse analysis Forensic Historical Lexicography Morphology Neurolinguistics Philosophy of language Phonetics Phonology Pragmatics Psycholinguistics Semantics Sociolinguistics Syntax Grammatical Theories ( hide ) Cognitive Constraint - based Dependency Functional Generative Stochastic Topics ( hide ) Descriptivism Etymology Internet linguistics LGBT linguistics Linguistic anthropology Origin of language Origin of speech Orthography Prescriptivism Second - language acquisition Structuralism Linguistics portal Literal and figurative language is a distinction within some fields of language analysis , in particular stylistics , rhetoric , and semantics . Literal language uses words exactly according to their conventionally accepted meanings or denotation . Figurative ( or non-literal ) language uses words in a way that deviates from their conventionally accepted definitions in order to convey a more complicated meaning or heightened effect . Figurative language is often created by presenting words in such a way that they are equated , compared , or associated with normally unrelated meanings . Literal usage confers meaning to words , in the sense of the meaning they have by themselves , outside any figure of speech . It maintains a consistent meaning regardless of the context , with the intended meaning corresponding exactly to the meaning of the individual words . Figurative use of language is the use of words or phrases that implies a non-literal meaning which does make sense or that could ( also ) be true . Aristotle and later the Roman Quintilian were among the early analysts of rhetoric who expounded on the differences between literal and figurative language . In 1769 , Frances Brooke 's novel The History of Emily Montague was used in the earliest Oxford English Dictionary citation for the figurative sense of literally ; the sentence from the novel used was , `` He is a fortunate man to be introduced to such a party of fine women at his arrival ; it is literally to feed among the lilies . '' This citation was also used in the OED 's 2011 revision . Within literary analysis , such terms are still used ; but within the fields of cognition and linguistics , the basis for identifying such a distinction is no longer used . Contents 1 Figurative language in literary analysis 2 Standard pragmatic model of comprehension 3 Reddy and contemporary views 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Figurative language in literary analysis ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Figurative language can take multiple forms , such as simile or metaphor . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia Of Literature says that figurative language can be classified in five categories : resemblance or relationship , emphasis or understatement , figures of sound , verbal games , and errors . A simile is a comparison of two things , indicated by some connective , usually `` like '' , `` as '' , `` than '' , or a verb such as `` resembles '' to show how they are similar . Example : `` His cheeks were like roses , his nose like a cherry ... / And the beard on his chin was as white as the snow . '' ( emph added ) -- Clement Clark Moore A metaphor is a figure of speech in which two `` essentially unlike things '' are shown to have a type of resemblance or create a new image . The similarities between the objects being compared may be implied rather than directly stated . Example : `` Fog comes on little cat feet '' -- Carl Sandburg An extended metaphor is a metaphor that is continued over multiple sentences . Example : `` The sky steps out of her daywear / Slips into her shot - silk evening dress. / An entourage of bats whirr and swing at her hem , ... She 's tried on every item in her wardrobe . '' Dilys Rose Onomatopoeia is a word designed to be an imitation of a sound . Example : `` Bark ! Bark ! '' went the dog as he chased the car that vroomed past . Personification is the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions , especially as a rhetorical figure . Example : `` Because I could not stop for Death , / He kindly stopped for me ; / The carriage held but just ourselves / And Immortality . '' -- Emily Dickinson . Dickinson portrays death as a carriage driver . An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which a pair of opposite or contradictory terms is used together for emphasis . Examples : Organized chaos , Same difference , Bittersweet . A paradox is a statement or proposition which is self - contradictory , unreasonable , or illogical . Example : This statement is a lie . Hyperbole is a figure of speech which uses an extravagant or exaggerated statement to express strong feelings . Example : They had been walking so long that John thought he might drink the entire lake when they came upon it . Allusion is a reference to a famous character or event . Example : A single step can take you through the looking glass if you 're not careful . An idiom is an expression that has a figurative meaning unrelated to the literal meaning of the phrase . Example : You should keep your eye out for him . To keep an eye out for someone means to watch out for them . A pun is an expression intended for a humorous or rhetorical effect by exploiting different meanings of words . Example : I wondered why the ball was getting bigger . Then it hit me . `` Then it hit me . '' has two different meanings Standard pragmatic model of comprehension ( edit ) Prior to the 1980s , the `` standard pragmatic '' model of comprehension was widely believed . In that model , it was thought the recipient would first attempt to comprehend the meaning as if literal , but when an appropriate literal inference could not be made , the recipient would shift to look for a figurative interpretation that would allow comprehension . Since then , research has cast doubt on the model . In tests , figurative language was found to be comprehended at the same speed as literal language ; and so the premise that the recipient was first attempting to process a literal meaning and discarding it before attempting to process a figurative meaning appears to be false . Reddy and contemporary views ( edit ) Beginning with the work of Michael Reddy in his 1979 work `` The Conduit Metaphor '' , many linguists now reject that there is a valid way to distinguish between a `` literal '' and `` figurative '' mode of language . See also ( edit ) Metaphor Metonymy Connotation ( semiotics ) Denotation Denotation ( semiotics ) Signified and signifier Biblical literalism Figures of speech Frances Brooke Imagery Linguistics Philosophy of language Rhetoric Semantics Semiotics Trope ( literature ) Asperger syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Figure of speech . '' Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Merriam - Webster , Inc. 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaszczolt , Katarzyna M ... ; Turner , Ken ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) . Meaning Through Language Contrast . Volume 2 . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 141 -- . ISBN 9781588112071 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Glucksberg , Sam ( 2001 - 07 - 26 ) . Understanding Figurative Language : From Metaphor to Idioms : From Metaphor to Idioms . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195111095 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Harley , Trevor A. ( 2001 ) . The Psychology of Language : From Data to Theory . Taylor & Francis . pp. 293 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 863 - 77867 - 4 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Mar ; Durant , Alan ; Fabb , Nigel ; Tom Furniss ; Sara Mills ( 2007 ) . Ways of Reading : Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature . Taylor & Francis . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 9780415346337 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ M.H. Abrams ; Geoffrey Harpham ( 2011 ) . A Glossary of Literary Terms ( 10 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . ISBN 9780495898023 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Barber , Alex ; Stainton , Robert J ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics . Elsevier . pp. 230 -- . ISBN 9780080965000 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Martin ; Durant , Alan ; Fabb , Nigel ; Tom Furniss ; Sara Mills ( 2007 - 01 - 09 ) . Ways of Reading : Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature . Routledge . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 9780203597118 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , inc. ( 1995 ) . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia Of Literature . Merriam - Webster . p. 415 . ISBN 9780877790426 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Origin : 1350 -- 1400 ; Middle English < Latin : image , likeness , comparison , noun use of neuter of similis similar . `` Simile '' . simile , n . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Kennedy , X.J. , and Dana Gioia . An Introduction To Poetry . 13th ed . Longman Pub Group , 2007 . Pg 594 . Jump up ^ Terban , Marvin ; joi , Giulio Maestro , ( 1993 ) . It Figures ! : Fun Figures of Speech . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 12 -- . ISBN 9780395665916 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Origin : 1525 -- 35 ; < Latin metaphora < Greek metaphorá a transfer , akin to metaphérein to transfer . See meta - , - phore `` Metaphor '' . metaphor , n . Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Carol Rawlings ( 2001 - 03 - 01 ) . Irresistible Shakespeare : 6 Sensational Scenes from Favorite Plays and Dozens of Fun Ideas That Introduce Students to the Wonderful Works of Shakespeare . Scholastic Inc . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 9780439098441 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Fandel , Jennifer ( 2005 - 07 - 30 ) . Metaphors , Similes , And Other Word Pictures . The Creative Company . pp. 30 -- . ISBN 9781583413401 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Extended Metaphor '' . extended metaphor . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Oliver , Mary ( 1994 ) . Poetry Handbook . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 103 -- . ISBN 9780156724005 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Gordon F. ; Gifford , Anne ( 2001 - 07 - 26 ) . New Scottish poetry . Heinemann . pp. 131 -- . ISBN 9780435150983 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Origin : 1570 -- 80 ; < Late Latin < Greek onomatopoiía making of words = onomato - ( combining form of ónoma name ) + poi - ( stem of poieîn to make ; see poet ) + - ia - ia `` Onomatopoeia '' . onomatopoeia , n . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Origin : 1745 -- 55 ; personi ( fy ) + - fication `` Personification '' . personification , n . Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Moustaki , Nikki ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Writing Poetry . Penguin . pp. 146 -- . ISBN 9781440695636 . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Origin : < post-classical Latin oxymoron , figure of speech in which a pair of opposed or markedly contradictory terms are placed in conjunction for emphasis ( 5th cent. ; also oxymorum ) < ancient Greek ὀξυ - oxy - comb . form1+ μωρόςdull , stupid , foolish ( see moron n. 2 ) . `` Oxymoron '' . oxymoron . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Origin : < Middle French , French paradoxe ( 1495 as noun ; 1372 -- 4 in plural paradoxesas the title of a work by Cicero ; paradoxon ( noun ) philosophical paradox in post-classical Latin also a figure of speech < ancient Greek παράδοξον , especially in plural παράδοξαStoical paradoxes , use as noun of neuter singular of παράδοξος ( adjective ) contrary to received opinion or expectation < παρα - para - prefix1+ δόξαopinion ( see doxology n . ) , after ancient Greek παρὰ δόξανcontrary to expectation `` Paradox '' . paradox , n . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Origin : < Greek ὑπερβολήexcess ( compare hyperbola n . ) , exaggeration ; the latter sense is first found in Isocrates and Aristotle . Compare French hyperbole ( earlier yperbole ) . `` Hyperbole '' . hyperbol e , n . Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Katz , Albert N. ( 1998 ) . Figurative Language and Thought . Oxford University Press . pp. 166 -- . ISBN 9780195109634 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , Michael William ; Keane , Mark T. ( 2005 ) . Cognitive Psychology : A Student 's Handbook . Taylor & Francis . pp. 369 -- . ISBN 9781841693590 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ortony , Andrew ( 1993 - 11 - 26 ) . Metaphor and Thought . Cambridge University Press . pp. 204 -- . ISBN 9780521405614 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Word We Love To Hate . Literally. from Slate Magazine Figures of Speech from Silva Rhetoricae Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literal_and_figurative_language&oldid=856861118 '' Categories : Semantics Conceptual distinctions Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2010 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Euskara Français Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | discuss in brief the role of figurative language in literature | [] | [] |
-6517379008917048712 | New Delhi metro station | New Delhi Metro station - Wikipedia New Delhi Metro station New Delhi Delhi Metro station Location Ajmeri Gate , New Delhi , Delhi 110006 28 ° 38 ′ 32 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 18 '' E / 28.642229 ° N 77.221538 ° E / 28.642229 ; 77.221538 Owned by Delhi Metro Line ( s ) Yellow Line Airport Express Platforms Island platform Platform - 1 → HUDA City Centre Platform - 2 → Samaypur Badli Platform - 3 → Dwarka Sector 21 Platform - 4 → Dwarka Sector 21 Tracks Construction Structure type Underground Platform levels Parking Available Disabled access Other information Station code NDI History Opened 3 July 2005 ( Yellow Line ) 23 February 2011 ( Airport Express ) Electrified 25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary Traffic Passengers ( Jan 2015 ) 16 , 16,021 52,130 Daily Average Services Preceding station Delhi Metro Following station Chawri Bazar toward Samaypur Badli Yellow Line Rajiv Chowk toward HUDA City Centre Terminus Orange Line Shivaji Stadium toward Dwarka Sector 21 Location Central Delhi New Delhi is a station on the Yellow Line of the Delhi Metro . It is within walking distance from the Indian Railways New Delhi station . It is on the Ajmeri Gate ( Platform Number 16 ) side of the New Delhi Railway Station . The Airport Express also terminates at New Delhi Metro Station . Check - in facilities of some of the carriers including Air India are available at this station . Contents 1 Station layout 2 Gallery 3 Connections 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Station layout ( edit ) Street Level Exit / Entrance Mezzanine Fare control , station agent , Ticket / token , shops Southbound Platform 1 → Toward HUDA City Centre Island platform , doors will open on the right Northbound Platform 2 Toward ← Samaypur Badli Gallery ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Connections ( edit ) Delhi Transport Corporation bus routes number 39STL , 120B , 172 , 213 , 213A , 307A , 308 , 430A , 433 , 433CL , 433LSTL , 440A , 445 , 445A , 453 , 454 , 457 , 458 , 460A , 467 , 500 , 522SPL , 604 , 622 , 716 , 728A , 781 , 840EXT , 853 , 910A , 949 , Airport Exp - 4 , RL - 75 , RL - 77A , RL - 77B , RL - 77Ext , RL - 79 serves the station . See also ( edit ) List of Delhi Metro stations Transport in Delhi Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Delhi Suburban Railway Delhi Transport Corporation North Delhi National Capital Region ( India ) List of rapid transit systems List of metro systems Delhi portal Trains portal Railways in India portal Transport portal Infrastructure portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daily Ridership Jan - 2015 '' ( PDF ) . DMRC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Station Information '' . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Delhi . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( Official site ) Delhi Metro Annual Reports `` Station Information '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( DMRC ) . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . UrbanRail.Net -- descriptions of all metro systems in the world , each with a schematic map showing all stations . Delhi Metro Lines Red Line Dilshad Garden Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre Blue Line Main Line Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 Branch Line Yamuna Bank Vaishali Green Line Main Line Inderlok Bahadurgarh City Park Branch Line Ashok Park Main Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Escorts Mujesar Airport Express New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Shiv Vihar Magenta line Janakpuri West Botanical Garden Delhi Metro stations Red Line New Bus Adda Arthala Mohan Nagar Shyam Park Rajendra Nagar Raj Bagh Shahid Nagar Dilshad Garden Jhilmil Mansarovar Park Shahdara Welcome Seelampur Shastri Park Kashmere Gate Tis Hazari Pul Bangash Pratap Nagar Shastri Nagar Inderlok Kanhiya Nagar Keshav Puram Netaji Subhash Place Kohat Enclave Pitam Pura Rohini East Rohini West Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli Rohini Sector 18 , 19 Haiderpur Jahangirpuri Adarsh Nagar Azadpur Model Town GTB Nagar Vishwa Vidyalaya Vidhan Sabha Civil Lines Kashmere Gate Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar New Delhi Rajiv Chowk Patel Chowk Central Secretariat Udyog Bhawan Lok Kalyan Marg Jor Bagh INA AIIMS Green Park Hauz Khas Malviya Nagar Saket Qutab Minar Chhatarpur Sultanpur Ghitorni Arjan Garh Guru Dronacharya Sikandarpur MG Road IFFCO Chowk HUDA City Centre Blue Line Dwarka Sector 21 Dwarka Sector 8 Dwarka Sector 9 Dwarka Sector 10 Dwarka Sector 11 Dwarka Sector 12 Dwarka Sector 13 Dwarka Sector 14 Dwarka Dwarka Mor Nawada Uttam Nagar West Uttam Nagar East Janakpuri West Janakpuri East Tilak Nagar Subhash Nagar Tagore Garden Rajouri Garden Ramesh Nagar Moti Nagar Kirti Nagar Shadipur Patel Nagar Rajendra Place Karol Bagh Jhandewalan Ramakrishna Ashram Marg Rajiv Chowk Barakhamba Road Mandi House Pragati Maidan Indraprastha Yamuna Bank Akshardham Mayur Vihar - I Mayur Vihar Extension New Ashok Nagar Noida Sector 15 Noida Sector 16 Noida Sector 18 Botanical Garden Golf Course Noida City Centre Noida Sector 34 Noida Sector 52 Noida Sector 61 Noida Sector 59 Noida Sector 62 Noida Electronic City Yamuna Bank -- Vaishali Branch Yamuna Bank Laxmi Nagar Nirman Vihar Preet Vihar Karkarduma Anand Vihar Kaushambi Vaishali Dwarka -- Najafgarh Branch ( under construction ) Dwarka Nangli Najafgarh Green Line Inderlok Ashok Park Main Punjabi Bagh East Shivaji Park Madipur Paschim Vihar East Paschim Vihar West Peera Garhi Udyog Nagar Surajmal Stadium Nangloi Nangloi Railway Station Rajdhani Park Mundka Mundka Industrial Area Ghevra Metro Station Tikri Kalan Tikri Border Modern Industrial Estate Bus Stand City Park Ashok Park Main -- Kirti Nagar Branch Ashok Park Main Satguru Ram Singh Marg Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Lal Qila Jama Masjid Delhi Gate ITO Mandi House Janpath Central Secretariat Khan Market Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jangpura Lajpat Nagar Moolchand Kailash Colony Nehru Place Kalkaji Mandir Govind Puri Harkesh Nagar Okhla Jasola Apollo Sarita Vihar Mohan Estate Tughlakabad Station Badarpur Border Sarai NHPC Chowk Mewala Maharajpur Sector - 28 Badkhal Mor Old Faridabad Neelam Chowk Ajronda Bata Chowk Escorts Mujesar NCB Colony Ballabhgarh Airport Express New Delhi Shivaji Stadium Dhaula Kuan Delhi Aerocity Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Azadpur Shalimar Bagh Netaji Subhash Place Shakurpur Punjabi Bagh West ESI Hospital Rajouri Garden Mayapuri Naraina Vihar Delhi Cantt South Campus Moti Bagh Bhikaji Cama Place Sarojini Nagar INA South Extension Lajpat Nagar Vinoba Puri Ashram Hazrat Nizamuddin Mayur Vihar Mayur Vihar Pocket I Trilokpuri Vinod Nagar East Vinod Nagar IP Extension Anand Vihar Karkarduma Krishna Nagar East Azad Nagar Welcome Jaffrabad Maujpur Gokulpuri Johri Enclave Shiv Vihar Magenta Line Janakpuri West Dabri Mor Dashrath Puri Palam Sadar Bazaar Cantonment Terminal 1 - IGI Airport Shankar Vihar Vasant Vihar Munirka R.K Puram IIT Delhi Hauz Khas Panchsheel Park Chirag Delhi Greater Kailash Nehru Enclave Kalkaji Mandir Okhla NSIC Sukhdev Vihar Jamia Millia Islamia Okhla Vihar Jasola Vihar Shaleen Bagh Kalindi Kunj Okhla Bird Sanctuary Botanical Garden Stations along operational lines that are denoted in italics have yet to open . Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail Operational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Lucknow Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Bengaluru Commuter Rail Proposed Delhi -- Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Rapid transit Operational Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro Under construction Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Planned Agra Metro Bhopal Metro Chandigarh Metro Guwahati Metro Indore Metro Jabalpur Metro Kanpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Varanasi Metro Vijayawada Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Proposed Allahabad Metro Bareilly Metro Coimbatore Metro Greater Gwalior Metro Greater Nasik Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Western railway elevated corridor Monorail Operational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Proposed Ahmedabad Monorail Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Delhi Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Light rail Proposed Delhi Light Rail Transit Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Tram Operational Trams in Kolkata Rapid transit in Asia Azerbaijan Baku Metro Armenia Yerevan Metro China Beijing Subway Changchun Subway Changsha Metro Changsha Maglev Chengdu Metro Chongqing Rail Transit Dalian Metro Dongguan Rail Transit Foshan Metro Fuzhou Metro Guangzhou Metro Guiyang Metro Hangzhou Metro Harbin Metro Hefei Metro Hong Kong MTR Kunming Rail Transit Nanchang Metro Nanjing Metro Nanning Metro Ningbo Rail Transit Qingdao Metro Shanghai Maglev Train Shanghai Metro Shenyang Metro Shenzhen Happy Line Shenzhen Metro Shenzhen Window of the World Monorail Shijiazhuang Metro Suzhou Rail Transit Tianjin Metro Wuhan Metro Wuxi Metro Xi'an Metro Xi'an Monorail Xiamen Metro Zhengzhou Metro Georgia ( country ) Tbilisi Metro India Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Mumbai Monorail Namma Metro Iran Isfahan Metro Mashhad Urban Railway Shiraz Metro Tabriz Metro Tehran Metro Japan Chiba Urban Monorail Fukuoka City Subway Hiroshima Astram Line Hiroshima Skyrail Midorizaka Line Kanagawa Shonan Monorail Kitakyushu Monorail Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway Kobe Municipal Subway Kyoto Municipal Subway Kyoto Municipal Subway Nagoya Linimo Nagoya Municipal Subway Okinawa Monorail Osaka Monorail Osaka Metro Sapporo Municipal Subway Sendai Subway Tokyo Metro Tokyo Monorail Tokyo Rinkai Line Tokyo Tama Toshi Monorail Line Tokyo Toei Subway Tokyo Ueno Zoo Monorail Urayasu Chiba Urban Monorail Yokohama Municipal Subway Yokohama Minatomirai Line Kazakhstan Almaty Metro North Korea Pyongyang Metro South Korea Busan Metro Daegu Metro Daejeon Metro Gwangju Metro Incheon Subway Incheon Airport Maglev Seoul Korail metro lines Seoul Metropolitan Subway Seoul Shinbundang NeoTrans Line Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Metropolitian Rapid Transit Philippines Manila LRT Manila MRT Russia Kazan Metro Moscow Metro Moscow Monorail Nizhny Novgorod Metro Novosibirsk Metro Saint Petersburg Metro Samara Metro Yekaterinburg Metro Saudi Arabia Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro Southern Line Mecca Metro Riyadh Metro Dammam Metro Jeddah Metro Medina Metro Singapore Singapore MRT Singapore LRT Sentosa Express Taiwan Kaohsiung MRT Taichung Metro Taipei Metro Taoyuan Metro Thailand Bangkok MRT Bangkok Skytrain Turkey Adana Metro Ankara Metro Bursaray Istanbul F1 Funicular Istanbul Marmaray Istanbul Metro Istanbul Tünel İzmir Metro Turkmenistan Ashgabat Monorail United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Metro Dubai Metro Dubai Palm Jumeirah Monorail Uzbekistan Tashkent Metro This article related to the Delhi Metro is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a railway station in the Indian union territory of Delhi is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Delhi_metro_station&oldid=853321888 '' Categories : Delhi Metro stations Railway stations opened in 2005 Railway stations in Central Delhi district Delhi Metro stubs Delhi railway station stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles using Infobox station with map locator Articles using Infobox station with markup inside name Articles using Infobox station with links or images inside name Articles using Infobox station with markup inside type Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from May 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 22 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the nearest metro station to new delhi railway station | [
"New Delhi is a station on the Yellow Line of the Delhi Metro. It is within walking distance from the Indian Railways New Delhi station.[2] It is on the Ajmeri Gate (Platform Number 16) side of the New Delhi Railway Station. \n"
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-7652614678741392875 | Gas laws | Gas laws - wikipedia Gas laws This article outlines the historical development of the laws describing ideal gases . For a detailed description of the ideal gas laws and their further development , see ideal gas law . The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century , when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure , volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases . Gases behave in a similar way over a wide variety of conditions because they all have molecules which are widely spaced , and the equation of state for an ideal gas is derived from kinetic theory . The earlier gas laws are now considered as special cases of the ideal gas equation , with one or more variables held constant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Boyle 's Laws 2 Charles ' law 3 Gay - Lussac 's law 4 Avogadro 's law 5 Combined and ideal gas laws 6 Other gas laws 7 References 8 External links Boyle 's laws ( edit ) Main article : Boyle 's law In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature . He observed that volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure provided the temperature remains constant . Boyle 's law , published in 1662 , states that , at constant temperature , the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant . It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container . It can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases : if a container , with a fixed number of molecules inside , is reduced in volume , more molecules will strike a given area of the sides of the container per unit time , causing a greater pressure . A statement of Boyle 's law is as follows : The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely related to pressure when the temperature is constant . The concept can be represented with these formulae : V ∝ 1 P ( \ displaystyle V \ propto ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( P ) ) ) , meaning `` Volume is directly proportional to 1 divided by Pressure '' , or P ∝ 1 V ( \ displaystyle P \ propto ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( V ) ) ) , meaning `` Pressure is directly proportional to 1 divided by Volume '' , or P V = k 1 ( \ displaystyle PV = k_ ( 1 ) ) , or P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( 1 ) V_ ( 1 ) = P_ ( 2 ) V_ ( 2 ) \ , ) where P is the pressure , and V is the volume of a gas , and k is the constant in this equation ( and is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations above ) . Charles ' law ( edit ) Main article : Charles 's law Charles 's law , or the law of volumes , was found in 1787 by Jacques Charles . It states that , for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure , the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature , assuming in a closed system . The statement of Charles ' law is as follows : the volume ( V ) of a given mass of a gas , at constant pressure ( Pa ) , is directly proportional to its temperature ( K ) . As a mathematical equation , Charles 's law is written as either : V ∝ T ( \ displaystyle V \ propto T \ , ) , or V / T = k 2 ( \ displaystyle V / T = k_ ( 2 ) ) , or V 1 / T 1 = V 2 / T 2 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 1 ) / T_ ( 1 ) = V_ ( 2 ) / T_ ( 2 ) ) , where V is the volume of a gas , T is the absolute temperature and k is a proportionality constant ( which is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article ) . Gay - Lussac 's law ( edit ) Main article : Gay - Lussac 's law Gay - Lussac 's law , Amontons ' law or the pressure law was found by Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac in 1809 . It states that , for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas , the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature . As a mathematical equation , Gay - Lussac 's law is written as either : P ∝ T ( \ displaystyle P \ propto T \ , ) , or P / T = k ( \ displaystyle P / T = k ) , or K =P divided by T P 1 / T 1 = P 2 / T 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( 1 ) / T_ ( 1 ) = P_ ( 2 ) / T_ ( 2 ) ) , where P is the pressure , T is the absolute temperature , and k is another proportionality constant . Avogadro 's law ( edit ) Main article : Avogadro 's law Avogadro 's law states that the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of the gas present in the container . This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas , which at STP ( 273.15 K , 1 atm ) is about 22.4 L. The relation is given by V 1 n 1 = V 2 n 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( V_ ( 1 ) ) ( n_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( V_ ( 2 ) ) ( n_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , ) where n is equal to the number of molecules of gas ( or the number of moles of gas ) . Combined and ideal gas laws ( edit ) Main article : Ideal gas law The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyle 's Law , Charles ' Law , and Gay - Lussac 's Law . It shows the relationship between the pressure , volume , and temperature for a fixed mass ( quantity ) of gas : p V = k 5 T ( \ displaystyle pV = k_ ( 5 ) T \ , ) This can also be written as : p 1 V 1 T 1 = p 2 V 2 T 2 ( \ displaystyle \ qquad ( \ frac ( p_ ( 1 ) V_ ( 1 ) ) ( T_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( p_ ( 2 ) V_ ( 2 ) ) ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) With the addition of Avogadro 's law , the combined gas law develops into the ideal gas law : p V = n R T ( \ displaystyle pV = nRT \ , ) where p is pressure V is volume n is the number of moles R is the universal gas constant T is temperature ( K ) where the proportionality constant , now named R , is the universal gas constant with a value of 8.3144598 ( kPa ∙ L ) / ( mol ∙ K ) . An equivalent formulation of this law is : p V = k N T ( \ displaystyle pV = kNT \ , ) where P is the pressure V is the volume N is the number of gas molecules k is the Boltzmann constant ( 1.381 × 10 J K in SI units ) T is the temperature ( K ) These equations are exact only for an ideal gas , which neglects various intermolecular effects ( see real gas ) . However , the ideal gas law is a good approximation for most gases under moderate pressure and temperature . This law has the following important consequences : If temperature and pressure are kept constant , then the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas . If the temperature and volume remain constant , then the pressure of the gas changes is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas present . If the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant , then the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume . If the temperature changes and the number of gas molecules are kept constant , then either pressure or volume ( or both ) will change in direct proportion to the temperature . Other gas laws ( edit ) Graham 's law states that the rate at which gas molecules diffuse is inversely proportional to the square root of its density at constant temperature . Combined with Avogadro 's law ( i.e. since equal volumes have equal number of molecules ) this is the same as being inversely proportional to the root of the molecular weight . Dalton 's law of partial pressures states that the pressure of a mixture of gases simply is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual components . Dalton 's law is as follows : P t o t a l = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 + ... + P n ≡ ∑ i = 1 n P i ( \ displaystyle P_ ( total ) = P_ ( 1 ) + P_ ( 2 ) + P_ ( 3 ) + ... + P_ ( n ) \ equiv \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) P_ ( i ) \ , ) , or P t o t a l = P g a s + P H 2 O ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( total ) ) = P_ ( \ mathrm ( gas ) ) + P_ ( \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) \ , ) where P is the total pressure of the atmosphere , P is the pressure of the gas mixture in the atmosphere , and P is the water pressure at that temperature . Amagat 's law of partial volume states that the volume of a mixture of gases ( or the volume of the container ) simply is the sum of the partial volumes of the individual components . Amagat 's law is as follows : V t o t a l = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 + ... + V n ≡ ∑ i = 1 n V i ( \ displaystyle V_ ( total ) = V_ ( 1 ) + V_ ( 2 ) + V_ ( 3 ) + ... + V_ ( n ) \ equiv \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) V_ ( i ) \ , ) , where V is the total volume of the gas mixture , or the volume of the container , V is the partial volume of the gas in the gas mixture at that pressure and that temperature . Henry 's law states that : At constant temperature , the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid . p = k H c ( \ displaystyle p = k_ ( \ rm ( H ) ) \ , c ) Real gas law , formulated by Johannes Diderik van der Waals ( 1873 ) . References ( edit ) Castka , Joseph F. ; Metcalfe , H. Clark ; Davis , Raymond E. ; Williams , John E. ( 2002 ) . Modern Chemistry . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . ISBN 0 - 03 - 056537 - 5 . Guch , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Chemistry . Alpha , Penguin Group Inc . ISBN 1 - 59257 - 101 - 8 . Zumdahl , Steven S ( 1998 ) . Chemical Principles . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 395 - 83995 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Gas laws at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&oldid=849677901 '' Categories : Gas laws History of thermodynamics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks አማርኛ Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bosanski Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Magyar മലയാളം Português Română Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 16 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional | [] | [] |
-4695309977948285677 | 2017 NHL Expansion Draft | 2017 NHL expansion Draft - wikipedia 2017 NHL expansion Draft 2017 NHL Expansion Draft General information Date ( s ) June 21 , 2017 Location T - Mobile Arena Paradise , Nevada Expansion team ( s ) Vegas Golden Knights NHL Expansion and Dispersal Drafts ← 2000 The 2017 NHL Expansion Draft was an expansion draft conducted by the National Hockey League on June 18 -- 20 , 2017 to fill the roster of the league 's expansion team for the 2017 -- 18 season , the Vegas Golden Knights . The team 's selections were announced on June 21 during the NHL Awards ceremony at T - Mobile Arena . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Rules 3 Protected players 3.1 Eastern Conference 3.2 Western Conference 4 Draft results 5 Trades 6 Post-draft 7 See also 8 References Background ( edit ) In the offseason before the 2015 -- 16 NHL season , the league opened a window for ownership groups to bid for expansion teams for the first time since 2000 . Two ownership groups submitted bids to the league , one each from Las Vegas and Quebec City . If chosen , this would be the first `` Big Four '' major professional sports league to place a franchise in Las Vegas ( not counting the city 's short - lived and ill - fated football teams in the Canadian Football League and XFL , who played in 1994 and 2001 respectively ) , but the NHL has had a limited presence in the city with annual preseason games , beginning with an outdoor game in 1991 and the Frozen Fury series held each year since 1997 . Quebec City was previously home of the Quebec Nordiques , a team that had moved in 1995 and became the Colorado Avalanche ; it has hosted occasional preseason games since that time , and has constructed a new ice hockey arena to receive a potential NHL team . Due to political delays , a bid was not submitted from Seattle despite the presence of three different ownership groups publicly campaigning to start an NHL team ; a number of other potential expansion sites , such as Kansas City and Saskatchewan , declined to place bids because of cost concerns . Las Vegas was approved for the 2017 -- 18 NHL season on June 22 , 2016 ; at the same time the Quebec City bid was deferred , largely because of concerns over the Canadian dollar 's value and the geographic balance of the league 's conferences . Rules ( edit ) The initial proposal of the rules for the draft were decided upon by the NHL in March 2016 . They allowed each team to either protect seven forwards , three defencemen , and one goaltender or , one goaltender and eight skaters regardless of position . Because the NHL wanted to ensure the competitive viability of any new teams , the number of protected players allowed was lower than in the 2000 NHL Expansion Draft which populated the Minnesota Wild and Columbus Blue Jackets , when each team could protect nine forwards , five defencemen , and one goalie , or two goalies , three defencemen , and seven forwards . Under these rules , each of the 30 teams would lose one top - four defencemen or third - line forward per number of new teams . Only players with more than two years of professional experience -- NHL or AHL as defined in the collective bargaining agreement -- were included in the draft . Teams had to submit their list of protected players by June 17 , 2017 , and they had to expose at least two forwards and one defenceman that had played at least 40 games in the 2016 -- 17 season or more than 70 games in the 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 seasons combined and had to still be contracted for the 2017 -- 18 season . The exposed goaltender had to either be under contract for the 2017 -- 18 season or became a Restricted free agent in 2017 . At least twenty of the thirty players selected by Vegas had to be under contract for the 2017 -- 18 season , and they were required to select a minimum of fourteen forwards , nine defencemen and three goaltenders . Vegas was granted a 48 - hour window prior to the draft to sign any pending free agent ( RFA or UFA , one per team ) that was left unprotected . If a team lost a player to Vegas during this signing window they did not have a player selected from their roster during this draft . Teams were required to protect any contracted players with no move clauses ( NMCs ) with one of the team 's slots for protected players , unless the contract expired on July 1 , 2017 , in which case the NMC was considered void for the draft . Players whose NMCs had limited no trade clauses had to still be protected , and any players with NMCs were able to waive the clause and become eligible for the expansion draft . Any player picked in the expansion draft could not have their contract bought out until after the completion of the 2017 -- 18 season . The expansion team was guaranteed the same odds in the draft lottery as third lowest finishing team from the 2016 -- 17 NHL season for the 2017 NHL Entry Draft ; after their first season the team will be subject to same draft lottery rules as the other teams in the league . The NHL 's deputy commissioner , Bill Daly , said that teams that do not follow the expansion draft rules would face penalties , including possibly the `` loss of draft picks and / or players . '' Protected players ( edit ) The protected players ' list was published on June 18 , 2017 . Eastern Conference ( edit ) Italics : Players protected for contractual reasons . Atlantic Division Position Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Forwards David Backes Kyle Okposo Frans Nielsen Aleksander Barkov Paul Byron Derick Brassard Ryan Callahan Tyler Bozak Patrice Bergeron Tyler Ennis Justin Abdelkader Nick Bjugstad Phillip Danault Ryan Dzingel Steven Stamkos Connor Brown David Krejci Marcus Foligno Andreas Athanasiou Jonathan Huberdeau Jonathan Drouin Mike Hoffman Tyler Johnson Nazem Kadri Brad Marchand Zemgus Girgensons Anthony Mantha Vincent Trocheck Alex Galchenyuk Jean - Gabriel Pageau Alex Killorn Leo Komarov Riley Nash Evander Kane Gustav Nyquist Brendan Gallagher Zack Smith Nikita Kucherov Josh Leivo David Pastrnak Johan Larsson Tomas Tatar Max Pacioretty Mark Stone Vladislav Namestnikov Matt Martin Ryan Spooner Ryan O'Reilly Henrik Zetterberg Andrew Shaw Kyle Turris Ondrej Palat James van Riemsdyk Defencemen Zdeno Chara Nathan Beaulieu Danny DeKeyser Keith Yandle Jeff Petry Dion Phaneuf Victor Hedman Connor Carrick Torey Krug Jake McCabe Mike Green Aaron Ekblad Jordie Benn Cody Ceci Braydon Coburn Jake Gardiner Kevan Miller Rasmus Ristolainen Nick Jensen Alex Petrovic Shea Weber Erik Karlsson Anton Stralman Morgan Rielly Mark Pysyk Goaltender Tuukka Rask Robin Lehner Jimmy Howard James Reimer Carey Price Craig Anderson Andrei Vasilevskiy Frederik Andersen Metropolitan Division Position Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Forwards Jordan Staal Brandon Dubinsky Taylor Hall Andrew Ladd Derek Stepan Claude Giroux Sidney Crosby Nicklas Backstrom Phillip Di Giuseppe Nick Foligno Adam Henrique John Tavares Kevin Hayes Valtteri Filppula Phil Kessel Andre Burakovsky Elias Lindholm Scott Hartnell Kyle Palmieri Anders Lee Chris Kreider Sean Couturier Evgeni Malkin Lars Eller Brock McGinn Cam Atkinson Travis Zajac J.T. Miller Scott Laughton Patric Hornqvist Marcus Johansson Victor Rask Boone Jenner Rick Nash Brayden Schenn Evgeny Kuznetsov Jeff Skinner Brandon Saad Mika Zibanejad Wayne Simmonds Alexander Ovechkin Teuvo Teravainen Alexander Wennberg Mats Zuccarello Jakub Voracek Tom Wilson Defencemen Trevor Carrick Seth Jones Andy Greene Johnny Boychuk Marc Staal Shayne Gostisbehere Kris Letang John Carlson Justin Faulk Ryan Murray John Moore Travis Hamonic Nick Holden Radko Gudas Brian Dumoulin Matt Niskanen Ryan Murphy David Savard Mirco Mueller Nick Leddy Ryan McDonagh Brandon Manning Olli Maatta Dmitry Orlov Damon Severson Adam Pelech Justin Schultz Ryan Pulock Goaltender Scott Darling Sergei Bobrovsky Cory Schneider Thomas Greiss Henrik Lundqvist Anthony Stolarz Matt Murray Braden Holtby Western Conference ( edit ) Central Division Position Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Forwards Artem Anisimov Sven Andrighetto Jamie Benn Mikko Koivu Viktor Arvidsson Patrik Berglund Joel Armia Marian Hossa Blake Comeau Jason Spezza Zach Parise Filip Forsberg Ryan Reaves Andrew Copp Patrick Kane Matt Duchene Radek Faksa Jason Pominville Calle Jarnkrok Jaden Schwartz Bryan Little Jonathan Toews Rocco Grimaldi Valeri Nichushkin Charlie Coyle Ryan Johansen Vladimír Sobotka Adam Lowry Ryan Hartman Gabriel Landeskog Brett Ritchie Mikael Granlund Paul Stastny Mathieu Perreault Richard Panik Nathan MacKinnon Antoine Roussel Nino Niederreiter Alexander Steen Mark Scheifele Tomas Jurco Matt Nieto Tyler Seguin Jason Zucker Vladimir Tarasenko Blake Wheeler Defencemen Duncan Keith Erik Johnson Stephen Johns Ryan Suter Mattias Ekholm Jay Bouwmeester Dustin Byfuglien Brent Seabrook Tyson Barrie John Klingberg Jonas Brodin Ryan Ellis Joel Edmundson Tyler Myers Niklas Hjalmarsson Nikita Zadorov Esa Lindell Jared Spurgeon Roman Josi Alex Pietrangelo Jacob Trouba P.K. Subban Goaltender Corey Crawford Semyon Varlamov Ben Bishop Devan Dubnyk Pekka Rinne Jake Allen Connor Hellebuyck Pacific Division Position Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Forwards Ryan Getzlaf Nick Cousins Mikael Backlund Milan Lucic Anze Kopitar Ryan Carpenter Loui Eriksson Ryan Kesler Anthony Duclair Sam Bennett Leon Draisaitl Jeff Carter Logan Couture Daniel Sedin Corey Perry Jordan Martinook Micheal Ferland Jordan Eberle Tanner Pearson Jannik Hansen Henrik Sedin Andrew Cogliano Tobias Rieder Michael Frolik Zack Kassian Tyler Toffoli Tomas Hertl Sven Baertschi Rickard Rakell Johnny Gaudreau Mark Letestu Melker Karlsson Markus Granlund Jakob Silfverberg Curtis Lazar Patrick Maroon Joe Pavelski Bo Horvat Antoine Vermette Sean Monahan Ryan Nugent - Hopkins Chris Tierney Brandon Sutter Defencemen Kevin Bieksa Alex Goligoski T.J. Brodie Andrej Sekera Drew Doughty Justin Braun Alexander Edler Cam Fowler Oliver Ekman - Larsson Mark Giordano Oscar Klefbom Derek Forbort Brent Burns Erik Gudbranson Hampus Lindholm Connor Murphy Dougie Hamilton Adam Larsson Alec Martinez Marc - Edouard Vlasic Christopher Tanev Luke Schenn Jake Muzzin Goaltender John Gibson Chad Johnson Mike Smith Cam Talbot Jonathan Quick Martin Jones Jacob Markstrom Draft results ( edit ) # Player Pos . Drafted from 1 . Calvin Pickard Colorado Avalanche 2 . Luca Sbisa Vancouver Canucks 3 . Teemu Pulkkinen LW Arizona Coyotes 4 . Jon Merrill New Jersey Devils 5 . William Carrier LW Buffalo Sabres 6 . Cody Eakin Dallas Stars 7 . Tomas Nosek LW Detroit Red Wings 8 . Jonathan Marchessault Florida Panthers 9 . Brayden McNabb Los Angeles Kings 10 . Connor Brickley Carolina Hurricanes 11 . Chris Thorburn RW Winnipeg Jets 12 . Pierre - Edouard Bellemare RW Philadelphia Flyers 13 . Jason Garrison Tampa Bay Lightning 14 . Jean - Francois Berube New York Islanders 15 . James Neal LW Nashville Predators 16 . Deryk Engelland Calgary Flames 17 . Brendan Leipsic LW Toronto Maple Leafs 18 . Colin Miller Boston Bruins 19 . Marc Methot Ottawa Senators 20 . David Schlemko San Jose Sharks 21 . David Perron LW St. Louis Blues 22 . Oscar Lindberg New York Rangers 23 . Griffin Reinhart Edmonton Oilers 24 . Alexei Emelin Montreal Canadiens 25 . Clayton Stoner Anaheim Ducks 26 . Erik Haula Minnesota Wild 27 . William Karlsson Columbus Blue Jackets 28 . Trevor van Riemsdyk Chicago Blackhawks 29 . Marc - Andre Fleury Pittsburgh Penguins 30 . Nate Schmidt Washington Capitals Trades ( edit ) In return for agreeing not to select certain unprotected players , the Golden Knights were granted concessions by other franchises . The Buffalo Sabres traded their sixth - round pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Vegas selecting William Carrier . The Florida Panthers traded Reilly Smith in exchange for Vegas selecting Jonathan Marchessault and a fourth - round pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft . The Carolina Hurricanes traded Boston 's fifth - round pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft ( previously acquired ) in exchange for Vegas selecting Connor Brickley . The Winnipeg Jets traded their first - round pick ( 13th overall ) in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft and a third - round pick in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Vegas selecting Chris Thorburn and Columbus ' first - round pick ( 24th overall ) in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft ( previously acquired by Vegas ) . The Tampa Bay Lightning traded their second - round pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft , Pittsburgh 's fourth - round pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft ( previously acquired ) and Nikita Gusev in exchange for Vegas selecting Jason Garrison . The New York Islanders traded their first - round pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft , a second - round pick in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft , Mikhail Grabovski and Jake Bischoff in exchange for Vegas selecting Jean - Francois Berube . The Anaheim Ducks traded Shea Theodore in exchange for Vegas selecting Clayton Stoner . The Minnesota Wild traded Alex Tuch in exchange for Vegas selecting Erik Haula and a conditional third - round pick in the 2017 or 2018 NHL Entry Draft . The Columbus Blue Jackets traded their first - round pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft , a second - round pick in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft and David Clarkson in exchange for Vegas selecting William Karlsson . The Pittsburgh Penguins traded their second - round pick in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Vegas selecting Marc - Andre Fleury . Post-draft ( edit ) Not all players selected by the Golden Knights in the Expansion Draft would remain with the team . Some players were traded in the following days , some the day after : Trevor van Riemsdyk and a seventh - round pick in 2018 were traded to Carolina for Pittsburgh 's second - round pick in 2017 . David Schlemko was traded to Montreal for a fifth - round pick in 2019 . Marc Methot was traded to Dallas for Dylan Ferguson and a second - round pick in 2020 . Alexei Emelin was traded to Nashville for a third - round pick in 2018 . Calvin Pickard was traded to Toronto for a sixth - round draft pick in 2018 and Tobias Lindberg . Other players who were no longer on the Golden Knights ' roster at the start of the 2017 -- 18 NHL season include the following : Connor Brickley signed as an unrestricted free agent with Florida on July 1 , 2017 . Chris Thorburn signed as an unrestricted free agent with St. Louis on July 1 , 2017 . Jean - Francois Berube signed as an unrestricted free agent with Chicago on July 1 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) 2016 -- 17 NHL transactions 2017 NHL Entry Draft 2017 -- 18 NHL season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Expansion Draft , NHL Awards to share T - Mobile stage June 21 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wyshynski , Greg ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` NHL expansion deadline : No Seattle bids ; Las Vegas , Quebec City apply ( Reports ) '' . Puck Daddy . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boisvert , Yves ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Even if you build it , NHL still wo n't come to Quebec City '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Seravalli , Frank ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` NHL presents potential expansion draft plans '' . TSN . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` NHL teams receiving information on potential expansion draft '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for 2017 Expansion Draft '' . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Las Vegas to get 48 - hour free agency window in June : Report '' . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dustin ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` Expansion Draft Rules Gain Clarity '' . The Hockey Writers . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hume , Mike and Neil Greenberg ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Five teams that should really stress about the NHL 's Las Vegas expansion draft '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Expansion Draft protected list revealed '' . NHL.com . June 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Official NHL expansion draft exempt list contains surprises '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Sabres ( @ BuffaloSabres ) ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` The @ GoldenKnights select William Carrier from the Sabres in the Expansion Draft & acquire a 6th - round pick in the ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Panthers Acquire 2018 Fourth Round Draft Choice from Vegas '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carolina Hurricanes ( @ NHLCanes ) ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` ( NEWS ) @ GoldenKnights Select Connor Brickley in # VegasDraft → Details : # Canes deal a fifth - round pick to Vegas '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jets swap first - round picks with Golden Knights '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Defenseman Jason Garrison selected by Vegas Golden Knights '' . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas acquires Grabovski , first - round pick from Islanders '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks Trade Theodore to Vegas Golden Knights '' . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Haula , Alex Tuch Head to Vegas in Expansion Draft '' . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights select William Karlsson in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Penguins ( @ penguins ) ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` The Golden Knights also get a 2nd round pick in the 2020 NHL Draft from the Penguins '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Trevor van Riemsdyk traded to Hurricanes by Golden Knights '' . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Canadiens acquired defenseman David Schlemko `` '' . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Acquires Draft Pick , Dylan Ferguson From Dallas For Marc Methot '' . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/golden-knights-trade-alexei-emelin-predators/ Jump up ^ `` Maple Leafs acquire goalie Calvin Pickard from Vegas Golden Knights '' . Sportsnet. 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Five Players '' . Florida Panthers. 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pinkert , Chris ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Blues Sign 3 Players at Start of Free Agency '' . St. Louis Blues . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks Agree to Terms with Berube and Oesterle '' . Chicago Blackhawks. 2017 - 07 - 01 . Vegas Golden Knights Founded in 2017 Based in Paradise , Nevada Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Inaugural season History Records Award winners Personnel Owner Black Knight Sports & Entertainment ( Bill Foley ( 85 % ) , Maloof family ( 15 % ) ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Current roster Arena T - Mobile Arena Affiliates AHL Chicago Wolves Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain KRLV ( AM 1340 / FM 98.9 ) KENO ( AM 1460 ) ( Spanish broadcast ) Culture and lore `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Vegas Lights '' City National Arena National Hockey League drafts NHL Amateur Draft ( 1963 -- 1978 ) 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 NHL Entry Draft ( 1979 -- present ) 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2017 2018 2019 2020 NHL Supplemental Drafts ( 1986 -- 1994 ) 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 NHL Expansion and Dispersal Drafts 1967 1970 1972 1978 1979 1991 1992 1993 1998 1999 2000 2017 Entry Draft broadcasters 2017 -- 18 NHL season Pacific Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals See also Entry Draft Expansion Draft 100 Classic Winter Classic All - Star Game Stadium Series Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Finals Transactions Three Star Awards Suspensions and fines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NHL_Expansion_Draft&oldid=845300851 '' Categories : National Hockey League expansion drafts Vegas Golden Knights 2017 -- 18 NHL season T - Mobile Arena Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 21 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the vegas golden knights get their players from | [] | [] |
6792570406578713175 | Where Have You Gone, Charming Billy? | Where have You Gone , Charming Billy ? - Wikipedia Where have You Gone , Charming Billy ? Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Where Have You Gone , Charming Billy ? '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Where Have You Gone , Charming Billy ? '' is a short story by Tim O'Brien that was written in May 1975 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Summary 3 Characters 4 Themes Plot ( edit ) The main character , Paul Berlin , is in the Vietnam War . Recently , `` Billy Boy '' Watkins has died of a heart attack after losing a foot due to a mine . Paul is woken up by a comrade and then takes part in conversation while skirting a village , mostly talking about Watkins 's death . Then there are a series of events where Paul thinks about his family back home . He constantly wishes for his parents to be proud of his valor and courage . The irony in this story includes Paul viewing the sea as a place of safety , but once he gets there , he is still unable to rid himself of the fear that embodies him . Summary ( edit ) The story 's main character is Private First Class Paul Berlin . The story takes place during the Vietnam War . It is Paul 's first day and he is having an extremely hard time fighting anxiety and fear . One soldier in his platoon has already died from a heart attack . He was literally scared to death . Other soldiers tell Paul that they will just get used to living in the fearful jungle . Private First Class Paul Berlin is not sure if he will ever get used to the anxiety of war . `` They would have their rear guarded by three thousand miles of ocean , and they would swim and dive in to the breakers and hunt crayfish and smell salt , and they would be safe ... But even when he smelled salt and heard the sea , he could not stop being afraid . '' The conflicts in the story include person vs. self and person vs. society . These are shown by Paul trying to overcome his fears in the war , and by the fact that he went to war because he was drafted by the military . Characters ( edit ) Paul Berlin Paul 's father Paul 's mother Tobi ( Buffalo ) `` Billy Boy '' Watkins Themes ( edit ) Fear -- the major theme of this story is how scary war is . Paul Berlin experiences his fears throughout the story . `` Though he was afraid , he now knew that fear came in many degrees and types and peculiar categories ... '' Courage -- Paul Berlin learns that he has to have courage if he wants to overcome his fear of the war . Although he does not overcome his fear in the story , he learns how to overcome it , and is closer to overcoming his fear . Determination -- Paul has to have determination to stay strong in the war . When he could have dropped out of the terrifying war , he decides to fight through it and not give up . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Have_You_Gone,_Charming_Billy%3F&oldid=827835446 '' Categories : Works by Tim O'Brien 1975 short stories Short stories by Tim O'Brien Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2017 All articles lacking sources Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 00 : 49 . About Wikipedia | where have you gone billy boy short story | [] | [] |
-914985700462301887 | Gluconeogenesis | Gluconeogenesis - wikipedia Gluconeogenesis Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Glycogenesis or Glyceroneogenesis . Simplified Gluconeogenesis Pathway Gluconeogenesis ( GNG ) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates . From breakdown of proteins , these substrates include glucogenic amino acids ( although not ketogenic amino acids ) ; from breakdown of lipids ( such as triglycerides ) , they include glycerol ( although not fatty acids ) ; and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate . Gluconeogenesis is one of several main mechanisms used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood glucose levels , avoiding low levels ( hypoglycemia ) . Other means include the degradation of glycogen ( glycogenolysis ) and fatty acid catabolism . Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process , present in plants , animals , fungi , bacteria , and other microorganisms . In vertebrates , gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and , to a lesser extent , in the cortex of the kidneys . In ruminants , this tends to be a continuous process . In many other animals , the process occurs during periods of fasting , starvation , low - carbohydrate diets , or intense exercise . The process is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP , effectively making the process exergonic . For example , the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose - 6 - phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously . Gluconeogenesis is often associated with ketosis . Gluconeogenesis is also a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes , such as the antidiabetic drug , metformin , which inhibits glucose formation and stimulates glucose uptake by cells . In ruminants , because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms , gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting , low - carbohydrate diets , exercise , etc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 2 Location 3 Pathway 4 Regulation 5 References 6 External links Precursors ( edit ) Catabolism of proteinogenic amino acids . Amino acids are classified according to the abilities of their products to enter gluconeogenesis : Glucogenic amino acids have this ability Ketogenic amino acids do not . These products may still be used for ketogenesis or lipid synthesis . Some amino acids are catabolized into both glucogenic and ketogenic products . In humans the main gluconeogenic precursors are lactate , glycerol ( which is a part of the triacylglycerol molecule ) , alanine and glutamine . Altogether , they account for over 90 % of the overall gluconeogenesis . Other glucogenic amino acids as well as all citric acid cycle intermediates , the latter through conversion to oxaloacetate , can also function as substrates for gluconeogenesis . In ruminants , propionate is the principal gluconeogenic substrate . Generally , consumption of gluconeogenic substrates in food does not result in increased gluconeogenesis . Lactate is transported back to the liver where it is converted into pyruvate by the Cori cycle using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase . Pyruvate , the first designated substrate of the gluconeogenic pathway , can then be used to generate glucose . Transamination or deamination of amino acids facilitates entering of their carbon skeleton into the cycle directly ( as pyruvate or oxaloacetate ) , or indirectly via the citric acid cycle . The contribution of Cori cycle lactate to overall glucose production increases with fasting duration . Specifically , after 12 , 20 , and 40 hours of fasting by human volunteers , the contribution of Cori cycle lactate to gluconeogenesis was 41 % , 71 % , and 92 % , respectively . Whether even - chain fatty acids can be converted into glucose in animals has been a longstanding question in biochemistry . It is known that odd - chain fatty acids can be oxidized to yield propionyl - CoA , a precursor for succinyl - CoA , which can be converted to pyruvate and enter into gluconeogenesis . In plants , specifically seedlings , the glyoxylate cycle can be used to convert fatty acids ( acetate ) into the primary carbon source of the organism . The glyoxylate cycle produces four - carbon dicarboxylic acids that can enter gluconeogenesis . In 1995 , researchers identified the glyoxylate cycle in nematodes . In addition , the glyoxylate enzymes malate synthase and isocitrate lyase have been found in animal tissues . Genes coding for malate synthase have been identified in other metazoans including arthropods , echinoderms , and even some vertebrates . Mammals found to possess these genes include monotremes ( platypus ) and marsupials ( opossum ) but not placental mammals . Genes for isocitrate lyase are found only in nematodes , in which , it is apparent , they originated in horizontal gene transfer from bacteria . The existence of glyoxylate cycles in humans has not been established , and it is widely held that fatty acids can not be converted to glucose in humans directly . However , carbon - 14 has been shown to end up in glucose when it is supplied in fatty acids . Despite these findings , it is considered unlikely that the 2 - carbon acetyl - CoA derived from the oxidation of fatty acids would produce a net yield of glucose via the citric acid cycle - however , acetyl - CoA can be converted into pyruvate and lactate through the ketogenic pathway . Put simply , acetic acid ( in the form of acetyl - CoA ) is used to partially produce glucose ; acetyl groups can only form part of the glucose molecules ( not the 5th carbon atom ) and require extra substrates ( such as pyruvate ) in order to form the rest of the glucose molecule . But a roundabout pathway does lead from acetyl - coA to pyruvate , via acetoacetate , acetone , hydroxyacetone ( acetol ) and then either propylene glycol or methylglyoxal . Location ( edit ) In mammals , gluconeogenesis has been believed to be restricted to the liver , the kidney , the intestine , and muscle , but recent evidence indicates gluconeogenesis occurring in astrocytes of the brain . These organs use somewhat different gluconeogenic precursors . The liver preferentially uses lactate , alanine and glycerol ( especially alanine ) while the kidney preferentially uses lactate , glutamine and glycerol ( especially glutamine ) . Lactate from the Cori cycle , is quantitatively the largest source of substrate for gluconeogenesis , especially for the kidney . The liver uses both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to produce glucose , whereas the kidney only uses gluconeogenesis . After a meal , the liver shifts to glycogen synthesis , whereas the kidney increases gluconeogenesis . The intestine uses mostly glutamine and glycerol . Propionate is the principal substrate for gluconeogenesis in the ruminant liver , and the ruminant liver may make increased use of gluconeogenic amino acids , e.g. alanine , when glucose demand is increased . The capacity of liver cells to use lactate for gluconeogenesis declines from the preruminant stage to the ruminant stage in calves and lambs . In sheep kidney tissue , very high rates of gluconeogenesis from propionate have been observed . In all species , the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and TCA cycle intermediates is restricted to the mitochondrion , and the enzymes that convert Phosphoenolpyruvic acid ( PEP ) to glucose are found in the cytosol . The location of the enzyme that links these two parts of gluconeogenesis by converting oxaloacetate to PEP -- PEP carboxykinase ( PEPCK ) -- is variable by species : it can be found entirely within the mitochondria , entirely within the cytosol , or dispersed evenly between the two , as it is in humans . Transport of PEP across the mitochondrial membrane is accomplished by dedicated transport proteins ; however no such proteins exist for oxaloacetate . Therefore , in species that lack intra-mitochondrial PEPCK , oxaloacetate must be converted into malate or aspartate , exported from the mitochondrion , and converted back into oxaloacetate in order to allow gluconeogenesis to continue . Gluconeogenesis pathway with key molecules and enzymes . Many steps are the opposite of those found in the glycolysis . Pathway ( edit ) Gluconeogenesis is a pathway consisting of a series of eleven enzyme - catalyzed reactions . The pathway will begin in either the liver or kidney , in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of those cells , this being dependent on the substrate being used . Many of the reactions are the reverse of steps found in glycolysis . Gluconeogenesis begins in the mitochondria with the formation of oxaloacetate by the carboxylation of pyruvate . This reaction also requires one molecule of ATP , and is catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase . This enzyme is stimulated by high levels of acetyl - CoA ( produced in β - oxidation in the liver ) and inhibited by high levels of ADP and glucose . Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate using NADH , a step required for its transportation out of the mitochondria . Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate using NAD in the cytosol , where the remaining steps of gluconeogenesis take place . Oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and then phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate using the enzyme PEPCK . A molecule of GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP during this reaction . The next steps in the reaction are the same as reversed glycolysis . However , fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase converts fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate to fructose 6 - phosphate , using one water molecule and releasing one phosphate ( in glycolysis , phosphofructokinase 1 converts F6P and ATP to F1 , 6BP and ADP ) . This is also the rate - limiting step of gluconeogenesis . Glucose - 6 - phosphate is formed from fructose 6 - phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase ( the reverse of step 2 in glycolysis ) . Glucose - 6 - phosphate can be used in other metabolic pathways or dephosphorylated to free glucose . Whereas free glucose can easily diffuse in and out of the cell , the phosphorylated form ( glucose - 6 - phosphate ) is locked in the cell , a mechanism by which intracellular glucose levels are controlled by cells . The final reaction of gluconeogenesis , the formation of glucose , occurs in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum , where glucose - 6 - phosphate is hydrolyzed by glucose - 6 - phosphatase to produce glucose and release an inorganic phosphate . Like two steps prior , this step is not a simple reversal of glycolysis , in which hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose and ATP into G6P and ADP . Glucose is shuttled into the cytoplasm by glucose transporters located in the endoplasmic reticulum 's membrane . ( show ) Metabolism of common monosaccharides , including glycolysis , gluconeogenesis , glycogenesis and glycogenolysis Regulation ( edit ) While most steps in gluconeogenesis are the reverse of those found in glycolysis , three regulated and strongly endergonic reactions are replaced with more kinetically favorable reactions . Hexokinase / glucokinase , phosphofructokinase , and pyruvate kinase enzymes of glycolysis are replaced with glucose - 6 - phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , and PEP carboxykinase / pyruvate carboxylase . These enzymes are typically regulated by similar molecules , but with opposite results . For example , acetyl CoA and citrate activate gluconeogenesis enzymes ( pyruvate carboxylase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , respectively ) , while at the same time inhibiting the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase . This system of reciprocal control allow glycolysis and gluconeogenesis to inhibit each other and prevents a futile cycle of synthesizing glucose to only break it down . The majority of the enzymes responsible for gluconeogenesis are found in the cytosol ; the exceptions are mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase and , in animals , phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase . The latter exists as an isozyme located in both the mitochondrion and the cytosol . The rate of gluconeogenesis is ultimately controlled by the action of a key enzyme , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , which is also regulated through signal transduction by cAMP and its phosphorylation . Global control of gluconeogenesis is mediated by glucagon ( released when blood glucose is low ) ; it triggers phosphorylation of enzymes and regulatory proteins by Protein Kinase A ( a cyclic AMP regulated kinase ) resulting in inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis . Recent studies have shown that the absence of hepatic glucose production has no major effect on the control of fasting plasma glucose concentration . Compensatory induction of gluconeogenesis occurs in the kidneys and intestine , driven by glucagon , glucocorticoids , and acidosis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silva , Pedro . `` The Chemical Logic Behind Gluconeogenesis '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David L Nelson ; Michael M Cox ( 2000 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . USA : Worth Publishers . p. 724 . ISBN 1 - 57259 - 153 - 6 . Jump up ^ Young JW ( 1977 ) . `` Gluconeogenesis in cattle : significance and methodology '' . J. Dairy Sci. 60 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . PMID 320235 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. S0022 - 0302 ( 77 ) 83821 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hundal RS , Krssak M , Dufour S , Laurent D , Lebon V , Chandramouli V , Inzucchi SE , Schumann WC , Petersen KF , Landau BR , Shulman GI ( 2000 ) . `` Mechanism by Which Metformin Reduces Glucose Production in Type 2 Diabetes '' . Diabetes. 49 ( 12 ) : 2063 -- 9 . PMC 2995498 . PMID 11118008 . doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 49.12. 2063 . `` Free full text '' . ( 82 KiB ) ^ Jump up to : Beitz , D.C. 2004 . Carbohydrate metabolism . In : Reese , W.O. Dukes ' physiology of domestic animals . 12th ed . Cornell Univ . Press . pp. 501 - 515 . Jump up ^ Ferrier , Denise R ; Champe , Pamela C ; Harvey , Richard A ( 1 August 2004 ) . `` 20 . Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis '' . Biochemistry ( Lippincott 's Illustrated Reviews ) . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 2265 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Gerich JE , Meyer C , Woerle HJ , Stumvoll M ( 2001 ) . `` Renal gluconeogenesis : Its importance in human glucose homeostasis '' ( PDF ) . Diabetes Care . 24 ( 2 ) : 382 -- 391 . PMID 11213896 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 24.2. 382 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Charles M. Grisham ( 2002 ) . Principles of Biochemistry with a Human Focus . USA : Brooks / Cole , Thomson Learning . pp. 578 , 585 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 097369 - 4 . Jump up ^ Van Soest , P.J. 1994 . Nutritional ecology of the ruminant . 2nd Ed . Cornell Univ . Press . 476 pp . ^ Jump up to : Nuttall FQ , Ngo A , Gannon MC ( 2008 ) . `` Regulation of hepatic glucose production and the role of gluconeogenesis in humans : is the rate of gluconeogenesis constant ? '' ( PDF ) . DIABETES / METABOLISM RESEARCH AND REVIEWS. 24 ( 6 ) : 438 -- 458 . 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Jump up ^ Kondrashov FA , Koonin EV , Morgunov IG , Finogenova TV , Kondrashova MN ( 2006 ) . `` Evolution of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in Metazoa : evidence of multiple horizontal transfer events and pseudogene formation '' . Biology Direct . 1 : 31 . PMC 1630690 . PMID 17059607 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 1 - 31 . Jump up ^ Weinman EO , Strisower EH , Chaikoff IL ( 1957 ) . `` Conversion of fatty acids to carbohydrate : application of isotopes to this problem and role of the Krebs cycle as a synthetic pathway '' . Physiol. Rev. 37 ( 2 ) : 252 -- 72 . PMID 13441426 . ^ Jump up to : Glew RH ( 2010 ) . `` You can get there from here : acetone , anionic ketones and even - carbon fatty acids can provide substrates for gluconeogenesis '' . Niger J Physiol Sci. 25 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 4 . PMID 22314896 . Jump up ^ Miller ON , Bazzano G ; Bazzano ( 1965 ) . `` Propanediol metabolism and its relation to lactic acid metabolism '' . Ann NY Acad Sci. 119 ( 3 ) : 957 -- 973 . Bibcode : 1965NYASA. 119 ... 957M . PMID 4285478 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1965. tb47455. x . Jump up ^ Ruddick JA ( 1972 ) . `` Toxicology , metabolism , and biochemistry of 1 , 2 - propanediol '' . Toxicol App Pharmacol. 21 : 102 -- 111 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 008X ( 72 ) 90032 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Widmaier , Eric ( 2006 ) . Vander 's Human Physiology . McGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 282741 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Mithieux G , Rajas F , Gautier - Stein A ( 2004 ) . `` A novel role for glucose 6 - phosphatase in the small intestine in the control of glucose homeostasis . '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 279 ( 43 ) : 44231 -- 44238 . PMID 15302872 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. R400011200 . Jump up ^ Yip J , Geng X , Shen J , Ding Y ( 2017 ) . `` Cerebral Gluconeogenesis and Diseases '' . Frontiers in Pharmacology . 7 : 521 . PMC 5209353 . PMID 28101056 . doi : 10.3389 / fphar. 2016.00521 . Jump up ^ Gerich JE ( 2010 ) . `` Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus : Therapeutic implications '' . Diabetic Medicine . 27 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 142 . PMID 20546255 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1464 - 5491.2009. 02894. x . Jump up ^ Overton , T.R. , J.K. Drackley , C.J. Ottemann - Abbamonte , A.D. Beaulieu , L.S. Emmert and J.H. Clark . 1999 . Substrate utilization for hepatic gluconeogenesis is altered by increased glucose demand in ruminants . J. Anim. Sci. 77 : 1940 - 1951 . Jump up ^ Donkin , S.S. and L.E. Armentano. 1995 . Insulin and glucagon regulation of gluconeogenesis in preruminating and ruminating bovine . J. Anim. Sci. 73 : 546 - 551 . Jump up ^ Donkin SS , Armentano LE ( 1995 ) . `` Insulin and glucagon regulation of gluconeogenesis in preruminating and ruminating bovine '' . J. Anim. Sci. 73 ( 2 ) : 546 -- 51 . PMID 7601789 . ^ Jump up to : Voet , Donald ; Judith Voet ; Charlotte Pratt ( 2008 ) . Fundamentals of Biochemistry . John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12930 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chakravarty K , Cassuto H , Reshef L , Hanson RW ( 2005 ) . `` Factors that control the tissue - specific transcription of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - C '' . Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40 ( 3 ) : 129 -- 54 . PMID 15917397 . doi : 10.1080 / 10409230590935479 . Jump up ^ Mutel E , Gautier - Stein A , Abdul - Wahed A , Amigó - Correig M , Zitoun C , Stefanutti A , Houberdon I , Tourette JA , Mithieux G , Rajas F ( 2011 ) . `` Control of blood glucose in the absence of hepatic glucose production during prolonged fasting in mice : induction of renal and intestinal gluconeogenesis by glucagon '' . Diabetes. 60 ( 12 ) : 3121 -- 3131 . PMC 3219939 . PMID 22013018 . doi : 10.2337 / db11 - 0571 . External links ( edit ) Overview at indstate.edu Interactive diagram at uakron.edu The chemical logic behind gluconeogenesis metpath : Interactive representation of gluconeogenesis Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism : glycolysis / gluconeogenesis enzymes Glycolysis Hexokinase ( HK1 , HK2 , HK3 , Glucokinase ) → / Glucose 6 - phosphatase ← Glucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase 1 ( Liver , Muscle , Platelet ) → / Fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase ← Fructose - bisphosphate aldolase ( Aldolase A , B , C ) Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase ( PKLR , PKM2 ) Gluconeogenesis only to oxaloacetate : Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from lactate ( Cori cycle ) : Lactate dehydrogenase from alanine ( Alanine cycle ) : Alanine transaminase from glycerol : Glycerol kinase Glycerol dehydrogenase Regulatory Fructose 6 - P , 2 - kinase : fructose 2 , 6 - bisphosphatase PFKFB1 , PFKFB2 , PFKFB3 , PFKFB4 Bisphosphoglycerate mutase Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gluconeogenesis&oldid=796702393 '' Categories : Metabolism Biochemistry Metabolic pathways Carbohydrates Glycobiology Exercise physiology Hepatology Diabetes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when are amino acids used instead of glucose | [
"Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. From breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol (although not fatty acids); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate."
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"Gluconeogenesis (GNG)"
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( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Advaita Schools ( show ) Classical Advaita Vedanta Bhāmatī Vivarana Shaivism / Tantra / Nath Kashmir Shaivism Pratyabhijna Nath Inchegeri Sampradaya New movements Neo-Advaita Nondualism Concepts ( show ) Classical Advaita vedanta Atman Brahman Avidya Ajativada Mahāvākyas Om Tat Tvam Asi Three Bodies Aham Cause and effect Kosha Kashmir Shaivism Pratyabhijna so'ham Practices ( show ) Guru Meditation Svādhyāya Sravana , manana , nididhyasana Jnana yoga Rāja yoga `` Unfoldment of the middle '' Self - enquiry Moksha ( show ) Moksha Anubhava Turiya Sahaja Texts ( show ) Advaita Vedanta Prasthanatrayi Principal Upanishads Brahma Sutras Bhagavad Gita Shankara Upadesasahasri Attributed to Shankara Vivekachudamani Atma bodha Other Avadhuta Gita Yoga Vasistha Yoga Yajnavalkya Advaita Bodha Deepika Dŗg - Dŗśya - Viveka Vedantasara of Sadananda Kashmir Shaivism Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta Neo-Vedanta Works by Vivekananda Inchegeri Sampradaya Dasbodh Teachers ( show ) Classical Advaita Vedanta Gaudapada Adi Shankara Mandana Misra Suresvara Vācaspati Miśra Padmapadacharya Amalananda Chandrashekarendra Saraswati Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham Modern Advaita Vedanta Vijnanabhiksu Swami Sivananda Swami Chinmayananda Swami Dayananda Ramana Maharshi Nisargadatta Maharaj Shaivism / Tantra / Nath Gorakshanath Matsyendranath Advaita teachers Neo-Advaita Ramakrishna Swami Vivekananda H.W.L. 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It originally occurs in the Chandogya Upanishad 6.8. 7 , in the dialogue between Uddalaka and his son Śvetaketu ; it appears at the end of a section , and is repeated at the end of the subsequent sections as a refrain . The meaning of this saying is that the Self - in its original , pure , primordial state - is wholly or partially identifiable or identical with the Ultimate Reality that is the ground and origin of all phenomena . Major Vedantic schools offer different interpretations of the phrase : Advaita - absolute equality of ' tat ' , the Ultimate Reality , Brahman , and ' tvam ' , the Self , Atman . Shuddhadvaita - oneness in `` essence '' between ' tat ' and individual self ; but ' tat ' is the whole and self is a part . Vishishtadvaita - identity of individual self as a part of the whole which is ' tat ' , Brahman . Dvaitadvaita - equal non-difference and difference between the individual self as a part of the whole which is ' tat ' . Dvaita of Madhvacharya - `` Sa atmaa - tat tvam asi '' in Sanskrit is actually `` Sa atma - atat tvam asi '' or `` Atman , thou art not that '' . In refutation of Mayavada ( Mayavada sata dushani ) , text 6 , ' tat tvam asi '' is translated as `` you are a servant of the Supreme ( Vishnu ) '' Acintya Bheda Abheda - inconceivable oneness and difference between individual self as a part of the whole which is ' tat ' . Contents 1 In Advaita 2 In Vishishtadvaita 3 In Dvaita 3.1 Atman , That and Thou 3.2 Context and examples 4 Avadhuta Gita 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links In Advaita ( edit ) Tat tvam asi is the Mahāvākya ( Grand Pronouncement ) from Chandogya Upanishad . The Advaita school of Shankara assigns a fundamental importance to this Mahāvākya and three others of the same kind from three other Upanishads . In Vishishtadvaita ( edit ) The Vedas form the fundamental source text for everything in Hinduism . Each of the four Vedas has metaphysical speculations , known as Upanishads , at the end . Among the various discussions in these Upanishads there are mahavakyas ( Grand pronouncements ) , which are of foundational import and deep significance . Tat tvam asi ( meaning , That Thou Art ) is one such . This is from Chandogya Upanishad . Different schools of philosophy interpret such fundamental statements in significantly different ways , so as to be consistent with their own philosophical thought . Below is the interpretation of the Vishishtadvaita school . In dvaita ( edit ) The argument that AtmA + atat ( आत्मा + अतत् ) can not happen just as brahmaa + ashiraha ( ब्रह्मा + अशिरः ) can not is not valid . In the word brahmārpanam ( ब्रह्मार्पणम् ) , it can not be split as brahma+ rpanam ( ब्रह्मा + र्पणम् ) , but it can only be brahma+ arpanam ( ब्रह्मा + अर्पणम् ) . One can not even argue that since rpanam is meaningless , it has to be arpanam . The argument that AtmA + atat ( आत्मा + अतत् ) can not happen is baseless , just as brahma + arpanam ( ब्रह्मा + अर्पणम् ) can not happen is also baseless . AtmA + atat ( आत्मा + अतत् ) means Atman + atat ( आत्मन् + अतत् ) . Atman , that and thou ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Uddalaka is having dialog with his son Shvetaketu , if he is saying `` O Atman , that thou art '' , what are these words referring to ? Since `` Atman '' is addressing , `` thou '' must also refer to Atman . If `` thou '' points to the Supreme inner self , then the statement simply means `` O Supreme inner self , you , the Supreme inner self is that , Supreme inner self '' . This simply becomes a redundant statement that is trivially true . There are only two ways the triviality can go . One is Atman refers to individual self and that refers to Supreme inner self and negating their selfsameness is the purport . `` O Individual self , you are not that Supreme inner self . '' The second way is to note that in Vedic grammar , the Nominative case is representative of other cases . In Accusative case sense , it means that the very object and purpose of an Individual self is Supreme self . In Instrumental case it means that the Supreme inner self or the Lord is instrumental for every action of Individual self . In Dative case , it means the very goal of Individual self is to reach the Supreme inner self . In Ablative case , it means the very origin of Individual self is the Supreme Self . It also means that Individual self is eternally dependent on Supreme self . In Genitive case , it means that Individual self does not own anything as everything belongs to Supreme self . The individual self itself belongs to Supreme self . In Locative case it means the Individual self is located in Supreme self and thus always seeking support for the very existence . Thus in every which way , the eternal dependence is indicated . Context and examples ( edit ) Now when Shvetaketu completes his studies and comes home and shows his arrogance , that is when his father Uddalaka starts this dialog . His instructions must include something that takes away his arrogance . That being the case , why would the father address the son and tell him that the Individual self of Shvetaketu is same as the Supreme self ? No philosopher would equate the dress or the physical body to either the individual self or Supreme self . On the same token , one must not also equate the Individual self with the Supreme self . The Supreme self is not dependent on cosmic Maya to perform His actions like creation nor can He become a victim of avidya ( ignorance ) that can degenerate Him to the level of Individual self . Further , the nine examples that are given by Uddalaka to Shvetaketu speak of the differences and dependency and thus removing any scope for interpretation of identity in that statement . Avadhuta Gita ( edit ) The following was extracted from Avadhuta Gita 1.25 on Wikisource : Sanskrit in Devanagari : तत्त्वमस्यादिवाक्येन स्वात्मा हि प्रतिपादितः । नेति नेति श्रुतिर्ब्रूयादनृतं पाञ्चभौतिकम् । । २५ । । IAST : tattvamasyādivākyena svātmā hi pratipāditaḥ / neti neti śrutirbrūyādanṛtaṁ pāñcabhautikam / / 25 / / By such sentences as `` That thou art , '' our own Self is affirmed . Of that which is untrue and composed of the five elements - the Shruti ( scripture ) says , `` Not this , not this . '' See also ( edit ) Vedanta Brahman Jiva Soham ( Sanskrit ) Uddalaka Open individualism I Am that I Am References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Raphael , Edwin ( 1992 ) . The pathway of non-duality , Advaitavada : an approach to some key - points of Gaudapada 's Asparśavāda and Śaṁkara 's Advaita Vedanta by means of a series of questions answered by an Asparśin . Iia : Philosophy Series . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0929 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0929 - 1 . Source : ( 1 ) ( accessed : Tuesday April 27 , 2010 ) , p. Back Cover Jump up ^ Valerie J. Roebuck ( 2003 ). Penguin Books . London . Bibliography ( edit ) Sri Vidyaranya : Panchadashi . Ed . in Tamil with notes by Swami Gnanananda Bharati . Gnanananda Bharati Publications Trust , Madurai , 1972 . S. Radhakrishnan : The Principal Upanishads . External links ( edit ) Look up tat tvam asi in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Mahavakyas Chandogya Upanishad Chandogya Upanishad Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tat_Tvam_Asi&oldid=842801371 '' Categories : Hindu philosophical concepts Advaita Vedanta Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2012 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული മലയാളം 日本 語 Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 19 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the phrase tat tvam asi ( you are that ) refers to | [
"Tat Tvam Asi (Devanagari: तत्त्वमसि), a Sanskrit phrase, translated variously as \"Thou art that,\" (That thou art, That art thou, You are that, or That you are, or You're it) is one of the Mahāvākyas (Grand Pronouncements) in Vedantic Sanatana Dharma. It originally occurs in the Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7,[1] in the dialogue between Uddalaka and his son Śvetaketu; it appears at the end of a section, and is repeated at the end of the subsequent sections as a refrain. The meaning of this saying is that the Self - in its original, pure, primordial state - is wholly or partially identifiable or identical with the Ultimate Reality that is the ground and origin of all phenomena.\n"
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"that the Self - in its original, pure, primordial state - is wholly or partially identifiable or identical with the Ultimate Reality that is the ground and origin of all phenomena"
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1699031372871463426 | List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi (T) | List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi ( t ) - wikipedia List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi ( t ) Jump to : navigation , search This is an alphabetical list of lists of known Hindi songs performed , sung and / or recorded by Mohammed Rafi between 1942 and 1980 . Over 5,000 of his songs are listed here . Mohammed Rafi also sang in several other different languages , which might not be included here . The genre of song is first , followed by any other singers and the music director or lyricist , then Album name and Year released . `` No Fankar Tujhsa Tere Baad Aaya , Mohammed Rafi Bahut Tu Bahut Yaad Aaya '' - this song written by Anand Bakshi and sung by Mohammed Aziz with Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal from 1990 Movie Kroadh says it all about this singer . Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ( 315 ) `` Taalim Ka Tarana ( Solo - Vasant Desai / S.R. Chopra ) - Nai Taleem 1949 '' `` Taane Tandane Taane ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Iqbal Qureshi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Bindiya 1960 '' `` Taaqat Watan Ki Tum Se Hain , Himmat Watan Ki Tum Se Hain , Izzat Watan Ki Tum Se Hain , Insaan Ke Hum Rakhwale , ... Taaqat Watan Ki Hum Se Hain , Himmat Watan Ki Hum Se Hain , Izzat Watan Ki Hum Se Hain , Insaan Ke Hum Rakhwale ( Patriotic Duet Manna Dey - S.D. Burman / Neeraj ) - Prem Pujari 1970 '' `` Taar Chokhey Naamey ( Bengali Solo - Basu Manohari / Mukul Dutt ) - Rafi * * * * '' `` Taare Kitne Neel Gagan Pe Taare Teri Umar Ho Itne Saal Jitne Neel Gagan Pe Taare ( Munna Birthday Hemlata as Child - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Aap Aye Bahaar Ayee 1971 '' ( Lu Lu Lu Lu La Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu La ... ) `` Taarif Karoon Kya Uski Jis Ne Tumhe Banaya ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar ) - Kashmir Ki Kali 1964 '' ( Yeh Chand Ka Roshan Chehra Zulfon Ka Rang Sunehra Yeh Zeel Si Neeli Aankhen Koi Raaz Hain Inn Mein Gehra ... ) `` Taaron Bhari Raat Hain ( Duet Suraiya - Ghulam Mohammad / Deena Nath Madhok - Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kajal 1948 '' `` Taaron Ka Yeh Khazana ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Govind Ram / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Nisbat 1949 '' `` Taaron Ke Chhaon Mein ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Samaaj Ko Badal Dalo 1970 '' `` Taat Ka Parda ( Duet Jagdeep - Dilip Sen - Sameer Sen / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Soorma Bhopali 1988 '' `` Tabiyat Saaf Ho Gai Saaf ( Funny Multi Citalkar and Shamshad Begum - C. RamChandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sagai 1951 '' ( Ek Din Lahore Ki Thundi Sadak Par Shaam Ko Ja Rahe The Cycle Par Hum Zaroori Kaam Par Aji Samne Se Aa Rahin Thi Bubulon Ki Toliyan Rok Kar Cycle Lage Hum Sun Ne Mithi Boliyan ( Uth Jooti ) ... Bigad Gai Ban Te Ban Te Baat Huyi Woh Jooton Ki Barsaat ... ) `` Tadap Tadap Jiyawa Dehiya Mein ( Bhjpuri Solo - Babu Singh Maan / Madhukar ) - Solaho Singar Kare Dulhniya 1965 '' `` Tadapa Ke Woh Bhi Tadpe Hai Iss Ka Malal Hai ( Qawali Asha Bhosle - Iqbal Gill ) - * * * * 1989 and Kala Coat 1993 '' `` Tadpa Ke Mujhe Ab Chhod Diya ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - C. Ramchandra / Gulshan Jalalabadi ) - Namoona 1949 '' `` Taiyyab Ali Pyar Ka Dushman Haaye Haaye ... Meri Jaan Ka Dushman Haaye Haaye , Haaye Haaye , Ladka Aur Ladki Raazi , Phir Bhi Na Maane Kaazi , Yeh Zid Na Chhode , Mere Dil Ko Tode , Yeh Ban Ne Na De , Meri Salama Ko Meri Dulhan ( Qawali Enuches - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Amar Akbar Anthony 1977 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Taj Tere Liye Ek ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Gazal 1964 '' `` Takht Na Hoga Taj Na Hoga Kal Tha Lekin Aaj Na Hoga Jis Mein Sab Adhikar Na Paye Woh Sachcha Sauraj Na Hoga ( Patriotic Multi Manna Dey and Geeta Dutt - Ravi Shankar Sharma / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Aaj Aur Kal II 1963 '' `` Takra Gaya Tum Se Dil Hi To Hain , Roye Na Ye Kyun Ghayeel Bhi Ti Hain 1 ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Aan I 1952 '' ( Humko Hua Tum Se Pyaar , Ab Hain Tumhein Ifteyaar , Chahe Bana Do Chahe Mita Do , ... ) `` Takra Gaya Tumse Dil Hee to Hai Roye Na Yeh Kyun Ghayal Hi To Hain 2 ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Aan I 1952 '' ( Dil Ko Hua Tum Se Pyar , Aa Aa Ab Hai Tumhein Ikhtiyar Chahe Bana Do Chahe Mita Do ... ) `` Talkhi E Mai Mein Zara Aa Aa Aa ... Talkhi E Dil Bhhi Ghoilein ( Urdu Ghazal Solo - Taj Ahmad Khan / Krishan Adeeb ) - Yaadgaar Ghazalein Vol. 1 * * * * and Rafi Aye Jaan E Ghazal * * * * or Ghazal Ka Safar and The Golden Moments - Mohammed Rafi - Kitni Rahat Hai 1999 '' `` Tammanaon Ki Duniya Yun To Har Insaan Basata Hain Magar Paata Wohi Hain Jo Yanha Taqadir Lata Hain Mere Dost Tujhe Tera Meet Mubarak ( Bidai - Ravi ) - Dharkan 1972 '' `` Tan Mein Agni Man Mein Chubhan Kaap Utha Mera Bheega Badan O Rubba Khair O Rubba Khair O Rubba Khair Khair ( ChachaCha Duet Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Laat Saab or Saheb 1967 '' `` Tan Phoonkta Hain Dil Jalta Hain ( Solo - Hansraj Behl / A. Shah ) - Raat Ki Rani 1949 '' `` Tan Rang lo Ji Aaj Mann Rang Lo Khelo Khelo Umang Bhare Rang ( Holi Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kohinoor 1960 '' `` Tana Dhere Tana Ji , Gaayein Dil Gana ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Tanveer Naqvi ) - Miss ' 58 ( Fifty Eight ) 1958 '' `` Tane Tandane Bhai Tandane Tane ... Gore Gore Haath Lage Tokri Oothane ( Business Construction Asha Bhosle - Iqbal Qureshi ) - Bindiya 1960 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Tang Aa Chuke Hain Kasham Kashe Zindagi Se Hum Thukra Na De Jahaan Ko Hum DeDili Se Hum ( Verse Solo - S.D. Burman / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Pyaasa 1957 '' `` Tang Pochiya di Pake ... Dil lei Gayi Are Kuch Keh Gayi OO ( Punjabi Shamshad Begum - Unknown ) - Billo * * * * '' `` Taqdeer Ka Fasana , Taqdeer Ka Fasana , Ja Kar Kise Sunaye , Is Dil Mein Jal Rahin Hain Armaan Ki Chitayein 2 ( Bidai Solo - Ramlal Heerapanna / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Sehra 1963 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 2 * * * * '' `` Taqdeer Kahan Le Jayegi Malum Nahin Lekin Hai Yakin Aayegi Manzil Aayegi Manzil ( Outdoor Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Sanjh Aur Savera 1964 '' `` Taqdeer Ke Chakkar Mein ( Solo - Ravi ) - Nai Maa 1960 `` Taqdeer Ke Kalam Se Jo Likha ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Verma Malik ) - Bereham 1980 '' `` Taqdeer Mein , Aye Mere Dil , Andhere Hi Andhere Hain , Nazar Aati Nahin Manzil ( Solo - Ravindra Jain / Ravindra Jain ) - Kaanch Aur Heera 1972 '' ( Nazar Aati Nahin Manzil , Tadapane Se Bhi Kya Haasil , ... ) `` Tara Ri Yara Ri Yara Ri Tara Ri Yara Ri Yara Ri Yeh Sawan Rut Tum Aur Hum Tara Rum Tara Ra Rum ( Waltz Duet Suraiya - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Dastaan 1950 '' `` Taron Ki Chhaon Tale Shama Parwana Mile ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - S. Mohinder / Anand Bakshi ) - Zarak Khan 1963 '' `` Taron Ki Zuban Par Hain , Mohobbat Ki Kahani , Aey Chaand Mubarak Ho , Tujhe Raat Suhani ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - C. RamChandra / Parwez Shamsi ) - Nausherwan - E-ADil 1957 '' `` Tassavur Tera Ibaadat Hain ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Khumar Barabankvi ) - Love and God 1986 '' `` Tasveer Banata Hoon Teri Khoon - E-Jigar Se Khoon E Jigar Se ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Diwana 1952 '' `` Tasveer Nayan Mein Thi Jin Ki ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Chitragupt / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Raj Kanya 1955 '' `` Tasveer Teri Dil Mein , Jis Din Se Ootari Hain , Phiroon Tujhe Sang Le Ke , Naye Naye Rang Le Ke Sapanon Ki Mehfil Mein ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Salil Chowdhary / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Maya 1961 '' `` Tasveer Teri Dil Mera Behla Na Sakegi ( Solo - Ravi / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Devar Bhabhi 1958 '' `` Tasvoo Raat Ki Mehfil Saja Rahan Hoon Main ... Meri Nigaah Ne Yeh Kaisa Khwab Dekha Hain ( Solo - Manas Mukherjee ) - Lubna 1979 '' `` Tataiya Ne Dunk Mara ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Jal Mahal 1980 '' `` Tauba Re Yeh Shararat Qurban Iss Ada Ke ( Solo - G.S. Kohli ) - Jung Aur Aman 1968 '' ( Haye Kya Shararat Hai Kya Ada Hai ... ) `` Tauba Tauba Yeh Aadayein ( Solo - S. Mohinder / Akhatar Romani ) - Naya Paisa 1958 '' `` Tauba Yeh Adaayein Dekhe Se Khumaar Aaye Are Gora Tan Aisa Dilwalon Ko Pyar Aaye ( Solo - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri or Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Ehsan 1970 '' ( Ha ... ) `` Tauba Yeh Nazarein , Yeh Kaatil Isharein , Lut Gaye Ae Husn Walon , Hum Shaher Mein Tumharein , Tauba Yeh Nazarein , Yeh Kaatil Isharein , Lut Gaye Ae Husn Walon , Hum Shaher Mein Tumharein , Tauba Yeh Nazarein ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dillagi 1966 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... Aa Ha Ha Aa ... O Ho Ho O ... ) `` Tay Na Kar Paaye Jise Tu ( Solo - B.S. Kalla / Pandit Indra ) - Do Dulhe 1955 '' `` Teen Batti Wala Govind Aala ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Verma Malik ) - Muqabla 1979 '' `` Teer Chala Ke Babu Jana Na Ho Babu Jana Na ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Bipin Babul ) - Shahi Mehmaan 1955 '' `` Teer Pe Teer Khaayein Ja ( Solo - Khan Mastana - Nisar Bazmi / Khumar BaraBankvi ) - Roop Lekha 1949 '' `` Tera Aana Bhi Dhokha Tha ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Rajendra Krishan ) - Mere Apne Mere Sapne 1963 '' `` Tera Allah Beli 1 ( Duet Chitragupt Shrivastava - Chitragupt ) - SinBad Jahazi or The Sailor 1952 '' ( O Ho OO Saathi Utha BadBaan O Ho ... ) `` Tera Allah Beli 2 ( Duet Chitrigupta Shrivastava - Chitragupt ) - Sinbad Jahazi or The Sailor 1952 ( Mixed With Badbaan Song in The Movie ) '' ( Kabira Teri Zopadi ... ) `` Tera Bhi Kisi Pe Dil Aaye Phir Koi Tujhe Bhi Tadpaye Allah Kare Allah Kare Allah Kare ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Ek Sapera Ek Lutera 1965 '' `` Tera Chikna Roop Hain Aisa ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Naushad Ali / Rajendra Krishan ) - Ganwaar 1970 '' `` Tera Dil To Machalta Hoga ( Duet Sulakshana Pandit - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Phaansi 1977 '' ( Jab Aati Hogi Yaad Meri Aey ... ) `` Tera Husn Mana Badi Cheez Hain , Mera Dil Bhi Aakhir Koi Cheez Hain ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Aan 1952 '' ( Unreleased song ) ( Sitamgar Dil Mein Tere Aag - E-Ulfat Ki Laga Doonga Kasam Teri Tujhe Main Pyar Karna Bhi Seekha Doonga ... ) `` Tera Husn Rahe Mera Ishq Rahe ( Solo - Hemant Kumar / Kaifi Azmi ) - Do Dil 1965 '' `` Tera Jalwa Jis Ne Dekha ( Duet S.D. Batish - Gobindram / Tanveer Naqvi ) - Laila Majnu 1945 '' ( First Screen Appearance of Rafi ) '' `` Tera Jalwa Tauba Hain , Tera Jalwa , Jab Se Dekha Tauba Hain , Tera Jalwa , Ho OO Jee Chahe Jee Bhar Ke Taarif Karoo , O Kya Kehna Hain , Tera Jalwa ( Happy Birthday Duet Kishore Kumar - Rajesh Roshan / Anand Bakshi ) - Aap Ke Deewane 1980 '' `` Tera Jism Desh Da ( Punjabi Patrotic Solo - Sapan Jagmohan / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Udeekan * * * * '' `` Tera Jo Hain Rasta Mera Wohi Rasta ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Rajesh Roshan ) - Shakka 1983 '' ( Sachchai Se Kahani Ka , Nayi Se Purani Ka , Diwane Se Jawani Ka Hain Kya Wasta , Tera Woh Rasta ... Sun Masre Ki Hoor Tera Nahin Hain Kasoor Jawani Ki Hain Guroor ... Zara Bol Asha ... ) `` Tera Jogi Aaya ( Duet Pankaj Mitra - Sapan - Jagmohan / M.G. Hashmat ) - Mera Jeevan 1976 '' `` Tera Kaam Hain Jalna Parwane Chahe Shama Jale Ya Na Jale ( Solo - S. Mohinder / Rajendra Krishan ) - Paapi 1953 '' `` Tera Khilona Toota Balak , Tera Khilona Toota , Tera Khilona Toota Balak , Tera Khilona Toota , Hain Kismat Ne Luta Tujh Ko , Hain Kismat Ne Luta , Tera Khilona Toota ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Tanveer Naqvi ) - Anmol Ghadi 1946 '' ( Rafi was first noted by Naushad Ali as a playback singer as opposed to chorus singer with this song ) `` Tera Latka Raha Hain Latka ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Ghar Ki Laaj 1960 '' `` Tera Mera Ho Gaya Prem , Main Hoon Sahab Main Hoon Mem ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Farmaaish 1953 '' `` Tera Mera Manwa Kaise ( Solo - J.P. Kaushik / Kabir ) - Aankhin Dekhi 1978 '' `` Tera Mera Mera Tera Pyar Ho Pyari ( Duet Sulochana Kadam - Sonik / Shyam Hindi ) - Mamta 1952 '' `` Tera Mera Yaranay ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Verma Malik ) - Nagin 1976 '' `` Tera Muskurana ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Nashad Ali / Sarvar ) - Pyar Ki Dastaan 1961 '' ( Nashad Ali was also known as Shaukat Ali , Shaukat Haidari , Shaukat Dehlvi , Shaukat Husain and Shaukat Husain Haidari . ) `` Tera Naam Liya Dil Tham Liya ( Qawali Asha Bhosle - Naushad Ali / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dharam Kanta 1982 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... Dil Ke Bazar Mein , Daulat Nahin Bechi Jaati , Pyar Ho Jaye To Surat Nahin Dekhi Jaati , Aa Aa Aa ... Ek Aada Par Yeh Dil - O - Jaan Nichawar Kar Loon , Maal Accha Ho To Kimat Nahin Dekhi JAati , ... Ulfat Ko Zamana Kya Jane Aa Aa Aa Ulfat Se Hum Ne Kaam Liya ... ) `` Tera Naam Mera Naam , Laakh Mitaye Koi Mitna Sakega Teranaam Mera Naam ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Iqbal Qureshi / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Yeh Dil Kis Ko Doon 1963 '' ( Jab Tak Duniya Rahin , Rahega Tera Naam Mera Naam , ... ) `` Tera Noor Sitaron Mein Tera Rang Baharon Mein ... Mee Rakasam Mee Rakasam 1 ( Duet Chandrashekhar Gadgil - R.D. Burman ) - Harjaee 1980 '' `` Tera Noor Sitaron Mein Tera Rang Baharon Mein ... Mee Rakasam Mee Rakasam 2 ( Duet Chandrashekhar Gadgil - R.D. Burman ) - Harjaee 1980 '' `` Tera Pyaar Khuda ( Duet Manna Dey - Sonik - Omi / M.G. Hashmat ) - Do Chattaane 1974 '' `` Tera Rang Bada Hain Gora ( Solo - Ravindra Jain / Dev Kohli ) - Aakhri Kasam 1978 '' `` Tera Sheeshe Ka Saaman , Maine Toda Meri Jaan , Tera Sheeshe Ka Saaman , Maine Toda Meri Jaan , To Kya Hua , To Kya Hua , Tere Rehne Ke Liye Main Shish - Mahal Banawaoonga , Shish - Mahal Kya Karna Hain , Shish - Mahal Kya Karna Hain , Achha Hain Mera Jhopada , La Rakh De Mera Rokda ( Business Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Chacha Bhatija 1977 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Tera Woh Rasta Mera Woh Rasta ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Rajesh Roshan / Verma Malik ) - Shakka 1981 '' `` Tere Aage Bolna Dushwar Ho Gaya ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Hum Sab Chor Hain 1956 '' `` Tere Aane Ki Aas Hai Dost ... Tu Kahin ( Last Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Aas Pas 1980 '' `` Tere Andron Mail Na Jaye ( Punjabi Minoo Purushattam - Hansraj Behl ) - Morni 1975 '' `` Tere Bharose Nandlal ( Non-filmy Bhajan Solo - Unknown / Unknown ) - Tere Bharose Nandlal 1991 and This Is Mohd Rafi Saab - Ghazala And Bhajans * * * * '' `` Tere Bin Sajan Lage Na Jiya Humar , Tere Bin Sajan Lage Na Jiya Humar , ... Chhup Chhup Ke Karta Hain Ishare Chanda Sau Sau Baar , ... Kya ... Aa Tohe Sajani , Le Chaloon Nadiyan Ke Paar , Tere Bin Sajan Lage Na Jiya Humar ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Roshan Lal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Aarti II 1962 '' ( Ae Hey Baar Baar Tohe Kya Samajhayein Payal Ki Jhankaa - a-a-r , Ho OO , ... Ae Hey Baar Baar , Tohe Kya , Samajhayein , Mere , Payal Ki Jhankaar , ... Baar Baar , Tohe Kya Samajhayein , Baar Baar , Tohe Kya Samajhayein , Payal Ki Jhankaar , ... Kya ... ) `` Tere Bin Soone Nain Humarein , Tere Bin Sune , BAat Takat Gaye SAanjh Sakale , Tere Bin Sune ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Meri Surat Teri Ankhen 1963 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Tere Chahne Wale Aaye Hain ( Qawali Multi Asha Bhosle , Hemlata and Bhushan Mehta - Shankar - Jaikishan / Rajendra Krishan ) - Chhote Sarkaar 1974 '' ... ( Kahin Naam Na Apna Likh Dena ... ) `` Tere Chehere Mein Jo Hain Baat ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Rajendra Krishan ) - Chhote Sarkaar 1974 '' `` Tere Chehre Se Hate Ankh ( Solo - Chitragupt / Rajendra Krishan ) - Pyar Ka Sapna 1969 '' `` Tere Chehre Se Parda Hatana Hain ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Rajesh Roshan / Anjan ) - Muqaddar 1978 '' `` Tere Dar Pe Aaya Hoon , Kuchh Kar Ke Jaoonga , Jholi Bhar Ke Jaoonga , Yaa Mar Ke Jaoonga ( Prayer Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Laila Majnu 1976 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol . & * * * * '' `` Tere Dil Ka Makaan , Saiyan Bada Aalishan , Bolo Bolo Meri Jaan , Hain Kiraaya Kitna , Khali Dil Ka Makaan , Ban Ke Aaja Mehmaan , Aey Na Poochho Meri Jaan , Hain Kiraaya Kitna ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Do Ustad 1959 '' `` Tere Dil Ki Dhadkane Mere Dil Mein Aaye Baat Bane Ya Na Bane Pyar To Nibhaye ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Gulshan Sufi / Kaif ) - Ghamand 1955 '' `` Tere Dil Mein Zara Si Jagah ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Anokhi Ada II 1973 '' `` Tere Gesuon Ka Saaya ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Aziz Kashmiri ) - Love & Murder 1966 '' `` Tere Ghar Ke Dar - O - Deewar Se ( Solo - Kamal Rajasthani / Mehboob Sarwar ) - Mere Gharib Nawaaz 1973 '' `` Tere Ghoongru Jo Cham Cham Baaje ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S. Mohinder / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Naya Paisa 1958 '' `` Tere Haathon Mein Jeevan Ki Jeet Haar 1 ( Duet Geeta Roy aka Geeta Dutt - Mohan junior / Kaif Irfani ) - Dana Pani 1953 '' `` Tere Haathon Mein Pehnake Choodiyaan ( Qawali Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Verma Malik ) - Jaani Dushman 1979 '' `` Tere Hathon Mein Apni II ( Solo - Hansraj Behl / Prem Warbartani ) - Ek Din Ka Badshah 1964 '' `` Tere Hum O Sanam ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Sardar Malik / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Bachpan 1963 '' `` Tere Husn Ki Kya Tareef Karoon Kuch Kehte Huye Bhi Darata Hoon ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Leader 1964 '' `` Tere Is Pyar Ka Shukriya , Mere Meharbaan , Tere Is Pyar Ka Shukriya , Mere Meharbaan , Mere Meharbaan , Mere Meharbaan ( Piano Solo - N. Dutta / Datta Naik / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Aag Aur Daag 1971 '' ( Aaj Inn Haathon Mein Phir Se , Zindagi Hain Saaz Hain , Kya Kahoon Ae Husn Tujh Par , Kitna Mujh Ko Naaz Hain , ... ) `` Tere Ishq Ka Mujh Pe Hua Yeh Asar Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Verma Malik ) - Nagin 1976 '' `` Tere Jaisa Bhai Sab Ko Milein 1 ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Rajesh Roshan / Gulshan Bawra ) - Duniya Meri Jeb Mein 1979 '' `` Tere Jaisa Bhai Sab Ko Milein 2 ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Rajesh Roshan / Gulshan Bawra ) - Duniya Meri Jeb Mein 1979 '' `` Tere Jaisa Kaun Hain Tere Jaisa Koi Nahin Kaise Kaise Phool Chaman Mein Lekin Aisa Kaun Hain ( Waltz Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Tamanna 1969 '' `` Tere Karam Ki Dhoom ( Duet Jaani Babu Qawwal - G.S. Kohli / Unknown ) - Char Darvesh 1964 '' `` Tere Kooche Mein Armaan Ki Duniya Le Aaya Hoon ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Dillagi 1949 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Tere Kooche Mein Tera Diwana Aaj Dil Kho Baitha ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Kaifi Azmi ) - Heer Ranjha 1970 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Tere Laung Da ... Shehar Mein Charcha ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Aas Pas 1980 '' `` Tere Mere Sapne Ab Ek Rang Hain OOO ~ o ~ o Jahan Bhi Le Jaye Raahein Hum Sang Hain ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Guide 1965 '' `` Tere Mukhde Ka Til Kaala Kaala ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Minister 1959 '' `` Tere Naam Ka Diwana Tere Ghar Ko Dhoodhta Hain Jis Nazar Pe Phir Fida Hain Us Nazar Ko Dhoodhata Hain ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Suraj Aur Chanda 1973 '' `` Tere Nain Mere Nain Dekhte Rahein , Tere Nain Mere Nain Dekhte Rahein , Baaton Batto Mein Na Jane Kya Hua , Tere Nain Mere Nain Dekhte Rahein , Tere Nain Mere Nain Dekhte Rahein ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Rajendra Krishan ) - Rakhwala 1971 '' ( Rok Lo , Apni Mast Angadai , Dono Aalm Na , Toot Jaye Kahin , Aasman Ke Haseen , Haathon Se , Chand Suraj Na , Chhoot Jaye Kahin ... Dil Ne Dil Se Na Jane Kya Kahan Aa O ... ) `` Tere Nain Nashe De Pyale Inhe Piyenge Naseebon Wale ( Classical Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Gora Aur Kala 1972 '' `` Tere Nainon Ke Main Deep Jalaoonga Apni Aankhon Se Duniya Dikhlaoonga ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - S.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Anuraag II 1972 '' `` Tere Nainon Ne Jadoo Dala Dil Loot Liya Matwala ( Horse - Cart Lata Mangeshkar - Salil Chowdhury / Prem Dhawan ) - Tangawali 1955 '' `` Tere Nakhare Mein Garam Masala ( Duet Krishna Kalle - Shyamji Ghanshyamji / Kulwant Jaani ) - Gaal Gulabi Nain Sharabi 1974 '' ( Oye Oye Gaal Gulabi Nain Sharabi Chaal Nashili Umar Shababi Keh Magar Dilwala ... ) `` Tere Nazdeek Jaate Hain , Na Tujh Se Hain Na , Tujh Se Door Hote Hain ( Duet Ameerbai Karnataki - Ameerbai Karnataki / Akhtar Pilibhiti ) - Shahnaz 1948 '' `` Tere Paas Aa Ke Mere Waqt Guzar Jata ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Neela Akash 1965 '' `` Tere Peechhe Phirte Phirte Ho Gaya Pura Saal ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Hansraj Behl / Prem Dhawan ) - Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh 1960 '' `` Tere Pujan Ko Bhagwan Banaoon , Bank Main Aalishan ( Prayer - Chitragupt ) - Shadi 1961 '' ( ( Puja Bell Sound ) Teri Sharan Pada Hoon Data , Tu Hi Pita Hain Tu Hi Mata , Hum Sab Tere Bachhe Balein , Tu Sari Duniya Ko Palein , Das Bhagat Ka Hain Yeh Kehna , Darshan Nit Din Dete Rehna ... ) `` Tere Pyar Ne Mujhe Gham Diya ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Asad Bhopali ) - Chhaila Babu 1967 '' `` Tere Pyar Ne Yeh Kam Kiya Mere Roop Ko Badnam Kiya ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant Pyrelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Maa Aur Mamta 1970 '' ( O Ho O Aa Aa Aa OOO Haaye ... Tere Roop Ne Yeh Kaam Kiya ... ) `` Tere Sadke Mila De Mera Yaar Upar Wale ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / S.H. Bihari ) - Apna Banake Dekho 1962 '' `` Tere Sang Jeena , Tere Sang Marna , Ab Roothe Ya Jag Chhote Hum Ko Kya Darna ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyrelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Naach Uthe Sansaar 1976 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Tere Shehron Se Raja Humein Ban Hi Bhale ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naach Ghar 1959 '' `` Tere Shishe Ka Samaan ( Duet Lata mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Chacha Bhatija 1977 '' `` Teri Aankhon Ke Siva Duniya Mein Rakkha ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Chirag 1969 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 7 * * * * '' `` Teri Aawaz Ki Jadugari Se Na Jane Kis Jahaan Mein Kho Gaya Hoon ( Solo - Sapan - Jagmohan / Prem Warbartani ) - Teri Talaash Mein 1968 '' `` Teri Ada ( An Audio Documentary including streams of Rafi - Asha - Chitragupa / Kafil Azar songs ) - Mohammed Rafi : The Last Songs 2010 '' ( Planned Hindi remake of a 1962 Bengali film with the name , `` Sorry Madam '' by Dilip Bose was never made , because it may have been considered as bad luck due to loss of Dilip Bose 's wife and financial hardship . The music , however , was recorded just seven months before Rafi 's death . The music was restored by Frenchman Achille Forler of a music publishing company , Deep Emotions in a joint venture with Universal Music . Forler sent the tapes to Equus Studios in Belgium to restore and released the album in 11 - 2 - 2010 by Silk Road Communications with an additional Track `` Teri Ada '' , which gives audio documentary from Dilip Bose 's sons Bobby ( and may be Rajesh ) and Chitragupt 's sons Anand - Milind . Asha Bhosle 's Solo is Hole Re Dole Re . Forler told Deccan Herald that he was prepared to do shirshasana for one year to have a Rafi album in his catalogue -- the catalogue # is SR025 and the file is under Hindi Memorabilia. ) `` Teri Ada Kuchh Aur Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Naukar 1979 '' `` Teri Allah Karein Rakhawali ( Prayer Solo - Husnalal Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Adil - E-Jahangir 1954 '' ( Allah , Aa Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Teri Ankh Ka Jo Ishara Na Hota To Bismil Kabhi Dil Humara Na Hota ( Solo - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Nai Roshni 1967 '' `` Teri Ankhon Ka Rang Nirala Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Khayyam / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Barood 1960 '' `` Teri Ankhon Main Pyar ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Chand Mere Aaja 1960 '' `` Teri Ankhon Mein Pyar Maine Dekh Liya Gori Tu Laakh Chhupao Tu Bhi Hain Beqaraar Maine Dekh Liye Saiyan Na Baat Banao ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt ) - Chand Mere Aaja 1960 '' ( OOOOOO ... Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Teri Azadi Di Shamna ( Punjabi Patriotic Solo - Sapan Jagmohan / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Udeekan * * * * '' `` Teri Bindiya Re Haaye Haaye Teri Bindiya Re Sajan Bindiya Le Legi Teri Nindiya ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - S.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Abhimaan 1973 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... OOO ... ) `` Teri Chaal Atpat Naina Natkhat ( Solo - Sushant Bannerjee / Madhur ) - Ghar Grihasthi 1958 '' `` Teri Chahat Mein Jiye ( Multi Asha Bhosle and Usha Mangeshkar - Sajjad / Shakeel Nomani ) - Mera Shikar 1973 '' `` Teri Dhoom Har Kahin , Tujh Sa Yaar Koi Nahin , Hum Ko To Pyare Tu Sab Se Pyara , Lai Lai Lai Teri Dhun ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Kala Bazar 1960 '' ( Suraj Ke Jaise Dhulai , Chanda Si Thandak Bhi Payi , Khan Ke To Pyare Duhai ( Money Sound ) ... ) `` Teri Duniya Mein Aakar ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Avinash Vyas / Bharat Vyas ) - Aadhi Roti 1957 '' `` Teri Duniya Se Door Chale Ho Ke Majboor Humein Yaad Rakhana ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Zabak 1961 '' `` Teri Galiyon Mein Na Rakhenge Kadam Aaj Ke Baad Tere Milne Ko Na Aayenge Sanam Aaj Ke Baad ( Bidai Solo - Usha Khanna / Saawan Kumar Tak ) - Hawas 1974 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 3 * * * * '' `` Teri Gul Da ( Punjabi Duet Minoo Purshottam - Surinder Kohli / Ajit Kamal ) - Batwara Film Hits * * * * '' `` Teri Haseen Nigah ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Devi 1970 '' `` Teri Jawani Tapta Mahina Aey Najanina ( Solo - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Amaanat I 1975 '' `` Teri Jyot Jale Subah Shaam Meri Maa Paawan Hain Tera Naam Meri Maa ( Prayer Manhar Udhas and Kanchan - Kamalkant / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Jai Jwala 1972 '' `` Teri Kanak Di Rakhi Mundia ( Punjabi Duet Shamshad Begum - Hansraj Behl / Verma Malik ) - Teri Kanak Di Rakhi * * * * and Jatta Aai Visakhi Vol. 1 * * * * '' `` Teri Kasam Ho Dilruba ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Nisar Bazmi / Saba Afghani ) - Shola Jo Bhadke 1961 '' `` Teri Khushi Ke Tasvoor Mein Meri Khushi Kya Hain ( Qawali Solo - Roshan Lal / ) - Do Roti 1957 '' ( Udhar Bhi Husn Ki Chadar ... ) `` Teri Laila Ban Ke Teri Heer Ban Ke , Rani Tera Rahoonga Main Raja Ban Ke Tera Majnu Ban Ke Tera Raanza Ban Ke ( Engagement Asha Bhosle and Usha Mangeshkar - Sudhir Sen / Kaifi Azmi ) - Mangetar 1972 '' ( Tere Aankhon Mein Rahoongi Tasveer Ban Ke ... ) `` Teri Mast Nigahon Ne Banaya ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Bulo C. Rani / Indeevar ) - Magic Box 1963 '' `` Teri Meharbani Hogi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Asad Bhopali ) - Raaka 1965 '' `` Teri Mehfil Mein Aaye Hain ( Multi Asha Bhosle and Usha Mangeshkar - Sajjad / Shakeel Nomani ) - Mera Shikar 1973 '' `` Teri Mehfil Mein Dil Thame ( Solo - Ghulam Mohammad / Umar Ansari ) - Sheesha 1952 '' `` Teri Mehfil Tera Jalwa Ter Surat Dekh Li Meri Aankho Ne Issi Duniya Mein Jannat Dekh Li ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Sohni Mahiwal 1958 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... Meri Aankhon Ne Isi Duniya Mein Jannat Dekh Li ... ) `` Teri Meri Ek Marzi ( Solo - Chitragupta / Bharat Vyas ) - Baalak Aur Jaanwar 1975 '' `` Teri Meri Mohobbat Bhi Ek Amar Kahani Hain 2 ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / Verma Malik ) - Khoon Ki Takkar 1981 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Teri Nazar Ki Chaabi Ne Khola ( Solo - Nirmal Kumar / Anand Bakshi ) - Lal Nishan 1959 '' `` Teri Nazar Mein Main Rahoon ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Band Master 1963 '' `` Teri Nazar Ne ( Duet Asha Bhosle - G.S. Kohli / Farooq Qaiser ) - Jaalsaaz 1969 '' `` Teri Nazar Ne Mara ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Suresh Talwar / Jeet ) - Saahil 1959 '' `` Teri Nazar Teri Adda ( Solo - Chitragupa / Kafil Azar ) - Mohammed Rafi : The Last Songs '' ( see note under `` Teri Ada '' ) `` Teri Nazaron Ne Aisa Kata ( Solo - Dattaram Wadkar / Gulshan Bawra ) - Neeli Ankhen 1962 '' `` Teri Neeli Neeli Aankhon Ke , Dil Pe Teer Chal Gaye , Chal Gaye , Chal Gaye , Chal Gaye , Teri Neeli Neeli Aankhon Ke , Dil Pe Teer Chal Gaye , Chal Gaye , Chal Gaye , Chal Gaye , ... Yeh Dekh Ke Duniyawalon Ke , Dil Jal Gaye , Dil Gaye , Dil Gaye , Teri Neeli Neeli Aankhon Ke , Dil Pe Teer Chal Gaye , Chal Gaye , Chal Gaye ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Jaane Anjaane 1971 '' `` Teri Neeli Neeli Jacket ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Farooq Qaiser ) - Taxi Driver 1973 '' `` Teri Palkon Mein ... Kaajal Aey Haseena Hum Se Behtar Hai ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Rajesh Roshan / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Jai Vijay 1977 '' `` Teri Pasand Kya Hain ( Solo - Hansraj Behl / Prem Warbartani ) - Ek Din Ka Badshah 1964 '' `` Teri Patli Kamar ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Ravi ) - Dus Lakh 1966 '' `` Teri Pyari Pyari Surat Ko Kisi Ki Nazar Na Lage Chashme - Baddhoo Mukhade Ko Chhupa Lo Aankhon Mein Kahin Meri Nazar Na Lage ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Sasural 1961 '' ( Rafi was again the back - to - back 1961 Filmfare Award Winning Singer ) `` Teri Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( Multi Asha Bhosle and Shailendra Singh - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Suhaag 1979 '' `` Teri Reshmi Zulfein Chhoo Kar , Jab WAadein Shaba Aa Aati Hain , Har SAans Mahek JAati Hain , Har SAans Mahek JAati Hain , Tere PyAar Se Aye Mere HumDum , Khooshboo - E-Wafa Aa Aati Hain , Har SAans Mahek JAati Hain , Har SAans Mahek JAati Hain ( HorseCart Lata Mangeshkar - Usha Khanna ) - Aag 1967 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Teri Sanson Mein , Kaisi Khooshboo Hain , Ab To Hum Se Raha Bhi Na Jaayein , Teri Aankhon Mein , Kaisa Jadu Hain , Ab To Humein Raha Bhi Na Jaayein ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sapan - Jagmohan / Gauhar Kanpuri ) - Shaadi Se Pahle 1980 '' `` Teri Sharan Pada Hua Data ( Prayer Solo - Chitragupt / Rajendra Krishan ) - Shaadi 1962 '' `` Teri Shehnai Bole Sun Ke Dil Mera Dole Julmi Kahe Ko Sunaye Aaisi Taan Re Badal Ghir Ghir Aaye Papi Papihara Gaye Kaise Bas Mein Rahin Meri Jaan Re Aa aa aa Aa Aa ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Vasant Desai / Bharat Vyas ) - Goonj Uthi Shehnai 1959 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Teri Surat Se Nahin Milti Kisi Ki Surat ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Ziddi 1964 '' `` Teri Taareef Kya Karoon ( Solo - Shankar Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Brahmachari 1968 '' `` Teri Taqdeer Ka Sitara ( Multi S. Balbir and Geeta Dutt - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Zabak 1961 '' ( Bol Meri Ja Tu Kaun Hai ... Pari ... ) `` Teri Tasveer Bhi Tujh Jaisi Haseen Hain Lekin , Is Pe Kurban Meri Jaan - E-Fasee Hain Lekin , Yeh Meri Zakhmo Umango Ka Majawa To Nahin ( Solo - JaiDev / Nyay Sharma ) - Kinare Kinare 1963 '' `` Teri Tasveer Se Ankhein Meri ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Usha Khanna / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Samay Bada Balwaan 1969 '' `` Teri Teer E Nazar Ka Balam , Dil Nishana Hua ( Cha - Cha - Cha Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Bhagam Bhag 1956 '' `` Teri Tirchi Nazar Teri Patli Kamar ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Chitragupt / Bharat Vyas ) - Hamara Ghar 1950 '' `` Teri To Chand Sitaron Mein Baat Hoti Hain Chaman Chaman Mein Baharon Mein Baat Hoti Hain ( Urdu Ghazal Solo - Iqbal or Ananda Shankar and Reminder Kaushal / Muzaffar Shahjahanpuri ) - Ghazals - Mohammed Rafi By SAREGAMA * * * * '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Teri Yaad Aa Rahin Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Hazaar Raatein 1953 '' `` Teri Yaad Ki Gaaun Sargam ( Solo - Shanti Kumar Desai / Madhur ) - Tere Dwar Khade Bhagwan 1964 '' `` Teri Yaad Ne Bahut Satataya ( Solo - Unknown / Unknown ) - Unknown * * * * '' ( May Be Punjabi Film ) `` Teri Yaad Sattayein Ghadi Ghadi ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Mulkraj Bhakri ) - Bansaria 1949 '' `` Teri Zulfein Pareshaan Teri Nazarein Pashemaan Kahin Yeh Pyar Hi Na Ho Naseeb - E-Dushmana ( Solo - Kalayanji Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Preet Na Jane Reet 1964 '' `` Teri Zulfon Ke Saayein Mein ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Vinod - S. Mohinder / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Ek Ladki Saath Ladke 1961 '' `` Teri Zulfon Se Judai ( Solo - Shankar Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai 1961 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 1 * * * * '' `` Thaiya Chala Jaaye Raat Din Jeevan Ka Ghoda ( Solo - Anil Biswas / Prem Dhawan ) - Chaand 1956 '' `` Thakur Tum Saranai Aaya Tum Sarnai Aaya ( Punjabi Solo Prayer - S. Mohinder / Shabad Gurbani ) - Shabad Devotional Songs * * * * and Shabad and Devotional Songs of Mohd . Rafi 2004 '' `` Thandi Hawayein Kaali Ghatayein ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Sitara 1955 '' `` Thane Meli Musugu ( Telugu P. Susheela - C. RamChandran ) - Akbar Saleem Anarkali * * * * '' `` Thap Thup Thip Ki Taal Pe Mera Ghoda Chaal Dikhaye Lipat Lipat Kar Tange Ke Sang Raah Gujrati Jaye ( Horse - Cart Solo - Naushad Ali / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Tangewala 1972 '' `` Tharalenthaga Merisenu ( Telugu - C. RamChandran ) - Akbar Saleem Anarkali * * * * '' `` Thehar Zara O Jaaneman ( Duet Usha Khanna - Usha Khanna / Saawan Kumar Tak ) - Ladki Bholi Bhali 1976 '' `` Thehriyein Hosh Mein Aa Loon To Chale Jayiyega Hun Hun Aap Ko Dil Mein Bitha Loon To Chale Jayige Hun Hun ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Khayyam / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Mohabbat Isko Kahte Hain 1965 '' `` Thoda Ruk Jayegi to Tera Kya Jayega , Nain Bhar Ke Dekh Lenge Chain Aa Jayega , O Kamani ( Twist Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Indeevar ) - Patangaa 1971 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 4 * * * * '' `` Thoda Sa Dil Laga Ke Dekh ( Duet Shamshad Begum - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - MusafirKhana 1955 '' `` Thoda Sa Hum Ko Sharbatein Deedar ( Solo - Sudipt / Roopbani ) - Ghulam Begum Badshah 1956 '' `` Thodi Thodi Gori Hain ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Sardar Malik / Prem Dhawan ) - Superman 1960 '' `` Thukra Ke Humein Chal Diye Begana Samajhke ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Balam 1949 '' `` Thumak Thumak Chaal Chale Aankh Mein Kajal Ki Dori ( Duet Usha Mangeshkar - Shyamji Ghanshyamji / Gulshan Bawra ) - Dhoti Lota Aur Chowpatty 1975 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Thumak Thumak Chali Hain ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Kaifi Azmi ) - Ek Ke Baad Ek 1960 '' `` Thumak Thumak Teri Chaal Masatni Main Ne Sapano Mein Dekhi Roop Ke Rani ( Solo - Sonik - Omi / qamar Jalalabadi ) - Mahua 1969 '' ( Tera Rang Sunehara O Kajara Gehra Gehra ... ) `` Thumak , Thumak Thumak Thumak Haye Chali Hai Tu Kidhar ( Solo - S.D. Burman ) - Ek Ke Baad Ek 1959 '' ( Yeh Jhijhakne Yeh Thitakne Ki Ada ... ) `` Tik Tik Tik Mera Dil Bole Tune Tune Ho Sanam ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Humjoli 1970 '' ( Aa Ha Ha Aa Ha Ha ... ) `` Tin Kanashtar Peet Peet Kar gala Fadkar Chillana , YAar Mere Mat Bura Na MAan Yeh Gana Hain Na Bajana ( Eastern / Western - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Love Marriage 1959 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Tin Kanashtar Pit Pit Kar Gala Phad Kar Chillana Yaar Mere Mat Bura Maan Yeh Gana Hain Na Bajana Hain ( Twist Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Love Marriage 1959 '' ( Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Tip Tip Toe Mere Dil Hain Do ( Duet Geeta Dutt - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Mr. John 1959 '' `` Tir Pe Tir Khaye Ja , Julmo Sitam Uthaye Ja , Aey Mere Beqaraar Dil , Geet Wafa Ke Gaye Ja ( Solo - Sajjad Hussain ) - Rooplekha 1949 '' `` Tirchi Nazar Se Yun Na Dekh , ( Cat Meow ) Palat Palat Ke Yun Na Dekh , ( Cat Meow ) Mar Jaaye Rahon Mein Dilwale , Tirchhi Nazar Se Tu Na Dekh , Tirchi Nazar Se Yun Na Dekh , ( Cat Meow ) Palat Palat Ke Yun Na Dekh , ( Cat Meow ) Mar Jaaye Rahon Mein Dilwale , Aisi Nazr Se Tu Na Dekh ( Swing Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / hasrat Jaipuri ) - Ek Phool Chaar Kaante 1960 '' `` To Se Laage Naina Saiyan ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Shailendra ) - Nai Raahein 1959 '' `` Tod Diya Chashma Mera ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Modern Girl 1961 '' `` Tod Do Ahd E Mohabbat ( Urdu Ghazal Solo - Maqbool Iqbal Hussain / Aish Kanwal ) - Rafi Aye Jaan E Ghazal * * * * '' `` Todo Dil Ke Tar ( Solo - Firoz Nizami / Ishwar Chandra Kapoor ) - Amar Raj 1946 '' `` Tohi Mori Lagan Lagaye Re ( Non-Filmy Solo - Unknown / Unknown ) - Tere Bharose Nandlal 1991 '' `` Tomaader Aashirbaadey ( Begali Solo - Basu Manohari / Mukul Dutt ) - Rafi * * * * '' `` Tomar Haather Sonar Rakhee By Kazi Nazrul Islam ( Bangali - Unknown ) - Aajo Madhuro Banshori Baaje 1981 or 2011 '' `` Toot Gaya Haaye Toot Gaya , Toot Gaya Haaye Toot Gaya ( Waltz Style Multi Rajkumari and Shamshad Begum - Sajjad Hussain - Bulo C. Rani - Ram Panjwani / Mullaji ) - Magroor 1950 '' `` Toot Gaye Sab Saath Saharein ( Solo - Chitragupt / Shyam Hindi ) - Raj Darbar 1955 '' `` Toote Huye Dil Ko Ulfat Ka , Bas Itna Fasana Yaad Raha , Ik Unka Aana Yaad Raha Ik Unka Jaana Yaad Raha ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Hamari Manzil 1949 '' `` Toote huye Dil Se Mere Aawaz ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Gauna 1950 '' `` Toote Huye Khwabon Ne ( Solo - Salil Chowdhary / Shailendra ) - Madhumati 1958 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 2 and 8 * * * * '' `` Toote To Toote Koi Dil Ka Sahara ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Lagan 1971 '' `` Tora Dekhe Ja Amina By Kazi Nazrul Islam ( Bengali - Unknown ) - Aajo Madhuro Banshori Baaje 1981 or 2011 '' `` Tu Aap Hain Apna Chor , Kaahe Rapat Kare Kotwali , Tu Aap Hain Apna Chor , Kaahe Rapat Kare Kotwali ( Solo - Chitragupt / Rajendra Krishan ) - Patang 1960 '' `` Tu Aas Ka Deepak Jala ( Solo - Chitragupt / Bharat Vyas ) - Jai Mahalaxmi Maa 1976 '' `` Tu Akela Nahin ( Solo - J.P. Kaushik / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Sister 1980 '' `` Tu Baghon Ki Morni Main Panchhi Albela ( Solo - C. Ramchandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Insaniyat 1955 '' `` Tu Bande Kya Jaane ( Solo Prayer - S. Madan / Kashmir Kadar ) - Ambe Maa Jagdambe Maa 1980 '' `` Tu Bandia Ki Jane Mata De Chamatkara Nu ( Punjabi Solo Prayer - S. Madan / Kashmir Kader ) - Mittar Pyare Nu * * * * and Mata Diya Bhetan Vol. 1 * * * * and Jai Mata Sherawali 1977 '' `` Tu Been Baja Sajna ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / Verma Malik ) - Khoon Ki Takkar 1981 '' `` Tu Bemissal Hai Teri Tarif Kya Karoon Aankhon Se Pee Raha Hoon ( Piano - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Brahmachari 1967 '' `` Tu Bhi Aaa Jaa Ke Aa Gayi Rut Mastaani O Dhol Sajna Dhol Jani Meri Gali Aa Teri Meharbani ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Maryada 1971 '' `` Tu Bhi Reh Main Bhi ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Prakash Nath Sharma / Avtar Visharad ) - Ek Kadam 1947 '' `` Tu Bigdi Garib Ki Bana De Prabhuji 1 ( Prayer Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Phagun 1958 '' ( Bana De Bana De Bana De Prabhuji ... ) `` Tu Chali Aa Chali Aa Meri Mehbooba ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Kali Ghata 1979 '' `` Tu Chanda Main Chandni ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Ramesh Gupta , Gulshan Jalalabadi and Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Raja Harishchandra 1952 '' `` Tu Dil Mera Lauta De Angrezi Saheebjaade Meri Tauba ( Duet Geeta Dutt - O.P. Nayyar / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Mai Baap 1957 '' `` Tu Ek Bulbula Pani Ka ( Multi Lata Mangeshkar and Geeta Roy - Husnlal - Bhagatram ) - Naach 1949 '' ( Tu Karta Maan Jawani Ka ... ) `` Tu Gaddar Sahi Tu Makkar Sahi ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Gaddar 1973 '' `` Tu Hain Kahaan ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Log Kya Kahenge 1982 '' `` Tu Hain Ki Nahin Hain Mujhe Bhagwan Bata De ( Solo - Shri Nath Tripathi / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Inaam 1955 '' `` Tu Hain Mera Prem Devta ( Duet Manna Dey - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Kalpana 1960 '' `` Tu Hain Ya Nahin Bhagwan , Kabhi Hota Bharonsa , Kbhi Hota Bharm , Pada ulzan Mein Hain Insaan , Mat Ulzan Mein Pad Insaan ( Prayer Manna Dey and Lata Mangeshkar - Shri Nath Tripathi / Bharat Vyas ) - Janam Janam Ke Phere 1957 '' `` Tu Hi Faqir Tu Hi Hain Raja ( Duet Usha Mangeshkar - Pandurang Dikshit / Manoj Kumar ) - Shirdi Ke Saibaba 1977 '' `` Tu Hi Meri Laxmi Tuhi Meri Chhaya Duniya Mein Aaya To Teri Khatir Aaya O Laxmi Chhaya ( Twist Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Duniya 1968 '' `` Tu Hi Woh Haseen ( Solo - Ravindra Jain / Ravindra Jain ) - Khwaab 1980 '' `` Tu Hindu Banega Na Musalman Insaan Ki Aulad Hai Insaan Banega ( Patriotic Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Dhool Ka Phool 1959 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 4 * * * * * '' `` Tu Hoke Bada Ban Jaana Apni Mata Ka Rakhwala ( Solo - Ravi ) - Khandan 1965 '' ( Main Sunata Hoon Tujhe ... ) `` Tu Husn Hain , Tu Jawani Hain , Ik Aag Hain , Ik Pani Hain , Dono Ki Yeh Kahani Hain ( Qawali Type - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Yuvraaj 1979 '' ( OOOOO Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Tu Is Tarah Se Mere Zindagi Main ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Nida Fazil ) - Aap To Aise Na The 1980 '' `` Tu Itna Samajh Le Sanam , Tu Itna Samajh Le Sanam , Koi Rakhwala Hoon Main Tera , Teri Chahat Ki Mujh Ko Kasam Koi Matwala Hoon Main Tera ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Rajendra Krishan ) - Rakhwala 1971 '' `` Tu Jane Ya Na Jane Tum Jaoge Jahan ( Duet Manna Dey - Kalyanji - Anandji / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Johar Mehmood In Hong Kong 1971 '' `` Tu Jo Kahein ( Multi S. Balbir and Geeta Dutt - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Baazigar 1959 '' `` Tu Jo Likhe Kismat Aisi ( Solo - Vinod / Kaif Irfani ) - Laadla 1954 '' `` Tu Jo Nahin Koi Mera ... Zindagi Meri Yaadon Mein Khoyi Nahin ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Indeevar ) - Darinda 1977 '' `` Tu Jungal Ki Morni , Te Main Bagaana Mor , Ke Loop Chhoop Chori Chori , Aaha Ke Loop Chhoop Chori Chori , Chori Chori Loop Chhoop Aado Baata Karlaiye , Baata Karlaiye Mulaqaata Karlaiye , Mera Naam Hain Chandni Te Tera Naam Chakor Ke Loop Chhoop Chori Chori , Aaha Ke Loop Chhoop Chori Chori , Chori Chori Loop Chhoop Aado Baata Karlaiye ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Kalyanji Aanandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Raja Saab 1969 '' `` Tu Kaala Main Gori , Balam Tori Mori Bhala Ab Kaisi Jamegi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Light House 1958 '' `` Tu Kahaan Hain Balam Mere Aa Ja ( Duet Parol Ghosh aka Paro Devi - Mohammed Shafi / Behzad Lakhnavi ) - Gharana 1949 '' `` Tu Kahaan , Tu Kahaan Ye Bata Is Nashilee Raat Mein Mane Na Mera Dil Diwana Haaye Re Mane Na Mera Dil Diwana OOO ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Tere Ghar Ke Samne 1963 '' `` Tu Kahin Aas Paas Hain Dost ( Solo - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Aas Paas 1980 and Down Memory Lane - Mohammad Rafi * * * * '' `` Tu Ladki , Main Ladka , Ladka , Tu Ladki Main Ladka ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Do Ustad 1959 '' `` Tu Le Le Allah Naam , Tu Le Le Maula Naam , Tere Ban Jaaye Bigde Kaam , Tu Le Le Allah Naam , Tu Le Le Maula Naam ( Prayer Solo - Allah Rakha Qureshi / Asad Bhopali ) - Alladin II Laila 1957 '' ( Le Le Allah Ka Naam - O - Bande , Le Le Maula Naam , Le Le Allah Ka Naam - O - Bande , Le Le Maula Naam ... ) `` Tu Malik E Nijoom Hain ( Prayer Solo - Suresh Kumar / Anjaan - Yogesh Gaud ) - Lutera Aur Jadugar 1968 '' ( May Be Unreleased ) `` Tu Mera Copy - Right Main Tera Copy - Right ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Shararat 1959 '' ( Mister Sister ... ) ( Rare Because Rafi Sings for Kishore Kumar As An Actor ) `` Tu Mera Main Teri Duniya Jale To Jale Na Na Na Na Dil Tera Jaan Teri Duniya Jale To Jale ( Twist Duet Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Pyar Hi Pyar 1969 '' `` Tu Mera Ranjha Main Teri Heer ( Duet Meenu Purushottam - Surender Kohli / Mahendra Dehlvi ) - Qasam 1976 '' `` Tu Mere Samne Hain Teri Zulfein Hain Khuli Tera Aanchal Hain Dhala Main Hosh Mein Kaise Rahoon Tu Mere Samne Hain ( Beauty Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Suhagan 1964 '' `` Tu Mere Sapano Ki Rani Banegi ( Waltz Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Gora Aur Kala 1972 '' ( Ik Na Ik Din Yeh Kahani Banegi ... ) `` Tu Meri Heroine Main Tera Hero ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Chitragupt / Manohar Khanna ) - Zindagi Ke Mele 1956 '' `` Tu Mujhe Tham Le Ke Main Gir Na Jaaoon Gir na Jaaoon ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Suraj Aur Chanda 1973 '' `` Tu Ne Jo Idhar Dekha Maine Bhi Udhar Dekh ( Qawali Duet Geeta Dutt - Vasant Desai / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Ardhangini 1959 '' ( Are ... ) `` Tu Ne Le Liya Hain Dil ( Duet Geeta Dutt - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Miya Bibi Razi 1960 '' `` Tu Ne Maar Dala , Mujhe Tu Ne Maar Dala , Tere Dekh Dekh Sad Ke , Hua Dil Mein Ik Ujala , Tere Dekh Dekh Sad Ke , Mujhe Tu Ne Maar Dala , Mujhe Tu Ne Maar Dala , Tere Dekh Dekh Sad Ke ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Naina 1973 '' ( Nazar Jab Uthai Dua Ban Gayi , Nazar Jab Jhukai Aada Ban Gayi , Nazar Jab Milai Wafa Ban Gayi , Nazar Jab Churai Ada Ban Gayi , ... Priya ... Anuradha ... Mujhe ... ) `` Tu Ne Maar Ke Pyar Ki Bomb Tu Ne Mere Dil Ko Kar Diya Mom , Ab Hari Om Ab Hari Om , Ab Hari Om Ab Hari Om , Aa Aa Ha Ha ... ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Mr. Qartoon M.A. '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... Masjid Dekhi , Mandir Dekhe , Dekhe Girja Sare Pyar Na Mujh Ko Kahin Mila To Aaya Tere Dwaare , ... ) `` Tu Ne Mera Yaar Na Milaya , Main Kya Janu Teri Yeh Khudai , OOO Tu Ne Mera Yaar Na Milaya , Main Kya Janu Teri Yeh Khudai , OOO Tu Ne Mera Yaar , Tu Ne Mera Yaar , Tu Ne Mera Yaar Na Milaya , Main Kya Janu Teri Yeh Khudai ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Shama Parwana 1954 '' ( Teri Khudrat Teri Tazveer Mujhe Kya Maloom , Banti Hogi Kahin Taqdeer Mujhe Kya Maloom , O ... ) `` Tu Ne Mujhe Bulaya Shera Waliye ( Duet Narendra Chanchal - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Aasha II 1980 '' `` Tu Ne Muskura Ke Dekha ( Duet Krishna Kalle - Shri Nath Tripathi / B.D. Mishra ) - Shankar Khan 1966 '' `` Tu Ne Teri Nazar Ne To Kafir Bana Diya ( Duet Mubarak Begum - Snehal Bhatkar / Kedar Sharma ) - Fariyad 1964 '' `` Tu Ping Te Main Parchawan ( Punjabi Duet Asha Bhosle - Sardul Kwatra / Chand Pandit ) - 50 Glorious Years Of Punjabi Music Vol. 1 * * * * '' `` Tu Prem Nagar Ka Saadhu ( Duet Sabita Bannerjee - Robin Banerjee / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Masoom 1960 '' `` Tu Raat Khadi ( Duet Usha Timothy - Kalyanji Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Himalay Ki God Mein 1965 '' `` Tu Shokh Kali Main Mast Pawan ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Lachhiram Tamar / Kaifi Azmi ) - Main Suhagan Hoon 1964 '' `` Tu Yun Aasmaan Pe Khada Muskuraye ( Duet Surinder Kaur - Ustad Alla Rakha Qureshi ) - Sabak 1950 '' ( Dil Mein Kabhi , Dil Ka Dard Chhup Jata To Daag Chand ke Dil Ka Nazar Nahin Aata Ho Ho O ... ) `` Tu Yun Aasman Pe Khada Muskuraye , Tu Yun Aasman Pe Khada Muskuraye , Ke Jaise Kabhi Lab Pe Nikali Na Haaye , ... Ke Jaise Kabhi Lab Pe Nikali Na Haaye , Tu Yun Aasman Pe Khada Muskuraye , Tu Yun Aasman Pe Khada Muskuraye ( Duet Surindar Kaur - A.R. Qureshi / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Sabak 1950 '' ( Agar Hansi Mein Kabhi Dil Ka Dard Chhup Jaata , To Daag Chaand Ke Dil Ka Nazar Nahin Aata OOO Ho O ... ) `` Tu Zara Si Baat Pe Khafa Na Ho , Tu Mera Dilruba , Main Teri Dilruba ( Swing Duet Suraiya - O.P. Nayyar / Harsh ) - Mr. Lambu 1956 '' `` Tujh Ko Dekh Ke Nasha Chha Gaya ( Swing Duet Kamal Barot - Sardul Kwatra / Bismil Ludhianvi ) - Kala Chashma 1962 '' `` Tujh Ko Main Jan Gayi Maan Ya Na Maan Wayi Wayi ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Zabak 1961 '' `` Tujh Ko Na Koi Gham Mujh Ko ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Duniya Rang Rangeeli 1957 '' `` Tujh Ko Pukare Mera Pyar OOO Aaja Main To Mita Hoon Teri Chah Mein ( Solo - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Neel Kamal 1968 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 1 * * * * '' ( Aa Aaja Aaja Aaja Aa Aaja Aaja Aaja ... ) `` Tujh Mein Main Hoon Mujh Mein Tu Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Rivaaj 1972 '' `` Tujhe Apni Mujhe Apni Padi Hain ( Duet Sudha Malhotra - Shivram Krishna / Asad Bhopali ) - Rangeela Raja 1960 '' `` Tujhe Dekha Tujhe Chaha Tujehe Pooja Maine Bas Itni Khata Meri Aur Khata Kya ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Chhoti Si Mulaqat 1967 '' `` Tujhe Har Janam Mein Payenge , Bas Yehin Dua Karenege , Yeh Wada Aa Aa Aa Bhool Na Jana , Yeh Wada Aa Aa Aa Bhool Na Jana ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Maya Govind ) - Jalte Badan 1973 '' ( Wada Aa Aa Aa Bhool Na Jana , Wada Aa Aa Aa Bhool Na Jana , O Janewale Laut Ke Aana , Wada Aa Aa Aa Bhool Na Jana , O Janewale Laut Ke Aana , Wada Aa Aa Aa Bhool Na Jana , ... Tere Saath Hi Jiyenge , Tere Saath Hi Marenge , ... ) `` Tujhe Jaan E Wafa Keh Doon ( Solo - Datta Naik / Shakir Kotwi ) - Phanda 1975 '' `` Tujhe Jeevan Ki Dor Se Bandh Liya Hai Tere Julm - O - Sitam Sar Aankhon Par ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Asli Naqli I 1962 '' `` Tujhe Kya Sunaoon Mein Dilruba Tere Saamane Mera Haal Hai ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Aakhri Dao 1958 '' `` Tujhe Pyar Karte Hain , Karte Rehenge , Ke Dil Ban Ke Dil Main , Dhadkate Rehenge ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - April Fool 1964 '' `` Tujhe To ShivShankar Mil Gaye ( Solo - - Chitragupt / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Shiv Bhakt 1955 '' `` Tukade Hain Mere Dil Ke Aye Yaar Tere Aansoo Dekhe Nahin Jaate Hain DilDaar Tere Aansoo ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Mere Sanam 1965 '' `` Tum Aankh - Michauli Khel Rahe ( Solo - Chitragupt / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Shri Krishna Bhakti 1955 '' `` Tum Aise Basey Morey Nain ( Solo - Ganesh / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Saa Re Gaa Maa Paa 1972 '' `` Tum Akele To Kabhi Baag Mein Jaaya Na Karo , Tum Akele To Kabhi Baag Mein Jaaya Na Karo , Aaj Kal Phool Bhi Diwale Hua Karte Hain , Koi Kadmon Se Lipat Baitha To Phir , To Phir Kya Hoga , To Phir Kya Hoga , Tum Akele To Kabhi Baag Mein Jaaya Na Karo , Tum Akele To Kabhi Baag Mein Jaaya Na Karo , Aaj Kal Kaliyaan Badi Shokh Hua Karti Hain , Koi Shokhi Pe Utar Aaye To Phir , To Phir Kya Hoga , To Phir Kya Hoga , Tum Akele To Kabhi Baag Mein Jaaya Na Karo ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Usha Khanna / Rajendra Krishan ) - Aao Pyar Karen I 1964 '' `` Tum Apne Dil Ki Haalat Hum Se Poochchho ( Duet Master Sonik - Hansraj Behl / Asad Bhopali - Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Mast Kalandar 1955 '' `` Tum Apni Saheli Ko ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Samaaj Ko Badal Dalo 1970 '' `` Tum Bhi Jawaan Aur Hum Bhi Jawaan ( Funny Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Prem Dhawan ) - Dus Lakh 1966 '' ( Teri Patli Kamar Teri Bali Umar Teri Baankhi Ada Mein Hum Bhi Kurbaan Are ... ) `` Tum Bin Jaoon Kahan , Tum Bin Jaoon Kahan , Ke Duniya Mein Aa Ke , Kuchh Na Phir , Chaha Sanam , Tum Ko Chah Ke , Tum Bin 1 ( Solo - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Pyar Ka Mausam 1969 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 1 and 9 * * * * '' `` Tum Bin Jaoon Kahan , Tum Bin Jaoon Kahan , Ke Duniya Mein Aa Ke , Kuchh Na Phir , Chaha Sanam , Tum Ko Chah Ke , Tum Bin 2 ( Solo - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Pyar Ka Mausam 1969 '' `` Tum Bin Sajan , Barse Nayan , Jab Jab Badal Barase , Majboor Hum Majboor Tum , Dil Milne Ko Tarase ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Gaban 1966 '' `` Tum Chali Jaogi Parchhayiyan Reh Jayegi ( Solo - Khayyam / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Shagoon 1964 '' `` Tum Chhupe Huye Ho ( Solo - Shri Nath Tripathi / Prem Dhawan ) - Shiv Parvati 1962 '' `` Tum Dilli , Main Agre Mein , Mere Dil Se Nikale Haaye , Fasla , Fasla Sau Kauns Ka , Ab Yeh Sawan Beet Na Jaye , Tum Bhi Sachche Hum Bhi Sachche , ... Meri Maa Meri Maa Yeh Na Samajhe ... ( Duet Shyam Ji - Naushad Ali / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Pahele Aap 1944 '' ( First Released Hindi Film Songs ) `` Tum Ek Baar Mohabbat Ka Imtihan To Lo ( Solo - Roshan Lal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Baabar 1960 '' `` Tum Hanse To Gham Sharmaya ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Mohan Junior / Kaif Irfani ) - Dana Pani 1953 '' `` Tum Hi Ne Dard Diya Hain , Tum Hi Dawa Dena , 2 ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Jaan Nisar Akhtar ) - Chhoo Mantar 1956 '' `` Tum Hi Ne Dard Diya , Tum Hi Ne Dard Diya Hain , Tum Hi Dawa Dena , Gareeb Jaan Ke 1 ( Waltz Geeta Dutt - O.P. Nayyar / Jaan Nisar Akhtar ) - Chhoo Mantar 1956 '' ( Gareeb Jaan Ke , Gareeb Jaan Ke , Hum Ko Na Tum Mita Dena ... ) `` Tum Hi Ne Dil Mera Chheen Ke , Mujh Ko Rula Diya , Tumhi Ne Dil Mera Chheen Ke , Mujh Ko Rula Diya , Jhoote Balam Bhole Sanam Maine Tujhe Pehchan Liya , Haaye Tumhi Ne Dil Mera Chheen Ke , Mujh Ko Rula Diya ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Sardul Kwatra / Anand Bakshi ) - Air Mail II 1960 '' `` Tum Hi Se Huyi Hain Shuru ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Mera Dost 1969 '' `` Tum Hi Tum Ho Mere Jeevan Mein , Phool Hi Phool Hain Jaise Chaman Mein , Tu - m Hi Tum Ho Mere Jeevan Mein , Phool Hi Phool Hain Jaise Chaman Mein , Ek Ho Mere Tum Iss Jahaan Mein , Ek Hain Chanda Jaise Gagan Mein , Ek Ho Mere Tum Iss Jahaan Mein , Ek Hain Chanda Jaise Gagan Mein , Tum Hi Tum Ho , Tum Hi Tum Ho ( Waltz Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Ek Dil Sau Afsane 1963 '' ( Rafi Sings for Raaj Kapoor ... Rare ) `` Tum Ho Haseen Kahaan Ke Hum Chaand Aasmaan Ke Haaye Haaye Gurur Itna Haan Haan Huzur Itna Oop Yeh Ada Yeh Nasha Haan Haan Haan ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sharabi 1964 '' ( Ae Hey Hey Hey Aa Ha Ha Ha Ha O Ho O Lu La La La ... ) `` Tum Ho Haseen Kahaan Ke , ... Hum Chaand Aasman Ke , ... Haay Haay Guroor Itna , ... Haan Haan Huzoor Itna , ... Uff Yeh Ada , Haaye Yeh Nasha , ... Ha Ha Ha ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sharabi 1964 '' ( Hey Hey Hey Aa Ha Ha Ha Ho Ho Ho Lu La La La ... ) `` Tum Ho Jaao Humarein Kabhi Chaandni Raaton Mein ( Duet Surinder Kaur - Khan Mastana - Nisar Bazmi / Khumar BaraBankvi ) - Roop Lekha 1949 '' `` Tum Humein Bhool Gaye Hum Na Tumhein Bhoola Sake ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Balam 1949 '' `` Tum Ishq Ki Mehfil Ho , Tum Husn Ka Jalwa Ho , Yaa Saaje Mohabbat Par Chheda Hua Nagama Ho , Ek Baar Phir Kaho Zara , Shayir Ho Musveer Ho Maloom Nahin Kya Ho , Lagata Hai Mujhe Aisa Tum Meri Tammana Ho , ... Ek Baar Phir Kaho Zara ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Naushad Ali / Khumar Barabankvi ) - Saaz Aur Awaz 1966 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Tum Jaane Ya Hum Jaane ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Kalyanji - Anandji / Ravindra Jain ) - Kalicharan 1976 '' `` Tum Jahan Jaoge Mujh Ko Bhi Wahin Paoge Bas Ke Ab Meri Nigahon Se Kahan Jaoge , Tum Jahan Jaoge Mujh Ko Bhi Wahin Paoge Bas Ke Ab Meri Nigahon se Kahan Jaoge , Tum Jahan Jaoge ( Solo - Frank / Kaifi Azar ) - Chor Darwaza 1965 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Tum Jano , Tum Jano Ya Hum Janein , Ye Tum Jano , Tum Jano Ya Hum Jane ( Janmashthami Prayer Asha Bhosle - Kalyanji - Anandji / Ravindra Jain ) - KaliCharan 1975 '' ( Hey Hey Hey Hey ... Are Baar Baar , O Baar Baar Tum Ko Hum Sab Ka Pranam , Hum Sab Ka Pranam , O Baar Baar Tum Ko Hum Sab Ka Pranam , Tum Kitne Bade Ho , Haan Kitne Mahaan , Haan Haan Kitne Mahaan , Yeh Log Bhala Kya Pehchane , ... ) `` Tum Jaoge Jahaan Hum Ko Paoge Wahan ( Duet Manna Dey - Kalaynji Anandji ) - Johar Mahmood In Hong Kong 1971 '' ( Hum To Tere Hain Diwane Tu Jaane Ya Na Jaane ... ) `` Tum Jis Pe Nazar Dalo Us Dil Ka Khuda Hafiz Katil Bhi Khuda Jane ( Solo - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Yeh Raaste Hai Pyar Ke 1963 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Tum Jo Ho So Ho ( Duet Manna Dey - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Biradari 1966 '' `` Tum Jo Hoo Way Mere Hum - Safar Ruste Badal Gaye , Lakho Diye Mere Pyar Ki Raahon Mein Jal Gaye ( Waltz Duet Geeta Dutt - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - 12 O'Clock 1957 '' `` Tum Jo Mil Gaye Ho To Yeh Lagta Hain Ke Jahan Mil Gaya Ek Bhatke Huye Rahi Ko Carvaan Mil Gaya ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Madan Mohan Kohli / Kaifi Azmi ) - Hanste Zakhm 1973 and Mohammed Rafi Collectionn Vol. 7 * * * * '' `` Tum Kalpana Karo 2 ( Solo - C. Ramchandra / Magan ) - Bachchon Ka Khel 1946 '' `` Tum Kamsin Ho Nadaan Ho Nazuk Ho Bholi Ho Sochta Hoon Main Tumhe Pyar Na Karoon ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Ayee Milan Ki Bela 1964 '' `` Tum Kaun ? ... Mamul , Jo Puchhoonga Batalaoge , Bataloonga ( Duet UNknown Monkey Khel - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Phool Aur Patthar 1966 '' `` Tum Ko Dekha To ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Deedar - E-Yaar 1982 '' `` Tum Ko Dil De Baithe ( Duet Meena Kapoor - Bullo C. Rani / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Aabroo II 1956 '' `` Tum Ko Jyon Hi Mere Naina Choomein , Masti Mein Jhoomein Yeh Dharti Woh Aasmaan Sara Yeh Sara Jahaan Aa Aa Aa ( Duet Asha Bhosle - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Shri Ram Saaz ) - Return Of Johnny 1972 '' `` Tum Ko Khush Dekh Kar Main Bahot Khush Hua , Yeh Aankh Bhar Aayi To Kya Hua ( Friendship Duet Kishore Kumar - Rajesh Roshan / Anand Bakshi ) - Aap Ke Deewane 1980 '' `` Tum Ko Salaam Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Aasha II 1980 '' `` Tum Laakh Chhupana Chahoge , Par Pyar Chhupana Na Paoge , Kachche Dhaangese Bandhe , Sarkar Chale Aaoge , Sarkar Chale Aaoge , ( Claps ) ... Tum Laakh Chhupana Chahoge , Par Pyar Chhupana Na Paoge , Dil Ko Thame Haathonse , Khamosh Chale Jaoge , Khamosh Chale Jaoge , ( Claps ) ... Tum Laakh Chhupana Chahoge , Par Pyar Chhupana Na Paoge , Kachche Dhaangese Bandhe , Sarkar Chale Aaoge , Sarkar Chale Aaoge ( Qawali Style Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Singapore 196 ) '' `` Tum Mahalon Mein Rahenewalein ( Solo - Harilal Thakur / Ramesh Gupta ) - Chetana 1952 '' `` Tum Mard Nikaloge Ghoonghat ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - S. Mohinder / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Reporter Raju 1962 '' `` Tum Mere Pyaar Ki Duniya Mein Bansin Ho Jab Se , Tum Mere Pyaar Ki Duniya Mein Bansin Ho Jab Se , Jarre Jarre Mein Mujhe Pyaar Nazar Aata Hain , Meri Har Saans Mein Aati Hain Tumhari Khushboo , Sara Aalam Mujhe Gulzaar Nazar Aata Hain , Tum Mere Pyaar Ki Duniya Mein Bansin Ho Jab Se , Jarre Jarre Mein Mujhe Pyaar Nazar Aata Hain , Meri Har Saans Mein Aati Hain Tumhari Khushboo , Sara Aalam Mujhe Gulzaar Nazar Aata Hain , Tum Mere Pyaar Ki Duniya Mein Bansi Ho Jab Se ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Bombay Talkies 1971 '' `` Tum Mere Saath Ho ( Duet Mehmood - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Miya Bibi Razi 1960 '' `` Tum Mere Sapno Mein Aana ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Madhavi 1969 '' `` Tum Meri Ho Mere Siwa Kisi Ki Nahin Khati Hoon Kasam , Tum Meri Ho Mere Siwa Kisi Ki Nahin Khati Hoon Kasam 2 ( Engagement Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Aan Baan 1971 '' `` Tum Mile Jo Din Dhale , Peeche Peeche Hum Chale , May I Know Your Name Name Name , Ja Re Jao Mat Chale Peeche Dekho Mat Chale , Chhede Hum Ko Shame Shame Shame ( Whistle ) Tum Mile Jo Din Dhale , Peeche Peeche Hum Chale , May I Know Your Name Name Name , Ja Re Jao Mat Chale Peeche Dekho Mat Chale , Chhede Hum Ko Shame Shame Shame ( Duet Geeta Dutt - N. Datta / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Doctor ( Dr . ) Shaitan 1960 '' `` Tum Mile Woh Dil Dhale ( Duet Geeta Dutt - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Doctor ( Dr . ) Shaitan 1960 '' `` Tum Mujhe Yun , Bhula Na Paoge , Jab Kabhi Bhi , Sunoge Geet Mere , Sang Sang Tum , Bhi Gun - Gunaoge , Haan Tum Mujhe Yun , Bhula Na Paoge ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Pagla Kahin Ka 1970 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 1 and 5 * * * * '' `` Tum Nahin Yahan Hum Nahin ( Qawali Multi Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle - Kalyanji - Anandji / Varma Malik ) - Karmyogi 1978 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... Mehfil Mein Aaj Jhoomake Shabab Aa Gaya , Sitamgar Tere Sitam Ka Jabab Aa Gaya ... Aa Aa Aa ... Humse Aake Aankh Milaye , Ho OO Humse Aake Aankh Milaye , Aankh Milaye , Aankh Milyae To Kya Aankh Milaye , Tujh Mein Itna Dam Nahin , Tujh Mein Itna Dam Nahin O Aaj Faisla Ho Jayega Ho Jayega Ho Jayega Aaj Faisla Ho Jayega ... ) `` Tum Ne Kisi Ki Jaan Ko Jaate Hua Dekha Hain Woh Dekho Mujh Se Ruth Kar Meri Jaan Ja Rahi Hain ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - RajKumar 1964 '' `` Tum Ne Mujhe Dekha Ho Kar Meherabaan Ruk Gayi Yeh Zameen Thum Gaya Aasmaan ( Solo - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Teesri Manzil 1966 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 9 * * * * '' `` Tum Ne Pukara Aur Hum Chale Aaye , Dil Hatheli Par Le Aaye Re ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasarat Jaipuri ) - RajKumar 1964 '' ( AA Aa Aa ... OO ... ) `` Tum Pe Hum Qurban Kismat Ban Jayein ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Jamal Sen / Pandit Indra ) - Baghdad 1961 '' `` Tum Pe Nazil Hua Quran 2 ( Solo - Shyamji Ghanshyamji / Anjum Jaipuri ) - Deen Aur Imaan 1979 '' `` Tum Poochhte Ho Ishq Bala Hain Ke Nahin Hai Kya Jane Tumhe Hote Khuda Hai Ke Nahin Hai ( Solo - Bipin Babul / Kaifi Azmi ) - Naqli Nawab 1962 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Tum Rooth Ke Mat Jana ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Phagun 1958 '' ( Zamin Pe Aaj Sitaron Yeh Shab Nahin Bhari Bahut Udas Bahut Beqaraar Hum Bhi Hain ... OOOOOO ... ) `` Tum Sa Nahin Dekha O Tumsa Nahin Dekha , Yun To Hum Ne Lakh Haseen Dekhe Hain , Tumsa Nahin Dekha O Tumsa Nahin Dekha ( Horse - Cart Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Tumsa Nahin Dekha 1957 '' ( Yun To Hum Ne Lakh Haseen Dekhe Hai ... ) `` Tum Sab Ko Chhod Kar Aa Jaao ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Dil Ek Mandir 1963 '' ( Yahan Koi Nahin Tera ... Mere Siwa Kehti Hain Jhoomati Gaati Hawan ... ) `` Tum Samne Aa Kar Jis Dum , Jalwa Sa Dikha Jate Ho , Kuchh Tum Ko Khabar Hain Dil Mein , Ik Aag Laga Jate Ho , Tum Haath Pakad Kar Mera , Jab Pyaar Jata Jate Ho , Ik Dard Mita Dete Ho , Ik Dard Badha Jate Ho ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Khazanchi 1958 '' ( Note : This Movie Has a Diwali Song , but not by Rafi ) `` Tum Samne Baithi Raho Main Geet Gaoon Pyaar Ke , Main Geet Gaoon Pyar Ke ( Solo - Unknown ) - Unknown * * * * '' ( Mere Liye Do Bas Wahin Pal Hain Haseen Bahaar Ke ... ) ( This Beautiful Song was favorite Song of Begam Bilkis Banu , wife of Mohammed Rafi ) `` Tum Se Achha Kaun Hain , Dilo Jigar Lo Jaan Lo , Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam , Tum Humein Pehchan Lo ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Janwar 1965 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Tum Se Achha Kaun Hain , Kabhi Hum Ne Nahin Socha Tha , Aisa Din Bhi Aayega , Pani Mein Aaag Lagegi , Patthar Bhi Pighal Jayega , Dekho OOO Tumse Achha Kaun Hain ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Tumse Achha Kaun Hai 1969 '' ( Na - Jaa , Na - Jaa Na - Jaa Na - Jaa Na - Jaa ... Kabhi Hum Ne Nahin Socha Tha , Aisa Din Bhi Aayega , Pani Mein Aaag Lagegi , Patthar Bhi Pighal Jayega ... Dekho OOO ... ) `` Tum Se Dil Kya Lagaya ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Duniya Rang Rangeeli 1957 '' `` Tum Se Door RehKe ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Gulshan Bawra ) - Adalat III 1976 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Tum Se Izhar E Haal Kar Baithe ( Gazal solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Mere Mehboob 1963 '' ( Aaj Furkat Ka Khwab Tut Gaya Mil Gaye Tum Ijaab Tut Gaya ... ) `` Tum Se Kahoon Ek Baat Paron Se , Halki Halki , Raat Meri Hain Chhaon Tumhare ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dastak 1970 '' `` Tum Se Lagan Laagi ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Roshan Lal / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Madhu 1959 '' `` Tum Se Mano Na Mano Mujhe Tumse Pyar Ho Gaya Hain Tumse Kisi Kam Ke Mujhe Tumse Pyar Ho Gaya Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Iqbal Qureshi / Bharat Vyas ) - Cha Cha Cha 1964 '' ( Ha Ha Ha ( Laugh ) ... ) `` Tum Se Mila Kar Naina Meri Kismat Soyi ( Duet Binapani Mukherjee - Hansraj Behl - Azeez Khan / Mulkraj Bhakti ) - Roomal 1949 '' `` Tum Se Nahin Pehchaan Meri Lekin Aise Lagata Hai Pehle Bhi Kisi Yug Mein Apna Saath Raha Ho Jaise ( Solo - Rajesh Roshan / Verma Malik ) - Ek Hi Raasta 1977 '' `` Tum Se O Haseena Kabhi Mohobbat Na Main Ne Karni Thi , Magar Mere Dil Ne Mujhe Dhokha Diya , O Ha , Magar Mere Dil Ne Mujhe Dhokha Diya , Tum Se O Diwane Kabhi Mohobbat Na Main Ne Karni Thi , Magar Mere Dil Ne Mujhe Dhokha Diya , Magar Mere Dil Ne Mujhe Dhokha Diya ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Farz 1967 '' `` Tum To Pyar Ho Sajana , Tum To Pyar Ho , Mujhe Tum Se Pyara Aur Na Koi , Tum To Pyar Ho Sajana , Tum To Pyar Ho Sajani , Tum To Pyar Ho , Mujhe Tum Se Pyara Aur Na Koi Tum To Pyar Ho ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ramlal / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Sehra 1963 '' ( AA Aa Aa ... Tum To , ) `` Tum Tum Ta Ra Ra Turam ... Chana Jor Garam ( Multi Lata Mangeshkar , Kishore Kumar and Nitin Mukesh - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Kranti 1980 '' `` Tumaku Parunita Bhuli ( Oriya - Shantanu Mahpatra ) - Unknown 1967 '' `` Tumharein Bin Guzare Hain Kai Din ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Vishweshawar Sharma ) - Atmaram 1979 '' `` Tumharein Hain Tumse Daya Mangate Hain , Tere Ladlon Ki Dua Maangte Hain ( Children Duet Asha Bhosle as Child - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Boot Polish 1954 '' `` Tumharein Husn Se Jagmag Hai Zindagi Apni Kaho Yeh Chand Se Le Jaye Roshani Apni ... Ab Mujhe Chand Sitaron Ki Zaroorat Nahin Mil Gaye Tum To Baharon Ki Zaroorat Rahin ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi ) - Jogi 1978 '' `` Tumhari Adaon Pe ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Hongkong 1962 '' `` Tumhari Chaand Si Surat Pe ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Lala Asar Sattar / Farooq Qaiser ) - Apna Khoon Apna Dushman 1969 '' `` Tumhari Hoon Mere Ho Tum ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shri Nath Tripathi / B.D. Mishra ) - Vishnu Puraan 1973 '' `` Tumhari Mulaqat Se Mujh Ko Pata Yeh Chala Ke Mere Bhi Sine Mein Hain Dil Ek Dhadakata Hua ( Swing Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Mohabbat Zindagi Hai 1966 '' `` Tumhari Nazar , Kyun Khafa Ho Gayi , Khata Baksh Do , Gar Khata Ho Gayi , Humara Iraada To Kuchh Bhi Na Tha , Tumhari Khata , Khud Saza Ho Gayi 1 ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Do Kaliyan 1968 '' `` Tumhari Nazar , Kyun Khafa Ho Gayi , Khata Baksh Do , Gar Khata Ho Gayi , Humara Iraada To Kuchh Bhi Na Tha , Tumhari Khata , Khud Saza Ho Gayi 2 ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Do Kaliyan 1968 '' `` Tumhari Zulf Ke Saayein Mein Shaam Kar Loonga ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Kaifi Azmi ) - Naunihal 1967 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 7 * * * * '' `` Tumhein Chupke Se Dil Mein ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Vinod / Aziz Kashmiri ) - Ek Do Teen 1953 '' `` Tumhein Dekha Hai Maine , Gul - Sitan Mein , Ke Jannat Dhoondh Li Hain , Is Jahaan Mein ( Solo - R.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Chandan Ka Palna 1967 '' `` Tumhein Dil Se Chaha , Tumhein Dil Diya Hain , Yeh Wada Karoge , Bhula To Na Doge , Tum Hi Tum Ho Meri , Nigahon Mein Lekin , Nigahon Se Mujh Ko , Gira To Na Doge ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Salil Chowdhary / Shailendra ) - Chand Aur Suraj 1965 '' `` Tumhein Husn De Ke Khuda Ne ( Multi Manna Dey , Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Anand Bakshi ) - Jab Se Tumhe Dekha Hai 1963 '' `` Tumhein Kaise Kahoon Ho Jee Ho OOO Aate Jaate Na Yun Humein Chheda Karo ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naach Ghar 1959 '' `` Tumhein Main Agar Apna Saathi Bana Loon , Bata Do Mera Saath Doge Kahaan Tak , Zameen Pe Jahaan Aasmaan Mil Raha Hain , Na Chhodenge Daman Tumhara Wanhan Tak ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Shatranj 1969 '' `` Tumhein Mohabbat Hain Hum Se Mana Batao Iss Ka Saboot Kya Hain Yeh Haath Seene Pe Rakh Ke Dekho Na Poochho Iss Ka Saboot Kya Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Shewan Rizvi ) - Ek Musafir Ek Hasina 1962 '' `` Tumhein Pa Ke Hum Ne Jahan Pa Liya Hain , Zameen To Zameen Aasman Pa Liya Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Gehra Daag 1963 '' `` Tumhein Sunaye Ek Kahaani ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Kaif Irfani ) - Jal Tarang 1949 '' `` Tumhein Woh Bheegi Hui Raat Yaad Hai 1 ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Kaifi Azmi ) - Uparwala Jaane 1977 '' `` Tun Aheen Sahibi ( Sindhi Solo - Unknown / Unknown ) - Mohammed Rafi Sings Sindhi Songs 1991 '' `` Tunak Tunak Tun Bole Jiya ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Kahin Pyar Na Ho Jaye 1963 '' See also ( edit ) List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi Recorded songs ( A ) Recorded songs ( B-C ) Recorded songs ( D-F ) Recorded songs ( G ) Recorded songs ( H-I ) Recorded songs ( J ) Recorded songs ( K ) Recorded songs ( L ) Recorded songs ( M ) Recorded songs ( N ) Recorded songs ( O ) Recorded songs ( P-R ) Recorded songs ( S ) Recorded songs ( U-Z ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_Mohammed_Rafi_(T)&oldid=806795117 '' Categories : Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 05 : 39 . 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-3738403901284252182 | Somewhere Out There (James Horner song) | Somewhere Out There ( James Horner song ) - wikipedia Somewhere Out There ( James Horner song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Somewhere Out There '' Single by Linda Ronstadt and James Ingram from the album An American Tail : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Released 1986 Genre Pop Length 3 : 54 Label MCA Records Songwriter ( s ) James Horner Barry Mann Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Peter Asher Steve Tyrell `` Somewhere Out There '' is a 1986 song released by MCA Records and recorded by American singers Linda Ronstadt and James Ingram for the soundtrack of the 1986 animated film An American Tail , directed by Don Bluth . It was written by James Horner , Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil with production done by Peter Asher and Steve Tyrell serving as the associate producer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Theme 4 Awards 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Covers 8 References Background ( edit ) Steven Spielberg , the producer of An American Tail , invited songwriters Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil to collaborate with James Horner on four songs for the film 's soundtrack , to be completed in a four - week timeframe . The composers `` felt no pressure to come up with a radio - friendly hit '' and were surprised when Spielberg felt `` Somewhere Out There '' had Top 40 hit potential and recruited world - renowned recording artists , Linda Ronstadt and James Ingram , to record a pop version of the song for the film 's closing credits . In the main body of the film , `` Somewhere Out There '' was performed by Phillip Glasser and Betsy Cathcart in the characters of the anthropomorphic mice Fievel and Tanya Mousekewitz . Produced by Ronstadt 's regular producer Peter Asher , the single release of the Ronstadt / Ingram track made its debut at number 31 on the Adult Contemporary chart in Billboard dated 15 November 1986 , crossing over to the Billboard Hot 100 dated 20 December 1986 with a number 83 debut . In January 1987 `` Somewhere Out There '' returned Ronstadt to the Top 40 after a four - year absence to eventually peak at number 2 that March . The number 1 song at the time was `` Jacob 's Ladder '' by Huey Lewis and the News . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was directed , produced and edited by Jeffrey Abelson . It was filmed in New York City and features Ronstadt and Ingram , in two separate rooms , sitting at their desks , drawing and coloring scenes from the movie . They both look out the windows , in the same manner as Fievel and Tanya in the film . Clips from the movie appear throughout the video . Theme ( edit ) The lyrics of `` Somewhere Out There '' convey the love felt by two people separated by vast distances , but cheered by the belief that their love will eventually reunite them to be with each other once again . In the main body of the film , the fictional characters singing `` Somewhere Out There '' , Fievel and Tanya Mousekewitz , are brother and sister , and the love they share is described as general . However , in the end title pop version of the song , the love is described as more romantic . Awards ( edit ) At the 30th Grammy Awards , the song won two awards , one for Song of the Year and the other for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . It also garnered Ronstadt and Ingram a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . It earned nominations for Best Original Song at the 44th Golden Globe Awards and the 59th Academy Awards , but lost both to `` Take My Breath Away '' from Top Gun . At the Academy Awards ceremony , Natalie Cole performed the song live with James Ingram . Personnel ( edit ) Linda Ronstadt , James Ingram -- vocals Leland Sklar -- bass Russ Kunkel -- drums Don Grolnick - keyboards Bob Mann -- guitar , arranger , conductor Guy Moon -- synth pads Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 51 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 Covers ( edit ) In the spring of 1987 , singer Liza Minnelli performed , in the words of music critic Stephen Holden of The New York Times , `` a stunning rendition '' of the song at Carnegie Hall for her three - week concert engagement at the historic music venue . The concert was recorded by Telarc Records and released in late 1987 . Barry Mann himself covered the song in his album Soul & Inspiration , released September 21 , 1999 , through Atlantic Record Corp . Danny Pudi and Donald Glover sang the song during the first season of Community . Their cover appears on the official soundtrack release for the show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benarde , Scott R. ( 2003 ) . Stars of David : rock'n'roll's Jewish stories . Lebanon NH : Brandeis University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 58465 - 303 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Linda Ronstadt & James Ingram -- Somewhere Out There '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Linda Ronstadt & James Ingram -- Somewhere Out There '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Ronstadt : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Ronstadt -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Linda Ronstadt . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . An American Tail Films An American Tail ( 1986 ) Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Treasure of Manhattan Island ( 1998 ) Mystery of the Night Monster ( 1999 ) TV series Fievel 's American Tails Songs `` Somewhere Out There '' `` Dreams to Dream '' Video games An American Tail : Fievel Goes West An American Tail : Fievel 's Gold Rush Related articles An American Tail Theatre ( 1990 ) Linda Ronstadt Stone Poneys albums The Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt Evergreen , Volume 2 Linda Ronstadt , Stone Poneys and Friends , Vol . III Studio albums Hand Sown ... Home Grown Silk Purse Linda Ronstadt Do n't Cry Now Heart Like a Wheel Prisoner in Disguise Hasten Down the Wind Simple Dreams Living in the USA Mad Love Get Closer What 's New Lush Life For Sentimental Reasons Canciones de Mi Padre Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind Mas Canciones Frenesí Winter Light Feels Like Home Dedicated to the One I Love We Ran A Merry Little Christmas Hummin ' to Myself Collaborations Trio Santiago Trio II Western Wall : The Tucson Sessions Adieu False Heart Compilations Different Drum Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume 2 The Very Best of Linda Ronstadt Mi Jardin Azul : Las Canciones Favoritas Duets Hit singles `` Different Drum '' `` Long , Long Time '' `` You 're No Good '' `` When Will I Be Loved '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Love Is a Rose '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Blue Bayou '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Poor Poor Pitiful Me '' `` Tumbling Dice '' `` Back in the U.S.A. '' `` Ooh Baby Baby '' `` Just One Look '' `` Alison '' `` How Do I Make You '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Ca n't Let Go '' `` I Knew You When '' `` What 's New ? '' `` Somewhere Out There `` Do n't Know Much '' `` All My Life '' `` When Something Is Wrong With My Baby '' `` Walk On '' Related topics Discography Mr. Plow Book James Ingram Albums It 's Your Night Never Felt So Good It 's Real Always You Stand ( In the Light ) Singles `` Just Once '' `` One Hundred Ways '' `` Baby , Come to Me '' `` How Do You Keep the Music Playing ? '' `` Yah Mo B There '' `` What About Me ? '' `` Always '' `` Somewhere Out There '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Man '' `` The Secret Garden ( Sweet Seduction Suite ) '' `` I Do n't Have the Heart '' Book : James Ingram Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1980s ) 1980 Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - `` What a Fool Believes '' 1981 Christopher Cross - `` Sailing '' 1982 Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson - `` Always on My Mind '' 1984 Sting - `` Every Breath You Take '' 1985 Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' 1986 Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - `` We Are the World '' Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - `` That 's What Friends Are For '' James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - `` Somewhere Out There '' Bobby McFerrin - `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media `` Somewhere Out There '' ( 1988 ) `` Two Hearts '' ( 1989 ) `` Let the River Run '' ( 1990 ) `` Under the Sea '' ( 1991 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' ( 1992 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1995 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' ( 1996 ) `` Because You Loved Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( 1999 ) `` Beautiful Stranger '' ( 2000 ) `` When She Loved Me '' ( 2001 ) `` Boss of Me '' ( 2002 ) `` If I Did n't Have You '' ( 2003 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' ( 2004 ) `` Into the West '' ( 2005 ) `` Believe '' ( 2006 ) `` Our Town '' ( 2007 ) `` Love You I Do '' ( 2008 ) `` Down to Earth '' ( 2009 ) `` Jai Ho '' ( 2010 ) `` The Weary Kind '' ( 2011 ) `` I See the Light '' ( 2012 ) `` Safe & Sound '' ( 2013 ) `` Skyfall '' ( 2014 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2015 ) `` Glory '' ( 2016 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somewhere_Out_There_(James_Horner_song)&oldid=801977570 '' Categories : 1986 songs 1987 singles Linda Ronstadt songs James Ingram songs Vocal duets Songs written by James Horner Songs written by Barry Mann Pop ballads Songs written for films Songs with lyrics by Cynthia Weil Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Love themes An American Tail Grammy Award for Song of the Year MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 05 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-2888395160058789221 | Lucio | Lucio - wikipedia Lucio Lucio Pronunciation Italian : ( ˈlutʃjo ) , Spanish : ( ˈluθjo ) Gender Male Origin Word / name Latin Meaning Light Region of origin Italy , Spain , Portugal Other names Related names Lucius , Lucia , Lucy , Luci , Lucas , Luke Lucio is an Italian , Spanish , male given name derived from the Latin name Lucius . In Portuguese , the given name is accented Lúcio Lucio is also an Italian surname . Contents 1 People 2 Surname 3 Fictional characters 4 See also People ( edit ) `` Lúcio '' , ( Lucimar Ferreira da Silva ) ( born 1978 ) , Brazilian footballer Eduardo Lúcio Esteves Pereira ( born 1954 ) , Portuguese goalkeeper , an earlier football `` Lúcio '' Lucio Amanti ( born 1977 ) , Canadian cellist Lucio Battisti ( 1943 -- 1998 ) , Italian singer - songwriter Lucio Blanco ( 1879 -- 1922 ) , Mexican military officer Lúcio Carlos Cajueiro Souza ( born 1979 ) , Brazilian footballer Lucio Cabañas ( 1938 -- 1974 ) , Mexican teacher , who became a revolutionary Lúcio Costa ( 1902 -- 1998 ) , Brazilian architect and urban planner Lucio Dalla ( 1943 -- 2012 ) , Italian singer - songwriter Lúcio Teófilo da Silva ( born 1984 ) , Brazilian football player Lucio Diodati ( born 1955 ) , Italian painter Lucio Fontana ( 1899 -- 1968 ) , Italian painter and sculptor Lucio Fulci ( 1927 -- 1996 ) , Italian horror film director Lucio Gutiérrez ( born 1957 ) , President of Ecuador from 2003 -- 2005 Lucio Serrani ( born 1961 ) , Italian hammer thrower Lúcio Soares ( 1934 -- 1988 ) , Portuguese footballer Lucio Urtubia ( born 1931 ) , Spanish anarchist Lúcio Cardoso ( 1812 -- 1968 ) , Brazilian writer Lúcio Wagner ( born 1976 ) , Bulgarian footballer Lucio Derick Ayornu ( born 1992 ) , Ghana football Manager Surname ( edit ) Francisco Andres Lucio ( born 1973 ) , American record producer , singer - songwriter , musician and DJ Shannon Lucio ( born 1980 ) , American actress Hanibal Lucić ( 1485 -- 1553 ) known in Italian as Annibale Lucio , Croatian language poet and playwright from Venetian Dalmatia Johannes Lucius Croatian : Ivan Lučić , Italian : Giovanni Lucio ( 1604 -- 1679 ) historian Lucius Accius ( 170 -- c. 86 BC ) , Roman tragic poet Lucius Annaeus Seneca ( c. 4 BC -- AD 65 ) , Roman philosopher Fictional characters ( edit ) Lúcio ( Overwatch ) , a character in the 2016 video game Lucio , a minor character in Shakespeare 's Measure for Measure See also ( edit ) Lucius Lucas ( disambiguation ) Lucia ( disambiguation ) Luciano Luci San Lucio Pass Lúcio Flávio ( disambiguation ) Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucio&oldid=828467430 '' Categories : Given names Surnames Italian masculine given names Spanish masculine given names Portuguese masculine given names Latin - language surnames Italian - language surnames Spanish - language surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 18 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where does the last name lucio come from | [
"Lucio is also an Italian surname.\n"
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-4137920700744509423 | World's fair | World 's Fair - Wikipedia World 's Fair Jump to : navigation , search For the Hip - Hop Group , see World 's Fair ( group ) . A poster advertising the Brussels International Exposition `` Viking '' replica of the Gokstad Viking ship at the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair The palace of the railways and great connexions at the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism The China pavilion at the Expo 2010 A world 's fair , world fair , world expo , universal exposition , or international exposition ( sometimes expo or Expo for short ) is a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations . These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world . The most recent international exhibition , Expo 2017 , was held in Astana , Kazakhstan . Since the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions came into force , the Bureau International des Expositions ( BIE ; English : International Bureau of Exhibitions ) has served as an international sanctioning body for world 's fairs . Four types of international exhibition are organised under the auspices of the BIE : World Expos , Specialized Expos , Horticultural Expos ( regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers ) and the Triennale di Milano . Depending on their category , international exhibitions may last from three weeks to six months . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Industrialization ( 1851 -- 1938 ) 1.2 Cultural exchange ( 1939 -- 1987 ) 1.3 Nation branding ( 1988 -- present ) 2 Types 2.1 World Expos 2.2 Specialised Expos 3 List of expositions 4 Legacy 5 Current and upcoming expositions 5.1 2020 Dubai 5.2 2023 Buenos Aires 5.3 2025 bids 5.4 Non-BIE Efforts 5.5 International Horticultural Exhibition 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : List of world expositions and List of world 's fairs World 's fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions , a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris . This fair was followed by other national exhibitions in continental Europe and the United Kingdom . The best - known ' first World Expo ' was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park , London , United Kingdom , in 1851 , under the title `` Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations '' . The Great Exhibition , as it is often called , was an idea of Prince Albert , Queen Victoria 's husband , and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products . It influenced the development of several aspects of society , including art - and - design education , international trade and relations , and tourism . These events have resulted in a remarkable form of Prince Albert 's life history , one that continues to be reflected in London architecture in a number of ways , including in the Albert Memorial later erected to the Prince . This expo was the most obvious precedent for the many international exhibitions , later called world 's fairs , that have continued to be held to the present time . Since their inception in 1851 , the character of World Expos has evolved . Three eras can be distinguished : the era of industrialization , the era of cultural exchange , and the era of nation branding . Industrialization ( 1851 -- 1938 ) ( edit ) The first era could be called the era of `` industrialization '' and covered , roughly , the period from 1800 to 1938 . In these days , world expositions were especially focused on trade , and were famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements . World expositions were the platforms where the state - of - the - art in science and technology from around the world were brought together . The world expositions of 1851 London , 1853 New York , 1862 London , 1876 Philadelphia , 1889 Paris , 1893 Chicago , 1897 Brussels , 1900 Paris , 1901 Buffalo , 1904 St. Louis , 1915 San Francisco , and 1933 -- 34 Chicago were landmarks in this respect . Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era . An important part of the image of world 's fairs stems from this first era . Cultural exchange ( 1939 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Ice Follies at the Seattle 1962 World 's Fair Further information : Technological utopianism The 1939 -- 40 New York World 's Fair diverged from the original focus of the world 's fair expositions . From then on , world 's fairs adopted specific cultural themes ; they forecast a better future for society . Technological innovations were no longer the primary exhibits at fairs . The theme of the 1939 fair was `` Building the World of Tomorrow '' ; at the 1964 -- 65 New York World 's Fair , it was `` Peace Through Understanding '' ; at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal , it was `` Man and His World '' . The fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication for the exchange of innovation . The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67 . Event organizers retired the term world 's fair in favor of Expo . ( The Montreal Expos , a former Major League Baseball team , was named for the 1967 fair . ) Nation branding ( 1988 -- present ) ( edit ) From World Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards , countries started to use expos more widely and more strongly as a platform to improve their national images through their pavilions . Finland , Japan , Canada , France , and Spain are cases in point . A large study by Tjaco Walvis called `` Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers '' showed that improving national image was the primary participation goal for 73 % of the countries at Expo 2000 . In a world where a strong national image is a key asset , pavilions became advertising campaigns , and the Expo a vehicle for `` nation branding '' . Apart from cultural and symbolic reasons , organizing countries ( and the cities and regions hosting them ) also utilize the world exposition to brand themselves . According to branding expert Wally Olins , Spain used Expo ' 92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underline its new position as a modern and democratic country and present itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community . At Expo 2000 Hannover , where countries created their own architecture , the average pavilion investment was about € 12 million . Given these costs , governments are sometimes hesitant to participate , because benefits are often assumed not to outweigh the costs . Tangible effects are difficult to measure , but an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion ( which cost around € 35 million ) generated around € 350 million of potential revenues for the Dutch economy . It also identified several key success factors for world - exposition pavilions in general . Types ( edit ) St. Louis 1904 World 's Fair Boer War program . Battle recreations took 2 -- 3 hours and included several Generals and 600 veteran soldiers from both sides of the war . At the conclusion of the show , the Boer General Christiaan de Wet would escape on horseback by leaping from a height of 35 feet ( 11 m ) into a pool of water . Presently , there are two types of international exhibition : World Expos ( formally known as International Registered Exhibitions ) and Specialised Expos ( formally known as International Recognised Exhibitions ) . World Expos , previously known as universal expositions , are the biggest category events . At World Expos , participants generally build their own pavilions . They are therefore the most extravagant and most expensive expos . Their duration may be between six weeks and six months . Since 1995 , the interval between two World Expos has been at least five years . The latest World Expo Expo 2015 was held in Milan , Italy , from May 1 to October 31 , 2015 . Specialized Expos are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration ; between three weeks and three months . Previously , these Expos were called Special Exhibitions or International Specialized Exhibitions but these terms are no longer used officially . Their total surface area must not exceed 25 ha and organizers must build pavilions for the participating states , free of rent , charges , taxes and expenses . The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m . Only one Specialised Expo can be held between two World Expos . An additional two types of international exhibition may be recognized by the BIE : horticultural exhibitions , which are joint BIE and AIPH - sanctioned ' garden ' fairs in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions ; and the semi-regular Milan Triennial ( not always held every third year ) art and design exhibition , held in Milan , Italy , with the BIE granting official international exhibition status to 14 editions of the Triennale between 1996 and 2016 . World Expos ( edit ) World Expos ( formally known as International Registered Exhibitions ) encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience , and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to the theme in their representations . Registered expositions are held every 5 years because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up . As a result , nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure -- recent examples include Japan , France , Morocco & Spain at Expo ' 92 . Recent Registered Expositions include Brussels Expo ' 58 , Montreal Expo 67 , Osaka Expo ' 70 , and Seville Expo ' 92 . Sometimes prefabricated structures are also used to minimize costs for developing countries or for countries from a geographical block to share space ( i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville ' 92 ) . The only Registered ( Universal ) exposition to be held without BIE approval was the 1964 -- 1965 New York World 's Fair . The sanctioning organization at Paris denied them `` official '' status because its president , Robert Moses , did not comply with BIE rules in place at the time , namely the one limiting the duration for universal expositions to six months only . Both World 's Fairs in New York ( 1939 -- 40 and 1964 -- 65 ) have the distinction of being the only two - year world expositions in history . The Fair proceeded without BIE approval and turned to tourism and trade organizations to host national pavilions in lieu of official government sponsorship . However , a large number of countries did participate in the world 's fair including several newly independent African and Asian states . Frederick Pittera , a producer of international fairs and exhibitions and author of the history of world 's fairs in the Encyclopædia Britannica and Compton Encyclopedia , was commissioned by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. of New York City in 1959 to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964 New York World 's Fair . Pittera was joined in his study by Austrian architect Victor Gruen ( Inventor of the ' Shopping Mall ' ). The Eisenhower Commission ultimately awarded the world 's fair bid to New York City against several major U.S. cities . Since the turn of the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction expos only every five years ; following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s , some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations . The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics . The rule may apply to all expos , or it may end up that universal expositions will be restricted to every five years or so , with international or specialized expositions in the in - between years for countries wishing to celebrate a special event . The most recent universal expo is Expo 2015 in Milan . Specialised Expos ( edit ) Panoramic view of Expo 2012 Yeosu Specialized Expos ( formally known as International Recognized Exhibitions ) are usually united by a precise theme -- such as ' Future Energy ' ( Expo 2017 Astana ) , ' The Living Ocean and Cost ' ( Expo 2012 Yeosu , or ' Leisure in the Age of Technology ' ( Brisbane , Expo ' 88 ) . Such themes are more specific than the wider scope of world expositions . The Specialized Exposition , Tsukuba , Japan , popularly known as Expo ' 85 was held in the city of Tsukuba located near Tokyo . This Exposition is more formally known as `` The International Science Technology Exposition '' . Specialized Expos are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to customize pavilion space provided free of charge from the Organiser , usually with the prefabricated structure already completed . Countries then have the option of ' adding ' their own colours , design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content . List of expositions ( edit ) Main article : List of world expositions List of official world expositions ( Universal , International / Specialised , Horticultural ) according to the Bureau International des Expositions . Dates Name of Exposition Country City Category Theme 04 / 1851 -- 10 / 1851 The Great Exhibition United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland London World Expo Industry of all Nations 05 / 1855 -- 11 / 1855 Exhibition Universelle / Paris International France Paris World Expo Agriculture , Industry and Art 05 / 1862 -- 11 / 1862 International Exhibition United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland London World Expo Industry and Arts 04 / 1867 -- 11 / 1867 Exposition Universelle / Paris International France Paris World Expo Agriculture , Industry and Arts 05 / 1873 -- 10 / 1873 Weltausstellung 1873 Wien / Austrian International Exposition Austria - Hungary Vienna World Expo Culture and Education 05 / 1876 -- 11 / 1876 Centennial Exposition United States Philadelphia World Expo Arts , Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine 05 / 1878 -- 11 / 1878 Exposition Universelle / Paris International Exposition France Paris World Expo New Technologies 10 / 1880 -- 04 / 1881 Melbourne International Exhibition Australia ( colony of Victoria ) Melbourne World Expo Arts , Manufacturing , Agriculture and Industrial Products of all Nations 04 / 1888 -- 12 / 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona ( 1888 ) Spain Barcelona World Expo Fine and Industrial Arts 05 / 1889 -- 10 / 1889 Exposition Universelle / Paris International Exposition France Paris World Expo French Revolution 05 / 1893 -- 10 / 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition United States Chicago World Expo Discovery of America 05 / 1897 -- 11 / 1897 Brussels International Exposition Belgium Brussels World Expo Modern Life 04 / 1900 -- 11 / 1900 Paris International France Paris World Expo 19th Century : an overview 04 / 1904 -- 12 / 1904 Louisiana Purchase United States St. Louis World Expo Louisiana Purchase 04 / 1905 -- 11 / 1905 Liège International ( 1905 ) Belgium Liège World Expo Commemoration of the 75th anniversary of independence 04 / 1906 -- 11 / 1906 Milan International Italy Milan World Expo Transport 04 / 1910 -- 11 / 1910 Brussels International Exhibition Belgium Brussels World Expo Works of Art and Science , Agricultural and Industrial Products of All Nations 04 / 1913 -- 11 / 1913 Exposition universelle et international / Ghent International Exposition Belgium Ghent World Expo Peace , Industry and Art 02 / 1915 -- 12 / 1915 Panama -- Pacific International Exposition United States San Francisco World Expo Inauguration of the Panama Canal 05 / 1929 -- 01 / 1930 Barcelona International Exposition Spain Barcelona World Expo Arts , Industry and Sport 05 / 1933 -- 10 / 1934 Century of Progress United States Chicago World Expo The independence among Industry and scientific research 04 / 1935 -- 11 / 1935 Brussels International Exposition Belgium Brussels World Expo Transports 05 / 1936 -- 06 / 1936 ILIS 1936 Sweden Stockholm Specialised Expo Aviation 05 / 1937 -- 11 / 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne / Paris International Exposition France Paris World Expo Arts and Technology in modern life 05 / 1938 -- 05 / 1938 Second International Aeronautic Exhibition Finland Helsinki Specialised Expo Aerospace 04 / 1939 -- 10 / 1940 New York World 's Fair United States New York City World Expo Building The World of Tomorrow 05 / 1939 -- 09 / 1939 Exposition internationale de l'eau ( 1939 ) Belgium Liège Specialised Expo Art of Water 07 / 1947 -- 08 / 1947 International Exhibition on Urbanism and Housing France Paris Specialised Expo Urbanism and Housing 07 / 1949 -- 08 / 1949 Universal Sport Exhibition ( 1949 ) Sweden Stockholm Specialised Expo Sport and physical culture 09 / 1949 -- 10 / 1949 The International Exhibition of Rural Habitat in Lyon France Lyon Specialised Expo Rural Habitat 12 / 1949 -- 06 / 1950 Exposition internationale du bicentenaire de Port - au - Prince Haiti Port - au - Prince World Expo The festival of Peace 04 / 1951 -- 05 / 1951 The International Textile Exhibition France Lille Specialised Expo Textile 07 / 1953 -- 10 / 1953 EA 53 Italy Rome Specialised Expo Agriculture 09 / 1953 -- 10 / 1953 Conquest of the Desert ( exhibition ) Israel Jerusalem Specialised Expo Conquest of the Desert 05 / 1954 -- 10 / 1954 The International Exhibition of Navigation ( 1954 ) Italy Naples Specialised Expo Navigation 05 / 1955 -- 06 / 1955 The International Expo of Sport ( 1955 ) Italy Turin Specialised Expo Sport 06 / 1955 -- 08 / 1955 Helsingborg exhibition 1955 Sweden Helsingborg Specialised Expo Modern Man in the Environment 05 / 1956 -- 06 / 1956 Exhibition of citriculture Israel Beit Dagan Specialised Expo Citrus 07 / 1957 -- 09 / 1957 Interbau Germany Berlin Specialised Expo Reconstruction of Hansa District 07 / 1958 -- 09 / 1958 Brussels World 's Fair Belgium Brussels World Expo A World View : A New Humanism 05 / 1961 -- 10 / 1961 Expo 61 Italy Turin Specialised Expo Celebration of centennial of Italian unity 04 / 1962 -- 10 / 1962 Century 21 Exposition United States Seattle World Expo Man in the Space Age 06 / 1965 -- 10 / 1965 IVA 65 Germany Munich Specialised Expo Transport 04 / 1967 -- 10 / 1967 Expo ' 67 Canada Montreal World Expo Man and His World 04 / 1968 -- 10 / 1968 HemisFair ' 68 United States San Antonio Specialised Expo Confluence of Civilizations in the Americas 03 / 1970 -- 09 / 1970 Expo ' 70 Japan Osaka World Expo Progress and Harmony for Mankind 08 / 1971 -- 09 / 1971 Expo 71 Hungary Budapest Specialised Expo The Hunt through the World 05 / 1974 -- 11 / 1974 Expo ' 74 United States Spokane Specialised Expo Celebrating Tomorrow 's Fresh New Environment 07 / 1975 -- 01 / 1976 Expo ' 75 Japan Okinawa Specialised Expo The Sea We would like to See 06 / 1981 -- 07 / 1981 Expo 81 Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo Hunting 05 / 1982 -- 10 / 1982 1982 World 's Fair United States Knoxville Specialised Expo Energy Turns the World 05 / 1984 -- 11 / 1984 1984 World 's Fair United States New Orleans Specialised Expo The World of Rivers -- Fresh Water as a source of life 03 / 1985 -- 09 / 1985 1985 World 's Fair Japan Tsukuba Specialised Expo Dwellings and Surroundings -- Science and Technology for Man at Home 11 / 1985 -- 11 / 1985 Expo 85 Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo Inventions 05 / 1986 -- 10 / 1986 Expo ' 86 Canada Vancouver Specialised Expo Transportation and Communication : World in Motion - World in Touch 04 / 1988 -- 10 / 1988 Expo ' 88 Australia Brisbane Specialised Expo Leisure in the Age of Technology 06 / 1991 -- 07 / 1991 Expo 91 Bulgaria Plovdiv Specialised Expo The activity of young people in the service of a World of Peace 04 / 1992 -- 10 / 1992 Expo ' 92 Spain Seville World Expo The Era of Discovery 05 / 1992 -- 08 / 1992 Expo Colombo ' 92 Italy Genoa Specialised Expo Christopher Columbus , The Ship and the Sea 08 / 1993 -- 11 / 1993 Expo ' 93 South Korea Daejeon Specialised Expo The Challenge of a New Road of Development 05 / 1998 -- 09 / 1998 Expo ' 98 Portugal Lisbon Specialised Expo The Oceans : A Heritage for the Future 06 / 2000 -- 10 / 2000 Expo 2000 Germany Hanover World Expo Man , Nature , Technology 03 / 2005 -- 09 / 2005 Expo 2005 Japan Aichi Specialised Expo Nature 's Wisdom 06 / 2008 -- 09 / 2008 Expo 2008 Spain Zaragoza Specialised Expo Water and Sustainable development 05 / 2010 -- 10 / 2010 Expo 2010 China Shanghai World Expo Better City , Better Life 05 / 2012 -- 08 / 2012 Expo 2012 South Korea Yeosu Specialised Expo The Living Ocean and Coast 05 / 2015 -- 10 / 2015 Expo 2015 Italy Milan World Expo Feeding the planet , Energy for life 06 / 2017 -- 09 / 2017 Expo 2017 Kazakhstan Astana Specialised Expo Future Energy ASIMO at Expo 2005 in Japan . Legacy ( edit ) The iconic Space Needle and Monorail depicted on this 1962 stamp are survivors . The majority of the structures are temporary and are dismantled after the fair closes . Landmark towers from several fairs are notable exceptions . By far the most famous of these is the Eiffel Tower , built for the Exposition Universelle ( 1889 ) . Although it is now the most recognized symbol of its host city Paris , a number of influential contemporary critics opposed its construction , and there were demands for it to be dismantled after the fair 's conclusion . Other major structures that were held over from these fairs : 1851 : The Crystal Palace , from the first World 's Fair in London , designed so that it could be recycled to recoup losses , was such a success that it was moved and intended to be permanent , only to be destroyed by a fire in 1936 . 1876 : The Centennial Exposition 's main building , Memorial Hall , is still in Fairmount Park , Philadelphia , and serving as the new home for the Please Touch Museum . The space under the entrance to Memorial Hall houses a scale model of the entire Exposition . 1880 : The World Heritage - listed Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne , constructed for the Melbourne International Exhibition . 1893 : The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago is housed in the former Palace of Fine Arts , one of the last remaining buildings of the World 's Columbian Exposition . In conjunction with the fair , the Art Institute of Chicago building was built to house conferences , as the World 's Congress Auxiliary Building . The intent or hope was to make all Columbian structures permanent , but most of the structures burned , possibly the result of arson during the Pullman Strike . The foundation of the world 's first Ferris wheel , which operated at the Exposition , was unearthed on the Chicago Midway during a construction project by the University of Chicago , whose campus now surrounds the Midway . Relocated survivors include the Norway pavilion , a small house now at a museum in Wisconsin , and the Maine State Building , now at the Poland Springs Resort in Maine . 1894 : The Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park is the last major remnant of the California Midwinter International Exposition . Large ornamental wooden gates and a pagoda from the 1915 Panama - Pacific International Exposition were brought in after the latter fair closed , making the Tea Garden a rare if not unique instance of a survivor that incorporates architectural features from two completely separate fairs . 1897 : A full - scale replica of the Parthenon was built for the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition where it stands today in Centennial Park . It features plaster reproductions of the Elgin Marbles and , in 1990 , a re-creation of the original Athena Parthenos statue was installed inside just as it was in the original Parthenon in ancient Greece . 1900 : the Grand Palais and Petit Palais . 1901 : The New York State pavilion at the Pan-American Exposition remains today as the home of the Buffalo History Museum , and is set on grounds originally laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted . Across the man - made lake on the Scajaquada Creek is the Albright -- Knox Art Gallery , originally intended as the Beaux Arts Exhibition Hall , but not completed in time for the exhibition . 1904 : The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest Park , originally the Palace of the Fine Arts , and Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis , are remnants of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( held a year late , as it was originally intended to be the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase ) , better known as the St. Louis World 's Fair . The aviary in Forest Park gave root to the St. Louis Zoo . 1906 : The Civic Aquarium of Milan built for the Milan Exposition is still open after 100 years and was recently renovated . The International Commission on Occupational Health ( ICOH ) was settled in Milan during the fair and had its first congress in the Expo pavilions . In June 2006 the ICOH celebrated the first century of its life in Milan . An elevated railway with trains running at short intervals linked the fair to the city center . It was dismantled in the 1920s . 1909 : The landscaping ( by the Olmsted brothers ) from the Alaska -- Yukon -- Pacific Exposition ( AYPE ) in Seattle still forms much of the University of Washington campus . The only major building left from the AYPE , Architecture Hall , is used by the university 's architecture school . 1915 : The Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco and its adjacent artificial lagoon are the only major remnants of the Panama - Pacific International Exposition still in their original locations on the former fairgrounds ( now the city 's Marina District neighborhood ) , but the building is almost entirely a reconstruction . The plaster - surfaced original , not intended to survive the fair , was a crumbling ruin in 1964 when all but the steel framework was demolished so that it could be reproduced in concrete . The San Francisco Civic Auditorium , now the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium , is another major legacy of the fair but was built off - site in the city 's Civic Center . The independent Panama - California Exposition in San Diego left a substantial legacy of permanent buildings and other structures which today define its site , San Diego 's central Balboa Park , including the Prado walkway , the California Tower and Dome ( now home to the Museum of Man ) , the 1500 - foot Cabrillo Bridge , the lily pond and botanical gardens , and the Spreckels Organ Pavilion . 1929 : Much survives from the two simultaneous fairs Spain hosted in that year . Most famous are the remnants of the Ibero - American Exposition in Seville , in which the Spanish Pavilion 's Plaza de España forms part of a large park and forecourt . Most of that fair 's pavilions have survived and been adapted for other uses , with many of them becoming consulates - general for the countries that built them . The Barcelona International Exposition featured the famous German pavilion designed by Mies van der Rohe , which was demolished but later recreated on the original site . 1942 : A special case is the EUR quarter in Rome , built for a World 's Fair planned for 1942 but cancelled because of World War II . Today it hosts various offices , both governmental and private , and several museums . 1958 : In Brussels , the Atomium still stands at the exposition site . It is a 165 - billion - times - enlarged iron - crystal - shaped building . Until June 2012 , the `` American Theatre '' on the Expo grounds was frequently used as a television studio by the VRT . Seattle -- World 's Fair sign at 47th and Aurora , 1962 1962 : The Space Needle , theme building of the Century 21 Exposition commonly known as the Seattle World 's Fair , still stands as Seattle 's iconic landmark . The Seattle Center Monorail , the other widely known `` futuristic '' feature of the fair , still operates daily . The US pavilion became the Pacific Science Center . 1964 : The Unisphere , built for the second New York World 's Fair , still stands on its original site in Flushing Meadows , Queens , New York City . Also surviving are the building housing the New York State Museum , and the former Singer Bowl , since converted into Louis Armstrong Stadium , part of the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center , site of the US Open . 1967 : Among the structures still standing from Expo 67 in Montreal are Moshe Safdie 's Habitat 67 , Buckminster Fuller 's American pavilion the `` Montreal Biosphere , '' and the French pavilion ( now the Montreal Casino ) . 1968 : San Antonio kept the Tower of the Americas , the Institute of Texan Cultures and the Convention Center from HemisFair ' 68 . 1974 : Spokane still has its Riverfront Park that was created for Expo ' 74 -- the park remains a popular and iconic part of Spokane 's downtown . 1982 : The Sunsphere from the Knoxville World 's Fair remains as a feature of Knoxville 's skyline . 1984 : The main pavilions of the 1984 New Orleans World 's Fair became the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center , which is also known for its use as a shelter of last resort during Hurricane Katrina . 1986 : In Vancouver , many Expo 86 projects were designed as legacy projects . Of note are the Skytrain , Science World and Canada Place . 1988 : The Skyneedle , the symbol tower of Expo ' 88 in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , still stands . Other survivors are the Nepal Peace Pagoda of the Nepalese representation , now at the transformed World Expo ' 88 site South Bank Parklands , and the Japan Pond and Garden from the Japanese representation , now at the Brisbane Mount Cooth - tha Botanic Gardens . 1992 : The pavilions of Expo ' 92 in Seville had been converted into a technological square and a theme park . 1998 : The main buildings of Expo ' 98 in Lisbon were completely integrated into the city itself and many of the art exhibition pieces still remain . 2005 : The home of Satsuki & Mei Kusakabe , built for the 2005 Expo in Aichi , remains operating at its original site in Morikoro Park and is a popular tourist attraction . 2010 : The China pavilion from Expo 2010 in Shanghai , the largest display in the history of the World Expo , is now the China Art Museum , the largest art museum in Asia . 2015 : The Italian Pavilion of Expo 2015 remains on the original site . Some world 's fair sites became ( or reverted to ) parks incorporating some of the expo elements , such as : Audubon Park , New Orleans : Site of New Orleans 's World Cotton Centennial in 1884 Jackson Park , Chicago and the Chicago Midway : Site of the 1893 Columbian Exposition Centennial Park , Nashville : Tennessee Centennial Expo in 1897 Forest Park , Saint Louis : Home of the Saint Louis Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 San Diego : Panama - California Exposition ( 1915 ) & California Pacific International Exposition ( 1935 ) Seattle Center : Century 21 Exposition in 1962 Flushing Meadows Park , Queens , New York City : Site of both the 1939 New York World 's Fair and the 1964 New York World 's Fair Montreal : Expo 67 San Antonio : HemisFair ' 68 Expo Commemoration Park , Osaka : Expo ' 70 Riverfront Park , Spokane : Expo ' 74 World 's Fair Park , Knoxville : 1982 World 's Fair Vancouver : Expo 86 Brisbane : Expo ' 88 : now represented with the South Bank Parklands Seville : Expo ' 92 Daejeon ( Taejŏn ) : Expo ' 93 Lisbon : Expo ' 98 which was divided in several structures , namely Pavilhão Atlântico , Casino Lisboa , Oceanário and Pavilhão do Conhecimento ( pt ) . Shanghai Expo Park : Expo 2010 World exposition site at Rho , Milano , Lombardy District Some pavilions have been moved overseas intact : The Argentine Pavilion from the 1889 Paris was relocated to Buenos Aires , Argentina until its demolition in 1932 . The Chilean Pavilion from 1889 Paris is now in Santiago , Chile and following significant refurbishment in 1992 functions as the Museo Artequin The Peruvian Pavilion from 1900 Paris is now in Lima , as home to the Military Academy of History . The Japanese Tower of the 1900 World 's Fair in Paris was relocated to Laken ( Brussels ) on request of King Leopold II of Belgium . The Belgium Pavilion from the 1939 New York World 's Fair was relocated to Virginia Union University in Richmond , Virginia . The USSR Pavilion from Expo 67 is now in Moscow . The Sanyo Pavilion from Expo ' 70 is the Asian Centre at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver . The Portugal Pavilion from Expo 2000 is now in Coimbra , Portugal . The United Arab Emirates Pavilion from Expo 2010 is now in Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi in UAE The Bahrain Pavilion from Expo 2015 is relocated to Bahrain. The Azerbaijan Pavilion is in the country 's capital Baku. The Chinese Pavilion was brought back to Qingdao and is on the site of the 2014 horticultural exhibition . The Save the Children Italy pavilion from Expo 2015 was dismantled and re-built as school for Syrian refugee children in Lebanon . The Brussels Expo ' 58 relocated many pavilions within Belgium : the pavilion of Jacques Chocolats moved to the town of Diest to house the new town swimming pool . Another pavilion was relocated to Willebroek and has been used as dance hall Carré ever since . One smaller pavilion still stands on the boulevard towards the Atomium : the restaurant `` Salon 58 '' in the pavilion of Comptoir Tuilier . Many exhibitions and rides created by Walt Disney and his WED Enterprises company for the 1964 New York World 's Fair ( which was held over into 1965 ) were moved to Disneyland after the closing of the Fair . Many of the rides , including `` it 's a small world '' , and `` Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln '' , as well as the building that housed the Carousel of Progress are still in operation . Disney had contributed so many exhibits to the New York fair in part because the corporation had originally envisioned a `` permanent World 's Fair '' at the Flushing site . That concept instead came to fruition with the Disney theme park Epcot , an extension of the Walt Disney World Resort , near Orlando , Florida . Epcot has many of the characteristics of a typical universal exposition : national pavilions , as well as exhibits concerning technology and / or the future , along with more typical amusement park rides . Meanwhile , several of the 1964 attractions , relocated to Disneyland , have been duplicated at the Walt Disney World Resort . Occasionally other bits and pieces of the fairs remain . In the New York City subway system , signs directing people to Flushing Meadows , Queens remain from the 1964 -- 65 event . In the Montreal subway at least one tile artwork of its theme , `` Man and His World '' , remains . Also , a seemingly endless supply of souvenir items from fair visits can be found , and in the United States , at least , can often be bought at garage or estate sales . Many of these events also produced postage stamps and commemorative coins . The 1904 Olympic Games , officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad , were held in conjunction with the 1904 St. Louis fair , although no particular tie - in seems to have been made . The Exposition Universelle ( 1900 ) Paris was also loosely tied to the Olympic Games . ) Current and upcoming expositions ( edit ) 2020 Dubai ( edit ) Expo 2020 will be held in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , as a Registered Exposition . The bidding process for this larger sized exposition formally began in 2011 , with five cities being selected to participate in the final round of votes : São Paulo , Brazil -- the largest city in Brazil , the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere Yekaterinburg , the Russian capital of the Ural region Dubai , United Arab Emirates has placed a bid themed `` Connecting Minds , Creating the Future '' . İzmir , Turkey -- following a victory in a national competition with Ankara . Other participating cities and countries that were not selected for the final voting process to host Expo 2020 , or did not submit bids for consideration by the BIE : Ayutthaya was Thailand 's official nomination to host World Expo 2020 . The province was chosen and approved as Thailand 's bid city to host World Expo 2020 by the Thai cabinet as the Prime Minister , Abhisit Vejjajiva , announced during the Shanghai World Expo 2010 . Ayutthaya brought a bid under the theme `` Redefine Globalisation -- Balanced Life , Sustainable Living '' concept when bidding on behalf of Thailand to be the host country . However , Thailand 's bid was disqualified by the Bureau of International Expositions due to concerns that the bid did not have sufficient government support . The United States has had several citizen efforts directed at bringing a World 's Fair to the country . These efforts included the following cities : Houston -- `` Inspired Innovation '' New York City -- `` Showcasing the World '' San Francisco -- `` Interculture : Celebrating the World 's Cultures while Creating New Ones through Interaction and Exchange . '' Las Vegas -- `` The future of my future , '' according to the Wall Street Journal Philippines did not bid for the Expo 2020 although Manila had been considered a possible contender under the theme `` Manila , Celebrating Light and Life '' Brisbane , Queensland , Australia also considered putting an official bid to host Expo 2020 but did not bid . Sydney , New South Wales , Australia has been quoted by media reports as another potential candidate for the Australian 2020 bid . 2023 Buenos Aires ( edit ) Expo 2023 will be held at the Argentine capital and will have a theme of `` Science , Innovation , Art and Creativity for Human Development . Creative Industries in Digital Convergence '' . Four countries had submitted bids to host Specialised Expo 2022 / 23 : Łódź The central Polish city of Łódź announced its candidacy to host EXPO 2022 . It was promoted in the Polish Pavilion at the EXPO 2015 in Milan . Consequently , the Polish government officially submitted Łódź 's candidacy to the International Bureau of Expositions on 15 June 2016 . Minneapolis - Saint Paul made joint bids . Buenos Aires Los Angeles ( cancelled ) Rio de Janeiro ( cancelled ) At the end of the project examination phase , BIE Member States voted for Buenos Aires as the host city of Expo 2022 / 23 via a secret ballot at the BIE General Assembly , held in November 2017 . 2025 bids ( edit ) Main article : Expo 2025 Osaka , Japan Osaka made its official bid for the Expo on April 24 , 2017 with the theme `` Designing Future Society for Our Lives '' . Baku , Azerbaijan The Azerbaijani capital entered its candidacy before the deadline under the theme `` Human Capital '' . Paris , France ( withdrawn ) The French capital was the first to declare its candidacy , under the theme `` Sharing our Knowledge , Caring for our Planet '' . The candidacy was withdrawn in January 2018 . Yekaterinburg , Russia The Russian city entered its candidacy on 22 May 2017 under the theme `` Changing world : inclusive innovation is for our children and future generations '' . Non-BIE efforts ( edit ) Due to the U.S. government 's withdrawing its membership in the BIE from 2002 to 2017 , Worlds Fair USA is the first private Worlds Fair effort in history . Worlds Fair USA is organizing a series of mini-World's Fairs around the country called World 's Fair Nano in cities like San Francisco and New York City in order to build excitement for the six month World 's Fair , which Worlds Fair USA hopes to organize within the decade . The Los Angeles World 's Fair is another non-BIE effort . International Horticultural exhibition ( edit ) The BIE , since 1959 grants recognition to the International Horticultural Exhibitions ( Category A1 ) approved by the International Association of Horticultural Producers ( AIPH ) subject to it meeting certain criteria including being approved by the BIE general assembly . International Horticultural Exhibitions ( upcoming in italics ) : 1960 Rotterdam ( Netherlands ) 1963 Hamburg ( Germany ) 1964 Vienna ( Austria ) 1969 Paris ( France ) 1972 Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) 1973 Hamburg ( Germany ) 1974 Vienna ( Austria ) 1980 Montreal ( Canada ) 1982 Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) 1983 Munich ( Germany ) 1984 International Garden Festival Liverpool ( United Kingdom ) 1990 Osaka ( Japan ) 1992 Zoetermeer ( Netherlands ) 1993 Stuttgart ( Germany ) 1999 Kunming ( China ) 2002 Floriade in Haarlemmermeer ( Netherlands ) 2003 Rostock ( Germany ) 2006 -- 7 Chiang Mai ( Thailand ) 2012 Floriade in Venlo ( Netherlands ) 2016 Antalya ( Turkey ) 2019 Beijing ( China ) 2022 Almere ( Netherlands ) 2024 Łódź ( Poland ) See also ( edit ) Agricultural show County fair State fair References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John R. Davies in Findling and Pelle ( 2008 ) , `` Encyclopedia of World 's Fairs and Expositions '' , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Walvis , Tjaco , ed. ( April 2004 ) . `` Three eras of World Expositions : 1851 -- present '' . Cosmopolite : Stardust World Expo & National Branding Newsletter . Amsterdam : Stardust New Ventures ( 5 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ Ted Dykstra ( Director ) ( 2004 ) . Expo'67 : Back to the future ( DVD ) . Canada : CBC Home Video . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tjaco Walvis ( 2003 ) , `` Building Brand Locations '' , Corporate Reputation Review , Vol. 5 , No. 4 , pp. 358 -- 366 Jump up ^ http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/expos/about-expos/expo-categories Jump up ^ Based on : BIE Convention Jump up ^ http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/expo-timeline/expo-timeline-triennale Jump up ^ Harrison Jacobs ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) . `` 15 Gorgeous Retro - Future Photos From The 1964 World 's Fair '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle , Encyclopedia of World 's Fairs and Expositions , 9780786434169 p330 Jump up ^ `` Building the Fair -- Five Men '' . nywf64.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of the Bureau International des Expositions '' . Bie-paris.org. 2013 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of International Exhibitions '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Controversy about the Eiffel Tower '' . Paris Eiffel Tower News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Palace : Joseph Paxton -- Transported by moving company '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ PPIE Found Remnants : Architecture : Japanese Gates and Pagoda . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Balboa Park History '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Expo , International Expositions 1851 -- 2010 , Anna Jackson , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Home -- South Bank -- Visitor Info -- What 's On -- Shopping -- Dining -- Attractions and more '' . Visit South Bank . 2009 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Artequin '' . Artequin.cl . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The UAE in World Expos World Expos Expo 2020 , Dubai , UAE '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jarahieh School for Syrian refugee children in Lebanon '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La nuova vita del villaggio Expo : una scuola in Libano '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Carré '' . Carre.be . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Oliveira , Elida ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Deu na Imprensa -- Disputa acirrada '' ( in Portuguese ) . Portal da Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Louis ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Yekaterinburg presents city 's bid for 2020 World Expo '' . Yekaterinburg News . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overview Expo 2020 Dubai , UAE '' . Expo2020dubai.ae . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` EXPO 2020 için büyük yarış -- Yeni Asır '' . Yeniasir.com.tr . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand wants to host World Expo 2020 '' . Channelnewsasia.com. 2010 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand , World Expo 2020 : Ayutthaya to be nominated as World Expo site '' . Bangkokpost.com. 2011 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 2020 World Expo : Three candidates '' . Bangkokpost.com. 2010 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand World expo 2020 Ayutthaya via YOUTUBE '' . Youtube.com. 2011 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ TCEB and Ayutthaya declare confidence in officially bidding for Thailand to host the World Expo 2020 Jump up ^ Sritama , Suchat ( 2011 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Thailand , World Expo 2020 : Ayutthaya chosen as Thailand 's bid city '' . My.news.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ayutthaya disqualified for World Expo 2020 '' . 2013 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Fair EXPO 2020 '' . Expo2020.us . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 2020 `` Showcasing The World '' `` . Freewebs.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Expo 2020 Silicon Valley '' . 2020worldsfair.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Daniel ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` The U.S. Ca n't Host a World Expo , and Fans Say That 's No Fair '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` ExpoMuseum / potential bids for 2020 '' . Expomuseum.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Cook 250th Anniversary Celebration Citizens ' Committee '' . Foundationexpo88.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Who stole our mojo ? asks Sydney '' . The Age . July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EXPO for Łódź . 60,000 visitors every day '' . Gazeta Wyborcza ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of the Bureau International des Expositions '' . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specialised Expo 2022 / 23 '' . BIE Paris . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles World 's Fair '' . Jump up ^ `` Election '' . BIE Paris . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Osaka launches formal bid to host 2025 World Expo '' . www.mainichi.jp/english/ . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Japan submits bid for World Expo 2025 '' . www.bie-paris.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Baku bids for World Expo 2025 '' . azernews.az . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Expo 2025 '' . www.bie-paris.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Application idea '' . www.expofrance2025.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` France drops bid to host 2025 World Expo '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The United States becomes the 170th Member State of the BIE '' . 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing the World 's Fair Back to the U.S. '' 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ Stone , Zara . `` Inside San Francisco 's 21st Century World 's Fair '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual reality features heavily at upcoming Worlds Fair Nano in Brooklyn '' . Full Dive Gamer. 2017 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Wants a Transit - Themed World 's Fair , and It Might Actually Be a Great Idea '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Horticultural Expos '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . , Jump up ^ `` International Horticultural Exhibition '' . Bie-paris.org. 2011 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibitions , actual programme '' . AIPH. 2011 - 01 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floriade Amsterdam Almere 2022 ( A1 ) -- International Association of Horticultural Producers '' . aiph.org . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Alexander C.T. Geppert : Fleeting Cities . Imperial Expositions in Fin - de-Siècle Europe , Basingstoke / New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 . Findling , John E. and Kimberly D. Pelle , ed . Encyclopedia of World 's Fairs and Expositions Jefferson , NC and London : McFarland , 2008 . External links ( edit ) This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look up Expo in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to World 's Fairs . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for World 's Fair . Wikiquote has quotations related to : World 's fair ExpoBids.com , information about bids for future world 's fairs Official website of the Bureau International des Expositions ( BIE ) ExpoMuseum , The Online World 's Fair Museum ExpositionMedals , Award medals of American World 's Fairs and Expos Expo FAQs Celebrate 88 A lot of World 's Fairs presented by a lot of photographs `` Spin City '' . CNBC Business . April 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . `` Exposition Posters '' . Paintings and Drawings . Victoria and Albert Museum . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . `` A Treasury of World 's Fair Art and Architecture : A Digital Archive , 1851 -- 1986 '' . essays , images , virtual exhibits , postcards and ephemera . University of Maryland Libraries , Digital Collections . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 12 . Burnham , Beaux - Arts , Plan of Chicago , & Fairs : Ryerson & Burnham Libraries : Archives Collection Alexander C.T. Geppert , Jean Coffey , Tammy Lau : International Exhibitions , Expositions Universelles and World 's Fairs , 1851 -- 1951 . A Bibliography . Donald G. Larson Collection on International Expositions and Fairs , from the website of California State University , Fresno World 's Fairs and the Landscapes of the Modern Metropolis Posters , photographs , pamphlets , commemorative books , maps , government reports , and ephemera from the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University The contribution of the buildings built for the World 's Fairs to the history of architecture structural typologies . PhD Thesis written by Isaac López César . `` World Expos . A history of structures '' . Isaac López César . This book has been published with the support of the Bureau International des Expositions ( BIE ) ( hide ) Amusement parks Types Amusement park Animal theme park Family entertainment center Marine mammal park Safari park Water park Terminology Exclusive ride time ( ERT ) Show building Single rider Related articles Amusement park accidents Fair Traveling carnival World 's fair Amusement park lists Amusement parks Amusement park rankings Roller coaster rankings Closed rides and attractions Defunct amusement parks Water parks Related lists Amusement rides Tourist attractions World 's fairs Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World%27s_fair&oldid=842623893 '' Categories : World 's fairs Exhibitions Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2012 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2012 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 16 : 26 . 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-3710765770971760033 | Sarojini Nagar metro station | Sarojini nagar Metro station - Wikipedia Sarojini nagar Metro station Jump to : navigation , search Sarojini Nagar Delhi Metro station Owned by Delhi Metro Line ( s ) Pink Line Platforms Platform - 1 → Platform - 2 → Tracks Construction Structure type Underground Platform levels Electrified 25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary Services Preceding station Delhi Metro Following station Bhikaji Cama Place toward Majlis Park Pink Line INA toward Shiv Vihar Location South Delhi The Sarojini Nagar Metro Station is under construction located on the Pink Line of the Delhi Metro As part of Phase III of Delhi Metro , Sarojini Nagar is the under construction metro station of the Pink Line Contents ( hide ) 1 Connections 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Connections ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) See also ( edit ) List of Delhi Metro stations Transport in Delhi Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Delhi Suburban Railway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DMRC - Majlis Park - Shiv Vihar '' . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( Official site ) Delhi Metro Annual Reports `` Station Information '' . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . ( DMRC ) . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Delhi Metro Lines Red Line Dilshad Garden Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre Blue Line Main Line Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 Branch Line Yamuna Bank Vaishali Green Line Main Line Inderlok Mundka Branch Line Ashok Park Main Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Escorts Mujesar Airport Express New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line Majlis Park Shiv Vihar Magenta line Janakpuri West Botanical Garden Delhi Metro stations Red Line New Bus Adda Arthala Mohan Nagar Shyam Park Rajendra Nagar Raj Bagh Shahid Nagar Dilshad Garden Jhilmil Mansarovar Park Shahdara Welcome Seelampur Shastri Park Kashmere Gate Tis Hazari Pul Bangash Pratap Nagar Shastri Nagar Inderlok Kanhiya Nagar Keshav Puram Netaji Subhash Place Kohat Enclave Pitam Pura Rohini East Rohini West Rithala Yellow Line Samaypur Badli Rohini Sector 18 , 19 Haiderpur Jahangirpuri Adarsh Nagar Azadpur Model Town GTB Nagar Vishwa Vidyalaya Vidhan Sabha Civil Lines Kashmere Gate Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar New Delhi Rajiv Chowk Patel Chowk Central Secretariat Udyog Bhawan Lok Kalyan Marg Jor Bagh INA AIIMS Green Park Hauz Khas Malviya Nagar Saket Qutab Minar Chhatarpur Sultanpur Ghitorni Arjan Garh Guru Dronacharya Sikandarpur MG Road IFFCO Chowk HUDA City Centre Blue Line Dwarka Sector 21 Dwarka Sector 8 Dwarka Sector 9 Dwarka Sector 10 Dwarka Sector 11 Dwarka Sector 12 Dwarka Sector 13 Dwarka Sector 14 Dwarka Dwarka Mor Nawada Uttam Nagar West Uttam Nagar East Janakpuri West Janakpuri East Tilak Nagar Subhash Nagar Tagore Garden Rajouri Garden Ramesh Nagar Moti Nagar Kirti Nagar Shadipur Patel Nagar Rajendra Place Karol Bagh Jhandewalan Ramakrishna Ashram Marg Rajiv Chowk Barakhamba Road Mandi House Pragati Maidan Indraprastha Yamuna Bank Akshardham Mayur Vihar - I Mayur Vihar Extension New Ashok Nagar Noida Sector 15 Noida Sector 16 Noida Sector 18 Botanical Garden Golf Course Noida City Centre Noida Sector 34 Noida Sector 52 Noida Sector 61 Noida Sector 59 Noida Sector 62 Noida Electronic City Yamuna Bank -- Vaishali Branch Yamuna Bank Laxmi Nagar Nirman Vihar Preet Vihar Karkarduma Anand Vihar Kaushambi Vaishali Dwarka -- Najafgarh Branch ( under construction ) Dwarka Nangli Najafgarh Green Line Inderlok Ashok Park Main Punjabi Bagh East Shivaji Park Madipur Paschim Vihar East Paschim Vihar West Peera Garhi Udyog Nagar Surajmal Stadium Nangloi Nangloi Railway Station Rajdhani Park Mundka Mundka Industrial Area Ghevra Tikri Kalan Tikri Border Modern Industrial Estate Bus Stand Bahadurgarh City Park Ashok Park Main -- Kirti Nagar Branch Ashok Park Main Satguru Ramsingh Marg Kirti Nagar Violet Line Kashmere Gate Lal Qila Jama Masjid Delhi Gate ITO Mandi House Janpath Central Secretariat Khan Market Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jangpura Lajpat Nagar Moolchand Kailash Colony Nehru Place Kalkaji Mandir Govind Puri Harkesh Nagar Okhla Jasola Apollo Sarita Vihar Mohan Estate Tughlakabad Station Badarpur Border Sarai NHPC Chowk Mewala Maharajpur Sector - 28 Badkhal Mor Old Faridabad Neelam Chowk Ajronda Bata Chowk Escorts Mujesar NCB Colony Ballabhgarh Airport Express New Delhi Shivaji Stadium Dhaula Kuan Delhi Aerocity Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line ( under construction ) Majlis Park Azadpur Shalimar Bagh Netaji Subhash Place Shakurpur Punjabi Bagh West ESI Hospital Rajouri Garden Mayapuri Naraina Vihar Delhi Cantt South Campus Moti Bagh Bhikaji Cama Place Sarojini Nagar INA South Extension Lajpat Nagar Vinoba Puri Ashram Hazrat Nizamuddin Mayur Vihar Mayur Vihar Pocket I Trilokpuri Vinod Nagar East Vinod Nagar IP Extension Anand Vihar Karkarduma Krishna Nagar East Azad Nagar Welcome Jaffrabad Maujpur Gokulpuri Johri Enclave Shiv Vihar Magenta Line ( under construction ) Janakpuri West Dabri Mor Dashrath Puri Palam Sadar Bazaar Cantonment Terminal 1 - IGI Airport Shankar Vihar Vasant Vihar Munirka R.K Puram IIT Delhi Hauz Khas Panchsheel Park Chirag Delhi Greater Kailash Nehru Enclave Kalkaji Mandir Okhla NSIC Sukhdev Vihar Jamia Millia Islamia Okhla Vihar Jasola Vihar Shaleen Bagh Kalindi Kunj Okhla Bird Sanctuary Botanical Garden Stations along operational lines that are denoted in italics have yet to open . Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail Operational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Lucknow Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Bengaluru Commuter Rail Proposed Delhi -- Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Rapid transit Operational Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro Under construction Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Planned Agra Metro Bhopal Metro Chandigarh Metro Guwahati Metro Indore Metro Jabalpur Metro Kanpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Varanasi Metro Vijayawada Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Proposed Allahabad Metro Bareilly Metro Coimbatore Metro Greater Gwalior Metro Greater Nasik Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Western railway elevated corridor Monorail Operational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Proposed Ahmedabad Monorail Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Delhi Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Light rail Proposed Delhi Light Rail Transit Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Tram Operational Trams in Kolkata This article related to the Delhi Metro is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a railway station in the Indian union territory of Delhi is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarojini_Nagar_metro_station&oldid=842449180 '' Categories : Delhi Metro stations Railway stations in West Delhi district Delhi Metro stubs Delhi railway station stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles using Infobox station with map locator Articles using Infobox station with markup inside name Articles using Infobox station with links or images inside name Articles using Infobox station with markup inside type Pages with no open date in Infobox station Pages using infobox station with unknown parameters Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from September 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Delhi articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 14 : 49 . 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3295421422452903016 | United States Air Force Honor Guard | United States Air Force Honor Guard - Wikipedia United States Air Force Honor Guard Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2013 ) The United States Air Force Honor Guard is reviewed by Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping , during a Joint Services arrival ceremony at the Pentagon , 14 Feb. 2012 . The United States Air Force Honor Guard is the official ceremonial unit of the United States Air Force and is assigned to Joint Base Anacostia - Bolling , Washington D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Origins 3 Ceremonial Flight Elements 4 Colors 5 Bearers 6 Firing Party 7 Combat Guard 8 Unit Emblems , Guidon and Symbology 9 Base Honor Guard 10 The Creed 11 See also 12 Sources 13 External links Overview ( edit ) President George W. Bush and Mwai Kibaki , Kenya 's head of state , pass in front of the USAF HG during an arrival ceremony on the south lawn of the White House . The Honor Guard 's primary mission is to represent the U.S. Air Force at all public and official ceremonies within the National Capital Region and abroad when directed by the Military District of Washington , Headquarters U.S. Air Force or subordinate commands . Ceremonies include those for visiting dignitaries and military officials , funerals for deceased Air Force personnel and their dependents , wreath - laying ceremonies at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery , White House arrival ceremonies , receptions , and other state and military occasions which comprise the Honor Guards of all five armed services ( U.S. Army , U.S. Navy , U.S. Marine Corps , U.S. Air Force and U.S. Coast Guard ) . A posting to this highly selective unit is considered a special duty assignment , meaning that Air Force members world - wide from all career fields can apply for this duty . If selected , they are withdrawn from their career fields and reassigned to Bolling AFB for a standard tour of duty ( normally 3 years ; basic trainees are assigned for 2 ) . An Honor Guard member is traditionally referred to as a Ceremonial Guardsman . Origins ( edit ) The 1100th Air Police Squadron Ceremonial Unit welcomes a foreign dignitary to Bolling AFB , Washington D.C. ( circa 1960s ) . United States Air Force Honor Guard origins can be traced to May 1948 when Headquarters Command , United States Air Force , directed the creation of an elite ceremonial unit comparable to that of the other services . A ceremonial unit was activated within the 1100th Air Police Squadron at Bolling AFB with the responsibility of maintaining an Air Force ceremonial capability in the National Capital Region . The USAF HG officially became an Air Force squadron in 1972 . Ceremonial Flight elements ( edit ) Like every squadron in the U.S. Air Force , the Honor Guard is composed of flights , which in turn , are composed of elements . The `` workhorse '' of the unit is Ceremonial Flight . It is the primary element called upon to supply personnel for all ceremonies that the unit participates in . It is composed of four elements : Colors , Bearers , Firing Party and Drill Team . Colors ( edit ) Two USAF HG color teams take part in an Air Force Wreath - Laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery . The mission of the Colors element is to display and bear the American flag ( known as the National ) , Air Force flag and the flags of the native countries of visiting dignitaries at Air Force events and as part of the other services ' honor guards for Joint Service ceremonies . A Colors element member is also responsible for carrying the USAF Honor Guard guidon . A color team usually comprises four individuals : the Non-Commissioned Officer - in - charge ( NCOIC ) of the team ( known as the NCT ) who carries the National and commands the team , the Air Force flag bearer ( known as the USAF ) , and two rifle guards whose responsibility is to guard the flags . These two individuals are armed with Springfield M1903 rifles ( or `` O3 's '' ) . Color teams evolved from the custom of carrying the colors onto the battlefield during the 18th and 19th centuries to identify the location of the combatants and to inspire pride and confidence in them . The battle streamers that hang from the top of the Air Force flagstaff symbolically represent every conflict and campaign that the Air Force has participated in since its inception in 1907 as the U.S. Army Aeronautical Division . The streamers weigh in at nearly 40 pounds in addition to the weight of the flag and the staff . There are ceremonies in which additional flags are carried as well which can increase the size of a color team to as many as eight members or more . Bearers ( edit ) USAF HG Bearers transfer the remains of a lieutenant general from the horse - drawn caisson to the gravesite during a funeral at Arlington National Cemetery . The mission of the Bearers element is to participate in Air Force , Joint Service , and state funerals by bearing the remains of deceased service members , dependents , and senior and / or national leaders to their gravesites . The custom of body bearers ( or pallbearers ) began on the battlefield when it was necessary to gather the dead for burial . As the only wheeled vehicles available on the battlefield were usually artillery caissons , they were used transport the deceased to the grave , a custom which is practiced today in Arlington National Cemetery . As there were usually a lack of stretchers to carry the dead off the field , the practice of using flags to carry remains originated during the Napoleonic Wars and is represented today when a casket is draped with the American flag . The caskets generally weigh from 450 to 600 pounds , but there are exceptions , when some caskets have been known to exceed 900 pounds . The distance from caisson to grave usually comprises at least 60 yards . Once the gravesite is reached , the bearers ' duties continue by holding the flag taut and level over the casket until the service is complete . The flag is then folded by the bearers and presented to the next - of - kin of the deceased . Firing Party ( edit ) A USAF HG firing party renders honors during a funeral at Arlington National Cemetery . The mission of the Firing Party element is to render three volleys of rifle fire at the gravesite to honor the deceased during funeral services . It is commonly thought that as there are seven members on the party ( the NCOIC of the firing party is the eighth member and is known as the `` NFP '' ) with each firing three rounds , that this composes a `` 21 - gun salute '' . Combat Guard ( edit ) The Combat Guard undergoing training at Fort Dix , New Jersey in March 2001 -- - six months before 9 - 11 . A little - known part of Honor Guard history is the Combat Guard . In early 2001 , General John W. Handy , then - Air Force Vice Chief - of - Staff , directed that the unit be assigned a wartime contingency mission . Shortly thereafter , under the guidance of the squdron commander Lieutenant Colonel ( now Brigadier General ) Bradley Spacy , thirteen Ceremonial Guardsmen ( four NCOs and nine Airmen ) were selected to stand - up a squad consisting of three four - man fire teams and a squad leader . Its mission was to augment the 11th Security Forces Squadron ( 11SFS ) at Bolling AFB in the event that extra manpower was needed to secure and / or defend the base . In March of that same year , the squad traveled to Fort Dix , New Jersey to attend the Air Base Ground Defense Squad Operations Course where they received two weeks of mission - specific infantry training . At their graduation ceremony , General Handy personally presented certificates to each squad member . Handy 's foresight proved to be well - founded ; six months later the squad was activated when the Pentagon was attacked by terrorists on September 11 , 2001 . For approximately forty - five days , the squad was attached to the 11SFS and augmented their forces , helping secure and defend the base against possible follow - on attacks . The squad is no longer active . Unit emblems , guidon and symbology ( edit ) The emblem of the USAF HG , created before 1973 . The unit emblem was designed by former superintendent Malcolm Haines prior to 1973. > It is composed of crossed M1 Garand rifles with fixed bayonets silhouetted over a silver / gray Roman helmet adorned with a scarlet red horsehair festoon on a field of ultramarine blue with the attached organization motto . The Roman helmet is symbolic of the Praetorian Guard of the Roman Empire -- - the original Honor Guard of the Western World -- - whose duty it was to protect the reigning emperor . The red festoon denotes courage and valor . The silver / gray of the helmet proper represents the excellence expected of all USAF HG personnel . The crossed M1 rifles historically denote the unit 's primary weapon ( the M14 rifle became the unit 's primary weapon in 2002 ; however the Drill Team still continues to use the M1 ) . The ultramarine blue background symbolizes the primary theater of Air Force operations - the sky and beyond . The attached motto , `` To Honor With Dignity '' best describes the unit 's elite mission . The emblem is the centerpiece of the Air Force Honor Guard Badge , functional badges , that are worn by USAF HG personnel as well as Base Honor Guard members with slight differences between the two . The USAF HG guidon , shown here during a funeral in Arlington National Cemetery , was created in 2000 . Historically , the purpose of a guidon was to mark the position of a particular unit on the battlefield . Today , its function is to represent a particular unit during ceremonies . The United States Air Force Honor Guard guidon is unique in comparison to other Air Force squadron guidons in that it is two - toned rather than one solid color . In 2000 , Technical Sergeant Timothy Carney was tasked by Captain Leo Lawson , then - officer - in - charge of Ceremonial Flight , to develop a design for a guidon that would distinctly represent the USAF HG during ceremonies . The design is derived from the U.S. Army cavalry guidon of the 19th century . The blue and silver - white of the guidon represent the Air Force 's colors -- - blue for the sky and silver - white for clouds and striking power in the medium of the air . The eagle represents the American eagle while the words `` USAF Honor Guard '' are self - explanatory . The emblem of the Colors element , created in 2000 , incorporates the spade - shaped finial ( commonly called the warhead ) as well as other symbols associated with the Colors element . Their motto is `` Leading the Charge '' . No image of the emblem is available at this time . The emblem of the Bearers element , created in 2000 . The emblem of the Bearers element was created by an unidentified Bearer in 2000 . Symbolically , the emblem represents a casket draped with an American flag , flanked on both sides by eight stars which represent the number of body bearers required for a funeral with full military honors and the use of a caisson . The motto `` Last To Let You Down '' represents the loyalty and honor that the Bearers element accords to a fallen service member as well as literally letting ( setting ) the casket of the deceased down at the gravesite . The emblem of the Firing Party element , created in 2000 . The emblem of the Firing Party element was created in 2000 by Technical Sergeant Timothy Carney , then - NCOIC of the Firing Party element . Symbolically , the colors of yellow , black and gray represent the components of gunpowder : yellow for sulphur , black for charcoal and gray for potassium nitrate . The crossed rifles represent the primary weapon of the Firing Party and the three seven - pointed star - bursts represent three volleys of seven fired in unison . The twenty - one stars that encircle the emblem represent twenty - one rounds fired in honor of a fallen service - member . The motto , `` Excolo Per Ignis '' is Latin for `` to honor by fire '' which is the primary duty of the Firing Party element . Base Honor Guard ( edit ) Until 1995 , the U.S. Air Force used the base detail method to provide military funeral honors for those who died in the geographic area that a particular Air Force base was responsible for . The Mortuary Affairs office would routinely task either the base 's security police squadron or fledgling Honor Guard detachment with the burial detail . However , these detail members usually had little to no experience with burials , thus the quality of the ceremony suffered . To correct this , the USAF Honor Guard established the Protocol , Honors and Ceremonies course and instituted the Base Honor Guard ( BHG ) program in 1995 . This provided BHG programs with written guidance and standardization on funeral procedures ( as well as other military ceremonies ) and standardized the wear of the ceremonial uniform at all Air Force bases world - wide . BHG members are Airmen , non-commissioned officers ( sergeants ) and officers assigned to the same base , but in different career fields . Although BHG members are not members of the Air Force Honor Guard , a majority of them apply and are frequently selected for duty due to their acquired experience and exceptional military bearing . The uniform worn by BHG and Air Force Honor Guard members is the same with the following exceptions : Air Force Honor Guard members wear a white shirt , full - size anodized medals , a chrome functional badge and a shoulder arc worded `` USAF HONOR GUARD '' . BHG members wear standard Air Force blue shirts , service ribbons , a colorized enamel functional badge and a shoulder arc worded `` BASE HONOR GUARD '' . Depending on the circumstances , a contingent of Airmen from an Air Force base may travel to Washington D.C. for formal training conducted by United States Air Force Honor Guard 's training flight or vice versa . The Creed ( edit ) Before it was revised in 1999 , the original United States Air Force Honor Guard Creed , written by Staff Sergeant Al Turner in the 1980s , epitomized the pride , mindset and professionalism of every Ceremonial Guardsman ; in order to preserve the history and tradition of the unit , it is important that it be presented here in its entirety : I am a proud member of the United States Air Force Honor Guard . My standards of conduct and high level of professionalism place me above all others in my service . I have earned the right to wear the ceremonial uniform , one which is honored in a rich tradition and history . I am superbly conditioned to perfect all movements throughout every drill and ceremony . The level in which I perform will never be dictated by the type of ceremony , the severity of the temperature , nor the size of the crowd . I am constantly driven to excel by a strong sense of dedication that runs deeper than patriotism . While on ceremonies , I stand sharp and crisp , motionless by choice , for I have voluntarily chosen to represent every member past and present of the United States Air Force . I am a Ceremonial Guardsman . Revised version is as follows . Handpicked to serve as a member of the United States Air Force Honor Guard , my standards of conduct and level of professionalism must be above reproach , for I represent all others in my service . Others earned the right for me to wear the ceremonial uniform , one that is honored in a rich tradition and history . I will honor their memory by wearing it properly and proudly . Never will I allow my performance to be dictated by the type of ceremony , severity of the temperature , or size of the crowd . I will remain superbly conditioned to perfect all movements throughout every drill and ceremony . Obligated by my oath , I am constantly driven to excel by a deep devotion to duty and a strong sense of dedication . Representing every member , past and present , of the United States Air Force , I vow to stand SHARP , CRISP and MOTIONLESS , for I am a ceremonial guardsman ! See also ( edit ) United States Air Force portal Queen 's Colour Squadron Sources ( edit ) This text was taken from AFPAM 36 - 2241V1 , pp. 120 -- 121. 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Air Force Honor Guard . USAF Honor Guard Home Page Official fact sheet ( hide ) United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSPC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE - AFA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank officers enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers United States Air Force portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Honor_Guard&oldid=836986178 '' Categories : United States Air Force Ceremonial units of the United States military Honour guards Hidden categories : Use American English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 01 : 23 . 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-6049551785161330270 | List of Muslim states and dynasties | List of Muslim states and dynasties - wikipedia List of Muslim states and dynasties Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article lists some of the states , empires , or dynasties that were ruled by a Muslim elite , or which were in some way central to or a part of a Muslim empire . The Islamic Empire started by being lead by Muhammad . His friend , Abu Bakr , helped him in this mission . Scholars debate what exactly constitutes an empire . One definition defines an empire as a state that extends dominion over areas and populations culturally and ethnically distinct from the culture / ethnicity at the center of power . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Muslim states and their benefits 2 Caliphates 3 Regional empires 3.1 Iran 3.2 Middle East 3.3 Anatolia ( Turkey ) 3.4 Central Africa 3.5 North Africa 3.6 Europe 3.7 Central Asia 3.8 South Asia 3.9 Southeast Asia 4 See also 5 Sources 6 External links History of Muslim states and their benefits ( edit ) In the centuries after the life of Muhammad , Muslim armies poured out into all surrounding areas , bringing some of the lands between India and Spain under their control . With that huge amount of land under their control , the Umayia ( and later , the Abbasid ) Caliphates allowed merchants and scholars to travel easily through western Eurasia , bringing goods and knowledge which the Muslims greatly expanded upon through the Caliphate and outward to less advanced regions , such as Western Europe . In 751 , papermaking from China made its way to the West through Muslims . Trade introduced Islam to the Africans . In the Middle East , the success of Islam changed the culture forever . Even after the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate , Islam would remain as one of the base institutions of the region . Future states of the region , such as the Safavid , Seljuk , and Ottoman and Mughal Empires , were all `` Islamic Empires '' . Caliphates ( edit ) Umayyad Empire at its greatest extent The Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) -- Beginning of the Islamic Empire The Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) -- Successor of the Rashidun Caliphate The Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in Islamic Spain ( 929 -- 1031 ) The Abbasid Caliphate ( 750 -- 1258 ) -- Successor of the Umayyad Caliphate , Fall of Baghdad ( 1258 ) The Fatimid Caliphate ( 909 -- 1171 ) End of the Arab Empire The Almohad Caliphate ( 1121 -- 1269 ) The Ottoman Caliphate ( 1362 -- 1923 ) The Roman Hashemites Empire ( Kingship ) Harun al - Rashid Regional empires ( edit ) Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha Grouped by capital or core region Iran ( edit ) The Persian Empire , under the Safavid dynasty ( 1502 -- 1736 ) , Afsharid dynasty , and Qajar dynasty The Ilkhanate ( Mongol ) The Khwarezmian Empire - The Khwarezm - Shâh Dynasty The Buyid dynasty The Great Seljuq Empire The Saffarid dynasty The Ak Koyunlu The Kara Koyunlu The Muzaffarids The Tahirid dynasty The Ghurids The Ghaznavid Empire Middle East ( edit ) The Tulunids ( 868 - 905 , Egypt and Syria ) The Ayyubid Dynasty The Mamluk Dynasty The Sharifate of Mecca The Qarmatian empire The Rassids of Yemen The Rasulid of Yemen Anatolia ( Turkey ) ( edit ) The Ottoman Empire ( 1299 -- 1923 ) The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ( 1077 -- 1308 ) The Danishmends Dynasty ( 1071 -- 1178 ) The Mengujekids Dynasty ( 1072 -- 1277 ) The Saltukids Dynasty ( 1071 -- 1202 ) The Artuqids Dynasty ( 1101 -- 1409 ) Central Africa ( edit ) The Mali Empire ( 1230s -- 1600s ) The Songhai Empire ( 1340 -- 1591 ) The Adal Sultanate ( 1415 -- 1555 ) The Ajuran Empire ( 13th century -- 17th - century ) The Kanem empire The Fulani Empire of Sokoto The Fulani or Fulbe Empire of Macina of Seku Amadu The Fulani or Fulbe Empire of El Hajj Oumar Tall The Fulani or Fulbe Empire of Boundou of Malick Daouda Sy The Kilwa Sultanate ( 10th century -- 1517 ) North Africa ( edit ) The Almoravid dynasty ( 1040 -- 1147 ) of Morocco The Almohad dynasty ( 1121 -- 1269 ) of Morocco The Aghlabid dynasty of Ifriqiya Tunisia , East - Algeria , West - Libya and Sicily The Hafsid dynasty ( 1229 -- 1574 ) The Alaouite dynasty of Morocco The Marinid dynasty of Morocco The Rustamid dynasty The Wattasid dynasty of Morocco The Saadi dynasty of Morocco ( 1511 -- 1628 ) The Dervish State ( 1896 -- 1920 ) Europe ( edit ) Southern Europe Caliphate of Cordoba ( Al - Andalus ) ( 929 -- 1031 ) The Ottoman empire ( 1362 - 1923 ) The Emirate of Bari ( 847 -- 871 ) The Emirate of Sicily ( 965 -- 1072 ) Eastern Europe The Volga Bulgaria ( 922 -- 1236 ) The Golden Horde ( 1251 -- 1502 ) The Kazan Khanate ( 1438 -- 1552 ) The Astrakhan Khanate ( 1466 -- 1556 ) The Qasim Khanate ( 1452 -- 1681 ) The Crimean Khanate ( 1441 -- 1783 ) The Bashkirs The Shirvanshah Central Asia ( edit ) The Karakhanid empire : 840 - 1212 , in Transoxiana The Khwarazmian empire The Golden Horde The Timurid dynasty The Chagatai Khanate The Siberia Khanate The State of Yarkand The Shaybanids The Samanid dynasty South Asia ( edit ) Mezquita India The Mughal Empire in India ( 1526 -- 1857 ) , styled Padhsah - i Hind Taj Mahal The Mamluk dynasty of Delhi ( 1206 -- 1290 ) The Khilji Dynasty ( 1290 -- 1320 ) The Tughlaq dynasty ( 1321 -- 1398 ) Southeast Asia ( edit ) Malay Archipelago ( East Indies ) The Majapahit empire The Malacca Empire The Bruneian Empire The Sultanate of Aceh The Aceh Sultanate Sultanate of Aceh See also ( edit ) Caliphate Historical powers Empires Timeline of Middle Eastern History Muslim conquests Muslim history Global Empire List of Sunni Muslim dynasties List of Shia Muslim dynasties Muslim World The Ottomans : Europe 's Muslim Emperors Sources ( edit ) History of the Muslims Empires of Islam External links ( edit ) All Empires History Forum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties&oldid=814414218 '' Categories : Islam - related lists Former empires History - related lists Muslim empires Muslim dynasties Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2017 All articles lacking sources All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Bahasa Melayu Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 17 : 59 . 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4053261935086113060 | Jigsaw puzzle | Jigsaw puzzle - Wikipedia Jigsaw puzzle Jump to : navigation , search For the Rolling Stones song , see Jigsaw Puzzle ( song ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) People solving a jigsaw puzzle Part of a series on Puzzles Types ( show ) Guessing Riddle Situation Logic Dissection Induction Logic grid Self - reference Mechanical Combination Construction Disentanglement Lock Go problems Folding Stick Tiling Transport Tour Sliding Chess Maze ( Logic maze ) Word and Number Crossword Sudoku Puzzle video games Mazes Metapuzzles Topics ( show ) Brain teaser Dilemma Optical illusion Packing problems Paradox Problem solving Puzzlehunt Syllogism Thinking outside the box Lists ( show ) Impossible puzzles Maze video games Nikoli puzzle types Puzzle video games Puzzle topics A jigsaw puzzle is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often oddly shaped interlocking and tessellating pieces . Each piece usually has a small part of a picture on it ; when complete , a jigsaw puzzle produces a complete picture . In some cases more advanced types have appeared on the market , such as spherical jigsaws and puzzles showing optical illusions . Jigsaw puzzles were originally created by painting a picture on a flat , rectangular piece of wood , and then cutting that picture into small pieces with a jigsaw , hence the name . John Spilsbury , a London cartographer and engraver , is credited with commercializing jigsaw puzzles around 1760 . Jigsaw puzzles have since come to be made primarily of cardboard . Typical images found on jigsaw puzzles include scenes from nature , buildings , and repetitive designs . Castles and mountains are two traditional subjects . However , any kind of picture can be used to make a jigsaw puzzle ; some companies offer to turn personal photographs into puzzles . Completed puzzles can also be attached to a backing with adhesive to be used as artwork . During recent years , a range of jigsaw puzzle accessories including boards , cases , frames and roll - up mats has become available that are designed to assist jigsaw puzzle enthusiasts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Modern construction 3 Variations 4 Puzzle pieces 5 World records 5.1 Largest commercially available jigsaw puzzles 5.2 Largest - sized jigsaw puzzles 6 Cultural significance 6.1 Art and entertainment 6.2 Symbol for autism 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) John Spilsbury 's `` Europe divided into its kingdoms , etc . '' ( 1766 ) . He created the jigsaw puzzle for educational purposes , and called them `` Dissected Maps '' . The engraver and cartographer John Spilsbury , of London , is believed to have produced the first jigsaw puzzle around 1760 , using a marquetry saw . Early jigsaws , known as dissections , were produced by mounting maps on sheets of hardwood and cutting along national boundaries , creating a puzzle useful for the teaching of geography . Such `` dissected maps '' were used to teach the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte by royal governess Lady Charlotte Finch . The name `` jigsaw '' came to be associated with the puzzle around 1880 when fretsaws became the tool of choice for cutting the shapes . Since fretsaws are distinct from jigsaws , the name appears to be a misnomer . Cardboard jigsaw puzzles appeared during the late 1800s , but were slow to replace the wooden jigsaw due to the manufacturer 's belief that cardboard puzzles would be perceived as being of low quality , and the fact that profit margins on wooden jigsaws were larger . Wooden jigsaw pieces , cut by hand Jigsaw puzzles soared in popularity during the Great Depression , as they provided a cheap , long - lasting , recyclable form of entertainment . It was around this time that jigsaws evolved to become more complex and more appealing to adults . They were also given away in product promotions , and used in advertising , with customers completing an image of the product being promoted . Sales of wooden jigsaw puzzles fell after World War II as improved wages led to price increases , while at the same time improvements in manufacturing processes made cardboard jigsaws more attractive . According to the Alzheimer Society of Canada , doing jigsaw puzzles is one of many activities that can help keep the brain active and may contribute to reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer 's disease . Modern construction ( edit ) Paperboard jigsaw pieces Most modern jigsaw puzzles are made out of paperboard since they are easier and cheaper to mass - produce than the original wooden models . An enlarged photograph or printed reproduction of a painting or other two - dimensional artwork is glued onto the cardboard before cutting . This board is then fed into a press . The press forces a set of hardened steel blades of the desired shape through the board until it is fully cut . This procedure is similar to making shaped cookies with a cookie cutter . The forces involved , however , are tremendously greater and a typical 1000 - piece puzzle requires a press that can generate upwards of 700 tons of force to push the knives of the puzzle die through the board . A puzzle die is a flat board , often made from plywood , which has slots cut or burned in the same shape as the knives that are used . These knives are set into the slots and covered in a compressible material , typically foam rubber , which serves to eject the cut puzzle pieces . Beginning in the 1930s , jigsaw puzzles were cut using large hydraulic presses which now cost in the hundreds of thousands of dollars . The cuts gave a very snug fit , but the cost limited jigsaw puzzle manufacture only to large corporations . Recent roller press design achieve the same effect , at a lower cost . By the early 1960s , Tower Press was the world 's largest maker of jigsaw puzzles , acquired by Waddingtons in 1969 . New technology has enabled laser - cutting of wooden or acrylic jigsaw puzzles . The advantage of cutting with a laser is that the puzzle can be custom cut into any size , any shape , with any size ( or any number ) of pieces . Many museums have laser cut acrylic puzzles made of some of their more important pieces of art so that children visiting the museum can see the original piece and then assemble a jigsaw puzzle of the image that is also in the same shape as the piece of art . Acrylic is used because the pieces are very durable , waterproof , and can withstand continued use without the image fading , or the pieces wearing out , or becoming frayed . Also , because the print and cut patterns are computer based , lost pieces can be manufactured without remaking the entire puzzle . Variations ( edit ) Jigsaw puzzle software allowing rotation of pieces . A three dimensional puzzle composed of several two dimensional puzzles stacked on top of one another . A puzzle without a picture Jigsaw puzzles come in a variety of sizes . Smaller puzzles are often considered to be those of 300 , 500 , and 750 pieces . More sophisticated , but still common , jigsaw puzzles come in sizes of 1,000 , 1,500 , 2,000 , 3,000 , 4,000 , 5,000 , 6,000 , 7,500 , 8,000 , 9,000 , 13,200 , 18,000 , 24,000 , 32,000 and 40,000 pieces . There are also smaller jigsaw puzzles that are geared towards children , and are rated by the number of pieces they contain . For very young children , a puzzle with as few as 4 to 9 ' large ' size pieces ( so not a choking hazard ) are common . These are usually made of wood or plastic , to maintain durability , and are able to be cleaned without being damaged . The most common layout for a thousand - piece puzzle is 38 pieces by 27 pieces , for a total count of 1,026 pieces . The majority of 500 - piece puzzles are 27 pieces by 19 pieces . A few puzzles are made double - sided , so that they can be solved from either side . This adds a level of complexity , because it can not be certain that the correct side of the piece is being viewed and assembled with the other pieces . `` Family puzzles '' come in 100 -- 550 pieces with three different sized pieces from large to small . The pieces are placed from large to small going in one direction or towards the middle of the puzzle . This allows a family of puzzlers of different skill levels and different - sized hands to work on the puzzle at the same time . Companies like Springbok , Cobble Hill , Ravensburger , and Suns Out make this type of specialty puzzle . There are also three - dimensional jigsaw puzzles . Many of these are made of wood or styrofoam and require the puzzle to be solved in a certain order ; some pieces will not fit in if others are already in place . Also common are puzzle boxes : simple three - dimensional jigsaw puzzles with a small drawer or box in the center for storage . Another type of jigsaw puzzle , which is considered a 3 - D puzzle , is a puzzle globe . Like a 2 - D puzzle , a globe puzzle is often made of plastic and the assembled pieces form a single layer . But the final form is a three - dimensional shape . Most globe puzzles have designs representing spherical shapes such as the Earth , the Moon , and historical globes of the Earth . There are also computer versions of jigsaw puzzles , which have the advantages of requiring zero cleanup as well as no risk of losing any pieces . Many computer - based jigsaw puzzles do not allow pieces to be rotated , so all pieces are displayed in their correct orientation . These puzzles are thus considerably easier than a physical jigsaw puzzle with the same number of pieces . A computer puzzle website can allow users to choose their own puzzle size , cut design , and image , or upload their own images to use as puzzles . An online jigsaw version of Trolleholm Castle in Sweden may be worked and timed for speed of finishing . The New Yorker Magazine subscription website preserves images of the magazine 's cover illustrations as jigsaw puzzles which are timed and offer several levels of difficulty . In 2016 was introduced a computer version of puzzle globe , the immersive panorama jigsaw , which is based on the use of equirectangular images taken by 360 - degree camera . Despite the physical spherical jigsaw , the player , who resides in the perfect center of the globe , assembles triangular shaped interlocking pieces around him . When complete , this puzzle produces a full - degree panorama all around the player . An example of immersive jigsaw is Sitespot , which also enriches the gaming experience with the scene soundscape and allows pieces to be displayed rotated . Jigsaw puzzles can vary greatly in price depending on the complexity , number of pieces , and brand . Children 's puzzles can be as cheap as around $5.00 while larger puzzles can be closer to $50.00 . The most expensive puzzle to date was sold for $27,000 in 2005 at a charitable auction for The Golden Retriever Foundation . Several word puzzle games use pieces similar to those used in jigsaw puzzles . Examples include Alfa - Lek , Jigsaw Words , Nab - It ! , Puzzlage , Typ - Dom , Word Jigsaw , and Yottsugo . Puzzle pieces ( edit ) A `` whimsy '' piece in a wooden jigsaw puzzle A 3D jigsaw puzzle Many puzzles are termed `` fully interlocking '' . This means that adjacent pieces are connected in such a way that if one piece is moved horizontally , the other pieces move with it , preserving the connection . Sometimes the connection is tight enough to pick up a solved part by holding one piece . Some fully interlocking puzzles have pieces all of a similar shape , with rounded tabs out on opposite ends , with corresponding blanks cut into the intervening sides to receive the tabs of adjacent pieces . Other fully interlocking puzzles may have tabs and blanks variously arranged on each piece , but they usually have four sides , and the numbers of tabs and blanks thus add up to four . The uniform - shaped fully interlocking puzzles , sometimes called `` Japanese Style '' , are the most difficult , because the differences in shapes between pieces can be very subtle . Most jigsaw puzzles are square , rectangular , or round , with edge pieces that have one side that is either straight or smoothly curved to create this shape , plus four corner pieces if the puzzle is square or rectangular . Some jigsaw puzzles have edge pieces that are cut just like all the rest of the interlocking pieces , with no smooth edge , to make them more challenging . Other puzzles are designed so the shape of the whole puzzle forms a figure , such as an animal . The edge pieces may vary more in these cases . The pieces of spherical jigsaw , like immersive panorama jigsaw , can be triangular shaped , according to the rules of tessellation of the geoid primitive . World Records ( edit ) Largest commercially available jigsaw puzzles ( edit ) Pieces Name of puzzle Company Year Size ( cm ) Area ( m ) 48,000 Around the World Grafika 2017 768.0 × 204.0 15.667 42,000 La vuelta al Mundo Educa 2017 749.0 × 157.0 11.759 40,320 Memorable Disney Moments Ravensburger 2016 680.0 × 192.0 13.056 33,600 Wild Life Educa 2014 570.0 × 157.0 8.949 32,256 New York City Window Ravensburger 2014 544.0 × 192.0 10.445 32,256 Double Retrospect Ravensburger 544.0 × 192.0 10.445 24,000 Life , The greatest puzzle Educa 2007 428.0 × 157.0 6.720 20,000 Weltkarte Weltbild 272.0 × 220.0 5.984 The world 's largest commercially available jigsaw puzzle ( Jan. 2018 ) is produced by Grafika and contains 48,000 pieces showing 208 leading places and landmarks painted by Adrian Chesterman in a collage . In 2016 the German company Ravensburger released their biggest puzzle . It shows 10 scenes from Disney works and has 40,320 pieces , measuring 680 cm by 192 cm when assembled . Largest - sized jigsaw puzzles ( edit ) The world 's largest - sized jigsaw puzzle measured 5,428.8 m ( 58,435 sq ft ) with 21,600 pieces , each measuring a Guinness World Records maximum size of 50 cm by 50 cm . It was assembled on 3 November 2002 by 777 people at the former Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong . The jigsaw with the greatest number of pieces had 551,232 pieces and measured 14.85 × 23.20 m ( 48 ft 8.64 in × 76 ft 1.38 in ) . It was assembled on 24 September 2011 at Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam , by students from the University of Economics , Ho Chi Minh City . Cultural significance ( edit ) The current most recognized symbol for autism is the `` autism awareness '' ribbon , which features red , blue , and yellow jigsaw pieces . The logo of Wikipedia is a globe made out of jigsaw pieces . The incomplete sphere appears to have some pieces missing , symbolizing the room to add new knowledge . Art and entertainment ( edit ) The central antagonist in the Saw film franchise is named Jigsaw . In the 1933 Laurel and Hardy short Me and My Pal , several characters attempt to complete a large jigsaw puzzle . Symbol for autism ( edit ) Jigsaw puzzle pieces were first used as a symbol for autism in 1963 by the United Kingdom 's National Autistic Society . The organization chose jigsaw pieces for their logo to represent the `` puzzling '' nature of autism and the inability to `` fit in '' due to social differences , and also because jigsaw pieces were recognizable and otherwise unused . Puzzle pieces have since been incorporated into the logos and promotional materials of many organizations , including the Autism Society of America and Autism Speaks . Proponents of the autism rights movement oppose the jigsaw puzzle iconography , stating that metaphors such as `` puzzling '' and `` incomplete '' are harmful to autistic people . Critics of the puzzle piece symbol instead advocate for a rainbow - colored infinity symbol representing diversity . See also ( edit ) Jigsaw puzzle accessories Life a User 's Manual Lost in Translation ( poem ) Tessellation Three - dimensional edge - matching puzzle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McAdam , Daniel . `` History of Jigsaw Puzzles '' . American Jigsaw Puzzle Society . Archived from the original on 19 October 2000 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Time of the Jigsaws '' . BBC . 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 facts about jigsaw puzzles '' . Daily Express . 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Historic Royal Palaces press release `` Jigsaw cabinet '' Archived 2015 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1243701/puzzle-cabinet-unknown/ V&A collection ; Museum number : B. 1 : 1 & 2 - 2011 ; puzzle cabinet ^ Jump up to : Williams , Anne , D. `` Jigsaw Puzzles - A Brief History '' . www.mgcpuzzles.com . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Healthy Brain Alzheimer Society of Canada Accessed 30 March 2011 Jump up ^ Achievement . World Trade Magazines Ltd. 1962 . p. 31 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online Jigsaw Puzzles '' . Jigzone . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trolleholm Castle , Sweden jigsaw puzzle '' . TheJigsawPuzzles.com . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most expensive jigsaw puzzle sold at auction '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Largest commercial jigsaw puzzle - most pieces '' . Guinness World Records . 2010 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Largest jigsaw puzzle '' . Guinness World Records . 2002 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Largest jigsaw puzzle - most pieces '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam puts together the world 's largest jigsaw puzzle '' . Guinness World Records News . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Saw '' IMDB page `` . Internet Movie Database. 2004 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` '' Me and My Pal '' IMDB page `` . Internet Movie Database. 2015 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NAS timeline ( text only version ) '' . National Autistic Society . 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Autism Ribbon Symbol '' . Health Guide Info. 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lisa D. ( full last name unknown ) ( 2012 - 05 - 02 ) . `` I am not a puzzle : From Reports from a Resident Alien '' . Unpuzzled . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jigsaw puzzle . Jigsaw-puzzle.org at Wayback Machine ( Nov. 2000 ) Jigsaw puzzle resources I 'm a puzzle - Tool for creating online jigsaw puzzles Free Online Jigsaw puzzles Jigsaw Puzzles Wiki - Database for jigsaw puzzles with many pictures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigsaw_puzzle&oldid=824603139 '' Categories : Jigsaw puzzles Tiling puzzles Mechanical puzzles Traditional toys Wooden toys Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 10 : 34 . 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1167541710966639255 | 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony | 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Russian soprano Aida Garifullina and pop singer Robbie Williams singing `` Angels '' at the opening ceremony Former World Cup winner Ronaldo Russian President Vladimir Putin , FIFA President Gianni Infantino and Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman Putin and Mohammad bin Salman The opening ceremony of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place on Thursday , 14 June 2018 , at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Russia at 3 : 30 ( BST ) , about a half hour before the opening match which Russia won 5 -- 0 over Saudi Arabia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performance 1.1 Controversy 2 References 3 External links Performance ( edit ) Former Brazilian World Cup - winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt . English pop singer Robbie Williams then took centre stage with a rendition of `` Let Me Entertain You '' before Russian soprano Aida Garifullina was carried out on to the pitch on the back of a `` firebird '' float . Williams sang a section of `` Feel '' before he and Garifullina performed a duet of `` Angels '' as performers emerged , dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation . Ronaldo returned with the official ball -- the Adidas Telstar 18 -- which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June . Williams then sung `` Rock DJ '' in an encore as the pitch was being cleared for the first match . Controversy ( edit ) During the encore , Williams accidentally `` gave the finger '' . He stated on This Morning , `` I was under a lot of pressure because there was one minute left , and I did n't know how I was gon na do half a minute . So I just did a one - minute countdown ... '' Fox in the US apologised for the incident . The incident was not shown on ITV in the UK who had cut away prior to the encore . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tirkey , Joy ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup , Opening Ceremony : When And Where To Watch , Live Coverage On TV , Live Streaming Online '' . NDTV Sports . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 Opening Ceremony : What time will it start and when will Robbie Williams feature ? '' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams show at World Cup opening ceremony is too short to ever be dull '' . Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Ronaldo and Robbie Williams star in opening ceremony '' . BBC . 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox apologises for Williams gesture '' . BBC News . 15 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2018 opening ceremony . hide 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_opening_ceremony&oldid=850578865 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup opening ceremonies Ceremonies in Russia Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who performed at the 2018 world cup opening ceremony | [] | [] |
-7904643321902704823 | First Continental Congress | First Continental Congress - wikipedia First Continental Congress Jump to : navigation , search For the first seating of the United States Congress , see 1st United States Congress . The First Continental Congress Thirteen Colonies First Continental Congress 1774 Type Type Unicameral History Established September 5 , 1774 Disbanded October 26 , 1774 Preceded by Stamp Act Congress Succeeded by Second Continental Congress Leadership President of Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Secretary Charles Thomson Seats 56 from 12 colonies ( excluding Georgia ) Meeting place Carpenters ' Hall , Philadelphia This article is part of a series on the United States Continental Congress Predecessors Albany Congress 1754 Stamp Act Congress 1765 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves Continental Association Petition to the King 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Committee of Secret Correspondence Necessity of Taking Up Arms Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Articles of Confederation Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture Congress of the Confederation Bank of North America Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Members List of delegates Presidents of the Continental Congress Secretary of the Continental Congress United States portal The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26 , 1774 , at Carpenters ' Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , early in the American Revolution . It was called in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament , which the British referred to as the Coercive Acts , with which the British intended to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party . The Congress met briefly to consider options , including an economic boycott of British trade and drawing up a list of rights and grievances ; in the end , they petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances . The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts . Their appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened the following year to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War . The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Convention 2 Declaration and Resolves 3 Accomplishments 4 List of delegates 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Convention Carpenters ' Hall The Congress met from September 5 to October 26 , 1774 . Peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings ; Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress from October 22 to 26 . Charles Thomson , leader of Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence , was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress . The delegates who attended were not of one mind concerning why they were there . Conservatives such as Joseph Galloway , John Dickinson , John Jay , and Edward Rutledge believed their task to be forging policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts . Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the Colonies and Great Britain . Others such as Patrick Henry , Roger Sherman , Samuel Adams , and John Adams believed their task to be developing a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies . Their ultimate goal was to end what they felt to be the abuses of parliamentary authority , and to retain their rights which had been guaranteed under both Colonial charters and the English constitution . Roger Sherman denied the legislative authority of Parliament , and Patrick Henry believed that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of government , independent from Great Britain , for the existing Colonial governments were already dissolved . In contrast to these ideas , Joseph Galloway put forward a `` Plan of Union '' which suggested that an American legislative body be formed with some authority , whose consent would be required for imperial measures . Declaration and Resolves In the end , the voices of compromise carried the day . Rather than calling for independence , the First Continental Congress passed and signed the Continental Association in its Declaration and Resolves , which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774 . It requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the boycott and regulate local prices for goods . These resolutions adopted by the Congress did not endorse any legal power of Parliament to regulate trade , but consented , nonetheless , to the operation of acts for that purpose . Furthermore , they did not repudiate control by the royal prerogative , which was explicitly acknowledged in the Petition to the King a few days later . Accomplishments The Congress had two primary accomplishments . The first was a compact among the Colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1 , 1774 . The West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless the islands agreed to non-importation of British goods . Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775 , compared with the previous year . Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each Colony to ensure compliance with the boycott . All of the Colonial Houses of Assembly approved the proceedings of the Congress , with the exception of New York . If the Intolerable Acts were not repealed , the Colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10 , 1775 . The boycott was successfully implemented , but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The second accomplishment of the Congress was to provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on May 10 , 1775 . In addition to the Colonies which had sent delegates to the First Continental Congress , the Congress resolved on October 21 , 1774 , to send letters of invitation to Quebec , Saint John 's Island ( now Prince Edward Island ) , Nova Scotia , Georgia , East Florida , and West Florida . However , letters appear to have been sent only to Quebec ( three letters in all ) . None of these other colonies sent delegates to the opening of the Second Congress , though a delegation from Georgia arrived the following July . List of delegates This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) # Name Colony Notes Folsom , Nathaniel Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire Sullivan , John John Sullivan New Hampshire 3rd and 5th Governor of New Hampshire ; general in the Continental Army Adams , John John Adams Massachusetts Lawyer , first Vice-President of the United States and second President Adams , Samuel Samuel Adams Massachusetts cousin of John Adams ; sometimes called `` Father of the American Revolution '' 5 Cushing , Thomas Thomas Cushing Massachusetts 6 Paine , Robert Treat Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts 7 Hopkins , Stephen Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island Authored pamphlet The Rights of the Colonies 8 Ward , Samuel Samuel Ward Rhode Island 9 Deane , Silas Silas Deane Connecticut 10 Dyer , Eliphalet Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut 11 Sherman , Roger Roger Sherman Connecticut Created the Great Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise at the Constitutional Convention ; Congressman ; a member of the Committee of Five who presented the Declaration of Independence 12 Duane , James James Duane New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 13 Jay , John John Jay New York Lawyer ; First Chief Justice of the United States ; co-author of The Federalist Papers ; appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 14 Livingston , Philip Philip Livingston New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 15 Low , Isaac Isaac Low New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 16 Boerum , Simon Simon Boerum New York 17 Haring , John John Haring New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange 18 Wisner , Henry Henry Wisner New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange 19 Floyd , William William Floyd New York For Suffolk County 20 Alsop , John John Alsop New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 21 Crane , Stephen Stephen Crane New Jersey 22 De Hart , John John De Hart New Jersey 23 Kinsey , James James Kinsey New Jersey 24 Livingston , William William Livingston New Jersey 25 Smith , Richard Richard Smith New Jersey 26 Biddle , Edward Edward Biddle Pennsylvania 27 Dickinson , John John Dickinson Pennsylvania author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 28 Galloway , Joseph Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania Originator of the Galloway Plan of Union 29 Humphreys , Charles Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania 30 Mifflin , Thomas Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania Later served as the first governor of Pennsylvania ; Quartermaster general of the U.S. Army 31 Morton , John John Morton Pennsylvania 32 Rhoads , Samuel Samuel Rhoads Pennsylvania 33 Ross , George George Ross Pennsylvania 34 McKean , Thomas Thomas McKean Delaware 35 Read , George George Read Delaware 36 Rodney , Caesar Caesar Rodney Delaware 37 Chase , Samuel Samuel Chase Maryland Later served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 38 Goldsborough , Robert Robert Goldsborough Maryland 39 Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson Maryland 40 Paca , William William Paca Maryland 41 Tilghman , Matthew Matthew Tilghman Maryland 42 Bland , Richard Richard Bland Virginia 43 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison Virginia Later served as the fifth governor of Virginia ; father of President William Henry Harrison and great - grandfather of President Benjamin Harrison 44 Henry , Patrick Patrick Henry Virginia Creator of the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions 45 Lee , Richard Henry Richard Henry Lee Virginia 46 Pendleton , Edmund Edmund Pendleton Virginia 47 Randolph , Peyton Peyton Randolph Virginia Served as President of this First Continental Congress 48 Washington , George George Washington Virginia Future commander of the Continental Army ; first President of the United States 49 Caswell , Richard Richard Caswell North Carolina 50 Hewes , Joseph Joseph Hewes North Carolina Secretary of Naval Affairs Committee in 1776 51 Hooper , William William Hooper North Carolina 52 Gadsden , Christopher Christopher Gadsden South Carolina 53 Lynch Jr. , Thomas Thomas Lynch Jr . South Carolina 54 Middleton , Henry Henry Middleton South Carolina 55 Rutledge , Edward Edward Rutledge South Carolina 56 Rutledge , John John Rutledge South Carolina Second Chief Justice ; Associate Justice ; first Governor of South Carolina See also List of delegates to the Continental and Confederation congresses Papers of the Continental Congress Timeline of United States revolutionary history ( 1760 -- 1789 ) Notes Jump up ^ Risjord , Norman K. ( 2002 ) . Jefferson 's America , 1760 - 1815 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 114 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1936 ) . `` A constitutional History of the United States '' . New York , London : D. Appleton - Century Company . pp. 83 -- 90 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Evarts Boutell ( 1922 ) . The Foundations of American Nationality . American Book Company . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Miller , Marion Mills ( 1913 ) . Great Debates in American Hist : From the Debates in the British Parliament on the Colonial Stamp . Current Literature Pub. Co. p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Launitz - Schurer p. 144 . Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford , Library of Congress ( United States ) ; et al. , eds. ( 1774 ( printed 1901 ) ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 - 1789 . p. 101 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford ; et al. ( eds . ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . pp. 2 : 192 -- 193 . References Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 - 10 online edition Burnett , Edmund C. ( 1975 ) ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress . Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 8386 - 3 . Henderson , H. James ( 2002 ) ( 1974 ) . Party Politics in the Continental Congress . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 6525 - 5 . Launitz - Schurer , Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries , The making of the revolution in New York , 1765 - 1776 , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4994 - 1 Ketchum , Richard , Divided Loyalties , How the American Revolution came to New York , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6120 - 7 Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition Puls , Mark , Samuel Adams , father of the American Revolution , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 4039 - 7582 - 5 Montross , Lynn ( 1970 ) ( 1950 ) . The Reluctant Rebels ; the Story of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 0 - 389 - 03973 - X . Primary sources Peter Force , ed . American Archives , 9 vol 1837 - 1853 , major compilation of documents 1774 - 1776 . online edition External links Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 - 1789 Papers of the Continental Congress ( Digitized Original Documents ) Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble and Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. Government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation Congresses 1st Continental Congress 2nd Continental Congress The US in Congress Assembled Delegates Committee of the States Congressional Officers President Secretary Civil Offices / Officers Postmaster General Superintendent of Finance / Agent of the Marine Secretary at War Secretary of Foreign Affairs Court of Appeals Military Board of War Continental Army Commander in Chief Continental Navy Continental Marines Preceded by Stamp Act Congress Legislature of the United States September 5 , 1774 , to October 26 , 1774 Succeeded by the Second Continental Congress Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Continental_Congress&oldid=833164017 '' Categories : 1774 in the Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress History of Philadelphia Pennsylvania in the American Revolution 1774 in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was a goal of the first continental congress | [
"The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade and drawing up a list of rights and grievances; in the end, they petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances."
] | [
"an economic boycott of British trade"
] |
-4893641077671366557 | Dirty Jobs | Dirty Jobs - Wikipedia Dirty Jobs Jump to : navigation , search Dirty Jobs Starring Mike Rowe Opening theme `` We Care A Lot '' by Faith No More ( Seasons 1 , 3 - 7 ) by Matt Koskenmaki ( Season 2 ) Composer ( s ) David Vanacore ( Vanacore Music ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 169 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 40 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pilgrim Films & Television Release Original network Discovery Channel Original release November 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 07 ) ( pilot ) July 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 26 ) -- September 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) External links Website Production website Dirty Jobs is a TV series on the Discovery Channel in which host Mike Rowe is shown performing difficult , strange , disgusting , or messy occupational duties alongside the typical employees . The show , produced by Pilgrim Films & Television , premiered with three pilot episodes in November 2003 . It returned as a series on July 26 , 2005 , running for eight seasons until September 12 , 2012 . The show 's setting was refocused in Australia for the eighth season , advertised as Dirty Jobs Down Under . There is also a European edition of the show hosted by former Manchester United and Denmark goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel . On November 21 , 2012 , Rowe announced that Discovery Channel had cancelled Dirty Jobs . In 2014 , Rowe announced that CNN had picked up Somebody 's Gotta Do It , starring him and featuring many of the Dirty Jobs crew . The series was nominated for 5 Primetime Emmys : 3 for Outstanding Reality Program , which Rowe was nominated for as a producer , and 2 for Cinematography . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 History 2.1 New show 3 Episodes 3.1 Submissions 3.2 Unaired segments 4 Music 5 Promotion 6 DVD releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) A worker or team of workers takes on Rowe as a fully involved assistant for a typical work day , working hard to complete every task as best he can despite discomfort , hazards , or repulsive situations - and , at times , all three . The Dirty Jobs crew , including field producer Dave Barsky , cameramen Doug Glover , Troy Paff , and Dan Eggiman , and audio technician Josh Atkins , often get just as dirty as Rowe does . Rowe frequently takes on - camera jabs at Dave Barsky , regarding Barsky 's penchant for setting up scenes where Rowe will encounter the most dangerous or dirty part of the job in order to get a great camera shot ; indeed , the entire crew frequently joke and prank each other on - camera , for example , when a safety officer finishes going over the rules and regulations for the Billboard Installer job in the third season ( the safety officer asks Rowe to sign a release , which he does while mock - voicing the words he signs : `` Dave ... Barsky ... '' ) , or attempting to film Troy defecating in the woods . Rowe engages in near - constant self - deprecating humor , making what he calls `` dirty jokes '' , but rarely more than the occasional playful jab at the workers themselves . Nearly every job is even more difficult than he had expected , and this often has him expressing admiration and respect for the workers ' skills and their willingness to take on jobs that most people avoid . The show always begins with the following quote from Rowe , usually spoken while in the midst of a particularly dirty task : My name 's Mike Rowe , and this is my job . I explore the country looking for people who are n't afraid to get dirty -- hard - working men and women who earn an honest living doing the kinds of jobs that make civilized life possible for the rest of us . Now , get ready to get dirty . History ( edit ) The show is a spin - off of a segment host Mike Rowe once did on a local San Francisco show called Evening Magazine . The segment was called Somebody 's Gotta Do It . After completing a graphic piece on cow artificial insemination , Rowe was inundated with letters expressing `` shock , horror , fascination , disbelief , and wonder '' . Rowe sent the tape to numerous networks , including Comedy Central , who replied saying `` At this time , our fall schedule does not allow for a talk show that takes place inside a septic tank . '' Ultimately Rowe also sent the tape to the Discovery Channel , which commissioned a series based on this format . Dirty Jobs was produced by Craig Piligian ( executive producer ) of Pilgrim Films & Television . The Discovery Channel executive producer was Gena McCarthy . New show ( edit ) On May 6 , 2013 Mike Rowe posted on Facebook that he was open to creating a new show that is similar to Dirty Jobs using Somebody 's Gotta Do It , the title of the original segment that had inspired Dirty Jobs . Rowe said that if half the people on his Facebook fan page said `` Hey , Mike , here 's 10 bucks for jet fuel and basic production costs , '' he 'd `` put the band back together and start shooting Somebody 's Gotta Do It tomorrow . '' On April 10 , 2014 Rowe announced on his Facebook page that CNN had decided to air the show . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Dirty Jobs episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale Pilots November 7 , 2003 November 21 , 2003 6 July 26 , 2005 August 30 , 2005 45 September 27 , 2005 March 20 , 2007 34 June 26 , 2007 July 29 , 2008 21 October 7 , 2008 April 12 , 2009 5 22 October 6 , 2009 June 14 , 2010 6 23 October 19 , 2010 March 8 , 2011 7 11 December 13 , 2011 February 21 , 2012 8 August 22 , 2012 September 12 , 2012 In July 2006 , the show aired two special episodes to kick off and wrap up Discovery 's annual Shark Week , of which Mike Rowe was the host . The episodes featured him in a number of jobs related to the animals , some as outlandish as shark repellent tester and shark suit tester , both of which necessitated his jumping into a shark feeding frenzy . As a pun on Discovery Channel 's `` Shark Week '' theme , the two episodes were named `` Jobs That Bite '' and `` Jobs That Bite ... Harder '' for the opening and closing hours respectively . In late August 2006 , the show reached a milestone with Mike Rowe 's 100th dirty job . This was commemorated with a special two - hour episode which mainly showed Mike 's day with the U.S. Army 's 187th Ordnance Battalion at Fort Jackson , and included bloopers plus an `` about me '' segment of Mike 's crew . At the end of the episode , Mike Rowe and Dave Barsky had a guitar / banjo duet and performed a song about the 100 dirty jobs . A 2 - hour 150th job special aired in early December 2007 , which combined footage of Rowe 's 150th job ( working on a yak and bison farm in Montana ) with footage of a party held at a San Francisco garbage dump where people featured in past Dirty Jobs segments were reunited with Rowe . In 2009 , the show returned for a fifth season , with Rowe commenting in promotional spots , `` After 200 dirty jobs , I 'm back for more . '' It was renewed for a seventh season , which Rowe described as including `` a broader geographical palate . '' An eighth season , marketed as Dirty Jobs Down Under , premiered on August 22 , 2012 . There were only four episodes filmed for season eight . As a result of being featured in the season 1 episode `` Vexcon '' , exterminator Billy Bretherton later starred in his own series on A&E , Billy the Exterminator . Submissions ( edit ) Each episode ends with a segment , usually shot at a previous dirty job , where Rowe tells the viewers that the show 's continued existence depends on viewer submissions of suggestions for additional dirty jobs , and instructs them to go to the show 's website for details on how to submit ideas ( this segment is , however , usually edited out of the Canadian broadcasts of the series on Discovery Channel Canada ) . Rowe has often noted on - screen and off - screen that without viewer contributions , the show would be lost ; Rowe originally concocted a list of a dozen jobs that could be featured in the three episodes that served as the show 's pilot , and within days after the first episode aired , viewers flooded Discovery Channel with e-mail and video featuring their own dirty jobs , a tradition that has kept the show going ever since . As Rowe explained to Craig Ferguson on an episode of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in July 2007 about his original cache of jobs for the pilots , `` I have n't had an original idea since then '' . Unaired segments ( edit ) According to roadkill taxidermy artist Stephen Paternite , Dirty Jobs filmed a segment featuring him in 2003 , which was ultimately cut by the Discovery Channel as `` too gross '' . The segment follows Mike Rowe and Paternite as they gather and skin dead raccoons , which Paternite will eventually turn into art pieces . The segment is available to view on Paternite 's website , and on YouTube , under the name `` Too Gross for Discovery '' . In an interview on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson , Rowe also mentioned that there were several segments which they have chosen not to air because they were too disturbing , including a `` body farmer '' . Even aired segments can be heavily edited , such as the `` skull cleaner '' segment , the final aired version of which Mike has likened to `` The Sound of Music with the songs edited out '' because parts of it were deemed too graphic for television . There is also an episode produced in 2006 wherein Rowe visited his doctor while producers Piligian and Eddie Barbini try two dirty jobs themselves . The episode , entitled `` Mike 's Day Off '' , was never aired in the United States for that season ; it was only available as a DVD - exclusive episode ( bundled with the episode `` Skull Cleaner '' ) and a downloadable episode in iTunes . The episode has been aired in some local Discovery Channel feeds such as those of Southeast Asia and Australia , as well as on Discovery Channel Canada before finally being aired in the United States on March 3 , 2009 . Various episodes air in certain countries with different scenes . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song was originally Faith No More 's `` We Care A Lot '' which features the lyrics , `` Oh , it 's a dirty job but someone 's got ta do it '' . In the first half of 2007 , it was replaced with a generic theme song by Matt Koskenmaki ( who also did the other music cues for the show ) , due to rights issues ; older episodes aired at the time had their introductions reedited . Mike Rowe has said `` Bottom line , the rights to ' We Care a Lot ' were either not renewed on time , or not properly acquired in the first place '' . Although the network has not issued any statement clarifying the situation , `` We Care A Lot '' returned as the show 's theme song beginning with the June 26 , 2007 episode and has been retained on subsequent DVD releases of earlier episodes . Season 2 commercials for the show feature the song `` Dirty White Boy '' by Foreigner . Season 3 commercials feature Rowe sharing the stage with a pig positioned on a rounded white pedestal , with nondescript formal - sounding light instrumental music in the background . Rowe often sings on - camera during the segments as part of a sardonic hat - tip to his days as an opera singer . During the candy making segment in episode 34 ( `` Fuel Tank Cleaner '' ) , Rowe discovers that one of the candy makers makes a confection called `` opera fudge '' and ask if she sings opera during the making of opera fudge , then belts out a segment of `` Vecchia zimarra '' from Puccini 's La Bohéme . During the cow pots segment of episode 47 ( `` Poo Pot Maker '' ) , Rowe imitates the singing gondoliers of Venice while paddling around the liquid holding lagoon on the Freund farm : `` ' O Sole Mio / Do n't know the words / I 've paddled for hours / In ponds of turds ... '' In a 2007 episode set at Prince George 's Stadium with Mike spending the day doing the `` dirty jobs '' associated with groundskeeping and dugout maintenance for the Bowie Baysox minor league baseball team in Bowie , Maryland , Mike ended the segment singing the National Anthem prior to the game and throwing out the first pitch . When Mike reads the very last piece of viewer mail in the viewer 's choice episode , he was asked if he could sing the Dirty Jobs Theme Song because his online bio says that he used to be an opera singer . So he explained that one night , as they sat on `` Foley '' Creek ( actually `` Folly '' Creek , but he has a tendency to pronounce it incorrectly ) , after a night of oysters and drinking ( likely during the Oyster Harvester segment of the shrimper episode ) , he , Juke Joint Johnny and Sam ( likely Silky Sam ) jotted down some lyrics and the `` official , unofficial Dirty Jobs Theme Song '' was born . This shortest version of the song clocked in at just under a minute in length , and it varies a bit from later versions , but it is fun in that it was less planned than the later ones . At the end of the pipe organ specialist segment of the geoduck farmer episode , Mike Rowe sang what he called the Dirty Jobs Anthem . Rowe reprised this moment in the `` Leather Tanner '' episode from the third season on an antique piano at the tannery . At the conclusion of a two - hour special edition commemorating Mike 's 100th dirty job , he and field producer Dave Barsky faked a guitar / banjo duet , featuring an extended version of this anthem which ran a little over two minutes in length ( Rowe actually sang all the parts while Rowe 's friend Matt played all the instruments ) . The extended song differs slightly from the shorter versions which aired previously , and even the words that are similar vary somewhat . Mike performed the song again with slightly different lyrics on the 150th Job Extravaganza with the Burning Embers . Promotion ( edit ) Discovery Channel issued the following statement in its publicity of the program : Host and everyman Mike Rowe gets the grimy scoop on downright nasty , but vital , occupations in DIRTY JOBS . Rowe could be processing smelly seafood in a fish factory , collecting bat guano for prized fertilizer or cleaning septic tanks to maintain a fresh - smelling environment . His apprenticeship never ends as he learns from those who keep our world running smoothly . DVD releases ( edit ) Main article : List of Dirty Jobs DVDs Discovery Channel has released over 130 episodes on DVD and on iTunes . DVD Name No. of episodes Run time ( minutes ) Release Dirty Jobs Season 1 DVD Set 10 430 July 2006 Dirty Jobs Season 2 DVD Set 25 1,080 January 28 , 2008 Dirty Jobs Season 3 DVD Set 23 1,032 2008 Dirty Jobs Season 4 DVD Set 25 1,075 April 6 , 2010 Dirty Jobs Season 5 DVD Set 17 817 2011 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 1 9 494 September 4 , 2007 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 2 12 502 February 5 , 2008 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 3 12 480 August 26 , 2008 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 4 13 576 February 24 , 2009 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 5 17 430 January 26 , 2010 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 6 11 430 September 7 , 2010 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 7 10 430 May 3 , 2011 Dirty Jobs -- Collection 8 10 450 August 7 , 2012 Dirty Jobs -- Something Fishy 167 February 23 , 2010 Dirty Jobs -- Toughest Jobs 5 220 May 15 , 2012 Dirty Jobs Down Under 176 March 11 , 2014 See also ( edit ) The Worst Jobs in History -- a UK series that debuted in 2004 with a similar premise to Dirty Jobs except host Tony Robinson experiences `` dirty jobs '' that were common in British society centuries ago . Somebody 's Gotta Do It -- the indirect successor to Dirty Jobs , a CNN series hosted by Rowe and including a number of Dirty Jobs crew . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dirty Jobs Down Under With Mike Rowe '' . Discovery Communications . Discovery Channel . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs with Peter Schmeichel '' . Discovery.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Mike Rowe Announces End of Discovery 's `` Dirty Jobs '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com . November 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : A Cameraman Poops in the Woods '' . discovery.com . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Gotta Do It '' . mikeroweWORKS . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( September 6 , 2006 ) . `` Sure , it 's a dirty job , but ... '' St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Possible New Show '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` This Just In ... '' Facebook.com . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` insidetvratings.com '' . insidetvratings.com . January 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike . `` Mike 's Next `` Big Thing '' ? `` . Discovery Channel . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thread : Brown Snakes '' . mikeroweWORKS . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Rowe on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paternite , Stephen . `` Re : Too Gross for Discovery '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paternite , Stephen . `` Paternite on YouTube '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Mike Rowe Classic : Mike on Skull Cleaning '' . Discovery.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TV Show Tracker list of Dirty Jobs episodes '' . TV Show Tracker . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.koskenmaki.com/ Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike . `` Re : New Theme SONG ? ? ? ? ? ? '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Viewer 's Choice , Dirty Jobs Anthem '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Geoduck Farmer , Dirty Jobs Anthem '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Mike . `` Re : Musical Tribute in Episode 100 '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : 100th Dirty Job Special , Dirty Jobs Anthem '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs with Mike Rowe - One of the best Dirty Jobs Fansites '' Blog Archive '' Dirty Jobs Confirmed to Return `` . Dirtyjobsmikerowe.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bindy . `` Dirty Jobs DVD Dirty Jobs : Season 1 DVD Set , Dirty Jobs Video , Dirty Jobs Season One DVD Discovery Channel Store '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barbara ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Dirty Jobs DVD Dirty Jobs Season 2 DVD Set , Dirty Jobs Video , Dirty Jobs Season Two DVD Discovery Channel Store '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Purplehybiscus . `` Dirty Jobs Season 3 DVD Set Shows Dirty Jobs Discovery Channel '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MonaGirl . `` Dirty Jobs Season 4 DVD Set + 200 Jobs Look Back Bonus Shows Dirty Jobs Discovery Channel '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ akclark96 ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Dirty Jobs Season 5 DVD Discovery Channel '' . store.discovery.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 1 : Mike Rowe : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 2 : Mike Rowe : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 3 : Mike Rowe , David M. Barsky , Doug Glover , Troy Paff , Christopher Jones , Chris Whiteneck , Adam Bradley , Dan Eggiman , Billy Bretherton , Edward Barbini , Ryan Walsh , Amber McClarin : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 4 : Mike Rowe , David M. Barsky , Mike Gardner , Jayme Necaise , Scott Sander , James Watson , Ira Anderson , John Engelmohr , James Gee , Mark Gladney , Mike Shain , Doug Glover , Amber Mike , Craig Piligian , Dayna McTavish , Edward Barbini , Edward Rohwedder , Gena McCarthy , Heath Banks : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs Collection Five : Mike Rowe , Discovery Channel : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Collection 6 : Mike Rowe , Pilgrim Films & Television : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs Collection 7 : Mike Rowe , Pilgrim Films & Television : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs with Mike Rowe -- One of the best Dirty Jobs Fansites '' Blog Archive '' Dirty Jobs -- Collection 7 DVD Set Delayed `` . Dirtyjobsmikerowe.com . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Dirty Jobs -- 2 - DVD Set of ' Collection 8 ' , Starring Mike Rowe '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Something Fishy DVD '' . store.discovery.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs : Toughest Jobs : Mike Rowe , Pilgram Films : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs Down Under '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dirty Jobs on IMDb Dirty Jobs at TV.com Pilgrim Films Dirty Jobs Website Mike Rowe talks about Dirty Jobs at TED Dirty Jobs Emmy profile ( hide ) Discovery Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Discover Magazine ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The FBI Files ( 1998 -- 2006 ) 2000s debuts Biker Build - Off ( 2002 -- 07 ) American Chopper ( 2003 -- 10 ) Dinosaur Planet ( 2003 ) Extreme Engineering ( 2003 -- 11 ) Dirty Jobs ( 2003 -- 12 ) American Hot Rod ( 2004 -- 08 ) Animal Face - Off ( 2004 ) Big ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did dirty jobs go off the air | [
"Dirty Jobs is a TV series on the Discovery Channel in which host Mike Rowe is shown performing difficult, strange, disgusting, or messy occupational duties alongside the typical employees. The show, produced by Pilgrim Films & Television, premiered with three pilot episodes in November 2003. It returned as a series on July 26, 2005, running for eight seasons until September 12, 2012. The show's setting was refocused in Australia for the eighth season, advertised as Dirty Jobs Down Under.[1]"
] | [
"September 12, 2012"
] |
5489023794391344260 | Loose lips sink ships | Loose lips sink ships - wikipedia Loose lips sink ships This article is about the English idiom . For other uses , see Loose lips sink ships ( disambiguation ) . American World War II poster by Seymour R. Goff , who signed it with his common pen name `` Ess - ar - gee '' Loose lips sink ships is an American English idiom meaning `` beware of unguarded talk '' . The phrase originated on propaganda posters during World War II . The phrase was created by the War Advertising Council and used on posters by the United States Office of War Information . The most famous poster that helped popularize the phrase ( pictured at right ) was created for the Seagram Distillers Corporation by the designer Seymour R. Goff ( also known by the pseudonym `` Ess - ar - gee '' or Essargee ) . This type of poster was part of a general campaign of American propaganda during World War II to advise servicemen and other citizens to avoid spreading rumors -- or truths -- containing bad news that might hurt morale . Historian D'Ann Campbell argues that the purpose of the wartime posters , propaganda , and censorship of soldiers ' letters was not to foil spies but , `` to clamp as tight a lid as possible on rumors that might lead to discouragement , frustration , strikes , or anything that would cut back military production . '' The British equivalent used `` Careless Talk Costs Lives '' , and variations on the phrase `` Keep mum '' , while in neutral Sweden the State Information Board promoted the wordplay `` en svensk tiger '' ( the Swedish word `` tiger '' means both `` tiger '' and `` keeping silent '' ) , and Germany used `` Schäm Dich , Schwätzer ! '' ( English : `` Shame on you , blabbermouth ! '' ) . The gist of this particular slogan was that one should avoid speaking of ship movements , as this talk ( if directed at or overheard by covert enemy agents ) might allow the enemy to intercept and destroy the ships . There were many similar such slogans , but `` Loose lips sink ships '' remained in the American idiom for the remainder of the century and into the next , usually as an admonition to avoid careless talk in general . Some examples of use the phrase outside the World War II propaganda context are : US Action / crime movie Den of Thieves ( said by character Donnie ) O'Shea Jackson Jr ... A pop band , a pop album ( by Des Ark ) , and pop songs by various artists , including Camper Van Beethoven , A Change of Pace , Hit the Lights , and others . A musical play produced by the American Folklore Theatre . An episode of the American - animated television program , Fish Hooks . A Variation Poster `` Round Hips Sink Ships '' on the American - animated television program Futurama The title an episode of the American television program Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains , and a variation , `` Loose Lips Sink Relationships '' , is an episode of the American television program Will & Grace . The title of a paper exploring labiaplasty by Simone Weil Davis of the University of Toronto . A line in `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution '' video game at the end of the letter ( about evacuation of Federal Emergency Management Agency station MICH. 355. sos. 7 at Highland Park ( Detroit ) sent by Joseph Manderley A slogan on one of the many shirts of Billy Talent 's lead singer , Ben Kowalewicz A mention in the alehouses in the game Tradewinds . An achievement in a video game called Curve Fever 2 . A lyric from the song `` I Know Places '' by Taylor Swift . A lyric in the song `` I Get Around '' by Tupac Shakur . A lyric at the beginning of the song Let 's Get It Up by AC / DC . A repeated lyric in the song `` XO '' , from Fall Out Boy 's second studio album , From Under the Cork Tree . A lyric in the song `` Swallow my Pride '' by Ramones . A lyric at the beginning of the song `` Ben Threw '' by Of Mice and Men . A lyric at the beginning of the song `` Sweetwater Kill ( The Ocean Song ) '' by the cello rock band Rapustina . A repeated lyric in the song `` Cherry Tree '' by The National . A lyric repeated throughout the song `` Snitches Get Stitches '' , from The Amity Affliction 's first studio album , Severed Ties . A lyric in the song `` Nobody 's Safe Chump '' by EPMD . A lyric in the song `` Covered in Cowardice '' by Billy Talent A lyric in Travie McCoy 's `` Rough Water '' ft . Jason Mraz . A lyric in the song `` Beneath the Waves '' by Young Guns . A lyric in the song `` Slip of the Lip '' by Ratt . A lyric in the song `` Loose Lips '' by Kimya Dawson . A lyric in the song `` Icebergs '' by Madison Bloodbath . A lyric in the song `` We Alright '' by Young Money . A lyric in the song `` Parties for Prostitutes '' by Brody Dalle . The final line in the song `` Seaward '' by The Acacia Strain . US television show Deadliest Catch ( Season 13 Episode 8 ) Jonathan Hillstrand says this about sharing good crabbing location and water depth with Keith Colburn . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World War II ' Loose Lips ' Poster ( product description ) '' . Olive Drav . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loose lips sink ships '' . The Phrase Finder . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Security of War Information - Loose Lips Sink Ships ( 1942 - 1945 ) '' . Ad Council . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hadley Digital Archive `` Loose Lips Might Sink Ships '' `` . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell , Women at War with America : Private Lives in a Patriotic Era ( 1984 ) p 71 . Jump up ^ `` Loose Lips Sink Ships '' . Eyewitness to History . 1997 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Keep mum -- she 's not so dumb '' - Charcoal , gouache , ink & pastel on board `` . British National Archives . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schäm Dich , Schwätzer ! Feind hört mit - Schweigen ist ... '' The Memory of the Netherlands . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . ( in Dutch ) ^ Jump up to : `` Idiom : Loose lips sink ships '' . Using English . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Loose lips sink ships '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Loose lips sink ships -- Anti Espionage Posters from WWII '' . www.successfullearningcommunities.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LOOSE LIPS SINK SHIPS '' . progarchives.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Albums containing a track with the title : Loose Lips Sink Ships '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Simone . `` Loose lips sink ships '' , Feminist Studies , Vol. 28 , No. 1 ( Spring , 2002 ) , pp. 7 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Cherry Tree Lyrics '' . See also ( edit ) Loose Lips ( disambiguation ) ( usually an anapodoton ( shortening ) of the full phrase `` Loose lips sink ships '' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loose_lips_sink_ships&oldid=864813362 '' Categories : American English idioms American propaganda during World War II World War II propaganda United States government secrecy Naval warfare Hidden categories : Articles with Dutch - language external links Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 16 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where does the phrase loose lips sink ships come from | [
"The phrase originated on propaganda posters during World War II.[2] The phrase was created by the War Advertising Council[3] and used on posters by the United States Office of War Information.[2]\n"
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"propaganda posters during World War II"
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-8333575385893735907 | Ask Me How I Know | Ask Me How I Know - Wikipedia Ask Me How I Know Jump to : navigation , search `` Ask Me How I Know '' Single by Garth Brooks from the album Gunslinger Released March 17 , 2017 Format CD single , music download Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label Pearl Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Rossell Producer ( s ) Mark Miller Garth Brooks singles chronology `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' ( 2016 ) `` Ask Me How I Know '' ( 2017 ) `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' ( 2016 ) `` Ask Me How I Know '' ( 2017 ) `` Ask Me How I Know '' is a song recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks , and written by Mitch Rossell . It was released on March 17 , 2017 as the second single off Brooks 's 2016 album , Gunslinger . The single 's release coincided with the announcement of Brooks performing at South by Southwest , as well as the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . It became his first number one song since `` More Than a Memory '' in 2007 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position US Billboard Country Airplay 40 Preceded by `` Greatest Love Story '' by Lanco Billboard Country Airplay number - one single December 16 , 2017 Succeeded by `` Light It Up '' by Luke Bryan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Snider , Mike . `` Garth Brooks explains why he chose Amazon over Apple Music '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack . `` Why Garth Brooks Went To SXSW -- And Amazon Music '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe . `` Garth Brooks Hits Austin for Free Concert , Elaborates on Decision to Pair With Amazon Music at SXSW '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tingle , Lauren . `` Garth Brooks Books Houston Rodeo 2018 and Free SXSW 2017 Concert , Launches New Single `` Ask Me How I Know '' `` . CMT.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Garth Brooks singles Garth Brooks `` Much Too Young ( To Feel This Damn Old ) '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` Not Counting You '' `` The Dance '' No Fences `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Unanswered Prayers '' `` Two of a Kind , Workin ' on a Full House '' `` The Thunder Rolls '' `` Wild Horses '' ( released in 2001 ) Ropin ' the Wind `` Rodeo '' `` Shameless '' `` What She 's Doing Now '' `` Papa Loved Mama '' `` The River '' The Chase `` We Shall Be Free '' `` Somewhere Other Than the Night '' `` Learning to Live Again '' `` That Summer '' In Pieces `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' `` American Honky - Tonk Bar Association '' `` Standing Outside the Fire '' `` One Night a Day '' `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' `` The Red Strokes '' Fresh Horses `` She 's Every Woman '' `` The Fever '' `` The Beaches of Cheyenne '' `` The Change '' `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' `` That Ol ' Wind '' Sevens `` Longneck Bottle '' `` She 's Gonna Make It '' `` Two Piña Coladas '' `` You Move Me '' `` Do What You Gotta Do '' ( released in 2000 ) The Limited Series `` To Make You Feel My Love '' Double Live `` It 's Your Song '' Greatest Hits ( as Chris Gaines ) `` Lost in You '' `` It Do n't Matter to the Sun '' `` That 's the Way I Remember It '' Scarecrow `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' ( released in 2000 ) `` Wrapped Up in You '' `` Squeeze Me In '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Thicker Than Blood '' `` Why Ai n't I Running '' The Lost Sessions `` Good Ride Cowboy '' `` Love Will Always Win '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` That Girl Is a Cowboy '' The Ultimate Hits `` More Than a Memory '' `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' ( with Huey Lewis ) `` Midnight Sun '' Man Against Machine `` People Loving People '' `` Mom '' Gunslinger `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' `` Ask Me How I Know '' Guest singles `` Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy ( with Chris LeDoux ; uncredited ) `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` One Heart at a TIme '' ( charity single ) `` Burnin the Roadhouse Down '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Where Your Road Leads '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Katie Wants a Fast One '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Beer Run ( B Double E Double Are You In ? ) '' ( with George Jones ) Other songs `` Hard Luck Woman '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` The Call '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) This 2010s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ask_Me_How_I_Know&oldid=816076205 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2016 songs Garth Brooks songs 2010s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 00 . About Wikipedia | when does garth brooks song ask me how i know come out | [
"\"Ask Me How I Know\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks, and written by Mitch Rossell. It was released on March 17, 2017 as the second single off Brooks's 2016 album, Gunslinger.[1][2] The single's release coincided with the announcement of Brooks performing at South by Southwest, as well as the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. It became his first number one song since \"More Than a Memory\" in 2007.[3][4]"
] | [
"March 17, 2017"
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-8120150148213248133 | Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! | Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! - Wikipedia Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Jump to : navigation , search Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Japanese release poster , designed and illustrated by Yoshitoshi Shinomiya Japanese 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! Hepburn Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! Literally Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! Directed by Kunihiko Yuyama Produced by Satoshi Shimohira Susumu Matsuyama Atsushi Chiku Hidenaga Katakami Screenplay by Shoji Yonemura Based on Pokémon : Indigo League by Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Takeshi Shudo Narrated by Unsho Ishizuka Music by Shinji Miyazaki Cinematography Aya Aoshima Edited by Toshio Henmi Production company OLM Distributed by Toho Release date July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) ( Japan Expo ) July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) ( Japan ) Running time 98 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office ¥ 3.31 billion ( US $30 million ) Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! , known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie : I Choose You ! ( 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! , Gekijō - ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta ! ) is a Japanese adventure anime film produced by OLM . Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first film in the Sun and Moon series , it acts as a loose retelling of the original Indigo League saga of the show , released to commemorate the anime 's twentieth anniversary . It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 and was released in Japan on July 15 , 2017 . Fathom Events will release the film as a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Returning cast 2.2 New characters 3 Development 4 Music 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) There is a world that is inhabited by mysterious and powerful creatures called Pocket Monsters , or Pokémon for short . For the time eternal , both humans and Pokémon have interacted with each other , befriended each other and fought alongside each other in tournaments . In the small town of Pallet Town in the Kanto region , a brash 10 - year old trainer named Ash Ketchum dreams of becoming a Pokémon Trainer to travel across the world and earn the title of `` Pokémon Master '' . But when he is late to picking up his first Pokémon from the town 's local Professor and ends up with an unruly Pikachu , his life as a Pokémon Trainer begins in a rather fun but challenging way as Ash must forge his bond with his new friend as well as discovering the secrets of the world they 're living in . As Ash begins to earn Pikachu 's trust on the first day of their journey together , they witness the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh fly overhead , and pick up one of its feathers . From there , Ash and Pikachu promise to find Ho - Oh again as they travel the Kanto region , meeting up with new friends Sorrel and Verity on Ash 's journey to become a Pokémon Master . Cast ( edit ) Returning cast ( edit ) Character Voice Actor ( Japan ) Voice Actor ( US ) Ash Ketchum ( Satoshi ) Rica Matsumoto Sarah Natochenny Pikachu Ikue Ōtani Professor Samuel Oak ( Professor Yukinari Okido ) Narrator Unshō Ishizuka Carter Cathcart ( Oak ) Rodger Parsons Jessie ( Musashi ) Megumi Hayashibara Michele Knotz James ( Kojiro ) Shin - ichiro Miki Carter Cathcart Meowth ( Nyarth ) Inuko Inuyama Carter Cathcart Nurse Joy Shoko Nakagawa N / A Jigglypuff ( Purin ) Mika Kanai Rachael Lillis Giovanni ( Sakaki ) Kenta Miyake N / A New characters ( edit ) Ho - Oh , the mysterious Rainbow Pokémon who is once seen by Ash and Pikachu . Known extensively in legends , it was sought after by some Trainers , including an old man named Bonzi . Kōichi Yamadera as Marshadow , the Gloomdweller Pokémon who is not known to show itself to people and thus a few only knew its existence . It mysteriously travels with Ash and his friends . Kanata Hongō as Sorrel ( Souji ) , a young Trainer who aims to become a Pokémon Professor . He is seen with a Lucario . Shiori Sato as Verity ( Makoto ) , an energetic Trainer who travels alongside Ash and Sorrel . She has a Piplup as her starter Pokémon . Arata Furuta as Bonzi , a mysterious old man who knows about the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh and is determined to chase it at any costs . Ryōta Ōsaka as Cross , an arrogant trainer who believes strength is everything and aims to become the ultimate Trainer . He is seen with an Incineroar and Midnight Form Lycanroc . Development ( edit ) The film was officially revealed during the December 15 broadcast of TV Tokyo 's Oha Suta program , revealing a teaser trailer and poster of the film . This early content revealed Ash and Pikachu alongside the Legendary Pokémon Ho - Oh , showing that the film would act as a retelling of the first season , exploring some of the important plot points of the series . Ho - Oh 's appearance in the film was also detailed to be important to the film 's storyline . A second trailer for the film was revealed at the March 1 broadcast of Oha Suta , revealing remade scenes from the first episode and its official English title . It was then officially posted on the official YouTube page the next day . Later on , the film 's second official trailer , which also featured a new version of the original Japanese opening theme , `` Mesaze Pokémon Master '' , was previewed on April 7 , 2017 . The next day , the producers announced that the current last Pokémon in the Pokédex , Marshadow , would debut in the film alongside several other brand - new characters . As the film is not a direct remake , it diverts itself from the original season that it is based on , and features an original story . Two days before the film 's release , Yoshitoshi Shinomiya , who draw background art for Kara no Kyoukai : Mirai Fukuin and Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works released a new poster for the film . With the film confirmed to be initially released at the French Japan Expo 2017 , Western fans requested for the film to be released in theaters in the United States . This was eventually confirmed to be released by Fathom Events as a limited release across November 4 and 5 , 2017 . In Australia , the film was also confirmed to be released by Event Cinemas across November 11 and 12 , 2017 . Some fans also requested that voice actress Veronica Taylor should reprise her role as the English voice of Ash Ketchum for the film , but it was later confirmed that the current set of voice actors would stay on . The title of the film is also a reference to the first episode of the anime , `` Pokémon - I Choose You ! '' . Music ( edit ) Regular series composer Shinji Miyazaki wrote the film 's score for its original release . The film 's opening song is titled Aim to Be a Pokémon Master - 20th Anniversary - ( めざせ ポケモン マスター - 20th Anniversary - , Mezase Pokemon Master - 20th Anniversary - ) by Rica Matsumoto while the ending is titled Oración 's Theme ~ Let 's Walk Together ~ ( オラシオン の テーマ ~ 共に 歩 こう ~ , Orashion no Tēma ~ Tomoni Arukou ~ ) by Asuca Hayashi . Ed Goldfarb , the composer for the North American adaptations of the anime beginning with Pokémon : XY , composed a new background score for the film 's North American release . Release and promotion ( edit ) The movie premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6 , 2017 , and officially released in Japanese theaters on July 15 , 2017 . Advanced pre-orders the movie tickets across limited time periods ( from September 19 to October 30 , 2017 ) allowed moviegoers to receive a serial code to obtain one of the six special Pikachu in Pokémon Sun and Moon , each wearing one of Ash 's signature hats from each anime season . These Pikachu were holding an exclusive Pikashunium Z - Crystal . Also , both Marshadow and Ho - Oh were distributed during the film 's release in Japan . Merchandise coinciding with the film was also released . Bandai will release official Poké Ball Breath Mint Cases in both regular and Premium - Bandai versions to coincide with the film 's release . The first set is released in August 2017 , and the second is released in September 2017 , with pre-orders started on April 23 , 2017 . Bandai also released S.H. Figuarts figures of Ash and the Team Rocket trio on July 2017 , while Good Smile Company also announced they will release a Nendoroid of Ash in December 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Some older fans of the anime expressed negative criticism over the film on social media due to the exclusion of Misty and Brock in favor of two new companions , with one saying `` It 's almost like Brock and Misty never existed '' . As shown at the film 's first screening at the 2017 Japan Expo , most of the main characters from the first six series were delegated to cameos , which also caused some criticism from older fans . Despite this , reviews of the movie were mostly positive . Callum May of Anime News Network called the film a `` Pokémon movie for classic Pokémon fans '' and `` While it features new Pokémon from Sun and Moon like Lycanroc and Incineroar , many of the stories and references are from the series 20 years ago , repurposed into far more emotionally moving encounters . '' It was also praised for having a stronger narrative than the other movies in the franchise , but often criticized on Sorrel and Verity 's personalities , calling them `` more like bystanders of someone else 's story , and the attempts at creating backstories for them are n't built up at all . '' The film also topped Japanese box office records , earning first place and grossing more than 516 million yen ( US $4.61 million ) in the first two days , beating Gintama on its premiere . The movie earned ¥ 2.14 billion ( $19.6 million ) in its fourth week and remained at the sixth position . In its fifth week it grossed US $22 million and climbed up to the fourth position before being dethroned by Transformers : The Last Knight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 が 解禁 ! アニメイト タイムズ '' . Animate Times ( in Japanese ) . animateLAB . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! Film Opens at # 1 , Live - Action Gintama at # 2 '' . Anime News Network . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie 20 : I Choose You ! '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere : The 20th Pokémon Movie '' . Japan Expo . SEFA Event. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 作 目 は 何 か が 違う ... ... ! ? 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 2017 年 7 月 15 日 公開 決定 、 トレーラー が 公開 '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Gzbrain. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Fathom Events . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Pokémon I Choose You ! Film Announced ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場 版 ポケモン 新作 タイトル は 「 キミ に きめ た ! 」 、 ポスター に ホウオウ の 姿 '' . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . Natasha , Inc. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie takes Ash back to the beginning '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Here 's the first trailer for the Pokémon reboot / remake anime movie ( Video ) '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon I Choose You ! Anime Film 's 2nd Trailer Reveals Guest Cast , New Mythical Pokémon '' . Anime News Network . 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pokémon 's next movie revisits the show 's first season before shaking everything up '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Yoshitoshi , Shinomiya ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` 映画 『 劇場 版 ポケットモンスター キミ に きめ た ! 』 ( 7 月 15 日 公開 ) 「 ポケモン 映画 20 周年 記念 ビジュアル 」 の 情報 が 解禁 され まし た . '' . Shinomiya Yoshitoshi ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Fans Clamor for Veronica Taylor to Return as Ash Ketchum for New Pokemon Movie '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon Reprises `` The Rise of Darkrai '' Song for 20th Summer Movie `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Ed ( @ edgoldfarbmusic ) ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` For 20 years of Pokémon , Ash and Pikachu 's origin story is in theaters 11 / 5 & 11 / 6 . Excited to be part of it . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Casey ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` A Special Hat - Wearing Ash Pikachu Is Headed To Japan For Pokémon Sun & Moon '' . Siliconera . Curse . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Baseel , Casey ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Poké Ball breath mint holder series will keep you from being a smelly Pokémon otaku '' . SoraNews24 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Become a Pokémon Master with Bandai 's Poké Ball Collection ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` Premium Bandai Now Offering Real * Pokéballs '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S.H. Figuarts Brings Ash and Team Rocket Together Again ! '' . Tokyo Otaku Mode. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahotan ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Nendoroid Ash & Pikachu ( Pokémon ) '' . Kahotan 's Blog . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sounders , Mike ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Still not a Pokemon champion Ash Ketchum is now available in Nendoroid form , with a catch '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokemon Movie Just Erased Two Key Characters from Ash 's Past '' . WWG . Pop Culture Media . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` New Pokémon Movie Rewrites History , Ditches Brock And Misty '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hemmings , Hannah Mylrea ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Brock and Misty are being written out of Pokémon , and these people 's childhoods are ruined '' . NME . Time Inc . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Callum ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 7 月 18 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 国内 映画 ランキング : 2017 年 8 月 7 日 発表 ( 毎週 火曜 更新 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Eiga.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Japanese movie website Pokemon.co.jp movie website Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! on IMDb Pokémon the Movie : I Choose You ! ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red & Blue Yellow Gold & Silver ( Crystal ) Ruby & Sapphire Emerald Diamond & Pearl Platinum Black & White B2 & W2 X & Y Sun & Moon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon Remakes FireRed & LeafGreen HeartGold & SoulSilver Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire Console games Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Other Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Sun and Moon I Choose You ! Manga series ( Volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Team Rocket Meowth Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . Pokémon : Symphonic Evolutions `` Gotta Catch ' Em All '' World Championships 2014 2015 2016 Book Category Portal Works by Oriental Light and Magic Television series Wedding Peach ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Mojacko ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Pokémon ( 1997 -- present ) Berserk ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Adventures of Mini-Goddess ( 1998 -- 1999 ) To Heart ( 1999 ) Steel Angel Kurumi ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pokémon : Mewtwo Returns ( 2000 ) Comic Party ( 2001 ) Steel Angel Kurumi 2 ( 2001 ) Figure 17 ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Kasumin ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Piano : The Melody of a Young Girl 's Heart ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Croket ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the pokemon movie i choose you coming out | [
"Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!, known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie: I Choose You! (劇場版ポケットモンスター キミにきめた！, Gekijō-ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta!) is a Japanese adventure anime film produced by OLM. Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie and the first film in the Sun and Moon series, it acts as a loose retelling of the original Indigo League saga of the show, released to commemorate the anime's twentieth anniversary. It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6, 2017[4] and was released in Japan on July 15, 2017.[5] Fathom Events will release the film as a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5, 2017.[6]"
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"November 5, 2017"
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-561655858625102133 | List of The Incredibles characters | List of the Incredibles Characters - wikipedia List of the Incredibles Characters The Incredibles . From left to right : Elastigirl , Mr. Incredible , Violet , and Dash . Bottom : Jack - Jack . The following is a list of fictional characters from the 2004 Disney / Pixar computer - animated superhero film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel Incredibles 2 . Contents 1 The Parr Family 1.1 Bob Parr ( Mr. Incredible ) 1.2 Helen Parr ( Elastigirl ) 1.3 Violet Parr 1.4 Dash Parr 1.5 Jack - Jack Parr 2 Allies 2.1 Frozone 2.2 Edna Mode 2.3 Rick Dicker 2.4 Snug 2.5 Winston Deavor 3 Civilians 3.1 Oliver Sansweet 3.2 Gilbert Huph 3.3 Bernie Kropp 3.4 Tony Rydinger 3.5 Kari McKeen 3.6 The Ambassador 4 Antagonists 4.1 Syndrome 4.1. 1 Omnidroid 4.2 Mirage 4.3 Bomb Voyage 4.4 The Underminer 4.5 Evelyn Deavor 5 List of known superheroes 5.1 Aspiring superheroes 6 References The Parr family Bob Parr ( Mr. Incredible ) Robert Parr ( a.k.a. Mr. Incredible ) ( voiced by Craig T. Nelson in the films , Richard McGonagle in Rise of the Underminer , and Jeff Bergman in Lego The Incredibles ) possesses superhuman strength , stamina , and durability . He is married to Helen Parr , the superheroine known as Elastigirl , and they have three children together : Violet , Dash , and Jack - Jack . Sometime after his marriage , Mr. Incredible was sued by Oliver Sansweet for thwarting his suicide and the passengers of the train he stopped from running off the tracks which was part of the events that led to the government silently initiating the Superhero Relocation Program . Bob found forced retirement difficult , and often had to cheat his way out of the house on Wednesdays so that he could continue his superheroics . He was shocked to discover that his `` Number 1 fan '' , Buddy Pine , had recreated himself as the supervillain Syndrome after Mr. Incredible had squelched Pine 's wish to be his ward in an attempt to protect him . It was not until Syndrome threatened his family that Bob realized that they were his `` greatest adventure '' . His red superhero suit , designed by Edna Mode , appears to have the same level of durability as Mr. Incredible himself . In his prime , Mr. Incredible drove a gadget - laden car , the Incredimobile , reminiscent of ones driven by James Bond or Batman . The silhouette of a newer version of the Incredimobile for the entire family is seen in the end credits of the first , and the new car makes a full appearance at the end of the second film . His face was physically modeled after director Brad Bird . Mr. Incredible was ranked number 5 in IGN 's list of the Top 10 Pixar Characters . Readers of Empire magazine also voted Mr. Incredible number 8 in that magazine 's list of The Top 20 Pixar Characters . Helen Parr ( Elastigirl ) Main article : Helen Parr ( The Incredibles ) Helen Parr ( a.k.a. Elastigirl or Mrs. Incredible ) ( voiced by Holly Hunter ) is Mr. Incredible 's wife . Helen can stretch any part of her body up to 300 feet and can be 1 mm thin . She can also reshape her body in a variety of ways . In the movie she becomes a parachute and a rubber boat , and has used her arms for swings and a slingshot . In her early years she seemed to be a feminist and had no desire to `` settle down '' . Since her marriage to Bob , Helen has become a dedicated spouse and mother , although she is frustrated with her husband 's continuing dreams of glory . Helen is also an experienced jet pilot , from having a close friend who flew her around the world when she was a Super . Her sharp wit and superb espionage skills , as well as her experience as a superhero , make her an excellent tactician and leader . Her red superheroine suit , designed by Edna Mode , can stretch as far as she can and still retain its shape . It is virtually indestructible yet it breathes like Egyptian cotton . The filmmakers drew inspiration from actresses Mary Tyler Moore , Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn for Helen 's role and appearance in the sequel . Gina Bennett , interviewed by Maureen Dowd as part of a group of current and former CIA professionals , said `` the Band of Sisters had a favorite crime fighter ... Just think of us as a work force of Elastigirls . '' Violet Parr Main article : Violet Parr Violet Parr ( voiced by Sarah Vowell ) is a 14 - year - old junior high school teenager stuck at the crossroads between girl and woman . Violet desperately wants to be like everyone else , to blend in with normal people , and not to stand out . Her superpowers allow her to turn instantly invisible , and to generate spherical force fields to protect herself and also to levitate extremely heavy objects ; the interiors of the force fields have an anti-gravitational effect , allowing Violet to levitate inside , but she can be stunned temporarily if the field is struck by a sufficiently large force . During the first film , she and Dash combine their powers to create the IncrediBall ( named in the video game ) , a tactic in which Violet generates a force field around herself , and Dash uses his speed power to use the ball like a cannonball or battering ram . Her struggle with her shyness and lack of confidence constitutes a major side story in the movie ; she is spurred on by Helen 's encouragement that she has more power than she realizes and that she just has to believe it . In the end , Violet sheds her shyness and ends up at the confident side when her crush Tony Rydinger asks her for a date . Unlike her normal clothes , her red superheroine suit , designed by Edna Mode , also turns invisible when Violet does . Dash Parr Main article : Dashiell Robert Parr Dashiell `` Dash '' Robert Parr ( voiced by Spencer Fox in the first film , Huck Milner in the second film ) is a speedster . While he is only as strong as the average 10 - year - old boy , the film 's official website lists `` enhanced durability '' amongst Dash 's powers , which is implied in the film by the amount of incidental high - speed collisions and crashes Dash endures without apparent injury . Dash also discovers throughout the course of the movie that his speed allows him to be able to run over water without submerging . Dash would like to go out for sports , but his mother Helen will not allow it because she thinks that he would show off his superspeed and blow the family 's civilian cover . To vent his frustration , Dash uses his power to play pranks on his teacher , Bernie Kropp , which also threatens their cover . Dash 's reckless and impulsive nature and one - track mind have put him at odds with Violet 's gloomier and more sarcastic nature more often than their parents would like , but when Dash is in battle , he cares deeply about his family ; he was willing to attack a fully grown man who was about to kill his sister . His red superhero suit , designed by Edna Mode , is resistant to air friction , wear and heat when Dash is running at super speed . Jack - Jack Parr John Jackson `` Jack - Jack '' Parr ( voiced by Eli Fucile and Maeve Andrews in the first film , Fucile and Nicholas Bird in the second film ) is the Parrs ' infant son , the youngest of the Parr children . Initially believed to be the only family member without any powers , he manifests a multitude of superhuman abilities at the end of the first film , most of which are types of shapeshifting . More powers are seen in the short film Jack - Jack Attack on the Incredibles DVD , making his powers the most versatile of the family , and according to a collectible poster included with some Incredibles toys , still more powers are undisclosed . Although Edna Mode did not know what powers Jack - Jack might develop , she covered various possibilities by making him a fireproof and bulletproof blanket sleeper - like jumpsuit . Creator Brad Bird explains on the DVD that Jack - Jack 's varied abilities are a metaphor for how young children have infinite possibilities ahead of them in life . He begins to manifest a broader range of powers during Incredibles 2 , inspiring Edna to upgrade his suit with sensors that allow his family to track him or rein in his powers via remote control . Jack - Jack was ranked number 15 in Empire magazine 's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters . Allies Frozone Lucius Best ( a.k.a. Frozone ) ( voiced by Samuel L. Jackson in the films , Isaac C. Singleton Jr. in Rise of the Underminer , and John Eric Bentley in Lego The Incredibles ) is a long - time friend of the Parr family . Frozone is Bob Parr 's best friend , and was the best man at Bob and Helen 's wedding . Similar to the Marvel Comics superhero Iceman , Frozone has the power to freeze water , or even ambient moisture in the air . He is limited by the amount of water available , either in liquid form , or in the air . It is also indicated that he can use the moisture of his own body , and that dehydration weakens his abilities as a result . During the first film , it is suggested that he has adapted to civilian life much more easily than his long - time friend , Bob Parr , though he still possesses a hidden cache containing his costume and all of his old gadgets in working condition . Lucius married an unseen woman whom he refers to as Honey ( voiced by Kimberly Adair Clark ) , who is aware of his superhero past , but is unsupportive of his public minded ideals . Lucius is best friends with Bob , and a close friend of Helen and the kids , who are the only supers he socializes with following the banning of superheroes . Whenever Lucius and Bob go out on Wednesdays to engage in superheroics , they have to cover from their respective wives by claiming to be going bowling , but they stop going out when Bob is caught by Helen . Lucius 's super suit is designed to keep him warm in the cold , but he must wear a special set of refraction goggles not only to protect his identity , but also to protect his eyes from the glare of the sunlight that bounces off his ice crystals . The soles of Frozone 's snow boots can change into ice skates , alpine ice skis , and a concave disc he uses as a snowboard . These forms of transport , combined with chutes of ice , result in particularly speedy travel . Frozone was ranked number 16 in Empire magazine 's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters . Frozone returns in Incredibles 2 . He helps the Incredibles stop the Underminer 's drill , and after the battle learns of Winston Deavor 's offer to restore public trust in superheroes , bringing Helen and Bob with him to meet Deavor together . He is later overwhelmed by other hypnotized Supers when he unsuccessfully attempts to protect the Parr children from them , and is put under Evelyn 's mind control via goggles . However , he is freed by Helen and her children and aids in foiling Evelyn 's plan . Edna Mode Main article : Edna Mode Edna Marie `` E '' Mode ( voiced by Brad Bird ) is an eccentric fashion designer who designs the costumes for many members of the superhero community . To that end , not only does she take the aesthetics of the clothes into account , but also their practical uses such as protective qualities and accommodation to the powers of the wearer . She was a guest at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . Rick Dicker , who felt that Edna was `` difficult '' to work with , was the one who first referred Elastigirl to Edna . Edna was conceived as an amalgam between James Bond 's gadget supplier , Q , and Oscar - winning costume designer Edith Head . Pixar artist Teddy Newton , who co-designed the character , stated that the film 's animators looked for inspiration in the 1995 fashion documentary Unzipped , which spotlighted a number of designers , including Isaac Mizrahi and Polly Mellen . Edna Mode also appeared with Pierce Brosnan to present the Academy Award for Costume Design at the 77th Academy Awards . Edna refuses to design super suits with capes in light of the number of supers having unfortunate accidents because their capes got caught in airliner turbines , elevators , missiles , etc . The film 's creators originally could not find an appropriate actress to voice Edna . Finally , when asking actress Lily Tomlin to voice Edna , Brad Bird provided an example of what she should sound like . Tomlin told Bird that he successfully captured her voice so well that he should provide it in the film himself , which Bird did . Edna Mode was ranked number 8 in IGN 's list of the Top 10 Pixar Characters , and number 6 in Empire magazine 's list of the Top 20 Pixar Characters . Edna returns in Incredibles 2 . She agrees to babysit super toddler Jack - Jack when an overwhelmed Bob becomes exhausted with taking care of him . She also outfits the baby with his first super suit . Rick Dicker Rick Dicker ( voiced by Pixar animator Bud Luckey in the first film , Jonathan Banks in the second film ) is a government agent who was once part of the NSA ( National Supers Agency ) and now oversees the Superhero Relocation Program . He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . Rick is often frustrated by Bob clinging on to the `` Glory Days '' , which usually ends up in Rick having to erase memories and repair damages caused by Bob 's actions . By the first film 's conclusion , Dicker congratulates Bob and his family after they stop the Omnidroid and expose Syndrome 's plot . Rick Dicker also appears in the short film Jack - Jack Attack where he interrogates Jack - Jack 's babysitter Kari about the events that unfolded while she was babysitting Jack - Jack and then erases Kari 's memories at the end . In the DVD commentary , Brad Bird jokes that he had an idea to start Luckey 's short film Boundin ' with Rick Dicker coming into his office late at night , pulling out a bottle of `` booze '' and a banjo to start in on Boundin . Rick returns in Incredibles 2 . He informs the Parr family that his department 's `` Super Relocation '' program is being shut down , forcing supers across the world to permanently adhere to their secret identities . He then goes on to tell the family that they are on their own now and that he can not help them any longer , because he is going into forced retirement . It is later revealed that as a result of Tony accidentally witnessing Violet in her super-suit without her mask during the battle with the Underminer , Rick was forced to wipe Tony 's mind of the day including that of Violet . Snug Snug is an old friend of Helen Parr , presumably from her super days as Elastigirl . He never appears in the films , but his voice can be heard on the phone when Helen calls him to acquire a jet to access Syndrome 's island ( in The Incredibles ) . In the movie , Snug can be seen in a photograph which Helen holds , showing the two of them in holiday clothing . In the deleted scenes , Snug was intended to travel with them on the plane to the island and would be killed in the following crash with the missiles . This scene was cut out , however . Winston Deavor Winston Deavor ( voiced by Bob Odenkirk ) is an ardent superhero fan who leads a telecommunications company with his sister Evelyn . In Incredibles 2 , he wants to re-legalize supers , whose activities have been outlawed by the government , through a marketing campaign . Winston selects Helen Parr to carry out a publicity stunt as Elastigirl in order to regain the general public 's support of supers , and houses the Parr family in a luxurious mansion . His sister , however , places him under her control via hypnotic signals transmitted by television screens , as part of her scheme to permanently undermine the legal status of supers . She intends to do this by sabotaging a summit of supers and similarly - hypnotized political delegates taking place on the Deavors ' cruise ship by crashing the ship into the city . When Winston is freed from her control , he aids in foiling Evelyn 's plan to collide his cruise ship into the city by reboarding the runaway ship and freeing the delegates to then ensure their safety , while the supers attempt to regain control of the ship . He later presumably explains the truth of his sister 's scheme to the delegates and to the authorities to exonerate the superheroes . Civilians Oliver Sansweet Oliver Sansweet is the president of a bank in Municiberg . While en route to his wedding , Mr. Incredible sees him jump off a building and saves him , getting him injured in the process . Following the incident , Sansweet sues Mr. Incredible in Superior Court for preventing his suicide . He claims that he did n't want to be saved nor did he ask to be saved and the injuries caused by Mr. Incredible 's intervention brings him daily pain . Oliver 's lawsuit against Mr. Incredible , alongside a series of other Super related lawsuits , leads to the government silently initiating the Superhero Relocation Program . Gilbert Huph Gilbert Huph ( voiced by Wallace Shawn ) is Bob Parr 's diminutive , strict supervisor at his insurance company Insuricare . His main priority at Insuricare is its profits despite concerns from the company 's staff or its customers . He is a stickler for bureaucracy , but prefers that customers should be unaware of any `` loopholes '' that would help secure an insurance claim . When Huph refuses to let Bob stop a mugging out in the street by threatening to fire him if he takes action , Bob loses his temper and throws Huph through several office walls , leaving him hospitalized and in traction , and resulting in Bob 's termination from Insuricare . A deleted scene on the film 's official website shows that his memories of the incident were erased by Rick . Bernie Kropp Bernard `` Bernie '' Kropp ( voiced by Lou Romano ) is a teacher at Dash Parr 's school , whom Dash pulls pranks on . After sitting on a tack placed on his seat at his desk , Kropp sends Dash to the principal 's office where they conference with Helen Parr . Kropp reveals that he had secretly videotaped the incident with Dash , which he claims `` proves '' Dash placed the tack on his desk chair . However , the principal is unconvinced and Dash is allowed to leave with Helen with no school repercussions , infuriating Kropp . Tony Rydinger Anthony `` Tony '' Rydinger ( voiced by Michael Bird ) is a junior high school teenager , attending the same school as Violet Parr . Violet harbors a secret crush on him . In the end of The Incredibles , with boosted confidence , Violet manages to attract Tony 's attention and he asks her out on a date , which she accepts . Tony returns in Incredibles 2 . It is revealed that Tony accidentally witnessed Violet in her supersuit unmasked during their battle with the Underminer , which resulted in Rick Dicker being forced to wipe Tony 's memory of the day , including that of Violet and his planned date with her . Following Evelyn Deavor 's defeat , Violet is forced to start from scratch with Tony , asking him out to the movies again . However , she is forced to leave him at the cinema ( with the promise of returning quickly ) when a new threat calls for the Incredibles to take action . Kari McKeen Kari McKeen ( voiced by Bret Parker ) is a friend of the Parrs , whom Violet calls upon to babysit Jack - Jack while the rest of the family are flying to save Mr. Incredible ( in The Incredibles ) . She has taken numerous babysitting classes and feels more than adequately prepared to care for Jack - Jack in any capacity , and assures Helen Parr to that effect . She has one scene in the film , and she is heard later on Mrs. Parr 's voice mail , complaining that some `` very weird things '' are happening ; she does apparently learn all of Jack - Jack 's powers as she has a defense for all of them after one day . Her eventful night with the baby ( see above ) is documented in the Jack - Jack Attack short included on the DVD release , ending with Rick Dicker erasing her memory of the incident . The Ambassador The Ambassador ( voiced by Isabella Rossellini ) is a dignified foreign official committed to the support and legalization of superheroes . She is rescued by Elastigirl in Incredibles 2 , when Evelyn attempts to kill her . Antagonists Syndrome In The Incredibles , Buddy Pine ( a.k.a. Syndrome ) ( voiced by Jason Lee ) first appears as a 10 - year - old child who professes to be Mr. Incredible 's `` number 1 fan '' . However , Mr. Incredible , having his patience long exhausted by this obsessed child pestering him , bluntly tells the child to leave him alone . In an attempt to earn his hero 's respect , Buddy Pine tries to aid him in fighting crime as `` IncrediBoy '' , with gadgets of his own invention . Mr. Incredible declines Buddy 's offer , and during a subsequent conflict between Mr. Incredible and the supervillain Bomb Voyage , Buddy intervenes and ends up with a bomb attached to his cape . Mr. Incredible 's attempt to remove it leads to the destruction of a section of train tracks , which requires him to save the approaching L - Train . Mr. Incredible then hands Buddy over to the police to have them take him home and tell his mother what he 's been doing . Buddy feels rejected and completely misconstrues his hero 's reasons , blindly disregarding all the trouble he caused because of his reckless obsession , and rationalizing that it is simply because Mr. Incredible considers him inferior because he does not have innate powers . Fifteen years later , Buddy has recreated himself as an evil genius called Syndrome who plans to exact revenge on his former idol , whom he now regards as his nemesis . He starts by having his assistant Mirage lure a series of Supers to his lair on Nomanisan Island under the cover of a job offer so that his Omnidroids can be improved by killing each one . After his plans to fraudulently become a superhero and replace the Supers that he had killed off are foiled by the Omnidroid turning against him , and then by both the Incredibles and Frozone destroying the robot themselves , Syndrome has his assets frozen by the authorities and a warrant issued for his arrest . However , he abducts Jack - Jack with the intention of raising him as a sidekick , but fails due to the sudden emergence of Jack - Jack 's powers . Syndrome vows to eventually abduct Jack - Jack , but Mr. Incredible tosses his car at him , causing his cape to get caught in his jet 's intake and suck him in to his demise . Syndrome has no superhuman powers , but he is incredibly intelligent , having invented numerous weapons and high - tech vehicles that use such principles as robotics , anti-gravity , and zero - point energy , which he sold to black market buyers to make himself rich . He owns his own island , complete with a mansion , a sophisticated monorail system , missiles , and a staff of guards equipped with exotic vehicles of Syndrome 's design . Like Mr. Incredible , his character was also physically modeled after Brad Bird . Syndrome was chosen as the 64th Greatest Villain Ever by Wizard Magazine . Omnidroid The Omnidroids are a series of intelligent and destructive robots developed by Syndrome to fight and kill Supers . Syndrome made many different versions of this battle robot . All were designed to fight and kill Supers , and each subsequent model improved upon the previous one by correcting flaws and weaknesses found during fights . The Omnidroid 's only weakness is itself : in the film , Mr. Incredible climbs into the Omnidroid 's internal structure , causing the robot to pierce its own armor in a vain attempt to pry Mr. incredible out of itself . The Omnidroid series of robots were designed by Syndrome to use AI and destructive features such as claws and laser guns to target and destroy its enemies . It is self - learning and can correct its own mistakes , and also collects information on superheroes it encounters . Omnidroids were used to kill various superheroes - each time a superhero eventually defeated an Omnidroid , data from the nearly destroyed version was then used to create an improved model , specifically designed to have functions to defeat the superhero who had previously destroyed it . Through the instructions of Mirage , the superheroes do not fully destroy the Omnidroid as `` it is government property '' . The final Omnidroid created by Syndrome was controlled via a remote , which he uses to appear as a superhero by `` destroying '' it after launching it himself into Metroville . However , the Omnidroid learns that Syndrome is controlling it and turns on him . The Omnidroid is eventually destroyed by the combined efforts of the Parr family and Frozone when a separated claw is used to rip out its power core . The Incredibles credits includes the sentence , `` The term OMNIDROID used by permission of Lucasfilm Ltd '' . George Lucas apparently holds a trademark on the term `` droid '' ( it 's the word used to refer to the robots in the Star Wars franchise ) and as `` Omnidroid '' has the term `` droid '' in it , permission was requested ( and granted ) from Lucasfilm to use the term in the film . Mirage In The Incredibles , Mirage ( voiced by Elizabeth Peña ) is Syndrome 's seductive right - hand woman and accomplice in the murder of many Supers . Though she has no superhuman abilities , she has extensive computer and espionage skills . In her video - tablet message to Mr. Incredible , Mirage mentions that , according to the government , neither of them officially exists . Initially , Mirage is at ease with Syndrome 's casual regard to murder , but has a change of heart after Syndrome takes a gamble on her life , daring an imprisoned Mr. Incredible to go through with his threat to kill her . Incredible abandons his bluff , after which Mirage secretly frees him , and helps his family escape the island . Bomb Voyage Bomb Voyage ( voiced by Dominique Louis ) is a mime - themed , explosive using , French supervillain and a recurring enemy of Mr. Incredible . The character 's name is intended to be a pun for the French phrase `` Bon Voyage '' . He is first seen in The Incredibles confronting Mr. Incredible when stealing money from a bank vault . Buddy Pine , Mr. Incredible 's big - time fan , interrupts their impending showdown and tries to appeal to Mr. Incredible that he would be a worthy sidekick . As Buddy flies off to get the police , Voyage plants a bomb on his cape , forcing Mr. Incredible to release him to save Buddy , thus allowing Voyage to escape . Brad Bird originally pitched the idea of Bomb Voyage 's name . His original idea was that he would be named Bomb Pérignon in reference to the similarly named champagne Dom Pérignon , but the Moët et Chandon company rejected that . Voyage makes a cameo in the 2007 Pixar film Ratatouille as a street mime . The Underminer The Underminer ( voiced by John Ratzenberger ) is a mole - like supervillain who appears at the end of The Incredibles riding on a gigantic drill - tipped vehicle , where he announces his `` war on peace and happiness '' , leading into the last shot of the Parr family putting their masks on for battle . He returns in Incredibles 2 , where he robs the Metroville Bank and escapes before his rampaging drill machine is disabled by the Incredibles and Frozone . Evelyn Deavor In Incredibles 2 , Evelyn Deavor ( voiced by Catherine Keener ) is the sister of Winston Deavor and the technological brain behind DevTech . She utilizes a smokescreen in the form of the masked Screenslaver in order to carry out her plans to hypnotize and control people undiscovered . When the Screenslaver himself is unmasked by Elastigirl , he turns out to be just a confused pizza delivery guy ( voiced by Bill Wise ) with no knowledge of what he has done . When Elastigirl finds out that the Screenslaver was being mind controlled , Evelyn forces her hypnotizing goggles on her and reveals her plan to ruin her brother 's summit with various world leaders so that the Supers ca n't be legalized . After gaining control of Mr. Incredible and Frozone , she is thwarted when Dash , Violet , and Jack - Jack free their parents and Winston exposes Evelyn 's plans to the world leaders . Evelyn attempts to flee while setting the ship everyone is on to go runaway and collide with the city of Municiberg . However , the superheroes manage to stop the ship with a minimum of harm while Evelyn is apprehended by Elastigirl and arrested by the authorities . List of known superheroes Most of the following information comes from one of four main sources , two of which are scenes from the first film . The first is Edna Mode 's explanation to Bob of why she refuses to design supersuits with capes , which is accompanied by a montage of a number of late supers ' deaths . The second is when Bob hacks into Syndrome 's computer files . The third is the `` NSA Files '' feature in the `` Top Secret '' section of Disc 2 of The Incredibles two - disc DVD edition . A minor amount of information , such as information on Fironic , comes from other scenes in the film , as noted . Apogee - Her superpowers involved gravity control and levitation , which were powered by sunlight . She was a former member of The Thrilling Three , along with Gazerbeam and Phylange . Apogee believed that The Thrilling Three was really The Thrilling 1 + 2 in Gazerbeam 's mind . The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 6.5 . She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X4 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Blazestone - Her superpowers involved the control of fire and the production of pyrotechnic discharges ; She was a member of Beta Force and was once partners with Frozone before their partnership soured even when Frozone and Downburst competed for her affection . The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 5.5 . She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X2 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Blitzerman - His superpowers were unknown as the only mention of his powers were the words `` High - powered ... '' , seen in a close - up of his profile in Syndrome 's Operation Kronos files . He was killed by a version of the Omnidroid , as early as version X4 but before X9 . Downburst - In the film , his superpowers are given by Syndrome 's Operation Kronos files as gaseous downburst , but in the `` NSA Files '' feature on Disc 2 of the DVD , his powers are indicated to be atomic manipulation , meaning he could disrupt the atomic force among atoms . A member of Beta Force , he had an unrequited crush on Blazestone , but harbored a dislike of Frozone due to them competing for Blazestone 's affection . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 6.5 . He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X3 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Dynaguy - He had the ability to project a disintegration ray from his forehead and could fly courtesy of ion propulsion gauntlets . He was present as a guest at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . Dynaguy was one of the first supers sued ( for public endangerment ) following the Mr. Incredible lawsuits . He was killed when his cape got snagged during a takeoff . Following his death , Gazerbeam replaced him as leader of The Thrilling Three . Everseer - His superpowers included telepathy , clairvoyance , and `` magnoscopic vision '' , with which he could see microscopically and telescopically . At one time , he was the leader of the Phantasmics and later fired Gazerbeam over a rivalry between the two . Everseer had a British accent in the audio file in the `` NSA Files '' feature on Disc 2 of the DVD . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 3.2 . Because of his ability to see things like germs , he suffered from obsessive - compulsive disorder . He shared a therapist practice with Psycwave . He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Fironic - Near the end of the film , a woman mistook Syndrome -- who had just saved her and others from being crushed by a tanker truck which the Omnidroid v. 10 had hurled at them -- for this superhero . He only appears in a flashback scene in Incredibles 2 , where it is shown that he and Gazerbeam were friends with Winston and Evelyn Deavor 's father before his death . Gamma Jack - His superpower was the ability to create controlled bursts of radiation . He believed supers to be a `` superior race . '' The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 7.9 . Gamma Jack did manage to destroy one prototype Omnidroid during the training sessions for Operation Kronos , but was killed by its successor . The exact versions are unknown , but they were at least as early as version X5 , but before X9 . Simon J. Paladino ( a.k.a. Gazerbeam ) - He is a super mentioned and briefly seen in The Incredibles . His powers allow him to generate energy blasts from his eyes . According to his biography on the DVD , Gazerbeam was originally a member of the superhero team The Phantasmics , but rivalry with team leader Everseer led to Gazerbeam 's dismissal . Following the death of Dynaguy , Gazerbeam replaced him as leader of the Thrilling Three , along with previously established members Phylange and Apogee . In - group tensions and arguments eventually led the threesome to disband . When the public began suing superheroes for damages done , Gazerbeam true identity of Simon J. Paladino was a pro-bono lawyer who entered politics to become a long - time advocate for superhero rights . Gazerbeam appears alive only once in the film -- as a guest during Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding -- and is mostly seen in photos or mentioned by others . He was featured in a Super postage stamp collection alongside Frozone , Elastigirl and Mr. Incredible ; this is seen among Mr. Incredible 's selection of memorabilia . His disappearance ( in his civilian identity ) was reported in an article in the Metroville Tribune newspaper , which is how Bob first learned of his disappearance . His address is shown to be Traction Avenue , in the financial district of Metroville ( the street where Operation Kronos is put into effect ) . In the film , Frozone compares Mr. Incredible 's difficulties in adjusting to civilian life with those of the recently disappeared Gazerbeam , who experienced similar problems . As events would reveal , Gazerbeam was killed on Nomanisan Island while attempting to disable an Omnidroid - the same machine that took the lives of the other members of the Thrilling Three . The exact version was not revealed , but it was at least as late as version X4 , but before X8 , the first version later faced by Mr. Incredible . He apparently discovered the reason for his mission -- i.e. , Operation Kronos -- and used his powers to burn the word `` KRONOS '' into a cavern wall on the island before his death . Mr. Incredible locates Gazerbeam 's skeletal remains by chance while attempting to evade Syndrome and his Omnidroid ; Mr. Incredible then uses the remains to convince Syndrome that he had been killed by one of Syndrome 's mini-bombs . Mr. Incredible proceeds to sneak back into Syndrome 's base and access the Operation Kronos computer , using Gazerbeam 's final message as the password . Hyper Shock - His superpower was the ability to generate seismic waves with his fists , with which he could create earthquake - like disruptions measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale . He also used dual seismic amplification hammers to amplify this effect , though the maximum range of this amplification is unknown . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 7.5 . Hyper Shock managed to destroy the Omnidroid v. X3 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos , but was then killed by its successor , the Omnidroid v. X4 . Macroburst - According to the government file on the DVD , Macroburst is an androgynous superhero , to the point that their gender is actually not known by the government . Their superpower was the ability to project a high velocity winds . Macroburst was a sidekick to Everseer , and later a member of the Phantasmics . The Operation Kronos database assigned them a threat rating of 5.9 . Macroburst was the first Super to score a victory over an Omnidroid , defeating the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Unfortunately , he was then killed by the successor to the v. X1 , the Omnidroid v. X2 . Macroburst is one of five Supers without an audio file ; Rick Dicker claims that it was damaged during a mission , and that although it was recovered , NSA Division Delta determined it to be incomplete . Meta - Man - His superpowers included flight , enhanced strength , x-ray vision , a sonic scream , teleportation , magnetic manipulation , partial invisibility and the ability to communicate with aquatic animals . He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . One of his enemies was Baron von Ruthless ( whom Dicker assumes to be responsible for the absence of Meta - Man 's audio file -- it was presumably confiscated during a surprise attack by von Ruthless ; Frozone also mentions von Ruthless ) . He was killed when his cape got caught in steel framework while lifting an express elevator back into place . Phylange - An opera singer in his civilian life , his superpower was the ability to project sonic fields with his voice , similar to Marvel 's Banshee . He was a former member of The Thrilling Three , along with Gazerbeam and Apogee . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 4.7 . He was killed by the Omnidroid v. X2 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Plasmabolt - Her superpowers involved shooting waves of plasma . She could also project electromagnetic energy , which was gathered from the antenna mounted on the head of her super suit , and channelled to her hands . Her body also exhibited an electromagnetic aura . She was a member of the Phantasmics . She was not seen in the movie , but in the `` NSA Files '' file on Disc 2 of the DVD as one of five Supers without an audio file ; Dicker says that hers was inadvertedly erased by her electromagnetic aura and that a re-recording has been scheduled . Psycwave - Her superpowers included mental force wave generation , temporary mental paralysis , and the ability to possess the bodies of others . A member of the Phantasmics , she shared a therapist practice with Everseer . The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 1.6 , the lowest rating of the Supers displayed . She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X1 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Splashdown - Flight and water - based superpowers . He was capable of underwater high - speed travel and communication with undersea life . He was sucked into the vortex of a waterspout by his cape and went missing . He is one of five Supers without an audio file . Dicker says that his is irretrievable due to water damage . Stormicide - The Operation Kronos file seen in the movie listed her powers as electrical discharges and gale - force bursts , but the NSA Files on the DVD , Disc 2 , which was clearer , and corroborated by an audio file of an interview with Stormicide , indicated that her power was the absorbance and expulsion of a variety gases , such as oxygen , carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , etc . The Operation Kronos database assigned her a threat rating of 6.7 . She was killed by an Omnidroid during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . The exact version is unknown , but it was at least as early as version X5 , but before X9 . Stratogale - Gifted with the superpowers of flight , superstrength and the ability to communicate with birds , Stratogale had just pulled a commercial jet airliner out of a steep dive on April 23 , 1957 , after a serious emergency occurred to its # 2 jet turbine . When she flew up in front of the left wing while waving at the passengers , her cape was sucked into the damaged engine , pulling her in and killing her . She was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding and is the last of five Supers without an audio file , with Dicker saying that hers has been deemed incomprehensible , suspecting either faulty recording equipment or a high level of ambient wind noise . Thunderhead - Gifted with storm - controlling powers , courteous , and `` good with kids '' , Thunderhead unfortunately had a reputation for low intelligence , according to Mr. Incredible , which is corroborated in his NSA file . This would prove his undoing on November 15 , 1958 , when his cape caught on the fin of an outbound missile , tearing Thunderhead right out of his boots and gauntlets after he saved a woman and defeated the criminal responsible . He was one of the guests present at Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl 's wedding . Tradewind - His superpower involved control of the elements . He was killed by a version of the Omnidroid , as early as version X4 but before X9 , during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Universal Man - His superpower involved the ability to manipulate the atomic density of materials , and can alter the density of his own body to be as low as that of gas , to that of a black hole . The Operation Kronos database assigned him a threat rating of 2.9 . Universal Man had the unlucky distinction of being the first `` Super '' killed by an Omnidroid , the Omnidroid v. X1 , during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . In the `` NSA Files '' feature on Disc 2 of the DVD , an audio file of an interview with him reveals him to have had an Austrian accent , and was apparently conducted in a weightlifting gym , given the background sounds , indicating that Universal Man was a parody of Arnold Schwarzenegger , who won the Mr. Universe multiple times . Vectress - Her superpower was the ability to generate sub-sonic bursts . She was killed by the Omnidroid v. X4 during the training sessions for Operation Kronos . Aspiring superheroes The following are characters that aspire to be superheroes and appear in Incredibles 2 : Concretia `` Connie '' Mason ( a.k.a. Brick ) - A brick - themed aspiring Super with super-strength and invulnerability . He - Lectrix ( voiced by Phil LaMarr ) - An aspiring Super who has the power of controling and projecting electrical currents . Krushauer ( voiced by Phil LaMarr ) - An aspiring Super who has the power of telekinesis . Gus Burns ( a.k.a. Reflux ) ( voiced by Paul Eiding ) - An elderly Super who has the power of heaving hot lava . Screech - An owl - like aspiring Super who has the ability of flight and a supersonic screech . Karen ( a.k.a. Voyd ) ( voiced by Sophia Bush ) - A young Elastigirl fan who has the power of creating wormholes or warps for teleporting / displacing objects and people . References ^ Jump up to : This was revealed in the DVD commentary . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Pixar Characters '' . IGN. 21 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 20 Pixar Characters '' . Empire . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` First Look at Incredibles 2 Has Elastigirl Leading the Family '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Mrs. Incredible , aka Elastigirl , is tackling her own ambition instead of being forced out of retirement . Jump up ^ Aitchison , Sean ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` The Incredibles : 15 Dark Facts About Mr. Incredible '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Even Elastigirl is sometimes referred to as ' Mrs. Incredible ' . Jump up ^ Lorch , Mark ; Miah , Andy ( 2017 ) . Secret Science of Superheroes . United Kingdom : Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 151 . ISBN 9781782624875 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Martin , John Llewellyn ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Cosplay of the Day : Elastigirl Is One ' Incredible ' Lady '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Helen Parr , otherwise known as Mrs. Incredible from Pixar 's ' The Incredibles , ' went by the name Elastigirl in her earlier days as a bachelorette . Jump up ^ Friday , Wednesday Lee ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` 15 Female Pixar Characters Who Deserve a Feature Film '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . We mainly know Helen Parr , AKA Mrs. Incredible , as a wife and mom . Jump up ^ Potter , Courtney ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` How to Costume a Super in Incredibles 2 '' . D23 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen , `` Good Riddance , Carrie Mathison '' , New York Times , April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : This was indicated in the `` NSA Files '' feature in the `` Top Secret '' section of Disc 2 of The Incredibles DVD . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 2004 ) . `` Glasses Menagerie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) . Disney Voice Actors : A Biographical Dictionary . McFarland . p. 25 . ISBN 9780786486946 . Jump up ^ Staff ( July 2006 ) . `` Top 100 Greatest Villains '' . Wizard Magazine . 1 ( 177 ) . Jump up ^ Bird , Brad ( 2005 ) . The Incredibles DVD Commentary ( DVD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . The Incredibles Films The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Video games The Incredibles Rise of the Underminer When Danger Calls Lego The Incredibles Disney Infinity Shorts Jack - Jack Attack Mr. Incredible and Pals Characters Dashiell Robert Parr Helen Parr Violet Parr Edna Mode Miscellaneous Incredicoaster Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Incredibles_characters&oldid=865831813 '' Categories : The Incredibles Pixar characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 13 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the baby's name in incredibles | [
"John Jackson \"Jack-Jack\" Parr (voiced by Eli Fucile and Maeve Andrews in the first film, Fucile and Nicholas Bird in the second film) is the Parrs' infant son, the youngest of the Parr children. Initially believed to be the only family member without any powers, he manifests a multitude of superhuman abilities at the end of the first film, most of which are types of shapeshifting. More powers are seen in the short film Jack-Jack Attack on the Incredibles DVD, making his powers the most versatile of the family, and according to a collectible poster included with some Incredibles toys, still more powers are undisclosed.\n"
] | [
"John Jackson \"Jack-Jack\" Parr"
] |
-1980032732330686370 | Asthma | Asthma - wikipedia Asthma Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Asthma ( disambiguation ) . Asthma Peak flow meters are used to measure the peak expiratory flow rate , important in both monitoring and diagnosing asthma . Specialty Pulmonology Symptoms Recurring episodes of wheezing , coughing , chest tightness , shortness of breath Duration Long term Causes Genetic and environmental factors Risk factors Air pollution , allergens Diagnostic method Based on symptoms , response to therapy , spirometry Treatment Avoiding triggers , inhaled corticosteroids , salbutamol Frequency 358 million ( 2015 ) Deaths 397,100 ( 2015 ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Asthma is a common long - term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs . It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms , reversible airflow obstruction , and bronchospasm . Symptoms include episodes of wheezing , coughing , chest tightness , and shortness of breath . These episodes may occur a few times a day or a few times per week . Depending on the person , they may become worse at night or with exercise . Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors . Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens . Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers . Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms , response to therapy over time , and spirometry . Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms , forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV1 ) , and peak expiratory flow rate . It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic , where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction . There is no cure for asthma . Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers , such as allergens and irritants , and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids . Long - acting beta agonists ( LABA ) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled . Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short - acting beta - 2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth . In very severe cases , intravenous corticosteroids , magnesium sulfate , and hospitalization may be required . In 2015 , 358 million people globally had asthma , up from 183 million in 1990 . It caused about 397,100 deaths in 2015 , most of which occurred in the developing world . It often begins in childhood . The rates of asthma have increased significantly since the 1960s . Asthma was recognized as early as Ancient Egypt . The word `` asthma '' is from the Greek ἅσθμα , ásthma , which means `` panting '' . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Associated conditions 2 Causes 2.1 Environmental 2.1. 1 Hygiene hypothesis 2.2 Genetic 2.3 Medical conditions 2.4 Exacerbation 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Spirometry 4.2 Others 4.3 Classification 4.3. 1 Asthma exacerbation 4.3. 2 Exercise - induced 4.3. 3 Occupational 4.3. 4 Aspirin - induced asthma 4.3. 5 Alcohol - induced asthma 4.3. 6 Nonallergic asthma 4.4 Differential diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Management 6.1 Lifestyle modification 6.2 Medications 6.2. 1 Fast -- acting 6.2. 2 Long -- term control 6.2. 3 Delivery methods 6.2. 4 Adverse effects 6.3 Others 6.4 Alternative medicine 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 Economics 10 History 11 References 11.1 Notes 12 External links Signs and symptoms Wheezing The sound of wheezing as heard with a stethoscope . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing , shortness of breath , chest tightness , and coughing . Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up . During recovery from an attack , it may appear pus - like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils . Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air . Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms , usually in response to triggers , whereas others may have marked and persistent symptoms . Associated conditions A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma , including gastro - esophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) , rhinosinusitis , and obstructive sleep apnea . Psychological disorders are also more common , with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16 -- 52 % and mood disorders in 14 -- 41 % . However , it is not known whether asthma causes psychological problems or psychological problems lead to asthma . Those with asthma , especially if it is poorly controlled , are at high risk for radiocontrast reactions . Causes Asthma is caused by a combination of complex and incompletely understood environmental and genetic interactions . These factors influence both its severity and its responsiveness to treatment . It is believed that the recent increased rates of asthma are due to changing epigenetics ( heritable factors other than those related to the DNA sequence ) and a changing living environment . Onset before age 12 is more likely due to genetic influence , while onset after 12 is more likely due to environmental influence . Environmental See also : Asthma - related microbes Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma 's development and exacerbation including allergens , air pollution , and other environmental chemicals . Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma - like symptoms . Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity . Over half of cases in children in the United States occur in areas with air quality below EPA standards . Low air quality is more common in low - income and minority communities . Exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds may be a trigger for asthma ; formaldehyde exposure , for example , has a positive association . Also , phthalates in certain types of PVC are associated with asthma in children and adults . While exposure to pesticides is linked to the development of asthma it is unclear if this is a cause and effect relationship . There is an association between acetaminophen ( paracetamol ) use and asthma . The majority of the evidence does not , however , support a causal role . A 2014 review found that the association disappeared when respiratory infections were taken into account . Use by a mother during pregnancy is also associated with an increased risk as is psychological stress during pregnancy . Asthma is associated with exposure to indoor allergens . Common indoor allergens include dust mites , cockroaches , animal dander ( fragments of fur or feathers ) , and mold . Efforts to decrease dust mites have been found to be ineffective on symptoms in sensitized subjects . Certain viral respiratory infections , such as respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus , may increase the risk of developing asthma when acquired as young children . Certain other infections , however , may decrease the risk . Hygiene hypothesis The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure , during childhood , to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses . It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due , in part , to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies . Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma , but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction . Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets . Use of antibiotics in early life has been linked to the development of asthma . Also , delivery via caesarean section is associated with an increased risk ( estimated at 20 -- 80 % ) of asthma -- this increased risk is attributed to the lack of healthy bacterial colonization that the newborn would have acquired from passage through the birth canal . There is a link between asthma and the degree of affluence which may be related to the hygiene hypothesis as less affluent individuals often have more exposure to bacteria and viruses . Genetic CD14 - endotoxin interaction based on CD14 SNP C - 159T Endotoxin levels CC genotype TT genotype High exposure Low risk High risk Low exposure High risk Low risk Family history is a risk factor for asthma , with many different genes being implicated . If one identical twin is affected , the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25 % . By the end of 2005 , 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations , including GSTM1 , IL10 , CTLA - 4 , SPINK5 , LTC4S , IL4R and ADAM33 , among others . Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation . Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies , results have not been consistent among all populations tested . In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone ; more continue to be found . Some genetic variants may only cause asthma when they are combined with specific environmental exposures . An example is a specific single nucleotide polymorphism in the CD14 region and exposure to endotoxin ( a bacterial product ) . Endotoxin exposure can come from several environmental sources including tobacco smoke , dogs , and farms . Risk for asthma , then , is determined by both a person 's genetics and the level of endotoxin exposure . Medical conditions A triad of atopic eczema , allergic rhinitis and asthma is called atopy . The strongest risk factor for developing asthma is a history of atopic disease ; with asthma occurring at a much greater rate in those who have either eczema or hay fever . Asthma has been associated with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis ( formerly known as Churg -- Strauss syndrome ) , an autoimmune disease and vasculitis . Individuals with certain types of urticaria may also experience symptoms of asthma . There is a correlation between obesity and the risk of asthma with both having increased in recent years . Several factors may be at play including decreased respiratory function due to a buildup of fat and the fact that adipose tissue leads to a pro-inflammatory state . Beta blocker medications such as propranolol can trigger asthma in those who are susceptible . Cardioselective beta - blockers , however , appear safe in those with mild or moderate disease . Other medications that can cause problems in asthmatics are angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors , aspirin , and NSAIDs . Exacerbation Some individuals will have stable asthma for weeks or months and then suddenly develop an episode of acute asthma . Different individuals react to various factors in different ways . Most individuals can develop severe exacerbation from a number of triggering agents . Home factors that can lead to exacerbation of asthma include dust , animal dander ( especially cat and dog hair ) , cockroach allergens and mold . Perfumes are a common cause of acute attacks in women and children . Both viral and bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract can worsen the disease . Psychological stress may worsen symptoms -- it is thought that stress alters the immune system and thus increases the airway inflammatory response to allergens and irritants . Pathophysiology Main article : Pathophysiology of asthma Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways ( most especially the bronchi and bronchioles ) , which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles . This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing . The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment . Occasionally the airways themselves change . Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis . Chronically the airways ' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands . Other cell types involved include : T lymphocytes , macrophages , and neutrophils . There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including : cytokines , chemokines , histamine , and leukotrienes among others . Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body . Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway . Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway during asthma symptoms . Obstruction of the lumen of a bronchiole by mucoid exudate , goblet cell metaplasia , and epithelial basement membrane thickening in a person with asthma . Diagram of asthma Diagnosis While asthma is a well - recognized condition , there is not one universal agreed upon definition . It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as `` a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role . The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper - responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing , breathlessness , chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning . These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment '' . There is currently no precise test for the diagnosis , which is typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time . A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of recurrent wheezing , coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise , viral infections , allergens or air pollution . Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis . In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry . Spirometry Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management . It is the single best test for asthma . If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12 % and increases by at least 200 milliliters following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol , this is supportive of the diagnosis . It however may be normal in those with a history of mild asthma , not currently acting up . As caffeine is a bronchodilator in people with asthma , the use of caffeine before a lung function test may interfere with the results . Single - breath diffusing capacity can help differentiate asthma from COPD . It is reasonable to perform spirometry every one or two years to follow how well a person 's asthma is controlled . Others The methacholine challenge involves the inhalation of increasing concentrations of a substance that causes airway narrowing in those predisposed . If negative it means that a person does not have asthma ; if positive , however , it is not specific for the disease . Other supportive evidence includes : a ≥ 20 % difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks , a ≥ 20 % improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol , inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone , or a ≥ 20 % decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger . Testing peak expiratory flow is more variable than spirometry , however , and thus not recommended for routine diagnosis . It may be useful for daily self - monitoring in those with moderate to severe disease and for checking the effectiveness of new medications . It may also be helpful in guiding treatment in those with acute exacerbations . Classification Clinical classification ( ≥ 12 years old ) Severity Symptom frequency Night - time symptoms % FEV of predicted FEV variability SABA use Intermittent ≤ 2 / week ≤ 2 / month ≥ 80 % < 20 % ≤ 2 days / week Mild persistent > 2 / week 3 -- 4 / month ≥ 80 % 20 -- 30 % > 2 days / week Moderate persistent Daily > 1 / week 60 -- 80 % > 30 % daily Severe persistent Continuously Frequent ( 7 / week ) < 60 % > 30 % ≥ twice / day Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms , forced expiratory volume in one second ( FEV ) , and peak expiratory flow rate . Asthma may also be classified as atopic ( extrinsic ) or non-atopic ( intrinsic ) , based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens ( atopic ) or not ( non-atopic ) . While asthma is classified based on severity , at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system . Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research . Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition , it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis , chronic bronchitis , and emphysema . Unlike these diseases , the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible ; however , if left untreated , the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling . In contrast to emphysema , asthma affects the bronchi , not the alveoli . Asthma exacerbation Severity of an acute exacerbation Near - fatal High PaCO , or requiring mechanical ventilation , or both Life - threatening ( any one of ) Clinical signs Measurements Altered level of consciousness Peak flow < 33 % Exhaustion Oxygen saturation < 92 % Arrhythmia PaO < 8 kPa Low blood pressure `` Normal '' PaCO Cyanosis Silent chest Poor respiratory effort Acute severe ( any one of ) Peak flow 33 -- 50 % Respiratory rate ≥ 25 breaths per minute Heart rate ≥ 110 beats per minute Unable to complete sentences in one breath Moderate Worsening symptoms Peak flow 50 -- 80 % best or predicted No features of acute severe asthma An acute asthma exacerbation is commonly referred to as an asthma attack . The classic symptoms are shortness of breath , wheezing , and chest tightness . The wheezing is most often when breathing out . While these are the primary symptoms of asthma , some people present primarily with coughing , and in severe cases , air motion may be significantly impaired such that no wheezing is heard . In children , chest pain is often present . Signs occurring during an asthma attack include the use of accessory muscles of respiration ( sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles of the neck ) , there may be a paradoxical pulse ( a pulse that is weaker during inhalation and stronger during exhalation ) , and over-inflation of the chest . A blue color of the skin and nails may occur from lack of oxygen . In a mild exacerbation the peak expiratory flow rate ( PEFR ) is ≥ 200 L / min , or ≥ 50 % of the predicted best . Moderate is defined as between 80 and 200 L / min , or 25 % and 50 % of the predicted best , while severe is defined as ≤ 80 L / min , or ≤ 25 % of the predicted best . Acute severe asthma , previously known as status asthmaticus , is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to standard treatments of bronchodilators and corticosteroids . Half of cases are due to infections with others caused by allergen , air pollution , or insufficient or inappropriate medication use . Brittle asthma is a kind of asthma distinguishable by recurrent , severe attacks . Type 1 brittle asthma is a disease with wide peak flow variability , despite intense medication . Type 2 brittle asthma is background well - controlled asthma with sudden severe exacerbations . Exercise - induced Main article : Exercise - induced bronchoconstriction Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma . It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20 % of people without asthma . Exercise - induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes . The highest rates are among cyclists ( up to 45 % ) , swimmers , and cross-country skiers . While it may occur with any weather conditions , it is more common when it is dry and cold . Inhaled beta2 - agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma , however , oral doses may improve endurance and strength . Occupational Main article : Occupational asthma Asthma as a result of ( or worsened by ) workplace exposures is a commonly reported occupational disease . Many cases , however , are not reported or recognized as such . It is estimated that 5 -- 25 % of asthma cases in adults are work - related . A few hundred different agents have been implicated , with the most common being : isocyanates , grain and wood dust , colophony , soldering flux , latex , animals , and aldehydes . The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include : those who spray paint , bakers and those who process food , nurses , chemical workers , those who work with animals , welders , hairdressers and timber workers . Aspirin - induced asthma Main article : Aspirin - induced asthma Aspirin - exacerbated respiratory disease , also known as aspirin - induced asthma , affects up to 9 % of asthmatics . Reactions may also occur to other NSAIDs . People affected often also have trouble with nasal polyps . In people who are affected , low doses paracetamol or COX - 2 inhibitors are generally safe . Alcohol - induced asthma Main article : Alcohol - induced respiratory reactions Alcohol may worsen asthmatic symptoms in up to a third of people . This may be even more common in some ethnic groups such as the Japanese and those with aspirin - induced asthma . Other studies have found improvement in asthmatic symptoms from alcohol . Nonallergic asthma Nonallergic asthma , also known as intrinsic or nonatopic asthma , makes up between 10 and 33 % of cases . There is negative skin test to common inhalant allergens and normal serum concentrations of IgE . Often it starts later in life , and women are more commonly affected than men . Usual treatments may not work as well . Differential diagnosis Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma . In children , other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including foreign body aspiration , tracheal stenosis , laryngotracheomalacia , vascular rings , enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses . Bronchiolitis and other viral infections may also produce wheezing . In adults , COPD , congestive heart failure , airway masses , as well as drug - induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors should be considered . In both populations vocal cord dysfunction may present similarly . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma . After the age of 65 , most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD . In this setting , COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils , abnormally increased wall thickness , and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi . However , this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management : corticosteroids , long - acting beta - agonists , and smoking cessation . It closely resembles asthma in symptoms , is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke , an older age , less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration , and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy . Prevention The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak . The World Health Organization recommends decreasing risk factors such as tobacco smoke , air pollution , and the number of lower respiratory infections . Other efforts that show promise include : limiting smoke exposure in utero , breastfeeding , and increased exposure to daycare or large families , but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication . Early pet exposure may be useful . Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet . Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended . Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective . It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations affects the risk of exacerbations . Immunization ; however , is recommended by the World Health Organization . Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma . Management While there is no cure for asthma , symptoms can typically be improved . A specific , customized plan for proactively monitoring and managing symptoms should be created . This plan should include the reduction of exposure to allergens , testing to assess the severity of symptoms , and the usage of medications . The treatment plan should be written down and advise adjustments to treatment according to changes in symptoms . The most effective treatment for asthma is identifying triggers , such as cigarette smoke , pets , or aspirin , and eliminating exposure to them . If trigger avoidance is insufficient , the use of medication is recommended . Pharmaceutical drugs are selected based on , among other things , the severity of illness and the frequency of symptoms . Specific medications for asthma are broadly classified into fast - acting and long - acting categories . Bronchodilators are recommended for short - term relief of symptoms . In those with occasional attacks , no other medication is needed . If mild persistent disease is present ( more than two attacks a week ) , low - dose inhaled corticosteroids or alternatively , an leukotriene antagonist or a mast cell stabilizer by mouth is recommended . For those who have daily attacks , a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids is used . In a moderate or severe exacerbation , corticosteroids by mouth are added to these treatments . Lifestyle modification Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks . The most common triggers include allergens , smoke ( tobacco and other ) , air pollution , non selective beta - blockers , and sulfite - containing foods . Cigarette smoking and second - hand smoke ( passive smoke ) may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids . Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma . Dust mite control measures , including air filtration , chemicals to kill mites , vacuuming , mattress covers and others methods had no effect on asthma symptoms . Overall , exercise is beneficial in people with stable asthma . Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma . Medications Medications used to treat asthma are divided into two general classes : quick - relief medications used to treat acute symptoms ; and long - term control medications used to prevent further exacerbation . Antibiotics are generally not needed for sudden worsening of symptoms . Fast -- acting Salbutamol metered dose inhaler commonly used to treat asthma attacks . Short - acting beta - adrenoceptor agonists ( SABA ) , such as salbutamol ( albuterol USAN ) are the first line treatment for asthma symptoms . They are recommended before exercise in those with exercise induced symptoms . Anticholinergic medications , such as ipratropium bromide , provide additional benefit when used in combination with SABA in those with moderate or severe symptoms . Anticholinergic bronchodilators can also be used if a person can not tolerate a SABA . If a child requires admission to hospital additional ipratropium does not appear to help over a SABA . Older , less selective adrenergic agonists , such as inhaled epinephrine , have similar efficacy to SABAs . They are however not recommended due to concerns regarding excessive cardiac stimulation . Long -- term control Fluticasone propionate metered dose inhaler commonly used for long - term control . Corticosteroids are generally considered the most effective treatment available for long - term control . Inhaled forms such as beclomethasone are usually used except in the case of severe persistent disease , in which oral corticosteroids may be needed . It is usually recommended that inhaled formulations be used once or twice daily , depending on the severity of symptoms . Long - acting beta - adrenoceptor agonists ( LABA ) such as salmeterol and formoterol can improve asthma control , at least in adults , when given in combination with inhaled corticosteroids . In children this benefit is uncertain . When used without steroids they increase the risk of severe side - effects and even with corticosteroids they may slightly increase the risk . Leukotriene receptor antagonists ( such as montelukast and zafirlukast ) may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids , typically also in conjunction with a LABA . Evidence is insufficient to support use in acute exacerbations . In children they appear to be of little benefit when added to inhaled steroids , and the same applies in adolescents and adults . They are useful by themselves . In those under five years of age , they were the preferred add - on therapy after inhaled corticosteroids by the British Thoracic Society in 2009 . A similar class of drugs , 5 - LOX inhibitors , may be used as an alternative in the chronic treatment of mild to moderate asthma among older children and adults . As of 2013 there is one medication in this family known as zileuton . Mast cell stabilizers ( such as cromolyn sodium ) are another non-preferred alternative to corticosteroids . Delivery methods Medications are typically provided as metered - dose inhalers ( MDIs ) in combination with an asthma spacer or as a dry powder inhaler . The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air , making it easier to receive a full dose of the drug . A nebulizer may also be used . Nebulizers and spacers are equally effective in those with mild to moderate symptoms . However , insufficient evidence is available to determine whether a difference exists in those with severe disease . Adverse effects Long - term use of inhaled corticosteroids at conventional doses carries a minor risk of adverse effects . Risks include thrush , the development of cataracts , and a slightly slowed rate of growth . Higher doses of inhaled steroids may result in lower bone mineral density . Others When asthma is unresponsive to usual medications , other options are available for both emergency management and prevention of flareups . For emergency management other options include : Oxygen to alleviate hypoxia if saturations fall below 92 % . Corticosteroid by mouth are recommended with five days of prednisone being the same 2 days of dexamethasone . One review recommended a seven - day course of steroids . Magnesium sulfate intravenous treatment increases bronchodilation when used in addition to other treatment in moderate severe acute asthma attacks . In adults it results in a reduction of hospital admissions . Heliox , a mixture of helium and oxygen , may also be considered in severe unresponsive cases . Intravenous salbutamol is not supported by available evidence and is thus used only in extreme cases . Methylxanthines ( such as theophylline ) were once widely used , but do not add significantly to the effects of inhaled beta - agonists . Their use in acute exacerbations is controversial . The dissociative anesthetic ketamine is theoretically useful if intubation and mechanical ventilation is needed in people who are approaching respiratory arrest ; however , there is no evidence from clinical trials to support this . For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs , bronchial thermoplasty may be an option . It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies . While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appears to decrease the subsequent rate . Effects beyond one year are unknown . Evidence suggests that sublingual immunotherapy in those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma improve outcomes . Omalizumab may also be useful in those with poorly controlled allergic asthma . It is unclear if non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in children is of use as it has not been sufficiently studied . Alternative Medicine Many people with asthma , like those with other chronic disorders , use alternative treatments ; surveys show that roughly 50 % use some form of unconventional therapy . There is little data to support the effectiveness of most of these therapies . Evidence is insufficient to support the usage of Vitamin C. There is tentative support for its use in exercise induced bronchospasm . In people with mild to moderate asthma , treatment with vitamin D supplementation is likely to reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations . Acupuncture is not recommended for the treatment as there is insufficient evidence to support its use . Air ionisers show no evidence that they improve asthma symptoms or benefit lung function ; this applied equally to positive and negative ion generators . Manual therapies , including osteopathic , chiropractic , physiotherapeutic and respiratory therapeutic maneuvers , have insufficient evidence to support their use in treating asthma . The Buteyko breathing technique for controlling hyperventilation may result in a reduction in medication use ; however , the technique does not have any effect on lung function . Thus an expert panel felt that evidence was insufficient to support its use . Prognosis Asthma deaths per million persons in 2012 0 -- 10 11 -- 13 14 -- 17 18 -- 23 24 -- 32 33 -- 43 44 -- 50 51 -- 66 67 -- 95 96 -- 251 Disability - adjusted life year for asthma per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 . no data < 100 100 -- 150 150 -- 200 200 -- 250 250 -- 300 300 -- 350 350 -- 400 400 -- 450 450 -- 500 500 -- 550 550 -- 600 > 600 The prognosis for asthma is generally good , especially for children with mild disease . Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care . In 2010 the death rate was 170 per million for males and 90 per million for females . Rates vary between countries by 100 fold . Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 ( 16 million of which are in low and middle income countries ) . Of asthma diagnosed during childhood , half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade . Airway remodeling is observed , but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes . Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function . Asthma in children also has negative effects on quality of life of their parents . Epidemiology Main article : Epidemiology of asthma Rates of asthma in different countries of the world as of 2004 . no data < 1 % 1 -- 2 % 2 -- 3 % 3 -- 4 % 4 -- 5 % 5 -- 6 % 6 -- 7 % 7 -- 8 % 8 -- 10 % 10 -- 12.5 % 12.5 -- 15 % > 15 % As of 2011 , 235 -- 330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma , and approximately 250,000 -- 345,000 people die per year from the disease . Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18 % . It is more common in developed than developing countries . One thus sees lower rates in Asia , Eastern Europe and Africa . Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent . The reason for these differences is not well known . Low and middle income countries make up more than 80 % of the mortality . While asthma is twice as common in boys as girls , severe asthma occurs at equal rates . In contrast adult women have a higher rate of asthma than men and it is more common in the young than the old . In children , asthma was the most common reason for admission to the hospital following an emergency department visit in the US in 2011 . Global rates of asthma have increased significantly between the 1960s and 2008 with it being recognized as a major public health problem since the 1970s . Rates of asthma have plateaued in the developed world since the mid-1990s with recent increases primarily in the developing world . Asthma affects approximately 7 % of the population of the United States and 5 % of people in the United Kingdom . Canada , Australia and New Zealand have rates of about 14 -- 15 % . Economics From 2000 to 2010 , the average cost per asthma - related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $3,600 , whereas the average cost per asthma - related hospital stay for adults increased from $5,200 to $6,600 . In 2010 , Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children and adults aged 18 -- 44 years in the United States ; private insurance was the second most frequent payer . Among both children and adults in the lowest income communities in the United States there is a higher rate of hospital stays for asthma in 2010 than those in the highest income communities . History Ebers Papyrus detailing treatment of asthma Asthma was recognized in Ancient Egypt and was treated by drinking an incense mixture known as kyphi . It was officially named as a specific respiratory problem by Hippocrates circa 450 BC , with the Greek word for `` panting '' forming the basis of our modern name . In 200 BC it was believed to be at least partly related to the emotions . In the 12th century the Jewish physician - philosopher Maimonides wrote a treatise on asthma in Arabic , based partly on Arabic sources , in which he discussed the symptoms , proposed various dietary and other means of treatment , and emphasized the importance of climate and clean air . 1907 advertisement for Grimault 's Indian Cigarettes , emphasising their alleged efficacy for the relief of asthma In 1873 , one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872 , concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment . Medical treatment in 1880 , included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin . In 1886 , F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever . Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905 . Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s . A notable and well - documented case in the 19th century was that of young Theodore Roosevelt ( 1858 -- 1919 ) . At that time there was no effective treatment . Roosevelt 's youth was in large part shaped by his poor health partly related to his asthma . He experienced recurring nighttime asthma attacks that caused the experience of being smothered to death , terrifying the boy and his parents . During the 1930s to 1950s , asthma was known as one of the `` holy seven '' psychosomatic illnesses . Its cause was considered to be psychological , with treatment often based on psychoanalysis and other talking cures . 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PMID 20393943 . ^ Jump up to : Fanta CH ( March 2009 ) . `` Asthma '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 360 ( 10 ) : 1002 -- 14 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra0804579 . PMID 19264689 . Jump up ^ Cates , CJ ; Cates , MJ ( Apr 18 , 2012 ) . Cates , Christopher J , ed . `` Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma : serious adverse events '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 4 : CD006923 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006923. pub3 . PMC 4017186 . PMID 22513944 . Jump up ^ Cates , CJ ; Cates , MJ ( Jul 16 , 2008 ) . Cates , Christopher J , ed . `` Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma : serious adverse events '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 3 ) : CD006363 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006363. pub2 . PMID 18646149 . Jump up ^ GINA 2011 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Watts , K ; Chavasse , RJ ( May 16 , 2012 ) . Watts , Kirsty , ed . `` Leukotriene receptor antagonists in addition to usual care for acute asthma in adults and children '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 5 : CD006100 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006100. pub2 . PMID 22592708 . Jump up ^ Chauhan , BF ; Ben Salah , R ; Ducharme , FM ( Oct 2 , 2013 ) . `` Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 10 : CD009585 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD009585. pub2 . PMID 24089325 . Jump up ^ Miligkos , Michael ; Bannuru , Raveendhara R. ; Alkofide , Hadeel ; Kher , Sucharita R. ; Schmid , Christopher H. ; Balk , Ethan M. ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` Leukotriene - Receptor Antagonists Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Asthma in Adults and Adolescents '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 163 ( 10 ) : 756 -- 67 . doi : 10.7326 / M15 - 1059 . PMC 4648683 . PMID 26390230 . Jump up ^ Miligkos , M ; Bannuru , RR ; Alkofide , H ; Kher , SR ; Schmid , CH ; Balk , EM ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` Leukotriene - receptor antagonists versus placebo in the treatment of asthma in adults and adolescents : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 163 ( 10 ) : 756 -- 67 . doi : 10.7326 / m15 - 1059 . PMC 4648683 . PMID 26390230 . Jump up ^ British Guideline 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ `` Zyflo ( Zileuton tablets ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Food and Drug Administration . Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc . June 2012 . p. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ NHLBI Guideline 2007 , p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Rachelefsky , G ( January 2009 ) . `` Inhaled corticosteroids and asthma control in children : assessing impairment and risk '' . Pediatrics. 123 ( 1 ) : 353 -- 66 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2007 - 3273 . PMID 19117903 . Jump up ^ Dahl R ( August 2006 ) . `` Systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma '' . Respir Med. 100 ( 8 ) : 1307 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rmed. 2005.11. 020 . PMID 16412623 . Jump up ^ Thomas , MS ; Parolia , A ; Kundabala , M ; Vikram , M ( June 2010 ) . `` Asthma and oral health : a review '' . Australian dental journal . 55 ( 2 ) : 128 -- 33 . PMID 20604752 . Jump up ^ Skoner , DP ( December 2016 ) . `` Inhaled corticosteroids : Effects on growth and bone health '' . Annals of Allergy , Asthma & Immunology. 117 ( 6 ) : 595 -- 600 . PMID 27979015 . ^ Jump up to : Rodrigo GJ , Rodrigo C , Hall JB ( 2004 ) . `` Acute asthma in adults : a review '' . Chest. 125 ( 3 ) : 1081 -- 102 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 125.3. 1081 . PMID 15006973 . Jump up ^ Keeney , GE ; Gray , MP ; Morrison , AK ; Levas , MN ; Kessler , EA ; Hill , GD ; Gorelick , MH ; Jackson , JL ( Mar 2014 ) . `` Dexamethasone for acute asthma exacerbations in children : a meta - analysis '' . Pediatrics. 133 ( 3 ) : 493 -- 9 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2013 - 2273 . PMID 24515516 . Jump up ^ Rowe , BH ; Kirkland , SW ; Vandermeer , B ; Campbell , S ; Newton , A ; Ducharme , FM ; Villa - Roel , C ( March 2017 ) . `` Prioritizing Systemic Corticosteroid Treatments to Mitigate Relapse in Adults With Acute Asthma : A Systematic Review and Network Meta - analysis '' . Academic Emergency Medicine . 24 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 381 . doi : 10.1111 / acem. 13107 . PMID 27664401 . Jump up ^ Noppen , M. ( August 2002 ) . `` Magnesium Treatment for Asthma : Where Do We Stand ? '' . Chest. 122 ( 2 ) : 396 -- 8 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 122.2. 396 . PMID 12171805 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , B ; Kew , KM ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating children with acute asthma in the emergency department '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 4 : CD011050 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD011050. pub2 . PMID 27126744 . Jump up ^ Kew , KM ; Kirtchuk , L ; Michell , CI ( 28 May 2014 ) . `` Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 5 : CD010909 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD010909. pub2 . PMID 24865567 . Jump up ^ GINA 2011 , p. 37 Jump up ^ NHLBI Guideline 2007 , p. 399 ^ Jump up to : Castro , M ; Musani , AI ; Mayse , ML ; Shargill , NS ( April 2010 ) . `` Bronchial thermoplasty : a novel technique in the treatment of severe asthma '' . Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease . 4 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 16 . doi : 10.1177 / 1753465810367505 . PMID 20435668 . Jump up ^ Boulet , LP ; Laviolette , M ( May -- Jun 2012 ) . `` Is there a role for bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of asthma ? '' . Canadian Respiratory Journal . 19 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 2 . doi : 10.1155 / 2012 / 853731 . PMC 3418092 . PMID 22679610 . Jump up ^ GINA 2011 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Lin , SY ; Erekosima , N ; Kim , JM ; Ramanathan , M ; Suarez - Cuervo , C ; Chelladurai , Y ; Ward , D ; Segal , JB ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Sublingual Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis and Asthma A Systematic Review '' . JAMA. 309 ( 12 ) : 1278 -- 88 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.2049 . PMID 23532243 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Drazen , Jeffrey M. ; Israel , Elliot ; Reddel , Helen K. ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Severe and Difficult - to - Treat Asthma in Adults '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 377 ( 10 ) : 965 -- 976 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1608969 . PMID 28877019 . Jump up ^ Korang , SK ; Feinberg , J ; Wetterslev , J ; Jakobsen , JC ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for acute asthma in children '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 9 : CD012067 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD012067. pub2 . PMID 27687114 . Jump up ^ Blanc PD , Trupin L , Earnest G , Katz PP , Yelin EH , Eisner MD ( 2001 ) . `` Alternative therapies among adults with a reported diagnosis of asthma or rhinosinusitis : data from a population - based survey '' . Chest. 120 ( 5 ) : 1461 -- 7 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 120.5. 1461 . PMID 11713120 . Jump up ^ Shenfield G , Lim E , Allen H ( 2002 ) . `` Survey of the use of complementary medicines and therapies in children with asthma '' . J Paediatr Child Health . 38 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 7 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1440 - 1754.2002. 00770. x . PMID 12047692 . Jump up ^ Kaur B , Rowe BH , Arnold E ( 2009 ) . Welsh EJ , ed . `` Vitamin C supplementation for asthma '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 1 ) : CD000993 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000993. pub3 . PMID 19160185 . Jump up ^ Hemilä , H ( 2013 ) . `` Vitamin C may alleviate exercise - induced bronchoconstriction : a meta - analysis '' . BMJ Open . 3 ( 6 ) : e002416 . doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen - 2012 - 002416 . PMC 3686214 . PMID 23794586 . Jump up ^ Martineau , AR ; Cates , CJ ; Urashima , M ; Jensen , M ; Griffiths , AP ; Nurmatov , U ; Sheikh , A ; Griffiths , CJ ( 5 September 2016 ) . `` Vitamin D for the management of asthma '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 9 : CD011511 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD011511. pub2 . PMID 27595415 . ^ Jump up to : NHLBI Guideline 2007 , p. 240 Jump up ^ McCarney RW , Brinkhaus B , Lasserson TJ , Linde K ( 2004 ) . McCarney RW , ed . `` Acupuncture for chronic asthma '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 1 ) : CD000008 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000008. pub2 . PMID 14973944 . Jump up ^ Blackhall , K ; Appleton , S ; Cates , CJ ( Sep 12 , 2012 ) . Blackhall , Karen , ed . `` Ionisers for chronic asthma '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 9 : CD002986 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD002986. pub2 . PMID 22972060 . Jump up ^ Hondras MA , Linde K , Jones AP ( 2005 ) . Hondras MA , ed . `` Manual therapy for asthma '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 2 ) : CD001002 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001002. pub2 . PMID 15846609 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Disease and injury country estimates '' . World Health Organization . 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2009 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sergel , Michelle J. ; Cydulka , Rita K. ( September 2009 ) . `` Ch. 75 : Asthma '' . In Wolfson , Allan B. ; Harwood - Nuss , Ann . Harwood - Nuss ' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine ( 5th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 432 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 8943 - 1 . Jump up ^ NHLBI Guideline 2007 , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : `` The Global Asthma Report 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Organization , World Health ( 2008 ) . The global burden of disease : 2004 update ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Geneva , Switzerland : World Health Organization . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 4 - 156371 - 0 . Jump up ^ Maddox L , Schwartz DA ( 2002 ) . `` The pathophysiology of asthma '' . Annu. Rev. Med. 53 : 477 -- 98 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. med. 53.082901. 103921 . PMID 11818486 . Jump up ^ Beckett PA , Howarth PH ( 2003 ) . `` Pharmacotherapy and airway remodelling in asthma ? '' . Thorax. 58 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 74 . doi : 10.1136 / thorax. 58.2. 163 . PMC 1746582 . PMID 12554904 . Jump up ^ Silva , N ; Carona , C ; Crespo , C ; Canavarro , MC ( June 2015 ) . `` Quality of life in pediatric asthma patients and their parents : a meta - analysis on 20 years of research '' . Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research . 15 ( 3 ) : 499 -- 519 . doi : 10.1586 / 14737167.2015. 1008459 . PMID 25651982 . Jump up ^ `` World Health Organization Fact Sheet Fact sheet No 307 : Asthma '' . 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved Jan 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ GINA 2011 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Vos , T ; et al. ( December 2012 ) . `` Years lived with disability ( YLDs ) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990 -- 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2163 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61729 - 2 . PMID 23245607 . Jump up ^ Lozano , R ( Dec 15 , 2012 ) . `` Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2095 -- 128 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61728 - 0 . hdl : 10536 / DRO / DU : 30050819 . PMID 23245604 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization . `` WHO : Asthma '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bush A , Menzies - Gow A ( December 2009 ) . `` Phenotypic differences between pediatric and adult asthma '' . Proc Am Thorac Soc. 6 ( 8 ) : 712 -- 9 . doi : 10.1513 / pats. 200906 - 046DP . PMID 20008882 . Jump up ^ Weiss AJ , Wier LM , Stocks C , Blanchard J ( June 2014 ) . `` Overview of Emergency Department Visits in the United States , 2011 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 174 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Grant EN , Wagner R , Weiss KB ( August 1999 ) . `` Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society '' . J Allergy Clin Immunol. 104 ( 2 Pt 2 ) : S1 -- S9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0091 - 6749 ( 99 ) 70268 - X . PMID 10452783 . Jump up ^ Bousquet , J ; Bousquet , PJ ; Godard , P ; Daures , JP ( July 2005 ) . `` The public health implications of asthma '' . Bulletin of the World Health Organization . 83 ( 7 ) : 548 -- 54 . PMC 2626301 . PMID 16175830 . Jump up ^ Anderson , HR ; Gupta R ; Strachan DP ; Limb ES ( January 2007 ) . `` 50 years of asthma : UK trends from 1955 to 2004 '' . Thorax. 62 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 90 . doi : 10.1136 / thx. 2006.066407 . PMC 2111282 . PMID 17189533 . Jump up ^ Masoli , Matthew ( 2004 ) . Global Burden of Asthma ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett ML , Wier LM , Washington R ( January 2014 ) . `` Trends in Pediatric and Adult Hospital Stays for Asthma , 2000 -- 2010 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 169 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rosner , Fred ( 2002 ) . `` The Life of Moses Maimonides , a Prominent Medieval Physician '' ( PDF ) . Einstein Quart J Biol Med. 19 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Thorowgood JC ( November 1873 ) . `` On bronchial asthma '' . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 673 ) : 600 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.673. 600 . PMC 2294647 . PMID 20747287 . Jump up ^ Gaskoin G ( March 1872 ) . `` On the treatment of asthma '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 587 ) : 339 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.587. 339 . PMC 2297349 . PMID 20746575 . Jump up ^ Berkart JB ( June 1880 ) . `` The treatment of asthma '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 1016 ) : 917 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.1016. 917 . PMC 2240555 . PMID 20749537 . Berkart JB ( June 1880 ) . `` The treatment of asthma '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 1017 ) : 960 -- 2 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.1017. 960 . PMC 2240530 . PMID 20749546 . Jump up ^ Bosworth FH ( 1886 ) . `` Hay fever , asthma , and allied affections '' . Transactions of the Annual Meeting of the American Climatological Association . 2 : 151 -- 70 . PMC 2526599 . PMID 21407325 . Jump up ^ Doig RL ( February 1905 ) . `` Epinephrin ; especially in asthma '' . California State Journal of Medicine . 3 ( 2 ) : 54 -- 5 . PMC 1650334 . PMID 18733372 . Jump up ^ von Mutius , E ; Drazen , JM ( Mar 1 , 2012 ) . `` A patient with asthma seeks medical advice in 1828 , 1928 , and 2012 '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 9 ) : 827 -- 34 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1102783 . PMID 22375974 . Jump up ^ Crompton G ( December 2006 ) . `` A brief history of inhaled asthma therapy over the last fifty years '' . Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group . 15 ( 6 ) : 326 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pcrj. 2006.09. 002 . PMID 17092772 . Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 1981 ) . Mornings on Horseback : The Story of an Extraordinary Family , a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt . Simon and Schuster . pp. 93 -- 108 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Opolski M , Wilson I ( September 2005 ) . `` Asthma and depression : a pragmatic review of the literature and recommendations for future research '' . Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health . 1 : 18 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 0179 - 1 - 18 . PMC 1253523 . PMID 16185365 . Notes National Asthma Education and Prevention Program ( 2007 ) . `` Expert Panel Report 3 : Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma '' ( PDF ) . National Heart Lung and Blood Institute . `` British Guideline on the Management of Asthma '' ( PDF ) . British Thoracic Society . 2012 ( 2008 ) . `` Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention '' ( PDF ) . Global Initiative for Asthma. 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 07 - 01 . External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : J45 ICD - 9 - CM : 493 OMIM : 600807 MeSH : D001249 DiseasesDB : 1006 External resources MedlinePlus : 000141 eMedicine : article / 806890 Patient UK : Asthma Find more aboutAsthmaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Asthma at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Diseases of the respiratory system ( J , 460 -- 519 ) Upper RT ( including URTIs , common cold ) Head sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess Neck pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Laryngospasm vocal folds Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Vocal fold nodule Vocal fold paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Laryngotracheal stenosis Lower RT / lung disease ( including LRTIs ) Bronchial / obstructive acute Acute bronchitis chronic COPD Chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbation of COPD Emphysema ) Asthma ( Status asthmaticus Aspirin - induced Exercise - induced Bronchiectasis unspecified Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Diffuse panbronchiolitis Interstitial / restrictive ( fibrosis ) External agents / occupational lung disease Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan 's syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier 's lung Farmer 's lung Lycoperdonosis Other ARDS Pulmonary edema Löffler 's syndrome / Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman - Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Obstructive or restrictive Pneumonia / pneumonitis By pathogen Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella ) Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires ' disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical / Mendelson 's syndrome Aspiration / Lipid By vector / route Community - acquired Healthcare - associated Hospital - acquired By distribution Broncho - Lobar IIP UIP DIP BOOP - COP NSIP RB Other Atelectasis circulatory Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Lung abscess Pleural cavity / mediastinum Pleural disease Pleuritis / pleurisy Pneumothorax / Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema / pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema Other / general Respiratory failure Influenza SARS Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis LCCN : sh85008860 GND : 4069674 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asthma&oldid=815166311 '' Categories : Asthma Chronic lower respiratory diseases Respiratory therapy Steroid - responsive inflammatory conditions Human diseases and disorders Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles prone to spam from March 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT ( full ) RTTEM Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the severity of symptoms associated with asthma during pregnancy usually peak | [] | [] |
2716874533301380774 | Nice & Wild | Nice & Wild - Wikipedia Nice & Wild Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for music . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Nice & Wild '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nice N ' Wild Also known as Nice & Wild Origin United States Genres Eurodance , freestyle Years active 1986 -- 1996 Labels Atlantic Associated acts John Minnis , David L Cook Past members David Torres , Reggie Pierre , Remy Palacios Nice N ' Wild , also known as Nice & Wild , was a U.S. Freestyle music group that rose to fame in 1986 after their release of `` Diamond Girl '' . Former band members included David Torres , Reggie Pierre and Remy Palacios . The group has since broken up . The original vocals were never performed by the performance group but rather lip synced . David Torres did sing the Spanish parts after completing vocal training . The final record track was recorded by John Minnis and the origination demo vocal was performed by David L Cook . Many believed that Stevie B was the original vocalist of the song , but that proved to be false . The song was written and produced by Joe Granda in 1986 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discography 1.1 Albums 1.2 Singles and EPs 2 References Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Energy , Love and Unity ( LP , Atlantic , 1987 ) Infatuation ( CD , Right Touch Production , 1996 ) Singles and EPs ( edit ) `` Diamond Girl '' ( Top Hits , 1986 ) `` Obsession '' ( Atlantic , 1987 ) `` Oh Baby ( I Want to Make Love Tonight ) '' ( 7 `` , promo , Atlantic , 1987 ) `` Infatuation '' ( Freestyle Records , 1995 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 12 `` , Right Touch Production , 1996 ) References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Nice & Wild '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Wild , Nice & . `` Minnis original singer of Diamond Girl '' . Free Style Dance Party . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Granda , Joe . `` Granda pens Diamond Girl '' . Granda Entertainment . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . This article on an electronic music band is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nice_%26_Wild&oldid=838039889 '' Categories : Atlantic Records artists American Eurodance groups American dance music groups Musical groups established in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 1987 Musical trios 1986 establishments in the United States Electronic musical group stubs Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2012 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 15 : 23 . About Wikipedia | who sang diamond girl in the 80's | [
"Nice N' Wild, also known as Nice & Wild, was a U.S. Freestyle music group that rose to fame in 1986 after their release of \"Diamond Girl\".[1]"
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"Nice N' Wild"
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-3679695563962293741 | List of Death Note characters | List of Death Note characters - wikipedia List of Death Note characters Jump to : navigation , search The manga series Death Note features an extensive cast of fictional characters designed by Takeshi Obata with their storylines created by Tsugumi Ohba . In the fictional stories featured in the Death Note universe , Tsugumi Ohba , the story writer , created characters that lived in a world featuring a notebook in which names written on it would lead to the ones named to die , typically the cause of death being a heart attack when otherwise not specified . The story follows the novel of a character named Light Yagami , who uses the notebook he found in order to cleanse the world of those humans which he deemed unfit for society . A team of professional investigators set out to find out the mysterious killer and arrest him , and thus many other characters are introduced until Light is eventually caught . The story creator chose names for his characters in a way that , as he described , `` seemed real but could not exist in the real world '' , due to the fact that most of the characters were criminals or victims . Light Yagami , the main character is depicted as the deadliest of them . Some character details differ between the manga and its anime , live - action film and drama adaptations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Light Yagami 1.3 Ryuk 2 Secondary characters 2.1 Misa Amane 2.2 Near 2.3 Mello 2.4 Teru Mikami 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Kira Investigation Team 3.1. 1 Soichiro Yagami 3.1. 2 Touta Matsuda 3.1. 3 Shuichi Aizawa 3.1. 4 Kanzo Mogi 3.1. 5 Hideki Ide 3.1. 6 Hirokazu Ukita 3.2 Wammy 's House 3.2. 1 Watari 3.2. 2 Matt 3.2. 3 Roger Ruvie 3.2. 4 Beyond Birthday 3.2. 5 Linda 3.3 Associates of L 3.3. 1 Aiber 3.3. 2 Wedy 3.4 Associates of Kira 3.4. 1 Kiyomi Takada 3.4. 2 Hitoshi Demegawa 3.5 Federal Bureau of Investigation 3.5. 1 Raye Penber 3.5. 2 Naomi Misora 3.5. 3 Steve Mason 3.6 Yotsuba Group 3.6. 1 Kyosuke Higuchi 3.6. 2 Other members of the Yotsuba Group 3.7 SPK 3.7. 1 Anthony Rester 3.7. 2 Halle Lidner 3.7. 3 Stephen Gevanni 3.8 Mafia 3.8. 1 Rod Ross 3.8. 2 Jack Neylon 3.9 Shinigami 3.9. 1 Rem 3.9. 2 Gelus 3.9. 3 Sidoh 3.9. 4 Armonia Justin Beyondormason 3.9. 5 Midora 3.9. 6 Shinigami King 3.9. 7 Unnamed Shinigami 4 Other characters 4.1 Sachiko Yagami 4.2 Sayu Yagami 4.3 David Hoope 4.4 George Sairas 4.5 Koreyoshi Kitamura 4.6 Kanichi Takimura 4.7 Yamamoto 4.8 Criminals and initial victims 4.9 Taro Kagami 5 Film - only characters 5.1 Ryotaro Sakajo 5.2 Shiori Akino 5.3 Light Up the New World 5.3. 1 Tsukuru Mishima 5.3. 2 Ryuzaki 5.3. 3 Yuki Shien 5.3. 4 Shinigami 5.3. 4.1 Arma 5.3. 4.2 Beppo 6 References Main characters ( edit ) Light Yagami ( edit ) Main article : Light Yagami Light Yagami ( 夜 神 月 , Yagami Raito ) is a bored intellectual dissatisfied with the Japanese justice system . When he finds a Death Note dropped by Ryuk , he envisions to create a world without crime and rule over it as its `` god '' . His alias Kira ( キラ ) , derived from the English word killer , is quickly popularized and draws the attention of the Japanese police and L. Though initially sensitive to the pain of others , Light 's descent into his role as Kira marks a dramatic change in his personality as he becomes comfortable with manipulating people 's lives . Main article : L ( Death Note ) L Lawliet ( L ・ ロー ライト , Eru Rōraito ) , known solely as L , is the world 's greatest detective . He takes on the task of tracking down and arresting Kira . He only ever wears shoes in public , just to take them off as soon as he sits down . His disheveled appearance and constant playing with his food , which usually consists of candy or fruit , causes people to doubt his position as L. He lives in solitude , and only his manager Watari is able to contact him directly . L suspects that Light is Kira almost from the beginning , but can not confirm his suspicions , although they are right . Ryuk ( edit ) Main article : Ryuk ( Death Note ) Ryuk ( リューク , Ryūku ) is a bored Shinigami that drops a Death Note , a notebook that allows you to kill anyone simply by knowing their name and face , into the human world in order to have fun . It is picked up by Light Yagami , a young genius who uses it in an attempt to create and rule a world `` cleansed of evil '' as `` God '' . Secondary characters ( edit ) Misa Amane ( edit ) Main article : Misa Amane Misa Amane ( 弥 海 砂 , Amane Misa ) is a popular Japanese idol , who is known for her Gothic - style of dress , hyperactive personality and devotion to Light , falling in love with him after he kills her parents ' murderer . As a Death Note owner and the second Kira , she has the Shinigami Eyes , which allow her to see nearly everyone 's name and lifespan . However , she can not see the lifespans of Death Note owners . As part of her career as an idol , she performs numerous jobs such as acting , singing and modeling . Near ( edit ) Main article : Near ( Death Note ) Near ( ニア , Nia ) , real name Nate River , is the young detective who succeeds L by default . He is the head of an organization created to catch Kira , the SPK . A placid character with a sharp tongue , he has white hair and wears pale clothes . He constantly plays with toys , building towers of dice and playing cards , and illustrating his exposition with small finger puppets and Lego minifigs . Mello ( edit ) Main article : Mello ( Death Note ) Mello ( メロ , Mero ) , real name Mihael Keehl , grows up in competition with Near to succeed L. After L 's death , however , he concedes the position to Near and leaves to hunt Kira through criminal means , eventually joining the American Mafia . His obsession with surpassing Near serves as the primary motivation for many of his actions . He has blond hair , dresses extravagantly , and is rarely seen without a bar of chocolate . Teru Mikami ( edit ) The character design of Teru Mikami was modeled on Taro Kagami from the pilot , although the style of his hair during adulthood seems more disheveled . Teru Mikami ( 魅 上 照 , Mikami Teru ) is a criminal prosecutor , fanatical supporter of Kira , and the fourth Kira . When Light needs a new Kira proxy to hide his identity , Mikami is selected as the new Kira by Light , purely based on his intuition . Since childhood , Mikami has had a strong sense of justice , but his views have become warped due to years of bullying and trauma . Mikami wishes to punish those he considers to be evil , ( which , to Light 's dismay , includes unproductive people and reformed criminals ) , and worships Kira as a God . Mikami mutters the word `` delete '' ( 削除 , sakujo ) repeatedly to himself while writing in the Death Note , which Tsugumi Ohba felt made him more interesting . Mikami was introduced into the story to take Misa 's role as Kira . After struggling to create Mikami , Ohba created Mikami 's backstory in order to establish Mikami and Light as `` equals '' and that Mikami is `` special in some way . '' Mikami is the only character to receive a chapter dedicated to his past , and Ohba was reluctant to create the flashback because he personally does not like creating them . Though he usually did not add detail about `` Kira worshippers '' , he decided to pay special attention to Mikami 's first appearance . He wanted to have Mikami be both smart and dangerous , and have a hatred for societal evil , which he transferred into Mikami 's role as a prosecutor . He wanted it to be clear that Mikami was evil , but , at the same time , he did not want to focus on the aspects of right and wrong . Ohba 's second favorite human character in the series was Mikami as Ohba believed that Mikami was the second `` strongest '' character in the series `` besides Light . '' Ohba has no visual preferences and therefore let Obata create the visual aspects . Obata based Mikami 's design on Taro Kagami , the main character in the pilot chapter of the series . He was told that Mikami was supposed to be a `` stoic character like Light '' while not knowing that Mikami was a prosecutor and a follower of Kira . As the series progressed , Obata drew Mikami as an `` insane fanatic . '' Obata said that he gave Mikami glasses since `` glasses are in these days . '' Obata added that `` things were a little haphazard at this point ... '' At the end of the series , Mikami is captured by Near 's team at the Yellow Box warehouse . While Mikami dies in prison after going insane in the manga , he commits suicide by stabbing himself with his pen in the anime . Matsuda believes that Near wrote in the Death Note to manipulate and restrict Mikami 's actions . Ohba stated that he leaves it up to the readers to decide if his theory is true . In the anime , he is voiced by Masaya Matsukaze in the original Japanese version , and by Kirby Morrow in the English dub . In the second Death Note rewrite special , Mikami is the one to kill the SPK ( after Light blackmails the US President to leak information about the SPK , which he in turn forwards to Takada and Mikami ) , rather than the mafia , as shown in the manga . Mikami 's role was well praised in the second half which made him stand out in relation to characters such as Misa , Near , and Mello . IGN 's Tom S Pepirum liked how Mikami 's backstory and his strong sense of justice stood out to other viewers regarding concepts brought to life unlike that of Light who did n't have that kind of perspective . In the live action drama , his role is expanded upon . Portrayed by Shugo Oshinari , Mikami is introduced as the prosecutor handling the case of Kyu Nishida , the murderer of Misa 's parents . He eventually deduces Misa 's identity as the second Kira after accumulating information from Kira - related news . After stealing Misa 's notebook to become Kira in her place , Mikami collaborates with Light to kill L. Mikami continues to work with Light until they are both caught by Near and the police in the Yellow Box warehouse . Mikami accidentally kills Light after he sets the warehouse on fire in an attempt to escape . Mikami makes a cameo appearance in Death Note : Light Up the New World serving as the guardian to Light 's young son , Hikari Yagami ( 夜 神 光 , Yagami Hikari ) . He murders Hikari in order to steal the boy 's notebook but is in turn killed by police officer Tsukuru Mishima . He is portrayed by Kensei Mikami in the film . Supporting characters ( edit ) Kira investigation team ( edit ) Soichiro Yagami ( edit ) Soichiro Yagami , designed by Takeshi Obata to look like a `` stereotypical detective . '' Soichiro Yagami ( 夜 神 総一郎 , Yagami Sōichirō ) is Light 's father and a police officer that initially leads the Kira investigation team that later joins with L. He is voiced by Naoya Uchida in the Japanese anime and Chris Britton in the English dub . When L begins to suspect Light of being Kira , Soichiro is unwilling to believe his son would be capable of such a thing . After L 's death , he is sent to retrieve the Death Note stolen by Mello by obtaining Shinigami Eyes and infiltrate Mello 's hideout , though Light had planned for Matsuda to fill the role . He retrieves the note and learns Mello 's real name , but is unable to kill him , and is instead fatally wounded . Because Light has given up his Death Note , making his lifespan visible above his head , Soichiro dies believing that Light is not Kira . In the film series , Soichiro , portrayed by Takeshi Kaga , survives - discovering that Light is Kira and holding him as he dies - but chooses to hide the knowledge from his family . However , in the live - action drama , Soichiro , portrayed by Yutaka Matsushige , differs greatly from his other counterparts . Although his strong sense of justice and love for his family remain much the same , he is a widower , and Light feels some resentment towards him for choosing to interrogate murderer Kurou Otoharada over going to his wife 's bedside when she passed , as well as his repeated absence in his son 's life following that event . Yet despite this strain , the pair are much closer than other versions , and their relationship has a huge impact on the story , with Light killing Otoharada and ultimately becoming Kira in order to protect his father . It is this closeness that causes Soichiro to notice changes in Light 's behaviour , and - in a huge departure from the source material - leads him to suspect his son when L suggests the possibility . This ultimately leads to a confrontation between the two towards the end of the series , in which Soichiro , blaming himself and having instructed his colleagues to assume Light 's guilt if he should die , writes his own name in the Death Note before trying to burn it as his final act . In the musical , Soichiro , portrayed by Takeshi Kaga . Soichiro was envisioned as an `` honest police officer with a strong sense of justice '' that the reader `` would have to feel sorry for everything he has to go through . '' Though Ohba did not want Soichiro to die , the writer felt that he had to because the character 's continued existence would have interfered with too many of the already set up plot points . He did not want Light to kill him , so he wrote Soichiro 's death as an accident . Obata designed Soichiro to look like a `` stereotypical detective '' , retaining the mustache and glasses found in Ohba 's concepts . Over the course of the series , he changes visibly by losing weight and aging poorly - particularly during his and Light 's confinement . Both Ohba and Obata found Soichiro to be the most pure character , and Ohba personally found him to be the third strongest character in the series `` besides Light . '' His birthday is July 12 , 1955 . Shea Whigham will portray Soichiro , renamed James Turner , in the upcoming American film version . Touta Matsuda ( edit ) Takeshi Obata said that Touta Matsuda , pictured here , was `` hard to predict and thus hard to draw '' . Touta Matsuda ( 松田 桃 太 , Matsuda Tōta ) is the youngest member of the Kira investigation team . His alias is Taro Matsui ( 松井 太郎 , Matsui Tarō ) . Matsuda has the drive to match the other members of the team , but his lack of experience sometimes hinders the investigation . He is described as a `` typical young man '' who is `` easy to get along with '' and feels `` very excited about trends and gossip ; '' often listening in on Light 's intimate conversations with Misa and later Takada for the sake of gossip rather than the investigation . He becomes quite fond of Light , as noted by Hideki Ide at the series ' conclusion . As for Misa , Matsuda often shows that he is a massive fan of hers , becoming quite upset when his death is faked and he can no longer work as her ' manager ' . It is hinted that Matsuda has an inferiority complex regarding his detective ability , and many of his coworkers feel annoyed by his behavior . Matsuda 's `` risky moves '' sometimes place him in danger , and his `` quick thinking '' sometimes aids the investigation , such as his actions in the Yotsuba case that lead to Higuchi 's detainment . Matsuda likes Light and believes that he is not Kira , but at the end of the series , during the final showdown between Light and the SPK , Matsuda , enraged and grief - stricken over Light 's apathy in regards to his father 's death , critically wounds Light by shooting him repeatedly . Matsuda is voiced by Ryō Naitō in the Japanese anime and Vincent Tong in the English dub . In the film , he is played by Sota Aoyama . Matsuda stars in a Death Note film version special , aired on Japanese television , that takes place after Light 's death ; in it Matsuda has to come to terms with L 's eventual death . In Death Note : Light Up the New World , Matsuda joins the new death note task force in order to bring the new kira to justice . But Yuki Shien , a death note holder , makes him suicide by shooting himself with a smile by writing down the description on the death note . In the drama series , Matsuda is portrayed by Gōki Maeda . Ohba describes Matsuda as a `` very simple guy '' easily used in the story . Some fellow task force members even refer to him as an idiot , including L and Light . Matsuda is very useful as a character because he acts only on his emotions , which according to Ohba is `` probably '' why he survives . Despite working to capture Kira , Matsuda admits that he is not entirely sure whether or not the death of criminals is such a bad thing , though he does not let it get in the way of his work ; even in the epilogue of the manga he still struggles with determining whether or not he did the right thing in siding with Near . This trait was given to him because Ohba felt that any group would have at least one individual who supports Kira to help balance it . Obata described Matsuda as `` hard to predict and thus hard to draw . '' Obata felt that Matsuda 's character concept consisted of an `` average young detective '' , and that because Matsuda 's character was not unique and his actions were not consistent , something Obata sees in himself , he did not like the character or how it pointed out his `` own inconsistency . '' Obata described Matsuda as the sole character who `` looks younger '' during the Near and Mello arc . His birthday is December 14 , 1978 . Shūichi Aizawa ( edit ) Shuichi Aizawa ( 相沢 周 市 , Aizawa Shūichi ) is a member of the Kira investigation team that leaves the team under the guise of needing to support his family because the Japanese police cut their funding ( it is only after he leaves that it is revealed that L would have supported them had he stayed ) . Aizawa uses the alias Aihara ( 相原 ) to protect his identity . Aizawa returns after L 's death , where he is one of the first to suspect Light of being Kira ( although he continues to act compassionately towards Light until he is cornered , and goes mad ) , and helps contribute to his eventual defeat . He becomes the leader of the investigation team afterwards . Ohba decided to make Aizawa the chief of the NPA because he did not want to create a new character in the final chapter , and because he felt that Aizawa is the best candidate because of his connections to the police and Near . His birthday is May 11 , 1969 . He is voiced by Keiji Fujiwara in the Japanese anime and Trevor Devall in the English dub . In the film , he is played by Tatsuhito Okuda.In the drama series , he is portrayed by Tomohisa Yuge . Kanzō Mogi ( edit ) Kanzo Mogi ( 模 木 完 造 , Mogi Kanzō ) is one of the most dedicated members of the Kira investigation team , but also one of the most reserved . Mogi rarely speaks , even when someone presents an opinion he agrees with . Despite this , perhaps even because of this , he is a particularly good detective . He is shown to be an excellent actor , becoming an excited and cheery manager for Misa on demand and in seeming contradiction to his usual demeanor . He appears to be fond of Misa , as is seen when he worries that Misa 's comments about Takada could get her killed . The feeling is probably mutual , since Misa is happy to have him stay with her , and nicknames him ' Motchi ' . Mogi uses the alias Kanichi Moji ( 模 地 幹 一 , Moji Kan'ichi ) to protect his identity . He is voiced by Kazuya Nakai in the Japanese anime and John Murphy in the English dub . In the second film ( in which he is played by Shin Shimizu ) , he is killed by Misa in her first Sakura TV broadcast ( in the manga and anime , it is Ukita who is killed at this point ). In the drama series he is portrayed by Jirō Satō . Mogi was originally introduced to `` fill the cast '' , though Ohba later planned to use Mogi for `` something really amazing '' and `` surprising '' since Mogi is a `` silent type . '' Obata also did not think of Mogi as important , so Mogi 's design was not very clear . While trying to decide who would become the new NPA chief at the end of the series , Ohba felt that Mogi would be too close to Near , so Ohba chose Aizawa to be the new NPA chief . His birthday is September 13 , 1973 . Hideki Ide ( edit ) Hideki Ide ( 伊 出 英基 , Ide Hideki ) is one of the few police officers who remains with Soichiro during the Kira Investigation . He initially leaves when he disagrees with L 's methods . Ide later returns and plays a relatively minor role in the Kira investigative team . He helps coordinate their efforts , and performs actions such as organizing a blockade of police cars to trap Higuchi . Later , after L 's death , he rejoins the investigation , though he states that he only did so to be with Aizawa . Ide trusts Light more than any of the other Task Force members , except for Light 's father . He is voiced by Hideo Ishikawa in the Japanese anime and Brian Dobson in the English dub . Ohba said that Ide reappeared since Ohba wanted to use Ide during the Higuchi arrest ; according to Ohba having Ide reappear would create `` a nice solidarity scene '' and that using more characters would make the arrest `` better . '' Obata said that he liked Ide because he could understand the mental process of Ide leaving and rejoining the team . Obata said that he finds it easier to draw characters that reveal their motivations for their actions . Hirokazu Ukita ( edit ) Hirokazu Ukita ( 宇 生田 広 数 , Ukita Hirokazu ) is a member of the Kira investigation team that is led by L. He is characterized as being `` young '' and `` brave '' and he smokes a lot of cigarettes . When Misa has Sakura TV ( さくら TV ) broadcast a message from her as Kira , Ukita rushes to the station to stop the broadcast without any prompting by the rest of the team . Since Misa has the Shinigami Eyes , she kills Ukita as soon as he approaches the door . He is voiced by Hidenobu Kiuchi in the Japanese anime and Jeremy From in the English dub . In the film , where he is portrayed by Ikuji Nakamura , he survives with Mogi replacing him as Misa 's victim . Ohba killed Ukita because he happened to have Ukita appear at Sakura TV . Ohba said that he did not choose Matsuda as Matsuda was `` useful '' and that he planned to use Mogi for `` something big '' , so he chose between Aizawa and Ukita . Obata found Ukita easy to draw because Ukita is an `` emotional and easy - to - understand '' . He did not know that Ukita was to die , so he was surprised after learning about it . His birthday is November 9 , 1977 . Wammy 's House ( edit ) Watari ( edit ) Watari Watari ( ワタリ ) is L 's assistant , providing logistics to the investigation team . Before the team is formed , he is the only person who has seen L , and the only one capable of contacting L directly . Like L , he represents himself with an Old English `` W '' on computer screens . He is also a fatherly figure to L. On the surface he is Quillish Wammy ( キルシュ ・ ワイミー , Kirushu Waimī ) , a famous inventor and founder of Wammy 's House , an orphanage for gifted children in Winchester , England . Watari is well trained in espionage and marksmanship . Rem kills Watari , along with L , in order to protect Misa . At the end of the manga , Roger Ruvie , the manager of Wammy House , becomes the new Watari for the third L , Near . He is voiced by Kiyoshi Kobayashi in the Japanese anime and French Tickner in the English dub ( except for the film , in which Ron Halder takes over ) . In the film , he is played by Shunji Fujimura , who felt that Watari 's presence would `` come alive '' if he projected `` the mood of this mysterious old gentleman without the air of livelihood . '' In the drama series , Watari is portrayed by Kazuaki Hankai . Watari survives in the series . After L 's death , he serves Near . Paul Nakauchi portrays Watari in the American film version . Watari 's name was originally going to be `` Shadow '' in reference to being L 's shadow , but the editor disapproved , which led to the name `` Watari '' , which references his role as a handler . The design team decided on Watari 's design during the second chapter . Obata did not put much thought into Watari 's disguise because his face did not appear , but afterwards , the rough drafts had Watari as an elderly man with a single strand of hair on his head . Obata decided to keep him as an old man because older characters were more fun to draw than younger ones because of the `` weird angles '' that could be created with their wrinkles , while younger characters may be designed as `` attractive , normal , or ugly . '' Obata likes leather coats , so he had Watari wear one . Watari is Obata 's third favorite human character because he likes older characters and that because Watari `` seemed to be hiding a lot of ability '' and `` had depth . '' His birthday is May 1 , 1933 . Watari was always counted as a father and is often seen giving L snacks . Matt ( edit ) Matt ( マット , Matto ) , whose real name is Mail Jeevas ( マイル ・ ジーヴァス , Mairu Jīvasu ) , is a cohort of Mello 's . Matt was also a former resident of Wammy 's orphanage ; Ohba described him as the `` most talented member however he is lazy '' of the house . Matt is Mello 's helper as Matt performs espionage work and acts as an accomplice in Takada 's kidnapping , which results in his death when he is shot by Takada 's bodyguards . He is voiced by Tomohiro Nishimura in the Japanese anime and by Drew Nelson in English dub . According to How to Read , Matt enjoys video games and is not outgoing . He also seems to be a chain smoker . He uses his last breath to smoke his cigarette . He is the third smartest member of Wammy 's House and the third successor to L . Ohba said that he created Matt because when Mello started to act alone Ohba believed that he would find difficulty in explaining the story unless Mello had a character to talk to . Ohba jokingly said that even though Matt may appear to play video games and have no other actions , Matt 's existence was `` important '' . In response to a question inquiring about which characters the creators had the most difficulty creating , Ohba cited Matt and said `` Even I did n't know what kind of character he was ! '' Obata said that he did not receive advance notice regarding Matt , who had the character concept of `` a young man who loves gaming and does n't really care much about the world . '' Obata said that he remembered seeing the thumbnails and asking his editor `` Who 's this character ? ! '' The thumbnails gave Matt a bowl haircut and goggles ; Obata instead drew `` what I liked . '' Obata added that he could `` create Matt naturally '' as he had a `` he probably wo n't do much '' mentality regarding characters introduced in the Near and Mello arc . His birthday is February 1 , 1990 . Roger Ruvie ( edit ) Roger Ruvie ( ロジャー ・ ラヴィー , Rojā Ruvī ) acts as the manager of Wammy 's House . He is aware of L and Watari 's detective work . Despite his work with children , he detests them . At the end of the series , he becomes the new Watari for Near . He is voiced by Hiroshi Ōtake in Japanese and Ron Halder in English . Beyond birthday ( edit ) Beyond Birthday ( ビヨンド ・ バースデイ , Biyondo Bāsudei ) or BB , a character exclusive to the prequel novel , Death Note Another Note : The Los Angeles BB Murder Cases , is a serial murderer bent on surpassing L - not by being the world 's greatest detective , but by being the world 's greatest criminal . The novel takes place in August 2002 , over a year before Light became Kira . The only thing known about his past before going to Wammy 's House is that his father was beaten to death by a thug and his mother died in a train crash . Like L , Mello , Matt and Near , he lived in Wammy 's House and was known as B , which stood for `` Backup . '' A , the original successor to L , was said to have killed himself years earlier due to the pressure of living up to L. Beyond had Shinigami eyes , so he could see when humans would die , and their names . Using his Shinigami Eyes , he would intentionally kill people on their destined day of death . To fool Naomi Misora , he acted a bit strange during Naomi and L 's investigation , calling himself Rue Ryuzaki ( 竜崎 ルエ , Ryūzaki Rue ) , with `` Rue '' being an anagram of the Japanese pronunciation of L ( エル , Eru ) , and Ryuzaki being a nickname L later adopts . He was always in heavy makeup when with Naomi , so his true appearance is unknown . He killed 3 victims , Backyard Bottomslash , Quarter Queen , and Believe Bridesmaid , while leaving clues at each murder scene for Naomi Misora to `` solve . '' In reality , he himself led her to each conclusion she made . He attempted to commit suicide at the end of the novel , by setting himself on fire , to look like the final victim . He felt that L would never be able to solve the case if he , the murderer , were `` murdered '' , meaning he would have outwitted L. Naomi Misora , however , figured out his plan at the last moment , saving Beyond Birthday 's life while at the same time putting him under arrest for his murders . At the very end of the novel , the narrator , Mello , states that Beyond Birthday died of a mysterious heart attack several years later in prison . According to Death Note How to Read 13 , he was killed by Kira and the Death Note . Linda ( edit ) Linda ( リンダ , Rinda ) is a resident of the Wammy house. Linda 's only appearance is when she attempts to get Near to come and play with the other children at Wammy 's House . She is referred to , however , in a later chapter as a successful artist who drew pictures of Near and Mello for Aizawa and Matsuda when they are sent to Wammy 's House by Light for information about L 's successors. Although there is no official confirmation , Linda possibly appears in Death Note Relight 2 : L 's Successors as the unnamed child who asks L what he fears . Associates of L ( edit ) Aiber ( edit ) Aiber ( アイバー , Aibā ) , whose real name is Thierry Morello ( ティエリ ・ モレロ , Tieri Morero ) , is a professional con man in the employ of L. He plays the role of Eraldo Coil ( エラルド ・ コイル , Erarudo Koiru ) , one of L 's detective aliases , during the investigation of the Yotsuba Group . Aiber uses his initial `` A '' , just like L , when communicating through computers . Aiber speaks many languages and uses many false identities . `` Supposedly '' he has a talent for using his `` good looks '' to convince women to pass information to him . Aiber enjoys `` life on the edge '' and his `` biggest thrill '' comes from conning people . Since he is a professional criminal , he is known solely in the underworld . After L 's death , Light kills him using the Death Note . In the manga , Aiber dies from liver cancer at a hospital in Paris , France with his family at his bedside . In the anime , he dies of a heart attack in front of his wife and son . He is voiced by Takuya Kirimoto in the Japanese anime , and David Orth in the English version . He ( like Wedy ) is referenced to , but does not appear in , Death Note : Another Note . Ohba said that he created Aiber and Wedy so he could use characters with `` special abilities '' to advance the storyline . He said that Aiber `` did some things . '' According to Obata , his editor told him that Aiber was a `` sarcastic , comic relief '' character . Obata said that he wishes that he could have drawn Aiber to be `` more comedic . '' Obata believes that if he drew Aiber and Wedy to look `` a little bit more original '' , Ohba could have included the characters in a larger role in Death Note . Wedy ( edit ) Wedy ( ウエディ , Uedi ) , real name Mary Kenwood ( メリー ・ ケンウッド , Merī Ken'uddo ) , is a professional burglar in the employ of L. She installs bugs in the Yotsuba Group 's meeting room to secretly observe the group 's weekly meetings . She does the same for Higuchi 's car , allowing the team to watch his desperate attempts to kill Matsuda . Since she is a professional criminal , she is known solely in the underworld . Wedy uses her initial in computer communication ; to avoid confusion with Watari ( `` W '' ) , she deliberately uses the lowercase form , `` w '' . After L 's death , Light kills her using his Death Note ; Mary Kenwood dies in a motorcycle accident in Colorado . She is voiced by Miki Nagasawa in the Japanese version and Venus Terzo in the English version . She ( like Aiber ) is referenced to , but does not appear in , Death Note : Another Note . Ohba said that he created Aiber and Wedy so he could use characters with `` special abilities '' to advance the storyline . He said that he wanted to use Wedy more than Aiber . As an example he explained a scenario involving Light controlling Wedy , making her place cameras in the headquarters so Misa could see L 's face `` ... or something . '' According to Obata , he drew Wedy as a female model as he did not know what kind of character she would be . Obata added that Wedy has the `` stereotypical female spy look . '' Obata believes that if he drew Aiber and Wedy to look `` a little bit more original '' , Ohba could have included the characters in a larger role in Death Note . Associates of Kira ( edit ) Kiyomi Takada ( edit ) Kiyomi Takada Kiyomi Takada ( 高田 清美 , Takada Kiyomi ) is a former classmate and girlfriend of Light in the college , to whom he used to disguise the fact that he also conversed with Misa . She returns later in the story as an announcer of NHN chosen by Mikami to be Kira 's spokesperson to the world . Light then reveals his identity as Kira to Kiyomi in order to use her . She is subsequently kidnapped by Mello and forced to get undressed , but she is able to kill Mello by writing his name in a piece of the Death Note that she had managed to hide in her bra . After this , Light uses a piece of the Death Note of his own to make Kiyomi commit suicide . She is voiced by Maaya Sakamoto in the Japanese version , with Masumi Okamura voicing her brief appearance as a student . Heather Doerksen voices her in the English dub . We are told in How to Read It that , in the anime , her voice was abnormally hoarse originally , and blossomed into a more mature , feminine voice . This was to give the impression that she has matured alongside Light , and was a good partner for him . This made her eventual murder at the hands of Light 's Death Note even more surprising . Takada was created as a character that would go well with a reporter , which is why she was given her spokesperson identity . Ohba felt that because of her `` normal name '' her unplanned death added unpredictability to the series . Her birthday is July 12 , 1985 . In the film , she is played by Nana Katase , filling the `` Higuchi '' role in the film . When Rem gives her the Death Note , Takada kills a rival anchorwoman to become the lead anchor , although she does continue to kill criminals as instructed by Light via Rem . When she is arrested , Light kills her in order to regain ownership of the Note , although his action goes unnoticed by the other investigators . Shusuke Kaneko , director of the film , said that the film Takada bears importance in `` reminding us the satanic power of the Death Note . '' Nana Katase , who read all of the Death Note volumes , describes her scenes , including those portrayed on video monitors , as `` terrifying . '' Katase says that she and the film Takada have `` a strong sense of justice '' , but that Katase personally would not kill anyone based on those ideals . In the Japanese Rewrite 2 special , Light 's meeting with Takada and Mikami is moved to earlier than it occurred in the anime and manga , as the mafia plot is omitted . As such , it is instead Takada and Mikami who kill the SPK . Hitoshi Demegawa ( edit ) Hitoshi Demegawa ( 出 目 川 仁 , Demegawa Hitoshi ) is publicity hound and director of Sakura TV ( さくら TV ) . He initially appears when Misa Amane sends four videotapes to Sakura TV in order to gain attention from the real Kira , and approves of broadcasting the tapes on live TV . However , he is forced to hand the tapes over to Soichiro , who crashes a police wagon into the studio and threatens him at gunpoint . He later helps the investigation force to lure out Higuchi by running a television program . Demegawa reappears after L 's death , serving as Kira 's spokesman for a while and even creating new programs in `` honor '' of Kira . Demegawa also leads the raid on Near 's headquarters with Kira 's supporters , but like all the other rioters , is distracted by the money that Near throws down . Later , when he takes matters into his own hands and builds a chapel to greet Kira , asking for donations , which would give Kira a bad image , Mikami kills him for being greedy , and he is replaced by Takada . He is voiced by Chafurin in the Japanese anime and Ward Perry in the English dub . Federal Bureau of investigation ( edit ) The Federal Bureau of Investigation agrees to assist L since some people believed that Kira killed some American criminals . After Kira kills several agents the FBI withdraws its assistance . Raye Penber ( edit ) Takeshi Obata said that he encountered difficulty making Raye Penber look non-Japanese . Raye Penber ( レイ ・ ペンバー , Rei Penbā ) is an American investigator from the FBI , sent to Japan with eleven other agents to aid in tracking down Kira early in the story . Described by How to Read It as a `` talented '' agent , Raye is assigned to investigate the Yagami family for any suspicious behavior ; but he eventually stops suspecting Light after he appears to be one of the victims of a bus - jacking . However , Light staged the event to get Raye 's name so he could kill him . He has a fiancée , retired FBI agent Naomi Misora , whom he tells not to involve herself in the investigation for her own safety . Light manages to track him down and use him `` as a pawn '' to kill the other eleven members of his team ( he unknowingly used a page of Light 's notebook to kill them ) . Light kills Raye soon after . Before Raye dies , he sees Light , realizing that he is indeed Kira . Raye is voiced by Hideo Ishikawa in the Japanese anime and Michael Adamthwaite in the English dub . Played by Shigeki Hosokawa in the film , his name was changed to Raye Iwamatsu ( レイ ・ イワマツ , Rei Iwamatsu ) , due to not being able to find an actor in Japan that resembled Raye in the anime and manga . This is because he was also described by How to Read It as a `` cross between Japanese and American '' . The artist , Takeshi Obata , even had trouble drawing him initially due to this ( pictured right ) . In the first film he is a counter-terrorism agent headquartered in Dallas , Texas . Ohba said that at the beginning he thought of the idea of the FBI going after Light , and so he created Raye to fill the plot point . Obata said that as Raye was of mixed American and Japanese descent , Obata `` struggled over his design '' and tried to make Penber look more non-Japanese . Obata said that he wishes that he could have `` drawn him a bit better . '' Hosokawa said that when he portrayed Raye he built Raye 's strength , tenderness and the `` feeling of mortification . '' Naomi Misora ( edit ) Naomi Misora is `` born from her clothes '' . Naomi Misora ( 南 空 ナオミ , Misora Naomi ) is the fiancée of Raye Penber ( also known as Raye Iwamatsu in the films ) . Described by How to Read as formerly a `` first rate '' FBI agent , Naomi left the Bureau in October 2003 for the sake of starting a family in the United States . After the sudden death of her fiancé which she blames Kira for , Naomi , described by How to Read as having a `` remarkable investigative ability '' , decides to take part in the Kira case herself , and theorizes that Kira has other methods of killing besides heart attack . In her attempts to contact the Kira investigation team , she comes across Light Yagami . Cautious at first , she uses the false name Shoko Maki ( 間 木 照子 , Maki Shōko ) in order to protect herself until she can reach L. However , Light manages to manipulate her into revealing her real name to him resulting in her death by suicide . Her body is never found due to the specifications made by Light in the Death Note . Naomi is voiced by Naoko Matsui in the Japanese version of the anime and Tabitha St. Germain in the English dub . In the live - action films her character , played by Asaka Seto and voiced by Nicole Oliver in the English dub , plays a larger role in the story . After witnessing her fiancé die at the hands of Kira , an enraged Naomi decides to investigate the case herself . Beginning with Light as her prime suspect she uses Shiori to get to him . Using the alias Shoko Maki to protect herself and with a strong belief that Light is Kira , she tries to make him confess that he is . However , her real name is uncovered by Light through the wedding documents held by the church where she and Raye had planned to marry . Light writes Naomi 's name to have her commit suicide . Light engineers the suicide to make it appear that Naomi killed herself after a botched kidnapping to try to make Light confess to being Kira ; as part of Light 's Death Note instructions , Naomi fatally shoots Shiori and then commits suicide in desperation . Naomi also makes a brief appearance in L : Change the World . For the production and filming of the movie , Seto stated that she `` tried to project that awesome spirit '' of Naomi , referring to the character 's tenacity and drive while trying to defeat Kira . Naomi is one of the central characters in the spinoff novel Death Note Another Note : The Los Angeles BB Murder Cases by author Nisio Isin . The story is set several years prior to the start of Death Note and focuses on a series of murder cases investigated by L with Naomi as his operative . The resulting capture of the murderer helped launch Naomi 's reputation within the FBI . Naomi 's character was originally intended to have a larger role in the storyline which included investigating possible suspects for the Kira Case and expanded interaction with her fiancé . However , once Raye 's character was killed author Tsugumi Ohba believed that having Naomi search for Kira was a `` natural and interesting development '' in the story . Within the cast of characters at the time Sayu was the only notable female . In adding Naomi , Ohba could finally have the `` cool '' female character he had always wanted . He initially planned for Naomi to have a long involvement in the story but underestimated the character 's deductive abilities . Because she was able to uncover crucial plot information `` faster than ... thought '' , Ohba decided to end her character early to avoid facing complications with the story development later on . He described the storyline issue of Naomi as the greatest difficulty that he created for himself since the beginning of the series . According to artist Takeshi Obata , after hearing about the storyline he looked forward to drawing her character since it would be his first time designing one like Naomi . Using the color black to convey her mourning over her fiancé he gave Naomi a leather jacket then designed her face and hair to match her clothes . Because of this ordering Obata states that Naomi was essentially `` born from her clothes '' . Steve Mason ( edit ) Steve Mason ( スティーブ ・ メイスン , Sutību Meisun ) is the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation . He assists L in investigating the Japanese police and withdraws FBI involvement after the agents die . At a later point he helps Near create the SPK . Mason dies due to the Death Note . Mitsuru Ogata voices him in Japanese , with John Novak providing his voice in English . Yotsuba group ( edit ) The Yotsuba Group ( ヨツバ グループ ) is a group of eight characters that are members of the Yotsuba Corporation . On Light 's instruction , Rem delivers the Death Note to one of them . They meet weekly to discuss the killing of key individuals from competing companies to maintain dominance in the business industry . While they realize that one of them is Kira , they do not know which one . Kyōsuke Higuchi ( edit ) Kyosuke Higuchi ( 火口 卿 介 , Higuchi Kyōsuke ) is the third `` Kira '' , receiving the Death Note from Rem , who was instructed to give it to a `` greedy '' , `` forceful '' , and `` selfish '' individual who would use the Death Note to attain a higher status that was out of his reach . He was the head of Technology Development at the Yotsuba Corporation , and is part of the Yotsuba Group , eight members of the Yotsuba Corporation that use the Death Note to kill individuals from competing companies to dominate the business industry . Due to his brash attitude and ineptitude , he once suffered demotion , and it was due to this that allowed the other members to eventually figure out that he is Kira . When he receives the Death Note , he is instructed by Rem to carry out routine killings of criminals , then do whatever he pleases with the Note outside of the killings . He then meets weekly with the rest of the Yotsuba Group to discuss the killing of key individuals from competing companies to maintain dominance in the business industry . While they realize that one of them is Kira , they initially do not know it is Higuchi . During L 's probe on the group , Higuchi kills Hatori after Hatori produced a `` careless outburst . '' Rem aids the capture of Higuchi by revealing his identity to Misa . Misa reveals her admiration of Kira and uses her status as the second Kira to get him to propose to her and admit to being Kira on tape . He is then betrayed by his fellow Yotsuba Group members , which involves Matsuda appearing on Sakura TV to reveal that Higuchi is Kira . This leads to him acquiring the Shinigami Eyes , and he uses them to evade the police for a short time on his way to Sakura TV . He is eventually thwarted by a masked police blockade set up by L 's task force . He attempts to kill himself to avoid capture , but Watari uses his expert marksmanship to shoot the gun out of his hand . He then reveals to everyone the existence of Death Notes . Light touches the Death Note while inspecting it , thereby regaining his memories of being the real Kira . Light then uses a Death Note scrap hidden in his watch to kill Higuchi . He is voiced by Issei Futamata in the Japanese version , and Andrew Kavadas in the English version . Ohba selected Higuchi to be Kira for several reasons . Most of the other members of the Yotsuba group had already been used as `` red herrings '' and other roles that ruled them out in Ohba 's mind . Higuchi was chosen through the process of elimination , using his greed as a criterion to fit the Yotsuba Kira 's mold . Tom S. Pepirium , an editor of IGN website , describes Higuchi in a review of the Death Note episode `` Performance '' as having `` more in common with Cobra Commander than anyone from Death Note , announcing his nefarious plans to no one in particular . Even throwing in a few evil chuckles for good measure . '' Other members of the Yotsuba group ( edit ) Shingo Mido ( 三 堂 芯 吾 , Midō Shingo ) Voiced by : Eiji Hanawa ( Japanese ) ; Trevor Devall ( English ) Mido , the Vice President of Corporate Strategy and the Director of Financial Planning , feels reservations regarding the Yotsuba Kira and ponders leaving the other board members . Mido `` seems '' to have a `` sense of appreciation '' for Yotsuba . Misa Amane acknowledges that Mido bears a resemblance to Light Yagami . Reiji Namikawa ( 奈 南川 零 司 , Namikawa Reiji ) Voiced by : Hirofumi Nojima ( Japanese ) ; Ted Cole ( English ) Namikawa is the Vice President of Sales , and the youngest member of the eight . He initially encourages the Yotsuba Kira . After receiving a telephone call from Light he ceases participation and observes the scenario . How to Read describes him as the `` most talented '' of the board members who has the potential to `` make it to the top '' without Kira , and that he detests useless subordinates . He has a talent in shogi at the professional 4 - dan level . Eiichi Takahashi ( 鷹 橋 鋭一 , Takahashi Eiichi ) Voiced by : Rintarō Nishi ( Japanese ) ; David Orth ( English ) Takahashi is the Vice President of Yotsuba Material Planning Division and Yotsuba Homes . How to Read 13 states that he `` never had what it takes to be a true leader '' and that he was selected to attend the meetings to `` make Higuchi look good . '' The book adds that other members view Takahashi as `` foolish '' because he does not `` seem to put much thought into his comments . '' Suguru Shimura ( 紙 村 英 , Shimura Suguru ) Voiced by : Hiroyuki Yokoo ( Japanese ) ; Brian Drummond ( English ) Shimura is the Head of Personnel . How to Read 13 describes him as `` paranoid '' and always `` keep a close eye '' on others . Shimura 's ability to pay attention to small details allowed him to join the meetings ; he noticed subtle changes in `` poker - faced '' Namikawa 's face . How to Read states that he does not like his predicament . Masahiko Kida ( 樹 多 正彦 , Kida Masahiko ) Voiced by : Masaki Aizawa ( Japanese ) ; Martin Sims ( English ) The Vice President of Rights and Planning , Kida controls the finances of the committee and contacts `` Eraldo Coil . '' How to Read 13 describes him as `` calm and collected . '' However he is not able to `` deal with surprises '' , leading him to panic when `` Eraldo Coil '' asks for more money . Takeshi Ooi ( 尾 々 井 剛 , Ooi Takeshi ) Voiced by : Kiyoyuki Yanada ( Japanese ) ; Michael Kopsa ( English ) Ooi is the Vice President of VT Enterprises . He is the eldest and `` most influential '' member and he `` appears '' to control the conferences . He individually contacts the members of the committee . How to Read 13 states that Ooi is `` seemingly '' a `` tough guy who does n't sweat the details . '' Arayoshi Hatori ( 葉 鳥 新義 , Hatori Arayoshi ) Voiced by : Yukitoshi Tokumoto ( Japanese ) ; Simon Hayama ( English ) The Vice President of Marketing , Hatori is the illegitimate son of the company president and uses this fact to benefit himself . How to Read 13 states that he `` appears to be something of a lightweight '' and that he can not handle the pressures of the meetings . After Hatori makes a `` careless outburst '' the Yotsuba Kira kills him . Kyosuke Higuchi , the third `` Kira '' , takes the Death Note . During L 's probe on the group , Higuchi kills Hatori after Hatori produced a `` careless outburst . '' Rem aids the capture of Higuchi by revealing her identity to Misa . Misa uses her status as the second Kira to get him to admit to being Kira on tape . Higuchi is captured in an elaborate setup concocted by Light and L , and once Light touches the Death Note , thereby regaining his memories of being the real Kira , he uses a Death Note scrap to kill Higuchi . After L dies , Light writes the names of the remaining six , killing them by way of a heart attack . Rumors of Kira 's responsibility in the deaths causes Yotsuba 's share prices to drop sharply . In the director 's cut of Death Note Mido dies by falling from a tall building , Shimura dies by being run over by a train , and Namikawa dies in a car accident . Ohba created the characters as `` stock villains intended to make the main characters look good . '' Ohba said that he had always planned for Light to regain his status as Kira , so the specifics of a certain member of the Yotsuba group being Kira would not matter to the plot ; Ohba wanted the readers to guess which of the characters was Kira . After seeing Obata 's designs Ohba selected Higuchi as Kira . Ohba said that he wanted for Mido to appear to be `` the most suspicious '' of the Yotsuba group . Ohba added that he created the profiles of the characters while eating dinner with the editor . He believes that he did not `` put much thought '' into the character profiles . He said that he included a lot of information to serve as red herrings . Obata said that he felt excited when he learned that he had to draw eight Kira characters . Obata said that he created the characters `` in the mold of The Seven Samurai '' by giving each Yotsuba board member his own individual appearance . Obata said that he remembers making Mido and Namikawa look attractive to make the readers believe that they may be Kira . SPK ( edit ) The Special Provision for Kira , usually abbreviated `` SPK '' , is a group of anti-Kira formed by members of Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation members headed by Near . Membership of the group remains small to preserve secrecy and the group decides to work separately from the Japanese task force . Many of the SPK are later killed with the Death Note by the mafia due to leaked information , which is never directly mentioned in the anime ( in the Rewrite 2 special aired on Japanese television on August 22 , 2008 , the mafia are omitted , with Light instead blackmailing the US President to leak out info about the SPK , which is transmitted to Takada and Mikami , whom he then has kill the SPK ) . Ohba said that , in terms of visual character design , he wrote descriptions such as `` Commander '' and `` Spy '' in rough drafts . He let Obata create the rest of the details . Ohba said that he considered having all of the Task Force members die `` in a heroic way . '' Obata said that he drew the SPK `` without thinking too much '' when the group first appeared in Chapter 60 . Obata heard that Mello sent a spy , so he tried to make a character look `` suspicious looking . '' Obata said that he had to `` work hard '' on all of the characters since he did not know which ones would survive . Obata said that he believes that his drawing skills relating to `` foreign characters '' are poor ; he says that he imagines the characters being `` from so far away '' and that he forgets how to draw them . Anthony Rester ( edit ) Commander Anthony Rester ( アンソニー ・ レスター , Ansonī Resutā ) , real name Anthony Carter ( アンソニー ・ カーター , Ansonī Kātā ) , is the second - in - command and the lead crime scene investigator . Rester follows Near except in emergency situations . Near trusts Rester and sometimes reveals certain information solely to Rester . How to Read states that Rester 's `` quiet personality '' and physical capabilities serve useful functions in the SPK . The book also states that Rester is `` far below '' Near in terms of intellectual prowess . Rester is voiced by Masaki Aizawa in Japanese with Michael Adamthwaite providing the English voice . In the last episode of the anime , his name is spelled wrong on the Death Note . Ohba said that Rester was the captain of a special forces squad before joining Near 's team . His birthday is January 6 , 1968 . Halle Lidner ( edit ) Halle Lidner ( ハル ・ リドナー , Haru Ridonā ) , whose real name is Halle Bullook ( ハル ・ ブロック , Haru Burokku ) , works for Near as part of his investigation team . Halle is a former CIA agent who leaks information to Mello in order to increase the chances of Kira being caught . She is voiced by Akeno Watanabe in the Japanese anime with Lisa Ann Beley providing the English voice . She appears in the drama adaption under the alias Shōko Himura ( 日 村 章子 Himura Shōko ) . Portrayed by Megumi Seki , Himura is an FBI agent handpicked by L to serve in the Kira investigation team . Her true identity remains a secret until the end of the series , when she sacrifices her life to help expose Light as Kira. She teams up with Mello to expose Light as Kira. She kidnaps Light 's sister , Sayu Yagami to obtain the death note. Light uses her real name to kill Mello. She returns the death note to Light and bombs at Mello 's hideout , as controlled by another note. Mello escapes the bombing but she dies . Ohba said that Halle , who has a `` strong core '' , wanted to capture Kira as the Yotsuba Kira killed an acquaintance `` close to her . '' Her birthday is February 18 , 1980 . Stephen Gevanni ( edit ) Stephen Gevanni ( ステファン ・ ジェバンニ , Sutefan Jebannī ) , whose real name is Stephen Loud ( ステファン ・ ラウド , Sutefan Raudo ) , works for Near as part of his investigation team . Gevanni is assigned to follow Mikami for much of the case , and it is his meticulous analysis of Mikami 's personal habits which allow him to find Mikami 's Death Note and swap it with a fake . Gevanni skillfully follows and monitors suspects and has abilities such as the skill of picking locks . He is voiced by Hiroki Takahashi in the Japanese anime with Sam Vincent providing the English voice . Ohba described Gevanni as a `` good - looking hotshot '' who received an invitation to join Near 's team because of his skills . His birthday is September 1 , 1982 . Mafia ( edit ) The Mafia , allying with Mello , increases its influence and intends to possess the Death Note and gain power ; How to Read states that the organization is `` being used by Mello . '' In the Death Note Rewrite 2 special , the mafia plot is omitted . Rod Ross ( edit ) Rod Ross ( ロッド ・ ロス , Roddo Rosu ) , real name Dwhite Gordon ( ドワイト ・ ゴードン , Dowaito Gōdon ) , is the head of the mafia Ross follows Mello 's orders . His name is easily known , so Light kills him . Masaki Aizawa voiced Ross in the anime . Brian Dobson plays Rod Ross in the English Version . His name is also mentioned in L : Change the WorLd as the leader of an arms syndicate who deals with the mafia . When asked by an interviewer who the most `` evil '' character in Death Note is , Ohba replied by saying that Ross is the most evil ; Ohba added that Ross is `` pretty darn evil '' as he is the leader of the mafia . Jack Neylon ( edit ) Jack Neylon ( ジャック ・ ネイロン , Jakku Neiron ) , whose real name is Kal Snydar ( カル ・ スナイダー , Karu Sunaidā ) , is a member of Mello 's gang . He is the holder of Sidoh 's Death Note after it is given to the gang by the Kira investigation team . Before Mello joined , he was involved in drug trafficking and illegal weapons sales ; neither charge stuck due to lack of evidence , despite four separate arrests . After Sidoh tracks down his Death Note , Jack was forced by Mello and Ross to perform the eye trade with the Shinigami ( in the manga only ) . Light uses the Death Note to have him mail the address of Mello 's hideout . According to How to Read 13 , Jack dislikes Mello . In the anime , the eye trade and first raid attempt were cut . He is voiced by Takashi Matsuyama in the Japanese anime and Ted Cole in English . Shinigami ( edit ) Rem ( edit ) Rem ( レム , Remu ) is the Shinigami who gives Misa her Death Note . Like Ryuk , Rem possesses two Death Notes ; however , Rem did not get hers through trickery . The Shinigami Gelus , who had fallen in love with Misa , intentionally killed someone who was going to murder Misa . Since he had knowingly used his Death Note to extend a human life ( a violation of Shinigami law ) , he was reduced to ash , leaving only his Death Note . Touched by this act , Rem delivered Gelus 's Death Note to Misa , since it was her life he saved . Her appearance is quite skeletal , with long , spinal cord - like arms and bone - like skin . Rem is voiced by Kimiko Saitō in the Japanese anime and Colleen Wheeler in the English dub . While Ryuk takes amusement in everything in the human world , Rem is almost the exact opposite . She views most humans with contempt , seeing Shinigami as the more evolved race . Also , while Ryuk is ambivalent to Light 's success or failure , Rem actively assists Misa , having inherited Gelus 's love for her . She is even willing to sacrifice her life to defend Misa , as evidenced by her threat to kill Light should Misa die before her time . For Misa 's sake , however , she still assists Light in his schemes , although she despises the human she gave the Death Note to . Death Note 13 : How to Read said Rem `` supposedly '' experiences difficulty while writing the Japanese language . Light manages to force Rem to work for him by presenting a situation in which harm would come to Misa otherwise . As such , she dies when she writes L 's name . In the second movie , Rem declares her love for Misa and her spite for Light moments before her death . While her Death Note is left behind in the manga and anime , she burns it in the film out of spite . In the drama , she does n't die . She returns to the shinigami realm after the Kira case solved . Obata said that Rem is his favorite Shinigami since she is a Shinigami and `` a good person . '' He says that he believes Light may have hidden Rem 's Death Note as it is never tested before being burnt . Because Rem is female , Obata said that he decided to create a design contrasting with Ryuk 's by using a white body with `` rounder '' lines . He says that he used fashion collections to create his motif . He described her resulting appearance as if she wore a `` really bizarre suit . '' Obata said that Medusa inspired the design of Rem 's head . Gelus ( edit ) Gelus ( ジェラス , Jerasu ) appears in a flashback when Rem explains how to kill a Shinigami . He is a small , doll - like Shinigami who appears to be patched together out of mismatched fabric . He only has one eye , despite having two eye sockets . In the flashback , Rem recalls Gelus watching over a younger Misa Amane in the human world , which he spends most of his time doing . Knowing that it was Misa 's final day , he watches with her , interested in how she will die . Having fallen in love with Misa , Gelus uses his Death Note to kill Misa 's destined murderer , a crazed stalker , against Rem 's protests . Gelus is reduced to a pile of `` something that was not sand nor dust , '' as punishment for extending a human life , leaving behind only his Death Note . His remaining years are added to Misa 's lifespan . Rem delivers his Death Note to Misa because it was she whom he saved . In the film , she simply drops it and it lands near Misa . He is voiced by Kenichi Matsuyama ( who played L in the films ) in the Japanese version and Michael Dobson in the English dub . Obata said that Gelus appeared to be `` a really beautiful '' Shinigami in the thumbnails but decided to use his concept instead ; Obata designed Gelus with a patchwork body since Gelus is a `` really pitiful character . '' Obata added the trait of Gelus having difficulty writing names into the Death Note . Obata said that he believed that readers could relate to him and sympathize with him more if he looked `` pathetic '' instead of `` beautiful . '' Obata said that at first he placed `` detailed patterns '' on Gelus 's Death Note . When deciding that the patterns looked `` too pretty '' Obata covered the patterns with black , leaving the white portions visible . The text of the notebook is in a `` Shinigami language . '' Sidoh ( edit ) Sidoh ( シドウ , Shidō ) is the Shinigami whose Death Note was stolen by Ryuk . By the time he realizes this , however , the note has already changed hands several times , ending up in the hands of Mello 's gang ( more specifically , Mello 's subordinate , Jack Neylon whose real name is Kal Snyder ) . After repeatedly hounding Ryuk for its return , he tracks down the gang to get it back . He discovers his notebook is in Los Angeles , California and upon arrival takes the notebook out of Mello 's hands ( making it look as if it just floated in mid-air ) and touches it to the notebook 's current owner , Kal Snyder ( a.k.a. Jack Neylon ) . After Snyder freaks out , he gets Mello and the others to touch the notebook . To regain his Note , Sidoh agrees to help Mello 's gang against Near 's SPK and the Kira investigation team . Snyder is forced to make the eye trade with Sidoh , who exposes the fake 13 - day rule . He wears heavy clothing , obscuring most of his features , and his head is wrapped in bandages . He is voiced by Kazuki Yao in the Japanese anime and Sam Vincent in the English dub . Sidoh shares Mello 's great liking for chocolate , similar to Ryuk 's liking of apples . Sidoh is fairly timid ; Mello frightens Sidoh , despite the fact that Mello is a human . Death Note 13 : How to Read describes Sidoh as unintelligent and forgetful , rarely remembering the names of other Shinigami . After Light regains the Death Note from Mello , he returns it to Sidoh to keep him from interfering . Tsugumi Ohba , writer for Death Note , said that he used Sidoh as another Shinigami appearing in the human world because he liked Sidoh 's appearance ; Ohba described Daril Ghiroza as a `` candidate '' and that he wanted a `` pretty pathetic '' character . Obata said that when he discovered that another Shinigami would appear on Earth , he filed through designs and nominated Sidoh and Daril Ghiroza . Obata said that he believed that Ghiroza would be chosen and prepared for that decision ; instead Ohba selected Sidoh . Obata said that he based Sidoh 's design on the appearance of a bird with his mouth being based on a beak of a canary . Obata described Sidoh 's foldable arms as more `` insect - like . '' Obata described Sidoh as `` very funny , '' citing the time when Sidoh becomes the first Shinigami to distribute flyers . Obata said he wished that Sidoh appeared more often in the story. Sidoh 's design is reused to create Arma . Armonia Justin Beyondormason ( edit ) Armonia Justin Beyondormason ( アラモニア = ジャスティン = ビヨンド ル メーソン , Aramonia - Jasutin - Biyondorumēson ) , is a briefly featured Shinigami who informs Sidoh that his Death Note was stolen by the Shinigami Ryuk and gives him the rules for different situations . As his names suggests , Justin 's appearance is that of a skeleton adorned with all manner of jewellery . He is voiced by Hideyuki Umezu in the Japanese anime and Michael Dobson in the English dub . As described in 13 : How to Read , Justin is the right - hand man of the Shinigami King and sits on a throne . Highly intelligent , Justin knows everything there is to know about the Death Note , and Shinigami often go to him in trouble . Obata describes him as `` conceited . '' Justin provides Sidoh with several scrolls describing the various rules that Shinigami have for interacting with humans , which Sidoh uses to guide his interactions with Mello in the human world . The scrolls are not mentioned in the anime . Obata said that for Justin 's body he referenced Tibetan art that features skulls . He also used ideas stemming from Italian antique accessories that feature faces covered in jewels . Midora ( edit ) Midora ( ミードラ , Mīdora ) is a large , slug - like Shinigami with stubby limbs . Unlike most Shinigami , she does not wear any clothing or decorative elements on her body . She enjoys moist weather but loathes dry seasons . Her enormous size gives her a dominating presence . While she is a background character in the main series , a one - shot chapter set three years after Kira 's death focuses on her . In the chapter , Ryuk 's actions have made apples a commodity among the Shinigami . Midora uses this to bribe the Shinigami King into giving her a second Death Note , which she gives to a human in an attempt to replicate Ryuk 's experience with Light . When this `` Cheap Kira '' is brushed off by Near as `` boring '' , he kills himself . Midora tells Ryuk about this , and he relates Light 's claim that someone must have strong spiritual strength and conviction to use the Death Note ; Midora simply picked a weakling . She admits that Ryuk is better at judging such things , then gives the extra Death Note to him . Midora appears to have the same feeling toward bananas , as seen in one panel of the one - shot when she is in the new Kira 's room , she is eating a banana while lying amongst an enormous pile of banana peels . Obata said that he liked Midora 's design as she appears `` more like a salamander '' and has a `` vastly different '' design when compared to other Shinigami . Obata said that her skin feels moist like amphibian skin ; due to this Obata said that he worries `` if she can survive in the heat of the Shinigami realm . ( laughs ) '' Shinigami King ( edit ) The King of Death , also known as the Shinigami King ( 死神 大王 , Shinigami Daiō ) , is the ruler of the Shinigami . An unseen character in the main series , the Shinigami King governs the Shinigami and controls distribution of the Death Notes . It is not made clear if he creates them or just has a certain supply , as he is unwilling to replace lost ones . He appears to at least write the rules for the Death Notes , but whether or not he enforces them himself is unclear . The Shinigami King is regarded as a sort of father figure by lesser Shinigami , and is said to be almost immortal . Chapter 109 depicts the King as a large mass suspended in the air with chains . He has a skull for a head , which is surrounded by a larger , skull - like formation . He has four tentacle - like arms , each with only three fingers on the hands , which hang from his body . One of the eyecatch rules given in the series states that extra Death Notes found by Shinigami are generally expected to be returned to the King , though this clearly is not something Shinigami are forced to abide by . Likewise , lost notebooks must also be reported to him . Little information is given about the character itself , aside from Rem 's assertion that the King is not easy to trick , which Ryuk successfully did . In contrast , he is quite easily bribed , as Midora was able to trade thirteen apples for a second Death Note after getting them from the human world . Obata said that he felt too afraid to design the King of Death ; he said that he considered placing the King of Death on a book spine but felt that the spine would not have enough space to depict the King of Death . The King of Death is included as a figure with the Japanese release of the final volume of the DVD series , and appears in the one - shot set three years after the manga 's finale . Unnamed Shinigami ( edit ) This shinigami was featured in the director 's cut OVA , Death Note Re-Light : Visions of a God . Like Ryuk , he is bored with the shinigami realm , and convinces Ryuk to tell him the story of Light Yagami and the Death Note . Inspired by the tale , he heads off for the human world , in search of a similar cure for his own boredom . Other characters ( edit ) Sachiko Yagami ( edit ) Voiced by : Ai Satō ( Japanese ) ; Saffron Henderson ( English ) Sachiko Yagami ( 夜 神 幸子 , Yagami Sachiko ) is the wife of Soichiro Yagami and the mother of Light . Like her daughter Sayu , she is unaware of Light ever being Kira even after his death . She is portrayed by Michiko Godai in the live - action films.In the live - action drama , Sachiko dies during her treatment , when Light and Sayu was a kid . Artist Takeshi Obata did not have any real concept behind the design of Sachiko stating his difficulty in drawing female characters who played minor roles . Author Tsugumi Ohba considers both Sachiko and Sayu as the purest characters in the series stating that he could not `` sense any evil or twistedness from these two at all . '' The Yagami family is thought to be the most `` pitiful '' characters in the book by both creators with Ohba later adding that he felt sympathy for mother and daughter . Sayu Yagami ( edit ) Sayu Yagami ( 夜 神 粧裕 , Yagami Sayu ) is Light 's kindhearted younger sister . Like her mother she never learns of Light 's possession of the Death Note or his identity as Kira . In the manga and anime , after Takimura 's death , Mello 's gang kidnaps her in exchange for the Death Note possessed by the investigation team . Although being returned unharmed , Sayu falls into a state of shock , eventually becoming unresponsive to the presence of others . She is voiced by Haruka Kudō in Japanese , and Kelly Metzger and Kristie Marsden provide her voice in the English dub . In the live - action films her character is portrayed by actress Hikari Mitsushima , and since the mafia does not play a role , she is not kidnapped . In the drama series , Sayu is portrayed by Reiko Fujiwara . Though not having any real concept behind Sayu 's design , artist Takeshi Obata states that he often encounters difficulty in drawing female characters not central to the storyline . Author Tsugumi Ohba considers Sayu and her mother as two of the purest characters in the series , stating that he could not `` sense any evil or twistedness from these two at all . '' Both creators added that they considered the Yagami family to be the most pitiful characters in the book ; Ohba later added that he felt sympathy for Sayu and her mother . Her birthday is June 18 , 1989 . David Hoope ( edit ) David Hoope ( デイビット ・ ホープ , Deibitto Hōpu ) is the President of the United States of America in the storyline . He assists in the formation of Near 's SPK , and provides information and funding to Mello under threats of the Death Note . He turns to Light , despite knowing that he is not the real L , who manipulates him into providing assistance and attacking Mello 's hideout . When the attack fails , President Hoope commits suicide to prevent Mello from writing his name and making him launch a nuclear strike . How to Read 13 states `` It 's believed that Kira disposed of him . '' In the second rewrite special , the mafia plot is omitted , with Light instead blackmailing him to leak information about the SPK . Light in turn forwards this information to Takada and Mikami , and they kill the SPK . In the anime , the character was merged with that of George Sairas . George Sairas ( edit ) George Sairas ( ジョージ ・ サイラス , Jōji Sairasu ) is the Vice President of the United States . When Hoope dies Sairas becomes the President . He capitulates to Kira and officially announces support for him . In addition , Sairas leaks secret information about the SPK . How to Read 13 describes Sairas as `` weak - willed '' and `` clearly lacking as a leader . '' In the anime , Sairas is U.S. President from the start . He is voiced by Aruno Tahara in the Japanese anime . Michael Dobson provides the English voice . Koreyoshi Kitamura ( edit ) Koreyoshi Kitamura ( 北村 是 良 , Kitamura Koreyoshi ) , the NPA deputy director , is Soichiro 's superior . He feels weighted by Yotsuba 's pressure . Masaru Ikeda voices Kitamura . Howard Siegal provides his voice in English . How to Read 13 states that he `` is n't a bad guy . '' Kanichi Takimura ( edit ) Kanichi Takimura ( 多 貴村 管 一 , Takimura Kan'ichi ) is the head director of the NPA . He was initially kidnapped by Mello in order to be used as a hostage for exchange of Death Note . He was later controlled to commit suicide by Light Yagami . Yamamoto ( edit ) Yamamoto ( 山本 , Yamamoto ) is the newest member of the NPA who only appears in the final chapter , Finale . He works as Matsuda 's junior , and was seen troubled by Matsuda bothering him with going to a bar . In the special one - shot chapter set three years later , he can be seen in the same room with the rest of the team , albeit not belonging to the them , as noted by Matsuda . According to Tsugumi Ohba , the character was added during the continuity stage to show dirty side of Matsuda as a senior member , and there was no other specific intention to the inclusion of him . He does not appear in the animation adaptation . It is a common misconception that this character is the same character who is a high school friend of Light Yagami , appearing in the earlier chapters , who also bears strikingly similar appearances , and has the same English name , Yamamoto . However , in the original Japanese manga , the both character 's spelling is different . Criminals and initial victims ( edit ) An unemployed 42 - year - old man , Kurou Otoharada ( 音 原田 九郎 , Otoharada Kurō ) is the first criminal that Light kills . Otoharada 's name is announced on television as he holds eight hostages in a nursery school . As this incident was reported only on local television , it helped L narrow down Kira 's whereabouts . Takuo Shibuimaru ( 渋井 丸 拓男 , Shibuimaru Takuo ) , nicknamed `` Shibutaku '' ( シブタク , `` Cool Taku '' ) , is the second person that Light kills . Shibuimaru rides a motorcycle and travels with a group of bikers . After Light sees him harassing and chasing a woman ( in the anime , he was about to rape the woman ) , Light writes his name down with a death by traffic accident . A truck slams into Shibuimaru 's motorcycle , killing him . It was this death that fully convinces Light that the Death Note does work . In the manga Light feels some guilt since Shibuimaru is not a criminal . Tomohiro Nishimura ( Japanese ) and Lee Tockar ( English ) voice him in the anime . In the first film , Shibuimaru is a criminal who was never prosecuted for killing five children . Light finds his name in a police database after he hacks onto the NPA server , and later encounters him in a lounge , bragging about the fact that he was not prosecuted . When a man asks Shibuimaru how he felt , he brags about his acquittal and laughed at the fact that parents of his victims screamed when they discovered the acquittal . Shibuimaru finds Light looking over his shoulder and threatens him with a knife , but backs away and laughs , taunting Light by stating that no - one can prosecute him . Later on , Shibuimaru sees Light at a train crossing , gawking at him . Light , having previously killed another criminal , writes Shibuimaru 's name into the Death Note , and he collapses of a heart attack as a train passes between them . Lind L. Tailor ( リンド ・ L ・ テイラー , Rindo Eru Teirā ) is a convicted criminal waiting on death row ; this information was kept secretly away from the public . L places Tailor as his decoy on television . The television states that the broadcast is worldwide and that Tailor 's statements are being translated into Japanese . After Tailor states that he is `` L '' , he reads a declaration stating that Kira is evil . Light , in a rage , kills Tailor with a heart attack . The real L announces that Tailor was a decoy , a criminal on death row , and discovers that Kira can not kill the real L without having seen his face , and that Kira is in Kanto , as that was the only area that the appearance was actually broadcast in . Yukitoshi Tokumoto ( Japanese ) and John Murphy ( English ) voice Tailor in the anime . Matt Lagan portrays Tailor in the film . Kiichiro Osoreda ( 恐 田 奇 一郎 , Osoreda Kiichirō ) is a drug addict and criminal used by Light to trick Raye into revealing his FBI badge to Light . Osoreda had failed in an attempt to rob a bank , shooting a teller and two customers as he escaped . Light writes Osoreda 's name in the Death Note , dictating his actions . Osoreda boards a bus and holds a gun to the driver 's head . Osoreda threatens Light as he unwittingly picks up a piece of the Death Note . Due to this , Ryuk appears solely to Osoreda , frightening the criminal . Osoreda empties his ammunition into Ryuk , who does not die . Osoreda forces the driver to stop the bus and then runs into the street , where an automobile hits Osoreda 's head , killing him ; the authorities mistakenly believe that Osoreda 's vision of Ryuk was a drug - induced hallucination . Katsuhisa Hōki ( Japanese ) and Brian Dobson ( English ) voice Osoreda in the anime . Osoreda also appears in the first film . Taro Kagami ( edit ) Taro Kagami ( 鏡 太郎 , Kagami Tarō ) is a character featured in the original Death Note pilot story , which differs greatly from the final series . While walking home from school one day , Taro finds the Death Note on the ground , and thinking it to be an ordinary journal , he writes down the names of people who had been bullying him . The next day , these bullies are reported dead , and Ryuk appears to Taro that night . Soon , the police get involved , and Taro uses an eraser to revive the dead bullies . As the police interrogate the bullies , the bullies and the two police officers die ; as it turns out , Ryuk 's other note fell into the hands of one of Taro 's friends . The police officers and the bullies are brought back to life again , and Taro keeps one Death Note while the other is burned . At the end of the chapter , a 20 - year - old Kagami is seen with Ryuk following him . This version of the story is significantly more horror - based , and Death Note 13 : How to Read describes the pilot chapter Ryuk as `` really lazy '' and `` incompetent '' . Taro subsequently became the inspiration for the character of Teru Mikami ; Mikami greatly resembles him , down to the flashbacks of him in his youth . Film - only characters ( edit ) Ryōtarō Sakajo ( edit ) Ryotaro Sakajo ( 坂城 良太郎 , Sakajō Ryōtarō ) as a character is present only in the films . He is the assistant director during the filming of Misa Amane 's `` Misa - Misa 's Happy Sweets '' video . He is obsessed with Misa , collecting a used tissue of hers after she throws it in the trash . In a sequence bridged between the two films , Sakajo corners Misa and brandishes a knife , stating that he wishes to die with her . Gelus , a shinigami watching from the Shinigami realm , kills him to save Misa 's life . In doing so , Gelus dies and Rem , who was watching , finds it only fitting to grant possession of his notebook to the human that he loved . Since Rem was the first Shinigami to touch the dead Gelus 's notebook , she gained possession of that one . Shiori Akino ( edit ) Shiori Akino ( 秋野 詩織 , Akino Shiori ) is portrayed by Yuu Kashii . She is Light 's girlfriend , classmate at To - Oh University ( 東 応 大学 , Tōō Daigaku ) , and childhood friend . Shiori dreams of working in law enforcement and feels some envy stemming from Light 's abilities . Shiori disagrees with Kira 's methods , stating that she does not like the terror they incite ; she believes that the law should judge criminals . Shiori argues with the `` pro-Kira '' Light , unaware of the fact that Light is Kira . Kashii describes Shiori as a `` very innocent '' and `` ordinary '' girl who `` believes in justice . '' Kashii believed that Shiori 's way of thinking is closest to that of audiences of the Death Note film . Light writes Shiori 's name and the name of Naomi Misora in the Death Note , arranging the scenario to make it look like Naomi killed Shiori in a botched kidnapping scenario trying to expose Kira . Shusuke Kaneko , director of the film , said that he created Shiori after reading the original Death Note manga . In an interview printed in Weekly Shonen Jump , the creators of the film stated that Shiori was added to the story to highlight Light 's negative aspects . Kaneko said that he needed Shiori to `` deliver Light 's badness to the audience . '' In the production notes Kashii said that she felt excited to portray Shiori and wondered if the audience could accept her character . Kitty Sensei of OtakuZone had her opinions of the film portrayal of Shiori published in The Star , a Malaysian newspaper . In it Kitty Sensei said that she felt concern about what the addition of Shiori `` would affect our dear , megalomaniac Light . Will he be a softer version of the Light from the manga ? '' Kitty Sensei said that after watching the film she felt that Shiori `` only strengthens the portrayal of Light '' and that she `` provides one of the gasp - worthy moments of the movie . '' Shiori is dubbed by Ashleigh Ball for the English dub of Death Note . Light up the new world ( edit ) Tsukuru Mishima ( edit ) Tsukuru Mishima ( 三島 創 , Mishima Tsukuru ) is recruited by Soichiro Yagami to serve as the leader of the Death Note task force that is created in response to the killings made by a surge of new Death Note users . In 2015 , Mishima kills Mikami in order to claim the notebook Light entrusted to his son , Hikari . From then on , Mishima acts as the new Kira , intending to surpass Light and establish world peace . In order to hide his identity , he passes the notebook onto cyber-terrorist Yuki Shien and loses his memories of being Kira . When Mishima meets Shien in 2016 , he touches the notebook he gave to Shien and regains his memories . After being imprisoned for his crimes , Mishima is freed from confinement by a dying Ryuzaki , who appoints a remorseful Mishima as his successor . He is portrayed by Masahiro Higashide . Ryuzaki ( edit ) Ryuzaki ( 竜崎 , Ryuuzaki ) is a biological clone of L and serves as his successor after his death . He serves as a private investigator and assists in the Death Note investigation on the new Death Note users . Ryuzaki is handed a notebook by the shinigami Arma , but refuses to use the notebook in honor of L. Before passing his notebook to Shien , Mishima writes Ryuzaki 's name into the Death Note and sets the time of death several days in advance . After being exposed as the new Kira , Ryuzaki pardons Mishima and appoints him as his successor before his death . He is portrayed by Sosuke Ikematsu . Yuki Shien ( edit ) Yuki Shien ( 紫苑 優輝 , Shien Yuuki ) is an expert hacker who begins to worship Kira after Light kills the murderer of Shien 's parents . He receives Mishima 's notebook from the shinigami Ryuk and begins a crusade to collect all 6 Death Notes that have been dropped all over the world by other shinigami . Shien attempts to kill both Mishima and Ryuzaki when the three men all meet in an abandoned building , but police officers ambush the building and shoot Shien to death . He is portrayed by Masaki Suda Shinigami ( edit ) Arma ( edit ) Arma is a white female shinigami who becomes romantically involved with Ryuzaki after he finds her notebook . When Ryuzaki and Mishima are ambushed by police , Arma sacrifices herself to save their lives . She is voiced by Miyuki Sawashiro and was designed based on the shinigami Sidoh . Beppo ( edit ) Beppo is a golden color shinigami whose notebook is found by serial killer Sakura Aoi . Aoi is killed by Shien , leading the notebook to fall in the hands of Mishima 's Death Note task force . He is voiced by Tori Matsuzaka . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How to Think . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 59 . Jump up ^ Death Note 13 : How to Read . VIZ Media . 114 . Jump up ^ Ohba , Tsugumi ; Obata , Takeshi ( 2008 ) . Death Note 13 : How to Read . Viz Media . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 1888 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ohba , Tsugumi ; Obata , Takeshi . Death Note : Black Edition . 4 . Viz Media . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3967 - 6 . Jump up ^ Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 73 . Jump up ^ Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 81 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Think . '' Death Note How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 66 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Think . '' Death Note How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 65 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 190 . Jump up ^ Death Note Volume 12 . VIZ Media . 196 . Jump up ^ Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 198 . Jump up ^ Pepirium , Tom S. `` Death Note : `` Selection '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 「 デスノート Light up the NEW world ( 詳解 版 ) 」 の ネタバレ あらすじ 結末 '' . Eiga - Watch . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Think . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 63 . ^ Jump up to : `` Takeshi Obata Production Note : Characters . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 129 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Think . '' Death Note How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 69 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 192 . ^ Jump up to : Barkan , Jonathan ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Wingard Starts Writing His ' Death Note ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 16 . VIZ Media . 21 . Jump up ^ `` Death Note Film Spin - off for Matsuda to Air in Japan Archived September 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Anime News Network . December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved on March 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Think . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 61 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Think . '' Death Note How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 67 . Jump up ^ Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 194 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 13 Truths About Chapter 108 . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 197 . ^ Jump up to : `` Takeshi Obata Production Note : Characters . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 130 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 23 . Jump up ^ `` How to Think . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 62 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAST . '' Sinchew . Retrieved on April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How to Think . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 60 . ^ Jump up to : `` Takeshi Obata Production Note : Characters . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 131 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 191 . ^ Jump up to : `` Takeshi Obata Production Note : Characters . '' Death Note : How to Read It 13 . VIZ Media . 136 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 26 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note Volume 5 . 129 . Jump up ^ Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 149 . Jump up ^ Death Note Volume 7 . VIZ Media . 153 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : Another Note ( p 144 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Takeshi Obata Production Note : Characters . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 132 . Jump up ^ `` Takeshi Obata Production Note : Characters . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 133 . Jump up ^ Kitty Sensei , `` Last but not least Archived 2009 - 08 - 02 at Archive.is . '' The Star . Sunday January 14 , 2007 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 37 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 25 . Jump up ^ Death Note manga ; Volume 2 , Page 150 Jump up ^ Death Note manga ; Volume 2 , Page 13 ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 28 . ^ Jump up to : Volume 6 , Issue 3 . Shonen Jump ( English ) . March 2006 . VIZ Media . 324 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 30 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 151 . Jump up ^ `` How to Think . '' Death Note 13 : How to Read . Viz Media . 72 . Jump up ^ `` Death Note : `` Performance '' Review Archived May 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' IGN . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 29 . Jump up ^ Death Note Volume 5 . VIZ Media . 179 . Jump up ^ `` How to Think . '' Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 64 . Jump up ^ Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 36 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Think . '' Death Note How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 68 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 31 . Jump up ^ Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 32 . ^ Jump up to : Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 35 . Jump up ^ Death Note Volume 12 . 204 . Jump up ^ Death Note 13 : How to Read . VIZ Media . 198 . Jump up ^ Death Note Volume 2 . 187 . Jump up ^ Death Note : How to Read 13 . VIZ Media . 34 . Jump up ^ Death Note 13 : How to Read . VIZ Media . 215 . Jump up ^ To - Oh University scene Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Death Note : The Last Name . Retrieved on March 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's that girl ? . '' The Star . Sunday October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2009 . Archived April 23 , 2008 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Death rocks '' . The Star . Sunday November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved on August 15 , 2009 . Archived April 23 , 2008 , at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : `` Screen Daily Unveils 2016 Death Note Film 's New Visual '' . Anime News Network . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ コンセプト ・ アート を ベース と した CG キャラクター の リ ・ クリエーション ( in Japanese ) . DIGITAL FRONTIER . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ( hide ) Death Note by Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata Media Chapters Anime episodes New World Death Note ( 2015 TV drama ) Death Note ( 2006 film ) 2 : The Last Name L : Change the World Light Up the New World Death Note ( 2017 film ) Another Note : The Los Angeles BB Murder Cases New Generation The Musical Soundtracks Characters Light Yagami Ryuk Misa Amane Near Mello Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Death_Note_characters&oldid=808291004 '' Categories : Death Note characters Lists of anime and manga characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 00 : 02 . 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-6055666270928017856 | Cell nucleus | Cell nucleus - wikipedia Cell nucleus A membrane - bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated . HeLa cells stained for nuclear DNA with the blue fluorescent Hoechst dye . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , thus their entire nuclei are labeled . On the left , a cell is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane In cell biology , the nucleus ( pl . nuclei ; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus , meaning kernel or seed ) is a membrane - enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus , but a few cell types , such as mammalian red blood cells , have no nuclei , and a few others including osteoclasts have many . Cell nuclei contain most of the cell 's genetic material , organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in a complex with a large variety of proteins , such as histones , to form chromosomes . The genes within these chromosomes are the cell 's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function . The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression -- the nucleus is , therefore , the control center of the cell . The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope , a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm , and the nuclear matrix ( which includes the nuclear lamina ) , a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support , much like the cytoskeleton , which supports the cell as a whole . Because the nuclear envelope is impermeable to large molecules , nuclear pores are required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope . The pores cross both nuclear membranes , providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions . Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes . Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane - bound subcompartments , its contents are not uniform , and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist , made up of unique proteins , RNA molecules , and particular parts of the chromosomes . The best - known of these is the nucleolus , which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes . After being produced in the nucleolus , ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structures 2.1 Nuclear envelope and pores 2.2 Nuclear lamina 2.3 Chromosomes 2.4 Nucleolus 2.5 Other subnuclear bodies 2.5. 1 Cajal bodies and gems 2.5. 2 RAFA and PTF domains 2.5. 3 PML bodies 2.5. 4 Splicing speckles 2.5. 5 Paraspeckles 2.5. 6 Perichromatin fibrils 2.5. 7 Clastosomes 3 Function 3.1 Cell compartmentalization 3.2 Gene expression 3.3 Processing of pre-mRNA 4 Dynamics and regulation 4.1 Nuclear transport 4.2 Assembly and disassembly 4.3 Disease - related dynamics 5 Nuclei per cell 5.1 Anucleated cells 5.2 Multinucleated cells 6 Evolution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1719 Drawing of a Chironomus salivary gland cell published by Walther Flemming in 1882 . The nucleus contains Polytene chromosomes . The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered . What is most likely the oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 -- 1723 ) . He observed a `` lumen '' , the nucleus , in the red blood cells of salmon . Unlike mammalian red blood cells , those of other vertebrates still contain nuclei . The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London . Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area , which he called the `` areola '' or `` nucleus '' , in the cells of the flower 's outer layer . He did not suggest a potential function . In 1838 , Matthias Schleiden proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells , thus he introduced the name `` cytoblast '' ( cell builder ) . He believed that he had observed new cells assembling around `` cytoblasts '' . Franz Meyen was a strong opponent of this view , having already described cells multiplying by division and believing that many cells would have no nuclei . The idea that cells can be generated de novo , by the `` cytoblast '' or otherwise , contradicted work by Robert Remak ( 1852 ) and Rudolf Virchow ( 1855 ) who decisively propagated the new paradigm that cells are generated solely by cells ( `` Omnis cellula e cellula '' ) . The function of the nucleus remained unclear . Between 1877 and 1878 , Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs , showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus . This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell . This was in contradiction to Ernst Haeckel 's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development , including generation of the first nucleated cell from a `` monerula '' , a structureless mass of primordial mucus ( `` Urschleim '' ) . Therefore , the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time . However , Hertwig confirmed his observation in other animal groups , including amphibians and molluscs . Eduard Strasburger produced the same results for plants in 1884 . This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity . In 1873 , August Weismann postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal germ cells for heredity . The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later , after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed . Structures The nucleus is the largest cellular organelle in animal cells . In mammalian cells , the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres ( μm ) , which occupies about 10 % of the total cell volume . The viscous liquid within it is called nucleoplasm ( or karyolymph ) , and is similar in composition to the cytosol found outside the nucleus . It appears as a dense , roughly spherical or irregular organelle . The composition by dry weight of the nucleus is approximately : DNA 9 % , RNA 1 % , Histone Protein 11 % , Residual Protein 14 % , Acidic Proteins 65 % . In some types of white blood cells specifically most granulocytes the nucleus is lobated and can be present as a bi-lobed , tri-lobed or multi-lobed organelle . Nuclear envelope and pores Main articles : Nuclear envelope and Nuclear pores The eukaryotic cell nucleus . Visible in this diagram are the ribosome - studded double membranes of the nuclear envelope , the DNA ( complexed as chromatin ) , and the nucleolus . Within the cell nucleus is a viscous liquid called nucleoplasm , similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus . A cross section of a nuclear pore on the surface of the nuclear envelope ( 1 ) . Other diagram labels show ( 2 ) the outer ring , ( 3 ) spokes , ( 4 ) basket , and ( 5 ) filaments . The nuclear envelope , otherwise known as nuclear membrane , consists of two cellular membranes , an inner and an outer membrane , arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres ( nm ) . The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell 's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm , serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm . The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) , and is similarly studded with ribosomes . The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen . Nuclear pores , which provide aqueous channels through the envelope , are composed of multiple proteins , collectively referred to as nucleoporins . The pores are about 125 million daltons in molecular weight and consist of around 50 ( in yeast ) to several hundred proteins ( in vertebrates ) . The pores are 100 nm in total diameter ; however , the gap through which molecules freely diffuse is only about 9 nm wide , due to the presence of regulatory systems within the center of the pore . This size selectively allows the passage of small water - soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules , such as nucleic acids and larger proteins , from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus . These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead . The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope , each of which contains an eightfold - symmetric ring - shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse . Attached to the ring is a structure called the nuclear basket that extends into the nucleoplasm , and a series of filamentous extensions that reach into the cytoplasm . Both structures serve to mediate binding to nuclear transport proteins . Most proteins , ribosomal subunits , and some DNAs are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins . Those karyopherins that mediate movement into the nucleus are also called importins , whereas those that mediate movement out of the nucleus are called exportins . Most karyopherins interact directly with their cargo , although some use adaptor proteins . Steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone , as well as other small lipid - soluble molecules involved in intercellular signaling , can diffuse through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm , where they bind nuclear receptor proteins that are trafficked into the nucleus . There they serve as transcription factors when bound to their ligand ; in the absence of a ligand , many such receptors function as histone deacetylases that repress gene expression . Nuclear lamina Main article : Nuclear lamina In animal cells , two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support : The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope , while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope . Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores . The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins . Like all proteins , lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior , where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina . Lamins found on the cytosolic face of the membrane , such as emerin and nesprin , bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support . Lamins are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure , known as the nucleoplasmic veil , that is visible using fluorescence microscopy . The actual function of the veil is not clear , although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase . Lamin structures that make up the veil , such as LEM3 , bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein - coding genes . Like the components of other intermediate filaments , the lamin monomer contains an alpha - helical domain used by two monomers to coil around each other , forming a dimer structure called a coiled coil . Two of these dimer structures then join side by side , in an antiparallel arrangement , to form a tetramer called a protofilament . Eight of these protofilaments form a lateral arrangement that is twisted to form a ropelike filament . These filaments can be assembled or disassembled in a dynamic manner , meaning that changes in the length of the filament depend on the competing rates of filament addition and removal . Mutations in lamin genes leading to defects in filament assembly cause a group of rare genetic disorders known as laminopathies . The most notable laminopathy is the family of diseases known as progeria , which causes the appearance of premature aging in its sufferers . The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood . Chromosomes Main article : Chromosome A mouse fibroblast nucleus in which DNA is stained blue . The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 ( red ) and chromosome 9 ( green ) are stained with fluorescent in situ hybridization . The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes . Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA . During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA - protein complex known as chromatin , and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well - defined chromosomes familiar from a karyotype . A small fraction of the cell 's genes are located instead in the mitochondria . There are two types of chromatin . Euchromatin is the less compact DNA form , and contains genes that are frequently expressed by the cell . The other type , heterochromatin , is the more compact form , and contains DNA that is infrequently transcribed . This structure is further categorized into facultative heterochromatin , consisting of genes that are organized as heterochromatin only in certain cell types or at certain stages of development , and constitutive heterochromatin that consists of chromosome structural components such as telomeres and centromeres . During interphase the chromatin organizes itself into discrete individual patches , called chromosome territories . Active genes , which are generally found in the euchromatic region of the chromosome , tend to be located towards the chromosome 's territory boundary . Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization , in particular , nucleosomes , have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus . These are known as anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) and have also been observed in concert with multiple sclerosis as part of general immune system dysfunction . As in the case of progeria , the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is not obvious . Nucleolus Main article : Nucleolus An electron micrograph of a cell nucleus , showing the darkly stained nucleolus 3D rendering of nucleus with location of nucleolus The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus . It is not surrounded by a membrane , and is sometimes called a suborganelle . It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA , DNA coding for ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions ( NOR ) . The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes . The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity , as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components , facilitating further ribosomal assembly , and hence further association . This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures . In the first step of ribosome assembly , a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA , which forms a large pre-rRNA precursor . This is cleaved into the subunits 5.8 S , 18S , and 28S rRNA . The transcription , post-transcriptional processing , and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus , aided by small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) molecules , some of which are derived from spliced introns from messenger RNAs encoding genes related to ribosomal function . The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores . When observed under the electron microscope , the nucleolus can be seen to consist of three distinguishable regions : the innermost fibrillar centers ( FCs ) , surrounded by the dense fibrillar component ( DFC ) , which in turn is bordered by the granular component ( GC ) . Transcription of the rDNA occurs either in the FC or at the FC - DFC boundary , and , therefore , when rDNA transcription in the cell is increased , more FCs are detected . Most of the cleavage and modification of rRNAs occurs in the DFC , while the latter steps involving protein assembly onto the ribosomal subunits occur in the GC . Other subnuclear bodies Subnuclear structure sizes Structure name Structure diameter Cajal bodies 0.2 -- 2.0 μm Clastosomes 0.2 - 0.5 μm PIKA 5 μm PML bodies 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Paraspeckles 0.2 -- 1.0 μm Speckles 20 -- 25 nm Besides the nucleolus , the nucleus contains a number of other non-membrane - delineated bodies . These include Cajal bodies , Gemini of coiled bodies , polymorphic interphase karyosomal association ( PIKA ) , promyelocytic leukaemia ( PML ) bodies , paraspeckles , and splicing speckles . Although little is known about a number of these domains , they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture , but rather contains organized functional subdomains . Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes . For example , the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy . This condition typically results from mutations in actin , and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins . Cajal bodies and gems A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies ( CB ) , whose diameter measures between 0.2 μm and 2.0 μm depending on the cell type and species . When seen under an electron microscope , they resemble balls of tangled thread and are dense foci of distribution for the protein coilin . CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing , specifically small nucleolar RNA ( snoRNA ) and small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) maturation , and histone mRNA modification . Similar to Cajal bodies are Gemini of Cajal bodies , or gems , whose name is derived from the Gemini constellation in reference to their close `` twin '' relationship with CBs . Gems are similar in size and shape to CBs , and in fact are virtually indistinguishable under the microscope . Unlike CBs , gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( snRNPs ) , but do contain a protein called survival of motor neuron ( SMN ) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis . Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis , though it has also been suggested from microscopy evidence that CBs and gems are different manifestations of the same structure . Later ultrastructural studies have shown gems to be twins of Cajal bodies with the difference being in the coilin component ; Cajal bodies are SMN positive and coilin positive , and gems are SMN positive and coilin negative . Rafa and PTF domains RAFA domains , or polymorphic interphase karyosomal associations , were first described in microscopy studies in 1991 . Their function remains unclear , though they were not thought to be associated with active DNA replication , transcription , or RNA processing . They have been found to often associate with discrete domains defined by dense localization of the transcription factor PTF , which promotes transcription of small nuclear RNA ( snRNA ) . PML bodies Promyelocytic leukaemia bodies ( PML bodies ) are spherical bodies found scattered throughout the nucleoplasm , measuring around 0.1 -- 1.0 μm . They are known by a number of other names , including nuclear domain 10 ( ND10 ) , Kremer bodies , and PML oncogenic domains . PML bodies are named after one of their major components , the promyelocytic leukemia protein ( PML ) . They are often seen in the nucleus in association with Cajal bodies and cleavage bodies . PML bodies belong to the nuclear matrix , an ill - defined super-structure of the nucleus proposed to anchor and regulate many nuclear functions , including DNA replication , transcription , or epigenetic silencing . The PML protein is the key organizer of these domains that recruits an ever - growing number of proteins , whose only common known feature to date is their ability to be SUMOylated . Yet , pml - / - mice ( which have their PML gene deleted ) can not assemble nuclear bodies , develop normally and live well , demonstrating that PML bodies are dispensable for most basic biological functions . Splicing speckles Speckles are subnuclear structures that are enriched in pre-messenger RNA splicing factors and are located in the interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells . At the fluorescence - microscope level they appear as irregular , punctate structures , which vary in size and shape , and when examined by electron microscopy they are seen as clusters of interchromatin granules . Speckles are dynamic structures , and both their protein and RNA - protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations , including active transcription sites . Studies on the composition , structure and behaviour of speckles have provided a model for understanding the functional compartmentalization of the nucleus and the organization of the gene - expression machinery splicing snRNPs and other splicing proteins necessary for pre-mRNA processing . Because of a cell 's changing requirements , the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via phosphorylation of specific proteins . The splicing speckles are also known as nuclear speckles ( nuclear specks ) , splicing factor compartments ( SF compartments ) , interchromatin granule clusters ( IGCs ) , B snurposomes . B snurposomes are found in the amphibian oocyte nuclei and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos . B snurposomes appear alone or attached to the Cajal bodies in the electron micrographs of the amphibian nuclei . IGCs function as storage sites for the splicing factors . Paraspeckles Main article : Paraspeckle Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002 , paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the nucleus ' interchromatin space . First documented in HeLa cells , where there are generally 10 -- 30 per nucleus , paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells , transformed cell lines , and tissue sections . Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus ; the `` para '' is short for parallel and the `` speckles '' refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity . Paraspeckles are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity . They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA Pol II transcription , the paraspeckle disappears and all of its associated protein components ( PSP1 , p54nrb , PSP2 , CFI ( m ) 68 , and PSF ) form a crescent shaped perinucleolar cap in the nucleolus . This phenomenon is demonstrated during the cell cycle . In the cell cycle , paraspeckles are present during interphase and during all of mitosis except for telophase . During telophase , when the two daughter nuclei are formed , there is no RNA Pol II transcription so the protein components instead form a perinucleolar cap . Perichromatin fibrils Perichromatin fibrils are visible only under electron microscope . They are located next to the transcriptionally active chromatin and are hypothesized to be the sites of active pre-mRNA processing . Clastosomes Clastosomes are small nuclear bodies ( 0.2 - 0.5 μm ) described as having a thick ring - shape due to the peripheral capsule around these bodies . This name is derived from the Greek klastos , broken and soma , body . Clastosomes are not typically present in normal cells , making them hard to detect . They form under high proteolysis conditions within the nucleus and degrade once there is a decrease in activity or if cells are treated with proteasome inhibitors . The scarcity of clastosomes in cells indicates that they are not required for proteasome function . Osmotic stress has also been shown to cause the formation of clastosomes . These nuclear bodies contain catalytic and regulatory sub-units of the proteasome and its substrates , indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins . Function The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm , allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes . The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle . The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells . Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane , it contains the majority of the cell 's genetic material . This material is organized as DNA molecules , along with a variety of proteins , to form chromosomes . Cell compartmentalization The nuclear envelope allows the nucleus to control its contents , and separate them from the rest of the cytoplasm where necessary . This is important for controlling processes on either side of the nuclear membrane . In most cases where a cytoplasmic process needs to be restricted , a key participant is removed to the nucleus , where it interacts with transcription factors to downregulate the production of certain enzymes in the pathway . This regulatory mechanism occurs in the case of glycolysis , a cellular pathway for breaking down glucose to produce energy . Hexokinase is an enzyme responsible for the first the step of glycolysis , forming glucose - 6 - phosphate from glucose . At high concentrations of fructose - 6 - phosphate , a molecule made later from glucose - 6 - phosphate , a regulator protein removes hexokinase to the nucleus , where it forms a transcriptional repressor complex with nuclear proteins to reduce the expression of genes involved in glycolysis . In order to control which genes are being transcribed , the cell separates some transcription factor proteins responsible for regulating gene expression from physical access to the DNA until they are activated by other signaling pathways . This prevents even low levels of inappropriate gene expression . For example , in the case of NF - κB - controlled genes , which are involved in most inflammatory responses , transcription is induced in response to a signal pathway such as that initiated by the signaling molecule TNF - α , binds to a cell membrane receptor , resulting in the recruitment of signalling proteins , and eventually activating the transcription factor NF - κB . A nuclear localisation signal on the NF - κB protein allows it to be transported through the nuclear pore and into the nucleus , where it stimulates the transcription of the target genes . The compartmentalization allows the cell to prevent translation of unspliced mRNA . Eukaryotic mRNA contains introns that must be removed before being translated to produce functional proteins . The splicing is done inside the nucleus before the mRNA can be accessed by ribosomes for translation . Without the nucleus , ribosomes would translate newly transcribed ( unprocessed ) mRNA , resulting in malformed and nonfunctional proteins . Gene expression Main article : Gene expression A micrograph of ongoing gene transcription of ribosomal RNA illustrating the growing primary transcripts . `` Begin '' indicates the 5 ' end of the DNA , where new RNA synthesis begins ; `` end '' indicates the 3 ' end , where the primary transcripts are almost complete . Gene expression first involves transcription , in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA . In the case of genes encoding proteins , that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which then needs to be translated by ribosomes to form a protein . As ribosomes are located outside the nucleus , mRNA produced needs to be exported . Since the nucleus is the site of transcription , it also contains a variety of proteins that either directly mediate transcription or are involved in regulating the process . These proteins include helicases , which unwind the double - stranded DNA molecule to facilitate access to it , RNA polymerases , which bind to the DNA promoter to synthesize the growing RNA molecule , topoisomerases , which change the amount of supercoiling in DNA , helping it wind and unwind , as well as a large variety of transcription factors that regulate expression . Processing of pre-mRNA Main article : Post-transcriptional modification Newly synthesized mRNA molecules are known as primary transcripts or pre-mRNA . They must undergo post-transcriptional modification in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm ; mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm without these modifications is degraded rather than used for protein translation . The three main modifications are 5 ' capping , 3 ' polyadenylation , and RNA splicing . While in the nucleus , pre-mRNA is associated with a variety of proteins in complexes known as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles ( hnRNPs ) . Addition of the 5 ' cap occurs co-transcriptionally and is the first step in post-transcriptional modification . The 3 ' poly - adenine tail is only added after transcription is complete . RNA splicing , carried out by a complex called the spliceosome , is the process by which introns , or regions of DNA that do not code for protein , are removed from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re-form a single continuous molecule . This process normally occurs after 5 ' capping and 3 ' polyadenylation but can begin before synthesis is complete in transcripts with many exons . Many pre-mRNAs , including those encoding antibodies , can be spliced in multiple ways to produce different mature mRNAs that encode different protein sequences . This process is known as alternative splicing , and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA . Dynamics and regulation Nuclear transport Main article : Nuclear transport Macromolecules , such as RNA and proteins , are actively transported across the nuclear membrane in a process called the Ran - GTP nuclear transport cycle . The entry and exit of large molecules from the nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes . Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation , macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit . `` Cargo '' proteins that must be translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus contain short amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals , which are bound by importins , while those transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carry nuclear export signals bound by exportins . The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by GTPases , enzymes that hydrolyze the molecule guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) to release energy . The key GTPase in nuclear transport is Ran , which can bind either GTP or GDP ( guanosine diphosphate ) , depending on whether it is located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm . Whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo , exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo . Nuclear import depends on the importin binding its cargo in the cytoplasm and carrying it through the nuclear pore into the nucleus . Inside the nucleus , RanGTP acts to separate the cargo from the importin , allowing the importin to exit the nucleus and be reused . Nuclear export is similar , as the exportin binds the cargo inside the nucleus in a process facilitated by RanGTP , exits through the nuclear pore , and separates from its cargo in the cytoplasm . Specialized export proteins exist for translocation of mature mRNA and tRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete . This quality - control mechanism is important due to these molecules ' central role in protein translation . Mis - expression of a protein due to incomplete excision of exons or mis - incorporation of amino acids could have negative consequences for the cell ; thus , incompletely modified RNA that reaches the cytoplasm is degraded rather than used in translation . Assembly and disassembly An image of a newt lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes during metaphase . The mitotic spindle can be seen , stained green , attached to the two sets of chromosomes , stained light blue . All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate . During its lifetime , a nucleus may be broken down or destroyed , either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis ( the process of programmed cell death ) . During these events , the structural components of the nucleus -- the envelope and lamina -- can be systematically degraded . In most cells , the disassembly of the nuclear envelope marks the end of the prophase of mitosis . However , this disassembly of the nucleus is not a universal feature of mitosis and does not occur in all cells . Some unicellular eukaryotes ( e.g. , yeasts ) undergo so - called closed mitosis , in which the nuclear envelope remains intact . In closed mitosis , the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus , which then divides in two . The cells of higher eukaryotes , however , usually undergo open mitosis , which is characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope . The daughter chromosomes then migrate to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle , and new nuclei reassemble around them . At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis , the cell divides to form two cells . In order for this process to be possible , each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes , a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets . This occurs by the replicated chromosomes , the sister chromatids , attaching to microtubules , which in turn are attached to different centrosomes . The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell . In many cells , the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm , outside the nucleus ; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope . Therefore , the early stages in the cell cycle , beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase , the nuclear membrane is dismantled . Likewise , during the same period , the nuclear lamina is also disassembled , a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase . Towards the end of the cell cycle , the nuclear membrane is reformed , and around the same time , the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins . However , in dinoflagellates , the nuclear envelope remains intact , the centrosomes are located in the cytoplasm , and the microtubules come in contact with chromosomes , whose centromeric regions are incorporated into the nuclear envelope ( the so - called closed mitosis with extranuclear spindle ) . In many other protists ( e.g. , ciliates , sporozoans ) and fungi , the centrosomes are intranuclear , and their nuclear envelope also does not disassemble during cell division . Apoptosis is a controlled process in which the cell 's structural components are destroyed , resulting in death of the cell . Changes associated with apoptosis directly affect the nucleus and its contents , for example , in the condensation of chromatin and the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and lamina . The destruction of the lamin networks is controlled by specialized apoptotic proteases called caspases , which cleave the lamin proteins and , thus , degrade the nucleus ' structural integrity . Lamin cleavage is sometimes used as a laboratory indicator of caspase activity in assays for early apoptotic activity . Cells that express mutant caspase - resistant lamins are deficient in nuclear changes related to apoptosis , suggesting that lamins play a role in initiating the events that lead to apoptotic degradation of the nucleus . Inhibition of lamin assembly itself is an inducer of apoptosis . The nuclear envelope acts as a barrier that prevents both DNA and RNA viruses from entering the nucleus . Some viruses require access to proteins inside the nucleus in order to replicate and / or assemble . DNA viruses , such as herpesvirus replicate and assemble in the cell nucleus , and exit by budding through the inner nuclear membrane . This process is accompanied by disassembly of the lamina on the nuclear face of the inner membrane . Disease - related dynamics Initially , it has been suspected that immunoglobulins in general and autoantibodies in particular do not enter the nucleus . Now there is a body of evidence that under pathological conditions ( e.g. lupus erythematosus ) IgG can enter the nucleus . Nuclei per cell Most eukaryotic cell types usually have a single nucleus , but some have no nuclei , while others have several . This can result from normal development , as in the maturation of mammalian red blood cells , or from faulty cell division . Anucleated cells Human red blood cells , like those of other mammals , lack nuclei . This occurs as a normal part of the cells ' development . An anucleated cell contains no nucleus and is , therefore , incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells . The best - known anucleated cell is the mammalian red blood cell , or erythrocyte , which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria , and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body 's tissues . Erythrocytes mature through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow , where they lose their nuclei , organelles , and ribosomes . The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an erythroblast to a reticulocyte , which is the immediate precursor of the mature erythrocyte . The presence of mutagens may induce the release of some immature `` micronucleated '' erythrocytes into the bloodstream . Anucleated cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei . In flowering plants , this condition occurs in sieve tube elements . Multinucleated cells Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei . Most acantharean species of protozoa and some fungi in mycorrhizae have naturally multinucleated cells . Other examples include the intestinal parasites in the genus Giardia , which have two nuclei per cell . In humans , skeletal muscle cells , called myocytes and syncytium , become multinucleated during development ; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows maximal intracellular space for myofibrils . Other multinucleate cells in the human are osteoclasts a type of bone cell . Multinucleated and binucleated cells can also be abnormal in humans ; for example , cells arising from the fusion of monocytes and macrophages , known as giant multinucleated cells , sometimes accompany inflammation and are also implicated in tumor formation . A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei . Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA : one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom . The mitochondria and the plastids of the diatom somehow remain functional . Evolution As the major defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell , the nucleus ' evolutionary origin has been the subject of much speculation . Four major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of the nucleus , although none have yet earned widespread support . The first model known as the `` syntrophic model '' proposes that a symbiotic relationship between the archaea and bacteria created the nucleus - containing eukaryotic cell . ( Organisms of the Archaea and Bacteria domain have no cell nucleus . ) It is hypothesized that the symbiosis originated when ancient archaea , similar to modern methanogenic archaea , invaded and lived within bacteria similar to modern myxobacteria , eventually forming the early nucleus . This theory is analogous to the accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts , which are thought to have developed from a similar endosymbiotic relationship between proto - eukaryotes and aerobic bacteria . The archaeal origin of the nucleus is supported by observations that archaea and eukarya have similar genes for certain proteins , including histones . Observations that myxobacteria are motile , can form multicellular complexes , and possess kinases and G proteins similar to eukarya , support a bacterial origin for the eukaryotic cell . A second model proposes that proto - eukaryotic cells evolved from bacteria without an endosymbiotic stage . This model is based on the existence of modern planctomycetes bacteria that possess a nuclear structure with primitive pores and other compartmentalized membrane structures . A similar proposal states that a eukaryote - like cell , the chronocyte , evolved first and phagocytosed archaea and bacteria to generate the nucleus and the eukaryotic cell . The most controversial model , known as viral eukaryogenesis , posits that the membrane - bound nucleus , along with other eukaryotic features , originated from the infection of a prokaryote by a virus . The suggestion is based on similarities between eukaryotes and viruses such as linear DNA strands , mRNA capping , and tight binding to proteins ( analogizing histones to viral envelopes ) . One version of the proposal suggests that the nucleus evolved in concert with phagocytosis to form an early cellular `` predator '' . Another variant proposes that eukaryotes originated from early archaea infected by poxviruses , on the basis of observed similarity between the DNA polymerases in modern poxviruses and eukaryotes . It has been suggested that the unresolved question of the evolution of sex could be related to the viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis . A more recent proposal , the exomembrane hypothesis , suggests that the nucleus instead originated from a single ancestral cell that evolved a second exterior cell membrane ; the interior membrane enclosing the original cell then became the nuclear membrane and evolved increasingly elaborate pore structures for passage of internally synthesized cellular components such as ribosomal subunits . See also Nucleus ( neuroanatomy ) References Jump up ^ Leeuwenhoek , A. van : Opera Omnia , seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum Microscopiorum detecta , experimentis variis comprobata , Epistolis ad varios illustres viros. J. Arnold et Delphis , A. Beman , Lugdinum Batavorum 1719 -- 1730 . Cited after : Dieter Gerlach , Geschichte der Mikroskopie . Verlag Harri Deutsch , Frankfurt am Main , Germany , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8171 - 1781 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harris , H ( 1999 ) . The Birth of the Cell . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07384 - 4 . 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Jump up ^ Böhm I. IgG deposits can be detected in cell nuclei of patients with both lupus erythematosus and malignancy . Clin Rheumatol 2007 ; 26 ( 11 ) 1877 - 1882 Jump up ^ Skutelsky , E. ; Danon D. ( June 1970 ) . `` Comparative study of nuclear expulsion from the late erythroblast and cytokinesis '' . J Cell Biol. 60 ( 60 ( 3 ) ) : 625 -- 635 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 70 ) 90536 - 7 . PMID 5422968 . Jump up ^ Torous , DK ; Dertinger SD ; Hall NE ; Tometsko CR. ( 2000 ) . `` Enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood : a flow cytometric study '' . Mutat Res. 465 ( 465 ( 1 -- 2 ) ) : 91 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / S1383 - 5718 ( 99 ) 00216 - 8 . PMID 10708974 . Jump up ^ Hutter , KJ ; Stohr M. ( 1982 ) . `` Rapid detection of mutagen induced micronucleated erythrocytes by flow cytometry '' . Histochemistry. 75 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 362 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00496738 . PMID 7141888 . 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Archived 2011 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Margulis , Lynn ( 1981 ) . Symbiosis in Cell Evolution . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 206 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1256 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lopez - Garcia P , Moreira D ( 2006 ) . `` Selective forces for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus '' . BioEssays. 28 ( 5 ) : 525 -- 533 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20413 . PMID 16615090 . Jump up ^ Fuerst JA . ( 2005 ) . `` Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes '' . Annu Rev Microbiol. 59 : 299 -- 328 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 59.030804. 121258 . PMID 15910279 . Jump up ^ Hartman H , Fedorov A ( 2002 ) . `` The origin of the eukaryotic cell : a genomic investigation '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 99 ( 3 ) : 1420 -- 1425 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 032658599 . PMC 122206 . PMID 11805300 . Jump up ^ Bell PJ ( September 2001 ) . `` Viral eukaryogenesis : was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus ? '' . J. Mol . 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Further reading Library resources about Cell nucleus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Goldman , Robert D. ; Gruenbaum , Y ; Moir , RD ; Shumaker , DK ; Spann , TP ( 2002 ) . `` Nuclear lamins : building blocks of nuclear architecture '' . Genes Dev. 16 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 547 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 960502 . PMID 11877373 . A review article about nuclear lamins , explaining their structure and various roles Görlich , Dirk ; Kutay , U ( 1999 ) . `` Transport between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm '' . Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15 : 607 -- 660 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. cellbio. 15.1. 607 . PMID 10611974 . A review article about nuclear transport , explains the principles of the mechanism , and the various transport pathways Lamond , Angus I. ; Earnshaw , WC ( 1998 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Structure and Function in the Nucleus '' ( PDF ) . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 547 -- 553 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 547 . PMID 9554838 . A review article about the nucleus , explaining the structure of chromosomes within the organelle , and describing the nucleolus and other subnuclear bodies Pennisi E. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolutionary biology . The birth of the nucleus '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 766 -- 768 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 305.5685. 766 . PMID 15297641 . A review article about the evolution of the nucleus , explaining a number of different theories Pollard , Thomas D. ; William C. Earnshaw ( 2004 ) . Cell Biology . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 3360 - 9 . A university level textbook focusing on cell biology . Contains information on nucleus structure and function , including nuclear transport , and subnuclear domains External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell nucleus . MBInfo - The Nucleus cellnucleus.com Website covering structure and function of the nucleus from the Department of Oncology at the University of Alberta . http://npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/user/?page=compartment The Nuclear Protein Database ) Information on nuclear components . The Nucleus Collection in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains peer - reviewed still images and video clips that illustrate the nucleus . Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Import Section from Landmark Papers in Cell Biology , Joseph G. Gall , J. Richard McIntosh , eds. , contains digitized commentaries and links to seminal research papers on the nucleus . Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology Cytoplasmic patterns generated by human antibodies Structures of the cell / organelles Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal Nucleolus RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina Pore complex : Nucleoporin NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP205 NUP210 NUP214 AAAS Nucleolus Cajal ( coiled ) body SMN GEMIN2 GEMIN4 GEMIN5 GEMIN6 GEMIN7 DDX20 COIL Perinucleolar compartment PTBP1 CUGBP1 TCOF ATXN7 Other Chromatin Dot ( PML body ) Paraspeckle SMC protein : Cohesin SMC1A SMC1B SMC3 Condensin NCAPD2 NCAPD3 NCAPG NCAPG2 NCAPH NCAPH2 SMC2 SMC4 DNA repair SMC5 SMC6 Transition nuclear protein : TNP1 TNP2 Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) LITAF see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors see also nucleus diseases GND : 4067544 - 0 NDL : 00569971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_nucleus&oldid=846021817 '' Categories : Cell nucleus Cell anatomy Organelles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 19 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why the nucleus is called the control center of the cell | [
"Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in a complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear matrix (which includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.\n"
] | [
"controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression"
] |
-5001246902260034844 | Net neutrality in the United States | Net neutrality in the United States - wikipedia Net neutrality in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series about Net neutrality Topics and issues Bandwidth cap Bandwidth throttling Data discrimination Deep packet inspection End - to - end principle Internet Protocol ( IP ) Net bias Net neutrality law Search neutrality Tiered Internet By country or region Brazil Canada Chile European Union India Netherlands Philippines Singapore United States ( FCC ) In the United States , net neutrality has been an issue of contention among network users and access providers since the 1990s . In 2005 , under Republican Chair Abernathy , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) adopted policies and rules establishing principles of `` network neutrality '' in order to carry out the policy of the United States `` to preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet '' and `` to promote the continued development of the Internet , '' `` encourag ( ing ) the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability '' -- broadband -- `` to all Americans . '' . The FCC noted that Congress had cited the Internet 's educational and informational importance , and the fact that `` ( t ) he Internet also represents `` a forum for a true diversity of political discourse , unique opportunities for cultural development , and myriad avenues for intellectual activity , '' as well as `` play ( ing ) an important role in the economy , as an engine for productivity growth and cost savings . '' In order `` to ensure that providers of telecommunications for Internet access or Internet Protocol - enabled ( IP - enabled ) services are operated in a neutral manner , '' and noting that its `` Enforcement Bureau recently entered into a consent decree to resolve an investigation with respect to the blocking of ports used for voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) , '' the Commission adopted network neutrality principles `` to preserve and promote the vibrant and open character of the Internet as the telecommunications marketplace enters the broadband age . '' Throughout 2005 and 2006 , corporations supporting both sides of the issue zealously lobbied Congress . Between 2005 and 2012 , five attempts to pass bills in Congress containing net neutrality provisions failed . Each sought to preserve the open Internet that consumer groups sought , and to prohibit Internet service providers from using various variable pricing models based upon the user 's quality of service level , described as tiered service in the industry and as price discrimination arising from abuse of `` local monopolies enshrined in law '' by some economists . Large broadband Internet access service providers appealed the FCC network neutrality principles . The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that because the FCC had previously said broadband Internet access services were not common carrier services , the FCC could not then subject them to common carrier network neutrality regulations . Following this ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC ( 2014 ) , the United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) received 3.7 million comments urging it to change classification of the Internet to a telecommunications service , which would allow the FCC to uphold net neutrality . The FCC then changed its analysis , reclassified retail providers of BIAS as common carriers , and adopted revised open Internet requirements . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` net neutrality '' regulations . These rules went into effect on June 12 , 2015 . The United States Telecom Association , which represents large telecom companies , filed a lawsuit against the FCC in 2015 challenging the net neutrality rule . The Association argued that the FCC 's classification of broadband carriers as `` common carriers '' was a form of administrative overreach . In June 2016 , a divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the FCC 's net neutrality rules and the FCC 's determination that broadband access is a public utility , rather than a luxury . Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017 , Ajit Pai proposed to repeal the policies ; on December 14 , 2017 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) voted in favor of repealing these policies , 3 -- 2 , along party lines , as the 2015 vote had occurred . On January 4 , 2018 , the FCC published the official text for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulatory history 1.1 Early history 1980 -- early 2000s 1.2 FCC promotes freedom without regulation ( 2004 ) 1.3 CLEC , dial - up , and DSL deregulation ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1.4 FCC attempts at enforcing net neutrality ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 1.5 FCC 's conditions for spectrum auction ( 2008 ) 1.6 FCC Open Internet Order ( 2010 ) 1.7 Narrowing of the FCC 's authority ( 2014 ) 1.7. 1 Section 706 vs. Title II 1.8 Deliberations about reclassification as common carriers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Policy proposals ( 2014 ) 1.8. 2 Ruling 1.9 Net neutrality and the Trump administration ( 2017 ) 1.10 Timeline of significant events 2 Violations 3 Attempted legislation 4 Positions 4.1 Support of net neutrality 4.2 Opposition to net neutrality 4.3 Alternative FCC proposals 4.4 Opinions cautioning against legislation 5 Unresolved issues 5.1 Alternatives to cable and DSL 5.2 Utility company restrictions 6 Repeal 6.1 Executive Orders effective immediately 6.2 Other actions pending 6.3 Summary of state - level net neutrality actions 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Regulatory history ( edit ) Early history 1980 -- early 2000s ( edit ) See also : Communications Act of 1934 While the term is new , the ideas underlying net neutrality have a long pedigree in telecommunications practice and regulation . Services such as telegrams and the phone network ( officially , the public switched telephone network or PSTN ) have been considered common carriers under U.S. law , which means that they have been akin to public utilities and expressly forbidden to give preferential treatment . They have been regulated by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) in order to ensure fair pricing and access . In the late 1980s the Internet became legally available for commercial use , and in the early years of public use of the Internet , this was its main use -- public access was limited and largely reached through dial - up modems ( as was the Bulletin board system dial - up culture that preceded it ) . The Internet was viewed more as a commercial service than a domestic and societal system . Being business services , cable modem Internet access and high - speed data links , which make up the Internet 's core , had always since their creation been categorized under U.S. law as an information service , unlike telephone services ( including services by dial - up modem ) , and not as a telecommunications service , and thus had not been subject to common carrier regulations , as upheld in National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services . However , by the late 1990s and early 2000s , the Internet started to become common in households and wider society . Also in the 1980s , arguments about the public interest requirements of the telecommunications industry in the U.S. arose ; whether companies involved in broadcasting were best viewed as community trustees , with obligations to society and consumers , or mere market participants with obligations only to their shareholders . The legal debate about net neutrality regulations of the 2000s echoes this debate . By the 1990s , some U.S. politicians began to express concern over protecting the Internet : How can government ensure that the nascent Internet will permit everyone to be able to compete with everyone else for the opportunity to provide any service to all willing customers ? Next , how can we ensure that this new marketplace reaches the entire nation ? And then how can we ensure that it fulfills the enormous promise of education , economic growth , and job creation ? -- Al Gore , 1994 , In the early 2000s , legal scholars such as Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig raised the issue of neutrality in a series of academic papers addressing regulatory frameworks for packet networks . Wu , in particular , noted that the Internet is structurally biased against voice and video applications . The debate that started in the U.S. extended internationally with distinct differences of the debate in Europe . FCC promotes freedom without regulation ( 2004 ) ( edit ) In February 2004 , then Federal Communications Commission Chairman Michael Powell announced a set of non-discrimination principles , which he called the principles of `` Network Freedom '' . In a speech at the Silicon Flatirons Symposium , Powell encouraged ISPs to offer users these four freedoms : Freedom to access content Freedom to run applications Freedom to attach devices Freedom to obtain service plan information In early 2005 , in the Madison River case , the FCC for the first time showed the willingness to enforce its network neutrality principles by opening an investigation about Madison River Communications , a local telephone carrier that was blocking voice over IP service . Yet the FCC did not fine Madison River Communications . The investigation was closed before any formal factual or legal finding and there was a settlement in which the company agreed to stop discriminating against voice over IP traffic and to make a $15,000 payment to the US Treasury in exchange for the FCC dropping its inquiry . Since the FCC did not formally establish that Madison River Communications violated laws and regulation , the Madison River settlement does not create a formal precedent , though established that it would take enforcement action in such situations . CLEC , dial - up , and DSL deregulation ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) In 2004 , the court case USTA v. FCC voided the FCC 's authority to enforce rules requiring telephone operators to unbundle certain parts of their networks at regulated prices . This caused the economic collapse of many competitive local exchange carriers ( CLEC ) . In the United States , broadband services were historically regulated differently according to the technology by which they were carried . While cable Internet has always been classified by the FCC as an information service free of most regulation , DSL was regulated as a telecommunications service . In 2005 , the FCC reclassified Internet access across the phone network , including DSL , as `` information service '' relaxing the common carrier regulations and unbundling requirement . During the FCC 's hearing , the National Cable & Telecommunications Association urged the FCC to adopt the four criteria laid out in its 2005 Internet Policy Statement as the requisite openness . This made up a voluntary set of four net neutrality principles . Implementation of the principles was not mandatory ; that would require an FCC rule or federal law . The modified principles were as follows : Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice ; Consumers are entitled to run applications and services of their choice , subject to the needs of law enforcement ; Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network ; and Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers , application and service providers , and content providers . In December 2006 , the AT&T / Bell South merger agreement defined net neutrality as an agreement on the part of the broadband provider : `` not to provide or to sell to Internet content , application or service providers ... any service that privileges , degrades or prioritizes any ( data ) packet transmitted over AT&T / BellSouth 's wireline broadband Internet access service based on its source , ownership or destination . '' FCC attempts at enforcing net neutrality ( 2005 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) In 2007 , Comcast , the largest cable company in the US , was found to be blocking or severely delaying BitTorrent uploads on their network using a technique which involved creating ' reset ' packets ( TCP RST ) that appeared to come from the other party . An August 2007 report by TorrentFreak ( based on substantial nationwide research led by chief researcher Andrew Norton ) noted that ISPs had been throttling BitTorrent traffic for almost two years , since 2005 , but Comcast was completely blocking it in at least some cases . This was later verified by both the EFF and Associated Press . On March 27 , 2008 , Comcast and BitTorrent reached an agreement to work together on network traffic where Comcast was to adopt a protocol - neutral stance `` as soon as the end of ( 2008 ) '' , and explore ways to `` more effectively manage traffic on its network at peak times . '' In December 2009 , Comcast reached a proposed settlement of US $16 million , admitting no wrongdoing and amounting to no more than US $16 per share . In August 2008 , the FCC made its first Internet network management decision . It voted 3 - to - 2 to uphold a complaint against Comcast ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high - speed Internet service from using file - sharing software because it throttled the bandwidth available to certain customers for video files to ensure that other customers had adequate bandwidth . The FCC imposed no fine , but required Comcast to end such blocking in the year 2008 , ordered Comcast to disclose the details of its network management practices within 30 days , submit a compliance plan for ending the offending practices by the end of the year , and disclose to the public the details of intended future practices . Then - FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin said the order was meant to set a precedent , that Internet providers and all communications companies could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit , unless there is a good reason . In an interview Martin stated that `` We are preserving the open character of the Internet '' and `` We are saying that network operators ca n't block people from getting access to any content and any applications . '' The case highlighted whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain network neutrality , i.e. , treat all usages of their networks equally . The legal complaint against Comcast was related to BitTorrent , software that is commonly used for downloading movies , television shows , music and software on the Internet . Towards the end of 2009 , FCC Chair Julius Genachowski announced at the Brookings Institution a series of proposals that would prevent telecommunications , cable and wireless companies from blocking certain information on the Internet , for example , Skype applications . In September 2009 , he proposed to add two rules to its 2005 policy statement , viz. , the nondiscrimination principle that ISPs must not discriminate against any content or applications , and the transparency principle , requiring that ISPs disclose all their policies to customers . He argued that wireless should be subject to the same network neutrality as wireline providers . In October 2009 , the FCC gave notice of proposed rule making on net neutrality . In two rulings , in April and June 2010 respectively , both of the above were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Comcast Corp. v. FCC . On April 6 , 2010 , the FCC 's 2008 cease - and - desist order against Comcast to slow and stop BitTorrent transfers was denied . The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the FCC has no powers to regulate any Internet provider 's network , or the management of its practices : `` ( the FCC ) ' has failed to tie its assertion ' of regulatory authority to an actual law enacted by Congress '' , and in June 2010 , it overturned ( in the same case ) the FCC 's Order against Comcast , ruling similarly that the FCC lacked the authority under Title One of the Communications Act of 1934 , to force ISPs to keep their networks open , while employing reasonable network management practices , to all forms of legal content . In May 2010 , the FCC announced it would continue its fight for net neutrality . FCC 's conditions for spectrum auction ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In February 2008 , Kevin Martin , then Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission , said that he is `` ready , willing and able , '' to prevent broadband ISPs from irrationally interfering with their subscribers ' Internet access . In 2008 , when the FCC auctioned off the 700 MHz block of wireless spectrum in anticipation of the DTV transition , Google promised to enter a bid of $4.6 billion , if the FCC required the winning licensee to adhere to four conditions : Open applications : Consumers should be able to download and use any software application , content , or services they desire ; Open devices : Consumers should be able to use a handheld communications device with whatever wireless network they prefer ; Open services : Third parties ( resellers ) should be able to acquire wireless services from a 700 MHz licensee on a wholesale basis , based on reasonably nondiscriminatory commercial terms ; Open networks : Third parties , such as Internet service providers , should be able to interconnect at any technically feasible point in a 700 MHz licensee 's wireless network . These conditions were broadly similar to the FCC 's Internet Policy Statement ; FCC 's applications and content were combined into a single bullet , and an extra bullet requiring wholesale access for third party providers was included . The FCC adopted only two of these four criteria for the auction , viz. , open devices and open applications , and only applied these conditions to the nationwide C block portion of the band . President Barack Obama 's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 called for an investment of $7.2 billion in broadband infrastructure and included an openness stipulation . FCC open Internet order ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : FCC Open Internet Order 2010 In December 2010 , the FCC approved the FCC Open Internet Order banning cable television and telephone service providers from preventing access to competitors or certain web sites such as Netflix . On December 21 , 2010 , the FCC voted on and passed a set of six net `` neutrality principles '' : Transparency : Consumers and innovators have a right to know the basic performance characteristics of their Internet access and how their network is being managed ; No blocking : This includes a right to send and receive lawful traffic , prohibits the blocking of lawful content , apps , services and the connection of non-harmful devices to the network ; Level playing field : Consumers and innovators have a right to a level playing field . This means a ban on unreasonable content discrimination . There is no approval for so - called `` pay for priority '' arrangements involving fast lanes for some companies but not others ; Network management : This is an allowance for broadband providers to engage in reasonable network management . These rules do not forbid providers from offering subscribers tiers of services or charging based on bandwidth consumed ; Mobile : The provisions adopted today do not apply as strongly to mobile devices , though some provisions do apply . Of those that do are the broadly applicable rules requiring transparency for mobile broadband providers and prohibiting them from blocking websites and certain competitive applications ; Vigilance : The order creates an open Internet advisory committee to assist the commission in monitoring the state of Internet openness and the effects of the rules . The net neutrality rule did not keep ISPs from charging more for faster access . The measure was denounced by net neutrality advocates as a capitulation to telecommunication companies such as allowing them to discriminate on transmission speed for their profit , especially on mobile devices like the iPad , while pro-business advocates complained about any regulation of the Internet at all . Republicans in Congress announced to reverse the rule through legislation . Advocates of net neutrality criticized the changes . Narrowing of the FCC 's authority ( 2014 ) ( edit ) On January 14 , 2014 , the DC Circuit Court determined in the case of Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission that the FCC had no authority to enforce network neutrality rules as long as service providers were not identified as `` common carriers '' . The court agreed that FCC can regulate broadband and may craft more specific rules that stop short of identifying service providers as common carriers . Section 706 vs. Title II ( edit ) As a response to the DC Circuit Court 's decision , a dispute developed as to whether net neutrality could be guaranteed under existing law , or if reclassification of ISPs was needed to ensure net neutrality . Wheeler stated that the FCC had the authority under Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to regulate ISPs , while others , including President Obama , supported reclassifying ISPs as common carriers under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Critics of Section 706 point out that the section has no clear mandate to guarantee equal access to content provided over the internet , while subsection 202 ( a ) of the Communications Act states that common carriers can not `` make any unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges , practices , classifications , regulations , facilities , or services . '' Advocates of net neutrality have generally supported reclassifying ISPs under Title II , while FCC leadership and ISPs have generally opposed such reclassification . The FCC stated that if they reclassified ISPs as common carriers , the commission would selectively enforce Title II , so that only sections relating to broadband would apply to ISPs . Deliberations about reclassification as common carriers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Policy proposals ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Users with faster Internet connectivity ( e.g. , fiber ) abandon a slow - loading video at a faster rate than users with slower Internet connectivity ( e.g. , cable or mobile ) . A `` fast lane '' in the Internet can irrevocably decrease the user 's tolerance to the relative slowness of the `` slow lane '' . On February 19 , 2014 , the FCC announced plans to formulate new rules to resume enforcing net neutrality while complying with the court rulings . However , in the event , on April 23 , 2014 , the FCC reported a new draft rule that would permit broadband ISPs such as Comcast and Verizon to offer content providers , such as Netflix , Disney or Google , willing to pay a higher price , faster connection speeds , so their customers would have preferential access , thus reversing its earlier position and ( so far as opinion outside the ISP sector generally agreed ) would deny net neutrality . Public response was heated , pointing out FCC chairman Tom Wheeler 's past as a president and CEO of two major ISP - related organizations , and the suspicion of bias towards the profit - motives of ISPs as a result . Shortly afterwards , during late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider promulgating rules allowing Internet service providers ( ISPs ) to violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for Internet users to access certain content -- whose owners paid fees to the ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) -- and harder to access other content , thus undermining the traditional open architecture of the Internet . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies -- including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook -- signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a `` grave threat to the Internet '' . As of May 15 , 2014 , the `` Internet fast lane '' rules passed with a 3 -- 2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . On May 15 , 2014 , in the face of continuing intense focus and criticism , the FCC stated it would consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . The same day , the FCC opened a public comment period on how FCC rulemaking could best protect and promote an open Internet , garnering over one million responses , the most the FCC had ever received for rulemaking . The FCC proposal for a tiered Internet received heavy criticism . Opponents argued that a user accessing content over the `` fast lane '' on the Internet would find the `` slow lane '' intolerable in comparison , greatly disadvantaging any content provider who is unable to pay for `` fast lane '' access . They argued that a tiered Internet would suppress new Internet innovations by increasing the barrier to entry . Video providers Netflix and Vimeo in their comments filed with the FCC used the research of S.S. Krishnan and Ramesh Sitaraman that provided quantitative evidence of the impact of Internet speed on online video users . Their research studied the patience level of millions of Internet video users who waited for a slow - loading video to start playing . Users with faster Internet connectivity , such as fiber - to - the - home , demonstrated less patience and abandoned their videos sooner than similar users with slower Internet connectivity . Opponents of the rules declared September 10 , 2014 , to be the `` Internet slowdown '' . Participating websites were purposely slowed down to show what they felt would happen if the new rules took effect . Websites that participated in the Internet slowdown included Netflix , Reddit , Tumblr , Twitter , Vimeo and Kickstarter . The Economist described the `` Battle for the Net ( ... ) now casting the upcoming FCC decision as an epic clash between `` Team Internet '' ( a plucky band of high - tech multi-millionaires ) and `` Team Cable '' ( a dastardly bunch of Big - ISP billionaires ) . '' On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama stepped in , and recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On November 12 , 2014 , future president Donald Trump tweeted , `` Obama 's attack on the internet is another top down power grab . Net neutrality is the Fairness Doctrine . Will target conservative media . '' Ruling ( edit ) On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress HR discussion draft bill , that made concessions to net neutrality but prohibited the FCC from accomplishing that goal , or from enacting any further regulation affecting ISPs . Two weeks later , on January 31 , AP News reported the FCC would present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) common carrier status to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and ensure net neutrality , according to FCC chairman Tom Wheeler . On the day before the FCC vote , the FCC was expected to vote to regulate the Internet in this manner , as a public good , and on February 26 , 2015 , the FCC voted to apply common carrier of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet . On the same day , the FCC also voted to preempt state laws in North Carolina and Tennessee that limited the ability of local governments in those states to provide broadband services to potential customers outside of their service areas . While the latter ruling affects only those two states , the FCC indicated that the agency would make similar rulings if it received petitions from localities in other states . In response to ISP and opponent views , the FCC chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of its new net neutrality rules , and on April 13 , 2015 , the final rule was published . Social media platforms had a large role on engaging the public in the debate surrounding net neutrality . Popular websites such as Tumblr , Vimeo , and Reddit also participated in the Internet slowdown on September 10 , 2014 , which the organization said was the largest sustained ( lasting more than a single day ) online protest effort in history . On January 26 , 2015 , popular blogging site Tumblr placed links to group Fight For The Future , a net neutrality advocacy group . The website displayed a countdown to the FCC vote on Title II on February 26 , 2015 . This was part of a widespread Internet campaign to sway congressional opinion and encourage users to call or submit comments to congressional representatives . Net neutrality advocacy groups such as Save the Internet coalition and Battle for the Net responded to the 2015 FCC ruling by calling for defense of the new net neutrality rules . Net neutrality and the Trump administration ( 2017 ) ( edit ) In January 2017 , newly inaugurated president Donald Trump appointed Ajit Pai as the new chairman of the Federal Communications Commission . Pai had previously been nominated to fill one of the required Republican seats on the commission by President Obama under the recommendation of Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell . Pai , who objected to the 2015 Open Internet Order , quickly began to roll back some of the policies that had been implemented by the FCC during the Obama administration , and halted an investigation into the use of zero - rating by U.S. wireless providers . After his appointment , Pai stated that he planned to `` modernize '' FCC policies to `` match the reality of the modern marketplace '' , but was unsure over whether the FCC would continue to enforce the net neutrality rules or Title II classification of broadband services . In an interview on May 5 , 2017 , with NPR , Pai stated his argument against net neutrality enforcement rules to be only about focusing on fixing actual anti-competitive behavior that Internet providers show as opposed to just `` regulating against hypothetical harms '' . Another argument he makes against this is that when the government inserts itself into the Internet 's issues then it stifles its innovation and growth . He argues that it is impossible to predict all outcomes , and although some might be bad , it is not a good idea to put such strict restrictions on everyone when there are only a few companies who would harm consumers or innovators . He believes that strict net neutrality rules would `` prohibit a number of pro-competitive business arrangements '' and `` would reduce investments '' . In April 2017 , it was reported that Pai had proposed that the net neutrality rules and Title II classifications be rolled back , that ISPs should instead `` voluntarily '' commit to the principles , and that violations of them should be enforced by the Federal Trade Commission instead of the FCC as unfair or deceptive business practices . On April 29 , 2017 , a clearer understanding of the latest net neutrality compromise proposal was described . On May 18 , 2017 , the FCC voted to move forward with Pai 's Notice of proposed rulemaking ( NPRM ) on `` Restoring Internet freedom '' by rolling back net neutrality regulations . The official `` Comment Date '' was July 17 , 2017 , with the `` Reply Comment Date '' being August 16 , 2017 . The primary argument in this NPRM is that the Title II Order ( on net neutrality ) has pushed the major telecoms to reduce their capital expenditures ( CapEx ) in new infrastructure , thereby threatening the future of the nation . For this , they cite the approx . $1 billion reduction from 2014 to 2015 in CapEx reported by the United States Telecom Association and similar figures from industry consultant Hal Singer . Broadband capital expenditures by U.S. broadband providers ( $ billions , 1996 - 2015 ) However , the accompanying plot of the USTelecom data cited ( but not plotted ) in the NPRM raises questions about whether the Title II Order generated a major reduction in Telecom Capex following the FCC 's 2015 Title II Order on net neutrality : Roughly three quarters of the annual changes between 1996 and 2015 were larger . That change could easily be attributed to any number of other changes . The New York Times claimed that the majority on the FCC had to cherry - pick their data to support their conclusion . In her dissent to this NPRM , Commissioner Clyburn wrote , `` I have yet to see a credible analysis that suggests that broadband provider capital expenditures have declined as a result of our 2015 Open Internet Order ... Using the same logic that the NPRM uses , one could suggest that the FCC 's classification of cable modem service as an information service in 2002 resulted in an even more precipitous drop in broadband provider investment . '' Falcon , Legislative Council for the Electronic Frontier Foundation claimed that no such claims of CapEx reductions have been made in official reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) , He said that major companies can be sued by investors who assert that they lost money because of misleading information in an SEC filing , and no such penalties apply to potentially misleading statements to Congress or the public . Falcon 's claim is supported by an analysis by Turner of Free Press in a report that includes 26 figures and tables , 21 of which were extracted from SEC filings and three of the remaining five came from the U.S. Census Bureau 's Annual Capital Expenditures Survey . The change since the Title II Order was negative for only 5 of Turner 's 24 tables , and the mean and median change over the 24 tables for which it seemed reasonable to extract a typical annualized percentage change were 8.1 % and 5.2 % , respectively . Over 1,000 startups and investors signed an open letter to Pai opposing the proposal . As of May 24 , 2017 , the FCC 's website had received over 2.6 million comments from the public , though over 58,000 of these comments were spam comments from anti-net neutrality advocates . After the commenting period , the proposal is expected to be revised and put to a final vote later in 2017 . To investigate the suggestion that some of the anti-net neutrality comments might be fraudulently using the names of real people without their knowledge , Fight for the Future created a web site called comcastroturf , claiming ( on May 23 , 2017 ) , `` Someone has submitted nearly half a million anti-net neutrality comments to the FCC , many of which appear to be completely fake -- using stolen names and addresses '' , and inviting the reader to see if comments had been filed by someone else in his / her name . On May 23 , Fight for the Future reported they had ' received a cease and desist order from Comcast 's lawyers , claiming that Comcastroturf.com ... violates Comcast 's `` valuable intellectual property . '' The letter threatens legal action if the domain is not transferred to Comcast 's control . `` This is exactly why we need Title II net neutrality protections that ban blocking , throttling , and censorship , '' said Evan Greer , campaign director of Fight for the Future , `` If Ajit Pai 's plan is enacted , there would be nothing preventing Comcast from simply blocking sites like Comcastroturf.com that are critical of their corporate policies '' . ' In early May , Forbes reported that , `` a group of activists , under the banner Battle for the Net , unveiled a campaign to generate letters to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to complain about zero rating offerings , or free data programs . '' Forbes claimed that , `` All of the groups sponsoring this petition are funded by Google , who is likely upset because zero rating is a way for startups to circumvent Google 's demands . Zero rating eradicates the idea that paid ads on search engines are the only way to gain visibility online . '' In early June , Battle for the Net , a coalition spearheaded by Fight for the Future , Free Press Action Fund , and Demand Progress , announced a `` massive day of action '' for July 12 . Over 50,000 websites , including multinational corporations , participated in what Fight for the Future called `` the largest online protest in history '' . On June 15 , 2017 , Gigi Sohn , who had previously served as a top counselor to then - FCC chairman Tom Wheeler , published `` 4 steps to writing an impactful net neutrality comment ( which you should do ) '' : Write about yourself and how the net neutrality rules have affected you . Write about what you understand you are buying when you purchase broadband Internet access . Write about the choices you have ( or do n't ) for broadband Internet access . Write about what role you think the FCC should have in overseeing the market for broadband Internet access . On November 21 , 2017 , FCC chairman Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . FCC commissioner Jessica Rosenworcel alleged on December 8 that the FCC was withholding evidence of fraud due to irregularities in its comment period and said the vote should be postponed until after an appropriate investigation . Many organizations involved in the July 12 Day of Action planned an online protest for December 12 . A vote was held on December 14 , 2017 , with a 3 -- 2 party - line vote approving the repeal . Within minutes after the vote , New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman announced his intent to lead a multi-state lawsuit against the FCC to `` stop illegal rollback of net neutrality '' . Washington Attorney General Bob Ferguson also stated his intent to sue . On January 4 , 2018 , the current version of `` Restoring Internet freedom '' was published . For more recent action on this , see the `` Repeal '' section below . Timeline of significant events ( edit ) January 12 , 2003 -- Law Professor Tim Wu coins phrase Net Neutrality while discussing `` competing contents and applications . '' June 27 , 2005 -- Supreme Court decides that `` communications , content , and applications are allowed to pass freely over the Internet 's broadband pipes . '' September 1 , 2007 -- Comcast begins interfering with Bittorrent traffic on its network . January 9 , 2008 -- FCC investigates Comcast traffic policy and treatment of Bittorrent traffic . August 9 , 2010 -- Google and Verizon try to cut deal to make larger parts of internet to be exempt from protection from the net neutrality rules from the FCC . December 21 , 2010 -- FCC creates Open Internet Rules which `` established high - level rules requiring transparency and prohibiting blocking and unreasonable discrimination to protect Internet openness . '' September 23 , 2011 -- The Federal Register publishes the Open Internet Rules . January 14 , 2014 -- The ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC ( 2014 ) vacates significant parts of Open Internet Order 2010 . May 13 , 2014 -- FCC releases new proposal including new rules on allowing `` fast lanes and slow lanes online . '' June 13 , 2014 -- FCC investigates large companies such as Netflix for interconnection policies . July 15 , 2014 -- FCC opens up on Public Knowledge for public comments , received 1.1 million comments on the first day . Determined that `` less than 1 % of comments were clearly opposed to net neutrality . '' September 15 , 2014 -- FCC receives 3.7 million comments in total . `` The FCC 's server crashes again as millions more people , companies , and advocacy organizations weigh in on the open internet rules . '' February 26 , 2015 -- FCC passes the Title II Net Neutrality Rules . `` In a 3 -- 2 party - line vote , the FCC passes open internet rules applying to both wired and wireless internet connections grounded in Title II authority . '' June 12 , 2015 -- Net neutrality rules go into effect . June 14 , 2016 -- New rules are upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . January 23 , 2017 -- President Trump names Ajit Pai as new FCC chairman . April 26 , 2017 -- FCC Chairman Ajit Pai announces plan to reverse Title II regulations . May 1 , 2017 -- A U.S. appeals court declined to reconsider a rehearing of the FCC 's net neutrality case . May 18 , 2017 -- The FCC voted 2 -- 1 to start rolling back net neutrality regulations ; this vote marked the beginning of a lengthy process required to modify the existing rules , and it did not actually change said rules . June 6 , 2017 -- Amazon , Reddit , Netflix and many other internet organizations announce that they will hold a simultaneous `` Day of Action to Save Net Neutrality '' on July 12 in a final attempt to convince the Republican - controlled FCC to keep the current net neutrality rules . July 12 , 2017 -- The net neutrality ' day of action ' occurred , involving many major companies and the original founder of the Web , Tim Berners - Lee . July 17 , 2017 -- Comment Date for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' NPRM . August 30 , 2017 -- Reply Comment Date for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' NPRM . November 21 , 2017 -- FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveils plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . The five person FCC vote for repeal is scheduled for December 14 , 2017 . December 14 , 2017 -- The FCC votes 3 to 2 , along party lines , in favor of reversing Title II regulations . Violations ( edit ) Many broadband operators imposed various contractual limits on the activities of their subscribers . In the best known examples , Cox Cable disciplined users of virtual private networks ( VPNs ) and AT&T , as a cable operator , warned customers that using a Wi - Fi service for home networking constituted `` theft of service '' and a federal crime . Comcast blocked ports of VPNs , forcing the state of Washington , for example , to contract with telecommunications providers to ensure that its employees had access to unimpeded broadband for telecommuting applications . Other broadband providers proposed to start charging service and content providers in return for higher levels of service ( higher network priority , faster or more predictable ) , creating what is known as a tiered Internet . In 2005 , North Carolina ISP Madison River Communications blocked the voice - over-internet protocol ( VOIP ) service Vonage . The FCC issued a Letter of Inquiry to Madison River , initiating an investigation . To avoid litigation , Madison River agreed to make a voluntary payment of fifteen thousand dollars and agreed to not block ports used for VoIP applications or otherwise prevent customers from using VoIP applications . According to the consent decree , `` The Parties agree that this Consent Decree does not constitute either an adjudication on the merits or a factual or legal finding regarding any compliance or noncompliance with the requirements of the Act and the Commission 's orders and rules . The Parties agree that this Consent Decree is for settlement purposes only . '' In September 2012 , a group of public interest organizations such as Free Press , Public Knowledge and the New America Foundation 's Open Technology Institute filed a complaint with the FCC that AT&T was violating net neutrality rules by restricting use of Apple 's video - conferencing application FaceTime on cellular networks to those who have a shared data plan on AT&T , excluding those with older , unlimited or tiered data plans . The FCC response noted that `` Although this report does not attempt to engage in any legal interpretations of the Open Internet Order , we do note that the Order treats these mobile broadband networks differently from traditional fixed networks . While both fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose their management practices , mobile broadband providers have greater latitude for blocking devices and applications ( as long as they do not compete with the provider 's own voice or video telephony services ) and discriminating in how they serve traffic , in accordance with reasonable network - management practices . '' Attempted legislation ( edit ) Main article : Attempted net neutrality legislation in the United States Arguments associated with net neutrality regulations came into prominence in mid-2002 with nine different bills introduced on this issue between 2006 and 2013 . Positions ( edit ) There has been extensive debate about whether net neutrality should be required by law in the United States . Debate over the issue predates the coining of the term . Advocates of net neutrality have raised concerns about the ability of broadband providers to use their last mile infrastructure to block Internet applications and content ( e.g. websites , services , and protocols ) , and even to block out competitors . While opponents claim net neutrality regulations would deter investment into improving broadband infrastructure and try to fix something that is n't broken . In 2014 Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School suggested that municipal broadband might be a possible solution to net neutrality concerns . Support of net neutrality ( edit ) Organizations that support net neutrality come from widely varied political backgrounds and include groups such as MoveOn.org , Free Press , Consumer Federation of America , AARP , American Library Association , Gun Owners of America , Public Knowledge , the Media Access Project , the Christian Coalition , TechNet , the American Civil Liberties Union , the Electronic Frontier Foundation , Greenpeace , Tumblr , Kickstarter , Vimeo , Wikia , Mozilla Foundation , and others . Prominent supporters of net neutrality include Vinton Cerf , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol ; Tim Berners - Lee , creator of the World Wide Web ; law professor Tim Wu ; Netflix CEO Reed Hastings ; Tumblr founder David Karp ; and Last Week Tonight host John Oliver , who created two full - length Last Week Tonight segments about the issue . In December 2017 , 83 % of voters supported keeping the rules on net neutrality , including 75 % of Republican voters , 89 % of Democratic voters , and 86 % of independent voters . Proponents of net neutrality , in particular those in favor of reclassification of broadband to `` common carrier '' , have many concerns about the potential for discriminatory service on the part of providers such as Comcast . Common - carriage principles require network operators to serve the public regardless of geographical location , district income levels , or usage . Telecommunications companies are required to provide services , such as phone access , to all consumers on the premise that it is a necessity that should be available to all people equally . If the FCC 's ability to regulate this aspect is removed , providers could cease to offer services to low income neighborhoods or rural environments . Those in favor of net neutrality often cite that the internet is now an educational necessity , and as such should not be doled out at the discrimination of private companies , whose profit - oriented models cause a conflict of interest . Outside of the US several countries have removed net neutrality protocols and have started double charging for delivering content ( once to consumer and again to content providers ) . This equates to a toll being required for certain internet access , essentially limiting what is available to all people , in particular low income households . Large already well established companies may not be hurt by the cost increase that providers such as Comcast intend to levy upon them , but it would permanently stifle small businesses and the internet 's ability to encourage start - ups . Many have pointed out that sites such as Facebook , Google , and Amazon would not have been able to survive if net neutrality had n't been in place . Concerns abound as to what kind of long term damage would be inflicted on future website innovations , including educational content such as MIT 's OpenCourseWare which is a free website offering online video lectures to the public . Michael Conti , the CEO of Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School , suggests that the children 's education is at stake and that lessons that incorporate the use of the internet are under risk since charter and public schools may not afford the Internet ; in addition , families may not be able to afford Internet at home for their children 's educational needs . Students from virtual charter schools , public schools , children with special needs and homeschool children all depend mostly on web instructions , according to Charamonte . Barbara Stripling , the president of the American Library Association states : `` School , public and college libraries rely upon the public availability of open , affordable Internet access for school homework assignments , distance learning classes , e-government services , licensed databases , job - training videos , medical and scientific research , and many other essential services , we must ensure the same quality access to online educational content as to entertainment and other commercial offerings . '' Previously existing FCC rules do not prevent telecommunications companies from charging fees to certain content providers in exchange for preferential treatment ( the so - called `` fast lanes '' ) . Neutrality advocates Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig have argued that the FCC does have regulatory power over the matter , following from the must - carry precedent set in the Supreme Court case Turner Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission . Net neutrality proponents argue that telecom companies seek to impose a tiered service model in order to control the pipeline and thereby remove competition , create artificial scarcity , and oblige subscribers to buy their otherwise noncompetitive services . Many believe net neutrality to be primarily important for the preservation of current internet freedoms ; a lack of net neutrality would allow Internet service providers , such as Comcast , to extract payment from content providers like Netflix , and these charges would ultimately be passed on to consumers . Civil rights organizations , such as the Color of Change , the National Hispanic Media Coalition , and more argue that net neutrality is also important for communities of color because it allows for them to tell their own stories and `` organize for racial and social justice . '' Much of the mainstream media does not showcase these minority people , so these organizations believe that it is important to open the Internet into giving these people some sort of broadcast station . By doing so , their voices can be heard , because beforehand ISPs could `` block unpopular speech and prevent dissident voices from speaking freely online . '' As a result , net neutrality has become a social controversy , not just a technological one . In May 2014 , some websites admitted to inserting code that slowed access to their site by users from known FCC IP addresses , as a protest on the FCC 's position on net neutrality . On his show Last Week Tonight , Oliver took on the issue of net neutrality for the first time in 2014 , in the show 's first season . The episode went viral with 13 million views on YouTube and prompted 45,000 comments on the FCC website . Former FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler cites Oliver 's episode as a turning point in the issue of net neutrality . `` John Oliver took the ultimate arcane issue , Title II , and made it something that got people interested . And that 's good . '' Oliver returned to the issue of net neutrality on his May 7 , 2017 , episode in response to Chairman Pai 's promise to get rid of the regulation . He prompted viewers to once again comment on the FCC website by buying the domain gofccyourself.com , which garnered 1.6 million contributions . Opposition to net neutrality ( edit ) Opponents to net neutrality include FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai , the FreedomWorks Foundation , the Reason Foundation , Multiple technology companies , VOIP pioneers Daniel Berninger and Jeff Pulver , Electronic Frontier Foundation founder John Perry Barlow. and Citizens Against Government Waste . Prominent opponents also include Netscape founder and venture capitalist Marc Andreessen , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol Bob Kahn , PayPal founder and Facebook investor Peter Thiel , MIT Media Lab founder Nicholas Negroponte , Internet engineer and former Chief Technologist for the FCC David Farber , VOIP pioneer Jeff Pulver and Nobel Prize economist Gary Becker . Organizations and companies that oppose net neutrality regulations include several major technology hardware companies , cable and telecommunications companies , hundreds of small internet service providers , various think tanks , several civil rights groups , and others . Opponents argue that net neutrality would benefit industry lobbyists , and not consumers due to the potential of regulatory capture with policies that protect incumbent interests . Former hedge fund manager turned journalist Andy Kessler has argued , the threat of eminent domain against the telecommunication providers , instead of new legislation , is the best approach by forcing competition and better services . One print ad frames the Hands Off the Internet message in pro-consumer terms . `` Net neutrality means consumers will be stuck paying more for their Internet access to cover the big online companies ' share , '' the ad claims . In November 2005 , Edward Whitacre Jr. , then chief executive officer of SBC Communications , stated `` there 's going to have to be some mechanism for these ( Internet upstarts ) who use these pipes to pay for the portion they 're using '' , and that `` The Internet ca n't be free in that sense , because we and the cable companies have made an investment , '' sparking a furious debate . SBC spokesman Michael Balmoris said that Whitacre was misinterpreted and his comments only referred to new tiered services . Net neutrality laws are generally opposed by the cable television and telephone industries . Net neutrality opponents such as IBM , Intel , Juniper , Qualcomm , and Cisco claim that net neutrality would deter investment into broadband infrastructure , saying that `` shifting to Title II means that instead of billions of broadband investment driving other sectors of the economy forward , any reduction in this spending will stifle growth across the entire economy . Title II is going to lead to a slowdown , if not a hold , in broadband build out , because if you do n't know that you can recover on your investment , you wo n't make it . '' Others argue that the regulation is `` a solution that wo n't work to a problem that simply does n't exist '' . Critics of net neutrality argue that data discrimination is desirable for reasons like guaranteeing quality of service . Bob Kahn , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol , called the term net neutrality a slogan and opposes establishing it , but he admits that he is against the fragmentation of the net whenever this becomes excluding to other participants . Vint Cerf , Kahn 's co-founder of the Internet Protocol , explains the confusion over their positions on net neutrality , `` There 's also some argument that says , well you have to treat every packet the same . That 's not what any of us said . Or you ca n't charge more for more usage . We did n't say that either . '' Alternative FCC proposals ( edit ) An alternate position was proposed in 2010 by then - FCC Commissioner Julius Genachowski , which would narrowly reclassify Internet access as a telecommunication service under Title Two of the Communications Act of 1934 . It would apply only six common carrier rules under the legal principle of forbearance that would sufficiently prevent unreasonable discrimination and mandate reasonable net neutrality policies under the concept of common carriage . Incumbent ISP AT&T opposed the idea saying that common carrier regulations would `` cram today 's broadband Internet access providers into an ill - fitting 20th century regulatory silo '' while Google supported the FCC proposal `` In particular , the Third Way will promote legal certainty and regulatory predictability to spur investment , ensure that the Commission can fulfill the tremendous promise of the National Broadband Plan , and make it possible for the Commission to protect and serve all broadband users , including through meaningful enforcement '' . In October 2014 , after the initial proposal was shot down , the FCC began drafting a new proposal that would take a hybrid regulatory approach to the issue . Although this alternative has not yet been circulated , it is said to propose that there be a divide between `` wholesale '' and `` retail '' transactions . In order to illustrate clear rules that are grounded by law , reclassification of Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 will be involved as well as parts of Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Data being sent between content provider and ISPs will involve stricter regulations compared to transactions between ISP 's and consumers , which will involve more lax parameters . Restrictions on offering a data fast lane will be enforced between content providers and ISPs to avoid unfair advantages . This hybrid proposal has become the most popular solution among the three options that FCC has reported . However , ISPs , such as AT&T who has already warned the public via tweet `` any use of Title II would be problematic '' , are expected to dispute this solution . The official proposal was rumored to become public by the end of 2014 . Opinions cautioning against legislation ( edit ) In 2006 Bram Cohen , the creator of BitTorrent , said `` I most definitely do not want the Internet to become like television where there 's actual censorship ... however it is very difficult to actually create network neutrality laws which do n't result in an absurdity , like making it so that ISPs ca n't drop spam or stop ... attacks . '' In June 2007 , the US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) urged restraint with respect to new regulations proposed by net neutrality advocates , noting the `` broadband industry is a relatively young and evolving one , '' and given no `` significant market failure or demonstrated consumer harm from conduct by broadband providers '' such regulations `` may well have adverse effects on consumer welfare , despite the good intentions of their proponents . '' The FTC conclusions were questioned in Congress in September 2007 , when Sen. Byron Dorgan , D-N. D. , chairman of the Senate interstate commerce , trade and tourism subcommittee , told FTC Chairwoman Deborah Platt Majoras that he feared new services as groundbreaking as Google could not get started in a system with price discrimination . In 2011 Aparna Watal , a legal officer at an Internet company named Attomic Labs , has put forward three points for resisting any urge `` to react legislatively to the apparent regulatory crisis '' . Firstly , `` contrary to the general opinion , the Comcast decision does not uproot the Commission 's authority to regulate ISPs . Section 201 ( b ) of the Act , which was cited as an argument by the Commission but not addressed by the Court on procedural grounds , could grant the Commission authority to regulate broadband Internet services where they render `` charges , practices and regulations for , and in connection with '' common carrier services unjust and unreasonable . '' Secondly , she suggests , it is `` undesirable and premature to legislatively mandate network neutrality or for the Commission to adopt a paternalistic approach on the issue ... ( as ) there have been few overt incidents to date , and the costs of those incidents to consumers have been limited . '' She cites `` prompt media attention and public backlash '' as effective policing tools to prevent ISPs from throttling traffic . She suggests that it `` would be more prudent to consider introducing modest consumer protection rules , such as requiring ISPs to disclose their network management practices and to allow for consumers to switch ISPs inexpensively , rather than introducing network neutrality laws . '' `` While by regulating broadband services the commission is not directly regulating content and applications on the Internet '' , content will be affected by the reclassification . `` The different layers of the Internet work in tandem with each other such that there is no possibility of throttling or improving one layer 's performance without impacting the other layers ... To let the Commission regulate broadband pipelines connecting to the Internet and disregard that it indirectly involves regulating the data that runs through them will lead to a complex , overlapping , and fractured regulatory landscape in the years to come . '' Unresolved issues ( edit ) As of 2006 the debate over `` neutrality '' did not yet capture some dimensions of the topic ; for example , whether voice packets should get higher priority than packets carrying email or whether emergency services , mission - critical , or life - saving applications , such as tele - medicine , should get priority over spam . Alternatives to cable and DSL ( edit ) Cable companies have lobbied Congress for a federal preemption to ban states and municipalities from competing and thereby interfering with interstate commerce . However , there is current Supreme Court precedent for an exception to the Commerce Power of Congress for states as states going into business for their citizens . In 2006 it was proposed that neither municipal wireless nor other technological solutions such as encryption , onion routing , or time - shifting DVR would be sufficient to render possible discrimination moot . Utility company restrictions ( edit ) EPB , the municipal utility serving Chattanooga , Tennessee , petitioned the FCC to allow them to deliver internet to communities outside of the 600 - square mile area that they service . A similar petition was made by Wilson , North Carolina . According to FCC officials , some residents who lived just outside the service areas of the Chattanooga and Wilson utilities then had no broadband service available . One of the two February 26 , 2015 , rulings set aside those states ' restrictions on municipal broadband , although legal challenges to the FCC 's authority to do so were seen as likely . Repeal ( edit ) On November 21 , 2017 , FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . A vote was held on December 14 , 2017 , and the FCC voted 3 -- 2 , along party lines , to repeal the Title II net neutrality . This decision -- and the previously announced intention to take this decision -- has generated a flurry of activity to restore net neutrality at the state level in spite of this FCC action , including a number of bills introduced into the legislatures in various states to require net neutrality by either ( a ) state regulation or ( b ) to obtain a contract with any state ( and in some cases ) local governmental body . Executive orders effective immediately ( edit ) Particularly noteworthy are the actions of the governors of Montana ( on January 22 ) , New York ( on January 24 ) and New Jersey ( on February 5 ) to issue executive orders mandating that state agencies will only sign contracts for Internet access with companies that make enforceable commitments to abide by net neutrality principles for all their business within the state . These executive orders impact contract negotiations immediately for all contracts that become effective after a certain date -- unless the executive orders are blocked by court action or are rescinded by the governor or state legislature . Other actions pending ( edit ) Other attempts by net neutrality supporters are still pending , awaiting , e.g. , court action or votes in legislative bodies . Oregonians for Net Neutrality are trying to collect enough signatures to place this issue on their November 6 , 2018 , ballot . As of Monday , January 15 , 2018 , 50 United States senators endorsed legislative action to reverse the repeal of Title II net neutrality by passing a resolution of disapproval . 51 votes are required to pass the resolution . Pending state legislation falls primarily into two general categories : ( a ) regulation and ( b ) contracting with state and possibly sub-state entities . Both might be overturned by courts , depending on how the courts rule on the conflict between the state actions and section III. E. 7ff of this FCC order regarding , `` Preemption of Inconsistent State and Local Regulations '' : While it 's impossible to predict how courts may rule , on the surface this section suggests that state regulations in this area may not be enforceable . And courts may or may not overrule the use of state contracting authority in this area as being equivalent to impermissible regulation . An effort is underway to overturn this decision in the US Congress under the Congressional Review Act . However , that seems unlikely to succeed unless it becomes apparent to President Trump and his supporters in Congress that they could lose control of the US Congress on this issue . Less than an hour after the results were published , the state attorneys general for Washington and New York announced that they were suing the FCC over its decision . Attorneys general for other states announced their intention to join this suit . This suit against the FCC was formally filed on January 16 , 2018 in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by the Attorney General of New York on behalf of 21 States and the District of Columbia . On February 5 , 2018 , Governor Phil Murphy of New Jersey announced that New Jersey will join 21 States and D.C. in this lawsuit . The new regulations appeared in the Federal Register on February 22 , 2018 , giving opponents of the FCC 's decision 60 days from that date to prevent the new regulations from going into effect . The multi-state lawsuit was refiled on February 22 , including 22 states and the District of Columbia . Summary of state - level net neutrality actions ( edit ) The status as of February 26 , 2018 , of executive orders and pending action at state levels is summarized as follows : entity executive order suing the FCC other action bill - number description Alaska 2018 - 01 - 12 HB277 regulation 2018 - 01 - 24 SJRes 12 resolution 2018 - 01 - 24 SB 160 regulation California 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 03 SB - 822 regulation 2018 - 01 - 22 SB - 460 state contracts Connecticut 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 29 draft legislation Delaware 2018 - 01 - 16 District of Columbia 2018 - 01 - 16 Georgia 2017 - 12 - 18 SB 310 regulation Hawaii 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 18 draft legislation Illinois 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 11 draft legislation Iowa 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 02 - 01 draft legislation Kansas 2018 - 02 - 07 HB 2682 state contracts Kentucky 2018 - 01 - 16 Maine 2018 - 01 - 16 Maryland 2018 - 01 - 16 Massachussetts 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 19 SD. 2428 regulation 2018 - 02 - 06 hearing Minnesota 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 19 draft legislation Mississippi 2018 - 01 - 16 Montana 2018 - 01 - 22 Nebraska 2018 - 01 - 05 Legislative Bill 856 regulation New Jersey 2018 - 02 - 05 2018 - 02 - 05 2017 - 12 - 04 A. 5257 monitoring New Mexico 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 21 SB 39 regulation 2018 - 01 - 23 SB 155 regulation New York 2018 - 01 - 24 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 03 S07175 state contracts 2018 - 01 - 03 S07183 state & local contracts 2017 - 12 - 22 S08882 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 18 A09057 state & local conracts 2017 - 01 - 17 A01958 regulation New York City 2018 - 01 - 22 request for information North Carolina 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 11 draft legislation Oregon 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 21 ballot initiative drive Pennsylvania 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 26 possible executive order 2018 - 02 - 09 SB 1033 state & local contracts Rhode Island 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 10 H 7076 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 11 S 2008 state & local contracts South Dakota 2018 - 02 - 06 SB 195 state contracts Tennessee 2018 - 01 - 23 SB 1756 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 23 HB 1755 state & local contracts Vermont 2018 - 02 - 15 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 31 H. 680 state contracts Virginia 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 09 HB 705 regulation Washington ( state ) 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 13 HB 2282 regulation 2017 - 12 - 14 HB 2284 regulation 2018 - 01 - 17 SB 6446 state contracts Wisconsin 2018 - 01 - 25 draft legislation See also ( edit ) Commercialization of the Internet Economic rent Municipal broadband Series of tubes Notes ( edit ) Associated Press ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , `` Nearly two dozen attorneys general sue to block FCC 's repeal of net neutrality rules '' , USA Today , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , Protective Petition for Review , Case No. 18 - 1013 ( PDF ) , Attorney General of the State of New York , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 , State of New York , State of California , State of Connecticut , State of Delaware , State of Hawaii , State of Illinois , State of Iowa , Commonwealth of Kentucky , State of Maine , State of Maryland , Commonwealth of Massachusetts , State of Minnesota , State of Mississippi , State of New Mexico , State of North Carolina , State of Oregon , Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , State of Rhode Island , State of Vermont , Commonwealth of Virginia , State of Washington , and the District of Columbia Petitioners , v. Federal Communications Commission , and United States of America , Respondents . FCC Restoring Internet Freedom Order ( 2018 ) : Declaratory ruling , report , and order in the matter of restoring Internet freedom ( PDF ) , U.S. Federal Communications Commission , 2018 - 01 - 04 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 Fight for the Future ( 2018 ) , These states are fighting for net neutrality . Is yours one of them ? , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 Kang , Cecilia ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) , `` States Push Back After Net Neutrality Repeal '' , New York Times , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 , Lawmakers in at least six states , including California and New York , have introduced bills in recent weeks that would forbid internet providers to block or slow down sites or online services . Legislators in several other states , including North Carolina and Illinois , are weighing similar action ... Bills have also been introduced in Massachusetts , Nebraska , Rhode Island and Washington . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Net Neutrality Is Trump 's Next Target , Administration Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` House Votes Against ' Net Neutrality '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T , Comcast Rout Google , Microsoft in Net Neutrality Battle '' . Bloomberg News . July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text -- 109th Congress ( 2005 -- 2006 ) -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . loc.gov . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolasia , Merra ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` The Debate about Net Neutrality and Why We Should Care '' . DOGO News . Jump up ^ Hern , Alex ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Net neutrality : why are Americans so worried about it being scrapped ? '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . In the US , much of the population has essentially no choice over who to buy broadband from , with local monopolies enshrined in law and a nationwide duopoly providing access to high - speed connections for three quarters of the nation . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` FCC Adopts Strong , Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weisman , Jonathan ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` As Republicans Concede , F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality '' . The New York Times . CNBC . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lohr , Steve ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice '' . 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Will Allow a Web Fast Lane , Washington , DC , retrieved April 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Nagesh , Gautham ( April 23 , 2014 ) , FCC to Propose New ' Net Neutrality ' Rules : Proposal Would Allow Broadband Providers to Give Preferential Treatment to Some Traffic , Washington , DC : Wall Street Journal , retrieved April 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` F.C.C. , in a shift , backs fast lanes for web traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hattem , Julian ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` NYT blasts net neutrality proposal '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gustin , Sam ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Net Neutrality : FCC Boss Smacked by Tech Giants , Internal Dissent '' . TIME . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nagesh , Gautham ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Internet Companies , Two FCC Commissioners Disagree With Proposed Broadband Regulations '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . 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The Economist . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NYT Editorial Board ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepulveda , Ambassador Daniel A. ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate , So Let 's Get It Right '' . Wired ( website ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald ( @ realDonaldTrump ) ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Obama 's attack on the internet is another top down power grab . Net neutrality is the Fairness Doctrine . Will target conservative media '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 -- via Twitter . 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Clyburn to Restoring Internet freedom '' ( PDF ) , WC Docket No. 17 - 108 , U.S. Federal Communications Commission , pp. 67 -- 68 , retrieved July 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Falcon , Ernesto Omar , Ernesto Falcon , Legislative Council , Electronic Frontier Foundation , retrieved July 28 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Graves , Spencer B. ; Falcon , Ernesto ( July 25 , 2017 ) , $15 minimum wage on Aug. 8 ballot in KCMO plus Trump 's attack on net neutrality , KKFI , retrieved July 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Turner , S. Derek ( May 2017 ) , It 's Working : How the Internet Access and Online Video Markets Are Thriving in the Title II Era ( PDF ) , Free Press , retrieved July 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ See Turner ( 2017 ) and the summary of it in Table 1 in Friends of Community Media Reply Comment in Opposition to Restoring Internet Freedom NPRM , U.S. Federal Communications Commission , 2017 - 08 - 30 , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Startups for Net Neutrality '' . Engine . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Mitchell . `` A Major Victory for the Open Web '' . The Mozilla Blog . Mozilla . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Alan ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Vint Cerf speaks out on net neutrality '' . Blogspot.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Berners - Lee ( June 21 , 2006 ) . `` Net Neutrality : This is serious '' . Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory , the Decentralized Information Group . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Belvedere , Matthew J. ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tumblr CEO : Net rules like Bill of Rights '' . Jump up ^ `` Net Neutrality : How Open - Internet Activists Won Big '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Tim Berners - Lee . `` Net Neutrality : This is serious '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neidig , Harper ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : 83 percent of voters support keeping FCC 's net neutrality rules '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Overwhelming Bipartisan Majority Opposes Repealing Net Neutrality Program for Public Consultation '' . www.publicconsultation.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` What Net Neutrality Means for Students and Educators - NEA Today '' . NEA Today . 2015 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` In Developing Countries , Google and Facebook Already Defy Net Neutrality -- MIT Technology Review '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entrepreneurs Explain How The End of Net Neutrality Would Mean Their Startups Do n't Exist '' . Techdirt . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Net Neutrality and the Future of the Internet '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MIT OpenCourseWare -- Free Online Course Materials '' . mit.edu . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chiaramonte , Perry ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Educators fear net neutrality reversal will increase cost of learning '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig and Robert W. McChesney ( June 8 , 2006 ) . `` No Tolls on The Internet '' . Columns . Jump up ^ Morran , Chris ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` These 2 Charts From Comcast Show Why Net Neutrality Is Vital '' . The Consumerist . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rao , Sameer ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Digital Equity Groups Explain How FCC Chair 's Net Neutrality Rollback Will Hurt Communities of Color '' . Color Lines . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Net Neutrality : What You Need to Know Now '' . Save The Internet . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Robert ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Websites Throttle FCC Staffers to Protest Gutting of Net Neutrality '' . Wired . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Balto , David ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` What John Oliver wo n't tell you about net neutrality '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hu , Elise ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` John Oliver Helps Rally 45,000 Net Neutrality Comments To FCC '' . NPR . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macri , Giuseppe ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` FCC Chairman : Comedian John Oliver Helped Drive Net Neutrality '' . Inside Sources . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` John Oliver Skewers Critics in Latest Plea for Net Neutrality '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oral Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Ajit Pai '' . Federal Communication Commission . February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Net neutrality is bad policy for the U.S. and bad policy for the world '' . Freedom Works Post . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fear - Based Campaign to Control the Net '' . Reason Foundation . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Intel , IBM and Cisco team up to fight net neutrality by reclassifying the internet '' . The Inquirer . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet Pioneers Decry Title II Rules -- Light Reading '' . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Holman W. ; Jr ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` The Net Neutrality Crack - Up '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Sky is Not Falling , and the World is n't Going to End '' . Citizens Against Government Wast . December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anne Veigle , `` Groups Spent $42 Million on Net Neutrality Ads , Study Finds , '' Communications Daily , July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ SaveTheInternet.com , `` One Million Americans Urge Senate to Save the Internet , '' at http://www.savetheinternet.com/=press11 Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( last visited August 4 , 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Robert Kahn and Ed Feigenbaum ( January 9 , 2007 ) . An Evening with Robert Kahn . Computer History Museum . Archived from the original ( WMV ) on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Partial transcript : Hu-Berlin.de Archived September 28 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NET NEUTRALITY AND CONSUMER WELFARE faculty.chicagobooth.edu Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future with Peter Thiel '' . Jump up ^ `` Marc Andreessen on net neutrality -- Marginal REVOLUTION '' . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Negroponte , Nicholas ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Nicholas Negroponte : Net Neutrality Does n't Make Sense '' . Jump up ^ `` Intel , IBM and Cisco team up to fight net neutrality by reclassifying the internet -- TheINQUIRER '' . Jump up ^ http://www.fcc.gov/article/doc-332260a5 Jump up ^ Jeffrey H. Birnbaum , `` No Neutral Ground in This Internet Battle , '' The Washington Post , July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Thierer , Adam ( December 21 , 2010 ) Who 'll Really Benefit from Net Neutrality Regulation ? , CBS News Jump up ^ Kessler , Andy ( June 26 , 2006 ) . `` Give Me Bandwidth ... '' The Weekly Standard . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hands Off the Internet , '' full page print ad in The Washington Post , May 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` At SBC , It 's All About `` Scale and Scope '' `` . Information Technology / Online Extra . BusinessWeek . November 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` SBC Head Ignites Access Debate '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon , AT&T : Net neutrality not OK for wireless '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Telecom Industry Owns Congress So Can Net Neutrality Really Be Saved ? '' . Carbonated.TV . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tech and Manufacturing Companies Warn Against Title II '' . Jump up ^ `` FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai : Net Neutrality is a `` Solution That Wo n't Work to a Problem That Does n't Exist '' `` . February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 insights from Vint Cerf on bitcoin , net neutrality and more '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , Nate ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Virgin Queen meets broadband : a third way for net neutrality '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lasar , Matthew ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Few neutrals in debate over `` third way '' net neutrality plan `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : EDWARD WYATT . `` F.C.C. Considering Hybrid Regulatory Approach to Net Neutrality '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Kate ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` FCC To Propose New `` Hybrid '' Approach To Net Neutrality `` . Jump up ^ Livingstone , Adam ( May 30 , 2006 ) . `` BitTorrent : Shedding no tiers '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy Staff Report '' ( PDF ) . ftc.gov . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Chair Takes on FTC in Net Neutrality Fight '' . PCMAG . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Watal , Aparna A Co-regulatory Approach to Reasonable Network Management Jump up ^ `` Is Net Neutrality Bad for National Preparedness ? '' Archived February 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , K.A. Taipale , Center for Advanced Studies in Sci. & Tech . Policy Research Brief No. 06 - 14 ( June 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Fung , Brian ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Cable companies want to block cities from building fiber networks . Here 's how the FCC could intervene '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Various ( August 31 , 2006 ) . `` Scenarios for the Network Neutrality Arms Race '' ( PDF ) . web.si.umich.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ States , stand down ! Let community broadband innovate , Gigaom Inc , July 27 , 2014 , Craig Settles Jump up ^ `` FCC chief plans to ditch U.S. ' net neutrality ' rules '' . Reuters . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` F.C.C. Plans Net Neutrality Repeal in a Victory for Telecoms '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : News desk , news partner ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) , Oregon Net Neutrality Initiative Filed With State Secretary : Oregonians for Net Neutrality will need nearly 90,000 signatures to get their initiative on the November 2018 ballot. , Across Oregon Patch , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Fung , Brian ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Senate 's push to overrule the FCC on net neutrality now has 50 votes , Democrats say '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : States warming up net - neutrality lawsuits '' . ABC News . Associated Press . December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California , Washington and NY to take action after net neutrality vote '' . CNet . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . `` State attorneys general line up to sue FCC over net neutrality repeal '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . `` After FCC Abandons Net Neutrality , States Take Up the Fight '' . Wired . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Brodkin , Jon ( @ jbrodkin ) ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` So far , lawsuit against FCC looks like it will include NY , Washington , Oregon , Illinois , Iowa , Massachusetts , and more likely to come ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Glaser , April ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the States That Are Planning to Sue to Protect Net Neutrality '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . `` 10 states and counting are suing Trump for censoring the internet '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . `` New Mexico joins multi-state lawsuit in the repeal of net neutrality rules '' . KOB 4 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` Connecticut joins multi-state net - neutrality lawsuit '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) ; Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` 22 states and DC are suing the FCC in last - ditch effort to preserve net neutrality '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 23 state AGs refile lawsuit challenging net neutrality repeal '' . CNET. 2018 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/petition.pdf Jump up ^ Fight for the Future ( 2018 ) Jump up ^ REPRESENTATIVES KAWASAKI , Parish , Tuck , Fansler , Drummond , Gara , Kreiss - Tomkins , Spohnholz ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , Broadband Internet : neutrality / regulation , HB 277 , Alaska state legislature ( published 2018 - 01 - 12 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Granger , Erin ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) , `` Alaska legislator introduces net neutrality bill '' , Fairbanks Daily News - Miner , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ SENATORS WIELECHOWSKI , Gardner , Begich , Olson , Costello , Hughes , Wilson ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , A RESOLUTION Urging the United States Congress to overturn the Federal Communication Commission 's order ending net neutrality . ( PDF ) , Alaska state legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ SENATOR BEGICH ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , An Act relating to the regulation of broadband Internet ; and making certain actions by broadband Internet service providers unlawful acts or practices under the Alaska Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , SB 160 , Alaska state legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Senator Wiener ( Principal coauthors : Senators Allen , Dodd , Hill , McGuire , Monning , and Skinner ) ( Principal coauthors : Assembly Members Bloom , Bonta , Chiu , Friedman , Kalra , and Mullin ) ( Coauthor : Assembly Member Ting ) ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , `` Broadband Internet access service '' , California Legislative Information , SB - 822 , California legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senator De León ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , `` Communications : broadband Internet access service '' , California Legislative Information , SB - 460 , California legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Donahue , Casey ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) , `` Duff To Introduce Connecticut Net Neutrality Legislation In 2018 '' , Norwalk Daily Voice , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Senators Jones II of the 22nd , Henson of the 41st , Tate of the 38th , Jordan of the 6th , Seay of the 34th ; et al. ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Internet Service Provider ; engaged in provision of broadband Internet access service ; shall publicly disclose accurate information regarding the network management practices , SB 310 , Georgia General Assembly ( published 2017 - 12 - 18 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) , A Hawaiian Politician Is Introducing a Bill That Would Encourage Creation of Locally Owned Broadband Networks : `` One option is to reject corporate internet service providers altogether , and control the internet ourselves . '' , Motherboard , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 ^ Jump up to : Kang ( 2018 ) Jump up ^ Local teen helping lawmakers draft a net neutrality bill , Ceder Rapids , IA : KCRG - TV9 , 2018 - 02 - 01 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Representatives Parker , Clayton , Curtis , Highberger , Ohaebosim and Probst , Prohibiting state contracts with internet service providers that do not adhere to net neutrality principles , HB 2682 , Kansas Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Neal , David ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) , ' Net Neutrality ' bill introduced in Kansas House , Working Journalist Press , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Barbara A. L'Italien , Andres X . Vargas , Sonia Chang - Diaz , Diana DiZoglio and other members of the General Court ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , An Act protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking , throttling , or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service , SD. 2428 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) , `` NECTA : Federal Net Neutrality Legislation Is Answer : Was scheduled to testify before Massachusetts special committee on net neutrality '' , B&C : The business of television , New Bay Media , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 , The hearing came a day after New Jersey 's governor signed an executive order mandating net neutrality in government contracts , and its attorney general announced it would be the 22nd state joining a suit to overturn the FCC 's net neutrality rule deregulation . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , Two Minnesota legislators say they will push to protect net neutrality in wake of FCC decision : A previous measure aimed at protecting data privacy , Minneapolis , MN : Star Tribune , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Stapleton , Corey ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , Executive order providing for Internet neutrality principles in state procurement ( PDF ) , Executive Order No. 3 - 2018 , Office of the Governor of Montana , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Morfeld , 46 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) , A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to telecommunications and technology ; to amend sections 86 - 125 and 86 - 580 , Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska ; to adopt the Internet Neutrality Act ; to change requirements for communications providers under the Nebraska Telecommunications Regulation Act ; to change provisions relating to financial assistance from the Nebraska Internet Enhancement Fund ; to harmonize provisions ; to provide an operative date ; to provide severability ; and to repeal the original sections . ( PDF ) , Nebraska Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Augustyn , Arthur ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , Murphy signs executive order for net neutrality , NJBiz , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Governor Philip D. Murphy ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , Future contracts for Internet and broadband will be awarded only to ISPs that adhere to `` net neutrality '' ( PDF ) , Executive Order No. 9 , State of New Jersey , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Brodkin , Jon ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , ISPs must follow net neutrality in New Jersey , governor declares : ISPs ca n't block or throttle traffic if they sell broadband to state agencies. , Ars Technica , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Racioppi , Dustin ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , `` NJ to join net neutrality legal challenge against Trump administration '' , North Jersey , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 Jump up ^ Assemblywoman ANNETTE QUIJANO District 20 ( Union ) , Assemblyman WAYNE P. DEANGELO District 14 ( Mercer and Middlesex ) Assemblyman RAJ MUKHERJI District 33 ( Hudson ) , Assemblyman JAMEL C. HOLLEY District 20 ( Union ) , Assemblyman TIM EUSTACE District 38 ( Bergen and Passaic ) Assemblyman JAMES J. KENNEDY District 22 ( Middlesex , Somerset and Union ) ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) , New Jersey Net Neutrality Act ( PDF ) , New Jersey Legislature ( published 2017 - 12 - 04 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Howie C. Morales ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) , Prohibited broadband Internet service acts , SB 39 , New Mexico Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Howie C. Morales ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Broadband access unfair trade practices , SB 155 , New Mexico Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Andrew Cuomo ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Executive order ensuring net neutrality protections for New Yorkers ( PDF ) , Executive order No. 175 , State of New York Executive Chamber , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , order and direct New York State 's government ... not to enter into any contracts for Internet service unless the ISPs agree to adhere to net neutrality principles . Jump up ^ Sen. Parker ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers ; and making an appropriation therefor , S07175 , New York Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Sen. Carlucci ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to instituting internet service neutrality , S07183 , New York Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers , including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... ( W ) here a contract that includes internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency , public authority , public library or municipal corporation ... such ... contract shall require that such internet connection services are compliant with the internet service neutrality ... Jump up ^ M. of A. FAHY , MORELLE , BARRETT , ORTIZ , MAGNARELLI , GOTTFRIED , ENGLEBRIGHT , THIELE , SIMON , D'URSO , GLICK , LUPARDO , JAFFEE , ZEBROWSKI , SANTABARBARA , COLTON , CAHILL , JENNE , GALEF , MOSLEY , ARROYO , SEAWRIGHT , PICHARDO , LIFTON , TITONE , BRABENEC , BRINDISI , DINOWITZ , VANEL , STIRPE , L. ROSENTHAL , STECK , ABINANTI -- Multi-Sponsored by -- M. of A. CROUCH , HOOPER , McDONALD ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to instituting internet service neutrality , S08882 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers , including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... The state finance law is amended by adding ... internet service neutrality requirements in certain procurement contracts ... that includes internet connection services ... awarded by a state agency , public authority , public library or municipal corporation ... CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ M. of A. Cahill ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers ; and making an appropriation therefor , S09057 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ M. of A. Pretlow ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) , AN ACT to amend the public authorities law , the public service law , and the executive law , in relation to reforming the telecommunications sector of the New York economy , by creating a broadband authority , authorizing statewide cable franchises for the purposes of competitive cable service , promoting the wide - spread development of high - capacity broadband internet access , and increasing the availability and quality of services in this key economic development area and ensuring the safety , reliability and affordability of telecommunications services , S01958 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ NYC Connected Truth in Broadband Request for Information , Mayor 's office of the Chief Technology Officer for The City of New York , 2018 - 01 - 22 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Cineas , Fabiola ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) , Pa . Could Be the Next State to Force Net Neutrality by Executive Order , Philadelphia , PA : BizPhilly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 ^ Jump up to : Heckel , Matt ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) , Lawmaker urges Pa. governor to sign executive order on net neutrality , Harrisburg , PA : WYTV - 33 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ FARNESE , BLAKE , SCHWANK , TARTAGLIONE and COSTA ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) , An Act providing for disclosure requirements for broadband Internet access service providers , for prohibitions and for contracts , grants and tax credits ; and imposing civil penalties , SB 1033 , Pennsylvania General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , a Commonwealth agency or political subdivision may not contract with or award grants or tax credits to a provider that fails to comply with this act . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farnese , Lawrence M. , Jr. ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , Senator Larry Farnese Introduces Legislation To Protect Net Neutrality In Pennsylvania , Public. , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Representatives Kennedy , Abney , Shekarchi , Serpa , and Marshall ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) , An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality ( PDF ) , H 7076 , Rhode Island General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , where a contract that includes Internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency , public authority or municipality pursuant to a competitive bidding process or a request for proposal process , such competitive bidding process or request for proposal and the subsequent awarded contract shall require that such Internet connection services are compliant with the Internet service neutrality requirements CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senators DiPalma , Pearson , Calkin , Goldin , and Miller ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) , An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality , S 2008 , Rhode Island General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senators Nesiba , Frerichs , Heinert , Kennedy , and Killer and Representatives Ring , Bartling , Bordeaux , Hawley , Lesmeister , McCleerey , and Wismer ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) , Establish certain provisions regarding the state procurement process for internet , data , and telecommunications services , SD SB195 , Legiscan , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Buie , Jordan ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Democrats propose legislation to preserve net neutrality in Tennessee , Tennessean , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Senate Minority Leader Lee Harris , D - Memphis ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Tennessee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , SB 1756 , Tennessee General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Rep. John Ray Clemmons , D - Nashville ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Tennesseee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , HB 1755 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Landen , Xander ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) , Scott signs executive order on net neutrality , Vermont Digger , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Governor Philip . B Scott ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) , Executive Order : Internet Neutrality in State Procurement ( PDF ) , EO 02 - 18 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Representatives Stevens of Waterbury , Sibilia of Dover , Hill of Wolcott , Baser of Bristol , Belaski of Windsor , Botzow of Pownal , Brumsted of Shelburne , Carr of Brandon , Chesnut - Tangerman of Middletown Springs , Christie of Hartford , Cina of Burlington , Colburn of Burlington , Connor of Fairfield , Conquest of Newbury , Copeland - Hanzas of Bradford , Dakin of Colchester , Donovan of Burlington , Dunn of Essex , Gannon of Wilmington , Gonzalez of Winooski , Haas of Rochester , Head of South Burlington , Houghton of Essex , Howard of Rutland City , Jickling of Randolph , Kitzmiller of Montpelier , Lanpher of Vergennes , Lucke of Hartford , McCormack of Burlington , Morris of Bennington , Mrowicki of Putney , Noyes of Wolcott , Ode of Burlington , O'Sullivan of Burlington , Pajala of Londonderry , Read of Fayston , Scheu of Middlebury , Stuart of Brattleboro , Sullivan of Dorset , Troiano of Stannard , Walz of Barre City , Webb of Shelburne , Weed of Enosburgh , and Yantachka of Charlotte ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) , An act relating to protecting consumers and promoting an open Internet in Vermont ( PDF ) , Vermont Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee J. Carter ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) , Broadband services ; prohibited features , Virginia 's Legislative Information System ( published 2018 - 01 - 09 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Representatives Hansen , Cody , Goodman , Pettigrew , Tarleton , Fey , DeBolt , Bergquist , Springer , Santos , McBride , Smith , Chapman , Slatter , Peterson , Wylie , Fitzgibbon , Morris , Stonier , Lytton , Sawyer , Robinson , Tharinger , Kagi , Pellicciotti , Dolan , Orwall , Valdez , Haler , Kilduff , Senn , Frame , Sells , Kirby , Stanford , Blake , Reeves , Clibborn , Macri , Kloba , Appleton , Stambaugh , Jinkins , Ormsby , Ryu , Hayes , Pollet , Doglio , Ortiz - Self , Riccelli , and McDonald ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) , AN ACT Relating to protecting an open internet in Washington state ; and adding a new chapter to Title 19 RCW ( PDF ) , HB 2282 ( published 2017 - 12 - 13 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , Cody , Tarleton , DeBolt , Springer , Santos , McBride , Chapman , Wylie , Fitzgibbon , Peterson , Morris , Stonier , Kagi , Senn , Kirby , Stanford , Blake , Reeves , Kilduff , Clibborn , Macri , Pettigrew , Orcutt , Stambaugh , Ormsby , Ryu , Hayes , Pollet , Doglio , Ortiz - Self , Riccelli , McDonald , Jinkins , Gregerson ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) , Protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking , throttling , or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service in Washington state. , HB2284 , Washington State Legislature ( published 2017 - 12 - 14 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 , TED - Majority ; 1st substitute bill be substituted , do pass CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( ( Citation author = Carlyle , Hunt , Keiser , Kuderer publication - date = 2018 - 01 - 17 title = Ensuring consumers rights to internet transparency series = SB 6446 publisher = Washington State Legislature url = http://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=6446&Year=2017 accessdate = 2018 - 02 - 14 ) quote = The department , the office of the chief information officer , and all other state agencies are prohibited from entering into contracts with vendors offering broadband internet access services unless the vendor commits to providing equal connection for all users to lawful internet content , applications , and services ... ) Jump up ^ Lawmakers introduce bill to preserve net neutrality rules in Wisconsin , Eau Claire : WQOW , 2018 - 01 - 25 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 , Representative Jonathan Brostoff and Senator Chris Larson are circulating legislation that would keep the protections from net neutrality in Wisconsin ... The bill circulated by Larson and Brostoff would prohibit internet service providers from unnecessarily blocking content , slowing service , or otherwise unreasonably disadvantaging Wisconsin consumers ... U.S. Senate democrats said they will force a vote later this year on the U.S. Federal Communications commission 's reversal of net neutrality rules and will try to make it a key issue in the 2018 congressional elections . Further Reading ( edit ) Gilroy , Angele A. ( November 22 , 2017 ) . The Net Neutrality Debate : Access to Broadband Networks ( PDF ) . Washingon , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Timothy B. Lee ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Beyond net neutrality : the new battle for the future of the internet '' . Vox.com . Washington , DC : Vox Media . External links ( edit ) Federal Communication Commission : `` OpenInternet '' website Internet Policy : Who 's Pulling the Strings against network neutrality in the United States A video on net neutrality Australian ISPs say net neutrality is an American problem Media Capitalism , the State and 21st Century Media Democracy Struggles -- An interview with Robert McChesney Verizon & Google Enter Reported Deal for Tiered Internet Use , Is Net Neutrality in Jeopardy ? -- video report by Democracy Now ! NNSquad The Network Neutrality Squad , an open - membership , open - source effort , enlisting the Internet 's users to help keep the Internet 's operations fair and unhindered from unreasonable restrictions Abandoning `` Net Neutrality , '' FCC Chair Backs Two - Tiered Internet Fees -- video report by Democracy Now ! ( hide ) Net neutrality in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States&oldid=828099085 '' Categories : Internet in the United States Net neutrality by country United States telecommunications policy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did net neutrality first come into effect | [
"Following this ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014), the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) received 3.7 million comments urging it to change classification of the Internet to a telecommunications service, which would allow the FCC to uphold net neutrality. The FCC then changed its analysis, reclassified retail providers of BIAS as common carriers, and adopted revised open Internet requirements. On February 26, 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.[8][9][10] On April 13, 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new \"net neutrality\" regulations.[11][12] These rules went into effect on June 12, 2015.[13]"
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1244683738014461215 | Jane Addams | Jane Addams - wikipedia Jane Addams For other people with a similar name , see Jane Adams . Jane Addams c. 1926 ( 1860 - 09 - 06 ) September 6 , 1860 Cedarville , Illinois , U.S. May 21 , 1935 ( 1935 - 05 - 21 ) ( aged 74 ) Chicago , Illinois , U.S Education Rockford Female Seminary Occupation Social Worker and political activist , author and lecturer , community organizer , public intellectual Parent ( s ) John H. Addams Sarah Weber ( Addams ) Awards Nobel Peace Prize ( 1931 ) Signature Portrait , Jane Addams , from a Charcoal Drawing by Alice Kellogg Tyler of 1892 . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , p. 114 Jane Addams ( September 8 , 1860 -- May 21 , 1935 ) , known as the `` mother '' of social work , was a pioneer American settlement activist / reformer , social worker , public philosopher , sociologist , public administrator , protestor , author , and leader in women 's suffrage and world peace . She co-founded , with Ellen Gates Starr , an early settlement house in the United States , Chicago 's Hull House that would later become known as one of the most famous settlement houses in America . In an era when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists , Addams was one of the most prominent reformers of the Progressive Era . She helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers , such as the needs of children , local public health , and world peace . In her essay `` Utilization of Women in City Government , '' Jane Addams noted the connection between the workings of government and the household , stating that many departments of government , such as sanitation and the schooling of children , could be traced back to traditional women 's roles in the private sphere . Thus , these were matters of which women would have more knowledge than men , so women needed the vote to best voice their opinions . She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live , they needed to be able to vote to do so effectively . Addams became a role model for middle - class women who volunteered to uplift their communities . She is increasingly being recognized as a member of the American pragmatist school of philosophy , and is known by many as the first woman `` public philosopher in the history of the United States . In 1889 she co-founded Hull House , and in 1920 she was a co-founder for the ACLU . In 1931 she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize , and is recognized as the founder of the social work profession in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Settlement house 3 Hull House 3.1 Near west side neighborhood 3.2 Ethics 3.3 Emphasis on children 3.4 Documenting social illnesses 3.5 Emphasis on prostitution 3.6 Feminine ideals 4 Teaching 5 Relationships 6 Religion and religious motives 7 Politics 7.1 Peace movement 7.2 Pacifism 7.3 Prohibition 8 Legacy 8.1 Sociology 8.2 Remembrances 9 See also 10 Further reading 10.1 Archival resources 10.2 Biographies 10.3 Specialty studies 10.4 Primary sources 11 References 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Jane Addams as a young woman , undated studio portrait by Cox , Chicago Birthplace of Jane Addams in Cedarville , Illinois . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , in the public domain Born in Cedarville , Illinois , Jane Addams was the youngest of eight children born into a prosperous northern Illinois family of English - American descent which traced back to colonial New England ; her father was politically prominent . Three of her siblings died in infancy , and another died at age 16 , leaving only four by the time Addams was age eight . Her mother , Sarah Addams ( née Weber ) , died when Jane was two years old . Addams spent her childhood playing outdoors , reading indoors , and attending Sunday school . When she was four she contracted tuberculosis of the spine , known as Potts 's disease , which caused a curvature in her spine and lifelong health problems . This made it complicated as a child to function with the other children , considering she had a limp and could not run as well . As a child , she thought she was `` ugly '' and later remembered wanting not to embarrass her father , when he was dressed in his Sunday best , by walking down the street with him . Addams adored her father when she was a child , as she made clear in the stories of her memoir , Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) . John Huy Addams was an agricultural businessman with large timber , cattle , and agricultural holdings ; flour and timber mills ; and a woolen factory . He was the president of The Second National Bank of Freeport . He remarried in 1868 , when Jane was eight years old . His second wife was Anna Hostetter Haldeman , the widow of a miller in Freeport . John Addams was a founding member of the Illinois Republican Party , served as an Illinois State Senator ( 1855 -- 70 ) , and supported his friend Abraham Lincoln in his candidacies , for senator ( 1854 ) and the presidency ( 1860 ) . John Addams kept a letter from Lincoln in his desk , and Jane Addams loved to look at it as a child . In her teens , Addams had big dreams -- to do something useful in the world . Long interested in the poor from her reading of Dickens and inspired by her mother 's kindness to the Cedarville poor , she decided to become a doctor so that she could live and work among the poor . It was a vague idea , nurtured by literary fiction . She was a voracious reader . Addams 's father encouraged her to pursue higher education but close to home . She was eager to attend the new college for women , Smith College in Massachusetts ; but her father required her to attend nearby Rockford Female Seminary ( now Rockford University ) , in Rockford , Illinois . After graduating from Rockford in 1881 , with a collegiate certificate and membership in Phi Beta Kappa , she still hoped to attend Smith to earn a proper B.A. That summer , her father died unexpectedly from a sudden case of appendicitis . Each child inherited roughly $50,000 ( equivalent to $1.27 million in 2016 ) . That fall , Addams , her sister Alice , Alice 's husband Harry , and their stepmother , Anna Haldeman Addams , moved to Philadelphia so that the three young people could pursue medical educations . Harry was already trained in medicine and did further studies at the University of Pennsylvania . Jane and Alice completed their first year of medical school at the Woman 's Medical College of Philadelphia , but Jane 's health problems , a spinal operation and a nervous breakdown , prevented her from completing the degree . She was filled with sadness at her failure . Stepmother Anna was also ill , so the entire family canceled their plans to stay two years and returned to Cedarville . The following fall her brother - in - law / step brother Harry performed surgery on her back , to straighten it . He then advised that she not pursue studies but , instead , travel . In August 1883 , she set off for a two - year tour of Europe with her stepmother , traveling some of the time with friends and family who joined them . Addams decided that she did not have to become a doctor to be able to help the poor . Upon her return home in June 1887 , she lived with her stepmother in Cedarville and spent winters with her in Baltimore . Addams , still filled with vague ambition , sank into depression , unsure of her future and feeling useless leading the conventional life expected of a well - to - do young woman . She wrote long letters to her friend from Rockford Seminary , Ellen Gates Starr , mostly about Christianity and books but sometimes about her despair . Settlement House ( edit ) Meanwhile , Jane Addams gathered inspiration from what she read . Fascinated by the early Christians and Tolstoy 's book My Religion , she was baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church , in the summer of 1886 . Reading Giuseppe Mazzini 's Duties of Man , she began to be inspired by the idea of democracy as a social ideal . Yet she felt confused about her role as a woman . John Stuart Mill 's The Subjection of Women made her question the social pressures on a woman to marry and devote her life to family . In the summer of 1887 , Addams read in a magazine about the new idea of starting a settlement house . She decided to visit the world 's first , Toynbee Hall , in London . She and several friends , including Ellen Gates Starr , traveled in Europe from December 1887 through the summer of 1888 . After watching a bullfight in Madrid , fascinated by what she saw as an exotic tradition , Addams condemned this fascination and her inability to feel outraged at the suffering of the horses and bulls . At first , Addams told no one about her dream to start a settlement house ; but , she felt increasingly guilty for not acting on her dream . Believing that sharing her dream might help her to act on it , she told Ellen Gates Starr . Starr loved the idea and agreed to join Addams in starting a settlement house . Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr , who was busy . Visiting Toynbee Hall , Addams was enchanted . She described it as `` a community of University men who live there , have their recreation clubs and society all among the poor people , yet , in the same style in which they would live in their own circle . It is so free of ' professional doing good , ' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive of good results in its classes and libraries seems perfectly ideal . '' Addams 's dream of the classes mingling socially to mutual benefit , as they had in early Christian circles seemed embodied in the new type of institution . The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which unexpected cultural connections could be made and where the narrow boundaries of culture , class , and education could be expanded . They doubled up as community arts centers and social service facilities . They laid the foundations for American civil society , a neutral space within which different communities and ideologies could learn from each other and seek common grounds for collective action . The role of the settlement house was an `` unending effort to make culture and ' the issue of things ' go together . '' The unending effort was the story of her own life , a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the immigrant communities in America 's cities and with the necessities of social reform . Hull House ( edit ) Main article : Hull House Main entrance to Hull House . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , p. 128 A Doorway in Hull House Court . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , p. 149 Jane Addams , 1915 In 1889 Addams and her college friend and paramour Ellen Gates Starr co-founded Hull House , a settlement house in Chicago . The run - down mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed repairs and upgrading . Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses ( repairing the roof of the porch , repainting the rooms , buying furniture ) and most of the operating costs . However gifts from individuals supported the House beginning in its first year and Addams was able to reduce the proportion of her contributions , although the annual budget grew rapidly . A number of wealthy women became important long - term donors to the House , including Helen Culver , who managed her first cousin Charles Hull 's estate , and who eventually allowed the contributors to use the house rent - free . Other contributors were Louise DeKoven Bowen , Mary Rozet Smith , Mary Wilmarth , and others . Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house , which would later become the residence of about 25 women . At its height , Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000 people . The Hull House was a center for research , empirical analysis , study , and debate , as well as a pragmatic center for living in and establishing good relations with the neighborhood . Residents of Hull - house conducted investigations on housing , midwifery , fatigue , tuberculosis , typhoid , garbage collection , cocaine , and truancy . Its facilities included a night school for adults , clubs for older children , a public kitchen , an art gallery , a gym , a girls ' club , a bathhouse , a book bindery , a music school , a drama group and a theater , apartments , a library , meeting rooms for discussion , clubs , an employment bureau , and a lunchroom . Her adult night school was a forerunner of the continuing education classes offered by many universities today . In addition to making available social services and cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood , Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training . Eventually , Hull House became a 13 - building settlement complex , which included a playground and a summer camp ( known as Bowen Country Club ) . One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to Jane Addams was the Art Program . The art program at Hull House allowed Addams to challenge the system of industrialized education , which `` fitted '' the individual to a specific job or position . She wanted the house to provide a space , time and tools to encourage people to think independently . She saw art as the key to unlocking the diversity of the city through collective interaction , mutual self - discovery , recreation and the imagination . Art was integral to her vision of community , disrupting fixed ideas and stimulating the diversity and interaction on which a healthy society depends , based on a continual rewriting of cultural identities through variation and interculturalism . With funding from Edward Butler , Addams opened an art exhibition and studio space as one of the first additions to Hull House . On the first floor of the new addition there was a branch of the Chicago Public Library , and the second was the Butler Art Gallery , which featured recreations of famous artwork as well as the work of local artists . Studio space within the art gallery provided both Hull House residents and the entire community with the opportunity to take art classes or to come in and hone their craft whenever they liked . As Hull House grew , and the relationship with the neighborhood deepened , that opportunity became less of a comfort to the poor and more of an outlet of expression and exchange of different cultures and diverse communities . Art and culture was becoming a bigger and more important part of the lives of immigrants within the 19th ward , and soon children caught on to the trend . These working - class children were offered instruction in all forms and levels of art . Places such as the Butler Art Gallery or the Bowen Country Club often hosted these classes , but more informal lessons would often be taught outdoors . Addams , with the help of Ellen Gates Starr , founded the Chicago Public School Art Society ( CPSAS ) in response to the positive reaction the art classes for children caused . The CPSAS provided public schools with reproductions of world - renowned pieces of art , hired artists to teach children how to create art , and also took the students on field trips to Chicago 's many art museums . Near west side neighborhood ( edit ) Polk street opposite Hull House . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , p. 95 South Halsted street opposite Hull House . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House . ( 1910 ) , p. 96 The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of European ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the 20th century . That mix was the ground where Hull House 's inner social and philanthropic elitists tested their theories and challenged the establishment . The ethnic mix is recorded by the Bethlehem - Howard Neighborhood Center : `` Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core ( south of Twelfth Street ) ( ... ) The Greek delta formed by Harrison , Halsted Street , and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the north and the French Canadians to the northwest . '' Italians resided within the inner core of the Hull House Neighborhood ( ... ) from the river on the east end , on out to the western ends of what came to be known as Little Italy . Greeks and Jews , along with the remnants of other immigrant groups , began their exodus from the neighborhood in the early 20th century . Only Italians continued as an intact and thriving community through the Great Depression , World War II , and well beyond the ultimate demise of Hull House proper in 1963 . Hull House became America 's best known settlement house . Addams used it to generate system - directed change , on the principle that to keep families safe , community and societal conditions had to be improved . The neighborhood was controlled by local political bosses . Ethics ( edit ) Starr and Addams developed three `` ethical principles '' for social settlements : `` to teach by example , to practice cooperation , and to practice social democracy , that is , egalitarian , or democratic , social relations across class lines . '' Thus Hull House offered a comprehensive program of civic , cultural , recreational , and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world , including William Lyon Mackenzie King , a graduate student from Harvard University who later became prime minister of Canada . In the 1890s Julia Lathrop , Florence Kelley , and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity . Hull House used the latest methodology ( pioneering in statistical mapping ) to study overcrowding , truancy , typhoid fever , cocaine , children 's reading , newsboys , infant mortality , and midwifery . Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood , the Hull House group became involved in city - and statewide campaigns for better housing , improvements in public welfare , stricter child - labor laws , and protection of working women . Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world , and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists . In 1912 , she helped start the new Progressive Party and supported the presidential campaign of Theodore Roosevelt . `` Addams ' philosophy combined feminist sensibilities with an unwavering commitment to social improvement through cooperative efforts . Although she sympathized with feminists , socialists , and pacifists , Addams refused to be labeled . This refusal was pragmatic rather than ideological . '' Emphasis on children ( edit ) In the Hull House Music School . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , p. 383 In a Tenement House , Sick Mother and Children . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , p. 164 Hull House stressed the importance of the role of children in the Americanization process of new immigrants . In keeping with this philosophy which also fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of leisure , youth , and human services . Addams argued in The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets ( 1909 ) that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth . Hull - House featured multiple programs in art and drama , kindergarten classes , boys ' and girls ' clubs , language classes , reading groups , college extension courses , along with public baths , a gymnasium , a labor museum and playground , all within a free - speech atmosphere . They were all designed to foster democratic cooperation and collective action and downplay individualism . She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws . Along with her colleagues from Hull House , in 1901 Jane Addams founded what would become the Juvenile Protective Association . JPA provided the first probation officers for the first Juvenile Court in the United States until this became a government function . From 1907 until the 1940s , JPA engaged in many studies examining such subjects as racism , child labor and exploitation , drug abuse and prostitution in Chicago and their effects on child development . Through the years , their mission has now become to improve the social and emotional well - being and functioning of vulnerable children so they can reach their fullest potential at home , in school , and in their communities . Documenting social illnesses ( edit ) Addams and her colleagues documented the communal geography of typhoid fever and reported that poor workers were bearing the brunt of the illness . She identified the political corruption and business avarice that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health , sanitation , and building codes . Linking environmental justice and municipal reform , she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered a more equitable distribution of city services and modernized inspection practices . Addams spoke of the `` undoubted powers of public recreation to bring together the classes of a community in the keeping them apart . '' Addams worked with the Chicago Board of Health and served as the first vice-president of the Playground Association of America . Emphasis on prostitution ( edit ) In 1912 Addams published `` A New Conscience and Ancient Evil '' , about prostitution . This book was extremely popular because it was published in the traffic time of the Forced prostitution trade . Addams believed that prostitution was a result of kidnapping only . Feminine Ideals ( edit ) Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as a transmission device to bring the values of the college - educated high culture to the masses , including the Efficiency Movement , a major movement in industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in the economy and society , and to develop and implement best practices . However , over time , the focus changed from bringing art and culture to the neighborhood ( as evidenced in the construction of the Butler Building ) to responding to the needs of the community by providing childcare , educational opportunities , and large meeting spaces . Hull - House became more than a proving ground for the new generation of college - educated , professional women : it also became part of the community in which it was founded , and its development reveals a shared history . Addams called on women , especially middle class women with leisure time and energy as well as rich philanthropists , to exercise their civic duty to become involved in municipal affairs as a matter of `` civic housekeeping . '' Addams thereby enlarged the concept of civic duty to include roles for women beyond motherhood ( which involved child rearing ) . Women 's lives revolved around `` responsibility , care , and obligation , '' which represented the source of women 's power . This notion provided the foundation for the municipal or civil housekeeping role that Addams defined , and gave added weight to the women 's suffrage movement that Addams supported . Addams argued that women , as opposed to men , were trained in the delicate matters of human welfare and needed to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping to be civic housekeepers . Enlarged housekeeping duties involved reform efforts regarding poisonous sewage , impure milk ( which often carried tuberculosis ) , smoke - laden air , and unsafe factory conditions . Addams led the `` garbage wars '' ; in 1894 she became the first woman appointed as sanitary inspector of Chicago 's 19th Ward . With the help of the Hull - House Women 's Club , within a year over 1000 health department violations were reported to city counsel and garbage collection reduced death and disease . Addams had long discussions with philosopher John Dewey in which they redefined democracy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism , with an emphasis more on duty and less on rights . The two leading perspectives that distinguished Addams and her coalition from the modernizers more concerned with efficiency were the need to extend to social and economic life the democratic structures and practices that had been limited to the political sphere , as in Addams ' programmatic support of trade unions ; and second , their call for a new social ethic to supplant the individualist outlook as being no longer adequate in modern society . Addams ' construction of womanhood involved daughterhood , sexuality , wifehood , and motherhood . In both of her autobiographical volumes , Twenty Years at Hull - House ( 1910 ) and The Second Twenty Years at Hull - House ( 1930 ) , Addams 's gender constructions parallel the Progressive - Era ideology she championed . In A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil ( 1912 ) she dissected the social pathology of sex slavery , prostitution and other sexual behaviors among working class women in American industrial centers during 1890 -- 1910 . Addams 's autobiographical persona manifests her ideology and supports her popularized public activist persona as the `` Mother of Social Work , '' in the sense that she represents herself as a celibate matron , who served the suffering immigrant masses through Hull - House , as if they were her own children . Although not a mother herself , Addams became the `` mother to the nation , '' identified with motherhood in the sense of protective care of her people . Teaching ( edit ) Jane Addams , 1906 , by George de Forest Brush ( 1855 -- 1941 ) / National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian Institution Addams kept up her heavy schedule of public lectures around the country , especially at college campuses . In addition , she offered college courses through the Extension Division of the University of Chicago . She declined offers from the university to become directly affiliated with it , including an offer from Albion Small , chair of the Department of Sociology , of a graduate faculty position . She declined in order to maintain her independent role outside of academia . Her goal was to teach adults not enrolled in formal academic institutions , because of their poverty and / or lack of credentials . Furthermore , she wanted no university controls over her political activism . Addams was a charter member of the American Sociological Society , founded in 1905 . She gave papers to it in 1912 , 1915 , and 1919 . She was the most prominent woman member during her lifetime . Relationships ( edit ) Jane Addams Collection / Swarthmore College Peace Collection . Jane Addams & Mary Rozet Smith , 1923 Generally , Addams was close to a wide set of other women and was very good at eliciting their involvement from different classes in Hull House 's programs . Nevertheless , throughout her life Addams did have significant romantic relationships with a few of these women , including Mary Rozet Smith and Ellen Starr . Her relationships offered her the time and energy to pursue her social work while being supported emotionally and romantically . From her exclusively romantic relationships with women , she would most likely be described as a lesbian in contemporary terms , similar to many leading figures in the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom of the time . Her first romantic partner was Ellen Starr , with whom she founded Hull House , and whom she met when both were students at Rockford Female Seminary . In 1889 , both had visited Toynbee Hall together , and started their settlement house project , purchasing a house in Chicago . Her second romantic partner was Mary Rozet Smith , who was financially wealthy and supported Addams 's work at Hull House , and with whom she shared a house . Lilian Faderman , the notable historian , writes that Jane was in love and she addressed Mary as `` My Ever Dear '' , `` Darling '' and `` Dearest One '' , and conclusively establishes that they shared the intimacy of a married couple . Their couplehood did not end until 1934 , when Mary died of pneumonia , after forty years together . It was said that , `` Mary Smith became and always remained the highest and clearest note in the music that was Jane Addams ' personal life '' . Together they owned a summer house in Bar Harbor , Maine . When apart , they would write to each other at least once a day -- sometimes twice . Addams would write to Smith , `` I miss you dreadfully and am yours ' til death '' . The letters also show that the women saw themselves as a married couple : `` There is reason in the habit of married folks keeping together '' , Addams wrote to Smith . Religion and religious motives ( edit ) This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( June 2015 ) According to Christie and Gauvreau ( 2001 ) , while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize , Jane Addams `` had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism . '' Her image was , however , `` reinvented '' by the Christian churches . According to Joslin ( 2004 ) , `` The new humanism , as ( Addams ) interprets it comes from a secular , and not a religious , pattern of belief '' . According to the Jane Addams Hull - House Museum , `` Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions . Others , like Hull - House ( co-founded by Addams ) , were secular . '' In fact , the co-founders of Toynbee Hall , Samuel and Henrietta Barnett , shared Addams 's desire to bring Christianity back to its roots . Part of what was called the `` social Christian '' movement , the Barnetts held a great interest in converting others to Christianity , but they believed that Christians should be more engaged with the world , and , in the words of one of the leaders of the movement in England , W.H. Fremantle , `` imbue all human relations with the spirit of Christ 's self - renouncing love . '' Addams learned about social Christianity from them , soon considered herself one , and soon made friends among the leaders of the `` social Christian '' movement in the United States . Jane Addams 's religious faith was thus a central motive in co-founding Hull House with Starr . She sought to convert others to Christianity in greater numbers . A brief experiment in weekly prayer among the residents of the settlement house , requested by some of them , was highly religious and retained many converts to Christianity , to the delight of Addams and the other founder 's helpers . Other settlements in both Great Britain and the United States later followed a religious approach and sought conversions . Addams 's own religious beliefs were shaped by her wide reading and life experience . By the time she had graduated from Rockford Seminary , she knew the Bible ( especially the New Testament ) thoroughly , having studied it throughout her young life , including in college courses . She had also been required to memorize a verse from the Bible every day at Rockford , and listen to a short sermon on the daily verse by the school 's principal . Evidence of this deep familiarity with Scripture can be found throughout her later writings . While she remained a member of a Presbyterian church , Addams regularly attended a Unitarian Church and Ethical Society in Chicago . At one point , she was appointed `` interim lecturer '' at the Ethical Society . Addams also established a close relationship with members of the established Jewish community , notably with the rabbi of Chicago Sinai Congregation , Emil G. Hirsch , and several of Sinai 's congregants , among them Judge Julian Mack and Julius Rosenwald . Politics ( edit ) Peace movement ( edit ) Delegation to the Women 's Suffrage Legislature Jane Addams ( left ) and Miss Elizabeth Burke of the University of Chicago , 1911 In 1898 Addams joined the Anti-Imperialist League , in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines . A staunch supporter of the Progressive Party , she nominated Theodore Roosevelt for the Presidency during the Party Convention , held in Chicago in August 1912 . She signed up on the party platform , even though it called for building more battleships . She went on to speak and campaign extensively for Roosevelt 's 1912 presidential campaign . In January 1915 she became involved in the Woman 's Peace Party and was elected national chairman . Addams was invited by European women peace activists to preside over the International Congress of Women in The Hague , 28 -- 30 April 1915 , and was chosen to head the commission to find an end to the war . This included meeting ten leaders in neutral countries as well as those at war to discuss mediation . This was the first significant international effort against the war . Addams , along with co-delegates Emily Balch and Alice Hamilton , documented their experiences of this venture , published as a book , Women at The Hague ( University of Illinois ) . In her journal , Balch recorded her impression of Jane Addams ( April 1915 ) : Miss Addams shines , so respectful of everyone 's views , so eager to understand and sympathize , so patient of anarchy and even ego , yet always there , strong , wise and in the lead . No ' managing ' , no keeping dark and bringing things subtly to pass , just a radiating wisdom and power of judgement . Addams was elected president of the International Committee of Women for a Permanent Peace , established to continue the work of the Hague Congress ; at a conference in 1919 in Zurich , Switzerland , the International Committee developed into the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) . Addams continued as president , a position that entailed frequent travel to Europe and Asia . In 1917 she became also a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation USA ( American branch of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation founded in 1919 ) and was a member of the Fellowship Council until 1933 . When the US joined the war , in 1917 , Addams started to be strongly criticized . She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a pacifist . Her 1915 speech on pacifism at Carnegie Hall received negative coverage by newspapers such as The New York Times , which branded her as unpatriotic . Later , during her travels , she spent time meeting with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating her Victorian belief in women 's special mission to preserve peace . Recognition of these efforts came with the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in 1931 . As the first U.S. woman to win the prize , Addams was applauded for her `` expression of an essentially American democracy . '' She donated her share of the prize money to the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom . Pacifism ( edit ) Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements , serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician ; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy and by the pragmatism of philosophers John Dewey and George Herbert Mead . She envisioned democracy , social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing ; they all had to advance together to achieve any one . Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899 , as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the Spanish -- American War . Her book Newer Ideals of Peace ( 1907 ) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice . She recruited social justice reformers like Alice Hamilton , Lillian Wald , Florence Kelley , and Emily Greene Balch to join her in the new international women 's peace movement after 1914 . Addams 's work came to fruition after World War I , when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict . Addams in 1914 In 1899 and 1907 world leaders sought peace by convening an innovative and influential peace conference at The Hague . These conferences produced Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 . A 1914 conference was canceled due to World War I . The void was filled by an unofficial conference convened by Women at the Hague . At the time , both the US and The Netherlands were neutral . Jane Addams chaired this pathbreaking International Congress of Women at the Hague , which included almost twelve hundred participants from 12 warring and neutral countries . Their goal was to develop a framework to end the violence of war . Both national and international political systems excluded women 's voices . The women delegates argued that the exclusion of women from policy discourse and decisions around war , and peace resulted in flaw policy . The delegates adopted a series of resolutions addressing these problems and called for extending the franchise and women 's meaningful inclusion in formal international peace processes at war 's end . Following the conference Addams and a congressional delegation traveled throughout Europe meeting with leaders , citizen groups , and wounded soldiers from both sides . Her leadership during the conference and her travels to the Capitals of the war - torn regions were cited in nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize . Addams damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness , solidarity , civic friendship , and caused families across the world to struggle . In turn her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers during World War I ( 1917 -- 18 ) . Oswald Garrison Villard came to her defense when she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before major ground attacks . `` Take the case of Jane Addams for one . With what abuse did not the ( New York ) Times cover her , one of the noblest of our women , because she told the simple truth that the Allied troops were often given liquor or drugs before charging across No Man 's Land . Yet when the facts came out at the hands of Sir Philip Gibbs and others not one word of apology was ever forthcoming . '' Even after the war the WILPF 's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical , Communist - influenced , unpatriotic , and unfeminine . Young veterans in the American Legion , supported by some members of the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) and the League of Women Voters , were ill - prepared to confront the older , better - educated , more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF . Nevertheless , the DAR could and did expel Addams from membership in their organization . The Legion 's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences , but President Calvin Coolidge and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit poison gas and outlaw war . After 1920 , however , she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the Progressive Era . In 1931 the award of the Nobel Peace prize earned her near - unanimous acclaim . Jane Addams was also a philosopher of peace . Peace theorists often distinguish between negative and positive peace . Negative peace deals with the absence of violence or war . Positive peace is more complicated . It deals with the kind of society we aspire to and can take into account concepts like justice , cooperation , the quality of relationships , freedom , order and harmony . Jane Addams philosophy of peace is a type of positive peace . Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters ( 2017 ) have summarized her ideas of peace using the term Peaceweaving . They use weaving as a metaphor because it denotes connection . Fibers come together to form a cloth , which is both flexible and strong . Further , weaving is an activity , which men and women have historically engaged . And it has a feminine sensibility . Addams peaceweaving is a process which builds `` the fabric of peace by emphasizing relationships . Peaceweaving builds these relationships by working on practical problems , engaging people widely with sympathetic understanding while recognizing that progress is measured by the welfare of the vulnerable '' Prohibition ( edit ) While `` no record is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of the eighteenth amendment '' , she nonetheless supported prohibition on the basis that alcohol `` was of course a leading lure and a necessary element in houses of prostitution , both from a financial and a social standpoint . '' She repeated the claim that `` professional houses of prostitution could not sustain themselves without the ' vehicle of alcohol . ' '' Legacy ( edit ) See also : History of social work Jane Addams is buried at Cedarville Cemetery , Cedarville , Illinois . Hull House and the Peace Movement are widely recognized as the key tangible pillars of Addams ' legacy . While her life focused on the development of individuals , her ideas continue to influence social , political and economic reform in the United States as well as internationally . Addams and Starr 's creation of the settlement house , Hull House , impacted the community , immigrant residents , and the social working nearby . Willard Motley , a resident artist of Hull House , extracting from Addams ' central theory on symbolic interactionism , used the neighborhood and its people to write his 1948 best seller , Knock on Any Door . His novel later became a well known court - room film in 1949 . This book and film brought attention to how a resident lived an everyday life inside a settlement house and his relationship with Jane Addams , herself . Addams is honored in the ' Famous Americans Series ' , postal Issues of 1940 Addams ' role as reformer enabled her to petition the establishment at and alter the social and physical geography of her Chicago neighborhood . Although contemporary academic sociologists defined her engagement as `` social work , '' Addams ' efforts differed significantly from activities typically labeled as `` social work '' during that time period . Before Addams ' powerful influence on the profession , social work was largely informed by a `` friendly visitor '' model in which typically wealthy women of high public stature visited impoverished individuals and , through systematic assessment and intervention , aimed to improve the lives of the poor . Addams rejected the friendly visitor model in favor of a model of social reform / social theory - building , thereby introducing the now - central tenets of social justice and reform to the field of social work . Addams worked with other reform groups toward goals including the first juvenile court law , tenement - house regulation , an eight - hour working day for women , factory inspection , and workers ' compensation . She advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime , and she supported women 's suffrage . She was a strong advocate of justice for immigrants , African Americans , and minority groups by becoming a chartered member of the NAACP . Among the projects that the members of the Hull House opened were the Immigrants ' Protective League , the Juvenile Protective Association , the first juvenile court in the United States , and a Juvenile Psychopathic Clinic . A wall - mounted quote by Jane Addams in The American Adventure ( Epcot ) in the World Showcase pavilion of Walt Disney World 's Epcot Addams ' influential writings and speeches , on behalf of the formation of the League of Nations and as a peace advocate , influenced the later shape of the United Nations . Jane Addams also sponsored the work of Neva Boyd , who founded the Recreational Training School at Hull House , a one - year educational program in group games , gymnastics , dancing , dramatic arts , play theory , and social problems . At Hull House , Neva Boyd ran movement and recreational groups for children , using games and improvisation to teach language skills , problem - solving , self - confidence and social skills . During the Great Depression , Boyd worked with the Recreational Project in the Works Progress Administration , ( WPA ) as The Chicago Training School for Playground Workers , which subsequently became the foundation for the Recreational Therapy and Educational Drama movements in the U.S. One of her best known disciples , Viola Spolin taught in the Recreational Theater Program at Hull House during the WPA era . Spolin went on to be a pioneer in the improvisational theater movement in the US and the inventor of Theater Games . The main legacy left by the influential Jane Addams includes her involvement in the creation of the Hull House , impacting communities and the whole social structure , reaching out to colleges and universities in hopes of bettering the educational system , and passing on her knowledge to others through speeches and books . She greatly paved the way for women by publishing several books and co-winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 with Starr . She continues to be a well - known name in the creation of `` social work '' , and her impact of the profession will continue to strive for generations to come . Sociology ( edit ) Steps to Hull House . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , p. 447 Entrance to Hull House Courtyard . Source Addams : Twenty Years at Hull House ( 1910 ) , p. 426 Jane Addams was intimately involved with the founding of Sociology as a field in the United States . Hull House enabled Addams to befriend and become a colleague to early members of the Chicago School of Sociology . She actively contributed to the sociology academic literature , publishing five articles in the American Journal of Sociology between 1896 and 1914 . Her influence , through her work in applied sociology , impacted the thought and direction of the Chicago School of Sociology 's members . In 1893 , she co-authored the compilation of essays written by Hull House residents and workers titled , Hull - House Maps and Papers . These ideas helped shape and define the interests and methodologies of the Chicago School . She worked with American philosopher , George H. Mead , and John Dewey on social reform issues , including promoting women 's rights , ending child labor , and mediating during the 1910 Garment Workers ' Strike . This strike in particular bent thoughts of protests because it dealt with women workers , ethnicity , and working conditions . All of these subjects were key items that Addams wanted to see in the society . The University of Chicago Sociology department was established in 1892 , three years after Hull House was established ( 1989 ) . Members of Hull House welcomed the first group of professors , who soon were `` intimately involved with Hull House '' and assiduously engaged with applied social reform and philanthropy '' In 1893 , for example , faculty ( Vincent , Small and Bennis ) worked with Jane Addams and fellow Hull House resident Florence Kelley to pass legislation `` banning sweat shops and employment of children '' Albion Small , chair of the Chicago Department of Sociology and founder of the American Journal of Sociology , called for a sociology that was active `` in the work of perfecting and applying plans and devices for social improvement and amelioration , '' which took place in the `` vast sociological laboratory '' that was 19th - century Chicago . Although , untenured , women residents of Hull House taught classes in the Chicago Sociology Department . During and after World War I the focus of the Chicago Sociology Department shifted away from social activism toward a more positivist orientation . Social activism was also associated with communism and a `` weaker '' woman 's work orientation . In response to this change , women sociologists in the department `` were moved inmasse out of sociology and into social work '' in 1920 The contributions of Jane Addams and other Hull House residents were buried in history . Mary Jo Deegan , in her 1988 book Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School , 1892 - 1918 was the first person to recover Addams influence on Sociology . Deegan 's work has led to recognition of Addams ' place in sociology . In a 2001 address , for example , Joe Feagin , then president of the American Sociology Association , identified Addams as a `` key founder '' and he called for sociology to again claim its activist roots and commitment to social justice . Remembrances ( edit ) On December 10 , 2007 , Illinois celebrated the first annual Jane Addams Day . Jane Addams Day was initiated by a dedicated school teacher from Dongola , Illinois , assisted by the Illinois Division of the American Association of University Women ( AAUW ) . Chicago activist Jan Lisa Huttner traveled throughout Illinois as Director of International Relations for AAUW - Illinois to help publicize the date , and later gave annual presentations about Jane Addams Day in costume as Jane Addams . In 2010 , Huttner appeared as Jane Addams at a 150th Birthday Party sponsored by Rockford University ( Jane Addams ' alma mater ) , and in 2011 she appeared as Jane Addams at an event sponsored by the Chicago Park District . There is a Jane Addams Memorial Park located near Navy Pier in Chicago . In 2007 , the state of Illinois renamed the Northwest Tollway as the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway . Hull House buildings were demolished for the establishment of the campus of the University of Illinois at Chicago , in 1963 , and relocated . The Hull residence itself was preserved as museum and monument to Jane Addams . The Jane Addams College of Social Work is a professional school at the University of Illinois at Chicago . Jane Addams Business Careers Center is a high school in Cleveland , Ohio . Jane Addams High School For Academic Careers is a high school in The Bronx , NY . Jane Addams House is a residence hall built in 1936 at Connecticut College . In 2008 Jane Addams was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame . Addams was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame in 2012 . Also , in 2012 she was inducted into the Legacy Walk , an outdoor public display which celebrates LGBT history and people . In 2014 , Jane Addams was one of the first 20 honorees awarded a 3 - foot x 3 - foot bronze plaque on San Francisco 's Rainbow Honor Walk ( www.rainbowhonorwalk.org ) paying tribute to LGBT heroes and heroines . In 2015 , Addams was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 LGBT History Month . Jane Addams was possibly the inspiration of the character of Edith Keeler ( played by Joan Collins ) in the Hugo Award winning 1967 Star Trek episode The City on the Edge of Forever , which is widely considered to be one of the best episodes in the Star Trek series . Like Addams , Keeler was a visionary social reformer , based in a large city , who was active in the world peace movement . See also ( edit ) Biography portal LGBT portal Jane Addams Burial Site Jane Addams School for Democracy Jane Addams Middle School Jane Addams Children 's Book Award John H. Addams Homestead List of American philosophers List of female Nobel laureates List of peace activists List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists John Dewey Florence Kelley Flora Dunlap Mary Treglia Elizabeth Harrison ( educator ) Community practice social work Stanton Street Settlement Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) American philosophy International Fellowship of Reconciliation Addams ( crater ) American Commission for Peace in Ireland Interim Report Further reading ( edit ) Archival resources ( edit ) Jane Addams Collection , 1838 - date ( bulk 1880 - 1935 ) ( 130 linear feet ( 40 linear metres ) ) is housed at Swarthmore College Peace Collection . Jane Addams Papers , 1904 - 1960 ( bulk 1904 - 1936 ) ( 1.5 linear feet ( 0.46 linear metres ) ) is housed at Smith College Sophia Smith Collection . Jane Addams Correspondence , 1872 - 1935 ( inclusive ) ( 23 reels ) is housed at Harvard University Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study . Biographies ( edit ) Berson , Robin Kadison . Jane Addams : A Biography ( 2004 ) , 140pp . Brown , Victoria Bissell . The Education of Jane Addams : Politics and Culture in Modern America . ( 2003 ) . 421 pp. excerpt and text search Davis , Allen F. American Heroine : The Life and Legend of Jane Addams ( 1973 ) , 339pp , solid scholarship but tends toward debunking Diliberto , Gioia . A Useful Woman : The Early Life of Jane Addams. ( 1999 ) . 318 pp . Elshtain , Jean Bethke . Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy : A Life Basic Books : 2002 online edition , by a leading conservative scholar Haldeman - Julius , Marcet . Jane Addams As I Knew Her . Girard , Kansas : Haldeman - Julius Publications , ca . 1936 . Marcet was Addams 's niece . Knight , Louise W. Citizen : Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy . ( 2005 ) . 582 pp. ; biography to 1899 online edition Knight , Louise W. Jane Addams : Spirit in Action . ( 2010 ) . 334 pp. , complete biography aimed at a broader audience . Joslin , Katherine . Jane Addams : A Writer 's Life . ( 2004 ) . 306 pp . Linn , James W. Jane Addams : A Biography. ( 1935 ) 457 pp , by her admiring nephew Specialty studies ( edit ) Agnew , Elizabeth N. `` A Will to Peace : Jane Addams , World War I , and ' Pacifism in Practice ' '' Peace & Change ( 2017 ) 42 # 1 pp 5 -- 31 https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12216 Alonso , Harriet Hyman . `` Nobel Peace Laureates , Jane Addams And Emily Greene Balch : Two Women Of The Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom . '' Journal of Women 's History 1995 7 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 26 . Beauboeuf - Lafontant , Tamara . `` Becoming Jane Addams : Feminist Developmental Theory and ' The College Woman ' '' Girlhood Studies ( 2014 ) 7 # 2 pp : 61 - 78 . Beer , Janet and Joslin , Katherine . `` Diseases of the Body Politic : White Slavery in Jane Addams ' `` A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil '' and `` Selected Short Stories '' by Charlotte Perkins Gilman . '' Journal of American Studies 1999 33 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . ISSN 0021 - 8758 Bowen , Louise de Koven . Growing up with Pity . New York : The Macmillan Company , 1926 . Brinkmann , Tobias . Sundays at Sinai : A Jewish Congregation in Chicago ( 2012 ) , on Addams relationship with Chicago Jews . Bryan , Mary Linn McCree , and Allen F. Davis . One Hundred Years at Hull - House ( 1990 ) , a history of the programs there Craraft , James . Two Shining Souls : Jane Addams , Leo Tolstoy , and the Quest for Global Peace ( Lanham : Lexington , 2012 ). 179 pp . Carson , Minal . Settlement Folk : Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement , 1885 - 1930 ( 1990 ) Chansky , Dorothy . `` Re-visioning Reform , '' American Quarterly vol 55 # 3 ( 2003 ) 515 -- 523 online at Project Muse Curti , Merle . `` Jane Addams on Human Nature , '' Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( Apr. , 1961 ) , pp. 240 -- 253 in JSTOR Danielson , Caroline Page . `` Citizen Acts : Citizenship and Political Agency in the Works of Jane Addams , Charlotte Perkins Gilman , and Emma Goldman . '' PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 1996 . 331 pp. DAI 1996 57 ( 6 ) : 2651 - A. DA9635502 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Dawley , Alan . Changing the World : American Progressives in War and Revolution ( 2003 ) Deegan , Mary Jo . `` Jane Addams , the Hull - House School of Sociology , and Social Justice , 1892 to 1935 . '' Humanity & Society ( 2013 ) 37 # 3 pp : 248 - 258 . Deegan , Mary . Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School , 1892 -- 1918 . ( Transaction , Inc. , 1988 ) Donovan , Brian . White Slave Crusades : Race , Gender , and Anti-Vice Activism , 1887 - 1917 . ( U of Illinois Press . 2006 ) . 186 pp . Duffy , William . `` Remembering is the Remedy : Jane Addams 's Response to Conflicted Discourse . '' Rhetoric Review ( 2011 ) 30 # 2 pp : 135 -- 152 . Fischer , Marilyn , et al. eds . Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy ( 2009 ) , 230pp ; 11 specialized essays by scholars excerpt and text search Foust , Mathew A. `` Perplexities of Filiality : Confucius and Jane Addams on the Private / Public Distinction , '' `` Asian Philosophy '' ( 2008 ) 18 ( 2 ) : 149 - 166 . Grimm , Robert Thornton , Jr . `` Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution : Jane Addams , Charlotte Perkins Gilman , and the Ideology Of Childhood , 1900 - 1916 . '' Illinois Historical Journal 1997 90 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 64 . ISSN 0748 - 8149 Gustafson , Melanie . Women and the Republican Party , 1854 - 1924 ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) . Hamington , Maurice . `` Jane Addams , '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2007 ) online edition , Addams as philosopher Hamington , Maurice . Embodied Care Jane Addams , Maurice Merleau - Ponty , and Feminist Ethics ( 2004 ) excerpt and online search at amazon.com Hamington , Maurice . `` Jane Addams and a Politics of Embodied Care , '' The Journal of Speculative Philosophy v 15 # 2 2001 , pp. 105 -- 121 online at Project Muse Hamington , Maurice . `` Public Pragmatism : Jane Addams and Ida B. Wells on Lynching , '' The Journal of Speculative Philosophy v. 19 # 2 ( 2005 ) , pp. 167 -- 174 online at Project Muse Hansen , Jonathan M. `` Fighting Words : The Transnational Patriotism of Eugene V. Debs , Jane Addams , and W.E.B. Du Bois . '' PhD dissertation Boston U. 1997 . 286 pp. DAI 1997 57 ( 10 ) : 4511 - A. DA9710148 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Henderson , Karla A. `` Jane Addams : Leisure Services Pioneer '' . Journal of Physical Education , Recreation & Dance , ( 1982 ) 53 # 2 pp. 42 -- 45 Imai , Konomi , and 今井 小 の 実 . `` The Women 's Movement and the Settlement Movement in Early Twentieth - Century Japan : The Impact of Hull House and Jane Addams on Hiratsuka Raichō . '' Kwansei Gakuin University humanities review 17 ( 2013 ) : 85 - 109 . online Jackson , Shannon . Lines of Activity : Performance , Historiography , Hull - House Domesticity ( 2000 ) . 384 pp . Joslin , Katherine . Jane Addams : A writer 's Life ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Krysiak , Barbara H. `` Full - Service Community Schools : Jane Addams Meets John Dewey . '' . School Business Affairs , v67 n8 pp. 4 -- 8 Aug 2001 . ISSN 0036 - 651X Knight , Louise W. `` An Authoritative Voice : Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition . '' Gender & History 1998 10 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 251 . ISSN 0953 - 5233 Fulltext : Ebsco Knight , Louise W. `` Biography 's Window on Social Change : Benevolence and Justice in Jane Addams 's ' A Modern Lear . ' '' Journal of Women 's History 1997 9 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 138 . ISSN 1042 - 7961 Fulltext : Ebsco Lissak , R.S. Pluralism and Progressives : Hull - House and the New Immigrants. ( 1989 ) Matassarin , Kat . `` Jane Addams of Hull - House : Creative Drama at the Turn of the Century '' . Children 's Theatre Review , Oct 1983 . v32 n4 pp 13 -- 15 Morton , Keith . `` Addams , Day , and Dewey : The Emergence of Community Service in American Culture '' . Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning , Fall 1997 v4 pp 137 -- 49 * Oakes , Jeannie . Becoming Good American Schools : The Struggle for Civic Virtue in Education Reform . ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 7879 - 4023 - 2 Ostman , Heather Elaine . `` Social Activist Visions : Constructions of Womanhood in the Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Emma Goldman . '' PhD dissertation Fordham U. 2004 . 240 pp. DAI 2004 65 ( 3 ) : 934 - A. DA3125022 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Packard , Sandra . `` Jane Addams : Contributions and Solutions for Art Education '' . Art Education , 29 , 1 , 9 -- 12 , Jan 76 . Phillips , J.O.C. `` The Education of Jane Addams '' . History of Education Quarterly , 14 , 1 , 49 -- 68 , Spr 74 . Philpott , Thomas . L. The Slum and the Ghetto : Immigrants , Blacks , and Reformers in Chicago , 1880 -- 1930 . ( 1991 ) . Platt , Harold . `` Jane Addams and the Ward Boss Revisited : Class , Politics , and Public Health in Chicago , 1890 -- 1930 . '' Environmental History 2000 5 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 222 . ISSN 1084 - 5453 Polacheck , Hilda Satt . I Came a Stranger : The Story of a Hull - House Girl . Chicago , Illinois : University of Illinois Press , 1989 . Sargent , David Kevin . `` Jane Addams 's Rhetorical Ethic . '' PhD dissertation Northwestern U. 1996 . 275 pp. DAI 1997 57 ( 11 ) : 4597 - A. DA9714673 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Scherman , Rosemarie Redlich . `` Jane Addams and the Chicago Social Justice Movement , 1889 -- 1912 . '' PhD dissertation City U. of New York 1999 . 337 pp. DAI 1999 60 ( 4 ) : 1297 - A. DA9924849 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Schott , Linda . `` Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to War . '' Journal of the History of Ideas 1993 54 ( 2 ) : 241 -- 254 . in JSTOR Seigfried , Charlene H. `` A Pragmatist Response to Death : Jane Addams on the Permanent and the Transient '' `` Journal of Speculative Philosophy '' ( 2007 ) 21 ( 2 ) : 133 - 141 . Shields , Patricia M. 2006 . `` Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams : A Vision for Public Administration '' . Administrative Theory & Praxis , vol. 28 , no . 3 , September , pp. 418 -- 443 . https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3959 Shields , Patricia M. 2011 . Jane Addams ' Theory of Democracy and Social Ethics : Incorporating a Feminist Perspective . In Women in Public Administration : Theory and Practice . Edited by Maria D'Agostiono and Helisse Levine , Sudbury , MA : Jones and Bartlet . Shields , Patricia M. 2017 . `` Jane Addams : Progressive Pioneer of Peace , Philosophy , Sociology , Social Work and Public Administration . '' New York , NY : Springer. ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 50646 - 3 Shields , Patricia M. and Soeters , Joseph . 2017 . Peaceweaving : Jane Addams , Positive Peace and Public Administration . The American Review of Public Administration Vol. 47 , no 3 pp. 323 -- 399 . doi / 10.1177 / 0275074015589629 . Sklar , Kathryn Kish . `` Hull House in the 1890s : A Community of Women Reformers , '' Signs , Vol. 10 , No. 4 , ( Summer , 1985 ) , pp. 658 -- 677 in JSTOR Sklar , Kathryn Kish . `` ' Some of us who deal with the Social Fabric ' : Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice , 1907 - 1919 . '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2003 2 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 96 . ISSN 1537 - 7814 Fulltext : at History Cooperative Soeters , Joseph . 2018 . `` Jane Addams : From Peace Activism to Pragmatic Peacekeeper '' Chapter 5 in Sociology and Military Studies : Classical and Current Foundations New York : Routledge ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 73952 - 9 Stebner , E.J. The Women of Hull - House : A Study in Spirituality , Vocation , and Friendship. ( 1997 ) . Stiehm , Judith Hicks . Champions for Peace : Women Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize . Rowman and Littlefield , 2006 . Sullivan , M. `` Social work 's legacy of peace : echoes from the early 20th century . '' Social Work , Sep93 ; 38 ( 5 ) : 513 -- 20 . EBSCO Toft , Jessica and Abrams , Laura S. `` Progressive Maternalists and the Citizenship Status of Low - Income Single Mothers . '' Social Service Review 2004 78 ( 3 ) : 447 - 465 . ISSN 0037 - 7961 Fulltext : Ebsco Primary sources ( edit ) Bryan , Mary Lynn McCree , Barbara Bair , and Maree De Angury . eds. , The Selected Papers of Jane Addams Volume 1 : Preparing to Lead , 1860 - 1881 . University of Illinois Press , 2002 . online excerpt and text search Addams , Jane . `` A Belated Industry '' The American Journal of Sociology Vol. 1 , No. 5 ( Mar. , 1896 ) , pp. 536 -- 550 in JSTOR Addams , Jane . The subjective value of a social settlement ( 1892 ) online Addams , Jane , ed . Hull - House Maps and Papers : A Presentation of Nationalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago , Together with Comments and Essays on Problems Growing Out of the Social Conditions ( 1896 ; reprint 2007 ) excerpts and online search from amazon.com full text Kelley , Florence . `` Hull House '' The New England magazine . Volume 24 , Issue 5 . ( July 1898 ) pp. 550 -- 566 online at MOA Addams , Jane . `` Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption , '' International Journal of Ethics Vol. 8 , No. 3 ( Apr. , 1898 ) , pp. 273 -- 291 in JSTOR Addams , Jane . `` Trades Unions and Public Duty , '' The American Journal of Sociology Vol. 4 , No. 4 ( Jan. , 1899 ) , pp. 448 -- 462 in JSTOR Addams , Jane . `` The Subtle Problems of Charity , '' The Atlantic monthly . Volume 83 , Issue 496 ( February 1899 ) pp. 163 -- 179 online at MOA Addams , Jane . Democracy and Social Ethics ( 1902 ) online at Internet Archive online at Harvard Library 23 editions published between 1902 and 2006 in English and held by 1,570 libraries worldwide Addams , Jane . Child labor 1905 Harvard Library online Addams , Jane . `` Problems of Municipal Administration , '' The American Journal of Sociology Vol. 10 , No. 4 ( Jan. , 1905 ) , pp. 425 -- 444 JSTOR Addams , Jane . `` Child Labor Legislation - A Requisite for Industrial Efficiency , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 25 , Child Labor ( May , 1905 ) , pp. 128 -- 136 in JSTOR Addams , Jane . The operation of the Illinois child labor law , ( 1906 ) online at Harvard Library Addams , Jane . Newer Ideals of Peace ( 1906 ) online at Internet Archive 13 editions published between 1906 and 2007 in English and held by 686 libraries worldwide Addams , Jane . National protection for children 1907 online at Harvard Library Addams , Jane . The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets ( 1909 ) online at books.google.com , online at Harvard Library 16 editions published between 1909 and 1972 in English and held by 1,094 libraries worldwide Addams , Jane . Twenty Years at Hull - House : With Autobiographical Notes , 1910 online at A Celebration of Women Writers online at Harvard Library 72 editions published between 1910 and 2007 in English and held by 3,250 libraries worldwide Addams , Jane . A new conscience and an ancient evil ( 1912 ) online at Harvard Library 14 editions published between 1912 and 2003 in English and held by 912 libraries worldwide Addams , Jane ; Balch , Emily Greene ; and Hamilton , Alice . Women at the Hague : The International Congress of Women and Its Results . ( 1915 ) reprint ed by Harriet Hyman Alonso , ( 2003 ) . 91 pp. online at Harvard Library Addams , Jane . The Long Road of Woman 's Memory ( 1916 ) online at Internet Archive online at Harvard Library , also reprint U. of Illinois Press , 2002 . 84 pp . Addams , Jane . Peace and Bread in Time of War 1922 online edition , online at Harvard Library 12 editions published between 1922 and 2002 in English and held by 835 libraries worldwide Addams , Jane . My Friend , Julia Lathrop. ( 1935 ; reprint U. of Illinois Press , 2004 ) 166 pp . Addams , Jane . Jane Addams : A Centennial Reader ( 1960 ) online edition Elshtain , Jean B. ed . The Jane Addams Reader ( 2002 ) , 488pp Lasch , Christopher , ed . The Social Thought of Jane Addams. ( 1965 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Franklin , D. ( 1986 ) . Mary Richmond and Jane Addams : From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice . Social Service Review , 504 - 525 . Jump up ^ Chambers , C. ( 1986 ) . Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work . Social Service Review , 60 ( 1 ) , 1 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Deegan , M.J. ( 1988 ) . Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School , 1892 - 1918 . New Brunswick , NJ , USA : Transaction Books . Jump up ^ Shields , Patricia M. ( 2017 ) . Jane Addams : Pioneer in American Sociology , Social Work and Public Administration . In , P. Shields Editor , Jane Addams : Progressive Pioneer of Peace , Philosophy , Sociology , Social Work and Public Administration pp. 43 -- 68. ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 50646 - 3 Jump up ^ Stivers , C. ( 2009 ) . A Civic Machinery for Democratic Expression : Jane Addams on Public Administration . In M. Fischer , C. Nackenoff , & W. Chielewski , Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy ( pp. 87 -- 97 ) . Chicago , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Shields , Patricia M. ( 2017 ) . Jane Addams : Peace Activist and Peace Theorist In , P. Shields Editor , Jane Addams : Progressive Pioneer of Peace , Philosophy , Sociology , Social Work and Public Administration pp. 31 - 42 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 50646 - 3 Jump up ^ John M. Murrin , Paul E. Johnson , and James M. McPherson , Liberty , Equality , Power ( 2008 ) p. 538 ; Eyal J. Naveh , Crown of Thorns ( 1992 ) p 122 Jump up ^ Jane Addams , `` Utilization of Women in City Government , '' in Alice S. Rossi , ed. , The Feminist Papers : From Adams to de Beauvoir ( 1997 ) , 604 - 612 . This is also chapter 7 in Addams 's 1907 book Newer Ideals of Peace pp. 180 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Maurice Hamington , `` Jane Addams '' in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2010 ) portrays her as a radical pragmatist and the first woman ' public philosopher '' in United States history `` . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Women 's History Month : The Fight for Women 's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union , ACLU '' . ACLU Virginia . Jump up ^ Stuart , Paul H. `` Social Work Profession : History '' . SOCIAL WORK National Assoc. of Social Workers Press . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Cullen - DuPont ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of women 's history in America . Infobase Publishing . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4100 - 8 . Jump up ^ Linn , James Weber ( 2000 ) ( 1935 ) . Jane Addams : A Biography . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06904 - 8 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. ( 2005 ) . Citizen : Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams and Hull - House '' . Her childhood : DeVry University . 2001 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 24 , 45 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 30 -- 32 , 424n64 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 77 -- 79 , 109 , 119 -- 120 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 44699 - 9 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 124 -- 25 , 130 -- 31 , 138 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 139 -- 142 . Jump up ^ She was baptized a Presbyterian . Her certificate of baptism is from 1888 , but she says that she joined the church slightly earlier : Knight , Louise W. ( October 2003 ) . Citizen . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 451n46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3747 - 4 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 142 -- 145 , 147 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 152 -- 55 , 157 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 162 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 166 , 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Bilton , Chris ( 2006 ) . `` Jane Addams Pragmatism and Cultural Policy '' . International Journal of Cultural Policy . 12 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 150 . doi : 10.1080 / 10286630600813644 . Jump up ^ Colquhoun , Alan . Modern Architecture . Oxford : University Press , 2002 Jump up ^ Morrow , Deana F. ; Lori Messinger ( 2005 ) . Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice : Working with Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual , and Transgender People . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0231127286 . Jump up ^ Brown , Victoria Bissell ( February 2000 ) . `` Jane Addams '' . American National Biography online . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 195 -- 96 , 219 , 224 -- 25 , 335 , 378 . Jump up ^ Joseph Palermo . `` First Wave -- Second Wave -- And Then Came Sarah Palin '' . LA Progressive . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lundblad , Karen Shafer ( Sep 1995 ) . `` Jane Addams and Social Reform : A Role Model for the 1990s '' . Social Work . 40 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams '' . Internest Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hull House Museum Jump up ^ `` Stories from Chicago 's Little Italy '' . Taylor Street Archives . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Street Archives : Florence Scala '' . Taylor Street Archives . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Elshtain ( 2002 ) . For some years previously Catholic nuns at Holy Family Parish had operated social welfare services in the same neighborhood . Hull House represented the first Protestant activity . See Ellen Skerrett , `` The Irish Of Chicago 's Hull - House Neighborhood . '' Chicago History 2001 30 ( 1 ) : 22 - 63 . ISSN 0272 - 8540 Jump up ^ Knight ( 2005 ) p. 182 Jump up ^ `` Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website '' . Jump up ^ `` Juvenile Protective Association : : About '' . JPA . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Platt ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Addams , 1909 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Victoria Bissell Brown . `` Sex and the City : Jane Addams Confronts Modernity '' . Women in America Lecture : Dr. Victoria Brown , Simpson College , Indianola , Indiana , March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel T. Rodgers , Atlantic Crossings : Social Politics in a Progressive Age ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Kathryn Kish Sklar , et al. eds . `` How Did Changes In The Built Environment At Hull - House Reflect The Settlement 's Interaction With Its Neighbors , 1889 - 1912 ? '' Women And Social Movements In The United States , 1600 - 2000 2004 8 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Elshtain ( 2002 ) p. 157 Jump up ^ Eileen Maura McGurty , `` Trashy Women : Gender and the Politics of Garbage in Chicago , 1890 - 1917 . '' Historical Geography 1998 26 : 27 - 43 . ISSN 1091 - 6458 Jump up ^ Knight ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Scherman ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Ostman ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Davis , American Heroine , p. 125 Jump up ^ Addams is listed as lecturer in the Extension Division of the University of Chicago for several years ( e.g. 1902 , 1909 , 1912 ) . For a copy of the syllabus of one of her courses , see `` Survivals and Intimations in Social Ethics , '' Ely Papers , Wisconsin State Historical Society , 1900 . Farrell noted the syllabus of another course in his footnotes ; see Beloved Lady , p. 83 . This was titled `` A Syllabus of a Course of Twelve Lectures , Democracy and Social Ethics . '' Jump up ^ Deegan , Jane Addams and the men of the Chicago school p. 28 . Jump up ^ Faderman , Lilian ( June 8 , 2000 ) . To Believe in Women : What Lesbians Have Done For America - A History . Mariner Books . p. 155 . Link to reference Jump up ^ Faderman , Lilian ( June 8 , 2000 ) . To Believe in Women : What Lesbians Have Done For America - A History . Mariner Books . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Sarah , Holmes ( 2000 ) . Who 's Who in Gay and Lesbian History . London . Jump up ^ Faderman , Lilian ( June 8 , 2000 ) . To Believe in Women : What Lesbians Have Done For America - A History . Mariner Books . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Brown , Victoria Bissell ( 2003 ) . The Education of Jane Addams . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 361 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3747 - 1 . Jump up ^ Loerzel , Robert ( June 2008 ) . `` Friends -- With Benefits ? '' . Chicago Magazine . Chicago Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Roger Streitmatter , Outlaw Marriages : The hidden histories of 15 extraordinary same sex couples , Beacon Press , 2012 Jump up ^ Christie , C. , Gauvreau , M. ( 2001 ) . A Full - Orbed Christianity : The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada , 1900 -- 1940 . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , Jan 19 , 2001 p. 107 . Jump up ^ Joslin , K. ( 2004 ) . Jane Addams , a writer 's life . Illinois : University of Illinois press p. 170 Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams Hull - House Museum '' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 173 -- 74 , 181 . Jump up ^ Knight , Louise W. Citizen . pp. 189 -- 90 , 461n30 . Jump up ^ Curti , Merle . `` JANE ADDAMS ON HUMAN NATURE . '' Journal of the History of Ideas 22 , no . 2 ( April 1961 ) : 240 - 253 . Historical Abstracts , EBSCOhost ( accessed July 2 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Gustafson , Melanie ( 2001 ) . Women and the Republican Party , 1854 - 1924 . University of Illinois Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Woman 's Peace Party '' . Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ UI Press Jane Addams , Emily G. Balch , and Alice Hamilton Women at The Hague : The International Congress of Women and Its Results Jump up ^ `` Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom '' . WILPF . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Vera Brittain , `` The Rebel Passion '' , George Allen & Unwin ltd , London , 1964 , p. 111 Jump up ^ `` The revolt against war '' ; Jane Addams ' rhetorical challenge to the patriarchy Sherry R. Shepler , Anne F. Martina , Communication Quarterly , Vol. 47 , Iss. 2 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` AN INSULT TO WAR. ; Miss Addams Would Strip the Dead of Honor and Courage '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1915 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Peace 1931 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) '' . Plato Stanford . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maurice Hamington , `` Jane Addams , '' Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Addams , Jane ( 1907 ) . Newer Ideals of Peace . New York : The Macmillan Company . Via Books.Google.com . Jump up ^ Alonzo ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Addams , J. , Balch , E.G. , & Hamilton , A. ( 2003 ) . Women at The Hague : The international congress of women and its results . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . ( Original work published 1915 ) Jump up ^ Deegan , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Introduction . In J. Addams , E.G. Balch & A. Hamilton ( Eds . ) , Women at the Hague : the international congress of women and its results . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . pp. 12 -- 15 ( Original work published 1915 ) Jump up ^ Shields , Patricia ( 2017 ) Jane Addams : Progressive Pioneer of Peace , Philosophy , Sociology , Social Work and Public Administration . New York : Springer ( ( ( International Standard Book Number ISBN ) ) 978 - 3 - 319 - 50646 - 3 ) Jump up ^ Jane Addams Nominations https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1931/addams-nomination.html Jump up ^ Villard , Oswald Garrison . Some Newspapers and Newspaper - Men , ( New York : Knopf , 1923 ) pp. 9 -- 10 . , Jump up ^ Bailey , Kennedy , and Cohen . The American Pageant . Vol. II : Since 1865 . 11th Ed . Houghton Mifflin , 1998 . p. 574 . Jump up ^ Allison . Sobek , `` How Did the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare , 1915 - 1930 ? '' Women And Social Movements In The United States , 1600 -- 2000 2001 5 ( 0 ) . Jump up ^ Louise W. Knight , Citizen : Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy , p. 405 Jump up ^ Addams , Jane , ( 1907 ) . Newer Ideals of Peace New York : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Addams , Jane , ( 1922 ) . Peace and Bread in Time of War New York : Macmillian Jump up ^ Hamington , Maurice , ( 2009 ) The Social Philosophy of Jane Addams Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03476 - 3 Jump up ^ Galtung , J. ( 1969 ) Violence , peace and peace research . Journal of Peace Research , 6 , 167 - 191 Jump up ^ Gleditsch , N.P. , Nordkvelle , J. , & Strand , H. ( 2014 ) . Peace research -- just the study of war ? Journal of Peace Research , 51 ( 2 ) , 145 - 158 . Jump up ^ Diehl , Paul , ( 2016 ) , Thinking about Peace : Negative Terns Versus Positive Outcomes , Strategic Studies Quarterly Spring pp. 3 -- 9 Jump up ^ Shields , Patricia . ( 2017 ) . Limits of Negative Peace , Faces of Positive Peace , Parameters Vol. 47 No. 3 pp. 5 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Shields , P.M. and Soeters , J. ( 2017 ) Peaceweaving : Jane Addams , Positive Peace , and Public Administration . The American Review of Public Administration Vol. 47 No. 3 . pp. 323 -- 339 . Jump up ^ Shields , P.M. and Soeters , J. ( 2017 ) Peaceweaving : Jane Addams , Positive Peace , and Public Administration . The American Review of Public Administration Vol. 47 No. 3 . p. 331 . Jump up ^ Linn , James Weber ( 2000 ) ( 1935 ) . Jane Addams : A Biography . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . p. 365 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06904 - 8 . Jump up ^ Addams , Jane . A Decade of Prohibition , The Survey , October 1 , 1929 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Scott . Resting Places : The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons , 3d ed. : 2 ( Kindle Locations 498 - 499 ) . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Taylor Street Arhies Jump up ^ `` U-M - SSW : Ongoing Magazine '' . Ssw.umich.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gross , M. ( 2009 ) . Collaborative Experiments : Jane Addams , Hull House and Experimental Social Work . Social Science Information , 48 ( 1 ) , 81 - 95 . ^ Jump up to : Deegan , M.J. ( 1988 ) . Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School , 1892 - 1918 . New Brunswick , NJ , USA : Transaction Books . Jump up ^ Shields , P. ( 2017 ) Jane Addams : Progressive Pioneer of Peace , Philosophy , Sociology , Social Work and Public Administration . Springer Jump up ^ Deegan , M.J. ( 2013 ) . Jane Addams , the Hull - House School of Sociology , and Social Justice . Humanity & Society , 37 ( 3 ) , 248 - 258 . Jump up ^ Addams , J. ( 1896 ) . A Belated Industry . American Journal of Sociology , 1 ( 5 ) , 536 -- 550 . Jump up ^ Addams , J. ( 1899 ) . Trade Unions and Public Duty . American Journal of Sociology , 4 ( 4 ) , 448 -- 462 . Jump up ^ Addams , J. ( 1905 ) . Problems of Municipal Administration . American Journal of Sociology , 10 ( 4 ) , 425 -- 444 . Jump up ^ Addams , J. ( 1912 ) . Recreation as a Public Function in Urban Communities . American Journal of Sociology , 17 ( 5 ) , 615 -- 619 . Jump up ^ Addams , J. ( 1914 ) . A Modern Devil Baby . American Journal of Sociology , 20 ( 1 ) , 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Hamington , M. ( 2009 ) . The Social Philosophy of Jane Addams . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03476 - 3 Jump up ^ Trevino , A.J. ( 2012 ) . The Challenge of Service Sociology . Social Problems , 59 ( 1 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Deegan , M.J. ( 1988 ) . Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School , 1892 - 1918 . New Brunswick , NJ , USA : Transaction Books . p. 73 . Jump up ^ Small , A. ( 1896 ) . Scholarship and Social Agitation . American Journal of Sociology , 1 ( 5 ) , 581 . Jump up ^ Deegan , Jane Addams and the Men of Chicago School p. 309 . Jump up ^ Shields , P ( 2017 ) . Jane Addams : Progressive Pioneer of Peace , Philosophy , Sociology , Social Work and Public Administration . Springer . Jump up ^ Deegan , M.J. ( 1988 ) . Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School , 1892 - 1918 . New Brunswick , NJ , USA : Transaction Books . Other influential sociologists credited with recovering Addams influence include Grant , L. , Stalp , M. , & Ward , K. ( 2002 ) . Women 's Sociological Research and Writing in the AJS in the Pre-World WarII Era . The American Sociologist , 69 -- 91 . Davis , J. ( 1994 ) . What 's Wrong with Sociology ? Sociological Forum , 9 ( 2 ) , 179 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Feagin , J. ( 2001 ) . Social Justice and Sociology : Agendas for the Twenty - First Century . American Sociological Review , 66 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams . '' AAUW of Illinois . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First Annual Jane Addams Day sponsored by AAUW - IL . '' WomenandChildrenFirst.com . Women & Children First , Inc . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AAUW - Illinois Applauds New State Day Honoring Jane Addams : Carbondale Branch Members Instrumental in Lobbying State Legislature '' ( 10 December 2006 ) . PRWeb.com . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrate Jane Addams Day ! '' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams Memorial Park '' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams Memorial Tollway ( I - 90 ) '' . Illinois Department of Transportation Website . State of Illinois . 2009 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams Hull - House Museum '' . Uic.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jane Addams College of Social Work , University of Illinois at Chicago Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams Business Career Center '' . Cmsdnet.net . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` High School For Academic Careers '' . schools.nyc.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame Archived 2015 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jane Addams '' . Chicago Literary Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Victor Salvo / / The Legacy Project . `` 2012 INDUCTEES '' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Lazin ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Op - ed : Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015 's Gay History Month '' . Advocate.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Jane Addams Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Jane Addams Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jane Addams . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jane Addams Wikisource has original works written by or about : Jane Addams Jane Addams on IMDb Jane Addams 's Hull - House Jane Addams on the history of social work timeline Harvard University Library Open Collections Program . Women Working , 1870 -- 1930 . Jane Addams ( 1860 -- 1935 ) . A full - text searchable online database with complete access to publications written by Jane Addams . FBI file on Jane Addams `` Jane Addams '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jane Addams Hull - House Museum The Bitter Cry of Outcast London by Rev. Andrew Mearns Online photograph exhibit of Jane Addams from Swarthmore College 's Peace Collection Taylor Street Archives ; Hull House : Bowen Country Club Hamington , Maurice . `` Jane Addams '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Looks at her as `` the first woman ' public philosopher ' in United States history '' . Women at the Hague : the International Congress of Women and its Results By Jane Addams , Emily Greene Balch , Alice Hamilton . 171 pages , published 1915 by MacMillan . International Fellowship of Reconciliation Jane Addams at Find a Grave Twenty Years at Hull House University of Virginia American Studies Hypertext project . Short historical film showing Jane Addams in Berlin in 1915 , on her peace mission with Aletta Jacobs and Alice Hamilton . Jane Addams Papers Finding Aid , Sophia Smith Collection American Commission for Peace in Ireland Interim Report Jane Addams National Women 's Hall of Fame Michals , Debra `` Jane Addams '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2017 . Sklar , Kathryn Kish et al . `` How Did Changes in the Built Environment at Hull - House Reflect the Settlement 's Interaction with Its Neighbors , 1889 -- 1912 ? '' Sklar , Women and Social Movements in the United States , 1600 - 2000 Works by Jane Addams at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Jane Addams at Internet Archive Works by Jane Addams at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) American Civil Liberties Union Co-founders Crystal Eastman Roger Nash Baldwin Morris Ernst Walter Nelles Albert DeSilver Arthur Garfield Hays Helen Keller Jane Addams Felix Frankfurter Elizabeth Gurley Flynn National leaders Presidents Harry F. Ward ( 1920 -- 1940 ) John Haynes Holmes ( 1940 -- 1950 ) Ernest Angell ( 1950 -- 1969 ) Edward Ennis ( 1969 -- 1977 ) Norman Dorsen ( 1977 -- 1991 ) Nadine Strossen ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Susan N. Herman ( 2008 -- present ) Directors Roger Nash Baldwin ( 1917 -- 1950 ) Patrick Murphy Malin ( 1950 -- 1962 ) Jack Pemberton ( 1962 -- 1970 ) Aryeh Neier ( 1970 -- 1978 ) Ira Glasser ( 1978 -- 2001 ) Anthony D. Romero ( 2001 -- present ) Others Lucille Milner Franklyn Haiman Ruth Bader Ginsburg Chris Hansen Edward A. Ross Regional branches ACLU of Massachusetts American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey New York Civil Liberties Union ACLU of Northern California See also National Civil Liberties Bureau American Union Against Militarism Workers Defense Union List of court cases ACLU Mobile Justice Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 1990 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C.J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert - Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien - Shiung Wu 2000 -- 2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler - Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly - Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010 -- 2019 2011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Hall of Fame for Great Americans John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. Anthony John James Audubon George Bancroft Clara Barton Henry Ward Beecher Alexander Graham Bell Daniel Boone Edwin Booth Louis Brandeis Phillips Brooks William Cullen Bryant Luther Burbank Andrew Carnegie George Washington Carver William Ellery Channing Rufus Choate Henry Clay Grover Cleveland James Fenimore Cooper Peter Cooper Charlotte Cushman James Buchanan Eads Thomas Alva Edison Jonathan Edwards Ralph Waldo Emerson David Farragut Stephen Foster Benjamin Franklin Robert Fulton Josiah W. Gibbs William C. Gorgas Ulysses S. Grant Asa Gray Alexander Hamilton Nathaniel Hawthorne Joseph Henry Patrick Henry Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr . Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . Mark Hopkins Elias Howe Washington Irving Andrew Jackson Thomas J. Jackson Thomas Jefferson John Paul Jones James Kent Sidney Lanier Robert E. Lee Abraham Lincoln Henry Wadsworth Longfellow James Russell Lowell Mary Lyon Edward MacDowell James Madison Horace Mann John Marshall Matthew Fontaine Maury Albert A. Michelson Maria Mitchell James Monroe Samuel F.B. Morse William T.G. Morton John Lothrop Motley Simon Newcomb Thomas Paine Alice Freeman Palmer Francis Parkman George Peabody William Penn Edgar Allan Poe Walter Reed Franklin D. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Saint - Gaudens William Tecumseh Sherman John Philip Sousa Joseph Story Harriet Beecher Stowe Gilbert Stuart Sylvanus Thayer Henry David Thoreau Mark Twain Lillian Wald Booker T. Washington George Washington Daniel Webster George Westinghouse James McNeill Whistler Walt Whitman Eli Whitney John Greenleaf Whittier Emma Willard Frances E. Willard Roger Williams Woodrow Wilson Orville Wright Wilbur Wright Social work and related concepts Concepts Primary Social work Secondary Anti-oppressive practice Crisis intervention Community practice Community organization Critical social work Gerontology Group development Leadership Management New Public Management Policy analysis Program evaluation Performance measurement Psychometrics Psychosocial assessment Cognitive behavioral therapy Recreational therapy Health psychology Solution focused brief therapy Strength - based practice Systems thinking Social justice Social actions Social medicine Social learning ( social pedagogy ) Types of social work Social case worker Child protection Forensic social worker Medical social worker Psychiatric social worker Rehabilitation worker School social worker Social work in the military Social group worker Social planning Welfare worker Licensed Clinical Social Worker ( LCSW ) Qualifications Qualifications for professional social work Bachelor of Social Work ( BA , BSc or BSW ) degree Socionom ( Scandinavia ) Master of Social Work degree ( MA , MSc or MSW ) Doctor of Social Work degree ( Ph. D or DSW ) International Association of Schools of Social Work Council on Social Work Education Schools of social work Social workers by nationality American Argentine Austrian Australian Bangladeshi Belgian British Canadian Dutch French German Guyanese Hong Kong Indian Indonesian Israeli Japanese Nepalese New Zealand Norwegian Pakistani Polish Swedish Trinidad and Tobago Ugandan Professional associations International Federation of Social Workers ( IFSW ) National Association of Social Workers ( American ) Australian Association of Social Workers British Association of Social Workers Institute of Medical Social Workers ( British ) Canadian Association of Social Workers Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration Biographies Jane Addams Amartya Sen Harry Hopkins Social Welfare and Social Work portal Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame 1990 -- 1999 1991 Ortez Alderson Jon - Henri Damski James W. Flint Gay Chicago Renee C. Hanover Howard Brown Health Center Judith S. Johns Carol A. Johnson William B. Kelley Marie J. Kuda Chuck Renslow Adrienne J. Smith Max C. Smith Richard B. Turner 1992 Gary Chichester Ann Christophersen Thom Dombkowski Henry Gerber Richard Lee Gray Vernita Gray Peg Grey Pearl M. Hart Horizons Community Services Harley McMillen Scott McPherson Metropolitan Sports Association Dom Orejudos Mary D. Powers Daniel Sotomayor Valerie Taylor 1993 Ad Hoc Committee of Proud Black Lesbians and Gays Robert Sloane Basker E. Kitch Childs Jerrold Cohen Robert T. Ford Richard Garrin Jeff Graubart - Cervone Joel Hall Nancy Lanoue Sid L. Mohn Mountain Moving Coffeehouse Kathy Osterman Richard W. Pfeiffer Linda S. Rodgers Ron Sable Bruce C. Scott Marge Summit Joanne E. Trapani Al Wardell 1994 Robert J. Adams Tracy Baim George S. Buse James A. Bussen Lori Cannon John Chester Chicago House and Social Service Agency Samuel F. Davis Jr . Adrienne J. Goodman Earnest E. Hite Jr . Bruce Koff Ellis B. Levin Lionheart Gay Theatre Company Open Hand Chicago Gregory A. 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8659806844003223938 | Economy of the Soviet Union | Economy of the Soviet Union - wikipedia Economy of the Soviet Union Jump to : navigation , search Economy of the Soviet Union DniproHES hydro - electric power plant , one of the symbols of Soviet economic power , was completed in 1932 . Currency Soviet ruble ( SUR ) Fiscal year 1 January -- 31 December ( calendar year ) Trade organisations Comecon , ESCAP and others Statistics GDP $820 billion in 1977 ( Nominal ; 2nd ) $1.212 trillion in 1980 ( Nominal ; 2nd ) $1.57 trillion in 1982 ( Nominal ; 2nd ) $2.2 trillion in 1985 ( Nominal ; 2nd ) $2.6595 trillion ( 1989 est . ) ( GNP ; 2nd ) GDP rank 3rd ( Nominal ) / 2nd ( ( ( GNP ) ) ) ( 1989 est . ) GDP per capita $5,800 ( 1982 est . ) ( Nominal ; 32nd ) $9,211 ( 1991 est . ) ( GNP ; 28th ) GDP by sector agriculture : ( 1 -- 2 % , 1991 ) , industry : ( -- 2.4 % , 1991 ) ( 1991 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 14 % ( 43rd ) ( 1991 ) Gini coefficient 0.290 ( 1980 est . ) , 0.275 ( 1989 est . ) Labour force 152.3 million ( 3rd ) ( 1989 est . ) Labour force by occupation 80 % in industry and other non-agricultural sectors ; 20 % in agriculture ; shortage of skilled labor ( 1989 est . ) Unemployment 1 -- 2 % Main industries petroleum , steel , motor vehicles , aerospace , telecommunications , chemicals , heavy industries , electronics , food processing , lumber , mining , and the defense ( 1989 est . ) External Exports $110.7 billion ( 9th ) ( 1989 est . ) Export goods petroleum and petroleum products , natural gas , metals , wood , agricultural products , and a wide variety of manufactured goods ( 1989 est . ) Main export partners Eastern Bloc 49 % , European Community 14 % , Cuba 5 % , US , Afghanistan ( 1988 ) Imports $114.7 billion ( 10th ) ( 1989 est . ) Import goods grain and other agricultural products , machinery and equipment , steel products ( including large - diameter pipe ) , consumer manufactures Main import partners Eastern Bloc 54 % , European Community 11 % , Cuba , China , US ( 1988 est . ) Gross external debt $55 billion ( 11th ) ( 1989 est . ) $27.3 billion ( 1988 est . ) Public finances Revenues $422 billion ( 5th ) ( 1990 est . ) Expenses $510 billion ( 1989 est . ) 53 million ( 2nd , capital expenditures ) ( 1991 est . ) Economic aid $147.6 billion ( 1954 -- 88 ) All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of the Soviet Union was based on a system of state ownership of the means of production , collective farming , industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning . The economy was characterised by state control of investment , public ownership of industrial assets , macroeconomic stability , negligible unemployment and high job security . Beginning in 1928 , the entire course of the economy was guided by a series of Five - Year Plans . By the 1950s , the Soviet Union had , during the preceding few decades , evolved from a mainly agrarian society into a major industrial power . Its transformative capacity -- what the US National Security Council described as a `` proven ability to carry backward countries speedily through the crisis of modernization and industrialization '' -- meant communism consistently appealed to the intellectuals of developing countries in Asia . Impressive growth rates during the first three Five - Year Plans ( 1928 -- 40 ) are particularly notable given that this period is nearly congruent with the Great Depression . During this period the Soviet Union encountered a rapid industrial growth while other regions were suffering from crisis . Nevertheless , the impoverished base upon which the Five - Year Plans sought to build meant that , at the commencement of Operation Barbarossa , the country was still poor . While legitimate strictly in terms of growth and industrialisation , the death toll attributable to Stalinist economic development has been estimated at 10 million , much of which comprises famine victims . The major strength of the Soviet economy was its enormous supply of oil and gas , which became much more valuable as exports after the world price of oil skyrocketed in the 1970s . As Daniel Yergin notes , the Soviet economy in its final decades was `` heavily dependent on vast natural resources -- oil and gas in particular . '' However , Yergin goes on , world oil prices collapsed in 1986 , putting very heavy pressure on the economy . After Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 , he began a process of economic liberalisation towards a mixed economy . At its dissolution at the end of 1991 , the Soviet Union begat a Russian Federation with a growing pile of $66 billion in external debt , and with barely a few billion dollars in net gold and foreign exchange reserves . The complex demands of the modern economy and inflexible administration overwhelmed and constrained the central planners . Corruption and data fiddling became common practice among the bureaucracy by reporting fulfilled targets and quotas , thus entrenching the crisis . From the Stalin - era to the early Brezhnev - era , the Soviet economy grew much slower than Japan and slightly faster than the United States . GDP levels in 1950 ( in billion 1990 dollars ) were 510 ( 100 % ) in the USSR , 161 ( 100 % ) in Japan and 1456 ( 100 % ) in the US . By 1965 the corresponding values were 1011 ( 198 % ) , 587 ( 365 % ) , and 2607 ( 179 % ) . The Soviet Union maintained itself as the second largest economy in both nominal and purchasing power parity values for much of the Cold War until 1988 , when Japan 's economy exceeded $3 trillion in nominal value . The USSR 's relatively small consumer sector accounted for just under 60 % of the country 's GDP in 1990 , while the industrial and agricultural sectors contributed 22 % and 20 % respectively in 1991 . Agriculture was the predominant occupation in the USSR before the massive industrialization under Joseph Stalin . The service sector was of low importance in the USSR , with the majority of the labor force employed in the industrial sector . The labor force totaled 152.3 million people . Major industrial products included petroleum , steel , motor vehicles , aerospace , telecommunications , chemicals , electronics , food processing , lumber , mining , and defense industry . Though the GDP of the USSR crossed $1 trillion in the 1970s and $2 trillion in the 1980s , the effects of central planning were progressively distorted due to the rapid growth of the second economy in the Soviet Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 1.1 Drafting the five - year plans 1.1. 1 Time frame 1.1. 2 Guidelines for the plan 1.1. 3 Gosplan 1.1. 4 Planning ministries 1.1. 5 Enterprises 1.1. 6 Redrafting the plan 1.1. 7 Approval of the plan 1.1. 8 State budget 2 Agriculture 3 Foreign trade and currency 4 Forms of property 4.1 Individual property 4.2 Collective property 5 History 5.1 Early development 5.2 New Economic Policy ( 1921 -- 1929 ) 5.3 Stalinism 5.4 1930 -- 1970 5.5 1970 -- 1990 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 Further reading 8.1 In Russian 9 External links Planning ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Analysis of Soviet - type economic planning Based on a system of state ownership , the Soviet economy was managed through Gosplan ( the State Planning Commission ) , Gosbank ( the State Bank ) and the Gossnab ( State Commission for Materials and Equipment Supply ) . Beginning in 1928 , the economy was directed by a series of five - year plans , with a brief attempt at seven - year planning . For every enterprise , planning ministries ( also known as the `` fund holders '' or fondoderzhateli ) defined the mix of economic inputs ( e.g. , labor and raw materials ) , a schedule for completion , all wholesale prices and almost all retail prices . The planning process was based around material balances -- balancing economic inputs with planned output targets for the planning period . From 1930 until the late 1950s , the range of mathematics used to assist economic decision - making was , for ideological reasons , extremely restricted . Industry was long concentrated after 1928 on the production of capital goods through metallurgy , machine manufacture , and chemical industry . In Soviet terminology , the capital goods were known as group A goods , or means of production . This emphasis was based on the perceived necessity for a very fast industrialization and modernization of the Soviet Union . After the death of Stalin in 1953 , consumer goods ( group B goods ) received somewhat more emphasis due to efforts of Malenkov . However , when Khrushchev consolidated his power by sacking Malenkov , one of the accusations against Malenkov was that he permitted `` theoretically incorrect and politically harmful opposition to the rate of development of heavy industry in favor of the rate of development of light and food industry '' . Therefore , since 1955 the priorities again were given to capital goods , which was expressed in the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU ( 1956 ) . For further details see consumer goods in the Soviet Union . Most information in the Soviet economy flowed from the top down . There were several mechanisms in place for producers and consumers to provide input and information that would help in the drafting of economic plans ( as detailed below ) , but the political climate was such that few people ever provided negative input or criticism of the plan . Thus , Soviet planners had very little reliable feedback that they could use to determine the success of their plans . This meant that economic planning was often done based on faulty or outdated information , particularly in sectors with large numbers of consumers . As a result , some goods tended to be underproduced , leading to shortages , while other goods were overproduced and accumulated in storage . Low - level managers often did not report such problems to their superiors , relying instead on each other for support . Some factories developed a system of barter and either exchanged or shared raw materials and parts without the knowledge of the authorities and outside the parameters of the economic plan . Heavy industry was always the focus of the Soviet economy , even in its later years . The fact that it received special attention from the planners , combined with the fact that industrial production was relatively easy to plan even without minute feedback , led to significant growth in that sector . The Soviet Union became one of the leading industrial nations of the world . Industrial production was disproportionately high in the Soviet Union compared to Western economies . However , the production of consumer goods was disproportionately low . Economic planners made little effort to determine the wishes of household consumers , resulting in severe shortages of many consumer goods . Whenever these consumer goods would become available on the market , consumers routinely had to stand in long lines ( queues ) to buy them . A black market developed for goods , such as cigarettes , that were particularly sought after but constantly underproduced . Drafting the five - year plans ( edit ) Under Stalin 's tutelage , a complex system of planning arrangements had developed since the introduction of the first five - year plan in 1928 . Until the late - 1980s and early - 1990s , when economic reforms backed by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced significant changes in the traditional system ( see Perestroika ) , the allocation of resources was directed by a planning apparatus rather than through the interplay of market forces . Time frame ( edit ) From the Joseph Stalin era through the late 1980s , the five - year plan integrated short - range planning into a longer time frame . It delineated the chief thrust of the country 's economic development and specified the way the economy could meet the desired goals of the Communist Party . Although the five - year plan was enacted into law , it contained a series of guidelines rather than a set of direct orders . Periods covered by the five - year plans coincided with those covered by the gatherings of the CPSU Party Congress . At each CPSU Congress , the party leadership presented the targets for the next five - year plan . Thus , each plan had the approval of the most authoritative body of the country 's leading political institution . Guidelines for the plan ( edit ) The Central Committee of the CPSU and , more specifically , its Politburo , set basic guidelines for planning . The Politburo determined the general direction of the economy via control figures ( preliminary plan targets ) , major investment projects ( capacity creation ) , and general economic policies . These guidelines were submitted as a report of the Central Committee to the Congress of the CPSU to be approved there . After the approval at the congress , the list of priorities for the five - year plan was processed by the Council of Ministers , which constituted the government of the USSR . The Council of Ministers was composed of industrial ministers , chairmen of various state committees , and chairmen of agencies with ministerial status . This committee stood at the apex of the vast economic administration , including the state planning apparatus , the industrial ministries , the trusts ( the intermediate level between the ministries and the enterprises ) , and finally , the state enterprises . The Council of Ministers elaborated on Politburo plan targets and sent them to Gosplan , which gathered data on plan fulfillment . Gosplan ( edit ) Main article : Gosplan Combining the broad goals laid out by the Council of Ministers with data supplied by lower administrative levels regarding the current state of the economy , Gosplan worked out , through trial and error , a set of preliminary plan targets . Among more than twenty state committees , Gosplan headed the government 's planning apparatus and was by far the most important agency in the economic administration . The task of planners was to balance resources and requirements to ensure that the necessary inputs were provided for the planned output . The planning apparatus alone was a vast organizational arrangement consisting of councils , commissions , governmental officials , specialists , etc. charged with executing and monitoring economic policy . The state planning agency was subdivided into its own industrial departments , such as coal , iron , and machine building . It also had summary departments such as finance , dealing with issues that crossed functional boundaries . With the exception of a brief experiment with regional planning during the Khrushchev era in the 1950s , Soviet planning was done on a sectoral basis rather than on a regional basis . The departments of the state planning agency aided the agency 's development of a full set of plan targets along with input requirements , a process involving bargaining between the ministries and their superiors . Planning ministries ( edit ) Economic ministries performed key roles in the Soviet organizational structure . When the planning goals had been established by Gosplan , economic ministries drafted plans within their jurisdictions and disseminated planning data to the subordinate enterprises . The planning data were sent downward through the planning hierarchy for progressively more detailed elaboration . The ministry received its control targets , which were then disaggregated by branches within the ministry , then by lower units , eventually until each enterprise received its own control figures ( production targets ) . Enterprises ( edit ) Enterprises were called upon to develop in the final period of state planning in the late - 1980s and early - 1990s ( even though such participation was mostly limited to a rubber - stamping of prepared statements during huge pre-staged meetings ) . The enterprises ' draft plans were then sent back up through the planning ministries for review . This process entailed intensive bargaining , with all parties seeking the target levels and input figures that best suited their interests . Redrafting the plan ( edit ) After this bargaining process , Gosplan received the revised estimates and re-aggregated them as it saw fit . Then , the redrafted plan was sent to the Council of Ministers and the Party 's Politburo and Central Committee Secretariat for approval . The Council of Ministers submitted the Plan to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and the Central Committee submitted the plan to the Party Congress , both for rubber stamp approval . By this time , the process had been completed and the plan became law . Approval of the plan ( edit ) The review , revision , and approval of the five - year plan were followed by another downward flow of information , this time with the amended and final plans containing the specific targets for each sector of the economy . Implementation began at this point , and was largely the responsibility of enterprise managers . State Budget ( edit ) The national state budget was prepared by the Ministry of Finance of the USSR by negotiating with its all - Union local organizations . If the state budget was accepted by the Soviet Union , it was then adopted . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in the Soviet Union Agriculture was organized into a system of collective farms ( kolkhozes ) and state farms ( sovkhozes ) . Organized on a large scale and highly mechanized , the Soviet Union was one of the world 's leading producers of cereals , although bad harvests ( as in 1972 and 1975 ) necessitated imports and slowed the economy . The 1976 - 1980 five - year plan shifted resources to agriculture , and 1978 saw a record harvest followed by another drop in overall production in 1979 and 1980 back to levels attained in 1975 . Cotton , sugar beets , potatoes , and flax were also major crops . However , despite immense land resources , extensive machinery and chemical industries , and a large rural work force , Soviet agriculture was relatively unproductive , hampered in many areas by the climate ( only 10 percent of the Soviet Union 's land was arable ) , and poor worker productivity since the collectivization in the 1930s . Lack of transport infrastructure also caused much waste . A view of poor performance of Soviet collective farms is provided by two historians , M. Heller and A. Nekrich ( `` Utopia in Power , History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to Present , '' Simon & Schuster , Inc. , 1986 ) . The authors report that in 1979 , 28 % of the Soviet agricultural production was from small plots of private citizens , which represented less than 1 % of the cultivated land . So according to them , collective farms operated very inefficiently . Foreign trade and currency ( edit ) Main article : Foreign trade of the Soviet Union Largely self - sufficient , the Soviet Union traded little in comparison to its economic strength . However , trade with noncommunist countries increased in the 1970s as the government sought to compensate gaps in domestic production with imports . In general , fuels , metals , and timber were exported . Machinery , consumer goods , and sometimes grain were imported . In the 1980s trade with the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( COMECON ) member states accounted for about half the country 's volume of trade . The Soviet currency ( ruble ) was non-convertible after 1932 ( when trade in gold - convertible `` chervonets '' , introduced by Lenin in NEP years , was suspended ) until the late eighties . It was impossible ( both for citizens and state - owned businesses ) to freely buy or sell foreign currency even though the `` exchange rate '' was set and published regularly . Buying or selling foreign currency on a black market was a serious crime until the late eighties . Individuals who were paid from abroad ( for example writers whose books were published abroad ) normally had to spend their currency in a foreign - currency - only chain of state - owned `` Beryozka '' ( `` Birch - tree '' ) stores . Once a free conversion of currency was allowed , the exchange rate plummeted from its official values by almost a factor of 10 . Overall , the banking system was highly centralized and fully controlled by a single state - owned Gosbank , responsive to the fulfillment of the government 's economic plans . Soviet banks furnished short - term credit to state - owned enterprises . Forms of property ( edit ) There were two basic forms of property in the Soviet Union : individual property and collective property . These differed greatly in their content and legal status . According to communist theory , capital ( means of production ) should not be individually owned , with certain negligible exceptions . In particular , after the end of a short period of the New Economic Policy and with collectivization completed , all industrial property and virtually all land were collective . Land in rural areas was allotted for housing and some sustenance farming , and persons had certain rights to it , but it was not their property in full . In particular , in kolkhozes and sovkhozes there was a practice to rotate individual farming lots with collective lots . This resulted in situations where people would ameliorate , till and cultivate their lots carefully , adapting them to small - scale farming , and in 5 -- 7 years those lots would be swapped for kolkhoz ones , typically with exhausted soil due to intensive , large - scale agriculture . There was an extremely small number of remaining individual farmsteads ( khutors хутор ) , located in isolated rural areas in the Baltic states , Ukraine , Siberia and cossack lands . Individual property ( edit ) To distinguish `` capitalist '' and `` socialist '' types of property ownership further , two different forms of individual property were recognized : private property ( частная собственность , chastnaya sobstvennost ) and personal property ( личная собственность , lichnaya sobstvennost ) . The former encompassed capital ( means of production ) , while the latter described everything else in a person 's possession . This distinction has been a source of confusion when interpreting phrases such as `` socialism ( communism ) abolished private property '' ; one might conclude that all individual property was abolished , when this was in fact not the case . Collective property ( edit ) There were several forms of collective ownership , the most significant being state property , kolkhoz property , and cooperative property . The most common forms of cooperative property were housing cooperatives ( жилищные кооперативы ) in urban areas , consumer cooperatives ( потребительская кооперация , потребкооперация ) , and rural consumer societies ( сельские потребительские общества , сельпо ) . History ( edit ) Early development ( edit ) Both the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later , the Soviet Union , were countries in the process of industrialization . For both , this development occurred slowly and from a low initial starting - point . Because of World War I ( 1914 - 1918 ) , the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War ( 1917 - 1922 ) , industrial production had only managed to barely recover its 1913 level by 1926 . By this time about 18 % of the population lived in non-rural areas , although only about 7.5 % were employed in the non-agricultural sector . The remainder remained stuck in low - productivity agriculture . David A. Dyker sees the Soviet Union of ca . 1930 as in some ways a typical developing country , characterized by low capital - investment and with most of its population resident in the countryside . Part of the reason for low investment - rates lay in the inability to acquire capital from abroad . This in turn , resulted from the repudiation of the debts of the Russian Empire by the Bolsheviks in 1918 , as well as from the worldwide financial troubles . Consequently , any kind of economic growth had to be financed by domestic savings . The economic problems in agriculture were further exacerbated by natural conditions , such as long cold winters across the country , droughts in the south and acidic soils in the north . However , according to Dyker , the Soviet economy did have `` extremely good '' potential in the area of raw materials and mineral extraction , for example in the oil fields in Transcaucasia , and this , along with a small but growing manufacturing base , helped the USSR avoid any kind of balance of payments problems . New economic policy ( 1921 -- 1929 ) ( edit ) Main article : New Economic Policy One of the several photographs ( ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) ) intended to show the two major economic policy makers of the USSR together , Lenin ( left ) who created the NEP and Stalin ( right ) who created the planned economy . By early 1921 it became apparent to the Bolsheviks that forced requisitioning of grain had resulted in low agricultural production and widespread opposition . As a result , the decision was made by Lenin and the Politburo to try an alternative approach . The so - called New Economic Policy ( NEP ) was approved at the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) Everything except `` the commanding heights '' , as Lenin put it , of the economy would be privatized . `` The commanding heights '' included foreign trade , heavy industry , communication and transport among others . In practice this limited the private sector to artisan and agricultural production / trade . The NEP encountered strong resistance within the Bolshevik party . Lenin had to persuade communist skeptics that `` state capitalism '' was a necessary step in achieving communism , while he himself harbored suspicions that the policy could be abused by private businessmen ( `` NEPmen '' ) . As novelist Andrei Platonov , among others , noted , the improvements were immediate . Rationing cards and queues , which had become hallmarks of war communism , had disappeared . However , due to prolonged war , low harvests , and several natural disasters the Soviet economy was still in trouble , particularly its agricultural sector . In 1921 widespread famine broke out in the Volga - Ural region . The Soviet government changed its previous course and allowed international relief to come in from abroad , and established a special committee chaired by prominent communists and non-communists alike . Despite this , an estimated five million people died in the famine . Stalinism ( edit ) Starting in 1928 , the five - year plans began building a heavy industrial base at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry , and without reliance on external financing . The country now became industrialized at a hitherto unprecedented pace , surpassing Germany 's pace of industrialization in the 19th century and Japan 's earlier in the 20th century . After the reconstruction of the economy ( in the wake of the destruction caused by the Russian Civil War ) was completed , and after the initial plans of further industrialisation were fulfilled , the explosive growth slowed down until the period of Brezhnev stagnation in the 1970s and 1980s . Led by the creation of NAMI , and by the GAZ copy of the Ford Model A in 1929 , industrialization came with the extension of medical services , which improved labor productivity . Campaigns were carried out against typhus , cholera , and malaria ; the number of physicians increased as rapidly as facilities and training would permit ; and death and infant mortality rates steadily decreased . Evolution of GNP in comparison with European powers ( in millions of dollars of 1960 ) Country 1890 1900 1913 1925 1938 Russia / USSR 21 180 32 000 52 420 32 600 75 964 Germany 26 454 35 800 49 760 45 002 77 178 Great Britain 29 441 36 273 44 074 43 700 56 103 France 19 758 23 500 27 401 36 262 39 284 1930 -- 1970 ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Economy of the Soviet Union . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) USSR GDP per capita The State Quality Mark of the USSR , introduced in 1967 , was used to certify that goods met quality standards , and to improve the efficiency of production As weighed growth rates , economic planning performed very well during the early and mid-1930s , World War II - era mobilization , and for the first two decades of the postwar era . The Soviet Union became the world 's leading producer of oil , coal , iron ore , and cement ; manganese , gold , natural gas and other minerals were also of major importance . However , information about the Soviet famine of 1932 -- 1933 was suppressed by the Soviet authorities until perestroika . In 1933 workers ' real earnings sank to about one - tenth of the 1926 level . Common and political prisoners in labor camps were forced to do unpaid labor , and communists and Komsomol members were frequently `` mobilized '' for various construction projects . The German invasion of World War II inflicted punishing blows to the economy of the Soviet Union , with Soviet GDP falling 34 % between 1940 and 1942 . Industrial output did not recover to its 1940 level for almost a decade . In 1961 , a new redenominated Soviet ruble was issued . It maintained exchange parity with the Pound Sterling until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 . After a new leadership , headed by Leonid Brezhnev , had come to power , attempts were made to revitalize the economy through economic reform . Starting in 1965 , enterprises and organizations were made to rely on economic methods of profitable production , rather than follow orders from the state administration . By 1970 , the Soviet economy had reached its zenith and was estimated at about 60 percent of the size of the USA in terms of the estimated commodities ( like steel and coal ) . In 1989 , the official GDP of the Soviet Union was $2,500 Billion while the GDP of the United States was $4,862 Billion with per capita income figures as $8,700 and $19,800 respectively . 1970 -- 1990 ( edit ) Further information : Era of Stagnation , History of the Soviet Union ( 1964 -- 1982 ) , and History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 1991 ) Soviet National Income 1928 - 1987 growth in % . Estimates of the official statistical agency of the SU ( TsSU ) , the CIA and revised estimates by G.I. Khanin . The value of all consumer goods manufactured in 1972 in retail prices was about 118 billion rubles ( $530 billion ) . The Era of Stagnation in the mid-1970s was triggered by the Nixon Shock and aggravated by the war in Afghanistan in 1979 and led to a period of economic standstill between 1979 and 1985 . Soviet military buildup at the expense of domestic development kept the USSR 's GDP at the same level during the first half of the 1980s . The Soviet planned economy was not structured to respond adequately to the demands of the complex modern economy it had helped to forge . The massive quantities of goods produced often did not meet the needs or tastes of consumers . The volume of decisions facing planners in Moscow became overwhelming . The cumbersome procedures for bureaucratic administration foreclosed the free communication and flexible response required at the enterprise level for dealing with worker alienation , innovation , customers , and suppliers . During 1975 -- 85 , corruption and data fiddling became common practice among bureaucracy to report satisfied targets and quotas thus entrenching the crisis . At the same time , the effects of the central planning were progressively distorted due to the rapid growth of the second economy in the Soviet Union . GDP per capita of the USSR compared to similar countries While all modernized economies were rapidly moving to computerization after 1965 , the USSR fell further and further behind . Moscow 's decision to copy the IBM 360 of 1965 proved a decisive mistake for it locked scientists into an antiquated system they were unable to improve . They had enormous difficulties in manufacturing the necessary chips reliably and in quantity , in programming workable and efficient programs , in coordinating entirely separate operations , and in providing support to computer users . One of the greatest strengths of Soviet economy was its vast supplies of oil and gas ; world oil prices quadrupled in the 1973 - 74 , and rose again in 1979 - 1981 , making the energy sector the chief driver of the Soviet economy , and was used to cover multiple weaknesses . During this period , USSR had the lowest per - capita incomes among the other socialist countries . At one point , Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin told the head of oil and gas production , `` things are bad with bread . Give me 3 million tons ( of oil ) over the plan . '' Former prime minister Yegor Gaidar , an economist looking back three decades , in 2007 wrote : The hard currency from oil exports stopped the growing food supply crisis , increased the import of equipment and consumer goods , ensured a financial base for the arms race and the achievement of nuclear parity with the United States , and permitted the realization of such risky foreign - policy actions as the war in Afghanistan . Comparison between USSR and US economies ( 1989 ) according to 1990 CIA The World Factbook USSR US GDP ( GNP ) ( 1989 - millions $ ) 2,659,500 5,233,300 Population ( July 1990 ) 290,938,469 250,410,000 GDP Per Capita ( GNP ) ( $ ) 9,211 21,082 Labor force ( 1989 ) 152,300,000 125,557,000 Awareness of the growing crisis arose initially within the KGB which with its extensive network of informants in every region and institution had its finger on the pulse of the nation . Yuri Andropov , director of the KGB , created a secret department during the 1970s within the KGB devoted to economic analysis , and when he succeeded Brezhnev in 1982 sounded the alarm forcefully to the Soviet leadership . Andropov 's remedy of increased discipline , however , proved ineffective . It was only when Andropov 's protege Gorbachev assumed power that a determined , but ultimately unsuccessful , assault on the economic crisis was undertaken . The value of all consumer goods manufactured in 1990 in retail prices was about 459 billion rubles ( $2.1 trillion ) . But , according to CIA estimates by 1989 the size of the Soviet economy was roughly half that in the United States of America . According to the European Comparison Program , administered by the U.N , the size of the Soviet Economy was 36 % of that in the United States in 1990 . Sector ( Distribution of Soviet workforce ) 1940 1965 1970 1979 1984 Primary ( agriculture and forestry ) 54 % 31 % 25 % 21 % 20 % Secondary ( including construction , transport and communication ) 28 % 44 % 46 % 48 % 47 % Tertiary ( including trade , finance , health , education , science and administration 18 % 25 % 29 % 31 % 33 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % See also ( edit ) General History of the Soviet Union Enterprises in the Soviet Union Eastern Bloc economies Material balance planning Soviet - type economic planning 1965 Soviet economic reform 1973 Soviet economic reform 1979 Soviet economic reform Organisations Five - Year Plans State Planning Committee Ministry of Finance Post-Soviet era Economy of post-Soviet Russia History of post-Soviet Russia Classifications of Soviet economy Administrative command economy Bureaucratic collectivism State capitalism State socialism Degenerated workers ' state References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Soviet Union Economy 1991 . CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : GDP -- Million 1990 . CIA Factbook. 1991 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ GDP -- Million 1991 . KayLee : CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ GDP Per Capita 1990 . CIA Factbook. 1991 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inflation Rate % 1991 . CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexeev , Micheal V. `` INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S.S.R. IN THE 1980s '' ( PDF ) . Review of Income and Wealth ( 1993 ) . Indiana University . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Labor Force 1991 . CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Exports Million 1991 . CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Imports Million 1991 . CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Budget External Debt Million 1991 '' . CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 CIA World Factbook '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Budget Revenues Million Million 1991 . CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Budget Expenditures Million 1991 . CIA Factbook. 1992 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Philip ( 2003 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy ( Routledge ) . pp. 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Davies 1998 , p. 1 , 3 . Jump up ^ Peck 2006 , p. 47 . One notable person in this regard was Nehru , `` who visited the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and was deeply impressed by Soviet industrial progress . '' See Bradley 2010 , pp. 475 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Allen 2003 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1996 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Davies 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Daniel Yergin , The Quest : Energy , Security , and the Remaking of the Modern World ( 2011 ) ; quotes on pp 23 , 24 . Jump up ^ Boughton 2012 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Angus Maddison , The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective ( 2001 ) pp 274 , 275 , 298 Jump up ^ Japan 's IMF nominal GDP Data 1987 to 1989 ( October 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Vladimir G. Treml and Michael V. Alexeev , `` THE SECOND ECONOMY AND THE DESTABILIZING EFFECT OF ITS GROWTH ON THE STATE ECONOMY IN THE SOVIET UNION : 1965 - 1989 '' , BERKELEY - DUKE OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON THE SECOND ECONOMY IN THE USSR , Paper No. 36 , December 1993 Jump up ^ Smolinski 1973 , pp. 1189 -- 90 : `` The mathematical sophistication of the tools actually employed was limited to those that had been used in Das Kapital : the four arithmetical operations , percentages , and arithmetic ( but not geometric ) mean . '' Jump up ^ `` Георгий Маленков. 50 лет со дня отставки '' , Radio Liberty Jump up ^ Пыжиков А . В . Хрущевская `` Оттепель '' : 1953 -- 1964 , Olma - Press , 2002 ISBN 978 - 5224033560 Jump up ^ the IMF ( 1991 ) . A Study of the Soviet economy . 1 . International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . p. 287 . ISBN 92 - 64 - 13468 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dyker 1992 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Dyker , David A. ( 1992 ) . Restructuring the Soviet Economy . Routledge ( published 2002 ) . p. 3 . ISBN 9781134917464 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 18 . Repudiation of the international debts of the tsarist regime , coupled with the difficult economic conditions of the post-Wall Street crash period , ensured that any increase in the rate of accumulation would have to be internally financed . ( ... ) In some ways , then , the Soviet Union c. 1930 was a typical developing country , with a relatively low level of accumulation and substantial surplus agricultural population . But she could not count on large - scale capital transfer from abroad - for better or worse . Jump up ^ Rempel , Richard A. ; Haslam , Beryl , eds. ( 2000 ) . Uncertain Paths to Freedom : Russia and China , 1919 - 22 . Collected papers of Bertrand Russell . 15 . Psychology Press . p. 529 . ISBN 9780415094115 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 18 . French creditors were owed forty - three percent of the total Russian debt repudiated by the Bolsheviks on 28 January 1918 . ^ Jump up to : Moss 2005 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Hosking 1993 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Carr , E.H. and Davies , R.W , ( 1988 ) , Foundations of a Planned Economy , Vol. 1 Jump up ^ Moss 2005 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Hosking 1993 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ G.N. Georgano Cars : Early and Vintage , 1886 - 1930 . ( London : Grange - Universal , 1985 ) Jump up ^ Wikipedia , GAZ Jump up ^ `` Paul Bairoch '' . Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2006 ) . The world economy ( PDF ) . Paris , France : Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . pp. 400 -- 600 . ISBN 92 - 64 - 02261 - 9 . Jump up ^ The decline and demise of the Comintern , The Australian National University Jump up ^ Harrison 1996 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` A Comparison of the US and Soviet Economies : Evaluating the Performance of the Soviet System '' ( PDF ) . foia.cia.gov . October 1985 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Manufactured goods sector was worth 118 billion rubles in 1972 Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( 1994 ) . `` What Price Socialism ? An Economy Without Information '' . Dismantling Utopia : How Information Ended the Soviet Union . Chicago : Ivan R. Dee . pp. 75 to 98 . ISBN 1 - 56663 - 048 - 7 . It was not the gas pedal but the steering wheel that was failing Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2006 ) . The world economy ( PDF ) . Paris , France : Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . pp. 400 -- 600 . ISBN 92 - 64 - 02261 - 9 . Jump up ^ James W. Cortada , `` Public Policies and the Development of National Computer Industries in Britain , France , and the Soviet Union , 1940 -- 80 . '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 2009 ) 44 # 3 pp : 493 - 512 , especially page 509 - 10 . Jump up ^ Frank Cain , `` Computers and the Cold War : United States restrictions on the export of computers to the Soviet Union and Communist China . '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 2005 ) 40 # 1 pp : 131 - 147 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bruce Parrott ( 1985 ) . Trade , Technology , and Soviet - American Relations . Indiana UP . pp. 10 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Yergin , The Quest ( 2011 ) p 23 Jump up ^ Yegor Gaidar ( 2007 ) . Collapse of an Empire : Lessons for Modern Russia . Brookings Institution Press . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( 1994 ) . `` The KGB , Father of Perestroika '' . Dismantling Utopia : How Information Ended the Soviet Union . Chicago : Ivan R. Dee . pp. 59 , 60 , 99 to 120 . ISBN 1 - 56663 - 048 - 7 . When he spoke to the leadership circle he said the country was faced with a question of survival Jump up ^ Manufactured goods sector was worth 459 billion rubles in 1990 Jump up ^ http://www.allbusiness.com/government/630097-1.html Jump up ^ Churchwood , L.G. ( 1987 ) . Soviet Socialism : Social and Political Essays . London : Routledge . p. 30 . Works cited ( edit ) Allen , Robert C. ( 2003 ) . Farm to Factory : A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Boughton , James M. ( 2012 ) . Tearing Down Walls : The International Monetary Fund , 1990 -- 1999 . Washington , DC : IMF . ISBN 978 - 1 - 616 - 35084 - 0 . Bradley , Mark Philip ( 2010 ) . `` Decolonization , the global South , and the Cold War , 1919 -- 1962 '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume 1 : Origins ( pp. 464 -- 485 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83719 - 4 . Davies , R.W. ( 1998 ) . Soviet Economic Development from Lenin to Khrushchev . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Harrison , Mark ( 1996 ) . Accounting for War : Soviet Production , Employment , and the Defense Burden , 1940 -- 1945 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Moss , Walter Gerald ( 2005 ) . A History Of Russia , Volume 2 : Since 1855 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Anthem Press . Peck , James ( 2006 ) . Washington 's China : The National Security World , the Cold War , and the Origins of Globalism . Amherst , MA : University of Massachusetts Press . Smolinski , Leon ( 1973 ) . `` Karl Marx and Mathematical Economics '' . Journal of Political Economy. 81 ( 5 ) : 1189 -- 1204 . JSTOR 1830645 . doi : 10.1086 / 260113 . Further reading ( edit ) Daniels , Robert Vince ( 1993 ) . The End of the Communist Revolution . London : Routledge . Davies , R.W. ed . From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy : Continuity and Change in the Economy of the USSR ( London , 1990 ) Davies , R.W. ed . The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union , 1913 -- 1945 ( Cambridge , 1994 ) Goldman , Marshall ( 1994 ) . Lost Opportunity : Why Economic Reforms in Russia Have Not Worked . New York : W.W. Norton . Gregory , Paul ; Stuart , Robert ( 2001 ) . Soviet and Post Soviet Economic Structure and Performance ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Addison Wesley . Harrison , Mark . `` The Soviet Union after 1945 : Economic Recovery and Political Repression , '' Past & Present ( 2011 Supplement 6 ) Vol. 210 Issue suppl_6 , p103 - 120 . Goldman , Marshall ( 1991 ) . What Went Wrong With Perestroika . New York : W.W. Norton . Kennedy , Paul . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( New York : Random House , 1987 ) . Pravda , Alex ( 2010 ) . `` The collapse of the Soviet Union , 1990 -- 1991 '' . In Leffler , Melvyn P. ; Westad , Odd Arne . The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume 3 : Findings . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 356 -- 377 . Rutland , Robert ( 1985 ) . The Myth of the Plan : Lessons of Soviet Planning Experience . London : Hutchinson . In Russian ( edit ) Kara - Murza , Sergey ( 2004 ) . Soviet Civilization : From 1917 to the Great Victory ( in Russian ) = Сергей Кара - Мурза . Советская цивилизация . От начала до Великой Победы . ISBN 5 - 699 - 07590 - 9 . Kara - Murza , Sergey ( 2004 ) . Soviet Civilization : From the Great Victory Till Our Time ( in Russian ) = Сергей Кара - Мурза . Советская цивилизация . От Великой Победы до наших дней . ISBN 5 - 699 - 07591 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Andre Gunder Frank , `` What Went Wrong in the ' Socialist ' East ? '' Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Commons Portal WikiProject Revolutions of 1989 Internal background Era of Stagnation Communism Anti-communism Criticism of communist party rule Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc media and propaganda Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Shortage economy Totalitarianism Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies International background Active measures Cold War List of socialist states Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican Opposition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia People Power Revolution Reforms Uskoreniye Perestroika Democratization in the Soviet Union Khozraschyot 500 Days Sinatra Doctrine Glasnost Socialism with Chinese characteristics Đổi mới Government leaders Ramiz Alia Nicolae Ceaușescu Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Erich Honecker János Kádár Miloš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech Jaruzelski Slobodan Milošević Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Ne Win Denis Sassou Nguesso Heng Samrin Deng Xiaoping Todor Zhivkov Siad Barre Opposition methods Civil resistance Demonstrations Human chains Magnitizdat Polish underground press Protests Samizdat Strike action Opposition leaders Lech Wałęsa Václav Havel Alexander Dubček Ion Iliescu Liu Gang Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Wang Dan Feng Congde Tank Man Joachim Gauck Sali Berisha Sanjaasürengiin Zorig Vladimir Bukovsky Boris Yeltsin Viacheslav Chornovil Vytautas Landsbergis Zianon Pazniak Zhelyu Zhelev Aung San Suu Kyi Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Ronald Reagan George H.W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the industrialization of the ussr took pace in what decade | [
"The USSR's relatively small consumer sector accounted for just under 60% of the country's GDP in 1990, while the industrial and agricultural sectors contributed 22% and 20% respectively in 1991. Agriculture was the predominant occupation in the USSR before the massive industrialization under Joseph Stalin. The service sector was of low importance in the USSR, with the majority of the labor force employed in the industrial sector. The labor force totaled 152.3 million people. Major industrial products included petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, lumber, mining, and defense industry."
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"1990"
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-8475753936492867079 | Sumer | Sumer - wikipedia Sumer Jump to : navigation , search `` Sumeria '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sumeria ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Sumer ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with summer . Geographical range Near East - Middle East Period Late Neolithic - Middle Bronze Age Dates c. 4500 -- c. 1900 BC Part of a series on the History of Iraq Ancient Mesopotamia Sumer Assyria Akkadian Empire Babylonia Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Median Kingdom Classical antiquity Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Roman Mesopotamia Sasanian Asorestan Middle Ages Islamic conquest Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Hamdanids Buyid amirate of Iraq Marwanids Uqaylids Al - Mazeedi Ayyubids Seljuk Empire Zengids Ilkhanate Jalairid Sultanate Kara Koyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Early modern period Safavids Ottoman Iraq Mamluk dynasty Modern Iraq Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Republic ( 1958 -- 68 ) Ba'athist rule ( 1968 -- 2003 ) Occupation ( 2003 -- 11 ) Recent history Iraq portal Ancient history Preceded by Prehistory Ancient Near East Sumer Egypt Assyria Elam Akkad Babylonia Canaan Phoenicia Israel and Judah Hittite Empire Arzawa Mitanni Minoan Crete Mycenaean Greece Syro - Hittite states Hayasa - Azzi Georgia Anatolia Armenia Neo-Assyrian Empire Urartu Neo-Babylonian Empire Medes Classical antiquity Greece Persia ( Achaemenid ) Hellenism Rome Africa Late Antiquity East Asia China Korea Japan South Asia Indus Valley Vedic period Maha Janapadas Maurya Empire Tamilakam Satavahana Gupta Empire Pre-Columbian Americas Mesoamerica Olmec Maya civilization Teotihuacan Aztec Andean civilizations Chavín culture Moche Inca empire See also History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization Followed by the Postclassical Era Sumer ( / ˈsuːmər / ) is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia , modern - day southern Iraq , during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages , and arguably the first civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley . Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates , Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops , the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place . Proto - writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC . The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC ; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC . Modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language ( pointing to the names of cities , rivers , basic occupations , etc. , as evidence ) , an agglutinative language isolate . These conjectured , prehistoric people are now called `` proto - Euphrateans '' or `` Ubaidians '' , and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia . The Ubaidians ( though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves ) are assumed by modern - day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer , draining the marshes for agriculture , developing trade , and establishing industries , including weaving , leatherwork , metalwork , masonry , and pottery . Some scholars contest the idea of a Proto - Euphratean language or one substrate language . It has been suggested by them , and others , that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples , who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region , and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture . Reliable historical records begin much later ; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi ( c. 26th century BC ) . Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians lived along the coast of Eastern Arabia , today 's Persian Gulf region , before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age . Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period ( 4th millennium BC ) , continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods . During the 3rd millennium BC , a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians , who spoke a language isolate , and Akkadian - speakers , which included widespread bilingualism . The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian ( and vice versa ) is evident in all areas , from lexical borrowing on a massive scale , to syntactic , morphological , and phonological convergence . This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the 3rd millennium BC as a Sprachbund . Sumer was conquered by the Semitic - speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC ( short chronology ) , but Sumerian continued as a sacred language . Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur at approximately 2100 -- 2000 BC , but the Akkadian language also remained in use . The Sumerian city of Eridu , on the coast of the Persian Gulf , is considered to have been the world 's first city , where three separate cultures may have fused : that of peasant Ubaidian farmers , living in mud - brick huts and practicing irrigation ; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats ; and that of fisher folk , living in reed huts in the marshlands , who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of name 2 City - states in Mesopotamia 3 History 3.1 Ubaid period 3.2 Uruk period 3.3 Early Dynastic Period 3.3. 1 1st Dynasty of Lagash 3.4 Akkadian Empire 3.5 Gutian period 3.5. 1 2nd Dynasty of Lagash 3.6 Ur III period 3.7 Fall and Transmission 4 Population 5 Culture 5.1 Social and family life 5.2 Language and writing 5.3 Religion 5.3. 1 Deities 5.3. 2 Cosmology 5.3. 3 Temple and temple organisation 5.3. 4 Funerary practices 5.4 Agriculture and hunting 5.5 Architecture 5.6 Mathematics 5.7 Economy and trade 5.7. 1 Money and credit 5.8 Military 5.9 Technology 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Origin of name ( edit ) The term Sumerian is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic - speaking inhabitants of Mesopotamia , Sumer , by the East Semitic - speaking Akkadians . The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg ga ( cuneiform : 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵 ) , phonetically / uŋ saŋ gi ga / , literally meaning `` the black - headed people '' , and to their land as ki - en - gi ( - r ) ( cuneiform : 𒆠𒂗𒄀 ) ( ' place ' + ' lords ' + ' noble ' ) , meaning `` place of the noble lords '' . The Akkadian word Shumer may represent the geographical name in dialect , but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term šumerû is uncertain . Hebrew Shinar , Egyptian Sngr , and Hittite Šanhar ( a ) , all referring to southern Mesopotamia , could be western variants of Shumer . City - states in Mesopotamia ( edit ) Further information : Cities of the Ancient Near East and Geography of Mesopotamia In the late 4th millennium BC , Sumer was divided into many independent city - states , which were divided by canals and boundary stones . Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor ( ensi ) or by a king ( lugal ) who was intimately tied to the city 's religious rites . The five `` first '' cities , said to have exercised pre-dynastic kingship `` before the flood '' : Eridu ( Tell Abu Shahrain ) Bad - tibira ( probably Tell al - Madain ) Larsa ( Tell as - Senkereh ) Sippar ( Tell Abu Habbah ) Shuruppak ( Tell Fara ) Other principal cities : Uruk ( Warka ) Kish ( Tell Uheimir & Ingharra ) Ur ( Tell al - Muqayyar ) Nippur ( Afak ) Lagash ( Tell al - Hiba ) Girsu ( Tello or Telloh ) Umma ( Tell Jokha ) Hamazi Adab ( Tell Bismaya ) Mari ( Tell Hariri ) Akshak Akkad Isin ( Ishan al - Bahriyat ) ( location uncertain ) ( an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia ) Minor cities ( from south to north ) : Kuara ( Tell al - Lahm ) Zabala ( Tell Ibzeikh ) Kisurra ( Tell Abu Hatab ) Marad ( Tell Wannat es - Sadum ) Dilbat ( Tell ed - Duleim ) Borsippa ( Birs Nimrud ) Kutha ( Tell Ibrahim ) Der ( al - Badra ) Eshnunna ( Tell Asmar ) Nagar ( Tell Brak ) ( an outlying city in northern Mesopotamia ) Apart from Mari , which lies full 330 kilometres ( 205 miles ) north - west of Agade , but which is credited in the king list as having `` exercised kingship '' in the Early Dynastic II period , and Nagar , an outpost , these cities are all in the Euphrates - Tigris alluvial plain , south of Baghdad in what are now the Bābil , Diyala , Wāsit , Dhi Qar , Basra , Al - Muthannā and Al - Qādisiyyah governorates of Iraq . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Sumer Tell Asmar votive sculpture , 2750 -- 2600 BC The Sumerian city - states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods . Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before , but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period , c. the 23rd century BC , when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed , which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions . Classical Sumer ends with the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC . Following the Gutian period , there was a brief Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC , cut short in the 20th century BC by invasions by the Amorites . The Amorite `` dynasty of Isin '' persisted until c. 1700 BC , when Mesopotamia was united under Babylonian rule . The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian ( Assyro - Babylonian ) population . Ubaid period : 6500 -- 4100 BC ( Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic ) Uruk period : 4100 -- 2900 BC ( Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I ) Uruk XIV - V : 4100 -- 3300 BC Uruk IV period : 3300 -- 3100 BC Jemdet Nasr period ( Uruk III ) : 3100 -- 2900 BC Early Dynastic period ( Early Bronze Age II - IV ) Early Dynastic I period : 2900 -- 2800 BC Early Dynastic II period : 2800 -- 2600 BC ( Gilgamesh ) Early Dynastic IIIa period : 2600 -- 2500 BC Early Dynastic IIIb period : c. 2500 -- 2334 BC Akkadian Empire period : c. 2334 -- 2218 BC ( Sargon ) Gutian period : c. 2218 -- 2047 BC ( Early Bronze Age IV ) Ur III period : c. 2047 -- 1940 BC The Samarra bowl , at the Pergamonmuseum , Berlin . The swastika in the center of the design is a reconstruction . Ubaid period ( edit ) Main article : Ubaid period The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf . During this time , the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu ( Cuneiform : nun.ki 𒉣𒆠 ) , c. 6500 BC , by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture , which first pioneered irrigation agriculture . It appears that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia . It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture . The rise of the city of Uruk may be reflected in the story of the passing of the gifts of civilization ( me ) to Inanna , goddess of Uruk and of love and war , by Enki , god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu , may reflect the transition from Eridu to Uruk . Uruk period ( edit ) Main article : Uruk period The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically produced on a slow wheel to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass - produced by specialists on fast wheels . The Uruk period is a continuation and an outgrowth of Ubaid with pottery being the main visible change . By the time of the Uruk period ( c. 4100 -- 2900 BC calibrated ) , the volume of trade goods transported along the canals and rivers of southern Mesopotamia facilitated the rise of many large , stratified , temple - centered cities ( with populations of over 10,000 people ) where centralized administrations employed specialized workers . It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor captured from the hill country , and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts . Artifacts , and even colonies of this Uruk civilization have been found over a wide area -- from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey , to the Mediterranean Sea in the west , and as far east as central Iran . The Uruk period civilization , exported by Sumerian traders and colonists ( like that found at Tell Brak ) , had an effect on all surrounding peoples , who gradually evolved their own comparable , competing economies and cultures . The cities of Sumer could not maintain remote , long - distance colonies by military force . Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest - king ( ensi ) , assisted by a council of elders , including both men and women . It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure . There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period , and towns were generally unwalled . During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world , surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants . Notable Sumerians History of Sumer Mythology King list Pre-dynastic kings : Alulim Dumuzid , the Shepherd En - men - dur - ana 1st Dynasty of Kish : Etana En - me - barage - si Aga of Kish 1st Dynasty of Uruk : Enmerkar Lugalbanda Gilgamesh 1st Dynasty of Ur : Meskalamdug Mesh - Ane - pada Puabi Mesilim of Kish 2nd Dynasty of Uruk : En - shag - kush - ana 1st Dynasty of Lagash : Ur - Nanshe Eannatum Entemena Urukagina Dynasty of Adab : Lugal - Ane - mundu 3rd Dynasty of Kish : Kug - Bau 3rd Dynasty of Uruk : Lugal - zage - si Dynasty of Akkad : Sargon Tashlultum En - hedu - ana Man - ishtishu Naram - Sin of Akkad Shar - kali - sharri Dudu of Akkad Shu - Durul 2nd Dynasty of Lagash : Puzer - Mama Gudea 5th Dynasty of Uruk : Utu - hengal 3rd dynasty of Ur : Ur - Namma Shulgi Amar - Suena Shu - Suen Ibbi - Suen The ancient Sumerian king list includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period . The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred . These early names may be fictional , and include some legendary and mythological figures , such as Alulim and Dumizid . The end of the Uruk period coincided with the Piora oscillation , a dry period from c. 3200 -- 2900 BC that marked the end of a long wetter , warmer climate period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago , called the Holocene climatic optimum . Early Dynastic period ( edit ) Main article : Early Dynastic Period ( Mesopotamia ) The dynastic period begins c. 2900 BC and was associated with a shift from the temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly `` En '' ( a male figure when it was a temple for a goddess , or a female figure when headed by a male god ) towards a more secular Lugal ( Lu = man , Gal = great ) and includes such legendary patriarchal figures as Enmerkar , Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh -- who are supposed to have reigned shortly before the historic record opens c. 2700 BC , when the now deciphered syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms . The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia , even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas , and neighboring Semitic groups adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own . The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana , 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish . The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish ( c. 26th century BC ) , whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic -- leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk . As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows , this period was associated with increased war . Cities became walled , and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared . ( Both Enmerkar and Gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk ) . 1st dynasty of Lagash ( edit ) Fragment of Eannatum 's Stele of the Vultures Main article : Lagash c. 2500 -- 2270 BC The dynasty of Lagash , though omitted from the king list , is well attested through several important monuments and many archaeological finds . Although short - lived , one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash , who annexed practically all of Sumer , including Kish , Uruk , Ur , and Larsa , and reduced to tribute the city - state of Umma , arch - rival of Lagash . In addition , his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf . He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy . Eannatum 's Stele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies . His empire collapsed shortly after his death . Later , Lugal - Zage - Si , the priest - king of Umma , overthrew the primacy of the Lagash dynasty in the area , then conquered Uruk , making it his capital , and claimed an empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean . He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before Sargon of Akkad . Akkadian Empire ( edit ) Main article : Akkadian Empire c. 2270 -- 2083 BC ( short chronology ) The Eastern Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC , preserved in later king lists . There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC . Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great ( c. 2270 -- 2215 BC ) , but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian , the language used by the scribes . Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian : that of the pre-Sargonic era , that of the Akkadian empire , and that of the `` Neo-Sumerian Renaissance '' that followed it . Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years , but by around 1800 BC , Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes . Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre - and post-Sargon periods , and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a `` Semitic vs. Sumerian '' conflict . However , it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered , by Sargon . Gutian period ( edit ) Main article : Gutian dynasty of Sumer c. 2083 -- 2050 BC ( short chronology ) 2nd dynasty of Lagash ( edit ) Gudea of Lagash Main article : Lagash c. 2093 -- 2046 BC ( short chronology ) Following the downfall of the Akkadian Empire at the hands of Gutians , another native Sumerian ruler , Gudea of Lagash , rose to local prominence and continued the practices of the Sargonid kings ' claims to divinity . The previous Lagash dynasty , Gudea and his descendants also promoted artistic development and left a large number of archaeological artifacts . Ur III period ( edit ) Great Ziggurat of Ur , near Nasiriyah , Iraq Main article : Third Dynasty of Ur c. 2047 -- 1940 BC ( short chronology ) Later , the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur - Nammu and Shulgi , whose power extended as far as southern Assyria , was the last great `` Sumerian renaissance '' , but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian , with the resurgence of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere , and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu ( Amorites ) who were to found several competing local powers in the south , including Isin , Larsa , Eshnunna and some time later Babylonia . The last of these eventually came to briefly dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire , just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done so in the north from the late 21st century BC . The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria , much as Latin was used in the Medieval period , for as long as cuneiform was utilized . Fall and transmission ( edit ) This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north . Ecologically , the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity . Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem . Poorly drained irrigated soils , in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation , led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil , eventually reducing agricultural yields severely . During the Akkadian and Ur III phases , there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt - tolerant barley , but this was insufficient , and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC , it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths . This greatly upset the balance of power within the region , weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken , and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language . Henceforth , Sumerian would remain only a literary and liturgical language , similar to the position occupied by Latin in medieval Europe . Following an Elamite invasion and sack of Ur during the rule of Ibbi - Sin ( c. 1940 BC ) , Sumer came under Amorites rule ( taken to introduce the Middle Bronze Age ) . The independent Amorite states of the 20th to 18th centuries are summarized as the `` Dynasty of Isin '' in the Sumerian king list , ending with the rise of Babylonia under Hammurabi c. 1700 BC . Later rulers who dominated Assyria and Babylonia occasionally assumed the old Sargonic title `` King of Sumer and Akkad '' , such as Tukulti - Ninurta I of Assyria after c. 1225 BC . Population ( edit ) The first farmers from Samarra migrated to Sumer , and built shrines and settlements at Eridu . Uruk , one of Sumer 's largest cities , has been estimated to have had a population of 50,000 - 80,000 at its height ; given the other cities in Sumer , and the large agricultural population , a rough estimate for Sumer 's population might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million . The world population at this time has been estimated at about 27 million . The Sumerians spoke a language isolate , but a number of linguists have claimed to be able to detect a substrate language of unknown classification beneath Sumerian because names of some of Sumer 's major cities are not Sumerian , revealing influences of earlier inhabitants . However , the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period ( 5300 -- 4700 BC C - 14 ) settlements in southern Mesopotamia . The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates . Some archaeologists have speculated that the original speakers of ancient Sumerian may have been farmers , who moved down from the north of Mesopotamia after perfecting irrigation agriculture there . The Ubaid period pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture ( c. 5700 -- 4900 BC C - 14 ) in the north , who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries . The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli ( Oueilli , Oueili ) near Larsa , excavated by the French in the 1980s , where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware . According to this theory , farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple - centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control , enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment . Others have suggested a continuity of Sumerians , from the indigenous hunter - fisherfolk traditions , associated with the bifacial assemblages found on the Arabian littoral . Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians may have been the people living in the Persian Gulf region before it flooded at the end of the last Ice Age . Culture ( edit ) Social and family Life ( edit ) Upper part of a gypsum statue of a Sumerian woman with her hands folded in worship dating to c. 2400 BC , currently held in the British Museum in London Sumerian myths suggest a prohibition against premarital sex . Marriages were often arranged by the parents of the bride and groom ; engagements were usually completed through the approval of contracts recorded on clay tablets . These marriages became legal as soon as the groom delivered a bridal gift to his bride 's father . Nonetheless , evidence suggests that premarital sex was a common , but surreptitious , occurrence . A reconstruction in the British Museum of headgear and necklaces worn by the women in some Sumerian graves In the early Sumerian period , the primitive pictograms suggest that `` Pottery was very plentiful , and the forms of the vases , bowls and dishes were manifold ; there were special jars for honey , butter , oil and wine , which was probably made from dates . Some of the vases had pointed feet , and stood on stands with crossed legs ; others were flat - bottomed , and were set on square or rectangular frames of wood . The oil - jars , and probably others also , were sealed with clay , precisely as in early Egypt . Vases and dishes of stone were made in imitation of those of clay . '' `` A feathered head - dress was worn . Beds , stools and chairs were used , with carved legs resembling those of an ox . There were fire - places and fire - altars . '' `` Knives , drills , wedges and an instrument that looks like a saw were all known . While spears , bows , arrows , and daggers ( but not swords ) were employed in war . '' `` Tablets were used for writing purposes . Daggers with metal blades and wooden handles were worn , and copper was hammered into plates , while necklaces or collars were made of gold . '' `` Time was reckoned in lunar months . '' There is considerable evidence concerning Sumerian music . Lyres and flutes were played , among the best - known examples being the Lyres of Ur . Inscriptions describing the reforms of king Urukagina of Lagash ( c. 2300 BC ) say that he abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country , prescribing that a woman who took multiple husbands be stoned with rocks upon which her crime had been written . Sumerian culture was male - dominated and stratified . The Code of Ur - Nammu , the oldest such codification yet discovered , dating to the Ur III , reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law . Beneath the lu - gal ( `` great man '' or king ) , all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata : The `` lu '' or free person , and the slave ( male , arad ; female geme ) . The son of a lu was called a dumu - nita until he married . A woman ( munus ) went from being a daughter ( dumu - mi ) , to a wife ( dam ) , then if she outlived her husband , a widow ( numasu ) and she could then remarry another man who was from the same tribe . Prostitution existed but it is not clear if sacred prostitution did . Language and writing ( edit ) Main articles : Sumerian language and Cuneiform Early writing tablet recording the allocation of beer , 3100 -- 3000 BC The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of clay tablets written in cuneiform script . Sumerian writing , while proven to not be the oldest example of writing on earth , is considered to be a great milestone in the development of humanity 's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature , both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws . Although pictures -- that is , hieroglyphs -- were used first , cuneiform and then ideograms ( where symbols were made to represent ideas ) soon followed . Triangular or wedge - shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay . A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived , such as personal and business letters , receipts , lexical lists , laws , hymns , prayers , stories , and daily records . Full libraries of clay tablets have been found . Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects , like statues or bricks , are also very common . Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes in training . Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant . A prime example of cuneiform writing would be a lengthy poem that was discovered in the ruins of Uruk . The Epic of Gilgamesh was written in the standard Sumerian cuneiform . It tells of a king from the early Dynastic II period named Gilgamesh or `` Bilgamesh '' in Sumerian . The story is based around the fictional adventures of Gilgamesh and his companion , Enkidu . It was laid out on several clay tablets and is claimed to be the earliest example of a fictional , written piece of literature discovered so far . The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family ; Akkadian , by contrast , belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages . There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language families . It is an agglutinative language ; in other words , morphemes ( `` units of meaning '' ) are added together to create words , unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences . Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a substratum or adstratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities , called variously Proto - Euphratean or Proto Tigrean , but this is disputed by others . Understanding Sumerian texts today can be problematic even for experts . Most difficult are the earliest texts , which in many cases do not give the full grammatical structure of the language and seem to have been used as an `` aide - mémoire '' for knowledgeable scribes . During the 3rd millennium BC a cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Akkadians , which included widespread bilingualism . The influences between Sumerian on Akkadian are evident in all areas including lexical borrowing on a massive scale -- and syntactic , morphological , and phonological convergence . This mutual influence has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian of the 3rd millennium BC as a Sprachbund . Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC , but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred , ceremonial , literary , and scientific language in Babylonia and Assyria until the 1st century AD . Religion ( edit ) A 24th - century BC statue of a praying Sumerian man ( modern day eastern Syria ) Main article : Sumerian religion The Sumerians credited their divinities for all matters pertaining to them and exhibited humility in the face of cosmic forces , such as death and divine wrath . Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths . The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieroi gamoi or sacred marriages , involving the reconciliation of opposites , postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings ; the gods . This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos . Thus , in the later Akkadian Enuma Elish , the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water ; as male Abzu , and female Tiamat . The products of that union , Lahm and Lahmu , `` the muddy ones '' , were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki , in Eridu , the first Sumerian city . Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates , where the river deposited its load of silt , a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar , the `` sky - pivot '' or axle , and the `` earth pivot '' , parents in turn of Anu ( the sky ) and Ki ( the earth ) . Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki , here known as Ninhursag or `` Lady of the Mountains '' , and Enki of Eridu , the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture . At an early stage , following the dawn of recorded history , Nippur , in central Mesopotamia , replaced Eridu in the south as the primary temple city , whose priests exercised political hegemony on the other city - states . Nippur retained this status throughout the Sumerian period . Deities ( edit ) Akkadian cylinder seal from sometime around 2300 BC or thereabouts depicting the deities Inanna , Utu , Enki , and Isimud . Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism , or the belief in many gods in human form . There was no common set of gods ; each city - state had its own patrons , temples , and priest - kings . Nonetheless , these were not exclusive ; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere . Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing , and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology , religion , and astrology . The Sumerians worshiped : An as the full - time god equivalent to heaven ; indeed , the word an in Sumerian means sky and his consort Ki , means earth . Enki in the south at the temple in Eridu . Enki was the god of beneficence and of wisdom , ruler of the freshwater depths beneath the earth , a healer and friend to humanity who in Sumerian myth was thought to have given humans the arts and sciences , the industries and manners of civilization ; the first law book was considered his creation , Enlil was the god of storm , wind , and rain . He was the chief god of the Sumerian pantheon and the patron god of Nippur . His consort was Ninlil , the goddess of the south wind . Inanna was the goddess of love , beauty , sexuality , prostitution , and war ; the deification of Venus , the morning ( eastern ) and evening ( western ) star , at the temple ( shared with An ) at Uruk . Deified kings may have re-enacted the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid with priestesses . The sun - god Utu at Larsa in the south and Sippar in the north , The moon god Sin at Ur . Sumero - early Akkadian pantheon These deities formed a core pantheon ; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones . Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities , and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities ' political power . The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them . The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture . Citizens had a labor duty to the temple , though they could avoid it by a payment of silver . Cosmology ( edit ) Sumerians believed that the universe consisted of a flat disk enclosed by a dome . The Sumerian afterlife involved a descent into a gloomy netherworld to spend eternity in a wretched existence as a Gidim ( ghost ) . The universe was divided into four quarters : To the north were the hill - dwelling Subartu , who were periodically raided for slaves , timber , and other raw materials . To the west were the tent - dwelling Martu , ancient Semitic - speaking peoples living as pastoral nomads tending herds of sheep and goats . To the south was the land of Dilmun , a trading state associated with the land of the dead and the place of creation . To the east were the Elamites , a rival people with whom the Sumerians were frequently at war . Their known world extended from The Upper Sea or Mediterranean coastline , to The Lower Sea , the Persian Gulf and the land of Meluhha ( probably the Indus Valley ) and Magan ( Oman ) , famed for its copper ores . Temple and temple organisation ( edit ) Ziggurats ( Sumerian temples ) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt , with a central pond for purification . The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side . Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests . At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices . Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples . After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces , giving rise to the Ziggurat style . Funerary practices ( edit ) It was believed that when people died , they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal , whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving . The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse , along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food . Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun . Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants . Agriculture and hunting ( edit ) The Sumerians adopted an agricultural lifestyle perhaps as early as c. 5000 BC -- 4500 BC . The region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques , including organized irrigation , large - scale intensive cultivation of land , mono - cropping involving the use of plough agriculture , and the use of an agricultural specialized labour force under bureaucratic control . The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing ( c. 3500 BC ) . From the royal tombs of Ur , made of lapis lazuli and shell , shows peacetime In the early Sumerian Uruk period , the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep , goats , cattle , and pigs were domesticated . They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and `` woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants ; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields , and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation . Plants were also grown in pots or vases . '' An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet , written in year 4 of King Urukagina , c. 2350 BC The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies . Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew . They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat , barley , and mixed grain beers . Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians . It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh 's people : `` Drink the beer , as is the custom of the land ... He drank the beer - seven jugs ! and became expansive and sang with joy ! '' The Sumerians practiced similar irrigation techniques as those used in Egypt . American anthropologist Robert McCormick Adams says that irrigation development was associated with urbanization , and that 89 % of the population lived in the cities . They grew barley , chickpeas , lentils , wheat , dates , onions , garlic , lettuce , leeks and mustard . Sumerians caught many fish and hunted fowl and gazelle . Sumerian agriculture depended heavily on irrigation . The irrigation was accomplished by the use of shaduf , canals , channels , dykes , weirs , and reservoirs . The frequent violent floods of the Tigris , and less so , of the Euphrates , meant that canals required frequent repair and continual removal of silt , and survey markers and boundary stones needed to be continually replaced . The government required individuals to work on the canals in a corvee , although the rich were able to exempt themselves . As is known from the `` Sumerian Farmer 's Almanac '' , after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival , using the canals , farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water . Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds . They then dragged the fields with pickaxes . After drying , they plowed , harrowed , and raked the ground three times , and pulverized it with a mattock , before planting seed . Unfortunately , the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields . By the Ur III period , farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt - tolerant barley as their principal crop . Sumerians harvested during the spring in three - person teams consisting of a reaper , a binder , and a sheaf handler . The farmers would use threshing wagons , driven by oxen , to separate the cereal heads from the stalks and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain . They then winnowed the grain / chaff mixture . Architecture ( edit ) Dedication Nail , ca . 2100 BC . Main articles : Sumerian architecture , Ziggurat , and Mudhif The Tigris - Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees . Sumerian structures were made of plano - convex mudbrick , not fixed with mortar or cement . Mud - brick buildings eventually deteriorate , so they were periodically destroyed , leveled , and rebuilt on the same spot . This constant rebuilding gradually raised the level of cities , which thus came to be elevated above the surrounding plain . The resultant hills , known as tells , are found throughout the ancient Near East . According to Archibald Sayce , the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian ( i.e. Uruk ) era suggest that `` Stone was scarce , but was already cut into blocks and seals . Brick was the ordinary building material , and with it cities , forts , temples and houses were constructed . The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform ; the house also had a tower - like appearance . It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge , and could be opened with a sort of key ; the city gate was on a larger scale , and seems to have been double . The foundation stones -- or rather bricks -- of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them . '' The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats , large layered platforms that supported temples . Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE . The Sumerians also developed the arch , which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome . They built this by constructing and linking several arches . Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques , such as buttresses , recesses , half columns , and clay nails . Mathematics ( edit ) Main article : Babylonian mathematics The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC . This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic , geometry , and algebra . From c. 2600 BC onwards , the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems . The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period . The period c. 2700 -- 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus , and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system . The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system . There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations . They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube . Economy and trade ( edit ) Bill of sale of a male slave and a building in Shuruppak , Sumerian tablet , c. 2600 BC Discoveries of obsidian from far - away locations in Anatolia and lapis lazuli from Badakhshan in northeastern Afghanistan , beads from Dilmun ( modern Bahrain ) , and several seals inscribed with the Indus Valley script suggest a remarkably wide - ranging network of ancient trade centered on the Persian Gulf . For example , Imports to Ur came from many parts of the world . In particular , the metals of all types had to be imported . The Epic of Gilgamesh refers to trade with far lands for goods , such as wood , that were scarce in Mesopotamia . In particular , cedar from Lebanon was prized . The finding of resin in the tomb of Queen Puabi at Ur , indicates it was traded from as far away as Mozambique . The Sumerians used slaves , although they were not a major part of the economy . Slave women worked as weavers , pressers , millers , and porters . Sumerian potters decorated pots with cedar oil paints . The potters used a bow drill to produce the fire needed for baking the pottery . Sumerian masons and jewelers knew and made use of alabaster ( calcite ) , ivory , iron , gold , silver , carnelian , and lapis lazuli . Money and credit ( edit ) Large institutions kept their accounts in barley and silver , often with a fixed rate between them . The obligations , loans and prices in general were usually denominated in one of them . Many transactions involved debt , for example goods consigned to merchants by temple and beer advanced by `` ale women '' . Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans . The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver . The interest rate was set at 1 / 60 a month ( one shekel per mina ) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years . Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution ( such as a temple ) , in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor . They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of the loan principal . Periodically , rulers signed `` clean slate '' decrees that cancelled all the rural ( but not commercial ) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes . Customarily , rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign , but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure . The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400 - 2350 BC . According to Hudson , the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened the fighting force , which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt . Military ( edit ) Early chariots on the Standard of Ur , c. 2600 BC Battle formations on a fragment of the Stele of the Vultures The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city - states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level . The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures . It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry . The infantry carried spears , wore copper helmets , and carried rectangular shields . The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation , which requires training and discipline ; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers . The Sumerian military used carts harnessed to onagers . These early chariots functioned less effectively in combat than did later designs , and some have suggested that these chariots served primarily as transports , though the crew carried battle - axes and lances . The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two - wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers . The cart was composed of a woven basket and the wheels had a solid three - piece design . Sumerian cities were surrounded by defensive walls . The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities , but the mudbrick walls were able to deter some foes . Technology ( edit ) Examples of Sumerian technology include : the wheel , cuneiform script , arithmetic and geometry , irrigation systems , Sumerian boats , lunisolar calendar , bronze , leather , saws , chisels , hammers , braces , bits , nails , pins , rings , hoes , axes , knives , lancepoints , arrowheads , swords , glue , daggers , waterskins , bags , harnesses , armor , quivers , war chariots , scabbards , boots , sandals , harpoons and beer . The Sumerians had three main types of boats : clinker - built sailboats stitched together with hair , featuring bitumen waterproofing skin boats constructed from animal skins and reeds wooden - oared ships , sometimes pulled upstream by people and animals walking along the nearby banks Legacy ( edit ) Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC , near - simultaneously in Mesopotamia , the Northern Caucasus ( Maykop culture ) and Central Europe . The wheel initially took the form of the potter 's wheel . The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels . The Sumerians ' cuneiform script is the oldest ( or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs ) which has been deciphered ( the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial ) . The Sumerians were among the first astronomers , mapping the stars into sets of constellations , many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks . They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye . They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6 . This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia . They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry , cavalry , and archers . They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems , complete with courts , jails , and government records . The first true city - states arose in Sumer , roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon . Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform , the use of writing expanded beyond debt / payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time , about 2600 BC , to messages and mail delivery , history , legend , mathematics , astronomical records , and other pursuits . Conjointly with the spread of writing , the first formal schools were established , usually under the auspices of a city - state 's primary temple . Finally , the Sumerians ushered in domestication with intensive agriculture and irrigation . Emmer wheat , barley , sheep ( starting as mouflon ) , and cattle ( starting as aurochs ) were foremost among the species cultivated and raised for the first time on a grand scale . See also ( edit ) Marsh Arabs ( on the DNA distribution of Marsh Arabs ) History of Iraq History of writing numbers Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement Ancient Mesopotamian religion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name is from Akkadian Šumeru ; Sumerian 𒆠𒂗𒂠 ki - en - ĝir , approximately `` land of the civilized kings '' or `` native land '' . ĝir means `` native , local '' , in ( ĝir NATIVE ( 7x : Old Babylonian ) from The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary ) . Literally , `` land of the native ( local , noble ) lords '' . Stiebing ( 1994 ) has `` Land of the Lords of Brightness '' ( William Stiebing , Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture ) . Postgate ( 1994 ) takes en as substituting eme `` language '' , translating `` land of the Sumerian heart '' ( John Nicholas Postgate ( 1994 ) . Early Mesopotamia : Society and Economy at the Dawn of History . Routledge ( UK ) ... Postgate believes it not that eme , ' tongue ' , became en , ' lord ' , through consonantal assimilation . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ King , Leonid W. ( 2015 ) A History of Sumer and Akkad ( ISBN 1522847308 ) Jump up ^ Cuneiform ancient.eu Jump up ^ `` Ancient Mesopotamia . Teaching materials '' . Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP , The Digital Library . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ubaid Period ( 5500 -- 4000 B.C. ) '' In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art . The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York ( October 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Ubaid Culture '' , The British Museum Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Ubaid '' , ( Carter , Rober A. and Graham , Philip , eds . ) , University of Durham , April 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Sumer ( ancient region , Iraq ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kleniewski , Nancy ; Thomas , Alexander R ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Cities , Change , and Conflict : A Political Economy of Urban Life '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 81222 - 7 . Jump up ^ Maisels , Charles Keith ( 1993 ) . `` The Near East : Archaeology in the `` Cradle of Civilization '' `` . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 04742 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maisels , Charles Keith ( 2001 ) . `` Early Civilizations of the Old World : The Formative Histories of Egypt , the Levant , Mesopotamia , India and China '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10976 - 5 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Ian ; Jameson , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` A dictionary of archaeology '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23583 - 5 . Jump up ^ Margarethe Uepermann ( 2007 ) , `` Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia '' ( Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Volume 3 , Issue 2 , pages 65 -- 109 ) Jump up ^ Hamblin , Dora Jane ( May 1987 ) . `` Has the Garden of Eden been located at last ? '' ( PDF ) . Smithsonian Magazine . 18 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deutscher , Guy ( 2007 ) . Syntactic Change in Akkadian : The Evolution of Sentential Complementation . Oxford University Press US . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953222 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Leick , Gwendolyn ( 2003 ) , `` Mesopotamia , the Invention of the City '' ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ W. Hallo ; W. Simpson ( 1971 ) . The Ancient Near East . New York : Harcourt , Brace , Jovanovich . p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : K. van der Toorn , P.W. van der Horst ( Jan 1990 ) . `` Nimrod before and after the Bible '' . The Harvard Theological Review . 83 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017816000005502 . Jump up ^ Stanley A. Freed , Research Pitfalls as a Result of the Restoration of Museum Specimens , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , Volume 376 , The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections pages 229 -- 245 , December 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Wolkstein , Diane ; Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1983 ) . Inanna : Queen of Heaven and Earth : Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0060147136 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth F. Henrickson ; Ingolf Thuesen ; I. Thuesen ( 1989 ) . Upon this Foundation : The N̜baid Reconsidered : Proceedings from the U̜baid Symposium , Elsinore , May 30th - June 1st 1988 . p. 353 . ISBN 9788772890708 . Jump up ^ Jean - Jacques Glassner ( 2003 ) . The Invention of Cuneiform : Writing in Sumer . p. 31 . ISBN 9780801873898 . ^ Jump up to : Algaze , Guillermo ( 2005 ) `` The Uruk World System : The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization '' , ( Second Edition , University of Chicago Press ) ^ Jump up to : Jacobsen , Thorkild ( Ed ) ( 1939 ) , `` The Sumerian King List '' ( Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago ; Assyriological Studies , No. 11. , 1939 ) Jump up ^ Lamb , Hubert H. ( 1995 ) . Climate , History , and the Modern World . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12735 - 1 Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Thorkild ( 1976 ) , `` The Harps that Once ... ; Sumerian Poetry in Translation '' and `` Treasures of Darkness : a history of Mesopotamian Religion '' Jump up ^ George , Andrew ( Translater ) ( 2003 ) , `` The Epic of Gilgamesh '' ( Penguin Classics ) ^ Jump up to : Roux , Georges ( March 1 , 1993 ) . Ancient Iraq . Harmondsworth : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0140125238 . Jump up ^ Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture by T. Jacobsen Jump up ^ Thompson , William R. ( 2004 ) . `` Complexity , Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation '' ( PDF ) . Journal of World Systems Research . 10 ( 3 ) : 612 -- 652 . doi : 10.5195 / jwsr. 2004.288 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Harmansah , Ömür , The Archaeology of Mesopotamia : Ceremonial centers , urbanization and state formation in Southern Mesopotamia , 2007 , p. 699 Jump up ^ Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones , 1978 , Atlas of World Population History , Facts on File , New York , ISBN 0 - 7139 - 1031 - 3 . Jump up ^ Karen Rhea Nemet - Nejat ( 30 September 1998 ) . Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29497 - 6 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.ldolphin.org/eden/ Jump up ^ Celibacy in the Ancient World : Its Ideal and Practice in Pre-Hellenistic Israel , Mesopotamia , and Greece by Dale Launderville , page 28 ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1963 ) . The Sumerians : Their History , Culture , and Character ( PDF ) . The Univ. of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 45238 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sayce , Rev. A.H. ( 1908 ) . The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions ( 2nd revised ed . ) . London , Brighton , New York : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . pp. 98 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Goss , Clint ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia '' . Flutopedia . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gender and the Journal : Diaries and Academic Discourse p. 62 by Cinthia Gannett , 1992 ^ Jump up to : Black , Jeremy ; Green , Anthony ( 1992 ) , Gods , Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary , University of Texas Press , ISBN 0 - 292 - 70794 - 0 Jump up ^ Woods C. 2006 `` Bilingualism , Scribal Learning , and the Death of Sumerian '' . In S.L. Sanders ( ed ) Margins of Writing , Origins of Culture : 91 - 120 Chicago Jump up ^ Campbell , Lyle ; Mauricio J. Mixco ( 2007 ) . A glossary of historical linguistics . Edinburgh University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2379 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , J.A. ; Davidson , George ( 2015 ) , The Dictionary of Mythology : An A-Z of Themes , Legends , and Heroes , London , England : Arcturus Publishing Limited , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78404 - 478 - 7 Jump up ^ Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1983 ) , `` The Sumerian Deluge Myth : Reviewed and Revised '' , Anatolian Studies , British Institute at Ankara , 33 : 115 -- 121 , doi : 10.2307 / 3642699 Jump up ^ Hallo , William W. ( 1996 ) , `` Review : Enki and the Theology of Eridu '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , 116 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy A. ; Cunningham , Graham ; Robson , Eleanor ( 2006 ) , The Literature of Ancient Sumer , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929633 - 0 Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ; Green , Anthony ( 1992 ) . Gods , Demons , and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0292707948 . Jump up ^ Leick , Gwendolyn ( 2003 ) , Mesopotamia : The Invention of the City ' ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ Crawford , Harriet ( 1993 ) , `` Sumer and the Sumerians '' ( Cambridge University Press , ( New York 1993 ) ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 38850 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bibby Geoffrey and Carl Phillips ( 2013 ) , `` Looking for Dilmun '' ( Alfred A. Knopf ) Jump up ^ Gately , Iain . Drink : A Cultural History of Alcohol . Gotham Books . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 592 - 40303 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Donald Alexander ( 1927 ) . Footprints of Early Man . Blackie & Son Limited . Jump up ^ Adams , R. McC. ( 1981 ) . Heartland of Cities . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Tannahill , Reay ( 1968 ) . The fine art of food . Folio Society . Jump up ^ By the sweat of thy brow : Work in the Western world , Melvin Kranzberg , Joseph Gies , Putnam , 1975 Jump up ^ Duncan J. Melville ( 2003 ) . Third Millennium Chronology , Third Millennium Mathematics . St. Lawrence University . Jump up ^ Ifrah 2001 : 11 Jump up ^ Anderson , Marlow ; Wilson , Robin J. ( October 14 , 2004 ) . Sherlock Holmes in Babylon : and other tales of mathematical history . Google Books . ISBN 9780883855461 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Diplomacy by design : Luxury arts and an `` international style '' in the ancient Near East , 1400 - 1200 BC , Marian H. Feldman , University of Chicago Press , 2006 , pp. 120 - 121 ^ Jump up to : Hudson , Michael ( 1998 ) . Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop , ed . Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East . Bethesda , Maryland : CDL . pp. 23 -- 35 . ISBN 1883053714 . Jump up ^ Van De Mieroop , Marc ( 1998 ) . Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop , ed . Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East . Bethesda , Maryland : CDL . p. 63 . ISBN 1883053714 . Jump up ^ Roux , Georges ( 1992 ) , `` Ancient Iraq '' ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ Winter , Irene J. ( 1985 ) . `` After the Battle is Over : The ' Stele of the Vultures ' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East '' . In Kessler , Herbert L. ; Simpson , Marianna Shreve . Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages . Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts , Symposium Series IV 16 . Washington DC : National Gallery of Art . pp. 11 -- 32 . ISSN 0091 - 7338 Jump up ^ Gary Thompson . `` History of Constellation and Star Names '' . Members.optusnet.com.au . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sumerian Questions and Answers '' . Sumerian.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Ascalone , Enrico. 2007 . Mesopotamia : Assyrians , Sumerians , Babylonians ( Dictionaries of Civilizations ; 1 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25266 - 7 ( paperback ) . Bottéro , Jean , André Finet , Bertrand Lafont , and George Roux. 2001 . Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . Crawford , Harriet E.W. 2004 . Sumer and the Sumerians . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Leick , Gwendolyn. 2002 . Mesopotamia : Invention of the City . London and New York : Penguin . Lloyd , Seton. 1978 . The Archaeology of Mesopotamia : From the Old Stone Age to the Persian Conquest . London : Thames and Hudson . Nemet - Nejat , Karen Rhea. 1998 . Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia . London and Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1972 ) . Sumerian Mythology : A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C ( Originally published 1944 by American Philosophical Society . Revised 1961 by Harper & Row . Revised edition reprinted 1972 by U. Penn . ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Rev. ed . ) . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0812210476 . Roux , Georges. 1992 . Ancient Iraq , 560 pages . London : Penguin ( earlier printings may have different pagination : 1966 , 480 pages , Pelican ; 1964 , 431 pages , London : Allen and Urwin ) . Schomp , Virginia . Ancient Mesopotamia : The Sumerians , Babylonians , And Assyrians . Sumer : Cities of Eden ( Timelife Lost Civilizations ) . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1993 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8094 - 9887 - 1 ) . Woolley , C. Leonard . 1929 . The Sumerians . Oxford : Clarendon Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Sumer ( category ) Ancient Sumer History -- - The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium Iraq 's Ancient Past -- Penn Museum The Sumerians Geography The History Files : Ancient Mesopotamia Language Sumerian Language Page , perhaps the oldest Sumerian website on the web ( it dates back to 1996 ) , features compiled lexicon , detailed FAQ , extensive links , and so on . ETCSL : The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature has complete translations of more than 400 Sumerian literary texts . PSD : The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary , while still in its initial stages , can be searched on - line , from August 2004 . CDLI : Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative a large corpus of Sumerian texts in transliteration , largely from the Early Dynastic and Ur III periods , accessible with images . Coordinates : 32 ° 00 ′ N 45 ° 30 ′ E / 32.0 ° N 45.5 ° E / 32.0 ; 45.5 Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia Syria Northern Mesopotamia Southern Mesopotamia c. 3500 -- 2350 BCE Martu Subartu Sumerian city - states c. 2350 -- 2200 BCE Akkadian Empire c. 2200 -- 2100 BCE Gutians c. 2100 -- 2000 BCE Third Dynasty of Ur ( Sumerian Renaissance ) c. 2000 -- 1800 BCE Mari and other Amorite city - states Old Assyrian Empire ( Northern Akkadians ) Isin / Larsa and other Amorite city - states c. 1800 -- 1600 BCE Old Hittite Kingdom Old Babylonian Empire ( Southern Akkadians ) c. 1600 -- 1400 BCE Mitanni ( Hurrians ) Karduniaš ( Kassites ) c. 1400 -- 1200 BCE New Hittite Kingdom Middle Assyrian Empire c. 1200 -- 1150 BCE Bronze Age collapse ( `` Sea Peoples '' ) Arameans c. 1150 -- 911 BCE Phoenicia Syro - Hittite states Aram - Damascus Arameans Middle Babylonia ( Isin II ) Chal de - ans 911 -- 729 BCE Neo-Assyrian Empire 729 -- 609 BCE 626 -- 539 BCE Neo-Babylonian Empire ( Chaldeans ) 539 -- 331 BCE Achaemenid Empire ( Persians ) 336 -- 301 BCE Macedonian Empire ( Ancient Greeks ) 311 -- 129 BCE Seleucid Empire 129 -- 63 BCE Seleucid Empire Parthian Empire ( Iranians ) 63 BCE -- 243 CE Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire ( Syria ) 243 -- 636 CE Sasanian Empire ( Persians ) Ancient Mesopotamia Geography Modern Euphrates Upper Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris Zagros Mountains Ancient Akkad Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Hittites Media Mitanni Sumer Urartu Cities History Pre - 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4339643999133161723 | Hillsborough disaster | Hillsborough disaster - Wikipedia Hillsborough disaster Jump to : navigation , search Hillsborough disaster The Leppings Lane end inside Hillsborough Stadium during the disaster ( goalposts centre ) Date 15 April 1989 Location Hillsborough Stadium Sheffield , England Coordinates 53 ° 24 ′ 42 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 06 '' W / 53.41154 ° N 1.50154 ° W / 53.41154 ; - 1.50154 Coordinates : 53 ° 24 ′ 42 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 06 '' W / 53.41154 ° N 1.50154 ° W / 53.41154 ; - 1.50154 Cause Overcrowding in central pens of stand Deaths 96 ( 94 on 15 April ) Non-fatal injuries 766 Inquiries Taylor Report ( 1990 ) Hillsborough Independent Panel ( 2012 ) Inquest Stefan Popper ( 1st inquest , 1989 -- 1991 ) Sir John Goldring ( 2nd inquest , 2014 -- 2016 ) The Hillsborough disaster was a human crush at Hillsborough football stadium in Sheffield , England on 15 April 1989 , during the 1988 -- 89 FA Cup semi-final game between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest . The resulting 96 fatalities and 766 injuries makes this the worst disaster in British sporting history . The crush occurred in the two standing - only central pens in the Leppings Lane stand , allocated to Liverpool supporters . Shortly before kick - off , in an attempt to ease overcrowding outside the entrance turnstiles , the police match commander , chief superintendent David Duckenfield , ordered exit gate C to be opened , leading to an influx of even more supporters to the already overcrowded central pens . In the days and weeks following the disaster , police fed false stories to the press suggesting that hooliganism and drinking by Liverpool supporters were the root causes of the disaster . Blaming of Liverpool fans persisted even after the Taylor Report of 1990 , which found that the main cause of the disaster was a failure of control by South Yorkshire Police ( SYP ) . Following the Taylor report , the Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) ruled there was no evidence to justify prosecution of individuals or institutions . The disaster also led to a number of safety improvements in the largest English football grounds , notably the elimination of fenced standing terraces in favour of all - seater stadiums in the top two tiers of English football . The first coroner 's inquest into the Hillsborough disaster , completed in 1991 , ruled all deaths that day to be accidental . Families strongly rejected the original coroner 's findings , and their fight to have the matter re-opened persisted , despite Lord Justice Stuart - Smith concluding in 1997 there was no justification for a new inquiry . Private prosecutions brought by the Hillsborough Families Support Group against Duckenfield and his deputy Bernard Murray failed in 2000 . In 2009 , a Hillsborough Independent Panel was formed to review all evidence . Reporting in 2012 , it confirmed Taylor 's 1990 criticisms , while also revealing new details about the extent of police efforts to shift blame onto fans , the role of other emergency services , and the error of the first coroner 's inquest . The panel 's report resulted in the previous findings of accidental death being quashed , and the creating of a new coroner 's inquest . It also produced two criminal investigations led by police in 2012 : Operation Resolve to look into the causes of the disaster , and by the Independent Police Complaints Commission ( IPCC ) to examine actions by police in the aftermath . The second coroner 's inquest was held from 1 April 2014 to 26 April 2016 . It ruled that the supporters were unlawfully killed due to grossly negligent failures by police and ambulance services to fulfil their duty of care to the supporters . The inquest also found that the design of the stadium contributed to the crush , and that supporters were not to blame for the dangerous conditions . Public anger over the actions of his force during the second inquest led the SYP chief constable David Crompton to be suspended following the verdict . In June 2017 , six people were charged with various offences including manslaughter by gross negligence , misconduct in public office and perverting the course of justice for their actions during and after the disaster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the disaster 1.1 Venue 1.1. 1 Previous incidents 1.2 Yorkshire police command changes 2 Disaster 2.1 Build - up 2.2 Timeline 2.3 Crush 2.3. 1 SYMAS response to the crush 2.4 Reactions 2.5 Disaster appeal fund 2.6 Effect on survivors 3 Victims 3.1 Ages 4 1989 coroner 's hearing 5 Taylor Inquiry 5.1 Police control 5.2 Behaviour of fans 5.3 Police evasion 5.4 Effect on stadiums in Britain 6 Stuart - Smith scrutiny 7 Hillsborough Independent Panel 7.1 History 7.2 Findings 7.3 Effects 8 Second coroner 's hearing 8.1 Independent Police Complaints Commission investigation 9 Criminal and civil cases 9.1 Prosecutions 9.2 Psychiatric injury and other litigation 10 Memorials 10.1 Permanent memorials 10.2 Memorial ceremonies 10.3 10th anniversary 10.4 20th anniversary 10.5 Other tributes 11 Controversies 11.1 Media portrayal 11.1. 1 The Sun 11.1. 2 The Times 11.1. 3 FHM 11.1. 4 The Spectator 11.2 EastEnders 11.3 Charles Itandje 11.4 Jeremy Hunt 11.5 Fans ' chants 11.6 Oliver Popplewell 11.7 David Crompton 11.8 Civil servant 11.9 Steven Cohen 11.10 Bernard Ingham 12 Dramatisations and documentaries 12.1 1996 drama 12.2 2014 / 2016 documentary 12.3 Stage plays 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Before the disaster The West Stand of Sheffield Wednesday 's Hillsborough Stadium , where the disaster unfolded , seen two years later in 1991 . Venue Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield , the home of Sheffield Wednesday , was selected by the Football Association ( FA ) as a neutral venue to host the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest football clubs . Kick - off was scheduled for 3 : 00 pm on 15 April , and fans were advised to take up positions 15 minutes beforehand . At the time of the disaster , most English football stadiums had high steel fencing between the spectators and the playing field in response to both friendly and hostile pitch invasions . Hooliganism had affected the sport for some years , and was particularly virulent in England . From 1974 , when these security standards were put in place , crushes occurred in several English stadiums . A report by Eastwood & Partners for a safety certificate for the stadium in 1978 concluded that although it failed to meet the recommendations of the Green Guide , a guide to safety at sports grounds , the consequences were minor . It emphasised the general situation at Hillsborough was satisfactory compared with most grounds . Risks associated with confining fans in pens were highlighted by the Committee of Inquiry into Crowd Safety at Sports Grounds ( the Popplewell inquiry ) after the Bradford City stadium fire in May 1985 . It made recommendations on the safety of crowds penned within fences , including that `` all exit gates should be manned at all times ... and capable of being opened immediately from the inside by anyone in an emergency '' . Previous incidents Hillsborough hosted five FA Cup semi-finals in the 1980s . A crush occurred at the Leppings Lane end of the ground during the 1981 semi-final between Tottenham Hotspur and Wolverhampton Wanderers after hundreds more spectators were permitted to enter the terrace than could safely be accommodated , resulting in 38 injuries , including broken arms , legs and ribs . Police believed there had been a real chance of fatalities had swift action not been taken , and recommended the club reduce its capacity . In a post-match briefing to discuss the incident , Sheffield Wednesday chairman Bert McGee remarked : `` Bollocks -- no one would have been killed '' . The incident nonetheless prompted Sheffield Wednesday to alter the layout at the Leppings Lane end , dividing the terrace into three separate pens to restrict sideways movement . This 1981 change and other later changes to the stadium invalidated the stadium 's safety certificate . The safety certificate was never renewed and the stated capacity of the stadium was never changed . The terrace was divided into five pens when the club was promoted to the First Division in 1984 , and a crush barrier near the access tunnel was removed in 1986 to improve the flow of fans entering and exiting the central enclosure . After the crush in 1981 , Hillsborough was not chosen to host an FA Cup semi-final for six years until 1987 . Serious overcrowding was observed at the 1987 quarter - final between Sheffield Wednesday and Coventry City and again during the semi-final between Coventry City and Leeds United at Hillsborough . Leeds were assigned the Leppings Lane end . A Leeds fan described disorganisation at the turnstiles and no steward or police direction inside the stadium , resulting in the crowd in one enclosure becoming so compressed he was at times unable to raise and clap his hands . Other accounts told of fans having to be pulled to safety from above . Liverpool and Nottingham Forest met in the semi-final at Hillsborough in 1988 , and fans reported crushing at the Leppings Lane end . Liverpool lodged a complaint before the match in 1989 . One supporter wrote to the Football Association and Minister for Sport complaining , `` The whole area was packed solid to the point where it was impossible to move and where I , and others around me , felt considerable concern for personal safety '' . Yorkshire police command changes Police presence at the previous year 's FA Cup semi-final ( also between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest and also at Hillsborough Stadium ) had been overseen by Chief Superintendent Brian L. Mole . Mole had supervised numerous police deployments at the stadium in the past . In October 1988 a probationary PC in Mole 's F division , South Yorkshire was handcuffed , photographed , and stripped by fellow officers in a fake robbery , as a hazing prank . Four officers resigned and seven were disciplined over the incident . Chief Superintendent Mole himself was to be transferred to the Barnsley division for `` career development reasons '' . The transfer was to be done with immediate effect on 27 March 1989 . Meanwhile , Hillsborough was accepted as the FA Cup semi-final venue on 20 March 1989 by the Football Association . The first planning meeting for the semi-final took place on 22 March and was attended by newly promoted Chief Superintendent David Duckenfield , not by Mole . No known minutes exist of this meeting . Although Mole could have been assigned the semi-final match 's planning despite his transfer , that was not done . This left planning for the semi-final match to Duckenfield , who had never commanded a sell - out football match before , and who had `` very little , if any '' training or personal experience in how to do so . Disaster Leppings Lane was the sole access point for Liverpool supporters . The approach has been described as a `` bottleneck '' in which attendees had to fill two sides of the stadium . Build - up As is common at domestic matches in England , opposing supporters were segregated . Nottingham Forest supporters were allocated the South Stands and Spion Kop on the east end , with a combined capacity of 29,800 , reached by 60 turnstiles spaced along two sides of the ground . Liverpool supporters were allocated the North and West ends ( Leppings Lane ) , holding 24,256 fans , reached by 23 turnstiles from a narrow concourse . Turnstiles numbered 1 to 10 , 10 in all , provided access to 9,700 seats in the North Stand ; a further 6 turnstiles ( numbered 11 to 16 ) provided access to 4,456 seats in the upper tier of the West Stand . Finally , 7 turnstiles ( lettered A to G ) provided access to 10,100 standing places in the lower tier of the West Stand . Although Liverpool had more supporters , Nottingham Forest was allocated the larger area , to avoid the approach routes of rival fans crossing . As a result of the stadium layout and segregation policy , turnstiles that would normally have been used to enter the North Stand from the east were off - limits and all Liverpool supporters had to converge on a single entrance at Leppings Lane . On match day , radio and television advised fans without tickets not to attend . Rather than establishing crowd safety as the priority , clubs , local authorities and the police viewed their roles and responsibilities through the ' lens of hooliganism ' . Timeline Three chartered trains transported Liverpool supporters to Sheffield for a match fixture in 1988 , but only one such train ran in 1989 . The 350 passengers arrived on the grounds about 2 : 20 pm . Many supporters wished to enjoy the day and were in no hurry to enter the stadium too early . Some supporters were delayed by roadworks while crossing the Pennines on the M62 motorway which resulted in minor traffic congestion . Between 2 : 30 pm and 2 : 40 pm , there was a build - up of supporters outside the turnstiles facing Leppings Lane , eager to enter the stadium before the game began . At 2 : 46 pm , the BBC 's football commentator John Motson had already noticed the imbalance of distribution of people in the Leppings Lane pens . While rehearsing for the match off - air , he suggested a nearby cameraman look as well . `` There 's gaps , you know , in parts of the ground . Well , if you look at the Liverpool end , to the right of the goal , there 's hardly anybody on those steps ... that 's it . Look down there . '' Outside the stadium , a bottleneck developed with more fans arriving than could be safely filtered through the turnstiles before 3 : 00 pm . People presenting tickets at the wrong turnstiles and those who had been refused entry could not leave because of the crowd behind them but remained as an obstruction . Fans outside could hear cheering as the teams came on the pitch ten minutes before the match started , and as the match kicked off , but could not gain entrance . A police constable radioed control requesting that the game be delayed , as it had been two years before , to ensure the safe passage of supporters into the ground . The request to delay the start of the match by 20 minutes was declined . With an estimated 5,000 fans trying to enter through the turnstiles and increasing safety concerns , the police , to avoid fatalities outside the ground , opened a large exit gate ( Gate C ) that ordinarily permitted the free flow of supporters departing the stadium . Two further gates ( A and B) were subsequently opened to relieve pressure . After an initial rush , thousands of supporters entered the stadium `` steadily at a fast walk '' . The scene outside the ground as the disaster began Crush BBC television cameras were at the ground to record the game for Match of the Day . As the disaster unfolded , the events were relayed live to the Saturday sports show , Grandstand . In Ireland , RTÉ also showed the disaster unfolding , as it was covering the match live through its programme Sports Stadium . When the gates were opened , thousands of fans entered a narrow tunnel leading to the rear of the terrace into two overcrowded central pens ( pens 3 and 4 ) , creating pressure at the front . Hundreds of people were pressed against one another and the fencing by the weight of the crowd behind them . People entering were unaware of the problems at the fence ; police or stewards usually stood at the entrance to the tunnel and , when the central pens reached capacity , directed fans to the side pens , but on this occasion , for reasons not fully explained , they did not . A BBC TV news report conjectured that if police had positioned two police horses correctly , they would have acted as breakwaters directing many fans into side pens , but on this occasion , it was not done . The match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest began as scheduled at 3 : 00 pm . Fans were still streaming into pens 3 and 4 from the rear entrance tunnel as the match began . For some time , problems at the front of the Liverpool central goal pens went largely unnoticed except by those inside it , and by a few police at that end of the pitch . Liverpool 's goalkeeper , Bruce Grobbelaar , reported fans from behind him pleading to him for help as the situation worsened . The police at first attempted to stop fans from spilling out of the pens , some believing this to be a pitch invasion . At approximately 3 : 05 pm in match action , Peter Beardsley kicked a shot which struck Nottingham Forest 's goal bar . Possibly connected to the excitement , a surge in pen 3 caused one of its metal crush barriers to give way , thrusting people forward on top of one another , and into the pen 's front fences . South Yorkshire Police Superintendent Greenwood ( the ground commander ) realised the situation , and ran on the field to gain referee Ray Lewis 's attention . Lewis stopped the match at 3 : 05 : 30 as fans climbed the fence in an effort to escape the crush and went onto the track . By this time , a small gate in the fence had been forced open and some fans escaped via this route , as others continued to climb over the fencing . Other fans were pulled to safety by fans in the West Stand above the Leppings Lane terrace . The intensity of the crush broke more crush barriers on the terraces . Holes in the perimeter fencing were made by fans desperately attempting to rescue others . The crowd in the Leppings Lane Stand overspilled onto the pitch , where many injured and traumatised fans congregated who had climbed to safety . Football players from both teams were ushered to their respective dressing rooms , and told that there would be a 30 - minute postponement . Those still trapped in the pens were packed so tightly that many victims died of compressive asphyxia while standing . Meanwhile , on the pitch , police , stewards and members of the St John Ambulance service were overwhelmed . Many uninjured fans assisted the injured ; several attempted CPR and others tore down advertising hoardings to use as stretchers . Chief Superintendent John Nesbit of South Yorkshire Police later briefed Michael Shersby MP that leaving the rescue to the fans was a deliberate strategy , and is quoted as saying `` We let the fans help so that they would not take out their frustration on the police '' at a Police Federation conference . Liverpool fans desperately try to climb the fence onto the safety of the pitch while being stopped by the police . As events unfolded , some police officers were still deployed making a cordon three - quarters of the way down the pitch to prevent Liverpool supporters reaching the opposing supporters . Without public address announcements to explain the situation , many Nottingham Forest fans on the other end were chanting for their team and whistled their anger at what they saw as a pitch invasion , incensing some of the Liverpool supporters . Some fans tried to break through the cordon simply to ferry injured fans to waiting ambulances on the Nottingham Forest end but were forcibly turned back . SYMAS response to the crush The agreed upon protocol for the South Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service , or SYMAS was that ambulances were to queue at the entrance to the gymnasium , termed the casualty reception point , or CRP . Any individuals within the stadium in need of medical attention were to be delivered expeditiously by police and paramedics to the CRP . The system of ferrying injured from any location within the stadium to the CRP required a formal declaration to be made by those in charge for it to take effect . As this declaration was not immediately performed , confusion reigned over those attempting to administer aid on the pitch . This confusion migrated to the first responders waiting in ambulances at the CRP , a location which quickly deteriorated into an ambulance parking lot . Some crews were hesitant to leave their vehicles , unsure of whether patients were coming to them , or vice versa . Others who did leave their vehicles were then faced with the obstacles inherent in placing distance between oneself and one 's equipment . As the Panel explained in their report : `` The equipment was no use on the ambulance vehicle when critical early resuscitation was taking place some distance away on the pitch , behind the Leppings Lane end and in the gymnasium . Some ambulance crew did take equipment when they left their vehicle , but there was no systematic direction to do so , not all did , and none initially had been given any information about the situation inside the stadium . '' A total of 42 ambulances arrived at the stadium . Out of this number , two managed of their own accord to make their way onto the pitch -- while a third ambulance made its way onto the pitch at the direction of DCAO Hopkins , who felt its visibility might allay crowd concerns . The remaining 39 ambulances were collectively able to transport approximately 149 people to either Northern General Hospital , Royal Hallamshire Hospital , or Barnsley Hospital for treatment . Reactions Condolences flooded in from across the world , led by the Queen . Other messages came from Pope John Paul II , US President George H.W. Bush , and the chief executive of Juventus ( fans of Liverpool and Juventus were involved in the Heysel Stadium disaster ) amongst many others . Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Home Secretary Douglas Hurd visited Hillsborough the day after the disaster and met survivors . Anfield Stadium was opened on the Sunday to allow fans to pay tribute to the dead . Thousands of fans visited and the stadium filled with flowers , scarves and other tributes . In the following days more than 200,000 people visited the `` shrine '' inside the stadium . The following Sunday , a link of football scarves spanning the 1.6 kilometres ( 0.99 mi ) distance across Stanley Park from Goodison Park to Anfield was created , with the final scarf in position at 3 : 06 pm . Elsewhere on the same day , a silence -- opened with an air - raid siren at three o'clock -- was held in central Nottingham with the colours of Forest , Liverpool and Wednesday adorning Nottingham Council House . At Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , a requiem mass attended by 3,000 people was held by the Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool , Derek Worlock . The first reading was read by Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar . Liverpool players Ronnie Whelan , Steve Nicol , and former manager Joe Fagan carried the communion bread and wine . David Sheppard , the Anglican Bishop of Liverpool , on holiday on the Scottish island of Barra on the day of the disaster , was airlifted by RAF helicopter to attend . The FA chief executive Graham Kelly , who had attended the match , said the FA would conduct an inquiry into what had happened . Speaking after the disaster , Kelly backed all - seater stadiums , saying `` We must move fans away from the ritual of standing on terraces '' . Standing on terraces and the use of perimeter fencing around the pitch , the use of CCTV , the timing of football matches and policing of sporting events were factors for a subsequent inquiry to consider . UEFA President Jacques Georges caused controversy by describing the Liverpool supporters as `` beasts '' , wrongly suggesting that hooliganism was the cause of the disaster , which had occurred less than four years after the Heysel Stadium disaster . His remarks led to Liverpool F.C. calling for his resignation , but he apologised on discovering hooliganism was not the cause . At the 1989 FA Cup Final between Liverpool and local rivals Everton , held just five weeks after the Hillsborough disaster , the players from both participating teams wore black armbands as a gesture of respect to the victims , with a minute 's silence also observed . During the final match of the 1988 -- 89 English Football League season , contested on 26 May 1989 between Liverpool and second - place Arsenal , the Arsenal players presented flowers to fans in different parts of Anfield in memory of those who had died in the Hillsborough disaster . Disaster appeal fund A disaster appeal fund was set up with donations of £ 500,000 from the Government , £ 100,000 from Liverpool F.C. and £ 25,000 each from the cities of Liverpool , Sheffield and Nottingham . Liverpool donated the share of the money they would have received for the game . Within days donations had passed £ 1 million , swelled by donations from individuals , schools and businesses . Other fund raising activities included a Factory Records benefit concert and several fundraising football matches . Bradford City and Lincoln City , the teams involved in the Bradford City stadium fire , met for the first time since the 1985 disaster in a game which raised £ 25,000 . When the appeal closed the following year , it had raised over £ 12 million . Much of the money went to victims and relatives of those involved in the disaster and provided funds for a college course to improve the hospital phase of emergency care . In May 1989 , a charity version of the Gerry and the Pacemakers song `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' was released in aid of those affected . The song featured Liverpool musicians Paul McCartney , Gerry Marsden ( of the Pacemakers ) , Holly Johnson , and the Christians , and was produced by Stock Aitken Waterman . It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 1 on 20 May , remaining at the top for a total of three weeks . Although Gerry and the Pacemakers ' earlier hit `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' had stronger ties to Liverpool FC , it was not used because it had recently been rerecorded for the Bradford City stadium fire appeal . Effect on survivors By the disaster 's 10th anniversary in 1999 , at least three people who survived were known to have committed suicide . Another survivor had spent eight years in psychiatric care . There were cases of alcoholism , drug abuse , and collapsed marriages involving people who had witnessed the events . The lingering effects of the disaster were seen as a cause , or contributary factor , in all of these . The Memorial to the fatalities of the Hillsborough disaster at Hillsborough Stadium Victims A total of 96 people died as a result of the disaster . On the day 94 people , aged from 10 to 67 years old , died as a result of their injuries , either at the stadium , in the ambulances , or shortly after arrival at hospital . A total of 766 people were reported to have suffered injuries , although less than half required hospital treatment . The less seriously injured survivors who did not live in the Sheffield area were advised to seek treatment for their injuries at hospitals nearer to their homes . On 19 April , the death toll reached 95 when 14 - year - old Lee Nicol died in hospital after his life support machine was switched off . The death toll reached 96 in March 1993 , when artificial feeding and hydration were withdrawn from 22 - year - old Tony Bland after nearly four years , during which time he had remained in a persistent vegetative state showing no sign of improvement . This followed a legal challenge in the High Court by his family to have his treatment withdrawn , a landmark challenge which succeeded in November 1992 . Andrew Devine , aged 22 at the time of the disaster , suffered similar injuries to Tony Bland and was also diagnosed as being in a persistent vegetative state . In March 1997 -- just before the eighth anniversary of the disaster -- it was reported he had emerged from the condition and was able to communicate using a touch - sensitive pad , and he had been showing signs of awareness of his surroundings for up to three years before . He is still alive as of 2015 . Two sisters , three pairs of brothers , and a father and son were among those who died , as were two men about to become fathers for the first time : 25 - year - old Steven Brown of Wrexham and 30 - year - old Peter Thompson of Widnes . Jon - Paul Gilhooley , aged 10 , was the youngest person to die . His cousin , Steven Gerrard , then aged 8 , went on to become Liverpool F.C. 's captain . Gerrard has said the disaster inspired him to lead the team he supported as a boy and become a top professional football player . The oldest person to die at Hillsborough was 67 - year - old Gerard Baron , an older brother of the late Liverpool player Kevin Baron ( 1926 -- 1971 ) , who had been on the losing side in the 1950 FA Cup Final . Stephen Whittle is considered by some to be the 97th victim of Hillsborough , as due to work commitments he had sold his ticket to a friend ( whom he and his family chose not to identify ) , who then died in the disaster ; the resulting feeling of survivor guilt is believed to be the main reason for his suicide in February 2011 . The majority of victims that lost their lives were from Liverpool ( 37 ) and Greater Merseyside ( 20 ) . A further 20 were from counties adjacent to Merseyside . An additional 3 victims came from Sheffield with 2 more living in counties adjacent to South Yorkshire . The remaining 14 victims lived in other parts of England . Ages Of those who died , 78 were aged under 30 , 38 of whom were under 20 , and all but three of the victims were aged under 50 . Age range Total Males Females 10 -- 19 38 36 20 -- 29 40 36 30 -- 39 12 11 40 -- 49 0 50 -- 59 0 60 -- 69 0 Totals 96 89 7 1989 coroner 's hearing Inquests into the deaths , commencing later in 1989 , proved controversial . South Yorkshire coroner Stefan Popper limited the main inquest to events up to 3 : 15 pm on the day of the disaster -- nine minutes after the match was halted and the crowd spilled onto the pitch . Popper said this was because the victims were either dead , or brain dead , by 3 : 15 pm . The decision angered the families , many of whom felt the inquest was unable to consider the response of the police and other emergency services after that time . The inquest returned a verdict of accidental death on 26 March 1991 , much to the dismay of the bereaved families , who had been hoping for a verdict of unlawful killing or an open verdict , and for manslaughter charges to be brought against the officers who had been present at the disaster . Popper 's decision was subsequently endorsed by the Divisional Court who considered it to have been justified in the light of the medical evidence available to him . Relatives later failed to have the inquest reopened to allow more scrutiny of police actions and closer examination of the circumstances of individual cases . One of the individual cases where the circumstances of death were not fully resolved was that of Kevin Williams , the fifteen - year - old son of Anne Williams . Williams , who died in 2013 , rejected the coroner 's decision that the Hillsborough victims , including her son , had died before 3 : 15 pm , citing witness statements that described her son showing signs of life at 4 : 00 pm . She unsuccessfully appealed to the European Court of Human Rights in 2009 . The Hillsborough Independent Panel considered the available evidence and stated that `` the initial pathologist 's opinion appeared definitive , but further authoritative opinions raised significant doubts about the accuracy of that initial opinion . '' Taylor inquiry Main article : Taylor Report After the disaster , Lord Justice Taylor was appointed to conduct an inquiry into the events . The Taylor Inquiry sat for a total of 31 days and published two reports : an interim report which laid out the events of the day and immediate conclusions , and the final report which outlined general recommendations on football ground safety . This became known as the Taylor Report . Taylor concluded that policing on the day `` broke down '' and `` the main reason for the disaster was the failure of police control '' . Attention was focused on the decision to open the secondary gates ; moreover , the kick - off should have been delayed , as had been done at other venues and matches . Sheffield Wednesday was also criticised for the inadequate number of turnstiles at the Leppings Lane end and the poor quality of the crush barriers on the terraces , `` respects in which failure by the Club contributed to this disaster '' . Police control Taylor found there was `` no provision '' for controlling the entry of spectators into the turnstile area . He dismissed the claim by senior police officers that they had no reason to anticipate problems , since congestion had occurred at both the 1987 and 1988 semi-finals . He said that `` the Operational Order and police tactics on the day failed to provide for controlling a concentrated arrival of large numbers should that occur in a short period . That it might so occur was foreseeable '' . The failure by the police to give the order to direct fans to empty areas of the stadium , was described by Taylor as `` a blunder of the first magnitude '' . There was no means for calculating when individual enclosures had reached capacity . A police officer ordinarily made a visual assessment before guiding fans to other pens . However , on the day of the disaster , `` by 2.52 pm when gate C was opened , pens 3 and 4 were over-full ... to allow any more into those pens was likely to cause injuries ; to allow in a large stream was courting disaster '' . The report noted that the official capacity of the central pens was 2,200 , that the Health and Safety Executive found this should have been reduced to 1,693 due to crush barriers and perimeter gates , but actually an estimated 3,000 people were in the pens around 3 : 00 pm . The report said `` When spectators first appeared on the track , the immediate assumption in the control room was that a pitch invasion was threatened . This was unlikely at the beginning of a match . It became still less likely when those on the track made no move towards the pitch ... ( T ) here was no effective leadership either from control or on the pitch to harness and organise rescue efforts . No orders were given for officers to enter the tunnel and relieve pressure '' . Further that : `` The anxiety to protect the sanctity of the pitch has caused insufficient attention to be paid to the risk of a crush due to overcrowding '' . Lord Taylor regarded spectator allocation as irrelevant to the disaster . `` I do not consider choice of ends was causative of the disaster . Had it been reversed , the disaster could well have occurred in a similar manner but to Nottingham supporters '' . Behaviour of fans Lord Taylor concluded that the behaviour of Liverpool fans , including accusations of drunkenness , were secondary factors , and said that most fans were : `` not drunk , nor even the worse for drink '' . He concluded that this formed an exacerbating factor but that police , seeking to rationalise their loss of control , overestimated the element of drunkenness in the crowd . The report dismissed the theory , put forward by South Yorkshire Police , that fans attempting to gain entry without tickets or with forged tickets were contributing factors . Police evasion Taylor concluded his criticism of South Yorkshire Police by describing senior officers in command as `` defensive and evasive witnesses '' who refused to accept any responsibility for error : `` In all some 65 police officers gave oral evidence at the Inquiry . Sadly I must report that for the most part the quality of their evidence was in inverse proportion to their rank '' . Further stating : `` South Yorkshire Police were not prepared to concede they were in any respect at fault in what occurred ... ( T ) he police case was to blame the fans for being late and drunk , and to blame the Club for failing to monitor the pens ... Such an unrealistic approach gives cause for anxiety as to whether lessons have been learnt '' . Effect on stadiums in Britain The Den , opened in 1993 , became the first new stadium fully compliant with the safety recommendations of the Taylor Report . The Taylor Report had a deep impact on safety standards for stadiums in the UK . Perimeter and lateral fencing was removed and many top stadiums were converted to all - seated . Purpose - built stadiums for Premier League and most Football League teams since the report are all - seater . Chester City F.C. 's Deva Stadium was the first English football stadium to fulfil the safety recommendations of the Taylor Report , with Millwall F.C. 's The Den being the first new stadium to be built that fulfilled the recommendations . In July 1992 , the government announced a relaxation of the regulation for the lower two English leagues ( known now as League One and League Two ) . The Football Spectators Act does not cover Scotland , but the Scottish Premier League chose to make all - seater stadiums a requirement of league membership . In England and Wales all - seating is a requirement of the Premier League and of the Football League for clubs who have been present in the Championship for more than three seasons . Several campaigns have attempted to get the government to relax the regulation and allow standing areas to return to Premiership and Championship grounds . Stuart - Smith scrutiny In May 1997 , when the Labour Party came into office , Home Secretary Jack Straw ordered an investigation . It was performed by Lord Justice Stuart - Smith . The appointment of Stuart - Smith was not without controversy . At a meeting in Liverpool with relatives of those involved in Hillsborough in October 1997 , he flippantly remarked `` Have you got a few of your people or are they like the Liverpool fans , turn up at the last minute ? '' He later apologised for his remark , saying it was not intended to offend . The terms of reference of his inquiry were limited to `` new evidence '' , that is `` ... evidence which was not available or was not presented to the previous inquires , courts or authorities . '' Therefore , evidence such as witness statements which had been altered were classed as inadmissible . When he presented his report in February 1998 , he concluded that there was insufficient evidence for a new inquiry into the disaster . In paragraph 5 of his summary , Lord Justice Stuart - Smith said : I have come to the clear conclusion that there is no basis upon which there should be a further Judicial Inquiry or a reopening of Lord Taylor 's Inquiry . There is no basis for a renewed application to the Divisional Court or for the Attorney General to exercise his powers under the Coroners Act 1988 . I do not consider that there is any material which should be put before the Director of Public Prosecutions or the Police Complaints Authority which might cause them to reconsider the decisions they have already taken . Nor do I consider that there is any justification for setting up any further inquiry into the performance of the emergency and hospital services . I have considered the circumstances in which alterations were made to some of the self - written statements of South Yorkshire Police officers , but I do not consider that there is any occasion for any further investigation . Importantly , Stuart - Smith 's report supported the coroner 's assertion that evidence after 3.15 pm was inadmissible as `` that by 3.15 pm the principal cause of death , that is , the crushing , was over . '' This was controversial as the subsequent response of the police and emergency services would not be scrutinised . Announcing the report to the House of Commons , Home Secretary Jack Straw backed Stuart - Smith 's findings and said that `` I do not believe that a further inquiry could or would uncover significant new evidence or provide any relief for the distress of those who have been bereaved . '' However the determination by Stuart - Smith was heavily criticised by the Justice Minister , Lord Falconer , who stated `` I am absolutely sure that Sir Murray Stuart - Smith came completely to the wrong conclusion '' . Falconer added : `` It made the families in the Hillsborough disaster feel after one establishment cover - up , here was another . '' Hillsborough Independent Panel The Hillsborough Independent Panel was instituted in 2009 by the British government to investigate the Hillsborough disaster , to oversee the disclosure of documents about the disaster and its aftermath and to produce a report . On 12 September 2012 it published its report and simultaneously launched a website containing 450,000 pages of material collated from 85 organisations and individuals over two years . History In the years after the disaster , the Hillsborough Family Support Group , had campaigned for the release of all relevant documents into the public domain . After the disaster 's 20th anniversary in April 2009 , supported by the Culture secretary , Andy Burnham , and Minister of State for Justice , Maria Eagle , the government asked the Home Office and Department of Culture , Media and Sport to investigate the best way for this information to be made public . In April 2009 , the Home Secretary Jacqui Smith announced she had requested secret files concerning the disaster be made public . In December 2009 , Home Secretary Alan Johnson said the Hillsborough Independent Panel 's remit would be to oversee `` full public disclosure of relevant government and local information within the limited constraints set out in the disclosure protocol '' and `` consult with the Hillsborough families to ensure that the views of those most affected by the disaster are taken into account '' . An archive of all relevant documentation would be created and a report produced within two years explaining the work of the panel and its conclusions . The panel was chaired by James Jones , the Bishop of Liverpool . Other members were : Raju Bhatt , human rights lawyer Christine Gifford , expert in the field of access to information Katy Jones , investigative journalist Bill Kirkup , Associate Chief Medical Officer in the Department of Health ( United Kingdom ) Paul Leighton , former Deputy Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland Professor Phil Scraton , expert in criminology Peter Sissons , broadcaster ( media ) Sarah Tyacke , formerly Chief Executive of the National Archives Findings On 12 September 2012 , the Hillsborough Independent Panel concluded that no Liverpool fans were responsible in any way for the disaster , and that its main cause was a `` lack of police control '' . Crowd safety was `` compromised at every level '' and overcrowding issues had been recorded two years earlier . The panel concluded that `` up to 41 '' of the 96 who perished might have survived had the emergency services ' reactions and co-ordination been improved . The number is based on post-mortem examinations which found some victims may have had heart , lung or blood circulation function for some time after being removed from the crush . The report stated that placing fans who were `` merely unconscious '' on their backs rather than in the recovery position , would have resulted in their deaths due to airway obstruction . Their report was in 395 pages and delivered 153 key findings . The findings concluded that 164 witness statements had been altered . Of those statements , 116 were amended to remove or change negative comments about South Yorkshire Police . South Yorkshire Police had performed blood alcohol tests on the victims , some of them children , and ran computer checks on the national police database in an attempt to `` impugn their reputation '' . The report concluded that the then Conservative MP for Sheffield Hallam , Irvine Patnick , passed inaccurate and untrue information from the police to the press . The panel noted that , despite being dismissed by the Taylor Report , the idea that alcohol contributed to the disaster proved remarkably durable . Documents disclosed confirm that repeated attempts were made to find supporting evidence for alcohol being a factor , and that available evidence was significantly misinterpreted . It noted `` The weight placed on alcohol in the face of objective evidence of a pattern of consumption modest for a leisure event was inappropriate . It has since fuelled persistent and unsustainable assertions about drunken fan behaviour '' . The evidence it released online , included altered police reports . Effects Subsequent apologies were released by Prime Minister David Cameron on behalf of the government , Ed Miliband on behalf of the opposition , Sheffield Wednesday Football Club , South Yorkshire Police , and former editor of The Sun , Kelvin MacKenzie , who apologised for making false accusations under the headline `` The Truth '' . MacKenzie said he should have written a headline that read `` The Lies '' , although this apology was widely discredited by the Hillsborough Family Support Group and Liverpool fans , as it was seen to be `` shifting the blame once again . '' After publication , the Hillsborough Families Support Group called for new inquests for the victims . They also called for prosecutions for unlawful killing , corporate manslaughter and perversion of the course of justice in respect of the actions of the police both in causing the disaster and covering up their actions ; and in respect of Sheffield Wednesday FC , Sheffield Council and the Football Association for their various responsibilities for providing , certifying and selecting the stadium for the fatal event . Calls were made for the resignation of police officers involved in the cover - up , and for Sheffield Wednesday , the police and the Football Association to admit their blame . Calls were also made for Sir Dave Richards to resign as chairman of the Premier League and give up his knighthood as a result of his conduct at Sheffield Wednesday at the time of the disaster . The Home Secretary called for investigations into law - breaking and promised resources to investigate individual or systematic issues . On 23 October 2012 , Norman Bettison resigned with immediate effect as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police , after Maria Eagle MP on the floor of the House and protected by Parliamentary privilege , accused him of boasting about concocting a story that all the Liverpool fans were drunk and police were afraid they were going to break down the gates and decided to open them . Bettison denied the claim , and other allegations about his conduct , saying : `` Fans ' behaviour , to the extent that it was relevant at all , made the job of the police , in the crush outside Leppings Lane turnstiles , harder than it needed to be . But it did n't cause the disaster any more than the sunny day that encouraged people to linger outside the stadium as kick off approached . I held those views then , I hold them now . I have never , since hearing the Taylor evidence unfold , offered any other interpretation in public or private . '' Merseyside Police Authority confirmed that Bettison would receive an £ 83,000 pension , unless convicted of a criminal offence . Hillsborough families called for the payments to be frozen during the IPCC investigation . In the same 22 October House of Commons debate , Stephen Mosley MP alleged West Midlands police pressured witnesses -- both police and civilians -- to change their statements . Maria Eagle confirmed her understanding that WMP actions in this respect would be the subject of IPCC scrutiny . Second coroner 's hearing Following an application on 19 December 2012 by the Attorney General Dominic Grieve , the High Court quashed the verdicts in the original inquests and ordered fresh inquests to be held . Sir John Goldring was appointed as Assistant Coroner for South Yorkshire ( East ) and West Yorkshire ( West ) to conduct those inquests . The inquest hearings started on Monday 31 March 2014 at Warrington . Transcripts of the proceedings and evidence that was produced during the hearings were published at the Hillsborough Inquests official website . On 6 April 2016 , the nine jurors were sent out to consider their verdicts . These were formally given to the inquest at 11 : 00 on 26 April 2016 . The jury returned a verdict of unlawful killing in respect of all 96 victims ( by majority verdict of 7 -- 2 ) . Upon receiving the April 2016 verdict , Hillsborough Family Support Group chair Margaret Aspinall , whose 18 - year - old son James was killed in the disaster , said : `` Let 's be honest about this -- people were against us . We had the media against us , as well as the establishment . Everything was against us . The only people that were n't against us was our own city . That 's why I am so grateful to my city and so proud of my city . They always believed in us . Prime Minister David Cameron also responded to the April 2016 verdict by saying that it represented a `` long overdue '' but `` landmark moment in the quest for justice '' , adding `` All families and survivors now have official confirmation of what they always knew was the case , that the Liverpool fans were utterly blameless in the disaster that unfolded at Hillsborough . '' The Labour Party described the handling of the Hillsborough disaster as the `` greatest miscarriage of justice of our times '' , with Labour MPs Andy Burnham and Steve Rotheram calling for accountability and the prosecution of those responsible . Liberal Democrat MP John Pugh called for David Cameron to make a formal apology in the House of Commons to the families of those killed at Hillsborough and to the city of Liverpool as a whole . Kelvin MacKenzie , who wrote the now - infamous `` The Truth '' front page for the Sun , said that although he was `` duped '' into publishing his story , that his `` heart goes out '' to the families of those affected , saying that `` It 's quite clear today the fans had nothing to do with it '' . However , MacKenzie did not accept any personal responsibility for the story . During the inquest , Maxwell Groome -- a police constable at the time of the disaster -- made allegations of a high - level `` conspiracy '' by Freemasons to shift blame for the disaster onto Superintendent Roger Marshall , also that junior officers were pressured into changing their statements after the disaster , and told not to write their accounts in their official police pocketbooks . Groome also claimed that match commander Duckenfield was a member of the `` highly influential '' Dole lodge in Sheffield ( the same lodge as Brian Mole , his predecessor . ) Coroner Sir John Goldring warned the jury that there was `` not a shred of evidence '' that any Masonic meeting actually took place , or that those named were all Freemasons , advising the jury to cast aside `` gossip and hearsay '' . During the inquest , Duckenfield confirmed that he became a Freemason in 1975 and became Worshipful Master of his local lodge in 1990 , a year after the disaster ; following this revelation , Freemasons were forbidden to take part in the IPCC investigation as civilian investigators to prevent any perceived bias . Independent police Complaints Commission investigation Following the inquest verdict , South Yorkshire police announced it would refer the actions of its officers to the Independent Police Complaints Commission ( IPCC ) . West Yorkshire Police announced it would refer its Chief Constable , Norman Bettison , to the IPCC in mid September . Bettison , had been one of a number of police officers who were accused of manipulating evidence by the Hillsborough Independent Panel . In early October , Bettison announced his retirement , becoming the first senior figure to step down since publication of the panel 's report . The IPCC announced on 12 October 2012 it would investigate the failure of the police to declare a major incident , failure to close the tunnel to the stands which led to overcrowded pens despite evidence it had been closed in such circumstances in the past ; changes made to the statements of police officers ; actions which misled Parliament and the media ; shortcomings of previous investigations ; and the role played by Norman Bettison . By 22 October 2012 , the names of at least 1,444 serving and former police officers had been referred to the IPCC investigation . In its announcement , the IPCC praised the tenacity of the Hillsborough families ' campaign for truth and justice . On 16 October 2012 , the Attorney General announced in Parliament he had applied to have the original inquest verdict quashed , arguing it proceeded on a false basis and evidence now to hand required this exceptional step . On 12 July 2013 it was reported that the IPCC had found that in addition to the now 164 police statements known to have been altered , a further 55 police officers had changed their statements . Deborah Glass , deputy chair of the IPCC said , `` We know the people who have contacted us are the tip of the iceberg . '' That was after the IPCC 's Hillsborough Contact team had received 230 pieces of correspondence since October 2012 . The IPCC is also investigating the actions of West Midlands Police , who in 1989 had been tasked with investigating South Yorkshire Police 's conduct for both the original inquest and also the Taylor independent inquiry . In April 2016 , the Crown Prosecution Service announced that it would consider bringing charges against both individuals and corporate bodies once the criminal investigation by the Independent Police Complaints Commission -- Operation Resolve -- had been completed . Criminal and civil cases Prosecutions In February 2000 , a private prosecution was brought against Chief Superintendent David Duckenfield and another officer , Bernard Murray . The prosecution argued that the crush was `` foreseeable '' hence the defendants were `` grossly negligent '' . Prosecutor Alun Jones told the court that Duckenfield gave the order to open the gates so that hundreds of fans could be herded on to the already crowded terraces at the stadium . Jones stated that minutes after the disaster , Duckenfield `` deceitfully and dishonestly '' told senior FA officials that the supporters had forced the gate open . Duckenfield admitted he had lied in certain statements regarding the causes of the disaster . The prosecution ended on 24 July 2000 , when Murray was acquitted and the jury was unable to reach a verdict in the case of Duckenfield . On 26 July 2000 , the judge refused the prosecution 's application for a re-trial of Duckenfield . Police disciplinary charges were abandoned when Duckenfield retired on health grounds and , because he was unavailable , it was decided it would be unfair to proceed with disciplinary charges against Bernard Murray . Duckenfield took medical retirement on a full police pension . Home Secretary Theresa May announced on 18 December 2012 that a new police enquiry would be initiated to examine the possibility of charging agencies other than the police over the Hillsborough deaths . The enquiry was headed by former Durham Chief Constable Jon Stoddart . Now it is headed by Assistant Commissioner Rob Beckley . On 28 June 2017 , it was announced that six people were to be charged with offences in relation to the disaster . Former Chief Superintendent David Duckenfield , in charge of the match , faces 95 counts of manslaughter by gross negligence . He faces no charge in respect of the death of Tony Bland , who died four years after the disaster . Former Chief Inspector Sir Norman Bettinson faces four counts of misconduct in public office . Former Sheffield Wednesday F.C. Club Secretary Graham Mackrell faces a charge of breaching the Safety at Sports Ground Act 1975 . Solicitor Peter Metcalf , former Chief Superintendent Donald Denton and former Detective Chief Inspector Alan Foster were all charged with perverting the course of justice . On 9 August , all except Duckenfield appeared at Warrington Magistrates Court . Mackrell pleaded not guilty to the charge against him . No formal pleas were taken from the other four defendants . All five were bailed to appear at the Crown Court on 6 September . Duckenfield was not required to appear as the Crown Prosecution Service has to apply to the High Court to lift a court order before he can be prosecuted on the manslaughter charges . Psychiatric injury and other litigation Various negligence cases were brought against the police by spectators who had been at the ground but had not been in the pens , and by people who watched the incident unfolding on television ( or heard about it on the radio ) . A case , Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police ( 1992 ) 1 A.C. 310 , was eventually appealed to the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords and was an important milestone in the law of claims of secondary victims for negligently inflicted psychiatric injury . It was held that claimants who watched the disaster on television / listened on radio were not ' proximal ' and their claims were rejected . Another psychiatric injury claim was brought to the House of Lords , White v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire Police ( 1999 ) 2 A.C. 455 . It was brought by police officers on duty against the Chief Constable who was said to have been vicariously liable for the disaster . Their claims were dismissed and the Alcock decision was upheld . It affirmed the position of the courts once again towards claims of psychiatric injuries of secondary victims . A third legal case which resulted from the Hillsborough disaster was Airedale N.H.S. Trust v Bland ( 1993 ) A.C. 789 , a landmark House of Lords decision in English criminal law , that allowed the life - support machine of Tony Bland , a Hillsborough victim in a persistent vegetative state , to be switched off . In April 2016 , a private prosecution was launched on behalf of victims ' relatives against both SYP and the West Midlands Police force ( who had investigated the actions of SYP ) , alleging a concerted cover - up designed to shift blame away from the police . Memorials Permanent memorials The Hillsborough memorial at Anfield Several memorials have been erected in memory of the victims of the Hillsborough disaster ; all are listed below : Flames were added either side of the Liverpool F.C. crest in memory of the 96 fans who lost their lives in the Hillsborough disaster . Alongside the Shankly Gates at Anfield , Liverpool 's home stadium . A memorial at Hillsborough stadium , unveiled on the tenth anniversary of the disaster on 15 April 1999 , reads : In memory of the 96 men , women , and children who tragically died and the countless people whose lives were changed forever . FA Cup semi-final Liverpool v Nottingham Forest . 15 April 1989 . `` You 'll never walk alone . '' A memorial stone in the pavement on the south side of Liverpool 's Anglican cathedral . A memorial garden in Hillsborough Park with a ' You 'll never walk alone ' gateway . A headstone at the junction of Middlewood Road , Leppings Lane and Wadsley Lane , near the ground and by the Sheffield Supertram route . A Hillsborough Memorial Rose Garden in Port Sunlight , Wirral . A memorial rose garden on Sudley Estate in South Liverpool ( also known as the APH ) . Each of the six rose beds has a centre piece of a white standard rosebush , surrounded by red rose bushes , named ' Liverpool Remember ' . There are brass memorial plaques on both sets of gates to the garden , and a sundial inscribed with the words : `` Time Marches On But We Will Always Remember '' . In the grounds of Crosby Library , to the memory of the 18 football fans from Sefton who lost their lives in the Hillsborough disaster . The memorial , sited in a raised rose bed containing the Liverpool Remembers red rose , is made of black granite . It is inscribed `` In loving memory of the 96 football supporters who died at Hillsborough , Sheffield on 15 April 1989 . Of those who lost their lives the following young men were from Sefton families . '' The memorial was unveiled on 4 October 1991 ( two years before the death of Tony Bland ) by the Mayor of Sefton , Councillor Syd Whitby . The project was carried out by the Council after consultation with the Sefton Survivors Group . The Memorial at Old Haymarket , Liverpool A 7 - foot high circular bronze memorial was unveiled in the Old Haymarket district of Liverpool in April 2013 . This memorial is inscribed with the words : `` Hillsborough Disaster -- we will remember them '' , and displays the names of the 96 victims who died . An 8 foot high clock , dating from the 1780s , was installed at Liverpool Town Hall in April 2013 , with the hands indicating 3 : 06 ( the time at which the match was abandoned ) . In 2015 it was announced that the clock would now be on public display in the foyer of the Cunard Building . A memorial plaque dedicated to the 96 at Goodison Park in Liverpool , home of local rivals Everton F.C. . Memorial ceremonies The disaster has been acknowledged on 15 April each year by the community in Liverpool and football in general . An annual memorial ceremony is held at Anfield and at a church in Liverpool . The 10th and 20th anniversaries were marked by special services to remember the victims . From 2007 there was a Hillsborough Memorial service held at Spion Kop , KwaZulu - Natal , South Africa annually . The ceremony is held on the Spion Kop Battlefield which gave its name to the Kop Stand at Anfield . There is a permanent memorial to the 96 fans who died , in the form of a bench in view of the battlefield at a nearby lodge . Dean Davis and David Walters , South African Liverpool supporters , are responsible for the service and the bench was commissioned by Guy Prowse in 2008 . Following on from , and out of respect for the Hillsborough families decision to conclude official memorials at Anfield as of 2016 ; there will be no further Memorials held at Spion Kop . The Memorial bench remains at Spion Kop Lodge . Bench at Spion Kop , South Africa , acting as a permanent memorial to those killed at Hillsborough . In 2014 , the FA decided all FA Cup , Premier League , Football League and Football Conference matches played between 11 -- 14 April , would kick - off seven minutes later than originally scheduled with a six - minute delay and a one - minute silence tribute . 10th anniversary In 1999 Anfield was packed with a crowd of around 10,000 people ten years after the disaster . A candle was lit for each of the 96 victims . The clock at the Kop End stood still at 3 : 06 pm , the time that the referee had blown his whistle in 1989 and a minute 's silence was held , the start signalled by match referee from that day , Ray Lewis . A service led by the Right Reverend James Jones , the Bishop of Liverpool , was attended by past and present Liverpool players , including Robbie Fowler , Steve McManaman and Alan Hansen . According to the BBC report : `` The names of the victims were read from the memorial book and floral tributes were laid at a plaque bearing their names . '' A gospel choir performed and the ceremony ended with a rendition of `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . The anniversary was also marked by a minute 's silence at the weekend 's league games and FA Cup semi-finals . 20th anniversary Liverpool fans unfurl a banner displaying the names of the deceased on the 20th anniversary of the disaster In 2009 , on the 20th anniversary of the disaster , Liverpool 's request that their Champions League quarter - finals return leg , scheduled for 15 April , be played the day before was granted . The event was remembered with a ceremony at Anfield attended by over 28,000 people . The Kop , Centenary and Main Stands were opened to the public before part of the Anfield Road End was opened to supporters . The memorial service , led by the Bishop of Liverpool began at 14 : 45 BST and a two - minute silence ( observed across Liverpool and in Sheffield and Nottingham , including public transport coming to a stand - still ) was held at the time of the disaster twenty years earlier , 15 : 06 BST . Sports Minister Andy Burnham addressed the crowd but was heckled by supporters chanting `` Justice for the 96 '' . The ceremony was attended by survivors of the disaster , families of victims and the Liverpool team , with goalkeeper Pepe Reina leading the team and management staff onto the pitch . Team captain Steven Gerrard and vice-captain Jamie Carragher handed the freedom of the city to the families of all the victims . Candles were lit for each of the 96 people who died . Kenny Dalglish , Liverpool 's manager at the time of the disaster , read a passage from the Bible , `` Lamentations of Jeremiah '' . The Liverpool manager , Rafael Benítez , set 96 balloons free . The ceremony ended with 96 rings of church bells across the city and a rendition of `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . Other services took place at the same time , including at Liverpool 's Anglican and Catholic Cathedrals . After the two minutes ' silence , bells on civic buildings rang out throughout Merseyside . A song was released to mark the 20th anniversary , entitled `` Fields of Anfield Road '' which peaked at No. 14 in the UK charts . Liverpool , Chelsea , Arsenal and Manchester United players showed respect by wearing black armbands during their Champions League matches on 14 and 15 April . On 14 May , more than 20,000 people packed Anfield for a match held in memory of the victims . The Liverpool Legends , comprising ex-Liverpool footballers beat the All Stars , captained by actor Ricky Tomlinson , 3 -- 1 . The event also raised cash for the Marina Dalglish Appeal which was contributed towards a radiotherapy centre at University Hospital in Aintree . With the imminent release of police documents relating to events on 15 April 1989 , the Hillsborough Family Support Group launched Project 96 , a fundraising initiative on 1 August 2009 . At least 96 current and former Liverpool footballers are being lined up to raise £ 96,000 by auctioning a limited edition ( of 96 ) signed photographs . On 11 April 2009 Liverpool fans sang `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' as a tribute to the upcoming anniversary of the disaster before the home game against Blackburn Rovers ( which ended in Liverpool winning 4 -- 0 ) and was followed by former Liverpool player , Stephen Warnock presenting a memorial wreath to the Kop showing the figure 96 in red flowers . Other tributes The Hillsborough disaster touched not only Liverpool , but clubs in England and around the world . Supporters of Everton , Liverpool 's traditional local rivals , were affected , many of them having lost friends and family . Supporters laid down flowers and blue and white scarves to show respect for the dead and unity with fellow Merseysiders . On 19 April 1989 , the Wednesday after the disaster , the European Cup semi-final tie between A.C. Milan and Real Madrid was played . The referee blew his whistle two minutes into the game to stop play and hold a minute 's silence for those who lost their lives at Hillsborough . Halfway through the minute 's silence , the A.C. Milan fans sang Liverpool 's `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' as a sign of respect . In April 1989 , Bradford City and Lincoln City held a friendly match to benefit the victims of Hillsborough . The occasion was the first in which the two teams had met since the 1985 Bradford City stadium fire that had claimed 56 lives at Valley Parade . On 30 April 1989 a match organised by Celtic F.C. was played at Celtic Park , Glasgow between the home club and Liverpool , the proceeds going to the Hillsborough fund . Liverpool won the match by four goals to nil . As a result of the disaster , Liverpool 's scheduled fixture against Arsenal was delayed from 23 April until the end of the season and eventually decided the league title . At this fixture , Arsenal players brought flowers onto the pitch and presented them to the Liverpool fans around the stadium before the game commenced . During a 2011 debate in the House of Commons , the Labour MP for Liverpool Walton , Steve Rotheram , read out a list of the victims and , as a result , the names were entered into Hansard . Controversies Media portrayal Initial media coverage -- spurred by what Phil Scraton calls in Hillsborough : The Truth `` the Heysel factor '' and `` hooligan hysteria '' -- began to shift the blame onto the behaviour of the Liverpool fans at the stadium , making it a public order issue . As well as The Sun 's 19 April 1989 `` The Truth '' article ( see below ) other newspapers published similar allegations ; the Daily Star headline on the same day reported `` Dead fans robbed by drunk thugs '' ; the Daily Mail accused the Liverpool fans of being `` drunk and violent and their actions were vile '' , and The Daily Express ran a story alleging that `` Police saw ' sick spectacle of pilfering from the dying ' . '' Peter McKay in the Evening Standard wrote that the `` catastrophe was caused first and foremost by violent enthusiasm for soccer and in this case the tribal passions of Liverpool supporters ( who ) literally killed themselves and others to be at the game '' and published a front page headline `` Police attack ' vile ' fans '' on 18 April 1989 , in which police sources blamed the behaviour of a section of Liverpool fans for the disaster . In regional newspapers , the Liverpool Daily Post wrote in an article titled `` I Blame the Yobs '' that `` The gatecrashers wreaked their fatal havoc ... Their uncontrolled fanaticism and mass hysteria ... literally squeezed the life out of men , women and children ... yobbism at its most base ... Scouse killed Scouse for no better reason than 22 men were kicking a ball '' ; the Manchester Evening News wrote that the `` Anfield Army charged on to the terrace behind the goal -- many without tickets '' , and the Yorkshire Post wrote that the `` trampling crush '' had been started by `` thousands of fans '' who were `` latecomers ... forc ( ing ) their way into the ground '' . The Sheffield Star published similar allegations to The Sun , running the headline `` Fans in Drunken Attacks on Police '' . Many of the more serious allegations -- such as stealing from the dead and assault of police officers and rescue workers -- appeared on 18 April , although several evening newspapers published on 15 April 1989 also gave inaccurate reporting of the disaster , as these newspapers went to press before the full extent or circumstances of the disaster had been confirmed or even reported . This included the Wolverhampton - based Express & Star , which reported that the match had been cancelled as a result of a `` pitch invasion in which many fans were injured '' . This article was presumably published before there were any reports that people had been killed . These media reports and others were examined during the 2012 Hillsborough Independent Panel report . The Sun The false allegations on the front page of The Sun on 19 April 1989 On 19 April , four days after the disaster , Kelvin MacKenzie , editor of The Sun , ordered `` The Truth '' as the front page headline , followed by three sub-headlines : `` Some fans picked pockets of victims '' , `` Some fans urinated on the brave cops '' and `` Some fans beat up PC giving kiss of life '' . Mackenzie reportedly spent two hours deciding on which headline to run ; his original instinct being for `` You Scum '' before eventually deciding on `` The Truth '' . The information was provided to the newspaper by Whites News Agency in Sheffield ; the newspaper cited claims by police inspector Gordon Sykes , that Liverpool fans had pickpocketed the dead , as well as other claims by unnamed police officers and local Conservative MP Irvine Patnick . The Daily Express also carried Patnick 's version , under the headline `` Police Accuse Drunken Fans '' which gave Patnick 's views , saying he had told Margaret Thatcher , while escorting her on a tour of the ground after the disaster , of the `` mayhem caused by drunks '' and that policemen told him they were `` hampered , harassed , punched and kicked '' . The story accompanying The Sun headlines claimed `` drunken Liverpool fans viciously attacked rescue workers as they tried to revive victims '' and `` police officers , firemen and ambulance crew were punched , kicked and urinated upon '' . A quotation , attributed to an unnamed policeman , claimed a partially unclothed dead girl had been verbally abused , and that Liverpool fans were `` openly urinating on us and the bodies of the dead '' . In fact many Liverpool fans helped security personnel stretcher away victims and gave first aid to the injured . The Guardian later wrote that `` The claim that supporters higher up the Leppings Lane terrace had urinated on police pulling bodies out of the crush appeared to have roots in the fact that those who were dying or sustaining serious injuries suffered compression asphyxia and many involuntarily urinated , vomited and emptied their bowels as they were crushed . '' In their history of The Sun , Peter Chippendale and Chris Horrie wrote : As MacKenzie 's layout was seen by more and more people , a collective shudder ran through the office ( but ) MacKenzie 's dominance was so total there was nobody left in the organisation who could rein him in except Murdoch . ( Everyone in the office ) seemed paralysed -- `` looking like rabbits in the headlights '' -- as one hack described them . The error staring them in the face was too glaring . It obviously was n't a silly mistake ; nor was it a simple oversight . Nobody really had any comment on it -- they just took one look and went away shaking their heads in wonder at the enormity of it . It was a ' classic smear ' . After The Sun 's report , the newspaper was boycotted by most newsagents in Liverpool and many readers cancelled their orders and refused to buy it from newsagents ; and from then afterwards many in Liverpool refer to The Sun newspaper as The Scum . Some even refuse to say the name or spell it as The S * n . The Hillsborough Justice Campaign organised a less successful national boycott that had some impact on the paper 's sales nationally . MacKenzie explained his actions in 1993 . Talking to a House of Commons National Heritage Select Committee , he said : `` I regret Hillsborough . It was a fundamental mistake . The mistake was I believed what an MP said . It was a Tory MP . If he had not said it and the Chief Superintendent had not agreed with it , we would not have gone with it . '' MacKenzie retracted the apology in November 2006 , saying he apologised because the newspaper 's owner , Rupert Murdoch , had ordered him to do so , stating : `` I was not sorry then and I 'm not sorry now '' . MacKenzie refused to apologise when appearing on the BBC 's topical Question Time on 11 January 2007 . The Sun apologised for its treatment of the Hillsborough disaster `` without reservation '' in a full page opinion piece on 7 July 2004 , saying it had `` committed the most terrible mistake in its history '' by publishing it . The apology angered some Liverpudlians further . The Liverpool Echo called the apology , `` shabby '' and `` an attempt , once again , to exploit the Hillsborough dead '' . Poster urging the Liverpool public not to purchase The Sun newspaper James Murdoch made a full apology for The Sun 's coverage when he appeared at a hearing of the House of Commons Select Committee dealing with the News International phone hacking scandal in 2012 . On 12 September 2012 , after the publication of the report exonerating the Liverpool fans , MacKenzie issued the following statement : Today I offer my profuse apologies to the people of Liverpool for that headline . I too was totally misled . Twenty - three years ago I was handed a piece of copy from a reputable news agency in Sheffield , in which a senior police officer and a senior local MP were making serious allegations against fans in the stadium . I had absolutely no reason to believe that these authority figures would lie and deceive over such a disaster . As the prime minister has made clear , these allegations were wholly untrue and were part of a concerted plot by police officers to discredit the supporters thereby shifting the blame for the tragedy from themselves . It has taken more than two decades , 400,000 documents and a two - year inquiry to discover to my horror that it would have been far more accurate had I written the headline The Lies rather than The Truth . I published in good faith and I am sorry that it was so wrong . In response , Trevor Hicks , chairman of the Hillsborough Family Support Group , rejected MacKenzie 's apology as `` too little , too late '' , calling him `` lowlife , clever lowlife , but lowlife '' . A press conference held by families of the victims also banned all Sun reporters from entering , with a sign on the door reading `` NO ENTRY TO SUN JOURNALISTS '' . Sales of The Sun remain poor in Merseyside and a boycott is still practised . In 2004 , its average circulation in Liverpool was 12,000 copies a day . Following the April 2016 verdict of unlawful killing , The Sun and the first print edition of the Times ( both owned by News International ) , did not cover the stories on their front pages , with The Sun relegating the story to pages 8 and 9 . An apology appeared on page 10 , reiterating previous statements that the 1989 headline had been an error of judgement . The coverage was widely condemned on social media , with Twitter users saying that this reflected `` Murdoch 's view on Hillsborough '' , which was a `` smear '' , which `` now dare n't speak its name '' . On the night of the verdict coverage , more than 124,000 tweets used the term The Sun However , on Sky News , The Sun 's Political Editor Tom Newton Dunn defended this decision , saying `` I do n't think it should all be about The Sun -- it was not us who committed Hillsborough . '' Trevor Kavanagh , the political editor at the time of the Hillsborough disaster , said that he was `` not sorry at all '' about the reporting and supported his former boss Kelvin MacKenzie , claiming that `` we were clearly misled about the events and the authorities , including the police , actively concealed the truth '' . In February 2017 , Liverpool F.C. issued a ban on The Sun journalists from entering their grounds in response to the coverage of Hillsborough by the newspaper . Everton F.C. followed in April 2017 on the eve of the 28th anniversary of the disaster after a column by Kelvin MacKenzie concerning Everton footballer Ross Barkley . MacKenzie was suspended as a contributor to the newspaper . The Times The journalist Edward Pearce was criticised for writing a controversial article in the aftermath of the disaster , at a time when a number of victims ' funerals were taking place . His article in The Sunday Times on 23 April 1989 , included the text : `` For the second time in half a decade a large body of Liverpool supporters has killed people ... the shrine in the Anfield goalmouth , the cursing of the police , all the theatricals , come sweetly to a city which is already the world capital of self - pity . There are soapy politicians to make a pet of Liverpool , and Liverpool itself is always standing by to make a pet of itself . ' Why us ? Why are we treated like animals ? ' To which the plain answer is that a good and sufficient minority of you behave like animals . '' Pearce went on reflect that if South Yorkshire Police bore any responsibility , it was `` for not realising what brutes they had to handle . '' Professor Phil Scraton described Pearce 's comments as amongst the `` most bigoted and factually inaccurate '' published in the wake of the disaster . A number of complaints were made to the Press Council concerning the article , but the Council ruled that it was unable to adjudicate on comment pieces , though the Council noted that tragedy or disaster is not an occasion for writers to exercise gratuitous provocation . On 27 April 2016 , Times staffers in the sports department expressed their outrage over the paper 's decision to cover 26 April inquest , which ruled that the 96 dead were unlawfully killed , only on an inside spread and the sports pages , with some in the newspaper claiming there was a `` mutiny '' in the sports department . The Times later tweeted that `` We made a mistake with the front page of our first edition , and we fixed it for our second edition . '' The Times was the only major UK newspaper not to give the story front - page coverage other than fellow News UK - owned Sun . Gary Lineker described the incident as `` disgusting as it is unsurprising '' , and David Walsh , chief sports writer at the Sunday Times , said it was a `` shocking misjudgment '' to not include this story on the front page . However , insiders dismissed any suggestion that a visit by News UK owner Rupert Murdoch to the Times newsroom on the day of the verdict had anything to do with the editorial decision . FHM The November 2002 edition of the men 's lifestyle magazine FHM in Australia was swiftly withdrawn from sale soon after its publication , and a public apology made in the Australian and British editions , because it contained jokes mocking the disaster . As a result , Emap Australia , who owned FHM at the time , pledged to make a donation to the families of the victims . Although the original apology was not printed in the magazine as it was not considered `` serious enough '' , its Australian editor , Geoff Campbell , released a statement : `` We deeply regret the photograph captions published in the November issue of the Australian edition of FHM , accompanying an article about the Hillsborough disaster of 1989 . The right course of action is to withdraw this edition from sale -- which we will be doing . We have been in contact with the Hillsborough Family Support Group and the Hillsborough Justice Campaign to express our deep regret and sincere apologies . '' The British edition disassociated itself from the controversy , stating : `` FHM Australia has its own editorial team and these captions were written and published without consultation with the UK edition , or any other edition of FHM . '' The vice-chairman of the Hillsborough Family Support Group , Philip Hammond , said he wanted all football fans to boycott the magazine , saying , `` I am going to write to every fanzine in the country -- including Liverpool F.C. 's -- telling them to ban FHM . People are very upset by it . I think there will be a real boycott . '' He added it would be like making jokes about the 2002 Bali bombings , in which eight fewer Australians were killed . The publication was finally discontinued in 2016 , for unrelated reasons . The Spectator Boris Johnson , then - editor of The Spectator , was criticised for an editorial which appeared in the magazine on 16 October 2004 following the death of British hostage Kenneth John `` Ken '' Bigley in Iraq , in which it was claimed that the response to Bigley 's killing was fuelled by the fact he was from Liverpool , and went on to criticise the `` drunken '' fans at Hillsborough and call on them to accept responsibility for their `` role '' in the disaster : The extreme reaction to Mr Bigley 's murder is fed by the fact that he was a Liverpudlian . Liverpool is a handsome city with a tribal sense of community . A combination of economic misfortune -- its docks were , fundamentally , on the wrong side of England when Britain entered what is now the European Union -- and an excessive predilection for welfarism have created a peculiar , and deeply unattractive , psyche among many Liverpudlians . They see themselves whenever possible as victims , and resent their victim status ; yet at the same time they wallow in it . Part of this flawed psychological state is that they can not accept that they might have made any contribution to their misfortunes , but seek rather to blame someone else for it , thereby deepening their sense of shared tribal grievance against the rest of society . The deaths of more than 50 Liverpool football supporters at Hillsborough in 1989 was undeniably a greater tragedy than the single death , however horrible , of Mr Bigley ; but that is no excuse for Liverpool 's failure to acknowledge , even to this day , the part played in the disaster by drunken fans at the back of the crowd who mindlessly tried to fight their way into the ground that Saturday afternoon . The police became a convenient scapegoat , and the Sun newspaper a whipping - boy for daring , albeit in a tasteless fashion , to hint at the wider causes of the incident . Although Johnson did not make these comments , journalist Simon Heffer alleged he wrote the first draft of the article `` at Mr Johnson 's request '' , and offered to apologise for its publication after it attracted `` a furore in the city ( of Liverpool ) '' . Johnson apologised at the time of the article , travelling to Liverpool to do so , and again following the publication of the report of the Hillsborough Independent Panel in 2012 ; however , Johnson 's apology was rejected by Margaret Aspinall , chairperson of the Hillsborough Families Support Group , whose son James , 18 , died in the disaster : What he has got to understand is that we were speaking the truth for 23 years and apologies have only started to come today from them because of yesterday . It 's too little , too late . It 's fine to apologise afterwards . They just do n't want their names in any more sleaze . No , his apology does n't mean a thing to me . The Spectator 's comments -- incorrectly attributed to Boris Johnson -- were widely circulated following the April 2016 verdict by the Hillsborough inquest 's second hearing proving unlawful killing of the 96 dead at Hillsborough . EastEnders In November 2007 , the BBC soap opera EastEnders caused controversy when the character Minty Peterson ( played by Cliff Parisi ) made a reference to the disaster . During the episode car mechanic Minty said : `` Five years out of Europe because of Heysel , because they penned you lot in to stop you fighting on the pitch and then what did we end up with ? Hillsborough . '' This prompted 380 complaints and the BBC apologised , saying that the character was simply reminding another character , former football hooligan Jase Dyer , that the actions of hooligans led to the fencing - in of football fans . Ofcom also received 177 complaints . Charles Itandje Liverpool goalkeeper Charles Itandje was accused of having shown disrespect towards the Hillsborough victims during the 2009 remembrance ceremony , as he was spotted on camera `` smiling and nudging '' teammate Damien Plessis . He was suspended from the club for a fortnight and many fans felt he should not play for the club again . He was omitted from the first team squad and never played for the club in any capacity again . Jeremy Hunt On 28 June 2010 , following England 's departure from the 2010 FIFA World Cup competition in South Africa , the UK 's Culture and Sport Secretary Jeremy Hunt praised the England fans for their behaviour during the competition , saying `` I mean , not a single arrest for a football - related offence , and the terrible problems that we had in Heysel and Hillsborough in the 1980s seem now to be behind us . '' He later apologised and said `` I know that fan unrest played no part in the terrible events of April 1989 and I apologise to Liverpool fans and the families of those killed and injured in the Hillsborough disaster if my comments caused any offence . '' Margaret Aspinall , chairperson of the Hillsborough Family Support Group , asked for a face to face meeting with Hunt before deciding if she would accept the apology . Fans ' chants Fans of rival football clubs such as Manchester United have been known to mention the Hillsborough disaster at fixtures to upset Liverpool fans . Following the findings of the Independent Panel in September 2012 , Alex Ferguson and two Manchester United fan groups called for an end to the `` sick chants '' . Leeds United chairman Ken Bates endorsed this call in the club programme and stated , `` Leeds have suffered at times with reference to Galatasaray ; some of our so - called fans have also been guilty as well , particularly in relation to Munich . '' This is a reference to the deaths of eight Manchester United players in the Munich air disaster of 1958 . Oliver Popplewell In October 2011 , Sir Oliver Popplewell , who chaired the public inquiry into the 1985 Bradford City stadium fire at Valley Parade that killed 56 people , called on the families of the Hillsborough victims to look at the `` quiet dignity and great courage relatives in the West Yorkshire city had shown in the years following the tragedy '' . He said : `` The citizens of Bradford behaved with quiet dignity and great courage . They did not harbour conspiracy theories . They did not seek endless further inquiries . They buried their dead , comforted the bereaved and succoured the injured . They organised a sensible compensation scheme and moved on . Is there , perhaps , a lesson there for the Hillsborough campaigners ? '' Popplewell was criticised for the comments , including a rebuke from a survivor of the Bradford fire . Labour MP Steve Rotheram , commented : `` How insensitive does somebody have to be to write that load of drivel ? '' David Crompton A formal complaint was made against David Crompton , South Yorkshire 's chief constable , over internal emails relating to the Hillsborough disaster . In 2013 Crompton sent an email in which he said the families ' `` version of certain events has become ' the truth ' even though it is n't '' . In September , David Crompton had emailed the force 's assistant chief constable Andy Holt and head of media Mark Thompson on 8 September , just four days before the Hillsborough Independent Panel Report was published . The email came to light as the result of a Freedom of Information request . South Yorkshire 's police and crime commissioner Shaun Wright has appointed chief constable Simon Parr of Cambridgeshire Constabulary to head the investigation . Wright said : `` The request has been submitted by a firm of solicitors in Liverpool acting on behalf of a number of individuals affected by the event . '' In March 2016 , Crompton announced that he would retire in November . On 26 April 2016 , after the inquest jury delivered a verdict affirming all the charges against the police , Crompton `` unequivocally accepted '' the verdicts , including unlawful killing , said that the police operation at the stadium on the day of the disaster had been `` catastrophically wrong '' , and apologised unreservedly . Following continued criticism of Crompton in the wake of the unlawful killing verdict , South Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner Alan Billings suspended Crompton from duty on 27 April . Civil servant Main article : Hillsborough Wikipedia posts In June 2014 , an unnamed 24 - year - old British civil servant was sacked for posting offensive comments about the disaster on Wikipedia . Steven Cohen In 2009 , nearly twenty years to the day after the disaster , Steven Cohen , a presenter on Fox Soccer Channel and Sirius satellite radio in the United States ( an Englishman and Chelsea fan ) , stated on his radio show that Liverpool fans `` without tickets '' were the `` root cause '' and `` perpetrators '' of the disaster . A boycott of advertisers by American Liverpool fans eventually brought about an apology from him . Despite this he was replaced as presenter of Fox Football Fone - in . His actions were disowned by Chelsea Football Club and he no longer works as a broadcaster . Bernard Ingham In 1996 , Sir Bernard Ingham , former press secretary to former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , caused controversy with his comments about the disaster . In a letter addressed to a victim 's parent , Ingham wrote that the disaster was caused by `` tanked up yobs '' . In another letter written to a Liverpool supporter , also written in 1996 , Ingham remarked that people should `` shut up about Hillsborough '' . On the day of the inquest verdict , Ingham refused to apologise or respond to the previous comments he made , telling a reporter , `` I have nothing to say . '' There have since been calls to have Ingham stripped of his knighthood . Dramatisations and documentaries 1996 Drama Main article : Hillsborough ( film ) A television drama film , based on the disaster and subsequent events , titled simply Hillsborough , was produced by Granada Television . It was highly praised and won the BAFTA Award for Best Single Drama in 1997 . Christopher Eccleston , Ricky Tomlinson and Mark Womack were among the leading actors appearing in the film . It was aired for the first time in 1996 , and has been aired four times since then , in 1998 , 2009 , in September 2012 on the weekend following the release of the findings of the Hillsborough Independent Panel , and again on 1 May 2016 on ITV . 2014 / 2016 documentary Main article : Hillsborough ( 2014 documentary ) The American sports network ESPN , as part of its 30 for 30 series of sports films ( under a new `` Soccer Stories '' subdivision ) , aired the documentary Hillsborough as a co-production with the BBC . Directed by Daniel Gordon , the 2 - hour film chronicles the disaster , the investigations , and their lingering effects ; it also included interviews with survivors , victims ' relatives , police officers and investigators . Hillsborough aired the first time on 15 April 2014 , the 25th anniversary of the disaster . The documentary was unable to be shown in Great Britain upon initial release due to the 2012 High Court inquest still being in progress . The documentary includes previously unreleased security camera footage from the stadium on the day of the disaster . However , after the inquest verdict the BBC aired the documentary on 8 May 2016 , with additional footage from the inquest and its final verdict . Stage plays Two British stage plays also dealt with the disaster with different view points : Jonathan Harvey 's Guiding Star showed a father coming to terms with what had happened some years later . Lance Nielsen wrote Waiting For Hillsborough about two Liverpool families waiting for news of their missing loved ones on the day , which leads to discussion of football safety and the culture of blame . Nielsen 's play won him an award at the 1999 Liverpool Arts and Entertainment awards and was highly praised by the Liverpool press . References Jump up ^ Several British stadiums have a stand called `` Spion Kop '' or `` The Kop '' . 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ISBN 0 434 12624 1 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/apr/18/hillsborough-anniversary-sun-newspaper Jump up ^ Greenslade , Roy ( 29 October 2006 ) . `` Why is The Sun cutting its price '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 July 2004 ) . `` What the Sun said 15 years ago '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lister , Sam . `` Ex-Sun editor : I was right on Hillsborough '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Liverpool Daily Post and Echo . Archived from the original on 4 December 2006 . Retrieved 1 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Conlan , Tara ( 12 January 2007 ) . `` MacKenzie speaks out on Hillsborough comments '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sun has lost the plot again '' . The Liverpool Echo. 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News International chairman James Murdoch apologises to Liverpool over Sun 's coverage of Hillsborough tragedy '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough files : Reaction to release of government papers '' . BBC News . 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough : Kelvin MacKenzie offers ' profuse apologies to the people of Liverpool ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allegretti , Aubrey ; Harris , Sarah Ann ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Not Even The Sun Could Have Expected This Level of Anger After Hillsborough Inquest '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough : The Sun ' profoundly sorry ' over false fan conduct reports '' , The Daily Telegraph ( London ) , 13 September 2012 Jump up ^ Burrell , Ian ( 8 July 2004 ) . `` An own goal ? Rooney caught in crossfire between ' The Sun ' and an unforgiving city '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 6 March 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Pies and Prejudice : In Search of the North , Stuart Maconie , Random House , 2008 , page 67 Jump up ^ Liverpool -- Wondrous Place : From the Cavern to the Capital of Culture , Paul Du Noyer Random House , 2012 , page 180 Jump up ^ `` No Last Rites : The Denial of Justice and The Promotion of Myth in The Aftermath of The Hillsborough Disaster ; '' Scraton et al. , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough Inquiry '' Press Commission , 30 July 1989 ^ Jump up to : Martinson , Jane ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` Times front page omitting Hillsborough changed after staff revolt '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ @ TheTimes ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` We 've been criticised today for not having Hillsborough on our first edition front page . This is our response '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 April 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough inquest verdict : the front pages '' . The Guardian . 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . 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The jury at the inquests today delivered a set of damning verdicts placing the responsibility for the disaster directly in the hands of the police , ambulance service and structural engineers who worked on the Leppings Lane end . The nine members of the jury panel also declared that fans played no role in the events that caused the crush on the terraces . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough inquests : Jury reaches decision on unlawful killing question '' . BBC News . 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Yorkshire Police chief suspended over Hillsborough '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Tran , Mark ( 17 June 2014 ) . `` Civil servant sacked for offensive Wikipedia edits on Hillsborough '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Fox 's Steven Cohen on the Advertiser Boycott Over His Remarks on Soccer Stadium Deaths '' . 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Cohen Apologizes For Inaccurate Hillsborough Claims '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Cohen Blames Liverpool Fans For Hillsborough Disaster '' . World Soccer Talk . 20 April 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback : The Hillsborough Disaster and the Fall of Steven Cohen '' . World Soccer Talk . 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , David ( 17 January 2013 ) . `` Hillsborough mum tells of Sir Bernard Ingham 's `` hurtful '' letters `` . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bernard Ingham , who called Liverpool fans ' tanked up yobs ' , still refuses to apologise to Hillsborough families despite inquest findings '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bagot , Martin ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Ingham STILL refuses to say sorry for blaming Liverpool fans over Hillsborough '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Belger , Tom ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` Petition to strip Bernard Ingham of his knighthood for blaming fans '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough Drama Shown Again on ITV Tonight at 10 : 20 pm '' . itv.com . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Web page for 30 for 30 : Hillsborough Jump up ^ `` When a game turned into a disaster '' . The New York Times . 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Buchholz , Andrew ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` ESPN 's Hillsborough documentary ca n't be aired in the United Kingdom thanks to British laws '' . Awful Announcing , Bloguin . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Hillsborough -- Media Centre '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Speakers -- Lance Nielsen '' . London Screenwriters ' Festival . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Further reading Armstrong , Gary . Football Hooligans : Knowing the Score ( 1998 ) 361p , focus on Hillsborough Nicholson , Carol E. , and B. Roebuck . `` The investigation of the Hillsborough disaster by the Health and Safety Executive . '' Safety Science 18.4 ( 1995 ) : 249 -- 259 . Scraton , Phil . Hillsborough : The Truth . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 156 - 7 . Scraton , Phil . `` 4 Death on the Terraces : The Contexts and Injustices of the 1989 Hillsborough Disaster . '' Soccer & Society 5.2 ( 2004 ) : 183 -- 200 . -- ; Jemphrey , Ann ; Coleman , Sheila . No Last Rights : The Denial of Justice and the Promotion of Myth in the Aftermath of the Hillsborough Disaster . ISBN 0 - 904517 - 30 - 6 . -- . `` Death on the Terraces : The Contexts and Injustices of the 1989 Hillsborough Disaster '' . In Darby , Paul ; Johnes , Martin ; Mellor , Gavin . Soccer and Disaster : International Perspectives . Sport in the Global Society . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8289 - 6 . Taylor , Rogan , Ward , Andrew and Newburn , Tim . The day of the Hillsborough disaster : a narrative account ( Liverpool University Press , 1995 ) Scrutiny of Evidence Relating to the Hillsborough Football Stadium Disaster ( Command Paper ) ; Home Office ; ISBN 0 - 10 - 138782 - 2 Sports Stadia After Hillsborough : Seminar Papers ; RIBA , Sports Council , Owen Luder ( Ed . ) ; ISBN 0 - 947877 - 72 - X Taylor , Rogan ; Ward , Andrew ; Newburn , Tim . The Day of the Hillsborough Disaster . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 199 - 0 . The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster , 15 April 1989 : Inquiry by Lord Justice Taylor ( Cm. : 765 ) ; Peter Taylor ; ISBN 0 - 10 - 107652 - 5 The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster : Inquiry Final Report ( Command Paper ) ; Home Office ; ISBN 0 - 10 - 109622 - 4 Words of tribute : An anthology of 95 poems written after the Hillsborough tragedy , 15 April 1989 . ISBN 1 - 871474 - 18 - 3 . The Hillsborough Football Disaster : Context & Consequences . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562275 - 0 - 8 . Bartram , Mike . The Nightmare of Hillsborough . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906823 - 49 - 8 . Bartram , Mike . Justice Call : my Hillsborough poems . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906823 - 28 - 3 . The Report of the Hillsborough Independent Panel , House of Commons HC581 , London , The Stationery Office , 12 September 2012 . ISBN 9780102980356 Joint Working Party on Ground Safety and Public Order . Ground safety and public order : Hillsborough Stadium Disaster , report of Joint Working Party on Ground Safety and Public Order ( Report / Joint Executive on Football Safety ) ; . ISBN 0 - 901783 - 73 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hillsborough disaster . Hillsborough Independent Panel ( includes digital archives of material used for the panel 's inquiry ) Hillsborough Family Support Group ( HFSG ) Hillsborough Justice Campaign ( HJC ) Liverpool Football Club Hillsborough Memorial HFD -- A brief but fact filled reposte of the myths of the hillsborough disaster . Detailed transcript of The Sun newspaper coverage of the Hillsborough disaster . List of archive and library material relating to the disaster held at Sheffield City Council 's Libraries and Archives . Bibliography of over 150 books , journal articles , TV programmes and websites relating to the Disaster and its aftermath produced by Sheffield City Council 's Archives Service . A 20 minute video of the disaster in Windows Media Player format . September 2012 Hillsborough disaster report ( 7.25 megabytes ) ( Archive ) Bereaved parent Eileen Delaney was a guest on a memorable edition of the live After Dark discussion programme a week after the disaster . Extracts from what she said can be read here and in Hillsborough -- The Truth by Phil Scraton ( Mainstream Publishing 2016 ) . The entire After Dark programme can be accessed online here . 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2764368854611991446 | Songs from Les Misérables | Songs from Les Misérables - wikipedia Songs from Les Misérables hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Les Misérables is a sung - through musical based on the novel Les Misérables by French poet and novelist Victor Hugo . Premiering in Paris in 1980 , it has music by Claude - Michel Schönberg , original French lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean - Marc Natel , with an English - language libretto by Herbert Kretzmer . The London production has run continuously since October 1985 -- the longest - running musical in the West End and the second longest - running musical in the world . Contents 1 Performance 1.1 Characters 1.2 Songs 2 Prologue 2.1 Overture / Work Song 2.2 On Parole 2.3 Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven 2.4 Valjean 's Soliloquy -- What Have I Done ? 3 Act I 3.1 At the End of the Day 3.2 I Dreamed a Dream 3.3 Lovely Ladies 3.4 Fantine 's Arrest 3.5 The Runaway Cart 3.6 Who Am I ? -- The Trial 3.7 Fantine 's Death 3.8 The Confrontation 3.9 Castle On A Cloud 3.10 Master of the House 3.11 The Well Scene 3.12 The Bargain / The Waltz of Treachery 3.13 Suddenly 3.14 Look Down 3.15 The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention 3.16 Stars 3.17 Éponine 's Errand 3.18 The ABC Café -- Red and Black 3.19 Do You Hear the People Sing ? 3.20 Rue Plumet -- In My Life 3.21 A Heart Full of Love 3.22 The Attack on Rue Plumet 3.23 One Day More 4 Act II 4.1 Upon These Stones -- Building the Barricade 4.2 On My Own 4.3 Upon These Stones -- At the Barricade 4.4 Javert 's Arrival 4.5 Little People 4.6 A Little Fall of Rain 4.7 Night of Anguish 4.8 The First Attack 4.9 Drink with Me 4.10 Bring Him Home 4.11 Dawn of Anguish 4.12 The Second Attack 4.13 The Final Battle 4.14 The Sewers / Dog Eats Dog 4.15 Javert 's Suicide 4.16 Turning 4.17 Empty Chairs at Empty Tables 4.18 Every Day 4.19 Valjean 's Confession 4.20 The Wedding 4.21 Beggars at the Feast 5 Epilogue 5.1 Valjean 's Death 5.2 Finale 6 Song appearances in recordings 7 References 8 External links Performance ( edit ) There have been several recordings of this material , including ones by the original London cast and original Broadway cast . However , no recording contains the entire performance of songs , score and spoken parts as featured on stage ; The Complete Symphonic Recording comes closest , but a pair of songs that were cut from the show following the initial London run , as well as one song only present in the Original French Concept Album , are not included . Characters ( edit ) The characters who sing solos or duets are : Jean Valjean , a morally conflicted paroled convict , prisoner 24601 , and the protagonist . Failing to find work with his yellow parole note and redeemed by the Bishop of Digne 's mercy , he tears his passport up and conceals his identity ( under the alias `` Monsieur Madeleine '' and later `` Monsieur Fauchelevent '' ) in order to live his life again as an honest man . However , Javert constantly pursues him Fantine , a struggling single mother who becomes a street prostitute in order to pay for her child 's well - being Javert , a willful police inspector , originally a prison - guard , who becomes obsessed with hunting down Valjean to whom he refers as `` Prisoner 24601 '' Éponine , the young daughter of the sinister Thénardiers who was pampered and spoiled as a child but grows up to be ragged in Paris . She secretly loves Marius Cosette , Fantine 's daughter , who is abused and mistreated by the Thénardiers but whom Valjean later adopts -- she soon grows into a beautiful young woman Marius Pontmercy , a French student and revolutionary who falls in love with Cosette Monsieur and Madame Thénardier , a crooked couple who own an inn and exploit their customers . They later become a feared band of thieves in the streets of Paris Enjolras , leader of the student revolutionaries who seek to bring revolution and change to France Gavroche , a hotheaded young boy who is adored by the people and aligns himself with their revolution -- he is a true symbol of the youth and boldness of the rebellion Grantaire , a revolutionary who does n't believe in the causes of the revolution . He reveres Enjolras , and is often drunk Songs ( edit ) Act I Overture -- Instrumental ( Orchestra ) Prologue : Work Song -- Chain Gang , Javert and Valjean Prologue : On Parole -- Valjean , Farmer , Labourer , Innkeeper 's Wife and Innkeeper Prologue : Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven -- Constables and Bishop Prologue : What Have I Done ? -- Valjean At the End of the Day -- Fantine , The Poor , Foreman , Workers , Factory Girls and Valjean I Dreamed a Dream -- Fantine Lovely Ladies -- Fantine , Sailors , Whores , Old Woman , Crone and Pimp Fantine 's Arrest -- Fantine , Bamatabois , Javert and Valjean The Runaway Cart -- Onlookers , Valjean , Fauchelevent and Javert Who Am I ? -- Valjean Fantine 's Death -- Fantine and Valjean The Confrontation -- Javert and Valjean Castle on a Cloud -- Young Cosette and Madame Thénardier Master of the House -- Thénardier , Madame Thénardier and Chorus The Well Scene -- Valjean and Young Cosette The Bargain / The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery -- Thénardier , Valjean , Madame Thénardier and Young Cosette Suddenly -- Valjean ( 2012 film only ) The Convent ( 2012 film only ) Stars -- Javert Look Down -- Beggars , Gavroche , Old Woman , Prostitute , Pimp , Enjolras and Marius The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention -- Thénardier , Madame Thénardier , Éponine , Marius , Valjean and Javert Éponine 's Errand -- Marius and Éponine The ABC Café / Red and Black -- Students , Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire and Gavroche Do You Hear the People Sing ? -- Enjolras , Grantaire , Students and Beggars In My Life -- Cosette , Valjean , Marius and Éponine A Heart Full of Love -- Marius , Cosette and Éponine The Attack on Rue Plumet -- Thénardier , Thieves , Éponine , Marius , Valjean and Cosette One Day More -- Valjean , Marius , Cosette , Éponine , Enjolras , Javert , Thénardier , Madame Thénardier and Company Act II At the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) -- Enjolras , Javert , Marius , Éponine and Valjean On My Own -- Éponine Building the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) -- Enjolras , Students and Army Officer Javert 's Arrival -- Javert and Enjolras Little People -- Gavroche , Students , Enjolras and Javert A Little Fall of Rain -- Éponine and Marius Night of Anguish -- Enjolras , Valjean and Students The First Attack -- Enjolras , Grantaire , Students , Valjean and Javert Drink with Me -- Grantaire and Marius Bring Him Home -- Valjean Dawn of Anguish -- Enjolras and Students The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) -- Enjolras , Marius , Valjean , Grantaire , Gavroche and Students The Final Battle -- Army Officer , Grantaire , Enjolras and Students The Sewers -- Instrumental ( Orchestra ) Dog Eats Dog ( The Sewers ) -- Thénardier Javert 's Suicide -- Valjean and Javert Turning -- Women of Paris Empty Chairs at Empty Tables -- Marius Every Day / A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) -- Cosette , Marius and Valjean Valjean 's Confession -- Valjean and Marius Suddenly ( Reprise ) -- Marius and Cosette ( 2012 film only ) Wedding Chorale -- Guests , Thénardier , Marius and Madame Thénardier Beggars at the Feast -- Thénardier and Madame Thénardier Epilogue : Valjean 's Death -- Valjean , Fantine , Cosette , Marius and Éponine Finale : Do You Hear the People Sing ( Reprise ) -- Full Company Prologue ( edit ) Overture / Work song ( edit ) The `` Overture '' is the opening song and a dramatic instrumental introduction that establishes the setting as Toulon , France , 1815 . The `` Work Song '' flows from the `` Overture '' , the former opening with a choir of imprisoned men singing a melody later used in `` Look Down '' but eventually becoming a dark duet between the prisoner Jean Valjean and the guard Javert . In early versions , such as in the Original London Recording , the `` Overture '' was essentially just a minor version of the beginning of `` At the End of the Day , '' but is now almost exclusively played with part of the same melody as the `` Work Song '' and `` Look Down '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Ouverture ( Overture ) and Le bagne : pitié , pitié ( The Prison : Mercy , mercy ) . On Parole ( edit ) `` On Parole '' is the second song in the Prologue . Sometimes this is the first half of `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' , but is commonly known as the first part of `` The Bishop of Digne '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as En liberté conditionnelle ( On Parole ) . Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven ( edit ) The song contains two parts , the first in which Valjean is invited in by the Bishop and steals the silver , the second , where Valjean is caught by two constables . The former is often cut out of recordings . When the both parts are played , the song is usually known as `` The Bishop of Digne '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as L'évêque de Digne ( The Bishop of Digne ) . Valjean 's Soliloquy -- What have I done ? ( edit ) `` What Have I Done ? '' is the fourth and final song in the Prologue , sung by the main character , Jean Valjean . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , nor did any of the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Pourquoi ai - je permis à cet homme ? ( Why Did I Allow That Man ? ) . Act I ( edit ) At the end of the Day ( edit ) The music of `` At the End of the Day '' is fast and intricate , with different melodies coinciding as sung by various groups of poor women and men , female workers , solos by certain workers , and repetitious instrumentation . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La journée est finie ( The Day is Finished ) , in which it features as the first song . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Quand un jour est passé ( When a Day is Past ) . I Dreamed a Dream ( edit ) Main article : I Dreamed a Dream `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is a solo sung by Fantine during the first act and the play 's most famous number . Most of the music is soft and melancholic , but towards the end becomes louder and taut with frustration and anguish as she cries aloud about the wretched state of her life and her unfair mistreatment . Other uses Glee characters Rachel Berry and Shelby Corcoran ( portrayed by Lea Michele and Idina Menzel , respectively ) recorded a cover version of this song . Other covers include Neil Diamond ( from his 1987 live album Hot August Night II ) and Aretha Franklin ( from her 1991 album What You See Is What You Sweat ) . Franklin also performed this song for U.S. President Bill Clinton on the evening of the day that he was inaugurated . In the film The Commitments ( 1991 ) , one of the auditionees for the titular band sings `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as her audition song . Susan Boyle performed it in 2009 for her audition on the third season of the ITV programme Britain 's Got Talent . The song 's renewed popularity caused Patti LuPone 's 1985 recording to enter the UK Singles Chart , peaking at forty - five with 4,987 digital download sales . `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is the musical 's only chart hit . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( I Had Dreamed of Another Life ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as J'avais rêvé ( I Had Dreamed ) . Lovely Ladies ( edit ) `` Lovely Ladies '' is a song from the first act . It is followed by `` Fantine 's Arrest '' and sometimes the two are counted as one song . Fantine , now unemployed , wanders to the docks where she eventually turns to prostitution to survive . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show as a song known as La nuit ( The Night ) , which features similar events as the scene where Fantine sells her hair in Les beaux cheveux que voilà ( The Beautiful Hair That is There ) . A shortened version of this song was added at the end of J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( I Had Dreamed of Another Life ) , which features the same melody as the final and slower section of Lovely Ladies . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Tu viens , chéri ! ( You Come , Darling ! ) . Fantine 's Arrest ( edit ) `` Fantine 's Arrest '' is a song from the first act . It follows `` Lovely Ladies '' ( the two are sometimes counted as one song ) . Valjean 's appearance in the song is sometimes referred to as `` Valjean 's Intervention '' . This song is followed by `` The Runaway Cart '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song was separated into two songs , which were called Dites - moi ce qui se passe ( Tell Me What Happened ) and Fantine et Monsieur Madeleine ( Fantine and Monsieur Madeleine ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The Runaway Cart ( edit ) `` The Runaway Cart '' is a song from the first act , divided into two parts . The chorus , Fauchelevent , and Valjean sing the first with instrumental parts . Valjean sings the second one and Javert on a medium - paced tune often picked up by Javert or other policemen ( first sung in `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' ) . The song is cut heavily or left completely out in most recordings . It is known in the School Edition as `` The Cart Crash '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show in slightly longer form . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Who Am I ? -- The Trial ( edit ) `` Who Am I ? '' is a song from the first act , a solo sung by the main character Jean Valjean . It is rather slow - paced , and shares a melody with Valjean 's solo in `` One Day More , '' as well as the ten - years - later sequence after the Prologue . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was a part of the stage show as Comment faire ? ( What to Do ? ) . It includes an additional stanza , in which Valjean shortly reveals his past , since the concept version did not contain the Prologue . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le procès : comment faire ? ( The Trial -- What to Do ? ) . Fantine 's Death ( edit ) `` Fantine 's Death '' , also known as `` Come to Me '' , is a song from the first act . It is followed by `` The Confrontation '' . It is slow - paced and the tune is very soft . It has the same melody as the more famous `` On My Own '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La mort de Fantine ( Fantine 's Death ) . The Confrontation ( edit ) The main opposing characters Jean Valjean and Javert sing `` The Confrontation '' . It follows `` Come to Me '' and is followed by `` Castle on a Cloud '' . The song is low and slow - paced . The instrumentation behind the vocals is the same as in the `` Work Song '' , the melody partly also picks up that song . The song 's highlight is Javert and Valjean singing in counterpoint , with the lead alternating . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . In the stage show , a doctor shortly informed Valjean of Fantine 's death and Valjean asked three days to fetch Cosette , which Javert refuses . The music was entirely different , but finished in the same instrumental climax that is still used . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La confrontation ( The Confrontation ) . Castle on a Cloud ( edit ) `` Castle on a Cloud '' is a solo for the part of young Cosette . She sings about a castle where she does not have to sweep floors and a lady all in white looks after her . It is followed by a tag that breaks away from the main melody , involving the first entrance of Mme Thénardier , which is cut from many recordings . Mme Thénardier verbally abuses Cosette , orders her to fetch some water from a well , praises her daughter young Éponine ( a silent role ) , and again refers to Cosette ( after Éponine points to her to show she did not leave ) , warning that she never asks twice . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The main song is called Mon prince est en chemin ( My Prince is On the Way ) where it is preceded by a long instrumental section . The part where Cosette is caught by Mme Thénardier is called Mam'zelle Crapaud ( Miss Toad ) that is added onto the end of `` Castle on a Cloud '' in the English version . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Une poupée dans la vitrine ( A Doll in a Window ) . This is a reference to the book ; to a doll . Master of the House ( edit ) `` Master of the House '' is one of the better - known songs of the musical and one that provides comic relief . It introduces the Thénardiers and the crooked way that they operate their inn . The song is preceded by a lengthy introduction sung largely by regulars at the inn and Thénardier himself , which is cut from almost all recordings . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La devise du cabaretier ( The Innkeeper 's Motto ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Maître Thénardier ( Master Thénardier ) . The Well Scene ( edit ) `` The Well Scene '' is sung by Valjean and Young Cosette . Cosette is walking alone in the woods with a bucket of water . Valjean arrives and Cosette sees him . Valjean tells her to not be afraid . He asks for her name and Cosette tells him . He takes the bucket for her and walks her back to the inn . ( only in the new video production in 2013 ) The Bargain / the Waltz of Treachery ( edit ) `` The Bargain '' and `` The Waltz of Treachery '' are two intertwined songs . Much of the number is often cut from recordings . The latter part of `` The Waltz of Treachery '' is largely instrumental . It flows directly into `` Look Down '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Valjean chez les Thénardier ( Valjean at the Thénardiers ' ) and La valse de la fourberie ( The Waltz of Treachery ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La transaction ( The Dealing ) . It is only the second part . Suddenly ( edit ) Main article : Suddenly ( Les Misérables ) `` Suddenly '' is a song created for the 2012 film . The song `` explains what happens when Valjean takes Cosette from the inn and looks after her '' . The song appears only on Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack . Look Down ( edit ) `` Look Down '' , sometimes referred to as `` Paris : 1832 '' , or in the School Edition as `` The Beggars '' , involves one of the best - known themes in the musical , imitating that which is first heard in the `` Work Song '' . It is important for plot , introducing Gavroche , Enjolras , Marius , the adolescent Éponine , the adolescent Cosette , and the plight of the working poor ; it flows directly into `` The Robbery '' . The song comes after `` Stars '' in the Original London Recording and the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Donnez , donnez ( Give , Give ) . The song is about twice as long . It has a second solo sung by Gavroche , where he makes fun about the king Louis - Philippe and the politicians . A part of what would later become The Robbery can be found at the end . This stanza asks for some historical knowledge ; otherwise , the joke can not be understood . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Bonjour , Paris ( Hello , Paris ) . The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention ( edit ) `` The Robbery '' is a lesser - known song from the musical . The young adults Eponine , Marius , and Cosette are introduced ( though Cosette 's part in the scene is silent ) . Marius and Cosette bump into each other and fall in love at first sight . Thénardier attempts to rob Jean Valjean , whereupon realizing Valjean is the one `` who borrowed Cosette , '' a brawl breaks out . Éponine cries out as Javert arrives on the scene , ( a segment of the song commonly known as `` Javert 's Intervention '' ) but , because Javert does not immediately recognise Valjean , the latter escapes ; Thénardier then convinces Javert to let him go and pursue Valjean instead . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song appeared at the end of Donnez , donnez ( Give , Give ) on the recording , but also existed in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Stars ( edit ) `` Stars '' is one of the two chief songs performed as a solo by Javert . It is among the better - known songs from the musical . It comes before `` Look Down '' in the Original London Version and the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sous les étoiles ( Under the Stars ) . Éponine 's Errand ( edit ) `` Éponine 's Errand '' is an important scene in the show in which Marius asks Éponine to discover where Cosette lives and then take him to her . It is clear that Éponine is reluctant to encourage the brewing romance between Marius and Cosette , but because of her love for Marius , she cooperates . The first part follows the same melody as L'un vers l'autre ( Towards One Another ) , a solo for Éponine that appeared on the original concept album but did not make it to the current version . This tune appears throughout the show . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The ABC Café -- Red and Black ( edit ) `` The ABC Café -- Red and Black '' , on most recordings referred to as simply `` Red and Black '' , introduces the group of young student revolutionaries , who have formed an organization called the Friends of the ABC . The song name is a mixture from the Café Musain , which was their favourite meeting place in the book and their name , `` La Société des Amis de l'ABC '' ( literally in English , the Society of Friends of the ABC ) . The name is a pun , as in French `` ABC '' when pronounced one letter at a time is `` abaissé '' , which is also the word for `` lower '' ( therefore , `` Friends of the Lower Class or the Poor '' ) . The song consists of many different changing parts . The song involves a tag , in which Gavroche enters and announces to the students that General Lamarque is dead ; Enjolras then sings a solo about how this is a sign for the beginning of the revolution , transitioning directly into `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' French Versions 1980 Original French Version These songs are known as Rouge et noir ( Red and Black ) , sung by Marius about his meeting with Cosette , followed by Les amis de l'ABC ( The Friends of the ABC ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- These songs are known as Le café des amis de l'ABC ( The Café of the Friends of the ABC ) and Rouge la flamme de la colère ( Red , the Flame of Anger ) . The song order is reversed to match the English versions . Do You Hear the People sing ? ( edit ) Main article : Do You Hear the People Sing ? `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' is one of the principal and most recognizable songs from the musical , sometimes ( especially in various translated versions of the play ) called `` The People 's Song '' . A stirring anthem , it is sung twice : once at the end of the first act , and once at the end of the musical 's Finale . Instrumentally , the theme is also prominent in the battle scenes . In the 2012 movie , it is performed after `` One Day More '' . At the special Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert in 1995 , `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' was sung as an encore by seventeen different actors who had played Jean Valjean around the world . Each actor sang a line of the song in his own language ( except for Jerzy Jeszke , who being Polish himself sung a line in German as he 'd performed the role of Valjean in Germany ) , and the languages sung including French , German , Japanese , Hungarian , Swedish , Polish , Dutch , Norwegian , Czech , Danish , Icelandic and English . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as À la volonté du peuple ( To the Will of the People ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as À la volonté du peuple ( To the Will of the People ) . Rue Plumet -- in My Life ( edit ) `` Rue Plumet -- In My Life '' , referred to on most recordings as simply `` In My Life '' , is among the better - known songs from the musical . It largely involves a duet between Cosette and Valjean , though Marius and Éponine also sing near the end . In the Original London recording alone , it plays alongside a Cosette solo , `` I Saw Him Once '' , ( Te souviens - tu du premier jour ? in the original 1980 French production ) cut out of all other recordings . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Cosette : Dans la vie ( Cosette : In Life ) and Marius : Dans la vie ( Marius : In Life ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Rue Plumet -- Dans ma vie ( Rue Plumet -- In My Life ) . A Heart Full of love ( edit ) `` A Heart Full of Love '' is sung by Cosette , Marius , and Éponine , immediately following `` In My Life '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Le cœur au bonheur ( The Heart at Happiness ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le cœur au bonheur ( The Heart at Happiness ) . The Attack on Rue Plumet ( edit ) `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' is a three - part song , the first part of which plays in only two recordings : a long version in the 1980 Original French recording and a much - shortened version only on the Complete Symphonic Recording and added into the beginning of `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' . The second is best known and is played in all recordings while the third is again more important for plot than music . On the London Original Cast recording , it is called the `` Plumet Attack '' . Éponine , bringing Marius to Valjean 's house to see Cosette , stumbles upon her father Thénardier and his gang Patron - Minette , made up of Brujon , Babet , Claquesous , and Montparnasse , preparing to rob the house ; Éponine screams , dispersing the robbers , while Valjean is led to believe that Javert or his minions have discovered his whereabouts at last , and so prepares to leave at once with Cosette . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The first part of the song figures as Voilà le soir qui tombe ( Behold , The Night Falls ) , which lasts over a minute and a half and actually occurs between `` In My Life '' and `` A Heart Full of Love '' . It is sung solo by Éponine and warns Marius about the planned break - in . The second part did not figure on the recording , but was used as a purely instrumental piece in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le casse de la rue Plumet ( The Break - In of Rue Plumet ) . One Day more ( edit ) Main article : One Day More `` One Day More '' is a choral piece with many solos : all of the main characters ( except for Fantine and The Bishop - both of whom have died by this point ) sing in it in a counterpoint style known as dramatic quodlibet , as well as parts by the ensemble . It is the finale to Act 1 . The song borrows themes from several songs from the first act . Each character sings his / her part to a different melody at the same time ( counterpoint ) , before joining for the final chorus : Valjean picks up the melody of `` Who Am I ? '' without any changes ( A major ) Marius , Cosette and Éponine sing to the melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' with Éponine 's taking the bridge ( `` But the tigers come at night '' , sung by Éponine as `` One more day all on my own '' ) ( A major , modulating to F# minor ) Enjolras repeats the bridge melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . ( E ♭ major ) Javert sings to the already often - used theme from `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' , `` Fantine 's Arrest '' and `` The Robbery / Javert 's Intervention '' , only slower and in a major key . ( A major ) The Thénardiers sing to a slightly changed melody from `` Master of the House '' ( A Major ) The revolutionaries repeat the bridge melody of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' with a counter melody that is only instrumental in Fantine 's solo . ( A major ) At the end of the song , everyone sings the melody of `` Who Am I ? '' ( C major ) Other uses The song was used by Bill Clinton in his successful 1992 campaign for the presidency of the United States . Another version was used by Barack Obama supporters during his successful 2008 election campaign . It was also used as a finale to the 25th Anniversary concert of Les Misérables at The O2 , sung by the OLC with Ramin Karimloo singing the part of Enjolras . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Demain ( Tomorrow ) . It is slightly longer , finishing with a short solo from Valjean . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le grand jour ( The Big Day ) . Act II ( edit ) Upon These Stones -- Building the Barricade ( edit ) `` Building the Barricade '' is the entr'acte of the musical and features a new music theme , which transitions into Éponine 's appearance at the barricade , and her sung dialogue with Marius and later with Valjean as she passes to him a letter from Marius intended for Cosette . It is often cut out of recordings in part or completely . On the Complete Symphonic Recording , this song is mislabeled `` At the Barricade '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear on the recording , but was present in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La première barricade ( The First Barricade ) . The section where Éponine delivers the letter to Valjean is cut . On My own ( edit ) Main article : On My Own ( Les Misérables ) `` On My Own '' is a solo part for Éponine . The refrain of the song is the same tune as that of `` Fantine 's Death ( Come to Me ) '' , although it adds a bridge and the tune of the verses are different . Beginning in the key of D , modulating to B ♭ ( even though the song does not actually change key ) , then ending in F , this is her most important song . In the film adaptation , the song comes after A Heart Full of Love and before One Day More . Other uses `` On My Own '' has appeared in many famous events outside of Les Misérables , for example : The character of Rachel Berry in Glee , played by Lea Michele ( who played Eponine at the Hollywood Bowl production of Les Mis ) , sang this song as an audition to join the Glee Club in the pilot episode . Michele 's version has been released as a digital download single . Anne Hathaway parodied the song at the 83rd Academy Awards . ( Hathaway would later go on to play Fantine in the 2012 film version of Les Misérables . ) French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not figure , although the music was adapted from L'air de la misère ( The Air of Misery ) , which was sung by Fantine about her misery and suffering . Éponine 's solo was known as L'un vers l'autre ( The One Toward the Other ) , bearing no resemblance . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Mon histoire ( My Story ) . Upon These Stones -- at the Barricade ( edit ) `` At the Barricade '' , also called `` Back at the Barricade '' , begins with an instrumental reprise of the `` Red and Black '' and a sung reprise of the `` Upon These Stones '' musical themes . It is also the first of the two times that a National Guardsmen sings a warning to the revolutionaries . On the Complete Symphonic Recording , this song is mislabeled `` Building the Barricade '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sur la barricade ( On the Barricade ) . Javert 's Arrival ( edit ) `` Javert 's Arrival '' or `` Javert 's Return '' involves Javert 's return to the barricade to report on the enemy 's plans ; however , he is interrupted by Gavroche 's exposing him as a spy in `` Little People '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song was a part of the stage show in similar form , but was not a part of the recording . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Je sais ce qui se trame ( I Know What is Happening ) . Little People ( edit ) `` Little People '' begins as Gavroche proudly and merrily uncovers Javert 's identity as an undercover police inspector . Versions The Original London Recording included a much longer version sung by Gavroche , sung in the first act , between `` Look Down '' and `` Red and Black . '' This original version was related to Gavroche being able to be useful even though small , rather than the uncovering of Javert . For later versions of the musical , the song was halved to its current length . Gavroche 's gleeful uncovering of Javert is sung to an entirely different melody , already used in the Original French Version and is much shorter , before leading to the musical bit that was left in . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La faute à Voltaire ( Voltaire 's Fault ) and is very long , accompanied by a background choir . The song that Victor Hugo put in the book is used as the refrain . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as C'est la faute à ... ( It Is the Fault of ... ) . A Little fall of rain ( edit ) `` A Little Fall of Rain '' is the song of Éponine 's death . It features Marius and Éponine , the eldest daughter of the Thénardiers , as she tells him that she loves him and dies in his arms . Marius 's reaction to her death in the musical is quite different from that in the novel ; in the book , Marius does not really care much about Éponine , whereas in the musical they are portrayed as best friends , and he and his fellow students mourn her death , `` fighting in her name '' , Marius being quite devastated by his best friend 's death , even crying while holding her in his arms , and refusing to let go when his fellow students try to take her body away , and refusing the comfort of Enjolras , and continuing to cry over his best friend being gone forever . The title lyric is often misinterpreted ; she thinks she is wet because of rain , Marius sees it 's blood from her wound ( s ) that 's `` everywhere '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Ce n'est rien ( It is Nothing ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Un peu de sang qui pleure ( A Little Blood that Weeps ) . Night of Anguish ( edit ) `` Night of Anguish '' is a musical interlude scene . The exact definition of this song and the following are hazy ; sometimes the few lines following Éponine 's death are named `` Night of Anguish '' , sometimes it is the scene directly after the first attack that includes the dialogue between Valjean and Javert , that receives this name . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La nuit de l'angoisse ( The Night of Anguish ) , which contains much of the same musical material , appears much earlier on the concept recording , and is about the revolutionaries ' lamentation of their predicament . It also includes material that would later be used in `` Drink with Me '' . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The first Attack ( edit ) `` The First Attack '' begins as a largely instrumental number with only some short lines of singing ; there also several lines shouted by revolutionaries during the attack . Depending on the definition of the song , it includes the scene in which Valjean sets Javert free . This scene , even though musically relatively uninteresting , is very important for the plot . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as L'aube du 6 juin ( Dawn of June 6 ) on the recording , but was revised for the stage show into musical sections still present in the English version . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as La première attaque ( The First Attack ) . Drink with Me ( edit ) `` Drink with Me '' is the revolutionaries ' mellow song as night falls and they await their enemy 's retaliation . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- One stanza of it can be found in the song La nuit de l'angoisse ( The Night of Anguish ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Souviens - toi des jours passés ( Remember the Past Days ) . Bring him Home ( edit ) Valjean begs God to save and return Marius to Cosette . In a documentary on the Blu - ray of the film adaptation , Claude - Michel Schönberg revealed that the song was written specifically for Colm Wilkinson . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Comme un homme ( Like a Man ) . 1999 Spanish Cathedral Version - This song is known as Sálvalo ( Save him ) . Dawn of Anguish ( edit ) `` Dawn of Anguish '' is another minor interlude in which Enjolras and the revolutionaries come to the realisation that the people of Paris are not joining their revolution . Without the masses rising up to support them , they accept that the uprising 's failure is inevitable and so Enjolras tells all the women and fathers of children to return to their homes , since they will only die if they remain at the barricades . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . 1999 Spanish Cathedral Version - This song never appeared and was never mentioned . The second Attack ( edit ) `` The Second Attack '' or `` Death of Gavroche '' is important to the plot . Gavroche runs into the enemy line of fire to retrieve ammunition for the revolutionaries , but is killed during a reprise of his `` Little People '' solo . James Fenton had written another song for Gavroche 's death , called `` Ten Little Bullets '' , using the melody of Gavroche 's solo in `` Look Down '' . The song did not make it past recordings , probably not even there . Only the Broadway Revival version restarted using it in 2006 . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as La mort de Gavroche ( The Death of Gavroche ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The final battle ( edit ) `` The Final Battle '' is a mostly instrumental number , often omitted from recordings . It repeats the first bar of the theme from `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' with some variations and key changes , before erupting into a final reprise of the `` Red and Black '' theme , ending on a discordant chord instead of the major chord of that theme . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The sewers / Dog Eats Dog ( edit ) `` The Sewers '' is mostly a lengthy completely instrumental reprise of `` Bring Him Home '' , though it also incorporates `` Dog Eats Dog '' , a solo performed by Thénardier . In it , Thénardier describes his robbing the dead bodies from the battle at the barricades and justifies his actions by saying that somebody has to `` clean them up ... as a service to the town '' . He also declares that God is dead and that the only thing looking down from the heavens is the harvest moon . It is one of the darkest songs of the musical . The song was notably absent in the 2012 film adaptation , which instead featured a shorter chase - action sequence , scored primarily to `` Look Down '' , in its place . The omission of the song allows Thénardier 's character in the film to remain somewhat comical , though he is still shown in the sewers robbing dead bodies . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Fureurs cannibales ( Cannibal Frenzy ) . Javert 's suicide ( edit ) `` Javert 's Suicide '' is the second and last chief song performed solely by Javert . It is preceded by a repeat of the beginning of `` The Confrontation '' theme ( which is sometimes cut from recordings or incorporated into `` The Sewers '' ) , in which Valjean asks Javert for one hour to bring Marius to a hospital , a request to which Javert , this time , agrees . After Valjean leaves , Javert contemplates the paradox of hunting the man who has spared him his life ; he proceeds to jump to his death in the river . The song is instrumentally an exact reprise of Valjean 's Soliloquy , though sung by Javert with changed lyrics . Part of an instrumental from Stars is heard at the end of song as he is falling . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Noir ou blanc ( Black or White ) . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Le suicide de Javert ( Javert 's Suicide ) . Turning ( edit ) `` Turning '' features the women of Paris mourning the loss of the students and their own hopeless cycles of childbirth and misery . It is set to the melody of `` Lovely Ladies . '' It is also the only song in the musical not sung by a major character . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Tourne , tourne ( Turn , Turn ) . Empty Chairs at Empty Tables ( edit ) `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' is a solo sung by the character Marius , who is mourning the death of all of his friends who were killed at the barricade . Part of it is to the tune of `` The Bishop of Digne '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Seul devant ces tables vides ( Alone in Front of These Empty Tables ) . Every Day ( edit ) `` Every Day '' or `` Marius and Cosette '' is a two - part song sung by Cosette , Marius and Valjean . The second part is often known as `` A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) '' . Gillenormand sings part of the song in the 2012 film . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , but identical music sections were present in a former exchange between Marius and the Gillenormands in the stage show . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . Valjean 's Confession ( edit ) `` Valjean 's Confession '' is sung by Valjean and Marius . Though important for the plot , the music is more important as an introduction to `` Who Am I ? '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as L'aveu de Jean Valjean ( Jean Valjean 's Confession ) and was much longer . It explains Valjean 's motives more clearly . When Marius asks why Valjean confesses to him , Valjean explains that his conscience will not let him rest until he has done so . Valjean asks Marius if it would be better if he ( Valjean ) did not see Cosette again and Marius says that he thinks so . This fits much better with the description in the book . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song was cut from the recording . The Wedding ( edit ) `` The Wedding '' is a very brief song , also known as the `` Wedding Chorale '' , and is sung by the guests on Cosette and Marius 's wedding . The second part is a dialogue - heavy song that is often abridged or cut , sung by Marius and the Thénardiers . This part is sometimes called `` The Waltz of Treachery ( Reprise ) '' as it is sung to a similar melody . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- The first part of this song is known as Le mariage : soyez heureux ( The Marriage : Be Happy ) . It was longer than all other versions , featuring an additional refrain . The second part is known as Marchandage et révélation ( Bargaining and Revelation ) , where it is more than only slightly longer . It included another subplot from the book . Here , Thénardier first tries to shock Marius with the revelation that Valjean is an ex-convict , which Marius already knows . When Thénardier says that Valjean is also a murderer , Marius claims to know that as well . He believes Valjean to have killed both Javert ( on the barricade ) and a certain M. Madeleine , a rich factory owner . Thénardier proves to him ( with the help of newspaper clippings ) , that Javert committed suicide and that Madeleine and Valjean are the same person -- Marius 's false source of information is unknown -- and then tells him about the sewers . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Sonnez , sonnez ( Ring , Ring ) . Beggars at the Feast ( edit ) `` Beggars at the Feast '' is the second big musical number sung by the Thénardiers , in which they proclaim how through their treacherous ways they always manage to come out on top before waving the audience goodbye with the mocking line `` When we 're rich as Croesus , Jesus , wo n't we see you all in hell '' . It is a reprise of the `` Master of the House '' theme . French Versions ' 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Mendiants à la fête ( Beggars at the Party ) . Epilogue ( edit ) Valjean 's Death ( edit ) `` Valjean 's Death '' is the penultimate ( or last , depending on the song organization ) musical number in Les Misérables . This and the `` Finale '' , into which it flows without pause , are sometimes counted as one song . The combination is often known as `` The Epilogue '' ( as the musical also has a Prologue ) . Fantine and Éponine come to welcome him into salvation . `` Valjean 's Death '' borrows the tune from `` On My Own '' , and towards the end , `` Bring Him Home '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song is known as Épilogue : la lumière ( Epilogue : The Light ) . Fantine and Eponine do not appear , as the song ends alternatively with Valjean emploring Cosette and Marius to love and cherish each other , before he peacefully passes away . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Final : c'est pour demain ( Finale : It is For Tomorrow ) . Finale ( edit ) `` The Finale '' , also known as `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ( Reprise ) '' , is the last song in the musical ; it is often incorporated with `` Valjean 's Death '' into a single track on recordings , simply entitled `` Epilogue '' . French Versions 1980 Original French Version -- This song did not appear , instead ending with Valjean 's Death . 1991 Parisian Revival Version -- This song is known as Final : c'est pour demain ( Finale : It is For Tomorrow ) . Song appearances in recordings ( edit ) Key -- All or almost all of song included -- Part of song included -- Song excluded Song Original London Recording Original Broadway Recording 10th Anniversary Recording Complete Symphonic Recording Original French Concept Album Paris Revival Recording School Edition Motion picture ( 2012 ) Overture / Work Song On Parole Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven Valjean 's Soliloquy ( What Have I Done ? ) At the End of the Day I Dreamed a Dream Lovely Ladies Fantine 's Arrest The Runaway Cart Who Am I ? Come to Me ( Fantine 's Death ) The Confrontation Castle on a Cloud Master of the House Suddenly The Bargain The Waltz of Treachery Look Down The Robbery Javert 's Intervention Little People ( original ) Stars Éponine 's Errand The ABC Café / Red and Black Do You Hear the People Sing ? I Saw Him Once In My Life A Heart Full of Love The Attack on Rue Plumet One Day More At the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) On My Own Building the Barricade Javert 's Arrival Little People A Little Fall of Rain Night of Anguish The First Attack Drink with Me Bring Him Home Dawn of Anguish The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) The Final Battle The Sewers Dog Eats Dog Javert 's Suicide Turning Empty Chairs at Empty Tables Every Day Valjean 's Confession Suddenly ( Reprise ) The Wedding Chorale Beggars at the Feast Valjean 's Death Finale Notes While the cuts in the Student Edition appear significant , most are small edits that do n't remove more than a verse or a few measures . While `` The Death of Gavroche '' is included in the student production , it was cut from the 25th Anniversary . While `` The Wedding Chorale '' was cut in the Student Edition , it appeared in the 25th Anniversary Concert . Only some of the songs listed below were included on the motion picture 's soundtrack album . See the track listing at Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin -- I Dreamed A Dream -- Clinton Inauguration '' . YouTube . 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish singer ' gobsmacked ' by overnight stardom '' . CNN . 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Week Ending April 25th 2009 -- Chart Watch UK '' . New.uk.music.yahoo.com. 2009 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone -- I Dreamed A Dream '' . Chart Stats . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One Song More ! Les Miz Film Will Have New Song and Live Singing ; Cameron Mackintosh Reveals All '' . Playbill. 2012 - 02 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Moral Philosophy : The Musical passes an unexpected milestone '' . The Guardian . October 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot : Featured Music '' . Fox . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Schönberg , Claude - Michel . The West End Connection ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of Les Miserables . Arcade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 156 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Les Misérables official website Les Misérables song lyrics at SoundtrackLyrics.net hide Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Grantaire Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Gnana Oli ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Songs_from_Les_Misérables&oldid = 843478535 '' Categories : Songs from musicals Works based on Les Misérables Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from April 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with peacock terms from March 2015 All articles with peacock terms Articles needing more viewpoints from March 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 12 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the theme song of les miserables | [] | [] |
4521271151462607156 | Money bill | Money bill - wikipedia Money bill Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Banknote . `` Supply bill '' redirects here . For bills on government spending , see Appropriation bill . For the Irish controversy of 1753 -- 1756 , see Money Bill dispute . In the Westminster system ( and , colloquially , in the United States ) , a money bill or supply bill is a bill that solely concerns taxation or government spending ( also known as appropriation of money ) , as opposed to changes in public law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conventions 2 Requirements in Westminster systems 2.1 Australia 2.2 Bangladesh 2.3 India 2.4 Republic of Ireland 2.5 United Kingdom 3 Requirements in non-Westminster systems 3.1 United States 4 See also 5 References Conventions ( edit ) It is often a constitutional convention that the upper house may not block a money bill . There is often another requirement that non-money bill - type clauses may not be attached to a money bill . The rationale behind this convention is that the upper house , being appointed or indirectly elected , should not have any right to decide on taxation and public expenditure - related policies as may be framed by the directly elected representatives of the lower house . Therefore , money bills are an exception to the general rule that for a bill to be enacted into a law , it has to be approved by both Houses of the Parliament -- the lower house and the upper house . Loss of supply in the lower house is conventionally considered to be an expression of the house 's loss of confidence in the government resulting in the government 's fall . Requirements in Westminster systems ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) A supply bill in the Australian System is required to pass the House of Representatives , the Senate and be signed by the Governor - General . The Senate has no power or ability to introduce or modify a supply bill , but has the ability to block or defer the passing of a supply bill . The most famous instance where supply was blocked was during the 1975 constitutional crisis . This has resulted in agreements between political parties to prevent the blockage of supply bills through the Senate . Bangladesh ( edit ) A money bill is specifically defined by Article 81 of the Constitution of Bangladesh . The President of Bangladesh can send back all bills passed by the Parliament for a review except a money bill . However , a money bill can be introduced to the Parliament only at the President 's recommendation . Additionally , tax can only be levied by the Parliament . India ( edit ) Procedure for a Money Bill : Money Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha ( the directly elected ' people 's house ' of the Indian Parliament ) . Money bills passed by the Lok Sabha are sent to the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of parliament , elected by the state and territorial legislatures or appointed by the president ) . The Rajya Sabha may not amend money bills but can recommend amendments . To make sure that Rajya Sabha does n't amend the bill by adding some non-money matters ( known as Financial Bill ) , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies the bill as a money bill before sending it to the upper house , and the decision of the Speaker is binding on both the Houses . A money bill must be returned to the Lok Sabha within 14 days , or the bill is deemed to have passed both houses in the form it was originally passed by the Lok Sabha . When a Money Bill is returned to the Lok Sabha with the recommended amendments of the Rajya Sabha , it is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations . A money bill is deemed to have passed both houses with any recommended amendments the Lok Sabha chooses to accept , and without any that it chooses to decline . The definition of `` Money Bill '' is given in Article 110 of the Constitution of India . A financial bill is not a Money Bill unless it fulfills the requirements of Article 110 . The Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies if a financial bill is a Money Bill or not . Policy cut motion - disapproval of the given policy . Symbolically , the members demand that the amount of the demand be reduced to 1 INR . They may also suggest an alternative policy . Economy cut motion - it is demanded that the amount of the policy be reduced by a specified amount . Token cut motion - used to show specific grievance against the government . Also states that the amount of the demand be reduced by Rs. 100 . A money bill can only be introduced in parliament with prior permission of the President of India . Finance bill is supposed to be enacted within 75 days ( including the Parliament voting and the President assenting ) . Money bill can not be returned by the President to the parliament for its reconsideration , as it is presented in the Lok Sabha with his permission . The concept of money bills in India came to the forefront during the enactment of the Aadhar Act , 2016 . In spite of resistance by the opposition , the Aadhaar Bill was certified as a ' money bill ' by the Speaker of the Lower House . The Upper House proposed certain amendments , but ultimately the BJP - dominated Lower House rejected the amendments suggested by the Upper House and unilaterally enacted the Aadhar Act , 2016 . Immediately thereafter , Jairam Ramesh , a senior Congress leader , challenged the speaker 's decision to treat the Aadhar Bill as a ' money bill ' before the Supreme Court of India . Article 110 ( 3 ) of the Constitution of India categorically states that ' if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not , the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall be final ' . Therefore , one of the prime constitutional questions before the Supreme Court is whether it can review the speaker 's certificate classifying a bill as a ' money bill ' . In three prior cases , the Supreme Court of India has refused to review the Speaker 's certificate . However , some commentators have argued that the Court 's earlier judgements were incorrect and Article 110 ( 3 ) made the Speaker 's decision `` final '' for the purpose of the two Houses of the Parliament , not for the Supreme Court of India . This argument is further supported by the fact that in Kihoto Hollohan vs Zachillhu ( AIR 1993 SC 412 ) , the `` final '' decision of the speaker regarding disqualification of members of the House under the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was held to be a judicial decision subject to judicial review . This suggests that the `` final '' status given by the Indian constitution does not automatically immune the Indian speaker 's decision or certificate from judicial review . In view of this crucial constitutional question , it has been suggested that the Supreme Court in Jairam Ramesh v. Union of India should create a constitution bench of at least nine judges to settle the law on this issue . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , the Senate may not delay a money bill ( Irish : bille airgid ) more than 21 days . The President of Ireland may not refuse to sign a money bill and may not refer such a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality . Procedures exist for resolution of disputes as to whether a Bill is a money bill . Since the 1922 constitution ( as amended by the Constitution ( Amendment No. 12 ) Act 1930 ) and under the 1937 constitution , such disputes can be resolved by a committee on privileges . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , section 1 ( 1 ) of the Parliament Act 1911 provides that the House of Lords may not delay a money bill more than a month . It is at the discretion of the Speaker of the House of Commons to certify which bills are money bills , and his decision is final and is not subject to challenge . Section 1 ( 2 ) of the Act states : A Money Bill means a Public Bill which in the opinion of the Speaker of the House of Commons contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following subjects , namely , the imposition , repeal , remission , alteration , or regulation of taxation ; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on the Consolidated Fund , the National Loans Fund or on money provided by Parliament , or the variation or repeal of any such charges ; supply ; the appropriation , receipt , custody , issue or audit of accounts of public money ; the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment thereof ; or subordinate matters incidental to those subjects or any of them . In this subsection the expressions `` taxation , '' `` public money , '' and `` loan '' respectively do not include any taxation , money , or loan raised by local authorities or bodies for local purposes . The Parliament Act 1911 was the product of the political crisis of 1909 . The People 's Budget of 1909 proposed by the House of Commons was rejected by the House of Lords . A government whose budget ( that is the Finance Bill ) is rejected can only resign or dissolve Parliament , because without money it is impossible to govern . The rejection of the Finance Bill in 1909 by the Lords prompted the then British government to initiate steps to curtail the powers of the House of Lords in this regard . This is evident from the Preamble of the 1911 Act which states : `` An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons ... '' . The reference to the National Loans Fund was inserted on 1 April 1968 by section 1 ( 5 ) of the National Loans Act 1968 . For this purpose , the expression `` Public Bill '' does not include any Bill for confirming a Provisional Order . Bradley and Ewing said that the statutory definition of Money Bill is `` strictly interpreted '' . Most annual Finance Bills have not been certified to be Money Bills . Requirements in non-westminster systems ( edit ) United states ( edit ) While the United States of America is not a parliamentary democracy , the Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution requires that all bills raising revenue originate in the House of Representatives , consistent with British constitutional practice ; by convention , appropriation bills ( bills that spend money ) also originate in the House . Unlike in most Westminster systems , there are no limits on the Senate 's ability to amend revenue bills or any requirement for the Senate to approve such bills within a certain timeframe . Both appropriations and revenue bills are often referred to as money bills to contrast them with authorization bills . The U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Munoz - Flores ( 1990 ) held that : `` A law passed in violation of the Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment '' . See also ( edit ) Appropriation bill Power of the purse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Working Paper No. 192 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Bangladesh '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the Lok Sabha '' . Parliamentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Arun , T.K. `` The Money Bill conundrum : Constitution bench should decide '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/a-misc/legi.htm Jump up ^ `` Parliament Act 1911 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Working Paper No. 192 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The National Loans Act 1968 , section 24 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ AW Bradley and KD Ewing , Constitutional and Administrative Law , Twelfth Edition , Longman , 1997 , p. 213 Jump up ^ AW Bradley and KD Ewing , Constitutional and Administrative Law , Twelfth Edition , Longman , 1997 , pp. 213 and 214 Jump up ^ Erskine May , Parliamentary Practice , 21st Edition , 1989 , pp. 751 -- 753 ( editor C Gorden ) Jump up ^ Jennings , I. Parliament , Second Edition , 1957 Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' ( 1 ) . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Working Paper No. 192 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_bill&oldid=839546773 '' Categories : Statutory law Westminster system Government finances Hidden categories : Articles containing Irish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 03 : 57 . About Wikipedia | who is to certify that any bill is a money bill | [
"\nMoney Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha (the directly elected 'people's house' of the Indian Parliament).\nMoney bills passed by the Lok Sabha are sent to the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of parliament, elected by the state and territorial legislatures or appointed by the president). The Rajya Sabha may not amend money bills but can recommend amendments. To make sure that Rajya Sabha doesn't amend the bill by adding some non-money matters (known as Financial Bill), the Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies the bill as a money bill before sending it to the upper house, and the decision of the Speaker is binding on both the Houses.[3] A money bill must be returned to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, or the bill is deemed to have passed both houses in the form it was originally passed by the Lok Sabha.\nWhen a Money Bill is returned to the Lok Sabha with the recommended amendments of the Rajya Sabha, it is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations.\nA money bill is deemed to have passed both houses with any recommended amendments the Lok Sabha chooses to accept, and without any that it chooses to decline.\nThe definition of \"Money Bill\" is given in Article 110 of the Constitution of India. A financial bill is not a Money Bill unless it fulfills the requirements of Article 110.\nThe Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies if a financial bill is a Money Bill or not.[4]\nPolicy cut motion - disapproval of the given policy. Symbolically, the members demand that the amount of the demand be reduced to 1 INR. They may also suggest an alternative policy.\nEconomy cut motion - it is demanded that the amount of the policy be reduced by a specified amount.\nToken cut motion - used to show specific grievance against the government. Also states that the amount of the demand be reduced by Rs. 100.\nA money bill can only be introduced in parliament with prior permission of the President of India.\nFinance bill is supposed to be enacted within 75 days (including the Parliament voting and the President assenting).\nMoney bill cannot be returned by the President to the parliament for its reconsideration, as it is presented in the Lok Sabha with his permission.\n"
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"Speaker of the Lok Sabha"
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4102163047936378650 | Neutron star | Neutron star - wikipedia Neutron star Jump to : navigation , search For the story by Larry Niven , see Neutron Star ( short story ) . Radiation from the pulsar PSR B1509 - 58 , a rapidly spinning neutron star , makes nearby gas glow in X-rays ( gold , from Chandra ) and illuminates the rest of the nebula , here seen in infrared ( blue and red , from WISE ) . A neutron star is the collapsed core of a large star which before collapse had a total of between 10 and 29 solar masses . Neutron stars are the smallest and densest stars known to exist . Though neutron stars typically have a radius on the order of 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) , they can have masses of about twice that of the Sun . They result from the supernova explosion of a massive star , combined with gravitational collapse , that compresses the core past the white dwarf star density to that of atomic nuclei . Once formed , they no longer actively generate heat , and cool over time ; however , they may still evolve further through collision or accretion . Most of the basic models for these objects imply that neutron stars are composed almost entirely of neutrons ( subatomic particles with no net electrical charge and with slightly larger mass than protons ) ; the electrons and protons present in normal matter combine to produce neutrons at the conditions in a neutron star . Neutron stars are supported against further collapse by neutron degeneracy pressure , a phenomenon described by the Pauli exclusion principle , just as white dwarfs are supported against collapse by electron degeneracy pressure . If the remnant star has a mass greater than about 3 solar masses , it continues collapsing to form a black hole . Neutron stars that can be observed are very hot and typically have a surface temperature of around 7005600000000000000 ♠ 600 000 K. They are so dense that a normal - sized matchbox containing neutron - star material would have a mass of approximately 3 billion tonnes , or a 0.5 cubic kilometre chunk of the Earth ( a cube with edges of about 800 metres ) . Their magnetic fields are between 10 and 10 ( 100 million to 1 quadrillion ) times as strong as that of the Earth . The gravitational field at the neutron star 's surface is about 7011200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 ( 200 billion ) times that of the Earth . As the star 's core collapses , its rotation rate increases as a result of conservation of angular momentum , hence newly formed neutron stars rotate at up to several hundred times per second . Some neutron stars emit beams of electromagnetic radiation that make them detectable as pulsars . Indeed , the discovery of pulsars by Jocelyn Bell Burnell in 1967 was the first observational suggestion that neutron stars exist . The radiation from pulsars is thought to be primarily emitted from regions near their magnetic poles . If the magnetic poles do not coincide with the rotational axis of the neutron star , the emission beam will sweep the sky , and when seen from a distance , if the observer is somewhere in the path of the beam , it will appear as pulses of radiation coming from a fixed point in space ( the so - called `` lighthouse effect '' ) . The fastest - spinning neutron star known is PSR J1748 - 2446ad , rotating at a rate of 716 times a second or 43,000 revolutions per minute , giving a linear speed at the surface on the order of 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 c ( i.e. nearly a quarter the speed of light ) . There are thought to be around 100 million neutron stars in the Milky Way , a figure obtained by estimating the number of stars that have undergone supernova explosions . However , most are old and cold , and neutron stars can only be easily detected in certain instances , such as if they are a pulsar or part of a binary system . Slow - rotating and non-accreting neutron stars are almost undetectable ; however , since the Hubble Space Telescope detection of RX J185635 - 3754 , a few nearby neutron stars that appear to emit only thermal radiation have been detected . Soft gamma repeaters are conjectured to be a type of neutron star with very strong magnetic fields , known as magnetars , or alternatively , neutron stars with fossil disks around them . Neutron stars in binary systems can undergo accretion which typically makes the system bright in X-rays while the material falling onto the neutron star can form hotspots that rotate in and out of view in identified X-ray pulsar systems . Additionally , such accretion can `` recycle '' old pulsars and potentially cause them to gain mass and spin - up to very fast rotation rates , forming the so - called millisecond pulsars . These binary systems will continue to evolve , and eventually the companions can become compact objects such as white dwarfs or neutron stars themselves , though other possibilities include a complete destruction of the companion through ablation or merger . The merger of binary neutron stars may be the source of short - duration gamma - ray bursts and are likely strong sources of gravitational waves . In 2017 , a direct detection ( GW170817 ) of the gravitational waves from such an event was made , and gravitational waves have also been indirectly detected in a system where two neutron stars orbit each other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Properties 2.1 Mass and temperature 2.2 Density and pressure 2.3 Magnetic field 2.4 Gravity and equation of state 3 Structure 4 Radiation 4.1 Pulsars 4.2 Non-pulsating neutron stars 4.3 Spectra 5 Rotation 5.1 Spin down 5.2 Spin up 5.3 Glitches and starquakes 5.4 `` Anti-glitches '' 6 Population and distances 7 Binary neutron star systems 7.1 X-ray binaries 7.2 Neutron star binary mergers and nucleosynthesis 8 Planets 9 History of discoveries 10 Subtypes table 11 Examples of neutron stars 12 Gallery 12.1 Video -- animation 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Formation ( edit ) Simplistic representation of the formation of neutron stars . Any main - sequence star with an initial mass of above 8 times the mass of the sun ( 8 M ) has the potential to produce a neutron star . As the star evolves away from the main sequence , subsequent nuclear burning produces an iron - rich core . When all nuclear fuel in the core has been exhausted , the core must be supported by degeneracy pressure alone . Further deposits of mass from shell burning cause the core to exceed the Chandrasekhar limit . Electron - degeneracy pressure is overcome and the core collapses further , sending temperatures soaring to over 7009500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 K . At these temperatures , photodisintegration ( the breaking up of iron nuclei into alpha particles by high - energy gamma rays ) occurs . As the temperature climbs even higher , electrons and protons combine to form neutrons via electron capture , releasing a flood of neutrinos . When densities reach nuclear density of 7017400000000000000 ♠ 4 × 10 kg / m , neutron degeneracy pressure halts the contraction . The infalling outer envelope of the star is halted and flung outwards by a flux of neutrinos produced in the creation of the neutrons , becoming a supernova . The remnant left is a neutron star . If the remnant has a mass greater than about 3 M , it collapses further to become a black hole . As the core of a massive star is compressed during a Type II supernova , Type Ib or Type Ic supernova , and collapses into a neutron star , it retains most of its angular momentum . But , because it has only a tiny fraction of its parent 's radius ( and therefore its moment of inertia is sharply reduced ) , a neutron star is formed with very high rotation speed , and then over a very long period it slows . Neutron stars are known that have rotation periods from about 1.4 ms to 30 s . The neutron star 's density also gives it very high surface gravity , with typical values ranging from 10 to 10 m / s ( more than 10 times that of Earth ) . One measure of such immense gravity is the fact that neutron stars have an escape velocity ranging from 100,000 km / s to 150,000 km / s , that is , from a third to half the speed of light . The neutron star 's gravity accelerates infalling matter to tremendous speed . The force of its impact would likely destroy the object 's component atoms , rendering all the matter identical , in most respects , to the rest of the neutron star . Properties ( edit ) Mass and temperature ( edit ) A neutron star has a mass of at least 1.1 and perhaps up to 3 solar masses ( M ) . The maximum observed mass of neutron stars is about 2.01 M. But in general , compact stars of less than 1.39 M ( the Chandrasekhar limit ) are white dwarfs , whereas compact stars with a mass between 1.4 M and 3 M ( the Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff limit ) should be neutron stars ( though there is an interval of a few tenths of a solar mass where the masses of low - mass neutron stars and high - mass white dwarfs can overlap ) . Between 3 M and 5 M , hypothetical intermediate - mass stars such as quark stars and electroweak stars have been proposed , but none have been shown to exist . Beyond 10 M the stellar remnant will overcome the neutron degeneracy pressure and gravitational collapse will usually occur to produce a black hole , though the smallest observed mass of a stellar black hole is about 5 M . The temperature inside a newly formed neutron star is from around 10 to 10 kelvin . However , the huge number of neutrinos it emits carry away so much energy that the temperature of an isolated neutron star falls within a few years to around 10 kelvin . At this lower temperature , most of the light generated by a neutron star is in X-rays . Density and pressure ( edit ) Neutron stars have overall densities of 7017370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 × 10 to 7017590000000000000 ♠ 5.9 × 10 kg / m ( 7014260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 × 10 to 7014409999999999999 ♠ 4.1 × 10 times the density of the Sun ) , which is comparable to the approximate density of an atomic nucleus of 7017300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 kg / m . The neutron star 's density varies from about 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 kg / m in the crust -- increasing with depth -- to about 7017600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 or 7017800000000000000 ♠ 8 × 10 kg / m ( denser than an atomic nucleus ) deeper inside . A neutron star is so dense that one teaspoon ( 5 milliliters ) of its material would have a mass over 7012550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 × 10 kg ( that is 1100 tonnes per 1 nanolitre ) , about 900 times the mass of the Great Pyramid of Giza . In the enormous gravitational field of a neutron star , its weight would be 7025110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 × 10 N , which is about 15 times the weight of the Moon . The pressure increases from 7031320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 × 10 to 7034159999999999999 ♠ 1.6 × 10 Pa from the inner crust to the center . The equation of state of matter at such high densities is not precisely known because of the theoretical difficulties associated with extrapolating the likely behavior of quantum chromodynamics , superconductivity , and superfluidity of matter in such states along with the empirical difficulties of observing the characteristics of neutron stars that are at least hundreds of parsecs away . A neutron star has some of the properties of an atomic nucleus , including density ( within an order of magnitude ) and being composed of nucleons . In popular scientific writing , neutron stars are therefore sometimes described as `` giant nuclei '' . However , in other respects , neutron stars and atomic nuclei are quite different . A nucleus is held together by the strong interaction , whereas a neutron star is held together by gravity . The density of nucleus is uniform , while neutron stars are predicted to consist of multiple layers with varying composition and density . Magnetic field ( edit ) Neutron stars have strong magnetic fields . The magnetic field strength on the surface of neutron stars has been estimated at least to have the range of 10 to 10 tesla . In comparison , the magnitude at Earth 's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas ( 0.25 to 0.65 gauss ) , making the field at least 10 times as strong as that of Earth . For comparison , 16 T is sufficient to levitate a live frog due to diamagnetic levitation . Variations in magnetic field strengths are most likely the main factor that allows different types of neutron stars to be distinguished by their spectra , and explains the periodicity of pulsars . The neutron stars known as magnetars have the strongest magnetic fields , in the range of 10 to 10 tesla , and have become the widely accepted hypothesis for neutron star types soft gamma repeaters ( SGRs ) and anomalous X-ray pulsars ( AXPs ) . Fields of this strength are able to polarize the vacuum to the point that the vacuum becomes birefringent . Photons can merge or split in two , and virtual particle - antiparticle pairs are produced . The field changes electron energy levels and atoms are forced into thin cylinders . The origins of the strong magnetic field are as yet unclear . One hypothesis is that of `` flux freezing '' , or conservation of the original magnetic flux takes place during the formation of the neutron star . If an object has a certain magnetic flux over its surface area , and that area shrinks to a smaller area , but the magnetic flux is conserved , then the magnetic field would correspondingly increase . Likewise , a collapsing star begins with a much larger surface area than the resulting neutron star , and conservation of magnetic flux would result in a far stronger magnetic field . However , this simple explanation does not fully explain magnetic field strengths of neutron stars . Gravity and equation of state ( edit ) Gravitational light deflection at a neutron star . Due to relativistic light deflection more than half of the surface is visible ( each chequered patch here represents 30 degrees by 30 degrees ) . In natural units , the mass of the depicted star is 1 and its radius 4 , or twice its Schwarzschild radius . The gravitational field at a neutron star 's surface is about 7011200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 times stronger than on Earth , at around 7012200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 × 10 m / s . Such a strong gravitational field acts as a gravitational lens and bends the radiation emitted by the neutron star such that parts of the normally invisible rear surface become visible . If the radius of the neutron star is 3GM / c or less , then the photons may be trapped in an orbit , thus making the whole surface of that neutron star visible from a single vantage point , along with destabilizing photon orbits at or below the 1 radius distance of the star . A fraction of the mass of a star that collapses to form a neutron star is released in the supernova explosion from which it forms ( from the law of mass -- energy equivalence , E = mc ) . The energy comes from the gravitational binding energy of a neutron star . Hence , the gravitational force of a typical neutron star is huge . If an object were to fall from a height of one meter on a neutron star 12 kilometers in radius , it would reach the ground at around 1400 kilometers per second . However , even before impact , the tidal force would cause spaghettification , breaking any sort of an ordinary object into a stream of material . Because of the enormous gravity , time dilation between a neutron star and Earth is significant . For example , eight years could pass on the surface of a neutron star , yet ten years would have passed on Earth , not including the time - dilation effect of its very rapid rotation . Neutron star relativistic equations of state describe the relation of radius vs. mass for various models . The most likely radii for a given neutron star mass are bracketed by models AP4 ( smallest radius ) and MS2 ( largest radius ) . BE is the ratio of gravitational binding energy mass equivalent to the observed neutron star gravitational mass of `` M '' kilograms with radius `` R '' meters , B E = 0.60 β 1 − β 2 ( \ displaystyle BE = ( \ frac ( 0.60 \ , \ beta ) ( 1 - ( \ frac ( \ beta ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) β = G M / R c 2 ( \ displaystyle \ beta \ = G \ , M / R \ , ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Given current values G = 6.67408 × 10 − 11 m 3 kg − 1 s − 2 ( \ displaystyle G = 6.67408 \ times 10 ^ ( - 11 ) \ , ( \ text ( m ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ( \ text ( kg ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ text ( s ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ) c = 2.99792458 × 10 8 m / s ( \ displaystyle c = 2.99792458 \ times 10 ^ ( 8 ) \ , ( \ text ( m ) ) / ( \ text ( s ) ) ) M ⊙ = 1.98855 × 10 30 kg ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ odot ) = 1.98855 \ times 10 ^ ( 30 ) \ , ( \ text ( kg ) ) ) and star masses `` M '' commonly reported as multiples of one solar mass , M x = M M ⊙ ( \ displaystyle M_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( M ) ( M_ ( \ odot ) ) ) ) then the relativistic fractional binding energy of a neutron star is B E = 886.0 M x R ( in meters ) − 738.3 M x ( \ displaystyle BE = ( \ frac ( 886.0 \ , M_ ( x ) ) ( R_ ( \ left ( ( \ text ( in meters ) ) \ right ) ) - 738.3 \ , M_ ( x ) ) ) ) A 2 M neutron star would not be more compact than 10,970 meters radius ( AP4 model ) . Its mass fraction gravitational binding energy would then be 0.187 , − 18.7 % ( exothermic ) . This is not near 0.6 / 2 = 0.3 , − 30 % . The equation of state for a neutron star is still not known . It is assumed that it differs significantly from that of a white dwarf , whose equation of state is that of a degenerate gas that can be described in close agreement with special relativity . However , with a neutron star the increased effects of general relativity can no longer be ignored . Several equations of state have been proposed ( FPS , UU , APR , L , SLy , and others ) and current research is still attempting to constrain the theories to make predictions of neutron star matter . This means that the relation between density and mass is not fully known , and this causes uncertainties in radius estimates . For example , a 1.5 M neutron star could have a radius of 10.7 , 11.1 , 12.1 or 15.1 kilometers ( for EOS FPS , UU , APR or L respectively ) . Structure ( edit ) Cross-section of neutron star . Densities are in terms of ρ the saturation nuclear matter density , where nucleons begin to touch . Current understanding of the structure of neutron stars is defined by existing mathematical models , but it might be possible to infer some details through studies of neutron - star oscillations . Asteroseismology , a study applied to ordinary stars , can reveal the inner structure of neutron stars by analyzing observed spectra of stellar oscillations . Current models indicate that matter at the surface of a neutron star is composed of ordinary atomic nuclei crushed into a solid lattice with a sea of electrons flowing through the gaps between them . It is possible that the nuclei at the surface are iron , due to iron 's high binding energy per nucleon . It is also possible that heavy elements , such as iron , simply sink beneath the surface , leaving only light nuclei like helium and hydrogen . If the surface temperature exceeds 10 kelvin ( as in the case of a young pulsar ) , the surface should be fluid instead of the solid phase that might exist in cooler neutron stars ( temperature < 10 kelvin ) . The `` atmosphere '' of a neutron star is hypothesized to be at most several micrometers thick , and its dynamics are fully controlled by the neutron star 's magnetic field . Below the atmosphere one encounters a solid `` crust '' . This crust is extremely hard and very smooth ( with maximum surface irregularities of ~ 5 mm ) , due to the extreme gravitational field . Proceeding inward , one encounters nuclei with ever - increasing numbers of neutrons ; such nuclei would decay quickly on Earth , but are kept stable by tremendous pressures . As this process continues at increasing depths , the neutron drip becomes overwhelming , and the concentration of free neutrons increases rapidly . In that region , there are nuclei , free electrons , and free neutrons . The nuclei become increasingly small ( gravity and pressure overwhelming the strong force ) until the core is reached , by definition the point where mostly neutrons exist . The expected hierarchy of phases of nuclear matter in the inner crust has been characterized as `` nuclear pasta '' , with fewer voids and larger structures towards higher pressures . The composition of the superdense matter in the core remains uncertain . One model describes the core as superfluid neutron - degenerate matter ( mostly neutrons , with some protons and electrons ) . More exotic forms of matter are possible , including degenerate strange matter ( containing strange quarks in addition to up and down quarks ) , matter containing high - energy pions and kaons in addition to neutrons , or ultra-dense quark - degenerate matter . Radiation ( edit ) Play media Animation of a rotating pulsar . The sphere in the middle represents the neutron star , the curves indicate the magnetic field lines and the protruding cones represent the emission zones . Pulsars ( edit ) Main article : Pulsar Neutron stars are detected from their electromagnetic radiation . Neutron stars are usually observed to pulse radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation , and neutron stars observed with pulses are called pulsars . Pulsars ' radiation is thought to be caused by particle acceleration near their magnetic poles , which need not be aligned with the rotational axis of the neutron star . It is thought that a large electrostatic field builds up near the magnetic poles , leading to electron emission . These electrons are magnetically accelerated along the field lines , leading to curvature radiation , with the radiation being strongly polarized towards the plane of curvature . In addition , high energy photons can interact with lower energy photons and the magnetic field for electron - positron pair production , which through electron -- positron annihilation leads to further high energy photons . The radiation emanating from the magnetic poles of neutron stars can be described as magnetospheric radiation , in reference to the magnetosphere of the neutron star . It is not to be confused with magnetic dipole radiation , which is emitted because the magnetic axis is not aligned with the rotational axis , with a radiation frequency the same as the neutron star 's rotational frequency . If the axis of rotation of the neutron star is different to the magnetic axis , external viewers will only see these beams of radiation whenever the magnetic axis point towards them during the neutron star rotation . Therefore , periodic pulses are observed , at the same rate as the rotation of the neutron star . Non-pulsating neutron stars ( edit ) In addition to pulsars , neutron stars have also been identified with no apparent periodicity of their radiation . This seems to be a characteristic of the X-ray sources known as Central Compact Objects in Supernova remnants ( CCOs in SNRs ) , which are thought to be young , radio - quiet isolated neutron stars . Spectra ( edit ) In addition to radio emissions , neutron stars have also been identified in other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . This includes visible light , near infrared , ultraviolet , X-rays and gamma rays . Pulsars observed in X-rays are known as X-ray pulsars if accretion - powered ; while those identified in visible light as optical pulsars . The majority of neutron stars detected , including those identified in optical , X-ray and gamma rays , also emit radio waves ; the Crab Pulsar produces electromagnetic emissions across the spectrum . However , there exist neutron stars called radio - quiet neutron stars , with no radio emissions detected . Rotation ( edit ) Neutron stars rotate extremely rapidly after their formation due to the conservation of angular momentum ; like spinning ice skaters pulling in their arms , the slow rotation of the original star 's core speeds up as it shrinks . A newborn neutron star can rotate many times a second . Spin down ( edit ) P -- P - dot diagram for known rotation - powered pulsars ( red ) , anomalous X-ray pulsars ( green ) , high - energy emission pulsars ( blue ) and binary pulsars ( pink ) Over time , neutron stars slow , as their rotating magnetic fields in effect radiate energy associated with the rotation ; older neutron stars may take several seconds for each revolution . This is called spin down . The rate at which a neutron star slows its rotation is usually constant and very small . The periodic time ( P ) is the rotational period , the time for one rotation of a neutron star . The spin - down rate , the rate of slowing of rotation , is then given the symbol P _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( P ) ) ) ( P - dot ) , the negative derivative of P with respect to time . It is defined as periodic time decrease per unit time ; it is a dimensionless quantity , but can be given the units of s ⋅ s ( seconds per second ) . The spin - down rate ( P - dot ) of neutron stars usually falls within the range of 10 to 10 s ⋅ s , with the shorter period ( or faster rotating ) observable neutron stars usually having smaller P - dot . However , as a neutron star ages , the neutron star slows ( P increases ) and the rate of slowing decreases ( P - dot decreases ) . Eventually , the rate of rotation becomes too slow to power the radio - emission mechanism , and the neutron star can no longer be detected . P and P - dot allow minimum magnetic fields of neutron stars to be estimated . P and P - dot can be also used to calculate the characteristic age of a pulsar , but gives an estimate which is somewhat larger than the true age when it is applied to young pulsars . P and P - dot can also be combined with neutron star 's moment of inertia to estimate a quantity called spin - down luminosity , which is given the symbol E _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( E ) ) ) ( E-dot ) . It is not the measured luminosity , but rather the calculated loss rate of rotational energy that would manifest itself as radiation . For neutron stars where the spin - down luminosity is comparable to the actual luminosity , the neutron stars are said to be `` rotation powered '' . The observed luminosity of the Crab Pulsar is comparable to the spin - down luminosity , supporting the model that rotational kinetic energy powers the radiation from it . With neutron stars such as magnetars , where the actual luminosity exceeds the spin - down luminosity by about a factor of one hundred , it is assumed that the luminosity is powered by magnetic dissipation , rather than being rotation powered . P and P - dot can also be plotted for neutron stars to create a P -- P - dot diagram . It encodes a tremendous amount of information about the pulsar population and its properties , and has been likened to the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram in its importance for neutron stars . Spin up ( edit ) Neutron star rotational speeds can increase , a process known as spin up . Sometimes neutron stars absorb orbiting matter from companion stars , increasing the rotation rate and reshaping the neutron star into an oblate spheroid . This causes an increase in the rate of rotation of the neutron star of over a hundred times per second in the case of millisecond pulsars . The most rapidly rotating neutron star currently known , PSR J1748 - 2446ad , rotates at 716 revolutions per second . However , a 2007 paper reported the detection of an X-ray burst oscillation , which provides an indirect measure of spin , of 1122 Hz from the neutron star XTE J1739 - 285 , suggesting 1122 rotations a second . However , at present , this signal has only been seen once , and should be regarded as tentative until confirmed in another burst from that star . Glitches and starquakes ( edit ) NASA artist 's conception of a `` starquake '' , or `` stellar quake '' . Sometimes a neutron star will undergo a glitch , a sudden small increase of its rotational speed or spin up . Glitches are thought to be the effect of a starquake -- as the rotation of the neutron star slows , its shape becomes more spherical . Due to the stiffness of the `` neutron '' crust , this happens as discrete events when the crust ruptures , creating a starquake similar to earthquakes . After the starquake , the star will have a smaller equatorial radius , and because angular momentum is conserved , its rotational speed has increased . Starquakes occurring in magnetars , with a resulting glitch , is the leading hypothesis for the gamma - ray sources known as soft gamma repeaters . Recent work , however , suggests that a starquake would not release sufficient energy for a neutron star glitch ; it has been suggested that glitches may instead be caused by transitions of vortices in the theoretical superfluid core of the neutron star from one metastable energy state to a lower one , thereby releasing energy that appears as an increase in the rotation rate . `` Anti-glitches '' ( edit ) An `` anti-glitch '' , a sudden small decrease in rotational speed , or spin down , of a neutron star has also been reported . It occurred in a magnetar , that in one case produced an X-ray luminosity increase of a factor of 20 , and a significant spin - down rate change . Current neutron star models do not predict this behavior . If the cause was internal , it suggests differential rotation of solid outer crust and the superfluid component of the magnetar 's inner structure . Population and distances ( edit ) Central neutron star at the heart of the Crab Nebula . At present , there are about 2000 known neutron stars in the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds , the majority of which have been detected as radio pulsars . Neutron stars are mostly concentrated along the disk of the Milky Way although the spread perpendicular to the disk is large because the supernova explosion process can impart high translational speeds ( 400 km / s ) to the newly formed neutron star . Some of the closest known neutron stars are RX J1856. 5 - 3754 , which is about 400 light years away , and PSR J0108 - 1431 at about 424 light years . RX J1856. 5 - 3754 is a member of a close group of neutron stars called The Magnificent Seven . Another nearby neutron star that was detected transiting the backdrop of the constellation Ursa Minor has been nicknamed Calvera by its Canadian and American discoverers , after the villain in the 1960 film The Magnificent Seven . This rapidly moving object was discovered using the ROSAT / Bright Source Catalog . Binary neutron star systems ( edit ) Circinus X-1 : X-ray light rings from a binary neutron star ( 24 June 2015 ; Chandra X-ray Observatory ) About 5 % of all known neutron stars are members of a binary system . The formation and evolution of binary neutron stars can be a complex process . Neutron stars have been observed in binaries with ordinary main - sequence stars , red giants , white dwarfs or other neutron stars . According to modern theories of binary evolution it is expected that neutron stars also exist in binary systems with black hole companions . The merger of binaries containing two neutron stars , or a neutron star and a black hole , are expected to be prime sources for the emission of detectable gravitational waves . X-ray binaries ( edit ) Main article : X-ray binary Binary systems containing neutron stars often emit X-rays , which are emitted by hot gas as it falls towards the surface of the neutron star . The source of the gas is the companion star , the outer layers of which can be stripped off by the gravitational force of the neutron star if the two stars are sufficiently close . As the neutron star accretes this gas its mass can increase ; if enough mass is accreted the neutron star may collapse into a black hole . Neutron star binary mergers and nucleosynthesis ( edit ) Main article : Stellar collision Binaries containing two neutron stars are observed to shrink as gravitational waves are emitted . Ultimately the neutron stars will come into contact and coalesce . The coalescence of binary neutron stars is one of the leading models for the origin of short gamma - ray bursts . Strong evidence for this model came from the observation of a kilonova associated with the short - duration gamma - ray burst GRB 130603B , and finally confirmed by detection of gravitational wave GW170817 and short GRB 170817A by LIGO , Virgo and 70 observatories covering the electromagnetic spectrum observed the event . The light emitted in the kilonova is believed to come from the radioactive decay of material ejected in the merger of the two neutron stars . This material may be responsible for the production of many of the chemical elements beyond iron , as opposed to the supernova nucleosynthesis theory . Planets ( edit ) An artist 's conception of a pulsar planet with bright aurorae . Main article : Pulsar planet Neutron stars can host exoplanets . These can be original , circumbinary , captured , or the result of a second round of planet formation . Pulsars can also strip the atmosphere off from a star , leaving a planetary - mass remnant , which may be understood as a chthonian planet or a stellar object depending on interpretation . For pulsars , such pulsar planets can be detected with the pulsar timing method , which allows for high precision and detection of much smaller planets than with other methods . Two systems have been definitively confirmed . The first exoplanets ever to be detected were the three planets Draugr , Poltergeist and Phobetor around PSR B1257 + 12 , discovered in 1992 -- 1994 . Of these , Draugr is the smallest exoplanet ever detected , at a mass of twice that of the Moon . Another system is PSR B1620 - 26 , where a circumbinary planet orbits a neutron star - white dwarf binary system . Also , there are several unconfirmed candidates . Pulsar planets receive little visible light , but massive amounts of ionizing radiation and high - energy stellar wind , which makes them rather hostile environments . History of discoveries ( edit ) The first direct observation of a neutron star in visible light . The neutron star is RX J1856. 5 - 3754 . In 1934 , Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of neutron stars , only a year after the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick . In seeking an explanation for the origin of a supernova , they tentatively proposed that in supernova explosions ordinary stars are turned into stars that consist of extremely closely packed neutrons that they called neutron stars . Baade and Zwicky correctly proposed at that time that the release of the gravitational binding energy of the neutron stars powers the supernova : `` In the supernova process , mass in bulk is annihilated '' . Neutron stars were thought to be too faint to be detectable and little work was done on them until November 1967 , when Franco Pacini pointed out that if the neutron stars were spinning and had large magnetic fields , then electromagnetic waves would be emitted . Unbeknown to him , radio astronomer Antony Hewish and his research assistant Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge were shortly to detect radio pulses from stars that are now believed to be highly magnetized , rapidly spinning neutron stars , known as pulsars . In 1965 , Antony Hewish and Samuel Okoye discovered `` an unusual source of high radio brightness temperature in the Crab Nebula '' . This source turned out to be the Crab Pulsar that resulted from the great supernova of 1054 . In 1967 , Iosif Shklovsky examined the X-ray and optical observations of Scorpius X-1 and correctly concluded that the radiation comes from a neutron star at the stage of accretion . In 1967 , Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish discovered regular radio pulses from PSR B1919 + 21 . This pulsar was later interpreted as an isolated , rotating neutron star . The energy source of the pulsar is the rotational energy of the neutron star . The majority of known neutron stars ( about 2000 , as of 2010 ) have been discovered as pulsars , emitting regular radio pulses . In 1971 , Riccardo Giacconi , Herbert Gursky , Ed Kellogg , R. Levinson , E. Schreier , and H. Tananbaum discovered 4.8 second pulsations in an X-ray source in the constellation Centaurus , Cen X-3 . They interpreted this as resulting from a rotating hot neutron star . The energy source is gravitational and results from a rain of gas falling onto the surface of the neutron star from a companion star or the interstellar medium . In 1974 , Antony Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics `` for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars '' without Jocelyn Bell who shared in the discovery . In 1974 , Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse discovered the first binary pulsar , PSR B1913 + 16 , which consists of two neutron stars ( one seen as a pulsar ) orbiting around their center of mass . Einstein 's general theory of relativity predicts that massive objects in short binary orbits should emit gravitational waves , and thus that their orbit should decay with time . This was indeed observed , precisely as general relativity predicts , and in 1993 , Taylor and Hulse were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery . In 1982 , Don Backer and colleagues discovered the first millisecond pulsar , PSR B1937 + 21 . This object spins 642 times per second , a value that placed fundamental constraints on the mass and radius of neutron stars . Many millisecond pulsars were later discovered , but PSR B1937 + 21 remained the fastest - spinning known pulsar for 24 years , until PSR J1748 - 2446ad ( which spins more than 700 times a second ) was discovered . In 2003 , Marta Burgay and colleagues discovered the first double neutron star system where both components are detectable as pulsars , PSR J0737 - 3039 . The discovery of this system allows a total of 5 different tests of general relativity , some of these with unprecedented precision . In 2010 , Paul Demorest and colleagues measured the mass of the millisecond pulsar PSR J1614 -- 2230 to be 1.97 ± 0.04 M , using Shapiro delay . This was substantially higher than any previously measured neutron star mass ( 1.67 M , see PSR J1903 + 0327 ) , and places strong constraints on the interior composition of neutron stars . In 2013 , John Antoniadis and colleagues measured the mass of PSR J0348 + 0432 to be 2.01 ± 0.04 M , using white dwarf spectroscopy . This confirmed the existence of such massive stars using a different method . Furthermore , this allowed , for the first time , a test of general relativity using such a massive neutron star . In October 2017 , LIGO and Virgo made first detection of gravitational waves produced by colliding neutron stars . Subtypes table ( edit ) Neutron star Isolated Neutron Star ( INS ) : not in a binary system . Rotation - powered pulsar ( RPP or `` radio pulsar '' ) : neutron stars that emit directed pulses of radiation towards us at regular intervals ( due to their strong magnetic fields ) . Rotating radio transient ( RRATs ) : are thought to be pulsars which emit more sporadically and / or with higher pulse - to - pulse variability than the bulk of the known pulsars . Magnetar : a neutron star with an extremely strong magnetic field ( 1000 times more than a regular neutron star ) , and long rotation periods ( 5 to 12 seconds ) . Soft gamma repeater ( SGR ) . Anomalous X-ray pulsar ( AXP ) . Radio - quiet neutron stars . X-ray Dim Isolated Neutron Stars . Central Compact Objects in Supernova remnants ( CCOs in SNRs ) : young , radio - quiet non-pulsating X-ray sources , thought to be Isolated Neutron Stars surrounded by supernova remnants . X-ray pulsars or `` accretion - powered pulsars '' : a class of X-ray binaries . Low - mass X-ray binary pulsars : a class of low - mass X-ray binaries ( LMXB ) , a pulsar with a main sequence star , white dwarf or red giant . Millisecond pulsar ( MSP ) ( `` recycled pulsar '' ) . Sub-millisecond pulsar . X-ray burster : a neutron star with a low mass binary companion from which matter is accreted resulting in irregular bursts of energy from the surface of the neutron star . Intermediate - mass X-ray binary pulsars : a class of intermediate - mass X-ray binaries ( IMXB ) , a pulsar with an intermediate mass star . High - mass X-ray binary pulsars : a class of high - mass X-ray binaries ( HMXB ) , a pulsar with a massive star . Binary pulsars : a pulsar with a binary companion , often a white dwarf or neutron star . Theorized compact stars with similar properties . Protoneutron star ( PNS ) , theorized . Exotic star Quark star : currently a hypothetical type of neutron star composed of quark matter , or strange matter . As of 2008 , there are three candidates . Electroweak star : currently a hypothetical type of extremely heavy neutron star , in which the quarks are converted to leptons through the electroweak force , but the gravitational collapse of the neutron star is prevented by radiation pressure . As of 2010 , there is no evidence for their existence . Preon star : currently a hypothetical type of neutron star composed of preon matter . As of 2008 , there is no evidence for the existence of preons . Examples of neutron stars ( edit ) PSR J0108 - 1431 -- closest neutron star LGM - 1 -- the first recognized radio - pulsar PSR B1257 + 12 -- the first neutron star discovered with planets ( a millisecond pulsar ) SWIFT J1756. 9 - 2508 -- a millisecond pulsar with a stellar - type companion with planetary range mass ( below brown dwarf ) PSR B1509 - 58 source of the `` Hand of God '' photo shot by the Chandra X-ray Observatory . PSR J0348 + 0432 -- the most massive neutron star with a well - constrained mass , 2.01 ± 0.04 M . Gallery ( edit ) Video -- animation ( edit ) Play media Neutron stars containing 500,000 Earth - masses in 25 km ( 16 mi ) diameter sphere Play media Neutron stars colliding Play media Neutron star collision See also ( edit ) Star portal Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Dragon 's Egg Neutronium Preon - degenerate matter Rotating radio transient Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A neutron star 's density increases as its mass increases , and its radius decreases non-linearly . ( archived image : NASA mass radius graph ) A newer page is here : `` RXTE Discovers Kilohertz Quasiperiodic Oscillations '' . NASA . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . ( specifically the image ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ 7017370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 × 10 kg / m derives from mass 7030268000000000000 ♠ 2.68 × 10 kg / volume of star of radius 12 km ; 7017590000000000000 ♠ 5.9 × 10 kg / m derives from mass 7030420000000000000 ♠ 4.2 × 10 kg per volume of star radius 11.9 km Jump up ^ The average density of material in a neutron star of radius 10 km is 7018110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 × 10 kg / cm . Therefore , 5 ml of such material is 7012550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 × 10 kg , or 5 500 000 000 metric tons . This is about 15 times the total mass of the human world population . Alternatively , 5 ml from a neutron star of radius 20 km radius ( average density 7016835000000000000 ♠ 8.35 × 10 kg / cm ) has a mass of about 400 million metric tons , or about the mass of all humans . The gravitational field is ca . 7011200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 g or ca . 7012200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 N / kg . Moon weight is calculated at 1g . 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Jump up ^ Cho , Adrian ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Merging neutron stars generate gravitational waves and a celestial light show '' . Science . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Overbye , Dennis ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` LIGO Detects Fierce Collision of Neutron Stars for the First Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Casttelvecchi , Davide ( 25 August 2017 ) . `` Rumours swell over new kind of gravitational - wave sighting '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2017.22482 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Abbott , B. P. ; et al. ( LIGO Scientific Collaboration & Virgo Collaboration ) ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` GW170817 : Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral '' . Physical Review Letters. 119 ( 16 ) . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 119.161101 . Jump up ^ Urry , Meg ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Gold comes from stars '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Baade , Walter & Zwicky , Fritz ( 1934 ) . `` Remarks on Super-Novae and Cosmic Rays '' . Physics Review . 46 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 77 . Bibcode : 1934PhRv ... 46 ... 76B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 46.76. 2 . Jump up ^ Landau , Lev D. ( 1932 ) . `` On the theory of stars '' . Phys . Z . Sowjetunion. 1 : 285 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Haensel , Paweł ; Potekhin , Alexander Y. ; Yakovlev , Dmitry G. ; ( 2007 ) ; Neutron Stars 1 : Equation of State and Structure , New York : Springer , page 2 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ASSL...326...H Jump up ^ Chadwick , James ( 1932 ) . `` On the possible existence of a neutron '' . Nature . 129 ( 3252 ) : 312 . Bibcode : 1932Natur. 129Q. 312C . doi : 10.1038 / 129312a0 . Jump up ^ Hewish , A. & Okoye , S.E. ( 1965 ) . `` Evidence of an unusual source of high radio brightness temperature in the Crab Nebula '' . Nature . 207 ( 4992 ) : 59 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1965Natur. 207 ... 59H . doi : 10.1038 / 207059a0 . Jump up ^ Shklovsky , I.S. ( April 1967 ) . `` On the Nature of the Source of X-Ray Emission of SCO XR - 1 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 148 ( 1 ) : L1 -- L4 . Bibcode : 1967ApJ ... 148L ... 1S . doi : 10.1086 / 180001 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pranab ( 2007 ) . Rotation and Accretion Powered Pulsars ( illustrated ed . ) . World Scientific . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 4744 - 7 . Extract of page 8 Jump up ^ Lang , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . A Companion to Astronomy and Astrophysics : Chronology and Glossary with Data Tables ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 33367 - 0 . Extract of page 82 Jump up ^ Haensel , Paweł ; Potekhin , Alexander Y. ; Yakovlev , Dmitry G. ( 2007 ) . Neutron Stars 1 : Equation of State and Structure ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 474 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 47301 - 7 . Extract of page 474 Jump up ^ Graham - Smith , Francis ( 2006 ) . Pulsar Astronomy ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83954 - 9 . Extract of page 11 Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pranab ( 2007 ) . Rotation and Accretion Powered Pulsars ( illustrated ed . ) . World Scientific . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 4744 - 7 . Extract of page 281 Jump up ^ Demorest , Paul B. ; Pennucci , T. ; Ransom , S.M. ; Roberts , M.S. ; Hessels , J.W. ( 2010 ) . `` A two - solar - mass neutron star measured using Shapiro delay '' . Nature . 467 ( 7319 ) : 1081 -- 1083 . arXiv : 1010.5788 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 467.1081 D . doi : 10.1038 / nature09466 . PMID 20981094 . Jump up ^ Antoniadis , John ( 2012 ) . `` A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary '' . Science . 340 ( 6131 ) : 1233232 . arXiv : 1304.6875 . Bibcode : 2013Sci ... 340 ... 448A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1233232 . PMID 23620056 . Jump up ^ Burtnyk , Kimberly M. ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` LIGO Detection of Colliding Neutron Stars Spawns Global Effort to Study the Rare Event '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Mereghetti , Sandro ( April 2010 ) . `` X-ray emission from isolated neutron stars '' . High - Energy Emission from Pulsars and their Systems . Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings . p. 345 . arXiv : 1008.2891 . Bibcode : 2011ASSP ... 21 ... 345M . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 17251 - 9_29 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 17250 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pavlov , George ; Zavlin , Slava ; Sanwal , Divas ; Kargaltsev , Oleg ; Romani , Roger . `` Thermal Radiation from Isolated Neutron Stars '' ( PDF ) . SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , T. ( 1989 ) . `` Binary Sub-Millisecond Pulsar and Rotating Core Collapse Model for SN1987A '' . Progress of Theoretical Physics. 81 ( 5 ) : 1006 -- 1020 . Bibcode : 1989PThPh ... 81.1006 N . doi : 10.1143 / PTP. 81.1006 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Todd A. ; Neutrino - Driven Protoneutron Star Winds `` ASTROPHYSICS : ON OBSERVED PULSARS '' . scienceweek.com . Retrieved 6 August 2004 . Norman K. Glendenning ; R. Kippenhahn ; I. Appenzeller ; G. Borner ; et al. ( 2000 ) . Compact Stars ( 2nd ed . ) . Kaaret ; Prieskorn ; in ' t Zand ; Brandt ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence for 1122 Hz X-Ray Burst Oscillations from the Neutron - Star X-Ray Transient XTE J1739 - 285 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 657 ( 2 ) : L97 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0611716 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 657L ... 97K . doi : 10.1086 / 513270 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neutron stars . Introduction to neutron stars Neutron Stars for Undergraduates and its Errata NASA on pulsars `` NASA Sees Hidden Structure Of Neutron Star In Starquake '' . SpaceDaily.com. April 26 , 2006 `` Mysterious X-ray sources may be lone neutron stars '' . New Scientist . `` Massive neutron star rules out exotic matter '' . New Scientist . According to a new analysis , exotic states of matter such as free quarks or BECs do not arise inside neutron stars . `` Neutron star clocked at mind - boggling velocity '' . New Scientist . A neutron star has been clocked traveling at more than 1500 kilometers per second . Neutron star Types Radio - quiet Pulsar Single pulsars Magnetar Soft gamma repeater Anomalous X-ray Rotating radio transient Binary pulsars Binary X-ray pulsar X-ray binary X-ray burster List Millisecond Be / X-ray Spin - up Properties Blitzar Fast radio burst Bondi accretion Gamma - ray burst Glitch Neutronium Neutron - star oscillation Optical Pulsar kick Quasi-periodic oscillation Relativistic Rp - process Starquake Timing noise Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff limit Urca process Related Gamma - ray burst progenitors Astroseismology Compact star Quark star Exotic star Supernova Supernova remnant Related links Hypernova Kilonova Neutron star merger Quark - nova White dwarf Related links Stellar black hole Related links Radio star Pulsar planet Pulsar wind nebula Thorne -- Żytkow object Discovery LGM - 1 Centaurus X-3 Timeline of white dwarfs , neutron stars , and supernovae Satellite investigation Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Chandra X-ray Observatory Other X-ray pulsar - based navigation Tempo software program Astropulse The Magnificent Seven Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Supernovae Classes Type Ia Type Ib and Ic Type II ( IIP , IIL , IIn , and IIb ) Physics of Calcium - rich supernovae Carbon detonation Pair - instability supernova Phillips relationship P - nuclei P - process R - process Supernova nucleosynthesis Supernova neutrinos Related Supernova impostor Pulsational pair - instability supernova Foe Gamma - ray burst Failed supernova Hypernova Kilonova Nova Symbiotic nova Luminous red nova Near - Earth supernova Pulsar kick Quark - nova Progenitors Hypergiant Yellow Luminous blue variable Supergiant Blue Red Yellow White dwarf Related links Wolf -- Rayet star Remnants Supernova remnant Pulsar wind nebula Neutron star Pulsar Magnetar Related links Stellar black hole Related links Compact star Quark star Exotic star Zombie star Local Bubble Superbubble Orion -- Eridanus Discovery Guest star History of supernova observation Timeline of white dwarfs , neutron stars , and supernovae Lists Candidates Notable Massive stars Most distant Remnants In fiction Notable Barnard 's Loop Cassiopeia A Crab Crab Nebula iPTF14hls Tycho 's Kepler 's SN 1987A SN 185 SN 1006 SN 2003fg Remnant G1. 9 + 0.3 SN 2007bi SN 2011fe SN 2014J SN Refsdal Vela Remnant Research ASAS - SN Calán / Tololo Survey High - Z Supernova Search Team Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey Nearby Supernova Factory Sloan Supernova Survey Supernova / Acceleration Probe Supernova Cosmology Project Supernova Early Warning System Supernova Legacy Survey Texas Supernova Search Book : Supernovae Category : Supernovae Commons : Supernovae GND : 4171660 - 7 NDL : 00573936 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutron_star&oldid=811263049 '' Categories : Neutron stars Neutron Star types Exotic matter Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 14 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a spinning neutron star that appears to give off radio waves is called a | [
"In 1934, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of neutron stars,[60][d] only a year after the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick.[63] In seeking an explanation for the origin of a supernova, they tentatively proposed that in supernova explosions ordinary stars are turned into stars that consist of extremely closely packed neutrons that they called neutron stars. Baade and Zwicky correctly proposed at that time that the release of the gravitational binding energy of the neutron stars powers the supernova: \"In the supernova process, mass in bulk is annihilated\". Neutron stars were thought to be too faint to be detectable and little work was done on them until November 1967, when Franco Pacini pointed out that if the neutron stars were spinning and had large magnetic fields, then electromagnetic waves would be emitted. Unbeknown to him, radio astronomer Antony Hewish and his research assistant Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge were shortly to detect radio pulses from stars that are now believed to be highly magnetized, rapidly spinning neutron stars, known as pulsars."
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"pulsars"
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8167385667546203871 | Intestinal villus | Intestinal villus - wikipedia Intestinal villus Intestinal ville Micrograph of the small intestine mucosa showing villi - top half of image . H&E stain Section of duodenum of cat . X 60 . Details Identifiers Latin villi intestinales TA A05. 6.01. 011 FMA 76464 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Intestinal villi ( singular : villus ) are small , finger - like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine . Each villus is approximately 0.5 -- 1.6 mm in length ( in humans ) , and has many microvilli projecting from the enterocytes of its epithelium which collectively form the striated or brush border . Each of these microvilli are much smaller than a single villus . The intestinal villi are much smaller than any of the circular folds in the intestine . Villi increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls making available a greater surface area for absorption . An increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients ( including monosaccharide and amino acids ) pass into the semipermeable villi through diffusion , which is effective only at short distances . In other words , increased surface area ( in contact with the fluid in the lumen ) decreases the average distance travelled by nutrient molecules , so effectiveness of diffusion increases . The villi are connected to the blood vessels so the circulating blood then carries these nutrients away . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Histology 2 Function 3 Additional images 4 References 5 Further reading Structure ( edit ) Histology ( edit ) Vertical section of a villus from the dog 's small intestine . X 80 . ( Simple columnar epithelium labeled at right , third from top . ) Enterocytes , along with goblet cells , represent the principal cell types of the epithelium of the villi in the small intestine . Function ( edit ) There , the villi and the microvilli increase intestinal absorptive surface area approximately 30-fold and 600-fold , respectively , providing exceptionally efficient absorption of nutrients in the lumen . There are also enzymes ( enterocyte digestive enzyme ) on the surface for digestion . Villus capillaries collect amino acids and simple sugars taken up by the villi into the blood stream . Villus lacteals ( lymph capillary ) collect absorbed chylomicrons , which are lipoproteins composed of triglycerides , cholesterol and amphipathic proteins , and are taken to the rest of the body through the lymph fluid . Villi are specialised for absorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall , one cell thick , which enables a shorter diffusion path . They have a large surface area so there will be more efficient absorption of fatty acids and glycerol into the blood stream . They have a rich blood supply to keep a concentration gradient . Additional images ( edit ) Different stages of coeliac disease Structure of a villus ( see reference quoted in text ) Microvilli ( shaggy hair ) show electron dense plaques ( open arrow ) at their apices . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.copewithcytokines.org/cope.cgi?key=Paneth%20cells Jump up ^ `` Oral Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs - Barriers , - Andreas Bernkop - Schnürch - Springer '' . Jump up ^ `` Digestion : Digestive System , Enzymes , Absorption in the Small Intestine '' . Further reading ( edit ) C.W. Chan , Y.K. Leung and K.W. Chan ( 2014 ) . `` Microscopic anatomy of the vasculature of the human intestinal villus - a study with review '' . Eur J Anat , 18 ( 4 ) : 291 - 301 . Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa NDL : 00575812 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intestinal_villus&oldid=839878847 '' Categories : Digestive system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 08 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what purpose do villi serve in the small intestine | [
"Villi increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls making available a greater surface area for absorption. An increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including monosaccharide and amino acids) pass into the semipermeable villi through diffusion, which is effective only at short distances. In other words, increased surface area (in contact with the fluid in the lumen) decreases the average distance travelled by nutrient molecules, so effectiveness of diffusion increases. The villi are connected to the blood vessels so the circulating blood then carries these nutrients away.\n"
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"increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls"
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-2392607695554021436 | Panama Canal Zone | Panama Canal Zone - wikipedia Panama Canal Zone Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 9 ° 07 ′ 03.61 '' N 79 ° 43 ′ 12.60 '' W / 9.1176694 ° N 79.7201667 ° W / 9.1176694 ; - 79.7201667 Panama Canal Zone Zona del Canal de Panamá Territory of the United States ← 1903 -- 1979 → Flag Coat of arms Motto The Land Divided , The World United Capital Balboa History Established 1903 Disestablished 1979 Today part of Panama The Panama Canal Zone ( Spanish : Zona del Canal de Panamá ) was an unincorporated territory of the United States from 1903 to 1979 , centered on the Panama Canal and surrounded by the Republic of Panama . The zone consisted of the canal and an area generally extending five miles ( 8.0 km ) on each side of the centerline , excluding Panama City and Colón , which otherwise would have been partly within the limits of the Zone . Its border spanned three of Panama 's provinces . When reservoirs were created to assure a steady supply of water for the locks , those lakes were included within the Zone . On February 26 , 1904 , the Isthmian Canal Convention was proclaimed . In it , the Republic of Panama granted to the United States in perpetuity the use , occupation , and control of a zone of land and land under water for the construction , maintenance , operation , sanitation , and protection of the canal . From 1903 to 1979 the territory was controlled by the United States , which had purchased the land from the private and public owners , built the canal and financed its construction . The Canal Zone was abolished on October 1 , 1979 , as a term of the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties of 1977 ; the canal itself was under joint U.S. -- Panamanian control from 1979 until it was fully turned over to Panama on December 31 , 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Proposals for a canal 1.2 Construction ( 1903 -- 1914 ) 2 Governance of the Canal Zone 3 Tensions and the end of the Canal Zone 4 Lifestyle of residents 4.1 `` Gold '' roll and `` silver '' roll 4.2 `` Diasporization '' in the Panama Canal Zone 4.3 Community 4.3. 1 Housing and goods 5 Citizenship 6 Notable people 7 Culture 8 Religion 9 Townships and military installations 9.1 Pacific side 9.1. 1 Townships 9.1. 2 Military installations 9.2 Atlantic side 9.2. 1 Townships 9.2. 2 Military installations 10 Panama Canal Treaty implementation 11 Postage stamps 12 Amateur radio 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading and viewing 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Panama Canal Map of the area before canal construction Proposals for a Canal ( edit ) Proposals for a canal across the Isthmus of Panama date back to 1529 , soon after the Spanish conquest . Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón , a lieutenant of conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa , suggested four possible routes , one of which closely tracks the present - day canal . Saavedra believed that such a canal would make it easier for European vessels to reach Asia . Although King Charles I was enthusiastic and ordered preliminary works started , his officials in Panama soon realized that such an undertaking was beyond the capabilities of 16th - century technology . One official wrote to Charles , `` I pledge to Your Majesty that there is not a prince in the world with the power to accomplish this '' . The Spanish instead built a road across the isthmus . The road came to be crucial to Spain 's economy , as treasure obtained along the Pacific coast of South America was offloaded at Panama City and hauled through the jungle to the Atlantic port of Nombre de Dios , close to present day Colón . Although additional canal building proposals were made throughout the 16th and 17th centuries , they came to naught . The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw a number of canals built . The success of the Erie Canal in the United States and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in Latin America led to a surge of American interest in building an interoceanic canal . Beginning in 1826 , US officials began negotiations with New Granada ( present - day Colombia and Panama ) , hoping to gain a concession for the building of a canal . Jealous of their newly obtained independence and fearing that they would be dominated by an American presence , New Granadan officials declined American offers . The new nation was politically unstable , and Panama rebelled several times during the 19th century . In 1836 , U.S. statesman Charles Biddle reached an agreement with the New Granadan government to replace the old road with an improved one or a railroad , running from Panama City on the Pacific coast to the Chagres River , where a steamship service would allow passengers and freight to continue to Colón . His agreement was repudiated by the Jackson administration , which wanted rights to build a canal . In 1841 , with Panama in rebellion again , British interests secured a right of way over the isthmus from the insurgent regime and occupied Nicaraguan ports that might have served as the Atlantic terminus of a canal . In 1846 , the new US envoy to Bogotá , Benjamin Bidlack , was surprised when , soon after his arrival , the New Granadans proposed that the United States be the guarantor of the neutrality of the isthmus . The resulting Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty allowed the United States to intervene militarily to ensure that the interoceanic road ( and when it was built , the Panama Railroad as well ) would not be disrupted . New Granada hoped that other nations would sign similar treaties , but the one with the United States , which was ratified by the US Senate in June 1848 after considerable lobbying by New Granada , was the only one . The treaty led the U.S. government to contract for steamship service to Panama from ports on both coasts . When the California Gold Rush began in 1848 , traffic through Panama greatly increased , and New Granada agreed to allow the Panama Railroad to be constructed by American interests . This first `` transcontinental railroad '' opened in 1850 . There were riots in Panama City in 1856 ; several Americans were killed . US warships landed Marines , who occupied the railroad station and kept the railroad service from being interrupted by the unrest . The United States demanded compensation from New Granada , including a zone 20 miles ( 32 km ) wide , to be governed by US officials and in which the United States might build any `` railway or passageway '' it desired . The demand was dropped in the face of resistance by New Granadan officials , who accused the United States of seeking a colony . Through the remainder of the 19th century , the United States landed troops several times to preserve the railway connection . At the same time , it pursued a canal treaty with Colombia ( as New Granada was renamed ) . One treaty , signed in 1868 , was rejected by the Colombian Senate , which hoped for better terms from the incoming Grant administration . Under this treaty , the canal would have been in the middle of a 20 - mile zone , under American management but Colombian sovereignty , and the canal would revert to Colombia in 99 years . The Grant administration did little to pursue a treaty , and in 1878 , the concession to build the canal fell to a French firm . The French efforts eventually failed , but with Panama apparently unavailable , the United States considered possible canal sites in Mexico and Nicaragua . The Spanish -- American War of 1898 added new life to the canal debate . During the war , American warships in the Atlantic seeking to reach battle zones in the Pacific had been forced to round Cape Horn . Influential naval pundits , such as Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , urged the construction of a Central American canal . In 1902 , with the French efforts moribund , US President Theodore Roosevelt backed the Panama route , and Congress passed legislation authorizing him to purchase the French assets on the condition that an agreement was reached with Colombia . In March 1902 , Colombia set its terms for such a treaty : Colombia was to be sovereign over the canal , which would be policed by Colombians paid for by the United States . The host nation would receive a larger percentage of the tolls than provided for in earlier draft treaties . The draft terms were quickly rejected by American officials . Roosevelt was in a hurry to secure the treaty ; the Colombians , to whom the French property would revert in 1904 , were not . Negotiations dragged on into 1903 , during which time there was unrest in Panama City and Colón ; the United States sent in Marines to guard the trains . Nevertheless , in early 1903 , the United States and Colombia signed a treaty which , despite Colombia 's previous objections , gave the United States a 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) wide zone in which it could deploy troops with Colombian consent . On August 12 , 1903 , the Colombian Senate voted down the treaty 24 -- 0 . Roosevelt was angered by the Colombians ' actions , especially when the Colombian Senate made a counteroffer that was more financially advantageous to Colombia . A Frenchman who had worked on his nation 's canal efforts , Philippe Bunau - Varilla , represented Panamanian insurgents ; he met with Roosevelt and with Secretary of State John Hay , who saw to it that his principals received covert support . When the revolution came in November 1903 , the United States intervened to protect the rebels , who succeeded in taking over the province , declaring it independent as the Republic of Panama . Bunau - Varilla was initially the Panamanian representative in the United States , though he was about to be displaced by actual Panamanians , and hastily negotiated a treaty , giving the United States a zone 20 miles ( 32 km ) wide and full authority to pass laws to govern that zone . The Panama Canal Zone ( Canal Zone , or Zone ) excluded Panama City and Colón , but included four offshore islands , and permitted the United States to add to the zone any additional lands needed to carry on canal operations . The Panamanians were minded to disavow the treaty , but Bunau - Varilla told the new government that if Panama did not agree , the United States would withdraw its protection and make the best terms it could with Colombia . The Panamanians agreed , even adding a provision to the new constitution , at US request , allowing the larger nation to intervene to preserve public order . Construction ( 1903 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Charts of excavation progress and contribution to the canal excavation The treaty was approved by the provisional Panamanian government on December 2 , 1903 , and by the US Senate on February 23 , 1904 . Under the treaty , Panama received US $ 10 million , much of which the United States required to be invested in that country , plus annual payments of US $250,000 ; with those payments made , as well as for the purchase of the French company assets , the Canal Zone was formally turned over by Panama on May 4 , 1904 , when American officials reopened the Panama City offices of the canal company and raised the American flag . This marked the beginning point for U.S. excavation and construction which concluded in August 1914 with the opening of the canal to commercial traffic . Governance of the Canal Zone ( edit ) Map of the Panama Canal Zone . By order of President Theodore Roosevelt under the Panama Canal Acts of 1902 and 1904 the Secretary of War was made supervisor of canal construction and the second Isthmian Canal Commission made the governing body for the Canal Zone . Under the Panama Canal Act of May 24 , 1912 President Woodrow Wilson issued Executive Order 1885 , January 27 , 1914 , effective April 1 , 1914 abolishing the previous governance placing it under the direction of the Secretary of War with the entity designated as The Panama Canal . The Governor of the Panama Canal was charged with `` completion , maintenance , operation , government and sanitation of the Panama Canal and its adjuncts and the government of the Canal Zone '' in the Executive order . A number of departments were specified in the order with others to be established as needed by the Governor of the Panama Canal with approval of the President and under the supervision of the Secretary of War . Defense of the canal was the responsibility of the Secretary of War who retained control of troops with provisions for Presidential appointment of an Army officer in wartime who would have `` exclusive authority over the operation of the Panama Canal and the Government of the Canal Zone . '' The Executive Order noted in closing `` that the supervision of the operations of the Panama Canal under the permanent organization should be under the Secretary of War '' thus establishing the essentially military arrangement and atmosphere for the canal and Canal Zone . Effective July 1 , 1951 , under an act of Congress September 26 , 1950 ( 64 Stat. 1038 ) , governance of the Canal Zone was through the Canal Zone Government with the canal operated by the Panama Canal Company until 1979 when the Panama Canal Commission took over its governance . The entire structure was under the control of the United States government with the Secretary of the Army appointing the Panama Canal Company board of directors and the Canal Zone Government was entirely financed by the company . The office of Governor of the Panama Canal Zone was not usually a stepping stone to higher political office but a position given to a US Army active duty general officers of the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The Governor was also President of the Panama Canal Company . The Canal Zone had its own police force ( the Canal Zone Police ) , courts , and judges ( the United States District Court for the Canal Zone ) . Everyone worked for the company or the government in one form or another . Residents did not own their homes ; instead , they rented houses assigned primarily based on seniority in the zone . When an employee moved away , the house would be listed and employees could apply for it . The utility companies were also managed by the company . There were no independent stores ; goods were brought in and sold at stores run by the company , such as a commissary , housewares , and so forth . In 1952 the Panama Canal Company was required to go on a break - even basis in an announcement made in the form of the President 's budget submission to the United States Congress . Though company officials had been involved in previewing the requirement , there was no disclosure in advance , even though the Bureau of the Budget directed that the new régime become effective on March 1 . The company organization was realigned into three main divisions ; Canal Activity and Commercial Activity with the Service Activity providing services to both operating activities at rates sufficient to recover costs . Rate adjustments in housing and other employee services would be required and a form of valuation , compared to a property tax , would be used to determine each division 's contribution to the Canal Zone Government . Tensions and the end of the Canal Zone ( edit ) In 1903 , the United States , having failed to obtain from Colombia the right to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama , which was part of that country , sent warships in support of Panamanian independence from Colombia . This being achieved , the new nation of Panama ceded to the Americans the rights they wanted in the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty . Over time , though , the existence of the Canal Zone , a political exclave of the United States that cut Panama geographically in half and had its own courts , police , and civil government , became a cause of conflict between the two countries . Demonstrations occurred at the opening of the Thatcher Ferry Bridge , now known as the Bridge of the Americas , in 1962 and serious rioting occurred in January 1964 . This led to the United States easing its controls in the Zone . For example , Panamanian flags were allowed to be flown alongside American ones . After extensive negotiations , the Canal Zone ceased to exist on October 1 , 1979 , in compliance with provisions of the Torrijos - Carter Treaties . US fleet off the coast of Panama , March 1 , 1923 Lifestyle of residents ( edit ) `` Gold '' roll and `` silver '' roll ( edit ) During its construction and into the 1940s , the labor force in the Canal Zone ( which was almost entirely publicly employed ) was divided into a `` gold '' roll ( short for payroll ) classification , and a `` silver '' roll classification . The origins of this system are unclear , but it was the practice on the 19th - century Panama Railroad to pay Americans in US gold and local workers in silver coin . Although some Canal Zone officials compared the gold roll to military officers and the silver roll to enlisted men , the characteristic that determined on which roll an employee was placed was race . With very few exceptions , American and Northern European whites were placed on the gold roll , and blacks and southern European whites on the silver roll . American blacks were generally not hired ; black employees were from the Caribbean , often from Barbados and Jamaica . American whites seeking work as laborers , which were almost entirely silver roll positions , were discouraged from applying . In the early days of the system , bosses could promote exceptional workers from silver to gold , but this practice soon ceased as race came to be the determining factor . As a result of the initial policy , there were several hundred skilled blacks and southern Europeans on the gold roll . In November 1906 , Chief Engineer John Stevens ordered that most blacks on the gold roll be placed on the silver roll instead ( a few remained in such roles as teachers and postmasters ) ; the following month , the Canal Commission reported that the 3,700 gold roll employees were `` almost all white Americans '' and the 13,000 silver roll workers were `` mostly aliens '' . On February 8 , 1908 , President Roosevelt ordered that no further non-Americans be placed on the gold roll . After Panamanians objected , the gold roll was reopened to them in December 1908 ; however , efforts to remove blacks and non-Americans from the gold roll continued . Until 1918 , when all employees began to be paid in US dollars , gold roll employees were paid in gold , in American currency , while their silver roll counterparts were paid in silver coin , initially Colombian pesos . Through the years of canal construction , silver roll workers were paid with coins from various nations ; in several years , coin was imported from the United States because of local shortages . Even after 1918 , both the designations and the disparity in privileges lingered . `` Diasporization '' in the Panama Canal Zone ( edit ) Until the end of World War II in 1945 , the Panama Canal Zone operated under a Jim Crow society , where the category of `` gold '' represented white , U.S. workers and the title `` silver '' represented the non-white , non-U.S. workers on the Zone . After the strike of 1920 , the Afro diasporic workers were banned from unionizing by the U.S. Canal officials . As a result , the Panama Canal West Indian Employees Association ( PCWIEA ) was created in 1924 to fill this vacuum of representation . The PCWIEA did not garner much support on the Canal Zone because of its restrictive membership policies and the haunting of the 1920 strike and its damaging consequences . However , in 1946 , the PCWIEA summoned the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) for representation and the establishment of a local union . In July of that year , the West Indian and Panamanian workers received a charter for Local 713 of the United Public Workers of America ( UPWA ) - CIO . Together , with the assistance of U.S. representatives for the Local , these Afro - diasporic workers came together to secure material benefits in their livelihoods . They organized together in order to pose a serious threat to the Jim Crow system which resulted , however , only in minimal gains . The imperial system of the U.S. and its segregationist policies persisted as it related to housing and schooling . In the end , ties to communism destroyed the UPWA and as a result Local 713 collapsed . Nevertheless , it is important to see this as a moment of what Frank Gurridy describes as diasporization , `` diaspora in action , or the ways Afro - diasporic linkages were made in practice '' . In the case of the Panama Canal Zone , these linkages were made not only by the West Indian and Panamanian communities , but also between the Afro descended workers on the Zone and African Americans , on the mainland of the U.S. , through the transnational struggle to dismantle the system of Jim Crow . Community ( edit ) Housing and goods ( edit ) Canal Zone housing was constructed in the early days of construction , as part of Stevens ' plans . Housing constructed for couples and families consisted of structures containing four two - story apartments . The units had corrugated - iron roofs , and were uniformly painted gray with white trim . Constructed of pine clapboard , they had long windows and high ceilings , allowing for air movement . Better - paid employees were entitled to more square feet of housing , the unit in which allowances were expressed . Initially , employees received one square foot per dollar of monthly salary . Stevens from the first encouraged gold roll employees to send for their wives and children ; to encourage them to do so , wives were granted a housing allowance equal to their husband 's , even if they were not employees . Bachelors mostly resided in hotel - like structures . The structures all had screened verandas and up - to - date plumbing . The government furnished power , water , coal for cooking , ice for iceboxes , lawn care , groundskeeping , garbage disposal , and , for bachelors only , maid service . In the first days of the Canal Zone , the ICC provided no food , and workers had to fend for themselves , obtaining poor - quality food at inflated prices from Panamanian merchants . When Stevens arrived in 1905 , he ordered food to be provided at cost , leading to the establishment of the Canal Zone Commissary . The functions of the Commissary quickly grew , generally against the will of the Panamanian government , which saw more and more goods and services provided in the Zone rather than in Panama . Merchants could not compete with the commissary 's prices or quality ; for example , it boasted that the meat it sold had been refrigerated every moment from the Chicago slaughterhouse to the moment it was passed to the consumer . By 1913 , it consisted of 22 general stores , 7 cigar stores , 22 hostels , 2 hotels , and a mail - order division . It served high - quality meals at small expense to workers and more expensive meals to upper - echelon canal employees and others able to afford it . The commissary was a source of friction between the Canal Zone and Panama for several other reasons . The commissary dominated sales of supplies to passing ships . The commissary was off limits to individuals who were not in the U.S. Military , employees of the Panama Canal Company , the Canal Zone Government and / or their dependents . This restriction was requested by Panama for the benefit of Panamanian storekeepers , who feared the loss of trade . Panama had laws restricting imports from the Canal Zone . Goods from the commissary would sometimes show up in Panamanian stores and in vendor displays , where Comisariato goods were deemed of high quality . Additionally , there were separate commissaries on the U.S. military installations that were available only to the U.S. Military personnel and their dependents . Employees and dependents of the Panama Canal Company / Government were not allowed to utilize the commissaries , exchanges , packages stores , theaters , gas stations , and other facilities on the U.S. Military installations . Citizenship ( edit ) Canal Zone Courthouse site of the Canal Zone District Court which existed from 1914 until 1982 . Although the Panama Canal Zone was legally a leased territory of the United States until the implementation of the Torrijos - Carter Treaties in 1979 , questions arose almost from its inception as to whether it was considered part of the United States for constitutional purposes , or , in the phrase of the day , whether the Constitution followed the flag . In 1901 the US Supreme Court had ruled in Downes v. Bidwell that unincorporated territories are not the United States . On July 28 , 1904 , Controller of the Treasury Robert Tracewell stated , `` While the general spirit and purpose of the Constitution is applicable to the zone , that domain is not a part of the United States within the full meaning of the Constitution and laws of the country . '' Accordingly , the Supreme Court held in 1905 in Rasmussen v. United States that the full Constitution only applies for incorporated territories of the United States . The treaty with Panama made no mention of the nationality status of the native inhabitants of the Zone . Pursuant to the principles of international law , they became non-citizen U.S. nationals unless they elected to retain their previous nationality . Children of non-citizen U.S. nationals generally acquired the status of their parents . However , for most nationality purposes , the Canal Zone was considered to be foreign territory and the status persons acquired at birth was governed by the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which granted them statutory US citizenship at birth but only if their fathers were , at the time of the child 's birth , U.S. citizens who had previously resided in the United States . In 1934 the law was amended to allow for citizenship to be acquired at birth through either parent if the parent was a U.S. citizen who had previously resided in the United States . In 1937 the law was further amended to provide for US citizenship to persons born in the Canal Zone ( since 1904 ) to a U.S. citizen parent without that parent needing to have been previously resident in the United States . The law is now codified under title 8 , section 1403 . It not only grants statutory and declaratory born citizenship to those born in the Canal Zone after February 26 , 1904 , of at least one US citizen parent , but also does so retroactively for all children born of at least one US citizen in the Canal Zone before the law 's enactment . This rule was later rendered moot when the rules were changed to state that ( almost all ) children born to U.S. citizens anywhere in the world were considered U.S citizens . In 2008 , during a minor controversy over whether Canal Zone -- born John McCain , born in the Zone in 1936 , was legally eligible for the presidency , the US Senate passed a non-binding resolution that McCain was a `` natural born Citizen '' of the United States . Notable people ( edit ) Notable people born in the Panama Canal Zone include Earl Bell , Rod Carew Kenneth Bancroft Clark Thomas H. Jordan John McCain , the Republican 2008 presidential candidate and US Senator from Arizona . Edward A. Murphy , Jr . Richard Prince Sage Steele Culture ( edit ) Documentary filmmaker Theo Uittenbogaard made a film about the Panama Canal zone , entitled ' The Treaty ' , which was released and aired on the Dutch national TV - channel VPRO in the series ' Machiavelli ' in 1976 . Documentary filmmaker Frederick Wiseman made a film about the Panama Canal Zone , entitled Canal Zone , which was released and aired on PBS in 1977 . Religion ( edit ) No official statistics were ever collected . Stationing around the Canal were primarily Americans , who were mostly either Protestant , Catholic , or Jewish . Townships and Military installations ( edit ) See also : List of former United States military installations in Panama The Canal Zone was generally divided into two sections , the Pacific side and the Atlantic side , separated by Gatun Lake . A partial list of Canal Zone townships and military installations : Pacific side ( edit ) Townships ( edit ) Gorgas Hospital was built by the French as L'Hospital Notre Dame de Canal in 1882 , renamed Ancon Hospital when the U.S. assumed control in 1904 , rebuilt in 1915 and finally renamed in honor of William C. Gorgas in 1928 . It is now home to Panama 's Ministry of Health and the Instituto Oncologico Nacional . Ancón -- built on the lower slopes of Ancon Hill , adjacent to Panama City . Also home to Gorgas Hospital . Balboa -- the Zone 's administrative capital , as well as location of the harbor and main Pacific - side high school . Balboa Heights Cardenas -- as the Canal Zone was gradually handed over to Panamanian control , Cardenas was one of the last Zonian holdouts . Cocoli Corozal Curundú -- on a military base , but housed civilian military workers , also home to the Junior High School for the Pacific Side Curundu Heights Diablo Diablo Heights Gamboa -- headquarters of dredging division , located on Gatun Lake . Many new arrivals to the Canal Zone were assigned here . La Boca -- home of the Panama Canal College . Los Rios Paraíso Pedro Miguel Red Tank -- abandoned and allowed to be overgrown around 1950 . Rosseau -- built as a naval hospital during World War II , housed FAA personnel until Cardenas was built . Torn down after about 20 years . Military installations ( edit ) Howard Air Force Base in 1970 Fort Amador -- on the coast , partly built on land extended into the sea using excavation materials from the canal construction Fort Clayton -- on the east side of the canal , it was the headquarters of the 193rd Infantry and the Southern Command Network ( SCN ) , an American Forces Radio and Television Service ( AFRTS ) outlet . Corozal Army Post -- close to , but separate from , the civilian township . Fort Kobbe Rodman Naval Station ( which includes the Marine Barracks ) Albrook Air Force Base Howard Air Force Base Quarry Heights -- headquarters of the United States Southern Command . Atlantic side ( edit ) Townships ( edit ) Roosevelt Avenue in Cristobal CZ in 1933 Brazos Heights : privately owned housing ( by United Brands and other , mostly shipping companies ) where employees and owners of shipping agencies , lawyers , and the head of the YMCA lived . Coco Solo -- main hospital and site of the only Atlantic - side high school , Cristobal High School . Cristóbal -- main harbor and port . Gatún Margarita Mount Hope -- site of the only Atlantic - side cemetery and drydock . Rainbow City Military installations ( edit ) Abandoned theatre in Fort Davis ( 2011 ) Fort Gulick -- home to the School of the Americas . Galeta Island Fort Randolph -- located on Margarita Island in Manzanillo Bay . Fort De Lesseps -- located in Colón . Fort Davis France Field Fort Sherman -- home to Jungle Operations Training Center . Panama Canal treaty implementation ( edit ) On 1 October 1979 , the day the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 took effect , most of the land within the former Canal Zone transferred to Panama . However , the treaty set aside many Canal Zone areas and facilities for transfer during the following 20 years . The treaty specifically categorized areas and facilities by name as `` Military Areas of Coordination '' , `` Defense Sites '' and `` Areas Subject to Separate Bilateral Agreement '' . These were to be transferred by the U.S. to Panama during certain time windows or simply by the end of the 243 - month treaty period . On 1 October 1979 , among the many such parcels so designated in the treaty , 35 emerged as enclaves ( surrounded entirely by land solely under Panamanian jurisdiction ) . In later years as other areas were turned over to Panama , nine more enclaves emerged . At least 13 other parcels each were enclosed partly by land under the absolute jurisdiction of Panama and partly by an `` Area of Civil Coordination '' ( housing ) , which under the treaty was subject to elements of both U.S. and Panamanian public law . In addition , the 1977 treaty designated numerous areas and individual facilities as `` Canal Operating Areas '' for joint U.S. - Panama ongoing operations by a commission . On the effective date of the treaty , many of these , including Madden Dam , became newly surrounded by the territory of Panama . Just after noon local time on 31 December 1999 , all former Canal Zone parcels of all types had come under the exclusive jurisdiction of Panama . The 44 enclaves of U.S. territory that existed under the treaty are shown in the table below . Enclave name Type ( military / civil ) * Function Date created Date transferred PAD ( former Panama Air Depot ) Area Bldg. 1019 ( Defense Mapping Agency ) military logistics 1 October 1979 1 October 1980 PAD Area Bldg. 1007 ( Inter-American Geodetic Survey Headquarters ) military logistics 1 October 1979 1 October 1980 PAD Area Bldg. 1022 ( warehouse ) military logistics 1 October 1979 1 October 1980 PAD Area Bldg. 490 ( U.S. Army Meddac Warehouse ) military logistics 1 October 1979 1 October 1981 PAD Area Bldg. 1010 ( U.S. Army Meddac Warehouse ) military logistics 1 October 1979 1 October 1981 PAD Area Bldg. 1008 ( AAFES Warehouse ) military logistics 1 October 1979 1 October 1982 PAD Area Bldg. 1009 ( AAFES Warehouse ) military logistics 1 October 1979 1 October 1982 Curundu Antenna Farm military communications 1 October 1979 1 October 1982 Curundu Heights military housing 1 October 1979 1 October 1982 France Field housing ( 15 units ) on McEwen St . military housing 1 October 1979 1 October 1984 Navy Salvage Storage Area ( Balboa ) military logistics 1 October 1979 1 October 1984 Coco Solo Hospital civil medical 1 October 1979 31 May 1993 Ft . Amador Service Club Bldg. 107 military base 1 October 1979 1 October 1996 Ft . Amador Bldg. 105 complex military base 1 October 1979 1 October 1996 FAA Long Range Radar , Semaphore Hill ( coordinates 485035 ) civil aviation 1 October 1979 13 December 1996 Ancon Hill : Bldg. 140 ( coordinates 595904 ) military logistics 1 October 1979 8 January 1998 Ancon Hill : Bldg. 159 - Quarry Heights Motor Pool military logistics 1 October 1979 8 January 1998 Ancon Hill FAA microwave link repeater station , Bldg. 148 ( coordinates 594906 ) civil aviation 1 October 1979 16 January 1998 Ancon Hill FAA VHF / UHF communications station ( coordinates 595902 ) civil aviation 1 October 1979 16 January 1998 Piña Range ( part ) military training 1 October 1979 30 June 1999 Balboa High School Shop Bldg . civil school 1 October 1979 31 August 1999 Balboa High School Activities Bldg . civil school 1 October 1979 31 August 1999 Cerro Gordo communications site military communications 1 October 1979 31 August 1999 Howard AFB / Ft . Kobbe Complex military base 1 October 1979 1 November 1999 Military Traffic Management Command , Bldg 1501 , Balboa / Pier 18 military logistics 1 October 1979 22 December 1999 Army Nuclear , Biological and Chemical Chambers ( in current Parque Natural Metropolitano ) military research 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 Federal Aviation Administration Bldg. 611 civil aviation 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 FAA radar station , Isla Perico civil aviation 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 Stratcom Transmitter Station Bldg. 430 ( in Corozal Antenna Field ) military communications 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 Stratcom Transmitter Station Bldg. 433 ( in Corozal Antenna Field ) military communications 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 Stratcom Transmitter Station Bldg. 435 ( in Corozal Antenna Field ) military communications 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 Army Transport Shipping Facility ( Balboa ) military logistics 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 Navy Communications Electric Repair Facility ( Balboa ) military communications 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 U.S. Air Force Communications Group storage / training facility , Bldg 875 military logistics 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 Inter-American Air Force Academy Jet Engine Test Cell , Bldg. 1901 military research 1 October 1979 31 December 1999 Bachelor Officers ' Housing ( larger parcel ) -- Curundu Heights military housing 2 October 1982 Nov - Dec 1992 Bachelor Officers ' Housing ( smaller parcel ) -- Curundu Heights military housing 2 October 1982 Nov - Dec 1992 Curundu Laundry facility military housing 2 October 1982 15 November 1999 Ft . Gulick Elementary School civil school 2 October 1984 1 September 1995 Ft . Gulick Ammunition Storage Facility military logistics 2 October 1984 1 September 1995 Cristobal Junior - Senior High School civil school 1 September 1995 Chiva Chiva Antenna Farm ( Foreign Broadcast Information Service ) military communications 6 January 1998 Curundu Middle School civil school 1 August 1997 15 September 1999 Piña Range ( remainder ) military training 30 June 1999 1 July 1999 * Enclaves are a subset of those areas that were categorized in the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty as `` Military Area of Coordination '' , `` Defense Site '' and `` Area Subject to Separate Bilateral Agreement '' . The map legends and color coding that are contained in the Panama Canal Treaty Annex provide visual corroborations of the treaty language . Postage stamps ( edit ) Main article : Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone Two Canal Zone stamps showing precancels . The Panama Canal Zone issued its own postage stamps from 1904 until October 25 , 1978 . After a transition period , Panama administered the stamps . The two - letter state abbreviation for mail sent to the Zone was CZ . Amateur Radio ( edit ) Amateur radio licenses were issued by the United States Federal Communications Commission and carried the prefix KZ5 , the initial ' K ' indicating a station under American jurisdiction . The American Radio Relay League had a Canal Zone section , and the Canal Zone was considered an entity for purposes of the DX Century Club . Contacts with Canal Zone stations from before repatriation may still be counted for DXCC credit separate from Panama . See also ( edit ) Latin America portal Panama Railway Rail transport in Panama Transcontinental Railroad # Panama List of former United States military installations in Panama List of Governors of Panama Canal Zone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam . `` A Hint of New Life to a McCain Birth Issue '' , New York Times ( July 11 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Panamanian Control '' , Panama Canal , infoplease.com , retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 ^ Jump up to : Maurer and Yu , pp. 15 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Major , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Major , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Major , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Maurer and Yu , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Maurer and Yu , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Major , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Major , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Major , pp. 18 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Major , pp. 24 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maurer and Yu , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Maurer and Yu , pp. 78 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Maurer and Yu , pp. 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ McCullough , pp. 397 -- 399 , 402 . ^ Jump up to : NARA : 185.6 RECORDS OF THE SECOND ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION 1904 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Executive Order 1885 . Jump up ^ NARA : RECORDS OF THE CANAL ZONE GOVERNMENT AND THE PANAMA CANAL COMPANY 1904 - 84 . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Treaty . Jump up ^ Maurer & Yu 2011 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Maurer & Yu 2011 , p. 252 . ^ Jump up to : The Panama Canal Review , February 1 , 1952 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The Panama Canal Review , February 1 , 1952 , pp. 1 , 13 . Jump up ^ The Panama Canal Review , February 1 , 1952 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Greene , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Major , pp. 78 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Greene , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Maurer and Yu , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Maurer & Yu , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Kaysha Lisbeth Corinealdi , `` Redefining Home : West Indian Panamanians and Transnational Politics of Race , Citizenship , and Diaspora , 1928 -- 1970 '' ( PhD diss. , Yale University , 2011 ) , 43 . Jump up ^ Corinealdi , 2011 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Canal Zone Workers Rally to CIO : Plan Program , '' Chicago Defender , August 31 , 1946 . Jump up ^ Corinealdi , 2011 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Michael Conniff , Black Labor on a White Island : Panama , 1904 -- 1981 ( Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1985 ) , 113 . Jump up ^ Frank Gurridy , Forging Diaspora : Afro - Cubans and African Americans ( Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press , 2010 ) , 5 . Jump up ^ McCullough , pp. 478 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Maurer and Wu , pp. 192 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Maurer and Wu , pp. 194 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Knapp and Knapp , pp. 183 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : 7 FAM 1120 : Acquisition of US nationality in US territories and possessions Jump up ^ United States Supreme Court , Downes v. Bidwell . Jump up ^ `` Not Part of United States '' ( PDF ) , The New York Times , July 29 , 1904 , retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 Jump up ^ United States Supreme Court , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1403 Jump up ^ Cf. 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , paragraph ( a ) : `` whether before or after the effective date of this chapter '' . Jump up ^ FindLaw . http://immigration.findlaw.com/citizenship/u-s-citizenship-through-parents-or-by-birth.html . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Impomeni , Mark . Clinton , Obama Sponsor McCain Citizenship Bill . PoliticsDaily.com . May 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Holmes Bell ( 1955 -- ) '' . The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States . Central Intelligence Agency . ( 1987 ) . `` Land and waters of the Panama Canal Treaty ( map ) '' . Washington , D.C . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Carte IV . Aires de terre et d'eau mises à disposition du fonctionnement et de la défense du canal de Panama par le traité relatif au canal de Panama du 7 septembre 1977 '' . Dirección ejecutiva para los asuntos del tratado ( DEPAT ) . Ciudad de Panama . 1981 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Panama Canal Treaty : Implementation of Article IV ( TIAS 10032 ) . United States Treaties and Other International Agreements. 33 . United States Department of State . 1987 . pp. 307 -- 432 . Jump up ^ Ormsbee , William H. `` PANAMA CANAL TREATY TRANSITION ( OCTOBER 1979 - DECEMBER 1999 ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ormsbee , William H. `` PANAMA CANAL TREATY TRANSITION - MILITARY . SUMMARY OF MILITARY PROPERTY TRANSFERS AND MILITARY FORCES DRAWDOWN '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Canal Zone Map Section . Curundu 1 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . Further reading and viewing ( edit ) `` More American than America '' . Time . January 24 , 1964 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` PANAMA : No More Tomorrows '' . Time . October 15 , 1979 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Donoghue , Michael E. ( 2014 ) . Borderland on the Isthmus : Race , Culture , and the Struggle for the Canal Zone . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . Greene , Julie ( 2009 ) . The Canal Builders : Making America 's Empire at the Panama Canal . New York : The Penguin Press . Harding , Robert C. ( 2001 ) . Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics . Transaction Publishers . Harding , Robert C. ( 2006 ) . The History of Panama . Greenwood Publishing . Governments of the United States of America and the Republic of Panama . `` Panama Canal Treaty '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Knapp , Herbert and Knapp , Mary ( 1984 ) . Red , White and Blue Paradise : The American Canal Zone in Panama . San Diego : Harcourt , Brace , and Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 176135 - 3 . Major , John ( 1993 ) . Prize Possession : The United States and the Panama Canal , 1903 -- 1979 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52126 - 0 . Maurer , Noel ; Yu , Carlos ( 2011 ) . The Big Ditch : How America Took , Built , Ran , and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14738 - 3 . LCCN 2010029058 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . McCullough , David ( 1977 ) . The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 24409 - 5 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers , OCLC 138568 Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . NARA . `` 185.6 RECORDS OF THE SECOND ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION 1904 - 16 -- History '' . National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . NARA . `` 185.8 RECORDS OF THE CANAL ZONE GOVERNMENT AND THE PANAMA CANAL COMPANY 1904 - 84 -- History '' . National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . `` Canal Company to go on Break Even Basis '' . The Panama Canal Review . February 1 , 1952 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Wiseman , Frederick ( 1977 ) . Canal Zone ( motion picture ) . Zipporah Films . Woodrow Wilson ( January 27 , 1914 ) . `` Executive Order 1885 - To Establish a Permanent Organization for the Operation and Government of the Panama Canal '' . President of the United States . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panama Canal Zone . Official Handbook of the Panama Canal -- 1915 Governor Parfitt 's Address at Flag - lowering Ceremonies September 30 , 1979 Maps of the Canal Zone Live Panama Canal webcams Air Defense of the Panama Canal 1958 -- 1970 Panama & the Canal Digital Collection Panama Canal Centennial Online Exhibit Medicine in the Panama Canal Zone : The Samuel Taylor Darling Memorial Library Archives Panama Canal Management Panama Canal Authority Structures Locks Panamax Gatun Dam Gatun Lake Chagres River Culebra Cut Centennial Bridge Bridge of the Americas Panama Canal Railway Atlantic Bridge Locations Atlantic side Colón Cristóbal port Rainbow City Limon Bay Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport Gatún Passage Gatun Lake Culebra Cut Pacific side Balboa Albrook Airport Gamboa Panama City Expansion 2006 referendum Atlantic Bridge New Panamax / Post-Panamax History People Philippe - Jean Bunau - Varilla John G. Claybourn Ephraim S. Claybourn William Nelson Cromwell David du Bose Gaillard George Washington Goethals William Crawford Gorgas Ferdinand de Lesseps John Frank Stevens Construction 1903 Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty 1921 Thomson -- Urrutia Treaty Isthmian Canal Commission ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Health measures Panama Canal Museum Box 25 US Canal Zone ( 1904 -- 1979 / 99 ) World War II 1977 Torrijos -- Carter Treaties Former US military installations Airfields Albrook AFB France Field Howard AFB Forts Amador Clayton Davis De Lesseps Grant Gulick Kobbe Randolph Sherman Ports Coco Solo Rodman Naval Station Radio Galeta Island Balboa Naval Station History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category VIAF : 150697849 LCCN : n79151431 ISNI : 0000 0001 2296 4300 GND : 4115837 - 4 SUDOC : 030459281 BNF : cb12186928k ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal_Zone&oldid=810023085 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1903 States and territories disestablished in 1979 Panama Canal Zone Regions of Central America 1903 establishments in the United States 1979 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox former subdivision with unknown parameters Articles containing Spanish - language text Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 23 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did us give up control of panama canal | [
"On February 26, 1904, the Isthmian Canal Convention was proclaimed. In it, the Republic of Panama granted to the United States in perpetuity the use, occupation, and control of a zone of land and land under water for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation, and protection of the canal. From 1903 to 1979 the territory was controlled by the United States, which had purchased the land from the private and public owners, built the canal and financed its construction. The Canal Zone was abolished on October 1, 1979, as a term of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties of 1977; the canal itself was under joint U.S.–Panamanian control from 1979 until it was fully turned over to Panama on December 31, 1999.[2]"
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3141190693491865085 | Electronic warfare | Electronic warfare - wikipedia Electronic warfare For warfare on the Internet , see Cyberwarfare . For the Underground Resistance album , see Electronic Warfare ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on War History ( show ) Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace ( show ) Air Cyber Information Land Mountain Sea Space Weapons ( show ) Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics ( show ) Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Target saturation Trench warfare Operational ( show ) Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy ( show ) Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy ( show ) Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization ( show ) Command and control Doctrine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment Personnel ( show ) Military recruitment Conscription Recruit training Military specialism Women in the military Children in the military Transgender people and military service Sexual harassment in the military Conscientious objection Counter recruitment Logistics ( show ) Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related ( show ) Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Horses in warfare Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Theater Tripwire force War crime War film War game War novel Wartime sexual violence Women in war World war Colonial war Lists ( show ) Battles Military occupations Military tactics Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers Electronic warfare ( EW ) is any action involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy to control the spectrum , attack of an enemy , or impede enemy assaults via the spectrum . The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of , and ensure friendly unimpeded access to , the EM spectrum . EW can be applied from air , sea , land , and space by manned and unmanned systems , and can target humans , communications , radar , or other assets . Contents 1 The electromagnetic environment 1.1 Electronic warfare Engineering 2 Subdivisions 2.1 Electronic attack ( EA ) 2.2 Electronic Protection ( EP ) 2.3 Electronic warfare support ( ES ) 3 History 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources The electromagnetic environment ( edit ) Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic ( EM ) spectrum . The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment ( EME ) . The recognized need for military forces to have unimpeded access to and use of the electromagnetic environment creates vulnerabilities and opportunities for electronic warfare ( EW ) in support of military operations . Within the information operations construct , EW is an element of information warfare ; more specifically , it is an element of offensive and defensive counterinformation . NATO has a different and arguably more encompassing and comprehensive approach to EW . A Military Committee conceptual document from 2007 ( MCM_0142 Nov 2007 Military Committee Transformation Concept for Future NATO Electronic Warfare ) recognised the EME as an operational manoeuvre space and warfighting environment / domain . In NATO , EW is considered to be warfare in the EME . NATO has adopted simplified language which parallel those used in the other warfighting environments like maritime , land and air / space . For example , Electronic Attack is offensive use of EM energy . ED is electronic defence and ES electronic surveillance . The use of the traditional NATO EW measures ( ECM , EPM and ESM ) has been retained as they contribute to and support EA , ED and ES . Besides EW , other EM operations include ISTAR and SIGINT . Subsequently , NATO has issued EW Policy and Doctrine and is addressing the other NATO defence lines of development . Electronic warfare engineering ( edit ) Electronic warfare is any military action involving the use of the EM spectrum to include directed energy ( DE ) to control the EM spectrum or to attack an enemy . This is not limited to radio or radar frequencies but includes IR , visible , ultraviolet , and other less used portions of the EM spectrum . This includes self - protection , standoff , and escort jamming , and antiradiation attacks . EW is a specialized tool that enhances many air and space functions at multiple levels of conflict . The purpose of EW is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EM spectrum and ensure friendly unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment . EW can be applied from air , sea , land , and space by manned and unmanned systems . EW is employed to support military operations involving various levels of detection , denial , deception , disruption , degradation , protection , and destruction . EW contributes to the success of information operations ( IO ) by using offensive and defensive tactics and techniques in a variety of combinations to shape , disrupt , and exploit adversarial use of the EM spectrum while protecting friendly freedom of action in that spectrum . Expanding reliance on the EM spectrum increases both the potential and the challenges of EW in information operations . All of the core , supporting , and related information operations capabilities either directly use EW or indirectly benefit from EW . The principal EW activities have been developed over time to exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities that are inherent in the physics of EM energy . Activities used in EW include : electro - optical , infrared and radio frequency countermeasures ; EM compatibility and deception ; communications jamming , radar jamming and anti-jamming ; electronic masking , probing , reconnaissance , and intelligence ; electronics security ; EW reprogramming ; emission control ; spectrum management ; and wartime reserve modes . Subdivisions ( edit ) RAF Menwith Hill , a large ECHELON site in the United Kingdom , and part of the UK - USA Security Agreement Electronic warfare includes three major subdivisions : electronic attack ( EA ) , electronic protection ( EP ) , and electronic warfare support ( ES ) . Electronic attack ( EA ) ( edit ) Electronic attack ( EA ) ( previously known as Electronic Counter Measures ( ECM ) ) involves the use of EM energy , directed energy , or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel , facilities , or equipment with the intent of degrading , neutralizing , or destroying enemy combat capability including human life . In the case of EM energy , this action is referred to as jamming and can be performed on communications systems ( see Radio jamming ) or radar systems ( see Radar jamming and deception ) . Electronic protection ( EP ) ( edit ) A right front view of a USAF Boeing E-4 advanced airborne command post ( AABNCP ) on the electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ) simulator ( HAGII - C ) for testing . Main article : Electronic counter-countermeasures Electronic Protection ( EP ) ( previously known as electronic protective measures ( EPM ) or electronic counter countermeasures ( ECCM ) ) involves actions taken to protect personnel , facilities , and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade , neutralize , or destroy friendly combat capability . Jamming is not part of EP . It is an EA capability . The use of flare rejection logic on an Infrared homing missile to counter an adversary 's use of flares is EP . While defensive EA actions and EP both protect personnel , facilities , capabilities , and equipment , EP protects from the effects of EA ( friendly and / or adversary ) . Other examples of EP include spread spectrum technologies , use of Joint Restricted Frequency List ( JRFL ) , emissions control ( EMCON ) , and low observability or `` stealth '' . Electronic Warfare Self Protection ( EWSP ) is a suite of countermeasure systems fitted primarily to aircraft for the purpose of protecting the host from weapons fire and can include among others : DIRCM ( protection against IR missiles ) , Infrared countermeasures ( protection against IR missiles ) , Chaff ( protection against radar guided missiles ) , DRFM Decoys ( protection against radar guided missiles ) , and Flare ( protection against IR missiles ) . An Electronic Warfare Tactics Range ( EWTR ) is a practice range which provides for the training of aircrew in electronic warfare . There are two such ranges in Europe ; one at RAF Spadeadam in the United Kingdom and the POLYGON range in Germany and France . EWTRs are equipped with ground - based equipment to simulate electronic warfare threats that aircrew might encounter on missions . Antifragile EW is a step beyond standard EP , occurring when a communications link being jammed actually increases in capability as a result of a jamming attack , although this is only possible under certain circumstances such as reactive forms of jamming . Electronic warfare support ( ES ) ( edit ) Main article : Electronic warfare support measures Electronic Warfare Support ( ES ) is a subdivision of EW involving actions taken by an operational commander or operator to detect , intercept , identify , locate , and / or localize sources of intended and unintended radiated electromagnetic ( EM ) energy . The purpose is the immediate recognition , prioritization , and targeting of threats . The applicable information is collected by systems designed for Electronic Interception ( ELINT ) . The classification and analysis discipline more broadly known as signals intelligence provides information and potenially actionable intelligence to a commander or operator ( e.g. the identification of a potential threat via unique radar transmission characteristics ) . Signals intelligence ( SIGINT ) , an overlapping discipline , is the related process of analyzing and identifying intercepted transmissions from sources such as mobile phones or radar . SIGINT is broken into three categories : ELINT , COMINT , and FISINT . Analysis parameters can include frequency , bandwidth , modulation , and polarization . The distinction between signals intelligence ( SIGINT ) and electronic warfare support ( ES ) is determined by the controller of the collection assets , the information provided , and the intended purpose of the information . Electronic warfare support is conducted by assets under the operational control of a commander to provide tactical information , specifically threat prioritization , recognition , location , targeting , and avoidance . However , the same assets and resources that are tasked with ES can simultaneously collect information that meets the collection requirements for intelligence . History ( edit ) Operation Outside the Box was a 2007 Israeli attack on a suspected Syrian nuclear site . The Israeli Air Force used electronic warfare systems to disrupt Syrian air defenses while Israeli jets crossed much of Syria , bombed their targets , and returned to Israel . In February 2015 the Russian army received the first set of multifunctional electronic warfare systems known as Borisoglebsk 2 . Svenska Dagbladet claimed its initial usage caused concern within NATO . A Russian blog described Borisoglebsk 2 . `` The ' Borisoglebsk - 2 ' when compared to its predecessors has better technical characteristics : wider frequency bandwidth for conducting radar collection and jamming , faster scanning times of the frequency spectrum , and higher precision when identifying the location and source of radar emissions , and increased capacity for suppression . '' See also ( edit ) Directed - energy weapon Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic interference Electronic harassment Electronic warfare support measures Radar jamming and deception Radio jamming Electronic Warfare Systems : Chaff Digital Radio Frequency Memory ( DRFM ) Electronic Intelligence ( ELINT ) Radar Warning Receiver ( RWR ) Borisoglebsk 2 Samyukta Electronic Warfare System Krasukha ( electronic warfare system ) Historic : Battle of Latakia : the first use of deception EW in a naval battle Battle of the Beams No. 100 Group RAF 36th Bombardment Squadron U.S. specific : Association of Old Crows Electronic Warfare Officer Fleet Electronic Warfare Center Joint Functional Component Command for Network Warfare U.S. Marine Corps Radio Reconnaissance Harris Corporation Historical Electronics Museum USACEWP ( United States Army Computer Network Operations - Electronic Warfare Proponents ) Cyber Operations Further reading ( edit ) FM 3 - 36 : Electronic Warfare In Operations . Safeguarding Soldiers Through Technology . Fort Leavenworth , U.S. Army Combined Arms Center ( CAC ) , 26 February 2009 -- PDF , 114 p. , 4 , 5 MB . -- See also : John Milburn : Army manual raises emphasis on electronic warfare . Washington Post , 26 February 2009 . Jon Latimer , Deception in War , London : John Murray , 2001 David Adamy EW 101 : A First Course in Electronic Warfare David Adamy EW 102 : A Second Course in Electronic Warfare Joint Publication 3 - 13.1 : Electronic Warfare Jogiaas , Aadu . `` Disturbing soviet transmissions in August 1991 '' . Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 . Bolton , Matt ; Munro , Matt ( 2011 ) . `` The Tallinn Cables '' ( PDF ) . Lonely Planet Magazine ( December ) : 48 -- 55 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 11 - 13 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : EW contributes to the success of information operations ( IO ) by using offensive and defensive tactics and techniques in a variety of combinations to shape , disrupt , and exploit adversarial use of the EM spectrum while protecting friendly freedom of action in that spectrum . `` Joint Publication 3 - 13.1 Electronic Warfare '' ( Online PDF available for download ) . Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS ) - Armed Forces of the United States of America . 25 January 2007 . pp. i , v -- x . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . This publication provides ... doctrine for electronic warfare planning , preparation , execution , and assessment in support of joint operations across the range of military operations . ^ Jump up to : `` Electronic Warfare ; Air Force Doctrine Document 2 - 5.1 '' ( PDF ) . Secretary of the Air Force . 5 November 2002 . pp. i , v -- x . Archived from the original ( Online PDF available for download ) on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . This AFDD establishes operational doctrine for United States Air Force EW operations . This doctrine provides guidance for planning and conducting electronic warfare operations in support of national and joint force commander ( JFC ) campaign objectives . Jump up ^ Lichtman , Marc ; Vondal , Matthew ; Clancy , Charles ; Reed , Jeffrey ( Feb 2016 ) . `` Antifragile Communications '' . IEEE Systems Journal : 1 . doi : 10.1109 / JSYST. 2016.2517164 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) By YAAKOV KATZ , 09 / 29 / 2010 , Jerusalem Post Jump up ^ Israel Shows Electronic Prowess Nov 26 , 2007 , David A. Fulghum and Robert Wall , Aviation Week & Space Technology Jump up ^ `` Borisoglebsk - 2 '' . Deagel.com . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` Russian army units of Eastern District have received new Borisoglebsk - 2 electronic warfare vehicles - February 2015 Global Defense Security news UK - Defense Security global news industry army 2015 '' . armyrecognition.com . Jump up ^ `` Russia surges ahead in radio - electronic warfare '' . rbth.com . Jump up ^ `` Translation : `` Putin 's new super weapon frightens NATO '' `` . Svenska Dagbladet. 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Shoki Driver . `` Russian Military News in English '' . shokidriver.blogspot.se . Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force website http://www.af.mil . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government . The Changing Capability of Manpack Electronic Warfare Systems Carlo Kopp . `` Electronic Warfare in Operation Desert Storm '' , Australian Aviation , June / July / August , 1993 Association of Old Crows Electronic Warfare Jamming Systems Information Warfare , Information Operations and Electronic Attack on APA Electronic Warfare Products Joint Publication 3 - 13.1 Electronic Warfare ; PDF - 674k ( text version ) Air Force Instruction on Electronic Warfare ( EW ) Operations PDF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_warfare&oldid=849812025 '' Categories : Electronic warfare Information operations and warfare Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Air Force Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 14 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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-8997871895303524627 | List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame | List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame - wikipedia List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 August 2018 . The following is a list of the stars ' actual locations on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The list does not include a star 's name until his or her actual award ceremony as stars have been withdrawn prior to the award ceremony for various reasons . The list should be consistent with the list on the Hollywood Walk of Fame website maintained by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce ( see the External links section below ) . The stars are ordered alphabetically by surname . As of 2018 , more than 2,600 stars are on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Name Category Address Bud Abbott Radio 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 1611 Vine Street Television 6740 Hollywood Blvd . Paula Abdul Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Harry Ackerman Television 6661 Hollywood Blvd . Art Acord Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street Roy Acuff Recording 1541 Vine Street Amy Adams Motion pictures 6280 Hollywood Blvd . Bryan Adams Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Lou Adler Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Stella Adler Live performance 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Renée Adorée Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street Antonio Aguilar Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Pepe Aguilar Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Christina Aguilera Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Brian Aherne Television 1752 Vine Street Philip Ahn Motion pictures 6211 Hollywood Blvd . Alabama Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Licia Albanese Recording 6671 Hollywood Blvd . Eddie Albert Television 6441 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Albertson Motion pictures 6754 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Albertson Television 6253 Hollywood Blvd . Buzz Aldrin Television Hollywood & Vine Ben Alexander Television 6433 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6400 Hollywood Blvd . Radio Muhammad Ali Live performance 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Debbie Allen Television 6908 Hollywood Blvd . Fred Allen Radio 6713 Hollywood Blvd . Television 7001 Hollywood Blvd . Gracie Allen Television 6672 Hollywood Blvd . Rex Allen Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Steve Allen Television 1720 Vine Street Radio 1537 Vine Street Tim Allen Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Kirstie Alley Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Fran Allison Television 6757 Hollywood Blvd . June Allyson Motion pictures 1537 Vine Street Herb Alpert Recording 6929 Hollywood Blvd . Don Alvarado Motion pictures 6504 Hollywood Blvd . Don Ameche Television 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6313 Hollywood Blvd . America Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Adrienne Ames Motion pictures 1612 Vine Street Kim Amidon & Mark Wallengren see Mark & Kim Morey Amsterdam Radio 6850 Hollywood Blvd . Broncho Billy Anderson Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street Eddie Anderson Radio 6513 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Gillian Anderson Television 6508 Hollywood Blvd . Leroy Anderson Recording 1620 Vine Street Marian Anderson Recording 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Anderson Motion pictures 1645 Vine Street Julie Andrews Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . The Andrews Sisters Recording 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Criss Angel Live performance 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Heather Angel Motion pictures 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Jennifer Aniston Motion pictures 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Anka Recording 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Ann - Margret Motion pictures 6501 Hollywood Blvd . Michael Ansara Television 6666 Hollywood Blvd . Ray Anthony Recording 1751 Vine Street Roscoe Arbuckle Motion pictures 6701 Hollywood Blvd . Army Archerd Television 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Eve Arden Television 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6329 Hollywood Blvd . Samuel Z . Arkoff Motion pictures 7046 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Arlen Motion pictures 6755 Hollywood Blvd . George Arliss Motion pictures 6652 Hollywood Blvd . Louis Armstrong Recording 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Neil Armstrong Television Hollywood & Vine Desi Arnaz Motion pictures 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6250 Hollywood Blvd . James Arness Television 1751 Vine Street Eddy Arnold Recording 6775 Hollywood Blvd . Edward Arnold Motion pictures 6225 Hollywood Blvd . Cliff Arquette Radio 6720 Hollywood Blvd . Jean Arthur Motion pictures 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Arthur & Ken Minyard see Ken Minyard & Robert Arthur Dorothy Arzner Motion pictures 1500 N. Vine Street Edward Asner Television 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Fred Astaire Motion pictures 6756 Hollywood Blvd . Nils Asther Motion pictures 6705 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Astor Motion pictures 6701 Hollywood Blvd . Gene Austin Recording 6332 Hollywood Blvd . Gene Autry Motion pictures 6644 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6520 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6384 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Live performance 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Clarence Avant Recording 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Dan Avey Radio 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Agnes Ayres Motion pictures 6504 Hollywood Blvd . Lew Ayres Motion pictures 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1724 Vine Street Charles Aznavour Live performance 6225 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Lauren Bacall Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Backstreet Boys Recording 7072 Hollywood Blvd . Jim Backus Television 1735 Vine Street James Bacon Motion pictures 1637 Vine Street Kevin Bacon Motion pictures 6356 Hollywood Blvd . Lloyd Bacon Motion pictures 7011 Hollywood Blvd . King Baggot Motion pictures 6312 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Bailey Radio 1708 Vine Street Television 6411 Hollywood Blvd . Pearl Bailey Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Barbara Bain Television 6767 Hollywood Blvd . Fay Bainter Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Anita Baker Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Art Baker Radio 6509 Hollywood Blvd . Carroll Baker Motion pictures 1725 Vine Street Kenny Baker Radio 6329 Hollywood Blvd . Phil Baker Radio 6247 Hollywood Blvd . Rick Baker Motion pictures 6764 Hollywood Blvd . Simon Baker Television 6352 Hollywood Blvd . Alec Baldwin Television 6352 Hollywood Blvd . Lucille Ball Motion pictures 6436 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Anne Bancroft Television 6368 Hollywood Blvd . Antonio Banderas Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Tallulah Bankhead Motion pictures 6141 Hollywood Blvd . Vilma Bánky Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Theda Bara Motion pictures 6307 Hollywood Blvd . Javier Bardem Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Lynn Bari Motion pictures 6116 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6323 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Barker Television 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Roger Barkley & Al Lohman see Al Lohman & Roger Barkley Binnie Barnes Motion pictures 1501 Vine Street Pepe Barreto Television 6536 Hollywood Blvd . Mona Barrie Motion pictures 6140 Hollywood Blvd . Wendy Barrie Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Bessie Barriscale Motion pictures 6652 Hollywood Blvd . Blue Barron Recording 1724 Vine Street Gene Barry Live performance 6555 Hollywood Blvd . Drew Barrymore Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Ethel Barrymore Motion pictures 7001 Hollywood Blvd . John Barrymore Motion pictures 6667 Hollywood Blvd . John Drew Barrymore Television 7004 Hollywood Blvd . Lionel Barrymore Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Radio 1651 Vine Street Richard Barthelmess Motion pictures 6755 Hollywood Blvd . Freddie Bartholomew Motion pictures 6663 Hollywood Blvd . Billy Barty Motion pictures 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Basehart Motion pictures 6276 Hollywood Blvd . Count Basie Recording 6508 Hollywood Blvd . Kim Basinger Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Lina Basquette Motion pictures 1529 Vine Street Angela Bassett Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Jason Bateman Motion pictures 6533 Hollywood Blvd . Kathy Bates Motion pictures 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Anne Baxter Motion pictures 6741 Hollywood Blvd . Dr. Frank C. Baxter Television 6717 Hollywood Blvd . Les Baxter Recording 6314 Hollywood Blvd . Warner Baxter Motion pictures 6284 Hollywood Blvd . Beverly Bayne Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street The Beach Boys Recording 1500 Vine Street The Beatles Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . William Beaudine Motion pictures 1777 Vine Street Bee Gees Recording 6845 Hollywood Blvd . Noah Beery Jr . Television 7047 Hollywood Blvd . Wallace Beery Motion pictures 7001 Hollywood Blvd . Brian Beirne Radio 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Harry Belafonte Recording 6721 Hollywood Blvd . Madge Bellamy Motion pictures 6517 Hollywood Blvd . Ralph Bellamy Television 6542 Hollywood Blvd . Donald P. Bellisario Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . John Belushi Motion pictures 6355 Hollywood Blvd . Bea Benaderet Television 1611 Vine Street Robert Benchley Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street William Bendix Radio 1638 Vine Street Television 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Tex Beneke Recording 6200 Hollywood Blvd . Annette Bening Motion pictures 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Belle Bennett Motion pictures 1511 Vine Street Constance Bennett Motion pictures 6250 Hollywood Blvd . Joan Bennett Motion pictures 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Tony Bennett Recording 1560 Vine Street Jack Benny Motion pictures 6650 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1505 Vine Street Television 6370 Hollywood Blvd . George Benson Recording 7055 Hollywood Blvd . John Beradino Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Edgar Bergen Television 6425 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6766 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Ingrid Bergman Motion pictures 6759 Hollywood Blvd . Milton Berle Radio 6771 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Irving Berlin Recording 7095 Hollywood Blvd . Chris Berman Television 6259 Hollywood Blvd . Ernani Bernardi Recording 7072 Hollywood Blvd . Sarah Bernhardt Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Ben Bernie Radio 6280 Hollywood Blvd . Elmer Bernstein Motion pictures 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Leonard Bernstein Recording 6200 Hollywood Blvd . Chuck Berry Recording 1777 N. Vine Street Halle Berry Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Valerie Bertinelli Television 6912 Hollywood Blvd . Bernardo Bertolucci Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Edna Best Motion pictures 6124 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Bickford Television 1620 Vine Street Motion pictures 6780 Hollywood Blvd . Big Bird Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . E. Power Biggs Recording 6522 Hollywood Blvd . Theodore Bikel Live performance 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Rodney Bingenheimer Radio 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Constance Binney Motion pictures 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Clint Black Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Sidney Blackmer Motion pictures 1625 Vine Street Name Category Address Carlyle Blackwell Motion pictures 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Mel Blanc Radio 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Cate Blanchett Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Mary J. Blige Recording 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Joan Blondell Motion pictures 6311 Hollywood Blvd . Orlando Bloom Motion pictures 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Monte Blue Motion pictures 6290 Hollywood Blvd . Ann Blyth Motion pictures 6733 Hollywood Blvd . Betty Blythe Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Eleanor Boardman Motion pictures 6928 Hollywood Blvd . Andrea Bocelli Live performance 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Humphrey Bogart Motion pictures 6322 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Boland Motion pictures 6150 Hollywood Blvd . John Boles Motion pictures 6530 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Boleslawski Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Ray Bolger Motion pictures 6788 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Michael Bolton Recording 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Ford Bond Radio 6706 Hollywood Blvd . Ward Bond Television 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Beulah Bondi Motion pictures 1718 Vine Street Pat Boone Recording 1631 Vine Street Television 6268 Hollywood Blvd . Shirley Booth Motion pictures 6850 Hollywood Blvd . Olive Borden Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Ernest Borgnine Motion pictures 6324 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Borzage Motion pictures 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Hobart Bosworth Motion pictures 6522 Hollywood Blvd . Clara Bow Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street John Bowers Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street Major Bowes Radio 1513 Vine Street David Bowie Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Boyd Radio 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Jimmy Boyd Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . William Boyd Motion pictures 1734 Vine Street Charles Boyer Motion pictures 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Boyz II Men Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Eddie Bracken Television 6751 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1651 Vine Street Ray Bradbury Motion pictures 6644 Hollywood Blvd . Mayor Tom Bradley Mayor 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Terry Bradshaw Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Alice Brady Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Eric Braeden Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Marlon Brando Motion pictures 1765 Vine Street Tom Breneman Radio 6290 Hollywood Blvd . Walter Brennan Motion pictures 6501 Hollywood Blvd . Evelyn Brent Motion pictures 6548 Hollywood Blvd . George Brent Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street Television 1612 Vine Street Teresa Brewer Recording 1708 Vine Street David Brian Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Brian Motion pictures 1559 Vine Street Fanny Brice Motion pictures 6415 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1500 Vine Street Beau Bridges Television 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Jeff Bridges Motion pictures 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Lloyd Bridges Television 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Ray Briem Radio 6125 Hollywood Blvd . Bernie Brillstein Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Elton Britt Recording 6936 Hollywood Blvd . Barbara Britton Television 1719 Vine Street Cubby Broccoli Motion pictures 6910 Hollywood Blvd . Matthew Broderick Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . James Brolin Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Bronson Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Hillary Brooke Television 6311 Hollywood Blvd . Brooks & Dunn Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Garth Brooks Recording 1750 Vine Street Mel Brooks Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Brooks Motion pictures 6422 Hollywood Blvd . Pierce Brosnan Motion pictures 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Cecil Brown Radio 6410 Hollywood Blvd . Clarence Brown Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Harry Joe Brown Motion pictures 1777 Vine Street James Brown Recording 1501 Vine Street Joe E. Brown Motion pictures 1680 Vine Street Johnny Mack Brown Motion pictures 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Les Brown Recording 6505 Hollywood Blvd . Tom Brown Motion pictures 1648 Vine Street Vanessa Brown Motion pictures 1621 Vine Street Television 6528 Hollywood Blvd . Tod Browning Motion pictures 6225 Hollywood Blvd . Dave Brubeck Recording 1716 Vine Street Jerry Bruckheimer Motion pictures 6838 Hollywood Blvd . Yul Brynner Motion pictures 6162 Hollywood Blvd . Sandra Bullock Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Bugs Bunny Motion pictures 7007 Hollywood Blvd . John Bunny Motion pictures 1715 Vine Street Billie Burke Motion pictures 6617 Hollywood Blvd . Sonny Burke Recording 6920 Hollywood Blvd . Carol Burnett Television 6439 Hollywood Blvd . Mark Burnett Television 6664 Hollywood Blvd . Smiley Burnette Motion pictures 6125 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Burns Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street Radio 6541 Hollywood Blvd . George Burns Live performance 6672 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 1639 Vine Street Television 6510 Hollywood Blvd . Raymond Burr Television 6656 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Burrud Television 6777 Hollywood Blvd . LeVar Burton Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Burton Motion pictures 6336 Hollywood Blvd . Mae Busch Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Francis X . Bushman Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street Jerry Buss Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . David Butler Motion pictures 6561 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Butterworth Motion pictures 7036 Hollywood Blvd . Red Buttons Television 1651 Vine Street Pat Buttram Television 6382 Hollywood Blvd . Spring Byington Motion pictures 6507 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6231 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address James Caan Motion pictures 6648 Hollywood Blvd . Shirley Caesar Recording 6126 Hollywood Blvd . Sid Caesar Television 7014 Hollywood Blvd . Nicolas Cage Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . James Cagney Motion pictures 6504 Hollywood Blvd . Sammy Cahn Recording 6540 Hollywood Blvd . Alice Calhoun Motion pictures 6815 Hollywood Blvd . Rory Calhoun Motion pictures 7007 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1752 Vine Street Maria Callas Recording 1680 Vine Street James Cameron Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Rod Cameron Television 1720 Vine Street Glen Campbell Recording 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Stephen J. Cannell Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Dyan Cannon Motion pictures 6608 Hollywood Blvd . Judy Canova Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Cantinflas Motion pictures 6438 Hollywood Blvd . Eddie Cantor Motion pictures 6648 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1770 Vine Street Radio 6765 Hollywood Blvd . Yakima Canutt Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Frank Capra Motion pictures 6614 Hollywood Blvd . Steve Carell Motion pictures 6708 Hollywood Blvd . Drew Carey Television 6664 Hollywood Blvd . Harry Carey Motion pictures 1521 Vine Street Harry Carey Jr . Television 6363 Vine Street Macdonald Carey Television 6536 Hollywood Blvd . Mariah Carey Recording 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Frankie Carle Recording 1751 Hollywood Blvd . George Carlin Live performance 1555 Vine Street Kitty Carlisle Motion pictures 6611 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Carlisle Motion pictures 6679 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Carlson Television 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Hoagy Carmichael Television 1720 Vine Street Art Carney Television 6627 Hollywood Blvd . Sue Carol Ladd Motion pictures 1639 N. Vine Street Leslie Caron Motion pictures 6153 Hollywood Blvd . Ken Carpenter Radio 6706 Hollywood Blvd . The Carpenters Recording 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Vikki Carr Recording 6385 Hollywood Blvd . David Carradine Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . John Carradine Motion pictures 6240 Hollywood Blvd . Keith Carradine Television 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Leo Carrillo Motion pictures 1635 Vine Street Television 1517 Vine Street Diahann Carroll Recording 7005 Hollywood Blvd . Madeleine Carroll Motion pictures 6707 Hollywood Blvd . Nancy Carroll Motion pictures 1725 Vine Street Jack Carson Radio 6361 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1560 Vine Street Jeannie Carson Television 1560 Vine Street Johnny Carson Television 1751 Vine Street Benny Carter Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Lynda Carter Television 6562 Hollywood Blvd . Enrico Caruso Recording 6625 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Casadesus Recording 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Johnny Cash Recording 6320 Hollywood Blvd . Syd Cassyd Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Peggie Castle Television 6266 Hollywood Blvd . Gil Cates Motion pictures 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Walter Catlett Motion pictures 1713 Vine Street Joan Caulfield Television 1500 Vine Street Carmen Cavallaro Recording 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Cedric the Entertainer Live performance 6212 Hollywood Blvd . Bennett Cerf Television 6407 Hollywood Blvd . Feodor Chaliapin Recording 6770 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Chamberlain Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . John Chambers Motion pictures 7006 Hollywood Blvd . Stan Chambers Television 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Gower Champion Television 6162 Hollywood Blvd . Marge Champion Television 6282 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Champlin Television 6751 Hollywood Blvd . Jackie Chan Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Jeff Chandler Motion pictures 1770 Vine Street Lon Chaney Motion pictures 7046 Hollywood Blvd . Carol Channing Television 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Chaplin Motion pictures 6751 Hollywood Blvd . Marguerite Chapman Television 6284 Hollywood Blvd . Cyd Charisse Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street Ray Charles Recording 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Charley Chase Motion pictures 6630 Hollywood Blvd . Chevy Chase Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Ilka Chase Motion pictures 6361 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6751 Hollywood Blvd . Ruth Chatterton Motion pictures 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Kristin Chenoweth Live performance 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Virginia Cherrill Motion pictures 1545 Vine Street Maurice Chevalier Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street Chicago Recording 6438 Hollywood Blvd . Al Christie Motion pictures 6771 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Christie Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Ina Claire Motion pictures 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Buddy Clark Recording 6800 Hollywood Blvd . Dane Clark Television 6906 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Clark Television Sunset & Vine Fred Clark Television 1711 Vine Street Marguerite Clark Motion pictures 6300 Vine Street Roy Clark Recording 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Ethel Clayton Motion pictures 6936 Hollywood Blvd . Jan Clayton Television 6200 Hollywood Blvd . Rev. James Cleveland Recording 6742 Hollywood Blvd . Montgomery Clift Motion pictures 6104 Hollywood Blvd . Patsy Cline Recording 6160 Hollywood Blvd . Rosemary Clooney Recording 6325 Hollywood Blvd . Glenn Close Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Andy Clyde Motion pictures 6758 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Coburn Motion pictures 6240 Hollywood Blvd . James Coburn Motion pictures 7055 Hollywood Blvd . Imogene Coca Television 6256 Hollywood Blvd . Steve Cochran Motion pictures 1750 Hollywood Blvd . Iron Eyes Cody Television 6655 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Renán Almendárez Coello Radio 6141 Hollywood Blvd . George M. Cohan Motion pictures 6734 Hollywood Blvd . Arthur Cohn Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Claudette Colbert Motion pictures 6812 Hollywood Blvd . Nat King Cole Recording 6659 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6229 Hollywood Blvd . Natalie Cole Recording 1750 Vine Street Dabney Coleman Television 6141 Hollywood Blvd . Constance Collier Motion pictures 6231 Hollywood Blvd . William Collier Motion pictures 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Gary Collins Television 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Joan Collins Television 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Michael Collins Television Hollywood & Vine Phil Collins Recording 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Bud Collyer Radio 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Ronald Colman Television 1623 Vine Street Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Colonna Radio 1645 Vine Street Sean Diddy Combs Recording 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Perry Como Radio 1708 Vine Street Television 6376 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Betty Compson Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Joyce Compton Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Chester Conklin Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Heinie Conklin Motion pictures 1776 Vine Street Chuck Connors Television 6838 Hollywood Blvd . Hans Conried Television 6664 Hollywood Blvd . John Conte Television 6119 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Conti Motion pictures 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Conway Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Tim Conway Television 6740 Hollywood Blvd . Tom Conway Television 1617 Vine Street Jackie Coogan Motion pictures 1654 Vine Street Clyde Cook Motion pictures 6531 Hollywood Blvd . Donald Cook Motion pictures 1718 Vine Street Alistair Cooke Television 1651 Vine Street Sam Cooke Recording 7051 Hollywood Blvd . Spade Cooley Radio 6802 Hollywood Blvd . Alice Cooper Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Gary Cooper Motion pictures 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Jackie Cooper Motion pictures 1507 Vine Street Jeanne Cooper Television 1777 Vine Street Merian C. Cooper Motion pictures 6525 Hollywood Blvd . David Copperfield Live performance 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Ken Corday Television 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Wendell Corey Television 6328 Hollywood Blvd . Roger Corman Motion pictures 7013 Hollywood Blvd . Don Cornelius Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Don Cornell Recording 6138 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Correll -- Andy Radio 1777 Vine Street Ricardo Cortez Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Bill Cosby Television 6930 Hollywood Blvd . Pierre Cossette Television 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Dolores Costello Motion pictures 1645 Vine Street Helene Costello Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Lou Costello Motion pictures 6438 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6780 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6276 Hollywood Blvd . Maurice Costello Motion pictures 6515 Hollywood Blvd . Kevin Costner Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Joseph Cotten Motion pictures 6382 Hollywood Blvd . Jerome Cowan Television 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Simon Cowell Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Wally Cox Television 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Buster Crabbe Television 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Bryan Cranston Television 1717 Vine Street Broderick Crawford Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6736 Hollywood Blvd . Joan Crawford Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Laird Cregar Motion pictures 1716 Vine Street Richard Crenna Motion pictures 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Laura Hope Crews Motion pictures 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Scatman Crothers Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Donald Crisp Motion pictures 1628 Vine Street John Cromwell Motion pictures 6555 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Cromwell Motion pictures 1627 Vine Street Richard Crooks Recording 1648 Vine Street Bing Crosby Motion pictures 1611 Vine Street Radio 6769 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6751 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Crosby Television 6252 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6313 Hollywood Blvd . Norm Crosby Television 6560 Hollywood Blvd . Crosby , Stills & Nash Recording 6666 Hollywood Blvd . Milton Cross Radio 1623 Vine Street Andraé Crouch Recording 6520 Hollywood Blvd . Russell Crowe Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Tom Cruise Motion pictures 6912 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Crumit Radio 1601 Vine Street Celia Cruz Recording 6240 Hollywood Blvd . Penélope Cruz Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . James Cruze Motion pictures 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Jon Cryer Television 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Billy Crystal Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Ice Cube Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Xavier Cugat Television 1500 Vine Street Recording 1601 Vine Street George Cukor Motion pictures 6378 Hollywood Blvd . Constance Cummings Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Irving Cummings Motion pictures 6816 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Cummings Motion pictures 6816 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1718 Vine Street Bill Cunningham Radio 6315 Hollywood Blvd . Kaley Cuoco Television 6621 Hollywood Blvd . Mike Curb Recording 1750 N. Vine Street Alan Curtis Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Jamie Lee Curtis Motion pictures 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Tony Curtis Motion pictures 6817 Hollywood Blvd . Michael Curtiz Motion pictures 6640 Hollywood Blvd . John Cusack Motion pictures 6644 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Arlene Dahl Motion pictures 1624 Vine Street Cass Daley Television 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6710 Hollywood Blvd . Dorothy Dalton Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street John Daly Television 1765 Vine Street Tyne Daly Television 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Matt Damon Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Vic Damone Recording 1731 Vine Street Viola Dana Motion pictures 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Dorothy Dandridge Motion pictures 6719 Hollywood Blvd . Karl Dane Motion pictures 6140 Hollywood Blvd . Claire Danes Television 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Rodney Dangerfield Live performance 6366 Hollywood Blvd . Bebe Daniels Motion pictures 1716 Vine Street Billy Daniels Recording 6819 Hollywood Blvd . Lee Daniels Television 6533 Hollywood Blvd . Ted Danson Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Tony Danza Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Bobby Darin Recording 1735 Vine Street Linda Darnell Motion pictures 1631 Vine Street Jane Darwell Motion pictures 6735 Hollywood Blvd . Delmer Daves Motion pictures 1634 Vine Street Hal David Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Marion Davies Motion pictures 6326 Hollywood Blvd . Ann B. Davis Television 7048 Hollywood Blvd . Bette Davis Motion pictures 6225 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6335 Hollywood Blvd . Clive Davis Recording 1501 Vine Street Gail Davis Television 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Jim Davis Television 6290 Hollywood Blvd . Joan Davis Motion pictures 1521 Vine Street Radio 1716 Vine Street Mac Davis Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Miles Davis Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Sammy Davis Jr . Recording 6254 Hollywood Blvd . Viola Davis Motion pictures 7013 Hollywood Blvd . Dennis Day Radio 7048 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6646 Hollywood Blvd . Doris Day Recording 6278 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6735 Hollywood Blvd . Laraine Day Motion pictures 6676 Hollywood Blvd . Dead End Kids Motion pictures 7080 Hollywood Blvd . James Dean Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Dear Abby Radio 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Rosemary DeCamp Television 1640 Vine Street Yvonne De Carlo Motion pictures 6124 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6715 Hollywood Blvd . Frances Dee Motion pictures 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Rick Dees Radio 1560 N. Vine Street Don DeFore Television 6804 Hollywood Blvd . Lee De Forest Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Ellen DeGeneres Television 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Carter DeHaven Motion pictures 1742 Vine Street Gloria DeHaven Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Olivia de Havilland Motion pictures 6762 Hollywood Blvd . Albert Dekker Television 6620 Hollywood Blvd . Dolores del Río Motion pictures 1630 Vine Street Roy Del Ruth Motion pictures 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Marguerite De La Motte Motion pictures 6902 Hollywood Blvd . Vaughn De Leath Radio 6634 Hollywood Blvd . Dom DeLuise Motion pictures 1765 N. Vine Street William Demarest Motion pictures 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Cecil B. DeMille Motion pictures 1725 Vine Street Radio 6240 Hollywood Blvd . William DeMille Motion pictures 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Denning Television 6932 Hollywood Blvd . Reginald Denny Motion pictures 6657 Hollywood Blvd . John Denver Recording 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Johnny Depp Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Eugenio Derbez Motion pictures 7013 Hollywood Blvd . John Derek Television 6531 Hollywood Blvd . Bruce Dern Motion pictures 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Laura Dern Motion pictures 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Destiny 's Child Recording 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Buddy DeSylva Recording 1750 N. Vine Street Andy Devine Radio 6258 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6366 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Danny DeVito Television 6906 Hollywood Blvd . Elliott Dexter Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Vin Di Bona Television 1559 Vine Street Neil Diamond Recording 1750 Vine Street Cameron Diaz Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Angie Dickinson Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Vin Diesel Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . William Dieterle Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Marlene Dietrich Motion pictures 6400 Hollywood Blvd . Phyllis Diller Television 7001 Hollywood Blvd . Celine Dion Recording 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Roy O. Disney Motion pictures 6833 Hollywood Blvd . Walt Disney Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6747 Hollywood Blvd . Disneyland 50th Year 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Dix Motion pictures 1608 Vine Street Edward Dmytryk Motion pictures 6241 Hollywood Blvd . Jimmie Dodd Television 1600 Vine Street Ray Dolby Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Plácido Domingo Live performance 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Fats Domino Recording 6616 Hollywood Blvd . Peter Donald Television 6661 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Donat Motion pictures 6420 Hollywood Blvd . Brian Donlevy Television 1551 Vine Street Lauren Shuler Donner Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Donner Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . James Doohan Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . The Doors Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Marie Doro Motion pictures 1725 Vine Street Jimmy Dorsey Recording 6505 Hollywood Blvd . Tommy Dorsey Recording 6675 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Douglas Television 6740 Hollywood Blvd . Kirk Douglas Motion pictures 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Melvyn Douglas Motion pictures 6423 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6601 Hollywood Blvd . Mike Douglas Television 7001 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Douglas Motion pictures 1648 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Billie Dove Motion pictures 6351 Hollywood Blvd . Morton Downey Radio 1680 Vine Street Roma Downey Television 6664 Hollywood Blvd . Cathy Downs Television 6646 Hollywood Blvd . Carmen Dragon Radio 6104 Hollywood Blvd . Jessica Dragonette Radio 1709 Vine Street Frances Drake Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Louise Dresser Motion pictures 6538 Hollywood Blvd . Marie Dressler Motion pictures 1731 Vine Street Ellen Drew Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Dreyfuss Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Bobby Driscoll Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Joanne Dru Television 1708 Vine Street David Duchovny Television 6508 Hollywood Blvd . Donald Duck Motion pictures 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Howard Duff Television 1623 Vine Street Olympia Dukakis Live performance 6298 Hollywood Blvd . Patty Duke Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Faye Dunaway Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Jeff Dunham Live performance 6201 Hollywood Blvd . James Dunn Motion pictures 6555 Hollywood Blvd . Television 7010 Hollywood Blvd . Irene Dunne Motion pictures 6440 Hollywood Blvd . Philip Dunne Motion pictures 6725 Hollywood Blvd . Mildred Dunnock Motion pictures 6613 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Dunphy Television 6669 Hollywood Blvd . Duran Duran Recording 1770 Vine Street Elvis Duran Radio 1717 Vine Street Jimmy Durante Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Radio 1648 Vine Street Deanna Durbin Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Charles Durning Motion pictures 6504 Hollywood Blvd . Dan Duryea Television 6145 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Duvall Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Ann Dvorak Motion pictures 6321 Hollywood Blvd . Allan Dwan Motion pictures 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Earth , Wind & Fire Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . George Eastman Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street Roger Ebert Television 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Buddy Ebsen Motion pictures 1765 Vine Street Billy Eckstine Recording 6638 Hollywood Blvd . Nelson Eddy Motion pictures 6311 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6512 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 1639 Vine Street Barbara Eden Television 7003 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Edeson Motion pictures 1628 Vine Street Thomas A. Edison Motion pictures 6700 Hollywood Blvd . Kenny ' Babyface ' Edmonds Recording 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Blake Edwards Motion pictures 6908 Hollywood Blvd . Ralph Edwards Radio 6116 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Steve Edwards Television 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Ken Ehrlich Television 1750 N. Vine Street Michael D. Eisner Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Larry Elder Radio 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Duke Ellington Recording 6535 Hollywood Blvd . Mischa Elman Recording 1560 Vine Street Name Category Address Faye Emerson Motion pictures 6529 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6689 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Enberg Television 6752 Hollywood Blvd . John Ericson Television 1523 Vine Street Leon Errol Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Stu Erwin Television 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Giancarlo Esposito Television 6351 Hollywood Blvd . Emilio Estefan Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Gloria Estefan Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Erik Estrada Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Melissa Etheridge Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Ruth Etting Motion pictures 6563 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Eubanks Radio 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Evans & Livingston see Livingston & Evans Dale Evans Radio 6638 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1737 Vine Street Linda Evans Television 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Madge Evans Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Robert Evans Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Chad Everett Television 6922 Hollywood Blvd . The Everly Brothers Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Fabian Live performance 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Nanette Fabray Television 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Max Factor Motion pictures 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Clifton Fadiman Radio 6284 Hollywood Blvd . Douglas Fairbanks Jr . Motion pictures 6318 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6710 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6661 Hollywood Blvd . Douglas Fairbanks Sr . Motion pictures 7022 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Fairbanks Motion pictures 6384 Hollywood Blvd . Percy Faith Recording 1501 Vine Street Peter Falk Television 6654 Hollywood Blvd . Jinx Falkenburg Television 1500 Vine Street Chris Farley Motion pictures 6366 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Farnsworth Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Dustin Farnum Motion pictures 6635 Hollywood Blvd . William Farnum Motion pictures 6322 Hollywood Blvd . Jamie Farr Television 1547 N. Vine Street Geraldine Farrar Motion pictures 1620 Vine Street Recording 1709 Vine Street Charles Farrell Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1617 Vine Street Glenda Farrell Motion pictures 6524 Hollywood Blvd . John Farrow Motion pictures 6300 Hollywood Blvd . William Faversham Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Farrah Fawcett Television 7057 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Fay Motion pictures 6282 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1752 Vine Street Alice Faye Motion pictures 6930 Hollywood Blvd . Julia Faye Motion pictures 6501 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Faylen Television 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Louise Fazenda Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Don Fedderson Television 1635 Vine Street José Feliciano Recording 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Verna Felton Television 1717 Vine Street Freddy Fender Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . George Fenneman Television 1500 Vine Street Helen Ferguson Motion pictures 6153 Hollywood Blvd . Vicente Fernández Recording 6160 Hollywood Blvd . Alejandro Fernández Recording 6160 Hollywood Blvd . Will Ferrell Motion pictures 6767 Hollywood Blvd . José Ferrer Motion pictures 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Mel Ferrer Motion pictures 6268 Hollywood Blvd . Stepin Fetchit Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Fibber McGee and Molly Radio 1500 N. Vine Street Jimmie Fidler Radio 6128 Hollywood Blvd . Arthur Fiedler Recording 1626 Vine Street Sally Field Motion pictures 6767 Hollywood Blvd . Virginia Field Television 1751 Vine Street Gracie Fields Radio 6125 Hollywood Blvd . W.C. Fields Motion pictures 7004 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6316 Hollywood Blvd . Harvey Fierstein Live performance 6243 Hollywood Blvd . The Original 5th Dimension Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Flora Finch Motion pictures 6673 Hollywood Blvd . Colin Firth Motion pictures 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Eddie Fisher Recording 6241 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1724 Vine Street George Fisher Radio 7072 Hollywood Blvd . Hal Fishman Television 1560 Vine Street Barry Fitzgerald Motion pictures 6252 Hollywood Blvd . Television 7001 Hollywood Blvd . Ella Fitzgerald Recording 6738 Hollywood Blvd . Geraldine Fitzgerald Motion pictures 6353 Hollywood Blvd . George Fitzmaurice Motion pictures 6601 Hollywood Blvd . James A. FitzPatrick Motion pictures 1611 Vine Street Kirsten Flagstad Recording 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Bobby Flay Television 6141 Hollywood Blvd . Fleetwood Mac Recording 6608 Hollywood Blvd . Rhonda Fleming Motion pictures 6660 Hollywood Blvd . Victor Fleming Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Errol Flynn Motion pictures 6654 Hollywood Blvd . Television 7008 Hollywood Blvd . Nina Foch Motion pictures 6322 Hollywood Blvd . Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . John Fogerty Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Red Foley Recording 6225 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Henry Fonda Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street Peter Fonda Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Joan Fontaine Motion pictures 1645 Vine Street Dick Foran Television 1600 Vine Street June Foray Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Scott Forbes Television 1650 Vine Street Glenn Ford Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Harrison Ford ( silent film actor ) Motion pictures 6665 Hollywood Blvd . Harrison Ford Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . John Ford Motion pictures 1640 Vine Street Mary Ford and Les Paul see Les Paul & Mary Ford Tennessee Ernie Ford Radio 1600 Vine Street Recording 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6311 Hollywood Blvd . John Forsythe Television 6549 Hollywood Blvd . David Foster Recording 1750 Vine Street Jodie Foster Motion pictures 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Preston Foster Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . The Four Step Brothers Live performance 7000 Hollywood Blvd . The Four Tops Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Michael J. Fox Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . William Fox Motion pictures 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Jamie Foxx Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Eddie Foy Motion pictures 1725 Vine Street Peter Frampton Recording 6819 Hollywood Blvd . Zino Francescatti Recording 6704 Hollywood Blvd . Anne Francis Television 1611 Vine Street Arlene Francis Radio 6432 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1734 Vine Street Kay Francis Motion pictures 6766 Hollywood Blvd . Don Francisco Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . James Franco Motion pictures 6838 Hollywood Blvd . Aretha Franklin Recording 6920 Hollywood Blvd . Sidney Franklin Motion pictures 6566 Hollywood Blvd . Dennis Franz Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . William Frawley Motion pictures 6322 Hollywood Blvd . Stan Freberg Recording 6145 Hollywood Blvd . Pauline Frederick Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Alan Freed Radio 6381 Hollywood Blvd . Morgan Freeman Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Y . Frank Freeman Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Friz Freleng Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . William Friedkin Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Fries Television 6819 Hollywood Blvd . Lefty Frizzell Recording 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Jane Froman Radio 6321 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6145 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1645 Vine Street Robert Fuller Television 6608 Hollywood Blvd . Simon Fuller Television 6268 Hollywood Blvd . Annette Funicello Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . The Funk Brothers Recording 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Betty Furness Motion pictures 1533 Vine Street Television 6675 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Kenny G Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Clark Gable Motion pictures 1608 Vine Street Eva Gabor Television 6614 Hollywood Blvd . Zsa Zsa Gabor Television 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Juan Gabriel Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Helen Gahagan Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Amelita Galli - Curci Recording 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Greta Garbo Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Andy García Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Ava Gardner Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Ed Gardner Radio 6554 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6676 Hollywood Blvd . John Garfield Motion pictures 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Beverly Garland Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Judy Garland Motion pictures 1715 Vine Street Recording 6764 Hollywood Blvd . Erroll Garner Recording 6363 Hollywood Blvd . James Garner Television 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Jennifer Garner Motion pictures 6920 Hollywood Blvd . Peggy Ann Garner Motion pictures 6604 Hollywood Blvd . Tay Garnett Motion pictures 6556 Hollywood Blvd . Betty Garrett Live performance 6706 Hollywood Blvd . Dave Garroway Radio 6355 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6264 Hollywood Blvd . Greer Garson Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street Lucho Gatica Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Marvin Gaye Recording 1500 Vine Street Crystal Gayle Recording 1515 Vine Street Janet Gaynor Motion pictures 6284 Hollywood Blvd . Mitzi Gaynor Motion pictures 6288 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Geist Television 6850 Hollywood Blvd . David Gerber Television 1637 Vine Street George & Ira Gershwin Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Floyd Gibbons Radio 1631 Vine Street Leeza Gibbons Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Georgia Gibbs Recording 6404 Hollywood Blvd . Hoot Gibson Motion pictures 1765 Vine Street Beniamino Gigli Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Billy Gilbert Motion pictures 6263 Hollywood Blvd . John Gilbert Motion pictures 1755 Vine Street Melissa Gilbert Television 6429 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Gilbert Television 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Vince Gill Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Dizzy Gillespie Recording 7057 Hollywood Blvd . Mickey Gilley Recording 6930 Hollywood Blvd . Dorothy Gish Motion pictures 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Lillian Gish Motion pictures 1720 Vine Street Louise Glaum Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Jackie Gleason Recording 6231 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6300 Hollywood Blvd . James Gleason Motion pictures 7038 Hollywood Blvd . Sharon Gless Television 7065 Hollywood Blvd . George Gobel Television 6850 Hollywood Blvd . Paulette Goddard Motion pictures 1652 Vine Street Arthur Godfrey Radio 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6616 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1559 Vine Street Earl Godwin Radio 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Godzilla Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . The Go - Go 's Recording 6652 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Ernest Gold Recording 6434 Hollywood Blvd . Leonard Goldberg Television 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Whoopi Goldberg Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Jeff Goldblum Motion pictures 6656 Hollywood Blvd . Leonard H. Goldenson Television 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Edwin F. Goldman Radio 6410 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Goldsmith Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Samuel Goldwyn Motion pictures 1631 Vine Street Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez Motion pictures 1555 Vine Street Cuba Gooding Jr . Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Al Goodman Recording 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Benny Goodman Recording 6101 Hollywood Blvd . John Goodman Motion pictures 6767 Hollywood Blvd . Mark Goodson Television 6374 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Goodwin Radio 6810 Hollywood Blvd . Gale Gordon Radio 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Berry Gordy Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Mike Gore Motion pictures 6315 Hollywood Blvd . Eydie Gormé & Steve Lawrence Recording 1541 Vine Street Freeman Gosden -- Amos Radio 1777 Vine Street Louis Gossett Jr . Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Jetta Goudal Motion pictures 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Morton Gould Recording 6533 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Goulet Recording 6368 Hollywood Blvd . Betty Grable Motion pictures 6525 Hollywood Blvd . Billy Graham Radio 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Gloria Grahame Motion pictures 6522 Hollywood Blvd . Kelsey Grammer Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Farley Granger Television 1551 Vine Street Amy Grant Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Cary Grant Motion pictures 1610 Vine Street Johnny Grant Television 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Bonita Granville Motion pictures 6607 Hollywood Blvd . Sid Grauman Motion pictures 6379 Hollywood Blvd . Peter Graves Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Gilda Gray Motion pictures 6620 Hollywood Blvd . Glen Gray Recording 1709 Vine Street Jim Gray Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Kathryn Grayson Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Brian Grazer Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Alfred Green Motion pictures 6529 Hollywood Blvd . John Green Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Mitzi Green Motion pictures 6430 Hollywood Blvd . Harold Greene Television 6906 Hollywood Blvd . Lorne Greene Television 1559 N. Vine Street Charlotte Greenwood Radio 1601 Vine Street Jane Greer Motion pictures 1634 Vine Street Dick Gregory Live performance 1650 Vine Street Joel Grey Live performance 6753 Hollywood Blvd . Merv Griffin Television 1541 Vine Street Andy Griffith Television 6418 Hollywood Blvd . Corinne Griffith Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street D.W. Griffith Motion pictures 6535 Hollywood Blvd . Raymond Griffith Motion pictures 6124 Hollywood Blvd . Matt Groening Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Guillaume Television 6675 Hollywood Blvd . Texas Guinan Motion pictures 1765 Vine Street Alec Guinness Motion pictures 1559 Vine Street Steve Guttenberg Motion pictures 6411 Hollywood Blvd . Edmund Gwenn Motion pictures 1755 Vine Street Name Category Address Buddy Hackett Live performance 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Reed Hadley Television 6553 Hollywood Blvd . Jean Hagen Television 1560 Vine Street Dan Haggerty Television 7070 Hollywood Blvd . Don Haggerty Television 6140 Hollywood Blvd . Larry Hagman Television 1560 N. Vine Street William Haines Motion pictures 7012 Hollywood Blvd . Jester Hairston Television 6161 Hollywood Blvd . Alan Hale Sr . Motion pictures 6532 Hollywood Blvd . Alan Hale Jr . Television 6653 Hollywood Blvd . Barbara Hale Television 1628 Vine Street Creighton Hale Motion pictures 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Monte Hale Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Haley Recording 6350 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Haley Radio 6435 Hollywood Blvd . Arsenio Hall Television 6776 Hollywood Blvd . Conrad Hall Motion pictures 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Daryl Hall & John Oates Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Deidre Hall Television 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Jon Hall Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Television 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Monty Hall Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Stuart Hamblen Recording 6841 Hollywood Blvd . Rusty Hamer Television 6323 Hollywood Blvd . Mark Hamill Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . George Hamilton Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Lloyd Hamilton Motion pictures 6141 Hollywood Blvd . Neil Hamilton Motion pictures 6634 Hollywood Blvd . Lionel Hampton Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Herbie Hancock Recording 7057 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Handel Radio 6640 Hollywood Blvd . Tom Hanks Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Hanna - Barbera Television 6753 Hollywood Blvd . Ann Harding Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6850 Hollywood Blvd . Cedric Hardwicke Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6660 Hollywood Blvd . Oliver Hardy Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Mariska Hargitay Television 6328 Hollywood Blvd . The Harlem Globetrotters Television 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Jean Harlow Motion pictures 6910 Hollywood Blvd . Mark Harmon Television 6253 Hollywood Blvd . Arlene Harris Radio 6250 Hollywood Blvd . Ed Harris Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Jack H. Harris Motion pictures 6764 Hollywood Blvd . Mildred Harris Motion pictures 6307 Hollywood Blvd . Neil Patrick Harris Television 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Phil Harris Radio 6651 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6508 Hollywood Blvd . George Harrison Recording 1750 Vine Street Rex Harrison Motion pictures 6904 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6390 Hollywood Blvd . Ray Harryhausen Motion pictures 6840 Hollywood Blvd . John Hart Television 6432 Hollywood Blvd . Kevin Hart Live performance 7013 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Hart Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . William S. Hart Motion pictures 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Mariette Hartley Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Phil Hartman Television 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Steve Harvey Radio 6270 Hollywood Blvd . David Hasselhoff Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Signe Hasso Motion pictures 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Henry Hathaway Motion pictures 1638 Vine Street Raymond Hatton Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street June Haver Motion pictures 1777 Vine Street June Havoc Motion pictures 6618 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6413 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Hawk Television 6413 Hollywood Blvd . Howard Hawks Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Goldie Hawn Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Hay Radio 6826 Hollywood Blvd . Sessue Hayakawa Motion pictures 1645 Vine Street Gabby Hayes Radio 6427 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1724 Vine Street Helen Hayes Motion pictures 6258 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6549 Hollywood Blvd . Johnny Hayes Radio 6769 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Hayman Recording 1765 Vine Street Dick Haymes Recording 1724 Vine Street Radio 6116 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Haynes Radio 6841 Hollywood Blvd . Will H. Hays Motion pictures 6116 Hollywood Blvd . Louis Hayward Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Television 1680 Vine Street Susan Hayward Motion pictures 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Rita Hayworth Motion pictures 1645 Vine Street Edith Head Motion pictures 6504 Hollywood Blvd . Jim Healy Radio 6740 Hollywood Blvd . Chick Hearn Radio 6755 Hollywood Blvd . Heart see Ann & Nancy Wilson -- Heart Patricia Heaton Television 6533 Hollywood Blvd . Eileen Heckart Motion pictures 6140 Hollywood Blvd . Tippi Hedren Motion pictures 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Van Heflin Motion pictures 6311 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6125 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Hugh Hefner Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Horace Heidt Radio 1631 Vine Street Television 6628 Hollywood Blvd . Jascha Heifetz Recording 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Marg Helgenberger Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Florence Henderson Television 7070 Hollywood Blvd . Jimi Hendrix Recording 6627 Hollywood Blvd . Sonja Henie Motion pictures 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Henreid Motion pictures 6366 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1720 Vine Street Jim Henson Television 6631 Hollywood Blvd . Audrey Hepburn Motion pictures 1652 Vine Street Katharine Hepburn Motion pictures 6284 Hollywood Blvd . Hugh Herbert Motion pictures 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Herman Live performance 7095 Hollywood Blvd . Pee - wee Herman Motion pictures 6562 Hollywood Blvd . Woody Herman Recording 6805 Hollywood Blvd . Jean Hersholt Motion pictures 6501 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6701 Hollywood Blvd . Irene Hervey Motion pictures 6336 Hollywood Blvd . Charlton Heston Motion pictures 1628 Vine Street Eddie Heywood Recording 1709 Vine Street Al Hibbler Recording 1650 Vine Street George Hicks Radio 6314 Hollywood Blvd . Hildegarde Radio 6141 Hollywood Blvd . Jim Hill Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Cheryl Hines Television 6621 Hollywood Blvd . Alfred Hitchcock Motion pictures 6506 Hollywood Blvd . Television 7013 Hollywood Blvd . John Hodiak Radio 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Portland Hoffa Radio 1640 Vine Street William Holden Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street Billie Holiday Recording 1540 N. Vine Street Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Recording 7070 Hollywood Blvd . Judy Holliday Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Earl Holliman Television 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Gordon Hollingshead Motion pictures 6200 Hollywood Blvd . Buddy Holly Recording 1750 N. Vine Street Celeste Holm Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Television 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Burton Holmes Motion pictures 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Phillips Holmes Motion pictures 6908 Hollywood Blvd . Taylor Holmes Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Holt Motion pictures 63131⁄2 Hollywood Blvd . John Lee Hooker Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Hope Motion pictures 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6141 Hollywood Blvd . Live performance Special Plaque 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6758 Hollywood Blvd . Dolores Hope Live performance 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Anthony Hopkins Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Linda Hopkins Live performance 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Miriam Hopkins Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street Television 1716 Vine Street Dennis Hopper Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Hedda Hopper Motion pictures 6313 Hollywood Blvd . Lena Horne Motion pictures 6282 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6250 Hollywood Blvd . Vladimir Horowitz Recording 1680 Vine Street Edward Everett Horton Motion pictures 6427 Hollywood Blvd . Houdini Motion pictures 7001 Hollywood Blvd . Eddy Howard Recording 6724 Hollywood Blvd . John Howard Television 6515 Hollywood Blvd . Leslie Howard Motion pictures 6550 Hollywood Blvd . Ron Howard Television 6838 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . William K. Howard Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Jennifer Hudson Recording 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Rochelle Hudson Motion pictures 6200 Hollywood Blvd . Rock Hudson Motion pictures 6116 Hollywood Blvd . Felicity Huffman Television 7072 Hollywood Blvd . Josephine Hull Motion pictures 6502 Hollywood Blvd . Warren Hull Radio 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6135 Hollywood Blvd . H. Bruce Humberstone Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Engelbert Humperdinck Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Frazier Hunt Radio 1708 Vine Street Marsha Hunt Television 6658 Hollywood Blvd . Pee Wee Hunt Recording 6838 Hollywood Blvd . Holly Hunter Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Jeffrey Hunter Television 6918 Hollywood Blvd . Kim Hunter Motion pictures 1617 Vine Street Television 1715 Vine Street Tab Hunter Recording 6320 Hollywood Blvd . Gale Anne Hurd Motion pictures 6621 Hollywood Blvd . Marlin Hurt Radio 6514 Hollywood Blvd . Ted Husing Radio 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Ferlin Husky Recording 6675 Hollywood Blvd . Ruth Hussey Motion pictures 1551 Vine Street Anjelica Huston Motion pictures 6270 Hollywood Blvd . John Huston Motion pictures 1765 Vine Street Walter Huston Motion pictures 6624 Hollywood Blvd . Betty Hutton Motion pictures 6259 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Julio Iglesias Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Thomas Ince Motion pictures 6727 Hollywood Blvd . Pedro Infante Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Rex Ingram Motion pictures 1651 Hollywood Blvd . Jill Ireland Motion pictures 6751 Hollywood Blvd . John Ireland Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Steve Irwin Television 6320 Hollywood Blvd . José Iturbi Recording 6834 Hollywood Blvd . J ( edit ) Name Category Address Hugh Jackman Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Alan Jackson Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Janet Jackson Recording 1500 Vine Street Mahalia Jackson Recording 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Michael Jackson ( radio commentator ) Radio 1541 Vine Street Michael Jackson Recording 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Peter Jackson Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Samuel L. Jackson Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Sherry Jackson Television 6324 Hollywood Blvd . The Jacksons Recording 1500 Vine Street Dean Jagger Motion pictures 1623 Vine Street Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis Recording 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Dennis James Television 6753 Hollywood Blvd . Etta James Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Harry James Recording 6683 Hollywood Blvd . Joni James Recording 6814 Hollywood Blvd . Sonny James Recording 6630 Hollywood Blvd . Jane 's Addiction Recording 6436 Hollywood Blvd . Elsie Janis Motion pictures 6770 Hollywood Blvd . Allison Janney Television 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Emil Jannings Motion pictures 1630 Vine Street David Janssen Television 7011 Hollywood Blvd . Maurice Jarre Motion pictures 6505 Hollywood Blvd . Al Jarreau Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Jaime Jarrín Radio 6381 Hollywood Blvd . Anne Jeffreys Television 1501 Vine Street Herb Jeffries Recording 6672 Hollywood Blvd . Gordon Jenkins Recording 6626 Hollywood Blvd . Adele Jergens Television 7046 Hollywood Blvd . George Jessel Motion pictures 1777 Vine Street Isabel Jewell Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Norman Jewison Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Billy Joel Recording 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Scarlett Johansson Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Elton John Recording 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Ben Johnson Motion pictures 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Don Johnson Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Dwayne Johnson Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Nunnally Johnson Motion pictures 6240 Hollywood Blvd . Van Johnson Motion pictures 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Al Jolson Motion pictures 6622 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6750 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 1716 Vine Street Allan Jones Recording 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Buck Jones Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Chuck Jones Motion pictures 7011 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Jones Television 7042 Hollywood Blvd . Gordon Jones Television 1623 Vine Street Jack Jones Recording 6104 Hollywood Blvd . Jennifer Jones Motion pictures 6429 Hollywood Blvd . Quincy Jones Recording 1500 Vine Street Shirley Jones Motion pictures 1541 Vine Street Spike Jones Radio 6290 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 1500 Vine Street Tom Jones Recording 6608 Hollywood Blvd . Tommy Lee Jones Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Janis Joplin Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Victor Jory Motion pictures 6605 Hollywood Blvd . José José Recording 7036 Hollywood Blvd . Louis Jourdan Recording 6153 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6445 Hollywood Blvd . Journey Recording 6750 Hollywood Blvd . Leatrice Joy Motion pictures 6517 Hollywood Blvd . Judge Judy see Judge Judy Sheindlin Katy Jurado Motion pictures 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Ellen K Radio 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Kitty Kallen Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Herbert Kalmus Motion pictures 6157 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Kane Motion pictures 6764 Hollywood Blvd . Boris Karloff Motion pictures 1737 Vine Street Television 6664 Hollywood Blvd . Casey Kasem Radio 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Danny Kaye Motion pictures 6563 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6125 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Sammy Kaye Recording 6767 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6419 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Elia Kazan Motion pictures 6800 Hollywood Blvd . KC and the Sunshine Band Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Buster Keaton Motion pictures 6619 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6321 Hollywood Blvd . Michael Keaton Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Howard Keel Motion pictures 6253 Hollywood Blvd . Ruby Keeler Motion pictures 6730 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Keene Radio 1541 Vine Street Bob Keeshan Television Sunset & Vine Brian Keith Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Annette Kellerman Motion pictures 6608 Hollywood Blvd . DeForest Kelley Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Gene Kelly Motion pictures 6153 Hollywood Blvd . Grace Kelly Motion pictures 6329 Hollywood Blvd . Nancy Kelly Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Patsy Kelly Motion pictures 6669 Hollywood Blvd . `` Shotgun Tom '' Kelly Radio 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Arthur Kennedy Motion pictures 6681 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1620 Vine Street Edgar Kennedy Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . George Kennedy Motion pictures 6356 Hollywood Blvd . John B. Kennedy Radio 1611 Vine Street Madge Kennedy Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Stan Kenton Recording 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Kermit the Frog Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Deborah Kerr Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street J.M. Kerrigan Motion pictures 6621 Hollywood Blvd . Norman Kerry Motion pictures 6724 Hollywood Blvd . Chaka Khan Recording 6623 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Nicole Kidman Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Dorothy Kilgallen Television 6780 Hollywood Blvd . Jimmy Kimmel Television 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Andrea King Television 1547 Vine Street B.B. King Recording 6771 Hollywood Blvd . Carole King Recording 6906 Hollywood Blvd . Henry King Motion pictures 6327 Hollywood Blvd . John Reed King Radio 6402 Hollywood Blvd . Larry King Television 6616 Hollywood Blvd . Pee Wee King Recording 1715 Vine Street Peggy King Television 6563 Hollywood Blvd . Wayne King Radio 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Ben Kingsley Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Joe Kirkwood Jr . Television 1632 Vine Street Dorothy Kirsten Recording 6331 Hollywood Blvd . KISS Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Eartha Kitt Recording 6656 Hollywood Blvd . Kevin Kline Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Klugman Television 6555 Hollywood Blvd . Evelyn Knight Recording 6136 Hollywood Blvd . Gladys Knight Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . June Knight Motion pictures 6247 Hollywood Blvd . Raymond Knight Radio 6130 Hollywood Blvd . Ted Knight Television 6673 Hollywood Blvd . Don Knotts Television 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Patric Knowles Television 6542 Hollywood Blvd . Peggy Knudsen Television 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Walter Koenig Television 6679 Hollywood Blvd . Kool & the Gang Recording 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Theodore Kosloff Motion pictures 1617 Vine Street Andre Kostelanetz Recording 6542 Hollywood Blvd . Henry Koster Motion pictures 6762 Hollywood Blvd . Ernie Kovacs Television 6307 Hollywood Blvd . Dave Koz Recording 1750 Vine Street Stanley Kramer Motion pictures 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Fritz Kreisler Recording 6655 Hollywood Blvd . Kurt Kreuger Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Otto Kruger Motion pictures 1734 Vine Street Television 6331 Hollywood Blvd . Kay Kyser Radio 1601 Vine Street Recording 1708 Vine Street Name Category Address Patti LaBelle Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Art Laboe Radio 6800 Hollywood Blvd . Gregory La Cava Motion pictures 6906 Hollywood Blvd . Alan Ladd Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street Alan Ladd Jr . Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Diane Ladd Motion pictures 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Jim Ladd Radio 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Carl Laemmle Motion pictures 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Frankie Laine Recording 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1645 Vine Street Alice Lake Motion pictures 1624 Vine Street Arthur Lake Radio 6646 Hollywood Blvd . Veronica Lake Motion pictures 6918 Hollywood Blvd . Jack LaLanne Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Guy Laliberté Live performance 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Barbara La Marr Motion pictures 1621 Vine Street Hedy Lamarr Motion pictures 6247 Hollywood Blvd . Dorothy Lamour Motion pictures 6332 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6240 Hollywood Blvd . Burt Lancaster Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Martin Landau Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Elissa Landi Motion pictures 1611 Vine Street Carole Landis Motion pictures 1765 Vine Street Michael Landon Television 1500 N. Vine Street Klaus Landsberg Television 1500 N. Vine Street Abbe Lane Television 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Lane Television 6317 Hollywood Blvd . Nathan Lane Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Sidney Lanfield Motion pictures 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Fritz Lang Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Walter Lang Motion pictures 6520 Hollywood Blvd . Harry Langdon Motion pictures 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Frances Langford Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Radio 1525 Vine Street John Langley Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Angela Lansbury Motion pictures 6623 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6259 Hollywood Blvd . Joi Lansing Television 6529 Hollywood Blvd . Sherry Lansing Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Walter Lantz Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Mario Lanza Recording 1751 Vine Street Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Laura La Plante Motion pictures 6378 Hollywood Blvd . Rod La Rocque Motion pictures 1580 Vine Street Julius La Rosa Television 6290 Hollywood Blvd . Milt and Bill Larsen Live performance 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Glen A. Larson Television 6673 Hollywood Blvd . Jesse L. Lasky Motion pictures 6433 Hollywood Blvd . John Lasseter Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Lassie Motion pictures 6368 Hollywood Blvd . Queen Latifah Motion pictures 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Laughton Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Cyndi Lauper Recording 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Stan Laurel Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Hugh Laurie Television 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Peter Lawford Television 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Ralph Lawler Radio 1708 Vine Street Barbara Lawrence Television 1735 Vine Street Carol Lawrence Live performance 6211 Hollywood Blvd . Steve Lawrence & Eydie Gormé see Eydie Gormé & Steve Lawrence Cloris Leachman Television 6435 Hollywood Blvd . Norman Lear Television 6615 Hollywood Blvd . Francis Lederer Motion pictures 6902 Hollywood Blvd . Anna Lee Motion pictures 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Bruce Lee Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Gypsy Rose Lee Motion pictures 6351 Hollywood Blvd . Lila Lee Motion pictures 1716 Vine Street Michele Lee Television 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Peggy Lee Recording 6319 Hollywood Blvd . Pinky Lee Television 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Rowland V. Lee Motion pictures 6313 Hollywood Blvd . Ruta Lee Live performance 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Stan Lee Motion pictures 7072 Hollywood Blvd . Lotte Lehmann Recording 1735 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Janet Leigh Motion pictures 1777 Vine Street Vivien Leigh Motion pictures 6773 Hollywood Blvd . Mitchell Leisen Motion pictures 6241 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Lemmon Motion pictures 6357 Hollywood Blvd . John Lennon Recording 1750 Vine Street The Lennon Sisters Television 1500 Vine Street Jay Leno Television 6780 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Z . Leonard Motion pictures 6370 Hollywood Blvd . Mervyn LeRoy Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Jack Lescoulie Television 6500 Hollywood Blvd . Joan Leslie Television 1560 Vine Street Sol Lesser Motion pictures 6533 Hollywood Blvd . Earl Lestz Motion pictures 6807 Hollywood Blvd . Oscar Levant Recording 6728 Hollywood Blvd . Adam Levine Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Fulton Lewis Radio 6258 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Lewis Television 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Lee Lewis Recording 6631 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Q. Lewis Television 1709 Vine Street Shari Lewis Television 6743 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Leyden Television 6136 Hollywood Blvd . Liberace Recording 6527 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6739 Hollywood Blvd . Al Lichtman Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Beatrice Lillie Motion pictures 6404 Hollywood Blvd . Elmo Lincoln Motion pictures 7042 Hollywood Blvd . Eric Linden Motion pictures 1648 Vine Street Kate Linder Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Margaret Lindsay Motion pictures 6318 Hollywood Blvd . Art Linkletter Radio 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1560 Vine Street John Lithgow Television 6666 Hollywood Blvd . Cleavon Little Motion pictures 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Little Jack Little Radio 6618 Hollywood Blvd . Rich Little Television 6372 Hollywood Blvd . Anatole Litvak Motion pictures 6635 Hollywood Blvd . Livingston & Evans Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Livingstone Radio 6705 Hollywood Blvd . LL Cool J Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Lloyd Motion pictures 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Harold Lloyd Motion pictures 1503 Vine Street Andrew Lloyd Webber Live performance 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Gene Lockhart Motion pictures 6307 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6681 Hollywood Blvd . June Lockhart Motion pictures 6323 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6362 Hollywood Blvd . Kathleen Lockhart Motion pictures 6241 Hollywood Blvd . Marcus Loew Motion pictures 1617 Vine Street Joshua Logan Motion pictures 6235 Hollywood Blvd . Kenny Loggins Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Al Lohman & Roger Barkley Radio 1540 N. Vine Street Gina Lollobrigida Motion pictures 6361 Hollywood Blvd . Carole Lombard Motion pictures 6930 Hollywood Blvd . Guy Lombardo Radio 6677 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6666 Hollywood Blvd . Julie London Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Eva Longoria Television 6906 Hollywood Blvd . George Lopez Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Israel López -- Cachao Recording 6554 Hollywood Blvd . Jennifer Lopez Recording 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Vincent Lopez Radio 6609 Hollywood Blvd . Marjorie Lord Television 6317 Hollywood Blvd . Phillips Lord Radio 6912 Hollywood Blvd . Sophia Loren Motion pictures 7050 Hollywood Blvd . Chuck Lorre Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Peter Lorre Motion pictures 6619 Hollywood Blvd . Los Angeles Dodgers Special 6800 Hollywood Blvd . Los Tigres del Norte Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Julia Louis - Dreyfus Television 6250 Hollywood Blvd . Anita Louise Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Bessie Love Motion pictures 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Lovejoy Television 6325 Hollywood Blvd . Edmund Lowe Motion pictures 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6601 Hollywood Blvd . Jim Lowe Recording 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Rob Lowe Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Myrna Loy Motion pictures 6685 Hollywood Blvd . Siegmund Lubin Motion pictures 6166 Hollywood Blvd . Ernst Lubitsch Motion pictures 7042 Hollywood Blvd . Norman Luboff Recording 1620 Vine Street Susan Lucci Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Allen Ludden Television 6743 Hollywood Blvd . Bela Lugosi Motion pictures 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Lukas Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Keye Luke Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Auguste Lumière Motion pictures 6320 Hollywood Blvd . Louis Lumière Motion pictures 1529 Vine Street Humberto Luna Radio 1540 Vine Street Art Lund Recording 6126 Hollywood Blvd . William Lundigan Television 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Ida Lupino Television 1724 Vine Street Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . John Lupton Television 1713 Vine Street Frank Luther Recording 1708 Vine Street A.C. Lyles Motion pictures 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Frankie Lymon Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Jane Lynch Television 6640 Hollywood Blvd . Diana Lynn Motion pictures 1625 Vine Street Television 6350 Hollywood Blvd . Loretta Lynn Recording 1515 Vine Street Jeff Lynne Recording 1750 Vine Street Ben Lyon Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Bert Lytell Motion pictures 6417 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Jeanette MacDonald Motion pictures 6157 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 1628 Vine Street Katherine MacDonald Motion pictures 6759 Hollywood Blvd . Helen Mack Motion pictures 6310 Hollywood Blvd . Ted Mack Television 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Gisele MacKenzie Television 1601 Vine Street Shirley MacLaine Motion pictures 1617 Vine Street Barton MacLane Television 6719 Hollywood Blvd . Fred MacMurray Motion pictures 6421 Hollywood Blvd . Jeanie MacPherson Motion pictures 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Gordon MacRae Radio 6325 Hollywood Blvd . William H. Macy Motion pictures 7072 Hollywood Blvd . Johnny Maddox Recording 6401 Hollywood Blvd . Guy Madison Radio 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Anna Magnani Motion pictures 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Maher Television 1634 Vine Street Lee Majors Television 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Mako Motion pictures 7095 Hollywood Blvd . Karl Malden Motion pictures 6231 Hollywood Blvd . Dorothy Malone Motion pictures 1716 Vine Street Ted Malone Radio 1628 Vine Street Rouben Mamoulian Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street Maná Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Henry Mancini Recording 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Howie Mandel Television 6366 Hollywood Blvd . Barry Manilow Recording 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Joseph L. Mankiewicz Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Anthony Mann Motion pictures 6229 Hollywood Blvd . Delbert Mann Motion pictures 1716 Vine Street Hank Mann Motion pictures 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Jayne Mansfield Motion pictures 6328 Hollywood Blvd . Joe Mantegna Live performance 6654 Hollywood Blvd . Mantovani Recording 1708 Vine Street Fredric March Motion pictures 1620 Vine Street Hal March Radio 1560 Vine Street Television 6536 Hollywood Blvd . Julianna Margulies Television 6621 Hollywood Blvd . Angélica María Live performance 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Rose Marie Television 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Mark & Brian Radio 6767 Hollywood Blvd . Mark & Kim Radio 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Marley Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . J. Peverell Marley Motion pictures 6819 Hollywood Blvd . Jess Marlow Television 6420 Hollywood Blvd . Mae Marsh Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Garry Marshall Television 6838 Hollywood Blvd . George Marshall Motion pictures 7048 Hollywood Blvd . Herbert Marshall Motion pictures 6200 Hollywood Blvd . Penny Marshall Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Dean Martin Motion pictures 6519 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 1617 Vine Street Television 6651 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Martin and Dan Rowan see Dan Rowan and Dick Martin Freddy Martin Recording 6532 Hollywood Blvd . Marion Martin Motion pictures 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Martin Radio 6609 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 1560 Vine Street Quinn Martin Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Ricky Martin Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Tony Martin Motion pictures 6436 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1760 Vine Street Recording 6331 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1725 Vine Street Wink Martindale Radio 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Groucho Marx Television 1734 Vine Street Radio 6821 Hollywood Blvd . James Mason Television 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Ilona Massey Motion pictures 1623 Vine Street Raymond Massey Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Television 6706 Hollywood Blvd . Johnny Mathis Recording 1501 Vine Street Marlee Matlin Motion pictures 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Walter Matthau Motion pictures 6357 Hollywood Blvd . Victor Mature Motion pictures 6780 Hollywood Blvd . Louis B. Mayer Motion pictures 1637 Vine Street Ken Maynard Motion pictures 6751 Hollywood Blvd . Archie Mayo Motion pictures 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Virginia Mayo Television 1751 Vine Street Paul Mazursky Motion pictures 6667 Hollywood Blvd . May McAvoy Motion pictures 1731 Vine Street Mary Margaret McBride Radio 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Irish McCalla Television 1720 Vine Street Mercedes McCambridge Motion pictures 1720 Vine Street Television 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Leo McCarey Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Clem McCarthy Radio 6563 Hollywood Blvd . Melissa McCarthy Motion pictures 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Paul McCartney Recording 1750 Vine Street Doug McClure Television 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Matthew McConaughey Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Smilin ' Ed McConnell Radio 6650 Hollywood Blvd . Patty McCormack Motion pictures 6312 Hollywood Blvd . Larry McCormick Television 6420 Hollywood Blvd . Clyde McCoy Recording 6426 Hollywood Blvd . Tim McCoy Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Tex McCrary Television 1628 Vine Street Joel McCrea Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6241 Hollywood Blvd . Hattie McDaniel Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Radio 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Roddy McDowall Television 6632 Hollywood Blvd . Malcolm McDowell Motion pictures 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Reba McEntire Recording 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Spanky McFarland Motion pictures 7095 Hollywood Blvd . Fibber McGee and Molly see Fibber McGee and Molly Charles McGraw Television 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Tim McGraw Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Dorothy McGuire Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Rod McKuen Recording 1501 Vine Street Victor McLaglen Motion pictures 1735 Vine Street Norman Z . McLeod Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Ed McMahon Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Vince McMahon Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Graham McNamee Radio 6405 Hollywood Blvd . Don McNeill Radio 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Steve McQueen Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Audrey Meadows Television 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller see Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara Mike Medavoy Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Donald Meek Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street George Meeker Motion pictures 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Zubin Mehta Recording 1600 Vine Street Name Category Address Thomas Meighan Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Meiklejohn Motion pictures 1777 Vine Street George Melachrino Recording 1625 Vine Street Lauritz Melchior Recording 1718 Vine Street James Melton Radio 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6564 Hollywood Blvd . Rafael Méndez Recording 6767 Hollywood Blvd . Adolphe Menjou Motion pictures 6826 Hollywood Blvd . Alan Menken Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Yehudi Menuhin Recording 6710 Hollywood Blvd . Johnny Mercer Television 1628 Vine Street Burgess Meredith Motion pictures 6904 Hollywood Blvd . Una Merkel Motion pictures 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Ethel Merman Motion pictures 7044 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 1751 Vine Street Robert Merrill Recording 6763 Hollywood Blvd . Debra Messing Television 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Al Michaels Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Lorne Michaels Television 6627 Hollywood Blvd . Oscar Micheaux Motion pictures 6721 Hollywood Blvd . Bette Midler Recording 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Toshiro Mifune Motion pictures 6912 Hollywood Blvd . Luis Miguel Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . David Milch Television 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Vera Miles Television 1652 Vine Street Lewis Milestone Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Ray Milland Motion pictures 1621 Vine Street Television 1634 Vine Street The Steve Miller Band see under `` S '' Ann Miller Motion pictures 6914 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Miller Television 6757 Hollywood Blvd . Glenn Miller Recording 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Marilyn Miller Motion pictures 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Marvin Miller Television 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Mitch Miller Recording 7013 Hollywood Blvd . The Mills Brothers Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Nathan Milstein Recording 6379 Hollywood Blvd . Liza Minnelli Live performance 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Vincente Minnelli Motion pictures 6676 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Miles Minter Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Ken Minyard & Robert Arthur Radio 6808 Hollywood Blvd . The Miracles Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Carmen Miranda Motion pictures 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Helen Mirren Motion pictures 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Don Mischer Television 7013 Hollywood Blvd . Everett Mitchell Radio 6254 Hollywood Blvd . Guy Mitchell Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Thomas Mitchell Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street Television 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Mitchum Motion pictures 6240 Hollywood Blvd . Tom Mix Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Hal Mohr Motion pictures 6433 Hollywood Blvd . Thelonious Monk Recording 7055 Hollywood Blvd . The Monkees Television 6675 Hollywood Blvd . Marilyn Monroe Motion pictures 6774 Hollywood Blvd . Vaughn Monroe Radio 1755 Vine Street Recording 1600 Vine Street Ricardo Montalbán Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Pierre Monteux Recording 1725 Vine Street Elizabeth Montgomery Television 6533 Hollywood Blvd . George Montgomery Television 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Montgomery Motion pictures 6440 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1631 Vine Street Art Mooney Recording 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Clayton Moore -- The Lone Ranger Television 6914 Hollywood Blvd . Colleen Moore Motion pictures 1549 Vine Street Constance Moore Motion pictures 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Del Moore Television 6405 Hollywood Blvd . Dudley Moore Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Garry Moore Radio 1718 Vine Street Television 1680 Vine Street Grace Moore Motion pictures 6274 Hollywood Blvd . Julianne Moore Motion pictures 6250 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Tyler Moore Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Matt Moore Motion pictures 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Owen Moore Motion pictures 6727 Hollywood Blvd . Roger Moore Motion pictures 7007 Hollywood Blvd . Terry Moore Motion pictures 7076 Hollywood Blvd . Tom Moore Motion pictures 1640 Vine Street Victor Moore Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Agnes Moorehead Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Polly Moran Motion pictures 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Antonio Moreno Motion pictures 6651 Hollywood Blvd . Rita Moreno Motion pictures 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Morgan Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Radio 6700 Hollywood Blvd . Henry Morgan Radio 6325 Hollywood Blvd . Jane Morgan Recording 6914 Hollywood Blvd . Michèle Morgan Motion pictures 1645 Vine Street Ralph Morgan Motion pictures 1617 Vine Street Robert W. Morgan Radio 6841 Hollywood Blvd . Russ Morgan Recording 1751 Vine Street Tracy Morgan Television 6280 Hollywood Blvd . Pat Morita Motion pictures 6633 Hollywood Blvd . Ennio Morricone Live performance 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Doug Morris Recording 6259 Hollywood Blvd . Carlton E. Morse Radio 6445 Hollywood Blvd . Ella Mae Morse Recording 1724 Vine Street Jerry Moss Recording 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Mötley Crüe Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Mickey Mouse Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Minnie Mouse Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Jean Muir Motion pictures 6280 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Mulhall Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Richard Mulligan Television 6777 Hollywood Blvd . The Munchkins Motion pictures 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Muni Motion pictures 6433 Hollywood Blvd . Ona Munson Motion pictures 6250 Hollywood Blvd . The Muppets Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Dennis Muren Motion pictures 6764 Hollywood Blvd . Audie Murphy Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street Eddie Murphy Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . George Murphy Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street Anne Murray Recording 1750 Vine Street Charlie Murray Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Don Murray Motion pictures 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Jan Murray Television 6153 Hollywood Blvd . Ken Murray Radio 1724 Vine Street Mae Murray Motion pictures 6318 Hollywood Blvd . Edward R. Murrow Radio 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Carmel Myers Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Mike Myers Motion pictures 7046 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Jim Nabors Live performance 6435 Hollywood Blvd . Conrad Nagel Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Radio 1752 Vine Street Television 1752 Vine Street Stu Nahan Radio 6549 Hollywood Blvd . J. Carrol Naish Television 6145 Hollywood Blvd . Nita Naldi Motion pictures 6316 Hollywood Blvd . Niecy Nash Television 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Ogden Nash Television 6264 Hollywood Blvd . Alla Nazimova Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Patricia Neal Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . James L. Nederlander Live performance 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Pola Negri Motion pictures 6140 Hollywood Blvd . Jean Negulesco Motion pictures 6212 Hollywood Blvd . Marshall Neilan Motion pictures 6241 Hollywood Blvd . Barry Nelson Television 6259 Hollywood Blvd . David Nelson Television 1501 Vine Street Gene Nelson Motion pictures 7005 Hollywood Blvd . Harriet Nelson Television 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Ozzie Nelson Television 6555 Hollywood Blvd . Ozzie & Harriet Nelson Radio 6260 Hollywood Blvd . Ricky Nelson Recording 1515 Vine Street John Nesbitt Motion pictures 1717 Vine Street Radio 6200 Hollywood Blvd . Mace Neufeld Motion pictures 6714 Hollywood Blvd . New Edition Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . New Kids on the Block Recording 7072 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Bob Newhart Television 6381 Hollywood Blvd . Alfred Newman Recording 1708 Vine Street Paul Newman Motion pictures 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Randy Newman Motion pictures 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Wayne Newton Recording 6909 Hollywood Blvd . Olivia Newton - John Recording 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Fred Niblo Motion pictures 7014 Hollywood Blvd . The Nicholas Brothers Motion pictures 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Nichelle Nichols Television 6633 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Nicholson Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Leslie Nielsen Motion pictures 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Chuck Niles Radio 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Ken Niles Radio 6711 Hollywood Blvd . Wendell Niles Radio 1725 Vine Street Anna Q. Nilsson Motion pictures 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Leonard Nimoy Motion pictures 6651 Hollywood Blvd . David Niven Motion pictures 6384 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1623 Vine Street Marian Nixon Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Lloyd Nolan Television 1752 Vine Street Nick Nolte Motion pictures 6433 Hollywood Blvd . Mabel Normand Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Chuck Norris Motion pictures 7024 Hollywood Blvd . Kim Novak Motion pictures 6332 Hollywood Blvd . Ramon Novarro Motion pictures 6350 Hollywood Blvd . * NSYNC Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . O ( edit ) Name Category Address Jack Oakie Motion pictures 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Merle Oberon Motion pictures 6274 Hollywood Blvd . Hugh O'Brian Television 6613 Hollywood Blvd . Dave O'Brien Motion pictures 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Edmond O'Brien Motion pictures 1725 Vine Street Television 6523 Hollywood Blvd . Eugene O'Brien Motion pictures 1620 Vine Street George O'Brien Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Margaret O'Brien Motion pictures 6606 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1634 Vine Street Pat O'Brien Motion pictures 1531 Vine Street Television 6240 Hollywood Blvd . Carroll O'Connor Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Donald O'Connor Motion pictures 1680 Vine Street Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Molly O'Day Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Chris O'Donnell Television 6681 Hollywood Blvd . George O'Hanlon Motion pictures 6428 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Maureen O'Hara Motion pictures 7004 Hollywood Blvd . Walter O'Keefe Radio 6153 Hollywood Blvd . Edna May Oliver Motion pictures 1623 Vine Street Laurence Olivier Motion pictures 6319 Hollywood Blvd . Edward James Olmos Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Ed O'Neill Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Henry O'Neill Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Roy Orbison Recording 1750 Vine Street Tony Orlando Recording 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Eugene Ormandy Recording 6926 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Osborne Television 1617 Vine Street Ozzy Osbourne Recording 6780 Hollywood Blvd . Michael O'Shea Television 1680 Vine Street The Osmonds Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Maureen O'Sullivan Motion pictures 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Buck Owens Recording 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Gary Owens Radio 6743 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Jack Paar Television 6212 Hollywood Blvd . Paderewski Recording 6284 Hollywood Blvd . Anita Page Motion pictures 6116 Hollywood Blvd . Patti Page Recording 6760 Hollywood Blvd . Janis Paige Motion pictures 6624 Hollywood Blvd . George Pal Motion pictures 1720 Vine Street Jack Palance Television 6608 Hollywood Blvd . Eugene Pallette Motion pictures 6702 Hollywood Blvd . Lilli Palmer Television 7013 Hollywood Blvd . Gwyneth Paltrow Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Franklin Pangborn Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Eleanor Parker Motion pictures 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Parker Radio 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Jean Parker Motion pictures 6666 Hollywood Blvd . Ray Parker Jr . Recording 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Parkyakarkus Radio 1708 Vine Street Helen Parrish Motion pictures 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Jim Parsons Television 6533 Hollywood Blvd . Louella Parsons Motion pictures 6418 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Dolly Parton Recording 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Joe Pasternak Motion pictures 1541 N. Vine Street Mandy Patinkin Television 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Les Paul and Mary Ford Recording 1541 Vine Street Katina Paxinou Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street John Payne Motion pictures 6125 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6687 Hollywood Blvd . Al Pearce Radio 6328 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Pearl Radio 1680 Vine Street Drew Pearson Radio 6623 Hollywood Blvd . Harold Peary Radio 1639 Vine Street Television 1719 Vine Street Gregory Peck Motion pictures 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Jan Peerce Recording 1751 Vine Street Penn & Teller Live performance 7003 Hollywood Blvd . Joe Penner Radio 1752 Vine Street George Peppard Motion pictures 6675 Hollywood Blvd . Anthony Perkins Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Gigi Perreau Television 6212 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Perrin Motion pictures 1777 Vine Street Bernadette Peters Live performance 6706 Hollywood Blvd . Brock Peters Live performance 7000 Hollywood Blvd . House Peters Sr . Motion pictures 6157 Hollywood Blvd . Jon Peters Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Susan Peters Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street William Petersen Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Olga Petrova Motion pictures 6562 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers Recording 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Michelle Pfeiffer Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Regis Philbin Television 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Dorothy Phillips Motion pictures 6358 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Pickford Motion pictures 1523 Vine Street Mary Pickford Motion pictures 6280 Hollywood Blvd . Walter Pidgeon Motion pictures 6414 Hollywood Blvd . Webb Pierce Recording 1600 Vine Street Ezio Pinza Recording 1601 Vine Street Pitbull Recording 6201 Hollywood Blvd . ZaSu Pitts Motion pictures 6554 Hollywood Blvd . Suzanne Pleshette Television 6751 Hollywood Blvd . Amy Poehler Television 6767 Hollywood Blvd . The Pointer Sisters Recording 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Sidney Poitier Motion pictures 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Snub Pollard Motion pictures 6415 Hollywood Blvd . Lily Pons Recording 7006 Hollywood Blvd . Winnie the Pooh Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Cole Porter Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . H.C. Potter Motion pictures 6633 Hollywood Blvd . David Powell Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street Dick Powell Motion pictures 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6745 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1560 Vine Street Eleanor Powell Motion pictures 1541 Vine Street Jane Powell Motion pictures 6818 Hollywood Blvd . William Powell Motion pictures 1636 Vine Street Tyrone Power Motion pictures 6747 Hollywood Blvd . Mala Powers Television 6360 Hollywood Blvd . Stefanie Powers Television 6776 Hollywood Blvd . Pérez Prado Recording 1529 Vine Street Chris Pratt Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Otto Preminger Motion pictures 6624 Hollywood Blvd . Elvis Presley Recording 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Marie Prevost Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Vincent Price Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6501 Hollywood Blvd . Charley Pride Recording 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Louis Prima Recording 1617 Vine Street William Primrose Recording 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Aileen Pringle Motion pictures 6723 Hollywood Blvd . Freddie Prinze Television 6755 Hollywood Blvd . Jon Provost Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Pryor Motion pictures 6438 Hollywood Blvd . Wolfgang Puck Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Tito Puente Recording 6933 Hollywood Blvd . George Putnam Television 6374 Hollywood Blvd . Denver Pyle Motion pictures 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Q ( edit ) Name Category Address Dennis Quaid Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Randy Quaid Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Queen Recording 6356 Hollywood Blvd . Anthony Quinn Motion pictures 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Selena Quintanilla Recording 1750 N. Vine Street Name Category Address Daniel Radcliffe Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Gilda Radner Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . George Raft Motion pictures 6159 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1500 Vine Street Luise Rainer Motion pictures 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Ella Raines Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Claude Rains Motion pictures 6400 Hollywood Blvd . Bonnie Raitt Recording 1750 N. Vine Street John Raitt Live performance 6126 Hollywood Blvd . Esther Ralston Motion pictures 6664 Hollywood Blvd . Vera Ralston Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Marjorie Rambeau Motion pictures 6336 Hollywood Blvd . Rascal Flatts Recording 6664 Hollywood Blvd . Basil Rathbone Motion pictures 6549 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Brett Ratner Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Gregory Ratoff Motion pictures 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Herbert Rawlinson Motion pictures 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Lou Rawls Recording 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Ray Motion pictures 6355 Hollywood Blvd . Johnnie Ray Recording 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Martha Raye Motion pictures 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6547 Hollywood Blvd . Gene Raymond Motion pictures 7001 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1708 Vine Street Ronald Reagan Television 6374 Hollywood Blvd . Helen Reddy Recording 1750 Vine Street Sumner Redstone Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Donna Reed Motion pictures 1612 Vine Street Della Reese Television 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Christopher Reeve Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . George Reeves Television 6709 Hollywood Blvd . Keanu Reeves Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Wallace Reid Motion pictures 6617 Hollywood Blvd . Carl Reiner Television 6421 Hollywood Blvd . Rob Reiner Motion pictures 6421 Hollywood Blvd . Irving Reis Motion pictures 6912 Hollywood Blvd . Ivan Reitman Motion pictures 7024 Hollywood Blvd . Lee Remick Motion pictures 6104 Hollywood Blvd . Duncan Renaldo Television 1680 Vine Street Henri René Recording 1610 Vine Street Ray Rennahan Motion pictures 6916 Hollywood Blvd . Jean Renoir Motion pictures 6212 Hollywood Blvd . Burt Reynolds Motion pictures 6838 Hollywood Blvd . Debbie Reynolds Motion pictures 6654 Hollywood Blvd . Live performance 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Marjorie Reynolds Television 1525 Vine Street Ryan Reynolds Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Quentin Reynolds Radio 6225 Hollywood Blvd . Grantland Rice Radio 1632 Vine Street Tim Rice Live performance 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Irene Rich Motion pictures 6225 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6150 Hollywood Blvd . Little Richard Recording 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Lionel Richie Recording 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Don Rickles Live performance 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Nelson Riddle Recording 6724 Hollywood Blvd . Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou Radio 6164 Hollywood Blvd . Rin - Tin - Tin Motion pictures 1623 Vine Street Kelly Ripa Television 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Ripley Radio 6400 Hollywood Blvd . John Ritter Television 6631 Hollywood Blvd . Tex Ritter Recording 6631 Hollywood Blvd . The Ritz Brothers Motion pictures 6756 Hollywood Blvd . Joan Rivers Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Hal Roach Motion pictures 1654 Vine Street Gale Robbins Television 6500 Hollywood Blvd . Harold Robbins Motion pictures 6743 Hollywood Blvd . Marty Robbins Recording 6666 Hollywood Blvd . Tim Robbins Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Doris Roberts Live performance 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Theodore Roberts Motion pictures 6166 Hollywood Blvd . Cliff Robertson Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Dale Robertson Television 6500 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Robeson Motion pictures 6660 Hollywood Blvd . Edward G. Robinson Motion pictures 6235 Hollywood Blvd . Smokey Robinson Recording 1500 N. Vine Street Mark Robson Motion pictures 1720 Vine Street Chris Rock Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Gene Roddenberry Television 6683 Hollywood Blvd . Buddy Rogers Motion pictures 6135 Hollywood Blvd . Ginger Rogers Motion pictures 6772 Hollywood Blvd . Kenny Rogers Recording 6666 Hollywood Blvd . Mister Rogers Television 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Roy Rogers Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Radio 1733 Vine Street Television 1620 Vine Street Wayne Rogers Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Will Rogers Motion pictures 6401 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6608 Hollywood Blvd . Gilbert Roland Motion pictures 6730 Hollywood Blvd . Ruth Roland Motion pictures 6260 Hollywood Blvd . Ruth Roman Television 6672 Hollywood Blvd . Cesar Romero Motion pictures 6615 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1719 Vine Street George A. Romero Motion pictures 6604 Hollywood Blvd . Jan and Mickey Rooney Live performance 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Mickey Rooney Motion pictures 1718 Vine Street Radio 6372 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6541 Hollywood Blvd . David Rose Recording 6514 Hollywood Blvd . Roseanne Television 6767 Hollywood Blvd . Diana Ross Recording 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Lanny Ross Radio 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Marion Ross Television 6420 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Rossen Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Lillian Roth Motion pictures 6330 Hollywood Blvd . Dan Rowan and Dick Martin Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Henry Rowland Television 6328 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Rowland Motion pictures 1549 Vine Street Alma Rubens Motion pictures 6409 Hollywood Blvd . Arthur Rubinstein Recording 1737 Vine Street Paul Rudd Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Evelyn Rudie Television 6800 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Ruggles Motion pictures 6264 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6359 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1630 Vine Street Wesley Ruggles Motion pictures 6424 Hollywood Blvd . Rugrats Television 6600 Hollywood Blvd . RuPaul Television 6652 Hollywood Blvd . Rush Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Gail Russell Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Harold Russell Motion pictures 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Jane Russell Motion pictures 6850 Hollywood Blvd . Keri Russell Television 6356 Hollywood Blvd . Kurt Russell Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Rosalind Russell Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Ann Rutherford Television 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Winona Ryder Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Haim Saban Television 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Sabu Motion pictures 6251 Hollywood Blvd . Katey Sagal Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Carole Bayer Sager Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Eva Marie Saint Television 6730 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6624 Hollywood Blvd . Susan Saint James Television 1645 Vine Street Al St. John Motion pictures 6313 Hollywood Blvd . Adela Rogers St. Johns Motion pictures 6424 Hollywood Blvd . Pat Sajak Television 6200 Hollywood Blvd . Zoe Saldana Motion pictures 6920 Hollywood Blvd . Soupy Sales Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . George Sanders Motion pictures 1636 Vine Street Television 7007 Hollywood Blvd . Julia Sanderson Radio 1620 Vine Street Adam Sandler Motion pictures 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Mark Sandrich Motion pictures 1719 Vine Street Tommy Sands Recording 1560 Vine Street Isabel Sanford Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Carlos Santana Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Cristina Saralegui Television 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Susan Sarandon Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Telly Savalas Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Joseph Schenck Motion pictures 6757 Hollywood Blvd . Victor Schertzinger Motion pictures 1611 Vine Street Lalo Schifrin Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Joseph Schildkraut Motion pictures 6780 Hollywood Blvd . George Schlatter Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Al Schmitt Recording 1750 Vine Street Ernest B. Schoedsack Motion pictures 6270 Hollywood Blvd . B.P. Schulberg Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Charles M. Schulz Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Ernestine Schumann - Heink Recording 6640 Hollywood Blvd . Sherwood Schwartz Television 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Stephen Schwartz Live performance 6233 Hollywood Blvd . Arnold Schwarzenegger Motion pictures 6764 Hollywood Blvd . Martin Scorsese Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Lizabeth Scott Motion pictures 1624 Vine Street Martha Scott Live performance 6126 Hollywood Blvd . Randolph Scott Motion pictures 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Ridley Scott Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . Zachary Scott Motion pictures 6349 Hollywood Blvd . Earl Scruggs Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Vin Scully Radio 6675 Hollywood Blvd . Ryan Seacrest Radio 6801 Hollywood Blvd . George Seaton Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Dorothy Sebastian Motion pictures 6655 Hollywood Blvd . Neil Sedaka Recording Sunset & Vine Edward Sedgwick Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Kyra Sedgwick Television 6356 Hollywood Blvd . George Segal Television 6433 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band Recording 1750 Vine Street William A. Seiter Motion pictures 6240 Hollywood Blvd . William Selig Motion pictures 6116 Hollywood Blvd . Tom Selleck Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . David O. Selznick Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Lewis J. Selznick Motion pictures 6412 Hollywood Blvd . Larry Semon Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Mack Sennett Motion pictures 6710 Hollywood Blvd . Rudolf Serkin Recording 1751 Vine Street Rod Serling Television 6840 Hollywood Blvd . Mark Serrurier Motion pictures 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Dr. Seuss Motion pictures 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Jane Seymour Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Shakira Recording 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Leon Shamroy Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . William Shatner Television 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Artie Shaw Recording 1709 Vine Street Robert Shaw Recording 1559 Vine Street Norma Shearer Motion pictures 6636 Hollywood Blvd . George Shearing Recording 1716 Vine Street Charlie Sheen Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Martin Sheen Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Judge Judy Sheindlin Television 7065 Hollywood Blvd . Sidney Sheldon Television 6739 Hollywood Blvd . Cybill Shepherd Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Tom Sherak Motion pictures 6910 Hollywood Blvd . Ann Sheridan Motion pictures 7024 Hollywood Blvd . The Sherman Brothers Motion pictures 6918 Hollywood Blvd . Bobby Sherwood Television 1625 Vine Street Anne Shirley Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Dinah Shore Radio 1751 Vine Street Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6916 Hollywood Blvd . Shrek Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . George Sidney Motion pictures 6307 Hollywood Blvd . Sylvia Sidney Motion pictures 6245 Hollywood Blvd . Siegfried & Roy Live performance 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Beverly Sills Recording 1750 Vine Street Milton Sills Motion pictures 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Joel Silver Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Jay Silverheels Television 6538 Hollywood Blvd . Phil Silvers Television 6370 Hollywood Blvd . Ginny Simms Radio 6408 Hollywood Blvd . The Simpsons Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Frank Sinatra Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Recording 1637 Vine Street Television 6538 Hollywood Blvd . Nancy Sinatra Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . John Singleton Motion pictures 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Penny Singleton Motion pictures 6547 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6811 Hollywood Blvd . Gary Sinise Television 6664 Hollywood Blvd . Red Skelton Radio 6763 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6650 Hollywood Blvd . Slash Recording 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Everett Sloane Television 6254 Hollywood Blvd . Edward Small Motion pictures 1501 Vine Street Tavis Smiley Television 6270 Hollywood Blvd . C. Aubrey Smith Motion pictures 6327 Hollywood Blvd . Carl Smith Recording 1517 Vine Street Name Category Address Jack Smith Radio 6145 Hollywood Blvd . Jaclyn Smith Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Joe Smith Recording 1750 N. Vine Street Kate Smith Recording 6157 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 6145 Hollywood Blvd . Keely Smith Recording 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Pete Smith Motion pictures 1621 Vine Street The Smothers Brothers Television 6555 Hollywood Blvd . Wesley Snipes Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Snoopy Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Snow White Motion pictures 6910 Hollywood Blvd . Marco Antonio Solís Recording 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Suzanne Somers Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Sonny & Cher Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . The Sons of the Pioneers Recording 6845 Hollywood Blvd . Ann Sothern Motion pictures 1612 Vine Street Television 1634 Vine Street John Philip Sousa Recording 1500 Vine Street Sissy Spacek Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Kevin Spacey Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . David Spade Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Britney Spears Recording 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Aaron Spelling Television 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Arthur Spiegel Motion pictures 1680 Vine Street Steven Spielberg Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . The Spinners Recording 6723 Hollywood Blvd . Phil Spitalny Radio 6364 Hollywood Blvd . Rick Springfield Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Stack Motion pictures 7001 Hollywood Blvd . Hanley Stafford Radio 1640 Vine Street Jo Stafford Radio 1709 Vine Street Recording 1625 Vine Street Television 6270 Hollywood Blvd . John M. Stahl Motion pictures 6546 Hollywood Blvd . Sylvester Stallone Motion pictures 6712 Hollywood Blvd . John Stamos Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Barbara Stanwyck Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Pauline Starke Motion pictures 6125 Hollywood Blvd . Kay Starr Recording 1716 Vine Street Ringo Starr Recording 1750 Vine Street Ralph Staub Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Eleanor Steber Recording 1708 Vine Street The Real Don Steele Radio 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Mary Steenburgen Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Rod Steiger Motion pictures 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Jules C. Stein Motion pictures 6821 Hollywood Blvd . William Steinberg Recording 1645 Vine Street Max Steiner Motion pictures 1559 Vine Street Ford Sterling Motion pictures 6612 Hollywood Blvd . Jan Sterling Motion pictures 6638 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Sterling Television 1709 Vine Street Bill Stern Radio 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Isaac Stern Recording 6540 Hollywood Blvd . The Steve Miller Band Recording 1750 Vine Street Connie Stevens Television 6249 Hollywood Blvd . George Stevens Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street Mark Stevens Television 6637 Hollywood Blvd . Onslow Stevens Motion pictures 6349 Hollywood Blvd . Anita Stewart Motion pictures 6724 Hollywood Blvd . James Stewart Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Patrick Stewart Live performance 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Rod Stewart Recording 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Mauritz Stiller Motion pictures 1713 Vine Street Sting Recording 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Frederick Stock Recording 1547 Vine Street Dean Stockwell Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Leopold Stokowski Recording 1600 Vine Street Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber see Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Morris Stoloff Recording 6702 Hollywood Blvd . Andrew L. Stone Motion pictures 6777 Hollywood Blvd . Cliffie Stone Radio 1501 Vine Street Ezra Stone Radio 1634 Vine Street Fred Stone Motion pictures 1634 Vine Street George E. Stone Motion pictures 6932 Hollywood Blvd . Lewis Stone Motion pictures 6526 Hollywood Blvd . Milburn Stone Motion pictures 6823 Hollywood Blvd . Oliver Stone Motion pictures 7013 Hollywood Blvd . Sharon Stone Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Edith Storey Motion pictures 1523 Vine Street Gale Storm Radio 6119 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 1519 Vine Street Television 1680 Vine Street Bill Stout Television 1500 Vine Street Lee Strasberg Motion pictures 6757 Hollywood Blvd . Igor Stravinsky Radio 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Meryl Streep Motion pictures 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Barbra Streisand Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Strongheart Motion pictures 1724 Vine Street Gloria Stuart Motion pictures 6714 Hollywood Blvd . John Sturges Motion pictures 6511 Hollywood Blvd . Preston Sturges Motion pictures 1601 Vine Street Margaret Sullavan Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Barry Sullivan Motion pictures 6160 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1500 Vine Street Ed Sullivan Television 6101 Hollywood Blvd . Yma Sumac Recording 6445 Hollywood Blvd . Donna Summer Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Slim Summerville Motion pictures 6409 Hollywood Blvd . The Supremes Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Donald Sutherland Motion pictures 7024 Hollywood Blvd . Kiefer Sutherland Television 7024 Hollywood Blvd . Mack Swain Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Hilary Swank Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Gloria Swanson Television 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6750 Hollywood Blvd . Gladys Swarthout Recording 6290 Hollywood Blvd . Patrick Swayze Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Blanche Sweet Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Loretta Swit Television 6240 Hollywood Blvd . Joseph Szigeti Recording 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address George Takei Television 6681 Hollywood Blvd . Mabel Taliaferro Motion pictures 6720 Hollywood Blvd . Constance Talmadge Motion pictures 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Norma Talmadge Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Jeffrey Tambor Television 6320 Hollywood Blvd . Akim Tamiroff Motion pictures 1634 Vine Street Jessica Tandy Motion pictures 6284 Hollywood Blvd . Quentin Tarantino Motion pictures 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Norman Taurog Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Elizabeth Taylor Motion pictures 6336 Hollywood Blvd . Estelle Taylor Motion pictures 1620 Vine Street Kent Taylor Motion pictures 1645 Vine Street Television 6818 Hollywood Blvd . Rip Taylor Live performance 6625 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Taylor Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Ruth Ashton Taylor Television 1540 Vine Street Renata Tebaldi Recording 6628 Hollywood Blvd . Teller see Penn & Teller Shirley Temple Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Alec Templeton Radio 1724 Vine Street The Temptations Recording 7060 Hollywood Blvd . Alice Terry Motion pictures 6626 Hollywood Blvd . John Tesh Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Irving Thalberg Motion pictures 7006 Hollywood Blvd . Thalía Recording 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Phyllis Thaxter Motion pictures 6531 Hollywood Blvd . Blanche Thebom Recording 1651 Vine Street Charlize Theron Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Bob Thomas Motion pictures 6841 Hollywood Blvd . Danny Thomas Television 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Jay Thomas Radio 6161 Hollywood Blvd . John Charles Thomas Recording 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Lowell Thomas Motion pictures 6433 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1752 Vine Street Marlo Thomas Television 6904 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Thompson Radio 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Emma Thompson Motion pictures 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Fred Thomson Motion pictures 6850 Hollywood Blvd . Billy Bob Thornton Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Thorpe Motion pictures 6101 Hollywood Blvd . The Three Stooges Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Name Category Address Lawrence Tibbett Recording 6325 Hollywood Blvd . Gene Tierney Motion pictures 6125 Hollywood Blvd . Tinker Bell Motion pictures 6834 Hollywood Blvd . Steve Tisch Motion pictures 6522 Hollywood Blvd . Genevieve Tobin Motion pictures 6119 Hollywood Blvd . Thelma Todd Motion pictures 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Franchot Tone Motion pictures 6560 Hollywood Blvd . Regis Toomey Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Mel Tormé Recording 1541 Vine Street David Torrence Motion pictures 6564 Hollywood Blvd . Ernest Torrence Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Arturo Toscanini Radio 6336 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6725 Hollywood Blvd . Maurice Tourneur Motion pictures 6243 Hollywood Blvd . Lee Tracy Motion pictures 1638 Vine Street Spencer Tracy Motion pictures 6814 Hollywood Blvd . Helen Traubel Recording 6422 Hollywood Blvd . Fred Travalena Live performance 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Randy Travis Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . John Travolta Motion pictures 6901 Hollywood Blvd . Arthur Treacher Motion pictures 6274 Hollywood Blvd . Alex Trebek Television 6501 Hollywood Blvd . Claire Trevor Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Laurence Trimble Motion pictures 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Ernest Truex Television 6721 Hollywood Blvd . Donald Trump Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Ernest Tubb Recording 1751 Vine Street Forrest Tucker Motion pictures 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Sophie Tucker Motion pictures 6321 Hollywood Blvd . Thomas L. Tully Motion pictures 6119 Hollywood Blvd . Charlie Tuna Radio 1560 Vine Street Tommy Tune Live performance 1777 Vine Street Lana Turner Motion pictures 6241 Hollywood Blvd . Ted Turner Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Tina Turner Recording 1750 N. Vine Street Ben Turpin Motion pictures 1651 Vine Street Lurene Tuttle Radio 1760 Vine Street Television 7011 Hollywood Blvd . Shania Twain Recording 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Helen Twelvetrees Motion pictures 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Cicely Tyson Motion pictures 7080 Hollywood Blvd . U ( edit ) Name Category Address Robert Urich Television 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Usher Recording 6201 Hollywood Blvd . V ( edit ) Name Category Address Vera Vague Motion pictures 1720 Vine Street Radio 1639 Vine Street Ritchie Valens Recording 6733 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Valenti Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Rudolph Valentino Motion pictures 6164 Hollywood Blvd . Rudy Vallée Radio 1632 Vine Street Virginia Valli Motion pictures 6125 Hollywood Blvd . Mamie Van Doren Motion pictures 7057 Hollywood Blvd . Luther Vandross Recording 1717 Vine Street Dick Van Dyke Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . W.S. Van Dyke Motion pictures 6141 Hollywood Blvd . Jo Van Fleet Motion pictures 7010 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Van Patten Television 1541 N. Vine Street Vivian Vance Television 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Sarah Vaughan Recording 1724 Vine Street Robert Vaughn Motion pictures 6633 Hollywood Blvd . Lupe Vélez Motion pictures 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Evelyn Venable Motion pictures 1500 Vine Street Billy Vera Recording 1770 Vine Street Vera - Ellen Motion pictures 7083 Hollywood Blvd . Elena Verdugo Television 1709 Vine Street Sofía Vergara Television 7013 Hollywood Blvd . Bobby Vernon Motion pictures 6825 Hollywood Blvd . Victoria 's Secret Angels Special 6800 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Vidor Motion pictures 6676 Hollywood Blvd . King Vidor Motion pictures 6743 Hollywood Blvd . Village People Recording 6529 Hollywood Blvd . Gene Vincent Recording 1749 N. Vine St . Helen Vinson Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Bobby Vinton Recording 6916 Hollywood Blvd . Josef von Sternberg Motion pictures 6401 Hollywood Blvd . Erich von Stroheim Motion pictures 6826 Hollywood Blvd . Harry von Zell Radio 6521 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Lindsay Wagner Television 6767 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Wagner Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Roger Wagner Recording 7003 Hollywood Blvd . Mark Wahlberg Motion pictures 6259 Hollywood Blvd . Jimmy Wakely Recording 1680 Vine Street Clint Walker Television 1505 Vine Street Robert Walker Motion pictures 1709 Vine Street Mike Wallace Television 6263 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Wallace Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Mark Wallengren & Kim Amidon see Mark & Kim James Wallington Radio 6660 Hollywood Blvd . Raoul Walsh Motion pictures 6135 Hollywood Blvd . Ray Walston Live performance 7070 Hollywood Blvd . Bruno Walter Recording 6902 Hollywood Blvd . Barbara Walters Television 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Walters Motion pictures 6402 Hollywood Blvd . Henry B. Walthall Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Christoph Waltz Motion pictures 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Judge Joseph Wapner Television 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Jay Ward Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Fred Waring Radio 6556 Hollywood Blvd . Recording 6300 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1751 Vine Street H.B. Warner Motion pictures 6600 Hollywood Blvd . Harry Warner Motion pictures 6441 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Warner Motion pictures 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Sam Warner Motion pictures 6201 Hollywood Blvd . Diane Warren Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Ruth Warrick Motion pictures 6689 Hollywood Blvd . Dionne Warwick Recording 6922 Hollywood Blvd . Lew Wasserman Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Willard Waterman Radio 1601 Vine Street Sam Waterston Television 7040 Hollywood Blvd . The Watson Family Motion pictures 6674 Hollywood Blvd . John Wayne Motion pictures 1541 Vine Street Dennis Weaver Television 6822 Hollywood Blvd . Sigourney Weaver Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Clifton Webb Motion pictures 6850 Hollywood Blvd . Jack Webb Radio 7040 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6278 Hollywood Blvd . Richard Webb Television 7059 Hollywood Blvd . Lois Weber Motion pictures 6518 Hollywood Blvd . Ted Weems Recording 1680 Vine Street Jerry Weintraub Motion pictures 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Johnny Weissmuller Television 6541 Hollywood Blvd . Raquel Welch Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Lawrence Welk Recording 6613 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1601 Vine Street Orson Welles Motion pictures 1600 Vine Street Radio 6552 Hollywood Blvd . William A. Wellman Motion pictures 6125 Hollywood Blvd . John Wells Television 6533 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Welsh Television 6362 Hollywood Blvd . Adam West Television 6764 Hollywood Blvd . Mae West Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street The Westmores Motion pictures 1645 Vine Street Paul Weston Recording 1535 Vine Street Haskell Wexler Motion pictures 7070 Hollywood Blvd . Forest Whitaker Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Alice White Motion pictures 1511 Vine Street Barry White Recording 6914 Hollywood Blvd . Betty White Television 6747 Hollywood Blvd . Jack White Motion pictures 6366 Hollywood Blvd . Jules White Motion pictures 1559 Vine Street Pearl White Motion pictures 6838 Hollywood Blvd . Vanna White Television 7018 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Whiteman Recording 6157 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1601 Vine Street Barbara Whiting Television 6443 Hollywood Blvd . Margaret Whiting Recording 6623 Hollywood Blvd . Slim Whitman Recording 1709 Vine Street Stuart Whitman Motion pictures 7083 Hollywood Blvd . James Whitmore Television 6611 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Whittinghill Radio 6384 Hollywood Blvd . Name Category Address Richard Widmark Motion pictures 6800 Hollywood Blvd . Henry Wilcoxon Motion pictures 6256 Hollywood Blvd . Cornel Wilde Motion pictures 1635 Vine Street Billy Wilder Motion pictures 1751 Vine Street Tichi Wilkerson - Kassel Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Warren William Motion pictures 1559 Vine Street Andy Williams Recording 6667 Hollywood Blvd . Bill Williams Television 6145 Hollywood Blvd . Billy Dee Williams Motion pictures 1521 Vine Street Cindy Williams Television 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Earle Williams Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Esther Williams Motion pictures 1560 Vine Street Guy Williams Television 7080 Hollywood Blvd . Hank Williams Recording 6400 Hollywood Blvd . Joe Williams Recording 6508 Hollywood Blvd . Kathlyn Williams Motion pictures 7038 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Williams Recording 6931 Hollywood Blvd . Pharrell Williams Recording 6270 Hollywood Blvd . Robin Williams Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Roger Williams Recording 1533 Vine Street Tex Williams Radio 6412 Hollywood Blvd . Vanessa Williams Recording 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Dave Willock Television 6358 Hollywood Blvd . Bruce Willis Motion pictures 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Chill Wills Motion pictures 6923 Hollywood Blvd . Meredith Willson Radio 6411 Hollywood Blvd . Ann & Nancy Wilson -- Heart Recording 6752 Hollywood Blvd . Carey Wilson Motion pictures 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Don Wilson Radio 1500 Vine Street Lois Wilson Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Marie Wilson Radio 6301 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6765 Hollywood Blvd . Motion pictures 6601 Hollywood Blvd . Nancy Wilson Recording 6541 Hollywood Blvd . BeBe and CeCe Winans Recording 6126 Hollywood Blvd . Paul Winchell Television 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Walter Winchell Radio 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1645 Vine Street Claire Windsor Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Marie Windsor Motion pictures 1549 N. Vine Street Toby Wing Motion pictures 6561 Hollywood Blvd . Henry Winkler Television 6235 Hollywood Blvd . Irwin Winkler Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Charles Winninger Radio 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Kate Winslet Motion pictures 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Stan Winston Motion pictures 6522 Hollywood Blvd . Hugo Winterhalter Recording 1600 Vine Street Jonathan Winters Television 6290 Hollywood Blvd . Shelley Winters Motion pictures 1752 Vine Street Robert Wise Motion pictures 6340 Hollywood Blvd . Jane Withers Motion pictures 6119 Hollywood Blvd . Reese Witherspoon Motion pictures 6262 Hollywood Blvd . Dick Wolf Television 7040 Hollywood Blvd . David L. Wolper Television Sunset & Vine Stevie Wonder Recording 7050 Hollywood Blvd . Anna May Wong Motion pictures 1708 Vine Street Natalie Wood Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Sam Wood Motion pictures 6714 Hollywood Blvd . Woody Woodpecker Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Donald Woods Television 6260 Hollywood Blvd . James Woods Motion pictures 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Joanne Woodward Motion pictures 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Monty Woolley Motion pictures 6542 Hollywood Blvd . Fay Wray Motion pictures 6349 Hollywood Blvd . Teresa Wright Motion pictures 1680 Vine Street Television 6405 Hollywood Blvd . Jane Wyatt Television 6350 Hollywood Blvd . William Wyler Motion pictures 1731 Vine Street Jane Wyman Motion pictures 6607 Hollywood Blvd . Television 1620 Vine Street Ed Wynn Motion pictures 1541 Vine Street Radio 6333 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6426 Hollywood Blvd . Keenan Wynn Television 1515 Vine Street X ( edit ) No Entries Y ( edit ) Name Category Address `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Recording 6914 Hollywood Blvd . Dwight Yoakam Recording 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Michael York Motion pictures 6385 Hollywood Blvd . Alan Young Radio 6927 Hollywood Blvd . Carleton G. Young Radio 6733 Hollywood Blvd . Clara Kimball Young Motion pictures 6513 Hollywood Blvd . Gig Young Television 6821 Hollywood Blvd . Loretta Young Motion pictures 6100 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6135 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Young Motion pictures 6933 Hollywood Blvd . Radio 1620 Vine Street Television 6360 Hollywood Blvd . Roland Young Motion pictures 6523 Hollywood Blvd . Television 6315 Hollywood Blvd . Victor Young Recording 6363 Hollywood Blvd . Z ( edit ) Name Category Address Florian ZaBach Television 6505 Hollywood Blvd . Darryl F. Zanuck Motion pictures 6336 Hollywood Blvd . Richard D. Zanuck Motion pictures 6915 Hollywood Blvd . Carmen Zapata Live performance 6357 Hollywood Blvd . Renée Zellweger Motion pictures 7000 Hollywood Blvd . Robert Zemeckis Motion pictures 6925 Hollywood Blvd . Efrem Zimbalist Jr . Television 7095 Hollywood Blvd . Hans Zimmer Motion pictures 6908 Hollywood Blvd . Fred Zinnemann Motion pictures 6629 Hollywood Blvd . Adolph Zukor Motion pictures 1617 Vine Street See also ( edit ) List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars List of fictional characters with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merian Cooper 's star is misspelled as `` Meriam '' . Jump up ^ Lotte Lehmann star misspelled as `` Lottie '' . Jump up ^ Auguste Lumière star misspelled as `` August '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Star Ceremonies '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . February 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Dedication of the 2,601 st star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Merian C. Cooper - Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . April 22 , 1973 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Richard ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Larry Elder joins few radio hosts to get star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . dailynews.com . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Bill Cunningham , a radio pioneer who hosted Meet the Boss from 1944 to 1952 , was awarded a star in 1960 , although the Walk of Fame website incorrectly lists the recipient as the current conservative talk host with the same name . Jump up ^ `` Lotte Lehmann - Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . August 27 , 1976 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auguste Lumiere - Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . April 11 , 1954 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phil Gallo ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Smith Receives a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hollywood Walk of Fame . Hollywood Walk of Fame Starfinder at the official website Hollywood Star Walk : LA Times - an interactive map of star locations with photos Hollywood Walk of Fame interactive tour guide for mobile phones Hollywood Walk of Fame interactive tour guide for PC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_stars_on_the_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame&oldid=857118915 '' Categories : Lists of celebrities Lists of hall of fame inductees Hollywood Walk of Fame Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Dansk Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Malagasy 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Ripoarisch Sicilianu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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-8695550379767518596 | World Heritage Sites by country | World Heritage sites by country - wikipedia World Heritage sites by country World Heritage Sites by country As of July 2018 , there are a total of 1,092 World Heritage sites located in 167 States Parties , of which 845 are cultural , 209 are natural and 38 are mixed properties . The countries have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones : Africa , Arab States , Asia and the Pacific , Europe and North America , and Latin America and the Caribbean . The country with the largest number of sites ( including sites shared with other countries ) is Italy , with 54 entries . The country with the largest number of sites by itself alone ( excluding sites shared with other countries ) is China , with 53 entries . Contents 1 List of World Heritage Sites 2 Countries with major concentrations of World Heritage Sites 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links List of World Heritage Sites Country Natural sites Cultural sites Mixed sites Total sites Shared sites UNESCO region Afghanistan Asia and the Pacific Albania Europe and North America Algeria 6 7 Arab States Andorra Europe and North America Angola Africa Antigua and Barbuda Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina 5 6 11 Latin America and the Caribbean Armenia Europe and North America Australia 12 19 Asia and the Pacific Austria 9 10 Europe and North America Azerbaijan Europe and North America Bahrain Arab States Bangladesh Asia and the Pacific Barbados Latin America and the Caribbean Belarus Europe and North America Belgium 12 13 Europe and North America Belize Latin America and the Caribbean Benin Africa Bolivia 6 7 Latin America and the Caribbean Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe and North America Botswana Africa Brazil 7 14 21 Latin America and the Caribbean Bulgaria 7 10 Europe and North America Burkina Faso Africa Cambodia Asia and the Pacific Cameroon Africa Canada 10 8 18 Europe and North America Cape Verde Africa Central African Republic Africa Chad Africa Chile 6 6 Latin America and the Caribbean China 13 36 53 Asia and the Pacific Colombia 6 9 Latin America and the Caribbean Congo Africa Costa Rica Latin America and the Caribbean Côte d'Ivoire Africa Croatia 8 10 Europe and North America Cuba 7 9 Latin America and the Caribbean Cyprus Europe and North America Czech Republic 12 12 Europe and North America Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Asia and the Pacific Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 5 Africa Denmark 7 10 Europe and North America Dominica Latin America and the Caribbean Dominican Republic Latin America and the Caribbean Ecuador 5 Latin America and the Caribbean Egypt 6 7 Arab States El Salvador Latin America and the Caribbean Eritrea Africa Estonia Europe and North America Ethiopia 8 9 Africa Finland 6 7 Europe and North America Fiji Asia and the Pacific France 38 43 Europe and North America Gabon Africa Gambia Africa Georgia Europe and North America Germany 40 43 6 Europe and North America Ghana Africa Greece 16 18 Europe and North America Guatemala Latin America and the Caribbean Guinea Africa Haiti Latin America and the Caribbean Holy See Europe and North America Honduras Latin America and the Caribbean Hungary 7 8 Europe and North America Iceland Europe and North America India 7 29 37 Asia and the Pacific Indonesia 8 Asia and the Pacific Iran 22 23 Asia and the Pacific Iraq 5 Arab States Ireland Europe and North America Israel 9 9 Europe and North America Italy 5 49 54 6 Europe and North America Jamaica Latin America and the Caribbean Japan 18 22 Asia and the Pacific Jerusalem ( Site proposed by Jordan ) Arab States Jordan 5 Arab States Kazakhstan 5 Asia and the Pacific Kenya 7 Africa Kiribati Asia and the Pacific Kyrgyzstan Asia and the Pacific Laos Asia and the Pacific Latvia Europe and North America Lebanon 5 5 Arab States Lesotho Africa Libya 5 5 Arab States Lithuania Europe and North America Luxembourg Europe and North America Macedonia Europe and North America Madagascar Africa Malawi Africa Malaysia Asia and the Pacific Mali Africa Malta Europe and North America Marshall Islands Asia and the Pacific Mauritania Arab States Mauritius Africa Mexico 6 27 34 Latin America and the Caribbean Moldova Europe and North America Micronesia Asia and the Pacific Mongolia Asia and the Pacific Montenegro Europe and North America Morocco 9 9 Arab States Mozambique Africa Myanmar Asia and the Pacific Namibia Africa Nepal Asia and the Pacific Netherlands 9 10 Europe and North America New Zealand Asia and the Pacific Nicaragua Latin America and the Caribbean Niger Africa Nigeria Africa Norway 7 8 Europe and North America Oman 5 5 Arab States Pakistan 6 6 Asia and the Pacific Palau Asia and the Pacific Palestine Arab States Panama 5 Latin America and the Caribbean Papua New Guinea Asia and the Pacific Paraguay Latin America and the Caribbean Peru 8 12 Latin America and the Caribbean Philippines 6 Asia and the Pacific Poland 14 15 Europe and North America Portugal 14 15 Europe and North America Qatar Arab States Republic of Korea 12 13 Asia and the Pacific Romania 6 7 Europe and North America Russia 11 17 28 Europe and North America Saint Kitts and Nevis Latin America and the Caribbean Saint Lucia Latin America and the Caribbean San Marino Europe and North America Saudi Arabia 5 5 Arab States Senegal 5 7 Africa Serbia 5 5 Europe and North America Seychelles Africa Singapore Asia and the Pacific Slovakia 5 7 Europe and North America Slovenia Europe and North America Solomon Islands Asia and the Pacific South Africa 8 Africa Spain 40 46 Europe and North America Sri Lanka 6 8 Asia and the Pacific Sudan Arab States Suriname Latin America and the Caribbean Sweden 13 15 Europe and North America Switzerland 9 12 Europe and North America Syria 6 6 Arab States Tajikistan Asia and the Pacific Tanzania 7 Africa Thailand 5 Asia and the Pacific Togo Africa Tunisia 7 8 Arab States Turkey 14 16 Europe and North America Turkmenistan Asia and the Pacific Uganda Africa Ukraine 6 7 Europe and North America United Kingdom 26 31 Europe and North America United States 12 10 23 Europe and North America United Arab Emirates Arab States Uruguay Latin America and the Caribbean Uzbekistan 5 Asia and the Pacific Vanuatu Asia and the Pacific Venezuela Latin America and the Caribbean Vietnam 5 8 Asia and the Pacific Yemen Arab States Zambia Africa Zimbabwe 5 Africa ( less Transboundary Sites ) 14 18 34 Total 206 832 35 1 073 37 167 State Parties Countries with major concentrations of World Heritage sites Note : this overview lists only countries with ten or more World Heritage Sites . Purple : nations with 50 or more heritage sites Brown : nations with 40 to 49 heritage sites Light brown : nations with 30 to 39 heritage sites Orange : nations with 20 to 29 heritage sites Blue : nations with 15 to 19 heritage sites Green : nations with 10 to 14 heritage sites See also List of conservation topics Notes ^ Jump up to : The natural site Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe is shared between Albania , Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Croatia , Germany , Italy , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , and Ukraine . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis : San Ignacio Mini , Santa Ana , Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor ( Argentina ) , Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes ( Brazil ) is shared between Argentina and Brazil . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier , an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement is shared between Argentina , Belgium , France , Germany , India , Japan , and Switzerland . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Qhapaq Ñan , Andean Road System is shared between Argentina , Bolivia , Colombia , Chile , Ecuador and Peru . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape is shared between Austria and Hungary . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps is shared between Austria , France , Germany , Italy , Slovenia and Switzerland . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Białowieża Forest is shared between Belarus and Poland . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Struve Geodetic Arc is shared among Belarus , Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , Norway , Moldova , Russia , Sweden , and Ukraine . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Belfries of Belgium and France is shared between Belgium and France . ^ Jump up to : The natural site W - Arly - Pendjari Complex is shared between Benin , Burkina Faso , and Niger . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Stecci : Medivial Tombstones is shared between Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro , Serbia . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Sangha Trinational is shared between Cameroon , Central African Republic , Congo ( The Republic of ) . ^ Jump up to : The natural sites Kluane / Wrangell - St Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini - Alsek and Waterton Glacier International Peace Park are shared between Canada and the United States . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Silk Roads : the Routes Network of Chang'an - Tianshan Corridor is shared between China , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Talamanca Range - La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park is shared between Costa Rica and Panama . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve is shared between Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea . ^ Jump up to : The natural site High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago is shared between Finland and Sweden . ^ Jump up to : The mixed site Pyrénées - Mont Perdu is shared between France and Spain . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Stone Circles of Senegambia is shared between Gambia and Senegal . ^ Jump up to : The natural site The Wadden Sea is shared between Germany and the Netherlands . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Frontiers of the Roman Empire is shared between Germany and the United Kingdom . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski is shared between Germany and Poland . Jump up ^ In addition , the former cultural site Dresden Elbe Valley has been delisted . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Historic Centre of Rome , the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura is shared between the Holy See and Italy . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst is shared between Hungary and Slovakia . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Monte San Giorgio is shared between Italy and Switzerland . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes is shared between Italy and Switzerland . Jump up ^ `` Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls '' is listed separately , without State Party , owing to the unresolved nature of its status . For purposes of convenience , it is listed in the `` Arab States '' UNESCO region , without inference as to it legal or political status therein . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Western Tien - Shan is shared between Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan . ^ Jump up to : The mixed site Maloti - Drakensberg Park is shared between Lesotho and South Africa . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Curonian Spit is shared between Lithuania and Russia . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Uvs Nuur Basin is shared between Mongolia and Russia . Jump up ^ Kathmandu Valley has seven groups of monuments & buildings within its boundaries and are listed under one name . The seven groups are : the Durbar Squares of Kathmandu , Patan , and Bhaktapur , Buddhist Stupas of Swayambhunath and Boudhanath , and Hindu Temples of Pashupatinath and Changu Narayan , also there are places like muktinath , budanilkantha which are listed are world heritage site Jump up ^ In addition , the former natural site Arabian Oryx Sanctuary has been delisted . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine is shared between Poland and Ukraine . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Prehistoric Rock - Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde is shared between Portugal and Spain . ^ Jump up to : The cultural site Heritage of Mercury . Almadén and Idrija is shared between Slovenia and Spain . ^ Jump up to : The natural site Mosi - oa - Tunya / Victoria Falls is shared between Zambia and Zimbabwe . References Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` Italy - UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` China - UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List ( transboundary ) '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ According to UNESCO , Israel is part of Europe and North America Region , http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/europe-and-north-america/ Jump up ^ `` CLT - 82 / CH / CONF. 015 / 8 - Report of the 1st Extraordinary Session of the Committee '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CC - 81 / CONF. 008 / 2 Rev. - Justification for inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger , 1982 : Report of the 6th Session of the Committee '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` Poland - UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . External links UNESCO World Heritage Sites -- Official website List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites -- Official website World Heritage Site -- World Heritage Details website 360 ° panophotography -- The World Heritage List in panophotography and virtual tours VRheritage.org -- Documentation of World Heritage Sites UNESCO World Heritage List -- Complete list with links and map of all sites whc.unesco.org -- The Official World Heritage List in Google Earth ( en français ) whc. kmz -- The World Heritage List in Google Earth ( en français ) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage at Law-Ref.org -- Fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents Organization of World Heritage Cities -- Dealing with urban sites only Lists of World Heritage Sites Africa Americas North America Central America Caribbean South America Asia Eastern Northern and Central Southeast Southern Western Europe Eastern Northern Southern Western Oceania World Heritage in Danger Former sites By country By year of inscription Lists of countries by tourism rankings Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists World Heritage Sites World Tourism rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country United Nations portal Environment portal Culture portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Heritage_Sites_by_country&oldid=852055275 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites World Heritage Sites by country Tourism - related lists Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 09 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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-3990933217502033897 | Social Security (United States) | Social Security ( United States ) - wikipedia Social Security ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( show ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( hide ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt - ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Health care reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns of 1995 -- 96 2013 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform In the United States , Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old - Age , Survivors , and Disability Insurance ( OASDI ) program . The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935 , and the current version of the Act , as amended , encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs . Social Security is funded primarily through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax ( FICA ) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax ( SECA ) . Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) and are formally entrusted to the Federal Old - Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund , the two Social Security Trust Funds . With a few exceptions , all salaried income , up to an amount specifically determined by law ( see tax rate table below ) , is subject to the Social Security payroll tax . All income over said amount is not taxed . In 2017 , the maximum amount of taxable earnings was $127,200 . With few exceptions , all legal residents working in the United States now have an individual Social Security number . Indeed , nearly all working ( and many non-working ) residents since Social Security 's 1935 inception have had a Social Security number because it is required to do a wide range of things , e.g. , paying taxes and getting a job . In 2015 , Social Security expenditures totaled $750.5 billion for OASDI and $146.6 billion for DI . Income derived from Social Security is currently estimated to have reduced the poverty rate for Americans age 65 or older from about 40 % to below 10 % The Social Security Administration is headquartered in Woodlawn , Maryland , just west of Baltimore . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Major Social Security programs 3 Benefits 3.1 Social Security Benefits and Income 2012 3.2 Total Social Security benefits paid , by year 3.3 Primary Insurance Amount and benefit calculations 3.4 Online Social Security benefits estimate 3.5 Normal retirement age 3.6 Spouse 's benefit and government pension offsets 3.7 Delayed Social Security Benefits 3.8 Social Security Benefits while continuing work 3.9 Widow ( er ) benefits 3.10 Children 's benefits 3.11 Disability 4 Current operation 4.1 Joining and quitting 4.2 Trust fund 4.3 Office of Disability Adjudication and Review ( ODAR ) 4.4 Social Security Benefit payout comparisons 4.5 International agreements 4.6 Social Security number 4.7 Demographic and revenue projections 4.7. 1 Ways to eliminate the projected Social Security shortfall 5 Taxation 5.1 Tax on wages and self - employment income 5.1. 1 Wages not subject to tax 5.2 Federal income taxation of benefits 6 Criticisms 6.1 Claim that it discriminates against the poor and the middle class 6.2 Marital status 6.3 Claim that politicians exempted themselves from the tax 6.4 Claim that the government lied about the maximum tax 6.5 Claim that it gives a low rate of return 6.6 Claim that it is a Ponzi scheme 6.7 Estimated net Social Security benefits under differing circumstances 7 Current controversies 7.1 Contrast with private pensions 7.2 Contrast with insurance 7.3 Private retirement savings crisis 7.4 Court interpretation of the Act to provide benefits 7.5 Constitutionality 7.6 Payments to former Nazis 8 Fraud and abuse 8.1 Social Security Number theft 8.2 Fraud in the acquisition and use of benefits 8.3 Restrictions on potentially deceptive communications 9 Public economics 9.1 Current recipients 9.2 Saving behavior 9.3 Reducing cost of living adjustment ( COLA ) 9.4 Consumption 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Social Security in the United States ( hide ) Historical Social Security Tax Rates Maximum Salary FICA or SECA taxes paid on Year Maximum Earnings taxed OASDI Tax rate Medicare Tax Rate Year Maximum Earnings taxed OASDI Tax rate Medicare Tax Rate 1937 3,000 2 % - 1978 17,700 10.1 % 2.0 % 1938 3,000 2 % - 1979 22,900 10.16 % 2.1 % 1939 3,000 2 % - 1980 25,900 10.16 % 2.1 % 1940 3,000 2 % - 1981 29,700 10.7 % 2.6 % 1941 3,000 2 % - 1982 32,400 10.8 % 2.6 % 1942 3,000 2 % - 35,700 10.8 % 2.6 % 1943 3,000 2 % - 1984 37,800 11.4 % 2.6 % 1944 3,000 2 % - 1985 39,600 11.4 % 2.7 % 1945 3,000 2 % - 1986 42,000 11.4 % 2.9 % 1946 3,000 2 % - 43,800 11.4 % 2.9 % 1947 3,000 2 % - 45,000 12.12 % 2.9 % 1948 3,000 2 % - 48,000 12.12 % 2.9 % 1949 3,000 2 % - 1990 51,300 12.4 % 2.9 % 1950 3,000 3 % - 1991 53,400 12.4 % 2.9 % 1951 3,600 3 % - 55,500 12.4 % 2.9 % 1952 3,600 3 % - 57,600 12.4 % 2.9 % 1953 3,600 3 % - 60,600 12.4 % 2.9 % 1954 3,600 4 % - 1995 61,200 12.4 % 2.9 % 1955 4,200 4 % - 62,700 12.4 % 2.9 % 1956 4,200 4 % - 1997 65,400 12.4 % 2.9 % 1957 4,200 4.5 % - 1998 68,400 12.4 % 2.9 % 1958 4,200 4.5 % - 1999 72,600 12.4 % 2.9 % 1959 4,800 5 % - 2000 76,200 12.4 % 2.9 % 1960 4,800 6 % - 2001 80,400 12.4 % 2.9 % 1961 4,800 6 % - 2002 84,900 12.4 % 2.9 % 1962 4,800 6.25 % - 2003 87,000 12.4 % 2.9 % 1963 4,800 7.25 % - 87,900 12.4 % 2.9 % 1964 4,800 7.25 % - 2005 90,000 12.4 % 2.9 % 1965 4,800 7.25 % - 2006 94,200 12.4 % 2.9 % 1966 6,600 7.7 % 0.7 % 2007 97,500 12.4 % 2.9 % 1967 6,600 7.8 % 1.0 % 2008 102,000 12.4 % 2.9 % 1968 7,800 7.6 % 1.2 % 2009 106,800 12.4 % 2.9 % 1969 7,800 8.4 % 1.2 % 106,800 12.4 % 2.9 % 1970 7,800 8.4 % 1.2 % 2011 106,800 10.4 % 2.9 % 1971 7,800 9.2 % 1.2 % 2012 110,100 10.4 % 2.9 % 1972 9,000 9.2 % 1.2 % 2013 113,700 12.4 % 2.9 % 1973 10,800 9.7 % 2.0 % 2014 117,000 12.4 % 2.9 % 13,200 9.9 % 1.8 % 2015 118,500 12.4 % 2.9 % 14,100 9.9 % 1.8 % 2016 118,500 12.4 % 2.9 % 1976 15,300 9.9 % 1.8 % 2017 127,200 12.4 % 2.9 % 1977 16,500 9.9 % 1.8 % Notes : Tax rate is the sum of the OASDI and Medicare rate for employers and workers . In 2011 and 2012 , the OASDI tax rate on workers was set temporarily to 4.2 % while the employers OASDI rate remained at 6.2 % giving 10.4 % total rate . Medicare taxes of 2.9 % now ( 2013 ) have no taxable income ceiling . Sources : Social Security Administration Social Security Timeline 1935 The 37 - page Social Security Act signed August 14 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Retirement benefits only to worker , welfare benefits started 1937 First Social Security Cards issued by post offices , over 20 million issued in first year 1937 Ernest Ackerman receives first lump - sum payout ( of 17 cents ) in January . 1939 Two new categories of beneficiaries added : spouse and minor children of a retired worker 1940 First monthly benefit check issued to Ida May Fuller for $22.54 1950 Benefits increased and cost of living adjustments ( COLAs ) made at irregular intervals -- 77 % COLA in 1950 1954 Disability program added to Social Security 1960 Flemming v. Nestor . Landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling that gave Congress the power to amend and revise the schedule of benefits . The Court also ruled that recipients have no contractual right to receive payments . 1961 Early retirement age lowered to age 62 at reduced benefits 1965 Medicare health care benefits added to Social security -- 20 million joined in three years 1966 Medicare tax of 0.7 % added to pay for increased Medicare expenses 1972 Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) program federalized and assigned to Social Security Administration 1975 Automatic cost of living adjustments ( COLAs ) mandated 1977 COLA adjustments brought back to `` sustainable '' levels 1980 Amendments are made in disability program to help solve some problems of fraud 1983 Taxation of Social Security benefits introduced , new federal hires required to be under Social Security , retirement age increased for younger workers to 66 and 67 years 1984 Congress passed the Disability Benefits Reform Act modifying several aspects of the disability program 1996 , Drug addiction or alcoholism disability benefits could no longer be eligible for disability benefits . The Earnings limit doubled exemption amount for retired Social Security beneficiaries . Terminated SSI eligibility for most non-citizens 1997 The law requires the establishment of federal standards for state - issued birth certificates and requires SSA to develop a prototype counterfeit - resistant Social Security card -- still being worked on . 1997 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , ( TANF ) , replaces Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( AFDC ) program placed under SSA 1997 State Children 's Health Insurance Program for low income citizens -- ( SCHIP ) added to Social Security Administration 2003 Voluntary drug benefits with supplemental Medicare insurance payments from recipients added 2009 No Social Security Benefits for Prisoners Act of 2009 signed . A limited form of the Social Security program began , during President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first term , as a measure to implement `` social insurance '' during the Great Depression of the 1930s , when poverty rates among senior citizens exceeded 50 percent . The Act was an attempt to limit unforeseen and unprepared for dangers in the modern life , including old age , disability , poverty , unemployment , and the burdens of widow ( er ) s with and without children . Opponents , however , decried the proposal as socialism . In a Senate Finance Committee hearing , Senator Thomas Gore ( D - OK ) asked Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins , `` Is n't this socialism ? '' She said that it was not , but he continued , `` Is n't this a teeny - weeny bit of socialism ? '' The provisions of Social Security have been changing since the 1930s , shifting in response to economic worries as well as coverage for the poor , dependent children , spouses , survivors and the disabled . By 1950 , debates moved away from which occupational groups should be included to get enough taxpayers to fund Social Security to how to provide more benefits . Changes in Social Security have reflected a balance between promoting `` equality '' and efforts to provide `` adequate '' and affordable protection for low wage workers . Major Social Security programs ( edit ) The larger and better known programs under the Social Security Administration , SSA , are : Federal Old - Age ( Retirement ) , Survivors , and Disability Insurance , OASDI Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , TANF Health Insurance for Aged and Disabled , Medicare Grants to States for Medical Assistance Programs for low income citizens , Medicaid State Children 's Health Insurance Program for low income citizens , SCHIP Supplemental Security Income , SSI Benefits ( edit ) Social Security benefits and income 2012 ( edit ) ( hide ) 2013 Social Security Trustee Report All funds in billions of dollars Category Retirement OASI Disability DI Medicare Part A HI Medicare Part B & D SMI Income during 2012 731.1 109.1 243.0 293.9 Total paid 2012 645.4 140.3 266.8 307.4 Net change in Reserves 85.6 - 31.2 - 23.8 - 13.5 Reserves ( end of 2012 ) 2,609.7 122.7 220.4 67.2 Benefit payments 637.9 136.9 262.9 303.0 Railroad Retirement accounts 4.1 0.5 -- -- Administrative expenses 3.4 2.9 3.9 4.4 Social Security Income Payroll taxes 503.9 85.6 205.7 -- Taxes on OASDI benefits 26.7 0.6 18.6 -- Beneficiary premiums -- -- 3.7 66.6 Transfers from States -- -- -- 8.4 General Fund reimbursements 97.7 16.5 0.5 -- General revenue transfers -- -- -- 214.8 Interest earnings 102.8 6.4 10.6 2.8 Other -- 3.9 Total 731.1 109.1 243.0 293.9 1 . To prevent Social Security from losing tax revenue during the reduced Social Security worker 2.0 % tax rate reduction in 2011 and 2012 , Congress borrowed money from the federal general tax fund and transferred it to the Social Security trust funds . Sources : Social Security Administration , Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( CMS ) The largest component of OASDI is the payment of retirement benefits . These retirement benefits are a form of social insurance that is heavily biased toward lower paid workers to make sure they do not have to retire in relative poverty . With few exceptions , throughout a worker 's career , the Social Security Administration and the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) keeps track of his or her earnings and requires Federal Insurance Contribution Act , FICA or Self Employed Contribution Act , SECA , taxes to be paid on the earnings . The OASI accounts plus trust funds are the only Social Security funding source that brings in more than it sends out . Social Security revenues exceeded expenditures , between 1983 and 2009 . The disability insurance ( DI ) taxes of 1.4 % are included in the OASDI rate of 6.2 % for workers and employers or 12.4 % for the self - employed . Outgo of $140.3 billion while having income of only $109.1 billion means the disability trust fund is rapidly being depleted and may require either revisions on what `` disabilities '' are included / allowed / defined as , fraud minimization or tax increases . The Medicare hospital insurance , HI , ( Part A : Hospital Insurance , inpatient care , skilled nursing facility care , home health care , and hospice care ) expenditure rate of $266.8 billion in 2012 -- while bringing in only $243.0 billion -- means that the medicare HI trust funds are being seriously depleted and increased taxes or reduced coverage will be required . The additional retirees expected under the `` baby boom bulge '' will hasten this trust fund depletion . Medicare expenses , tied to medical costs growth rates , have traditionally increased much faster than GDP growth rates . The Supplementary Medical Insurance , SMI , ( otherwise known as Medicare Part B & D ) expenditure rate of $307.4 billion in 2012 while bringing in only $293.9 billion means that the Supplementary Medical Insurance trust funds are also being seriously depleted and increased tax rates or reduced coverage will be required . The additional retirees expected under the `` baby boom bulge '' will hasten this trust fund depletion as well as legislation to end the Medicare Part D medical prescription drug funding `` donut hole '' are all tied to medical costs growth rates , which have traditionally increased much faster than GDP growth rates . For workers the Social Security tax rate is 6.2 % on income under $127,200 through the end of 2017 . The worker Medicare tax rate is 1.45 % of all income -- employers pay another 1.45 % . Employers pay 6.2 % up to the wage ceiling and the Medicare tax of 1.45 percent on all income . Workers defined as `` self employed '' pay 12.4 % on income under $113,700 and a 2.9 % Medicare tax on all income . The amount of the monthly Social Security benefit to which a worker is entitled depends upon the earnings record they have paid FICA or SECA taxes on and upon the age at which the retiree chooses to begin receiving benefits . Total Social Security benefits paid , by year ( edit ) Year Beneficiaries Dollars 1937 53,236 $1,278,000 1938 213,670 $10,478,000 1939 174,839 $13,896,000 1940 222,488 $35,000,000 1950 3,477,243 $961,000,000 1960 14,844,589 $11,245,000,000 1970 26,228,629 $31,863,000,000 1980 35,584,955 $120,511,000,000 1990 39,832,125 $247,796,000,000 1995 43,387,259 $332,553,000,000 43,736,836 $347,088,000,000 1997 43,971,086 $361,970,000,000 1998 44,245,731 $374,990,000,000 1999 44,595,624 $385,768,000,000 2000 45,414,794 $407,644,000,000 2001 45,877,506 $431,949,000,000 2002 46,444,317 $453,746,000,000 2003 47,038,486 $470,778,000,000 47,687,693 $493,263,000,000 2005 48,434,436 $520,748,000,000 2006 49,122,624 $546,238,000,000 2007 49,864,838 $584,939,000,000 2008 50,898,244 $615,344,000,000 Primary insurance amount and benefit calculations ( edit ) Main article : Primary Insurance Amount All workers paying FICA ( Federal Insurance Contributions Act ) and SECA ( Self Employed Contributions Act ) taxes for forty quarters of credit ( QC ) or more on a specified minimum income or more are `` fully insured '' and eligible to retire at age 62 with reduced benefits and higher benefits at full retirement ages , FRA , of 65 , 66 or 67 depending on birth date . Retirement benefits depend upon the `` adjusted '' average wage earned in the last 35 years . Wages of earlier years are `` adjusted '' before averaging by multiplying each annual salary by an annual adjusted wage index factor , AWI , for earlier salaries . Adjusted wages for 35 years are always used to compute the 35 year `` average '' indexed monthly salary . Only wages lower than the `` ceiling '' income are considered in calculating the adjusted average wage . If the worker has fewer than 35 years of covered earnings these non-contributory years are assigned zero earnings . If there are more than 35 years of covered earnings only the highest 35 are considered . The sum of the 35 adjusted salaries ( or less if worker has less than 35 years of covered income ) times its inflation index , AWI divided by 420 ( 35 yrs x 12 months / yr ) gives the 35 year covered Average Indexed Monthly salary , AIME . To calculate a person 's Average Indexed Monthly salary ( AIME ) earnings , the records of their covered salaries may be obtained from the Social Security Administration by applying for them and paying a fee ranging from $15.00 for one year 's covered wages to $80.00 for 40 years of wages . The adjusted wage indexes are available at Social Security 's `` Benefit Calculation Examples For Workers Retiring In 2013 '' . ( hide ) Benefit Calculations Social Security Benefits Vs. 35 year `` averaged '' Salary Percent of `` AIME '' Salary eligible for in Social Security , PIA , Benefits AIME Salary per month Single Benefits Married Benefits Single Benefits @ age 62 Married Benefits @ age 62 $ 791 90 % 135 % 68 % 101 % $ 1,000 78 % 117 % 58 % 88 % $ 2,000 55 % 82 % 41 % 62 % $ 3,000 47 % 71 % 35 % 53 % $ 4,000 43 % 65 % 33 % 49 % $ 5,000 40 % 60 % 30 % 45 % $ 6,000 36 % 54 % 27 % 41 % $ 7,000 33 % 50 % 25 % 32 % $ 8,000 31 % 46 % 23 % 35 % $ 9,000 29 % 44 % 22 % 33 % $ 10,000 28 % 42 % 21 % 31 % $ 11,000 23 % 34 % 17 % 26 % $ 12,000 21 % 32 % 16 % 24 % $ 13,000 19 % 29 % 15 % 22 % * Married spousal benefits may be reduced or eliminated if spouse receiving a government pension . Spouse still eligible for Medicare . Maximum percent of salary received before Medicare or tax deductions . Retirement benefits are calculated at full retirement ages . Age 62 retirement benefits are assumed to be 75 % of full benefits . Approximately AIME salary = 90 % present salary . Approximate only , contact Social Security for more detailed calculations . To calculate the total benefits a retiree is eligible for , the average indexed monthly salary ( AIME ) is then divided into three separate salary brackets -- each multiplied by a different benefit percentage . The benefits receivable ( the so - called Primary Insurance Amount , PIA ) are the sum of the salary in each bracket times the benefit percentages that apply to each bracket . The benefit percentages are set by Congress and so can easily change in the future . The bendpoints , where the brackets change , are adjusted for inflation each year by Social Security . For example , in 2013 the first bracket runs from $1 to $791 / month and is multiplied by the benefit percentage of 90 % , the second salary bracket extends from $791 to $4,781 / month is multiplied by 32 % , the third salary bracket of more than $4,781 / month is multiplied by 15 % . Any higher incomes than the ceiling income are not FICA covered and are not considered in the benefits calculation or in determining the average indexed monthly salary , AIME . At full retirement age the projected retirement income amount ( PIA ) is the sum of these three brackets of income multiplied by the appropriate benefit percentages -- 90 % , 32 % and 15 % . Unlike income tax brackets , the Social Security benefits are heavily biased towards lower salaried workers . Social Security has always been primarily a retirement , disability and spousal insurance policy for low wage workers and a very poor retirement plan for higher salaried workers who hopefully have a supplemental retirement plan unless they want to live on significantly less after retirement than they used to earn . Full retirement age spouses and divorced spouses ( married over 10 years before divorce ) are entitled to the higher of 50 % of the wage earners benefits or their own earned benefits . A low salary worker and his full retirement age spouse making less than or equal to $791 / month with 40 quarters of employment credit and at full retirement age ( 65 if born before 1938 , 66 if born from 1938 to 1954 and 67 if born after 1960 ) could retire with 135 % of his indexed average salary . A full retirement age worker and his full retirement age spouse making the ceiling income or more would be eligible for 43 % of the ceiling FICA salary ( 29 % if single ) and even less if making more than the ceiling income . During working years , the low wage worker is eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit ( FICA refunds ) and federal child credits and may pay little or no FICA tax or Income tax . By Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) calculations the lowest income quintile ( 0 -- 20 % ) and second quintile ( 21 -- 40 % ) of households in the U.S. pay an average income tax of - 9.3 % and - 2.6 % and Social Security taxes of 8.3 % and 7.9 % respectively . By CBO calculations the household incomes in the first quintile and second quintile have an average Total Federal Tax rate of 1.0 % and 3.8 % respectively . Higher income retirees will have to pay income taxes on 85 % of their Social Security benefits and 100 % on all other retirement benefits they may have . All workers paying FICA and SECA taxes for forty quarters of credit ( QC ) or more on a specified minimum income is `` fully insured '' and eligible to retire at age 62 with reduced benefits . In general the Social Security Administration tries to limit the projected lifetime benefits to the same amounts of retirement income the recipient would receive if retiring at full retirement age . If a recipient retires earlier he / she draws a lower Social Security benefit income for a longer prospective lifetime after retirement . The basic correction of benefits are age 62 retirees can only draw 75 % of what they would draw at full retirement age with higher percentages at different ages more than 62 and less than full retirement age . Similar computations based on career average adjusted earnings and age of recipient determine disability and survivor benefits . Federal , state and local employees who have elected ( when they could ) NOT to pay FICA taxes are eligible for a reduced FICA benefits and full Medicare coverage if they have more than forty quarters of qualifying Social Security covered work . To minimize the Social Security payments to those who have not contributed to FICA for 35 + years and are eligible for federal , state and local benefits , which are usually more generous , Congress passed the Windfall Elimination Provision , WEP . The WEP provision will not eliminate all Social Security or Medicare eligibility if the worker has 40 quarters of qualifying income , but calculates the benefit payments by reducing the 90 % multiplier in the first salary bracket to 40 -- 85 % depending on age etc . The WEP provision rarely causes hardship since by and large the people affected are reasonably well off because by definition they also receive government pensions from noncovered work . For those few cases where workers with very low earnings over a long working lifetime that were too low to receive full retirement credits and the recipients would receive a very small Social Security retirement benefit a `` special minimum benefit '' ( special minimum PIA ) provides a `` minimum '' of $804 per month in Social Security benefits in 2013 . To be eligible the recipient along with their auxiliaries and survivors must have very low assets and not be eligible for other retirement system benefits . About 75,000 people in 2013 receive this benefit . The benefits someone is eligible for are potentially so complicated that potential retirees should consult the Social Security Administration directly for advice . Many questions are addressed and at least partially answered on many online publications and online calculators . Main article : Retirement Insurance Benefits Online Social Security benefits estimate ( edit ) On July 22 , 2008 , the Social Security Administration introduced a new online benefits estimator . A worker who has enough Social Security credits to qualify for benefits , but who is not currently receiving benefits on his or her own Social Security record and who is not a Medicare beneficiary , can obtain an estimate of the retirement benefit that will be provided , for different assumptions about age at retirement . This process is done by opening a secure online account called my Social Security . For retirees who have non FICA or SECA taxed wages the rules get complicated and probably require additional help . Normal retirement age ( edit ) The earliest age at which ( reduced ) benefits are payable is 62 . Full retirement benefits depend on a retiree 's year of birth . Year of birth Normal retirement age 1937 and prior 65 1938 65 and 2 months 1939 65 and 4 months 1940 65 and 6 months 1941 65 and 8 months 1942 65 and 10 months 1943 to 1954 66 1955 66 and 2 months 1956 66 and 4 months 1957 66 and 6 months 1958 66 and 8 months 1959 66 and 10 months 1960 and later 67 This table was copied in November 2011 from the Social Security Administration web site cited above and referenced in the footnotes . There are different rules for widows and widowers . Also from that site , come the following two notes : Notes : 1 . Persons born on January 1 of any year should refer to the normal retirement age for the previous year . 2 . For the purpose of determining benefit reductions for early retirement , widows and widowers whose entitlement is based on having attained age 60 should add 2 years to the year of birth shown in the table . Those born before 1938 have a normal retirement age of 65 . Normal retirement age increases by two months for each ensuing year of birth until 1943 , when it reaches 66 and stays at 66 until 1955 . Thereafter the normal retirement age increases again by two months for each year until 1960 , when normal retirement age is 67 and remains 67 for all individuals born thereafter . A worker who starts benefits before normal retirement age has their benefit reduced based on the number of months before normal retirement age they start benefits . This reduction is 5 / 9 of 1 % for each month up to 36 and then 5 / 12 of 1 % for each additional month . This formula gives an 80 % benefit at age 62 for a worker with a normal retirement age of 65 , a 75 % benefit at age 62 for a worker with a normal retirement age of 66 , and a 70 % benefit at age 62 for a worker with a normal retirement age of 67 . The 2008 -- 2012 global recession has resulted in an increase in long - term unemployment and an increase in workers taking early retirement . A worker who delays starting retirement benefits past normal retirement age earns delayed retirement credits that increase their benefit until they reach age 70 . These credits are also applied to their widow ( er ) 's benefit . Children and spouse benefits are not affected by these credits . The normal retirement age for widow ( er ) benefits shifts the year - of - birth schedule upward by two years , so that those widow ( er ) s born before 1940 have age 65 as their normal retirement age . Spouse 's benefit and government pension offsets ( edit ) The spousal retirement benefit is one - half the PIA benefit amount of their spouse or their own earned benefits , whichever is higher , if they both retire at `` normal '' retirement ages . Only after the working spouse applies for retirement benefits may the non-working spouse apply for spousal retirement benefits . The spousal benefit is the PIA times an `` early - retirement factor '' if the spouse is younger than the `` normal '' full retirement age . The early - retirement factor is 50 % minus 25 / 36 of 1 % per month for the first 36 months and 5 / 12 of 1 % for each additional month earlier than the `` normal '' full retirement date . This typically works out to between 50 % and 32.5 % of the primary workers PIA benefit . There is no increase for starting spousal benefits after normal retirement age . This can occur if there is a married couple in which the younger person is the only worker and is more than 5 years younger . Any current spouse is eligible , and divorced or former spouses are eligible for spousal benefits if the marriage lasted for at least 10 years . It is arithmetically possible for one worker to generate spousal benefits for up to five of his / her spouses that he / she may have , each must be in succession after a proper divorce for each after a marriage that lasted at least ten years each . The spousal survivor benefit is the full PIA benefit of the working spouse ( reduced if the deceased was receiving a reduced benefit ) or their own benefit , whichever is higher . There is a Social Security government pension offset that will reduce or eliminate any spousal ( or ex-spouse ) or widow ( er ) 's benefits if the spouse or widow ( er ) is also receiving a government ( federal , state or local ) pension that did not require paying Social Security taxes . The basic `` rule '' is that Social Security benefits will be reduced by 2 / 3 's of the spouse or widow ( er ) 's non-FICA taxed government pension . If the spouse 's or widow ( er ) 's government ( non-FICA paying ) pension exceeds 150 % of the `` normal '' spousal or widow ( er ) 's benefit the spousal benefit is eliminated . For example , a `` normal '' spousal or widow ( er ) 's benefit of $1,000 / month would be reduced to $0.00 if the spouse or widow ( er ) 's if already drawing a non-FICA taxed government pension of $1,500 / month or more per month . Pensions not based on income do not reduce Social Security spousal or widow ( er ) 's benefits . The passage of the Senior Citizens ' Freedom to Work Act , in 2000 , allows the worker to earn unlimited outside income without offsets in the year after they reach full retirement . It also allows the spouse and children of a worker who has reached normal full retirement age to receive benefits under some circumstances while he / she does not . The full retirement age worker must have begun the receipt of benefits , to allow the spousal / children 's benefits to begin , and then subsequently suspended their own benefits in order to continue the postponement of benefits in exchange for an increased benefit amount ( 5.5 -- 8.0 % / yr increase ) up to the age of 70 . Thus a worker can delay retirement up to age seventy without affecting spousal or children 's benefits . Delayed Social Security benefits ( edit ) ( hide ) Delayed Social Security Increases for retiring after full retirement age Year of birth Yearly % increase Monthly % increase 1933 -- 34 5.5 % 11 / 24 of 1 % 1935 -- 36 6.0 % 1 / 2 of 1 % 1937 -- 38 6.5 % 13 / 24 of 1 % 1939 -- 40 7.0 % 7 / 12 of 1 % 1941 -- 42 7.5 % 5 / 8 of 1 % 1943 + 8.0 % 2 / 3 of 1 % If a worker delays receiving Social Security retirement benefits until after they reach full retirement age there is a Social Security benefits increase by a certain percentage -- depending on date of birth . After age 70 there are no more increases in retirement benefits allowed . Social Security uses an `` average '' survival rate at your full retirement age to prorate the increase in the amount of benefit increase so that the total benefits are roughly the same whenever you retire . Women may benefit more than men from this delayed benefit increase since the `` average '' survival rates are based on both men and women and women live approximately three years longer than men . The other consideration is that workers only have a limited number of years of `` good '' health left after they reach full retirement age and unless they enjoy their job they may be passing up an opportunity to do something else they may enjoy doing while they are still relatively healthy . Social Security benefits while Continuing work ( edit ) Due to changing needs or personal preferences , a person may go back to work after retiring . In this case , it is possible to get Social Security retirement or survivors benefits and work at the same time . A worker who is of full retirement age or older may ( with spouse ) keep all benefits , after taxes , regardless of earnings . But , if this worker or the worker 's spouse are younger than full retirement age and receiving benefits and earn `` too much '' , the benefits will be reduced . If working under full retirement age for the entire year and receiving benefits , Social Security deducts $1 from the worker 's benefit payments for every $2 earned above the annual limit of $15,120 ( 2013 ) . Deductions cease when the benefits have been reduced to zero and the worker will get one more year of income and age credit , slightly increasing future benefits at retirement . For example , if you were receiving benefits of $1,230 / month ( the average benefit paid ) or $14,760 a year and have an income of $29,520 / year above the $15,120 limit ( $44,640 / year ) you would lose all ( $14,760 ) of your benefits . If you made $1,000 more than $15,200 / year you would `` only lose '' $500 in benefits . You would get no benefits for the months you work until the $1 deduction for $2 income `` squeeze '' is satisfied . Your first social security check will be delayed for several months -- the first check may only be a fraction of the `` full '' amount . The benefit deductions change in the year you reach full retirement age and are still working -- Social Security only deducts $1 in benefits for every $3 you earn above $40,080 in 2013 for that year and has no deduction thereafter . The income limits change ( presumably for inflation ) year by year . Widow ( er ) benefits ( edit ) If a worker covered by Social Security dies , a surviving spouse can receive survivors ' benefits . In some instances , survivors ' benefits are available even to a divorced spouse . A father or mother with minor or disabled children in his or her care can receive benefits which are not actuarially reduced . The earliest age for a non-disabled widow ( er ) 's benefit is age 60 . The benefit is equal to the worker 's basic retirement benefit ( PIA ) ( reduced if the deceased was receiving reduced benefits ) for spouses who are at , or older than , normal retirement age . If the surviving spouse starts benefits before normal retirement age , there is an actuarial reduction . If the worker earned delayed retirement credits by waiting to start benefits after their normal retirement age , the surviving spouse will have those credits applied to their benefit . Children 's benefits ( edit ) Children of a retired , disabled or deceased worker receive benefits as a `` dependent '' or `` survivor '' if they are under the age of 18 , or as long as attending primary or secondary school up to age 19 years , 2 months ; or are over the age of 18 and were disabled before the age of 22 . In Astrue v. Capato ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court unanimously held that children conceived after a parent 's death ( by in vitro fertilization procedure ) are not entitled to Social Security survivors ' benefits if the laws of the state in which the parent 's will was signed do not provide for such benefits . Disability ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A worker who has worked long enough and recently enough ( based on `` quarters of coverage '' within the recent past ) to be covered can receive disability benefits . These benefits start after five full calendar months of disability , regardless of his or her age . The eligibility formula requires a certain number of credits ( based on earnings ) to have been earned overall , and a certain number within the ten years immediately preceding the disability , but with more - lenient provisions for younger workers who become disabled before having had a chance to compile a long earnings history . The worker must be unable to continue in his or her previous job and unable to adjust to other work , with age , education , and work experience taken into account ; furthermore , the disability must be long - term , lasting 12 months , expected to last 12 months , resulting in death , or expected to result in death . As with the retirement benefit , the amount of the disability benefit payable depends on the worker 's age and record of covered earnings . Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) uses the same disability criteria as the insured social security disability program , but SSI is not based upon insurance coverage . Instead , a system of means - testing is used to determine whether the claimants ' income and net worth fall below certain income and asset thresholds . Severely disabled children may qualify for SSI . Standards for child disability are different from those for adults . Disability determination at the Social Security Administration has created the largest system of administrative courts in the United States . Depending on the state of residence , a claimant whose initial application for benefits is denied can request reconsideration or a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge ( ALJ ) . Such hearings sometimes involve participation of an independent vocational expert ( VE ) or medical expert ( ME ) , as called upon by the ALJ . Reconsideration involves a re-examination of the evidence and , in some cases , the opportunity for a hearing before a ( non-attorney ) disability hearing officer . The hearing officer then issues a decision in writing , providing justification for his / her finding . If the claimant is denied at the reconsideration stage , ( s ) he may request a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge . In some states , SSA has implemented a pilot program that eliminates the reconsideration step and allows claimants to appeal an initial denial directly to an Administrative Law Judge . Because the number of applications for Social Security disability is very large ( approximately 650,000 applications per year ) , the number of hearings requested by claimants often exceeds the capacity of Administrative Law Judges . The number of hearings requested and availability of Administrative Law Judges varies geographically across the United States . In some areas of the country , it is possible for a claimant to have a hearing with an Administrative Law Judge within 90 days of his / her request . In other areas , waiting times of 18 months are not uncommon . After the hearing , the Administrative Law Judge ( ALJ ) issues a decision in writing . The decision can be Fully Favorable ( the ALJ finds the claimant disabled as of the date that ( s ) he alleges in the application through the present ) , Partially Favorable ( the ALJ finds the claimant disabled at some point , but not as of the date alleged in the application ; OR the ALJ finds that the claimant was disabled but has improved ) , or Unfavorable ( the ALJ finds that the claimant was not disabled at all ) . Claimants can appeal decisions to Social Security 's Appeals Council , which is in Virginia . The Appeals Council does not hold hearings ; it accepts written briefs . Response time from the Appeals Council can range from 12 weeks to more than 3 years . If the claimant disagrees with the Appeals Council 's decision , ( s ) he can appeal the case in the federal district court for his / her jurisdiction . As in most federal court cases , an unfavorable district court decision can be appealed to the appropriate United States Court of Appeals , and an unfavorable appellate court decision can be appealed to the United States Supreme Court . The Social Security Administration has maintained its goal for judges to resolve 500 -- 700 cases per year but an Administrative Law Judge on the average nationwide disposes of approximately 400 cases per year . The debate about the social security system in the United States has been ongoing for decades and there is much concern about its sustainability . Current operation ( edit ) Joining and quitting ( edit ) Obtaining a Social Security number for a child is voluntary . Further , there is no general legal requirement that individuals join the Social Security program unless they want or have to work . Under normal circumstances , FICA taxes or SECA taxes will be collected on all wages . About the only way to avoid paying either FICA or SECA taxes are to join a religion that does not believe in insurance , such as the Amish , Christian Science or a religion whose members have taken a vow of poverty ( see IRS publication 517 and 4361 ) . Federal workers employed before 1987 , various state and local workers including those in some school districts who had their own retirement and disability programs were given the one - time option of joining Social Security . Many employees and retirement and disability systems opted to keep out of the Social Security system because of the cost and the limited benefits . It was often much cheaper to obtain much higher retirement and disability benefits by staying in their original retirement and disability plans . Now only a few of these plans allow new hires to join their existing plans without also joining Social Security . In 2004 , the Social Security Administration estimated that 96 % of all U.S. workers were covered by the system with the remaining 4 % mostly a minority of government employees enrolled in public employee pensions and not subject to Social Security taxes due to historical exemptions . It is possible for railroad employees to get a `` coordinated '' retirement and disability benefits . The U.S. Railroad Retirement Board ( or `` RRB '' ) is an independent agency in the executive branch of the United States government created in 1935 to administer a social insurance program providing retirement benefits to the country 's railroad workers . Railroad retirement Tier I payroll taxes are coordinated with social security taxes so that employees and employers pay Tier I taxes at the same rate as social security taxes and have the same benefits . In addition , both workers and employers pay Tier II taxes ( about 6.2 % in 2005 ) , which are used to finance railroad retirement and disability benefit payments that are over and above social security levels . Tier 2 benefits are a supplemental retirement and disability benefit system that pays 0.875 % times years of service times average highest five years of employment salary , in addition to Social Security benefits . The FICA taxes are imposed on nearly all workers and self - employed persons . Employers are required to report wages for covered employment to Social Security for processing Forms W - 2 and W - 3 . Some specific wages are not part of the Social Security program ( discussed below ) . Internal Revenue Code provisions section 3101 imposes payroll taxes on individuals and employer matching taxes . Section 3102 mandates that employers deduct these payroll taxes from workers ' wages before they are paid . Generally , the payroll tax is imposed on everyone in employment earning `` wages '' as defined in 3121 of the Internal Revenue Code. and also taxes net earnings from self - employment . Trust fund ( edit ) Main article : Social Security Trust Fund Social Security taxes are paid into the Social Security Trust Fund maintained by the U.S. Treasury ( technically , the `` Federal Old - Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund '' , as established by 42 U.S.C. § 401 ( a ) ) . Current year expenses are paid from current Social Security tax revenues . When revenues exceed expenditures , as they did between 1983 and 2009 , the excess is invested in special series , non-marketable U.S. government bonds . Thus , the Social Security Trust Fund indirectly finances the federal government 's general purpose deficit spending . In 2007 , the cumulative excess of Social Security taxes and interest received over benefits paid out stood at $2.2 trillion . Some regard the Trust Fund as an accounting construct with no economic significance . Others argue that it has specific legal significance because the Treasury securities it holds are backed by the `` full faith and credit '' of the U.S. government , which has an obligation to repay its debt . The Social Security Administration 's authority to make benefit payments as granted by Congress extends only to its current revenues and existing Trust Fund balance , i.e. , redemption of its holdings of Treasury securities . Therefore , Social Security 's ability to make full payments once annual benefits exceed revenues depends in part on the federal government 's ability to make good on the bonds that it has issued to the Social Security trust funds . As with any other federal obligation , the federal government 's ability to repay Social Security is based on its power to tax and borrow and the commitment of Congress to meet its obligations . In 2009 the Office of the Chief Actuary of the Social Security Administration calculated an unfunded obligation of $15.1 trillion for the Social Security program . The unfunded obligation is the difference between the future cost of Social Security ( based on several demographic assumptions such as mortality , work force participation , immigration , and age expectancy ) and total assets in the Trust Fund given the expected contribution rate through the current scheduled payroll tax . This unfunded obligation is expressed in present value dollars and is a part of the Fund 's long - range actuarial estimates , not necessarily a certainty of what will occur in the long run . An Actuarial Note to the calculation says that `` The term obligation is used in lieu of the term liability , because liability generally indicates a contractual obligation ( as in the case of private pensions and insurance ) that can not be altered by the plan sponsor without the agreement of the plan participants . '' Office of disability Adjudication and Review ( ODAR ) ( edit ) The Office of Disability Adjudication and Review ( ODAR ) , known before 2006 as the Office of Hearings and Appeals ( OHA ) , administers the hearings and appeals program for the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . Administrative Law Judges ( ALJs ) conduct hearings and issue decisions . The Appeals Council considers appeals from hearing decisions , and acts as the final level of administrative review for the Social Security Administration . Social Security benefit payout comparisons ( edit ) Some federal , state , local and education government employees pay no Social Security but have their own retirement , disability systems that nearly always pay much better retirement and disability benefits than Social Security . These plans typically requires vesting -- working for 5 -- 10 years for the same employer before becoming eligible for retirement . But their retirement typically only depends on the average of the best 3 -- 10 years salaries times some retirement factor ( typically 0.875 % - 3.0 % ) times years employed . This retirement benefit can be a `` reasonably good '' ( 75 -- 85 % of salary ) retirement at close to the monthly salary they were last employed at . For example , if a person joined the University of California retirement system at age 25 and worked for 35 years they could receive 87.5 % ( 2.5 % × 35 ) of their average highest three year salary with full medical coverage at age 60 . Police and firemen who joined at 25 and worked for 30 years could receive 90 % ( 3.0 % × 30 ) of their average salary and full medical coverage at age 55 . These retirements have cost of living adjustments ( COLA ) applied each year but are limited to a maximum average income of $350,000 / year or less . Spousal survivor benefits are available at 100 -- 67 % of the primary benefits rate for 8.7 % to 6.7 % reduction in retirement benefits , respectively . UCRP retirement and disability plan benefits are funded by contributions from both members and the university ( typically 5 % of salary each ) and by the compounded investment earnings of the accumulated totals . These contributions and earnings are held in a trust fund that is invested . The retirement benefits are much more generous than Social Security but are believed to be actuarially sound . The main difference between state and local government sponsored retirement systems and Social Security is that the state and local retirement systems use compounded investments that are usually heavily weighted in the stock market securities -- which historically have returned more than 7.0 % / year on average despite some years with losses . Short term federal government investments may be `` more '' secure but pay much lower average percentages . Nearly all other federal , state and local retirement systems work in a similar fashion with different benefit retirement ratios . Some plans are now combined with Social Security and are `` piggy backed '' on top of Social Security benefits . For example , the current Federal Employees Retirement System , which covers the vast majority of federal civil service employees hired after 1986 , combines Social Security , a modest defined - benefit pension ( 1.1 % per year of service ) and the defined - contribution Thrift Savings Plan . The current Social Security formula used in calculating the benefit level ( primary insurance amount or PIA ) is progressive vis - à - vis lower average salaries . Anyone who worked in OASDI covered employment and other retirement would be entitled to both the alternative non-OASDI pension and an Old Age retirement benefit from Social Security . Because of their limited time working in OASDI covered employment the sum of their covered salaries times inflation factor divided by 420 months yields a low adjusted indexed monthly salary over 35 years , AIME . The progressive nature of the PIA formula would in effect allow these workers to also get a slightly higher Social Security Benefit percentage on this low average salary . Congress passed in 1983 the Windfall Elimination Provision to minimize Social Security benefits for these recipients . The basic provision is that the first salary bracket , $0 -- 791 / month ( 2013 ) has its normal benefit percentage of 90 % reduced to 40 -- 90 % -- see Social Security for the exact percentage . The reduction is limited to roughly 50 % of what you would be eligible for if you had always worked under OASDI taxes . The 90 % benefit percentage factor is not reduced if you have 30 or more years of `` substantial '' earnings . The average Social Security payment of $1,230 / month ( $14,760 / year ) in 2013 is only slightly above the federal poverty level for one -- $11,420 / yr and below the poverty guideline of $15,500 / yr for two . For this reason , financial advisers often encourage those who have the option to do so to supplement their Social Security contributions with private retirement plans . One `` good '' supplemental retirement plan option is an employer - sponsored 401 ( K ) ( or 403 ( B ) ) plan when they are offered by an employer . 58 % of American workers have access to such plans . Many of these employers will match a portion of an employee 's savings dollar - for - dollar up to a certain percentage of the employee 's salary . Even without employer matches , individual retirement accounts ( IRAs ) are portable , self - directed , tax - deferred retirement accounts that offer the potential to substantially increase retirement savings . Their limitations include : the financial literacy to tell a `` good '' investment account from a less advantageous one ; the savings barrier faced by those who are in low - wage employment or burdened by debt ; the requirement of self - discipline to allot from an early age the required percentage of salary into `` good '' investment account ( s ) ; and the self -- discipline needed to leave it there to earn compound interest until needed after retirement . Financial advisers often suggest that long - term investment horizons should be used , as historically short - term investment losses `` self correct '' , and most investments continue to deliver good average investment returns . The IRS has tax penalties for withdrawals from IRAs , 401 ( K ) s , etc. before the age of 591⁄2 , and requires mandatory withdrawals once the retiree reaches 70 ; other restrictions may also apply on the amount of tax - deferred income one can put in the account ( s ) . For people who have access to them , self - directed retirement savings plans have the potential to match or even exceed the benefits earned by federal , state and local government retirement plans . International agreements ( edit ) People sometimes relocate from one country to another , either permanently or on a limited - time basis . This presents challenges to businesses , governments , and individuals seeking to ensure future benefits or having to deal with taxation authorities in multiple countries . To that end , the Social Security Administration has signed treaties , often referred to as Totalization Agreements , with other social insurance programs in various foreign countries . Overall , these agreements serve two main purposes . First , they eliminate dual Social Security taxation , the situation that occurs when a worker from one country works in another country and is required to pay Social Security taxes to both countries on the same earnings . Second , the agreements help fill gaps in benefit protection for workers who have divided their careers between the United States and another country . The following countries have signed totalization agreements with the SSA ( and the date the agreement became effective ) : Italy ( November 1 , 1978 ) Germany ( December 1 , 1979 ) Switzerland ( November 1 , 1980 ) Belgium ( July 1 , 1984 ) Norway ( July 1 , 1984 ) Canada ( August 1 , 1984 ) United Kingdom ( January 1 , 1985 ) Sweden ( January 1 , 1987 ) Spain ( April 1 , 1988 ) France ( July 1 , 1988 ) Portugal ( August 1 , 1989 ) Netherlands ( November 1 , 1990 ) Austria ( November 1 , 1991 ) Finland ( November 1 , 1992 ) Ireland ( September 1 , 1993 ) Luxembourg ( November 1 , 1993 ) Greece ( September 1 , 1994 ) South Korea ( April 1 , 2001 ) Chile ( December 1 , 2001 ) Australia ( October 1 , 2002 ) Japan ( October 1 , 2005 ) Denmark ( October 1 , 2008 ) Czech Republic ( January 1 , 2009 ) Poland ( March 1 , 2009 ) Slovak Republic ( May 1 , 2014 ) Mexico ( Signed on June 29 , 2004 , but not yet in effect ) Social Security number ( edit ) Main article : Social Security number A side effect of the Social Security program in the United States has been the near - universal adoption of the program 's identification number , the Social Security number , as the de facto U.S. national identification number . The social security number , or SSN , is issued pursuant to section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) of the Social Security Act , codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) . The government originally stated that the SSN would not be a means of identification , but currently a multitude of U.S. entities use the Social Security number as a personal identifier . These include government agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service , the military as well as private agencies such as banks , colleges and universities , health insurance companies , and employers . Although the Social Security Act itself does not require a person to have a Social Security Number ( SSN ) to live and work in the United States , the Internal Revenue Code does generally require the use of the social security number by individuals for federal tax purposes : The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) of the Social Security Act shall , except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) , be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title . Importantly , most parents apply for Social Security numbers for their dependent children in order to include them on their income tax returns as a dependent . Everyone filing a tax return , as taxpayer or spouse , must have a Social Security Number or Taxpayer Identification Number ( TIN ) since the IRS is unable to process returns or post payments for anyone without an SSN or TIN . The Privacy Act of 1974 was in part intended to limit usage of the Social Security number as a means of identification . Paragraph ( 1 ) of subsection ( a ) of section 7 of the Privacy Act , an uncodified provision , states in part : ( 1 ) It shall be unlawful for any Federal , State or local government agency to deny to any individual any right , benefit , or privilege provided by law because of such individual 's refusal to disclose his social security account number . However , the Social Security Act provides : It is the policy of the United States that any State ( or political subdivision thereof ) may , in the administration of any tax , general public assistance , driver 's license , or motor vehicle registration law within its jurisdiction , utilize the social security account numbers issued by the Commissioner of Social Security for the purpose of establishing the identification of individuals affected by such law , and may require any individual who is or appears to be so affected to furnish to such State ( or political subdivision thereof ) or any agency thereof having administrative responsibility for the law involved , the social security account number ( or numbers , if he has more than one such number ) issued to him by the Commissioner of Social Security . Further , paragraph ( 2 ) of subsection ( a ) of section 7 of the Privacy Act provides in part : ( 2 ) the provisions of paragraph ( 1 ) of this subsection shall not apply with respect to -- ( A ) any disclosure which is required by Federal statute , or ( B ) the disclosure of a social security number to any Federal , State , or local agency maintaining a system of records in existence and operating before January 1 , 1975 , if such disclosure was required under statute or regulation adopted prior to such date to verify the identity of an individual . The exceptions under section 7 of the Privacy Act include the Internal Revenue Code requirement that social security numbers be used as taxpayer identification numbers for individuals . Demographic and Revenue projections ( edit ) In each year since 1982 , OASDI tax receipts , interest payments and other income have exceeded benefit payments and other expenditures , for example by more than $150 billion in 2004 . As the `` baby boomers '' move out of the work force and into retirement , however , expenses will come to exceed tax receipts and then , after several more years , will exceed all OASDI trust income , including interest . At that point the system will begin drawing on its trust fund Treasury Notes , and will continue to pay benefits at the current levels until the Trust Fund is exhausted . In 2013 , the OASDI retirement insurance fund collected $731.1 billion and spent $645.5 billion ; the disability program ( DI ) collected $109.1 billion and spent $140.3 billion ; Medicare ( HI ) collected $243.0 and spent $266.8 billion and Supplementary Medical Insurance , SMI , collected $293.9 billion and spent $307.4 billion . In 2013 all Social Security programs except the retirement trust fund ( OASDI ) spent more than they brought in and relied on significant withdrawals from their respective trust funds to pay their bills . The retirement ( OASDI ) trust fund of $2,541 billion is expected to be emptied by 2033 by one estimate as new retirees become eligible to join . The disability ( DI ) trust fund 's $153.9 billion will be exhausted by 2018 ; the Medicare ( HI ) trust fund of $244.2 billion will be exhausted by 2023 and the Supplemental Medical Insurance ( SMI ) trust fund will be exhausted by 2020 if the present rate of withdrawals continues -- even sooner if they increase . The total `` Social Security '' expenditures in 2013 were $1,360 billion dollars , which was 8.4 % of the $16,200 billion GNP ( 2013 ) and 37.0 % of the federal expenditures of $3,684 billion ( including a $971.0 billion deficit ) . All other parts of the Social Security program : medicare ( HI ) , disability ( DI ) and Supplemental Medical ( SMI ) trust funds are already drawing down their trust funds and are projected to go into deficit in about 2020 if the present rate of withdrawals continue . As the trust funds are exhausted either benefits will have to be cut , fraud minimized or taxes increased . According to the Center for Economic and Policy Research , upward redistribution of income is responsible for about 43 % of the projected Social Security shortfall over the next 75 years . In 2005 , this exhaustion of the OASDI Trust Fund was projected to occur in 2041 by the Social Security Administration or by 2052 by the Congressional Budget Office , CBO . Thereafter , however , the projection for the exhaustion date of this event was moved up slightly after the recession worsened the U.S. economy 's financial picture . The 2011 OASDI Trustees Report stated : Annual cost exceeded non-interest income in 2010 and is projected to continue to be larger throughout the remainder of the 75 - year valuation period . Nevertheless , from 2010 through 2022 , total trust fund income , including interest income , is more than is necessary to cover costs , so trust fund assets will continue to grow during that time period . Beginning in 2023 , trust fund assets will diminish until they become exhausted in 2036 . Non-interest income is projected to be sufficient to support expenditures at a level of 77 percent of scheduled benefits after trust fund exhaustion in 2036 , and then to decline to 74 percent of scheduled benefits in 2085 . In 2007 , the Social Security Trustees suggested that either the payroll tax could increase to 16.41 percent in 2041 and steadily increased to 17.60 percent in 2081 or a cut in benefits by 25 percent in 2041 and steadily increased to an overall cut of 30 percent in 2081 . The Social Security Administration projects that the demographic situation will stabilize . The cash flow deficit in the Social Security system will have leveled off as a share of the economy . This projection has come into question . Some demographers argue that life expectancy will improve more than projected by the Social Security Trustees , a development that would make solvency worse . Some economists believe future productivity growth will be higher than the current projections by the Social Security Trustees . In this case , the Social Security shortfall would be smaller than currently projected . Tables published by the government 's National Center for Health Statistics show that life expectancy at birth was 47.3 years in 1900 , rose to 68.2 by 1950 and reached 77.3 in 2002 . The latest annual report of the Social Security Agency ( SSA ) trustees projects that life expectancy will increase just six years in the next seven decades , to 83 in 2075 . A separate set of projections , by the Census Bureau , shows more rapid growth . The Census Bureau projection is that the longer life spans projected for 2075 by the Social Security Administration will be reached in 2050 . Other experts , however , think that the past gains in life expectancy can not be repeated , and add that the adverse effect on the system 's finances may be partly offset if health improvements or reduced retirement benefits induce people to stay in the workforce longer . Actuarial science , of the kind used to project the future solvency of social security , is by nature subject to uncertainty . The SSA actually makes three predictions : optimistic , midline , and pessimistic ( until the late 1980s it made 4 projections ) . The Social Security crisis that was developing prior to the 1983 reforms resulted from midline projections that turned out to be too optimistic . It has been argued that the overly pessimistic projections of the mid to late 1990s were partly the result of the low economic growth ( according to actuary David Langer ) assumptions that resulted in pushing back the projected exhaustion date ( from 2028 to 2042 ) with each successive Trustee 's report . During the heavy - boom years of the 1990s , the midline projections were too pessimistic . Obviously , projecting out 75 years is a significant challenge and , as such , the actual situation might be much better or much worse than predicted . The Social Security Advisory Board has on three occasions since 1999 appointed a Technical Advisory Panel to review the methods and assumptions used in the annual projections for the Social Security trust funds . The most recent report of the Technical Advisory Panel , released in June 2008 with a copyright date of October 2007 , includes a number of recommendations for improving the Social Security projections . As of December 2013 , under current law , the Congressional Budget Office reported that the `` Disability Insurance trust fund will be exhausted in fiscal year 2017 and the Old - Age and Survivors Insurance trust fund will be exhausted in 2033 '' . Increased spending for Social Security will occur at the same time as increases in Medicare , as a result of the aging of the baby boomers . One projection illustrates the relationship between the two programs : From 2004 to 2030 , the combined spending on Social Security and Medicare is expected to rise from 8 % of national income ( gross domestic product ) to 13 % . Two - thirds of the increase occurs in Medicare . Ways to eliminate the projected Social Security shortfall ( edit ) Demonstrator with sign , `` Hands Off Our Social Security '' , Rally in Senate Park , Washington D.C. , Feb. 12 , 2013 . Social Security is predicted to start running out of having enough money to pay all prospective retirees at today 's benefit payouts by 2033 . Lift the payroll ceiling . The payroll ceiling is now adjusted for inflation . Robert Reich , former United States Secretary of Labor , suggests lifting the ceiling on income subject to Social Security taxes , which is $127,200 as of January 1 , 2017 . Increase Social Security taxes . If workers and employers each paid 7.6 % ( up from today 's 6.2 % ) , it would eliminate the financing gap altogether . This 1.4 % increase ( 2.8 % for self - employed ) has over 60 % support in surveys conducted by the National Academy of Social Insurance ( NASI ) . Raise the retirement age ( s ) . Raising the early retirement option from age 62 to 64 would help cut down on Social Security benefit payouts . Means - test benefits . Phase out of Social Security benefits for those who already have income over $48,000 / year ( $4,000 / month ) would eliminate over 20 % of the funding gap . This is not very popular , with only 31 % of surveyed households favoring it . Change the cost - of - living adjustment , COLA . Reduce benefits for new retirees . If Social Security benefits were reduced by 3 % to 5 % for new retirees , about 18 % to 30 % percent of the funding gap would be eliminated . Average in more working years . Social Security benefits are now based on an average of a worker 's 35 highest paid salaries with zeros averaged in if there are fewer than 35 years of covered wages . The averaging period could be increased to 38 or 40 years , which could potentially reduce the deficit by 10 to 20 % , respectively . Require all newly hired people to join Social Security . Over 90 % of all workers already pay FICA and SECA taxes , so there is not much to gain by this . There would be an early increase in Social Security income that would be partially offset later by the benefits they might collect when they retire . Taxation ( edit ) Tax on wages and self - employment income ( edit ) Benefits are funded by taxes imposed on wages of employees and self - employed persons . As explained below , in the case of employment , the employer and employee are each responsible for one half of the Social Security tax , with the employee 's half being withheld from the employee 's pay check . In the case of self - employed persons ( i.e. , independent contractors ) , the self - employed person is responsible for the entire amount of Social Security tax . The portion of taxes collected from the employee for Social Security are referred to as `` trust fund taxes '' and the employer is required to remit them to the government . These taxes take priority over everything , and represent the only debts of a corporation or LLC that can impose personal liability upon its officers or managers . A sole proprietor and officers of a corporation and managers of an LLC can be held personally liable for non-payment of the income tax and social security taxes whether or not actually collected from the employee . The Federal Insurance Contributions Act ( FICA ) ( codified in the Internal Revenue Code ) imposes a Social Security withholding tax equal to 6.20 % of the gross wage amount , up to but not exceeding the Social Security Wage Base ( $97,500 for 2007 ; $102,000 for 2008 ; and $106,800 for 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 ) . The same 6.20 % tax is imposed on employers . For 2011 and 2012 , the employee 's contribution was reduced to 4.2 % , while the employer 's portion remained at 6.2 % . In 2012 , the wage base increased to $110,100 . In 2013 , the wage base increased to $113,700 . For each calendar year for which the worker is assessed the FICA contribution , the SSA credits those wages as that year 's covered wages . The income cutoff is adjusted yearly for inflation and other factors . A separate payroll tax of 1.45 % of an employee 's income is paid directly by the employer , and an additional 1.45 % deducted from the employee 's paycheck , yielding a total tax rate of 2.90 % . There is no maximum limit on this portion of the tax . This portion of the tax is used to fund the Medicare program , which is primarily responsible for providing health benefits to retirees . The Social Security tax rates from 1937 -- 2010 can be accessed on the Social Security Administration 's website . The combined tax rate of these two federal programs is 15.30 % ( 7.65 % paid by the employee and 7.65 % paid by the employer ) . In 2011 - 2012 it temporarily dropped to 13.30 % ( 5.65 % paid by the employee and 7.65 % paid by the employer ) . For self - employed workers ( who technically are not employees and are deemed not to be earning `` wages '' for federal tax purposes ) , the self - employment tax , imposed by the Self - Employment Contributions Act of 1954 , codified as Chapter 2 of Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code , 26 U.S.C. § § 1401 -- 1403 , is 15.3 % of `` net earnings from self - employment . '' In essence , a self - employed individual pays both the employee and employer share of the tax , although half of the self - employment tax ( the `` employer share '' ) is deductible when calculating the individual 's federal income tax . If an employee has overpaid payroll taxes by having more than one job or switching jobs during the year , the excess taxes will be refunded when the employee files his federal income tax return . Any excess taxes paid by employers , however , are not refundable to the employers . Wages not subject to tax ( edit ) Workers are not required to pay Social Security taxes on wages from certain types of work : Wages received by certain state or local government workers participating in their employers ' alternative retirement system . Net annual earnings from self - employment of less than $400 . Wages received for service as an election worker , if less than $1,400 a year ( in 2008 ) . Wages received for working as a household employee , if less than $1,700 per year ( in 2009 -- 2010 ) . Wages received by college students working under Federal Work Study programs , graduate students receiving stipends while working as teaching assistants , research assistants , or on fellowships , and most postdoctoral researchers . Eliminated starting January 2011 . Earnings received for serving as a minister ( or for similar religious service ) if the person has a conscientious objection to public insurance because of personal religious considerations . Federal income taxation of benefits ( edit ) Originally the benefits received by retirees were not taxed as income . Beginning in tax year 1984 , with the Reagan - era reforms to repair the system 's projected insolvency , retirees with incomes over $25,000 ( in the case of married persons filing separately who did not live with the spouse at any time during the year , and for persons filing as `` single '' ) , or with combined incomes over $32,000 ( if married filing jointly ) or , in certain cases , any income amount ( if married filing separately from the spouse in a year in which the taxpayer lived with the spouse at any time ) generally saw part of the retiree benefits subject to federal income tax . In 1984 , the portion of the benefits potentially subject to tax was 50 % . The Deficit Reduction Act of 1993 set the portion to 85 % . Criticisms ( edit ) Claim that it discriminates against the poor and the middle class ( edit ) Workers must pay 12.4 percent , including a 6.2 percent employer contribution , on their wages below the Social Security Wage Base ( $110,100 in 2012 ) , but no tax on income in excess of this amount . Therefore , high earners pay a lower percentage of their total income because of the income caps ; because of this , and the fact there is no tax on unearned income , social security taxes are often viewed as being regressive . However , benefits are adjusted to be significantly more progressive , even when accounting for differences in life expectancy . According to the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office , for people in the bottom fifth of the earnings distribution , the ratio of benefits to taxes is almost three times as high as it is for those in the top fifth . For people in the bottom fifth of the earnings distribution , the ratio of benefits to taxes is almost three times as high as it is for those in the top fifth . Despite its regressive tax formula , Social Security benefits are calculated using a progressive benefit formula that replaces a much higher percentage of low - income workers ' pre-retirement income than that of higher - income workers ( although these low - income workers pay a higher percentage of their pre-retirement income ) . Supporters of the current system also point to numerous studies that show that , relative to high - income workers , Social Security disability and survivor benefits paid on behalf of low - income workers more than offset any retirement benefits that may be lost because of shorter life expectancy ( this offset would only apply at a population level ) . Other research asserts that survivor benefits , allegedly an offset , actually exacerbate the problem because survivor benefits are denied to single individuals , including widow ( er ) s married fewer than nine months ( except in certain situations ) , divorced widow ( er ) s married fewer than 10 years , and co-habiting or same - sex couples , unless they are legally married in their state of residence . Unmarried individuals and minorities tend to be less wealthy . Social Security 's benefit formula provides 90 % of average indexed monthly earnings ( AIME ) below the first `` bend point '' of $791 / month , 32 % of AIME between the first and second bend points $791 to $4781 / month , and 15 % of AIME in excess of the second bend point up to the Ceiling cap of $113,700 in 2013 . The low income bias of the benefit calculation means that lower paid worker receives a much higher percentage of his or her salary in benefit payments than higher paid workers . Indeed , a married low salaried worker can receive over 100 % of their salary in benefits after retiring at the full retirement age . High - salaried workers receive 43 % or less of their salary in benefits despite having paid into the `` system '' at the same rate -- ( see benefit calculations above . ) To minimize the impact of Social Security taxes on low salaried workers the Earned Income Tax Credit '' and the Child Care Tax Credit were passed , which largely refund the FICA and or SECA payments of low - salaried workers through the income tax system . By Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) calculations the lowest income quintile ( 0 - 20 % ) and second quintile ( 21 - 40 % ) of households in the U.S. pay an average federal income tax of - 9.3 % and - 2.6 % of income and Social Security taxes of 8.3 % and 7.9 % of income respectively . By CBO calculations the household incomes in the first quintile and second quintile have an average total federal tax rate of 1.0 % and 3.8 % respectively . However , these groups also have by far the smallest percentage of American household incomes -- the first quintile earns just 3.2 % of all income , while the second quintile earns only 8.4 % of all income . Higher - income retirees will have to pay income taxes on 85 % of their Social Security benefits and 100 % on all other retirement benefits they may have . Marital status ( edit ) The Social Security Act defines the rules for determining marital relationships for SSI recipients . The act requires that if a man and a woman are found to be `` holding out '' -- that is , presenting themselves to the community as husband and wife -- they should be considered married for purposes of the SSI program . Consequently , if the claimant is found disabled and found to be `` holding out '' ; this claimant will be entitled of reduced or no SSI benefits . However , the Social Security Act does not accept that a claimant `` holding out as husband or wife '' should be entitled of Survivor , Retirement or Widows benefits , when the claimant 's `` husband or wife '' dies . SSA rules and regulations about marital status either prohibit ( SRDI program ) or reduce ( SSI program ) benefits to indigent claimants . Claim that politicians exempted themselves from the tax ( edit ) Critics of Social Security have said that the politicians who created Social Security exempted themselves from having to pay the Social Security tax . When the federal government created Social Security , all federal employees , including the president and members of Congress , were exempt from having to pay the Social Security tax , and they received no Social Security benefits . This law was changed by the Social Security Amendments of 1983 , which brought within the Social Security system all members of Congress , the president and the vice president , federal judges , and certain executive - level political appointees , as well as all federal employees hired in any capacity on or after January 1 , 1984 . Many state and local government workers , however , are exempt from Social Security taxes because they contribute instead to alternative retirement systems set up by their employers . Claim that the government lied about the maximum tax ( edit ) George Mason University economics professor Walter E. Williams claimed that the federal government has broken its own promise regarding the maximum Social Security tax . Williams used data from the federal government to back up his claim . According to a 1936 pamphlet on the Social Security website , the federal government promised the following maximum level of taxation for Social Security , `` ... beginning in 1949 , twelve years from now , you and your employer will each pay 3 cents on each dollar you earn , up to $3,000 a year . That is the most you will ever pay . '' However , according to the Social Security website , by the year 2008 , the tax rate was 6.2 % each for the employer and employee , and the maximum income level that was subject to the tax was $102,000 raising the bar to $6,324 maximum contribution by both employee and employer ( total $12,648 ) . In 2005 , Dr. Williams wrote , `` Had Congress lived up to those promises , where $3,000 was the maximum earnings subject to Social Security tax , controlling for inflation , today 's $50,000 - a-year wage earner would pay about $700 in Social Security taxes , as opposed to the more than $3,000 that he pays today . '' According to the Social Security website , `` The tax rate in the original 1935 law was 1 % each on the employer and the employee , on the first $3,000 of earnings . This rate was increased on a regular schedule in four steps so that by 1949 the rate would be 3 % each on the first $3,000 . The figure was never $1,400 , and the rate was never fixed for all time at 1 % . '' Claim that it gives a low rate of return ( edit ) Critics of Social Security claim that it gives a low rate of return , compared to what is obtained through private retirement accounts . For example , critics point out that under the Social Security laws as they existed at that time , several thousand employees of Galveston County , Texas were allowed to opt out of the Social Security program in the early 1980s , and have their money placed in a private retirement plan instead . While employees who earned $50,000 per year would have collected $1,302 per month in Social Security benefits , the private plan paid them $6,843 per month . While employees who earned $20,000 per year would have collected $775 per month in Social Security benefits , the private plan paid them $2,740 per month , at interest rates prevailing in 1996 . While some advocates of privatization of Social Security point to the Galveston pension plan as a model for Social Security reform , critics point to a GAO report to the House Ways and Means Committee , which indicates that , for low and middle income employees , particularly those with shorter work histories , the outcome may be less favorable . This claim also discounts the fact that investment in private markets is not risk - free and private investments can and often do lose value . A person whose investments fail for whatever reason may lose everything they invest and enter their retirement years penniless . Therefore , advocates argue , Social Security plays an important role by providing every American worker a guaranteed minimum level of retirement income that can not be lost to market fluctuations , disappear through business failures or be stolen by fraudulent investment schemes . Claim that it is a Ponzi scheme ( edit ) See also : Social Security debate in the United States § Pyramid or Ponzi scheme claims Critics have drawn parallels between Social Security and Ponzi schemes , e.g. : ... the vast majority of the money you pay in Social Security taxes is not invested in anything . Instead , the money you pay into the system is used to pay benefits to those `` early investors '' who are retired today . When you retire , you will have to rely on the next generation of workers behind you to pay the taxes that will finance your benefits . As with Ponzi 's scheme , this turns out to be a very good deal for those who got in early . The very first Social Security recipient , Ida Mae Fuller of Vermont , paid just $44 in Social Security taxes , but the long - lived Mrs. Fuller collected $20,993 in benefits . Such high returns were possible because there were many workers paying into the system and only a few retirees taking benefits out of it . In 1950 , for instance , there were 16 workers supporting every retiree . Today , there are just over three . By around 2030 , we will be down to just two . As with Ponzi 's scheme , when the number of new contributors dries up , it will become impossible to continue to pay the promised benefits . Those early windfall returns are long gone . When today 's young workers retire , they will receive returns far below what private investments could provide . Many will be lucky to break even . -- Michael Tanner One criticism of the analogy is that while Ponzi schemes and Social Security have similar structures ( in particular , a sustainability problem when the number of new people paying in is declining ) , they have different transparencies . In the case of a Ponzi scheme , the fact that there is no return - generating mechanism other than contributions from new entrants is obscured whereas Social Security payouts have always been openly underwritten by incoming tax revenue and the interest on the Treasury bonds held by or for the Social Security system . The sudden loss of confidence resulting in a collapse of a conventional Ponzi scheme when the scheme 's true nature is revealed is unlikely to occur in the case of the Social Security system . Private sector Ponzi schemes are also vulnerable to collapse because they can not compel new entrants , whereas participation in the Social Security program is a condition for joining the U.S. labor force . In connection with these and other issues , Robert E. Wright calls Social Security a `` quasi '' pyramid scheme in his book , Fubarnomics . Estimated net Social Security benefits under differing circumstances ( edit ) Single men with different wages and retirement dates In 2004 , Urban Institute economists C. Eugene Steuerle and Adam Carasso created a Web - based Social Security benefits calculator . Using this calculator it is possible to estimate net Social Security benefits ( i.e. , estimated lifetime benefits minus estimated lifetime FICA taxes paid ) for different types of recipients . In the book Democrats and Republicans -- Rhetoric and Reality Joseph Fried used the calculator to create graphical depictions of the estimated net benefits of men and women who were at different wage levels , single and married ( with stay - at - home spouses ) , and retiring in different years . These graphs vividly show that generalizations about Social Security benefits may be of little predictive value for any given worker , due to the wide disparity of net benefits for people at different income levels and in different demographic groups . For example , the graph below ( Figure 168 ) shows the impact of wage level and retirement date on a male worker . As income goes up , net benefits get smaller -- even negative . Impact of gender and wage levels on net SS benefits However , the impact is much greater for the future retiree ( in 2045 ) than for the current retiree ( 2005 ) . The male earning $95,000 per year and retiring in 2045 is estimated to lose over $200,000 by participating in the Social Security system . In the next graph ( Figure 165 ) the depicted net benefits are averaged for people turning age 65 anytime during the years 2005 through 2045 . ( In other words , the disparities shown are not related to retirement . ) However , we do see the impact of gender and wage level . Because women tend to live longer , they generally collect Social Security benefits for a longer time . As a result , they get a higher net benefit , on average , no matter what the wage level . Net lifetime SS benefits of married men and women where only one person works The next image ( Figure 166 ) shows estimated net benefits for married men and women at different wage levels . In this particular scenario it is assumed that the spouse has little or no earnings and , thus , will be entitled to collect a spousal retirement benefit . According to Fried : Two significant factors are evident : First , every column in Figure 166 depicts a net benefit that is higher than any column in Figure 165 . In other words , the average married person ( with a stay - at - home spouse ) gets a greater benefit per FICA tax dollar paid than does the average single person -- no matter what the gender or wage level . Second , there is only limited progressivity among married workers with stay - at - home spouses . Review Figure 166 carefully : The net benefits drop as the wage levels increase from $50,000 to $95,000 ; however , they increase as the wage levels grow from $5,000 to $50,000 . In fact , net benefits are lowest for those earning just $5,000 per year . The last graph shown ( Figure 167 ) is a combination of Figures 165 and 166 . In this graph it is very clear why generalizations about the value of Social Security benefits are meaningless . At the $95,000 wage level a married person could be a big winner -- getting net benefits of about $165,000 . On the other hand , he could lose an estimated $152,000 in net benefits if he remains single . Altogether , there is a `` swing '' of over $300,000 based upon the marriage decision ( and the division of earnings between the spouses ) . In addition there is a large disparity between the high net benefits of the married person earning $95,000 ( $165,152 ) versus the relatively low net benefits of the man or woman earning just $5,000 ( $30,025 or $41,890 , depending on gender ) . In other words , the high earner , in this scenario , gets a far greater return on his FICA tax investment than does the low earner . Comparison of net SS benefits In the book How Social Security Picks Your Pocket other factors affecting Social Security net benefits are identified : Generally , people who work for more than 35 years get a lower net benefit -- all other factors being equal . People who do not live long after retirement age get a much lower net benefit . Finally , people who derive a high percentage of income from non-wage sources get high Social Security net benefits because they appear to be poor , when they are not . The progressive benefit formula for Social Security is blind to the income a worker may have from non-wage sources , such as spousal support , dividends and interest , or rental income . Current controversies ( edit ) Main article : Social Security debate ( United States ) Proposals to reform of the Social Security system have led to heated debate , centering on funding of the program . In particular , proposals to privatize funding have caused great controversy . Contrast with private pensions ( edit ) Although Social Security is sometimes compared to private pensions , the two systems are different in a number of respects . It has been argued that Social Security is an insurance plan as opposed to a retirement plan . Unlike a pension , for example , Social Security pays disability benefits . A private pension fund accumulates the money paid into it , eventually using those reserves to pay pensions to the workers who contributed to the fund ; and a private system is not universal . Social Security can not `` prefund '' by investing in marketable assets such as equities , because federal law prohibits it from investing in assets other than those backed by the U.S. government . As a result , its investments to date have been limited to special non-negotiable securities issued by the U.S. Treasury , although some argue that debt issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association and other quasi-governmental organizations could meet legal standards . Social Security can not by law invest in private equities , although some other countries ( such as Canada ) and some states permit their pension funds to invest in private equities . As a universal system , Social Security generally operates as a pipeline , through which current tax receipts from workers are used to pay current benefits to retirees , survivors , and the disabled . When there is an excess of taxes withheld over benefits paid , by law this excess is invested in Treasury securities ( not in private equities ) as described above . Two broad categories of private pension plans are `` defined benefit pension plans '' and `` defined contribution pension plans . '' Of these two , Social Security is more similar to a defined benefit pension plan . In a defined benefit pension plan , the benefits ultimately received are based on some sort of pre-determined formula ( such as one based on years worked and highest salary earned ) . Defined benefit pension plans generally do not include separate accounts for each participant . By contrast , in a defined contribution pension plan each participant has a specific account with funds put into that account ( by the employer or the participant , or both ) , and the ultimate benefit is based on the amount in that account at the time of retirement . Some have proposed that the Social Security system be modified to provide for the option of individual accounts ( in effect , to make the system , at least in part , more like a defined contribution pension plan ) . Specifically , on February 2 , 2005 , President George W. Bush made Social Security a prominent theme of his State of the Union Address . He described the Social Security system as `` headed for bankruptcy '' , and outlined , in general terms , a proposal based on partial privatization . Critics responded that privatization would require huge new government borrowing to fund benefit payments during the transition years . See Social Security debate ( United States ) . Both `` defined benefit '' and `` defined contribution '' private pension plans are governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ( ERISA ) , which requires employers to provide minimum levels of funding to support `` defined benefits '' pensions . The purpose is to protect the workers from corporate mismanagement and outright bankruptcy , although in practice many private pension funds have fallen short in recent years . In terms of financial structure , the current Social Security system is analogous to an underfunded `` defined benefit '' pension ( `` underfunded '' meaning not that it is in trouble , but that its savings are not enough to pay future benefits without collecting future tax revenues ) . Contrast with insurance ( edit ) Besides the argument over whether the returns on Social Security contributions should or can be compared to returns on private investment instruments , there is the question of whether the contributions are nonetheless analogous to pooled insurance premiums charged by for - profit commercial insurance companies to maintain and generate a return on a `` risk pool of funds '' . Like any insurance program , Social Security `` spreads risk '' as the program protects workers and covered family members against loss of income from the wage earner 's retirement , disability , or death . For example , a worker who becomes disabled at a young age could receive a large return relative to the amount they contributed in FICA before becoming disabled , since disability benefits can continue for life . As in private insurance plans , everyone in the particular insurance pool is insured against the same risks , but not everyone will benefit to the same extent . The analogy to insurance , however , is limited by the fact that paying FICA taxes creates no legal right to benefits and by the extent to which Social Security is , in fact , funded by FICA taxes . During 2011 and 2012 , for example , FICA tax revenue was insufficient to maintain Social Security 's solvency without transfers from general revenues . These transfers added to the general budget deficit like general program spending . Private retirement savings crisis ( edit ) While inflation - adjusted stock market values generally rose from 1978 to 1997 , from 1998 through 2007 they were higher than in March 2013 . This has caused workers ' supplemental retirement plans such as 401 ( k ) s to perform substantially more poorly than expected when current retirees were investing the bulk of their savings in them . In 2010 , the median household retirement account balance for workers aged 55 to 64 was $120,000 , which will provide only a trivial supplement to Social Security benefits , but about a third of households had no retirement savings at all . 75 % of Americans nearing retirement age had less than $30,000 in their retirement accounts , which Forbes called `` the greatest retirement crisis in American history . '' Court interpretation of the Act to provide benefits ( edit ) The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has indicated that the Social Security Act has a moral purpose and should be liberally interpreted in favor of claimants when deciding what counted as covered wages for purposes of meeting the quarters of coverage requirement to make a worker eligible for benefits . That court has also stated : `` ... ( T ) he regulations should be liberally applied in favor of beneficiaries '' when deciding a case in favor of a felon who had his disability payments retroactively terminated upon incarceration . According to the court , that the Social Security Act `` should be liberally construed in favor of those seeking its benefits can not be doubted . '' `` The hope behind this statute is to save men and women from the rigors of the poor house as well as from the haunting fear that such a lot awaits them when journey 's end is near . '' Constitutionality ( edit ) The constitutionality of Social Security is intricately linked to the evolving nature of Supreme Court jurisprudence on federal power ( the 20th century saw a dramatic increase in allowed congressional action ) . When Social Security was first passed , there were significant questions over its constitutionality as the Court had found another pension scheme , the original Railroad Retirement Act , to violate the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment . Some , such as University of Chicago law professor Richard Epstein and Harvard University professor Robert Nozick , have argued that Social Security should be unconstitutional . In the 1937 U.S. Supreme Court case of Helvering v. Davis , the Court examined the constitutionality of Social Security when George Davis of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston sued in connection with the Social Security tax . The U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts first upheld the tax . The District Court judgment was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals . Commissioner Guy Helvering of the Bureau of Internal Revenue ( now the Internal Revenue Service ) took the case to the Supreme Court , and the Court upheld the validity of the tax . During the 1930s President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was in the midst of promoting the passage of a large number of social welfare programs under the New Deal and the Supreme Court struck down many of those programs ( such as the Railroad Retirement Act and the National Recovery Act ) as unconstitutional . Modified versions of the affected programs were afterwards approved by the Court , including Social Security . When Helvering v. Davis was argued before the Court , the larger issue of constitutionality of the old - age insurance portion of Social Security was not decided . The case was limited to whether the payroll tax was a suitable use of Congress 's taxing power . Despite this , no serious challenges regarding the system 's constitutionality are now being litigated , and Congress 's spending power may be more coextensive , as shown in cases like South Dakota v. Dole during the Reagan Administration . Payments to former Nazis ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2015 ) In June 2015 , the Associated Press revealed that the US government had given US $20 million to former Nazis in Social Security payments between February 1962 and January 2015 . Fraud and abuse ( edit ) Social Security number theft ( edit ) Because Social Security Numbers have become useful in identity theft and other forms of crime , various schemes have been perpetrated to acquire valid Social Security Numbers and related identity information . In February 2006 , the Social Security Administration received several reports of an email message being circulated addressed to `` Dear Social Security Number And Card owner '' and purporting to be from the Social Security Administration . The message informs the reader `` that someone illegally is using your Social Security number and assuming your identity '' and directs the reader to a website designed to look like Social Security 's Internet website . `` I am outraged that someone would target an unsuspecting public in this manner , '' said Commissioner Jo Anne B. Barnhart . `` I have asked the Inspector General to use all the resources at his command to find and prosecute whoever is perpetrating this fraud . '' Once directed to the phony website , the individual is reportedly asked to confirm his or her identity with `` Social Security and bank information . '' Specific information about the individual 's credit card number , expiration date and PIN is then requested . `` Whether on our online website or by phone , Social Security will never ask you for your credit card information or your PIN , '' Commissioner Jo Anne B. Barnhart reported . Social Security Administration Inspector General O'Carroll recommended people always take precautions when giving out personal information . `` You should never provide your Social Security number or other personal information over the Internet or by telephone unless you are extremely confident of the source to whom you are providing the information , '' O'Carroll said . See Press Release . Fraud in the acquisition and use of benefits ( edit ) Given the vast size of the program , fraud occurs . The Social Security Administration has its own investigatory group , Continuing Disability Investigations ( CDI ) . In addition , the Social Security Administration may request investigatory assistance from other federal law enforcement agencies including the Office of the Inspector General and the FBI . Restrictions on potentially deceptive communications ( edit ) Because of the importance of Social Security to millions of Americans , many direct - mail marketers packaged their mailings to resemble official communications from the Social Security Administration , hoping that recipients would be more likely to open them . In response , Congress amended the Social Security Act in 1988 to prohibit the private use of the phrase `` Social Security '' and several related terms in any way that would convey a false impression of approval from the Social Security Administration . The constitutionality of this law ( 42 U.S.C. § 1140 ) was upheld in United Seniors Association , Inc. v. Social Security Administration , 423 F. 3d 397 ( 4th Cir. 2005 ) , cert den 547 U.S. 1162 ; 126 S. Ct. 2346 ( 2006 ) ( text at Findlaw ) . Public Economics ( edit ) Current recipients ( edit ) Social Security - Ratio of Covered Workers to Retirees The 2011 annual report by the program 's Board of Trustees noted the following : in 2010 , 54 million people were receiving Social Security benefits , while 157 million people were paying into the fund ; of those receiving benefits , 44 million were receiving retirement benefits and 10 million disability benefits . In 2011 , there will be 56 million beneficiaries and 158 million workers paying in . In 2010 , total income was $781.1 billion and expenditures were $712.5 billion , which meant a total net increase in assets of $68.6 billion . Assets in 2010 were $2.6 trillion , an amount that is expected to be adequate to cover the next 10 years . In 2023 , total income and interest earned on assets are projected to no longer cover expenditures for Social Security , as demographic shifts burden the system . By 2035 , the ratio of potential retirees to working age persons will be 37 percent -- there will be less than three potential income earners for every retiree in the population . At this rate the Social Security Trust Fund would be exhausted by 2036 . Saving behavior ( edit ) Social Security affects the saving behavior of the people in three different ways . The wealth substitution effect occurs when a person saving for retirement recognizes that the Social Security system will take care of him and decreases his expectations about how much he needs to personally save . The retirement effect occurs when a taxpayer saves more each year in an effort to reduce the total number of years he must work to accumulate enough savings before retirement . The bequest effect occurs when a taxpayer recognizes a decrease in resources stemming from the Social Security tax and compensates by increasing personal savings to cover future expected costs of having children . Reducing cost of living adjustment ( COLA ) ( edit ) At present , a retiree 's benefit is annually adjusted for inflation to reflect changes in the consumer price index . Some economists argue that the consumer price index overestimates price increases in the economy and therefore is not a suitable metric for adjusting benefits , while others argue that the CPI underestimates the effect of inflation on what retired people actually need to buy to live . The current cost of living adjustment is based on the consumer price index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) . The Bureau of Labor Statistics routinely checks the prices of 211 different categories of consumption items in 38 geographical areas to compute 8,018 item - area indices . Many other indices are computed as weighted averages of these base indices . CPI - W is based on a market basket of goods and services consumed by urban wage earners and clerical workers . The weights for that index are updated in January of every even - numbered year . People who say that the CPI - W overestimates inflation recommend updating the weights each month ; this produces the Chained Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers ( C - CPI - U ) . People who say that the C - CPI - U ( or the unchained CPI for All Urban Consumers ( CPI - U ) ) disadvantages the elderly point out that seniors consume more medical care than younger people , and that the costs of medical care have been rising faster than inflation in other parts of the economy . According to this view , the costs of the things the elderly buy have been rising faster than the market basket averaged to obtain CPI - W , CPI - U or C - CPI - U . Some have recommended fixing this by using a CPI for the Elderly ( CPI - E ) . In 2003 economics researchers Hobijn and Lagakos estimated that the social security trust fund would run out of money in 40 years using CPI - W and in 35 years using CPI - E . Consumption ( edit ) According to a 2016 study in the American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics , the Social Security benefit increases from 1952 to 1991 have a `` large , immediate , and significant positive response of consumption '' . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal List of Social Security lawsuits 401 ( k ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Financing and benefit structure Goldberg v. Kelly Government operations Social Security Administration Carolyn W. Colvin , Acting Commissioner ( 2013 -- present ) Michael J. Astrue , Commissioner ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Health savings account Individual retirement account National Organization of Social Security Claimants ' Representatives ( NOSSCR ) Ownership society Richardson v. Perales Social Security debate ( United States ) Steward Machine Company v. Davis Supplemental Security Income References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Social Security Administration , Social Insurance Programs , retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Social Security Act of 1935 `` Legislative History 1935 Social Security Act '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 42 USC 7 ) `` US Code -- Title 42 -- The Public Health and Welfare '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2006 . Retrieved November 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 42 USC 401 , Trust Funds '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2006 . four Jump up ^ Morton , William R. ; Liou , Wayne ( September 12 , 2017 ) . Social Security : The Trust Funds ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : United States Social Security Administration . `` Contribution and Benefit Base '' . ^ Jump up to : A SUMMARY OF THE 2016 ANNUAL REPORTS , Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees Jump up ^ Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , Social Security Keeps 22 Million Americans Out of Poverty : A State - By - State Analysis , updated October 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ Historical Social Security Tax Rates ( 1 ) accessed 7 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ `` Contribution and Benefit Base '' . ssa.gov . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FICA & SECA Tax Rates '' . ssa.gov . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Social Security History ( 2 ) accessed 7 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ Social Security FAQ ( 3 ) accessed 2 Feb 2017 Jump up ^ `` A Reader 's Companion to American History : Poverty '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finance , Business , Economics : Huge Old - Age Reserve Fund Under Doughton Bill Gives Treasury Extensive New Financial Powers ; Could Be Used to Control Credit Also '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1935 . p. 23 . The social security bill , in its present form , is thus not only a sweeping piece of legislation , but also a far - reaching financial measure . To have investments available for such large reserve funds , the Treasury will have to keep as much of its debt as possible in short - dated maturities , so that securities can be provided by the Old - Age Reserve Account . The existence of this huge reserve , furthermore , will constantly encourage resort to venture in State Socialism . Jump up ^ Albright , Robert C. ( June 15 , 1935 ) . `` Security Bill 's Passage Held Likely Monday : Hastings and Long Assail Measure ; Few Changes Are Expected '' . The Washington Post . p. 2 . Senator Frederick Hale ( Republican ) , Maine , assailed the ( Social Security ) bill incidentally in the course of a speech in which he said President Roosevelt is filling Washington with ' socialistic agencies . ' He said if Mr. Roosevelt is renominated next year it will be unnecessary for the Socialist Party to put up a candidate . Jump up ^ `` Where the Line is Drawn : From The Indianapolis News '' . The New York Times . February 16 , 1936 . p . E8 . At this stage it is certain that no group of either party is going to fight all the achievements of the New Deal . Its credit relief , social security and such unemployment relief devices as the Civilian Conservation Corps are not likely to become the target for oratorical attack . But its State socialism plans and its anti-constitutional regimentation laws apparently will come in for an avalanche of opposition from groups of both parties . Jump up ^ Altman , Nancy J. ( August 14 , 2009 ) , President Barack Obama could learn from Franklin D. Roosevelt Los Angeles Times , October 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Achenbaum , Andrew . Social Security Visions and Revisions , 1986 . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Kessler - Harris , Alice . In Pursuit of Equity , 2001 . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Achenbaum 1986 . p. 130 . Jump up ^ 2013 Social Security Trustee Report ( 4 ) accessed 9 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ `` Trustees Report Summary '' . ssa.gov . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Medicare is funded '' . medicare.gov . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The 2012 Long - Term Projections for Social Security Congressional Budget Office October 2012 ^ Jump up to : Medicare fast facts ( 5 ) accessed 17 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ Historical Background and Development of Social Security , Social Security Administration web site . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum salary needed for Social Security vesting '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Retirement Benefit : How It 's Figured '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Request for Social Security Earnings Information '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Benefit Calculation Examples For Workers Retiring In 2013 '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ OASDI Benefit calculations ( 6 ) accessed 10 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ Social Security Government pension offset ^ Jump up to : The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes , 2008 and 2009 , Supplemental Tables ; Table 1 ( 7 ) accessed 13 OCT 2013 Jump up ^ Social Security `` fully insured '' status ( 8 ) accessed 7 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ `` 7 Steps To Optimize Your Social Security Benefits '' . Action Economics . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Windfall Elimination Provision ( 9 ) accessed 10 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ `` Social Security : The Windfall Elimination Provision ( WEP ) '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Projected demise of the special minimum benefit program ( 10 ) accessed 26 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ Special Minimum Benefit ( 11 ) accessed 26 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ `` Retirement Estimator '' . Ssa.gov. 2011 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Andrew ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Social Security unveils new earnings calculator '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Normal Retirement Age '' . Social Security Administration . September 19 , 2005 . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Motoko Rich ( June 9 , 2012 ) . `` Forced to Early Social Security , Unemployed Pay a Steep Price '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benefit Reduction for Early Retirement ( 12 ) accessed 6 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ https://www.ssa.gov/planners/survivors/ifyou5.html Jump up ^ Social Security Government pension offset ( 13 ) accessed 14 Nov 2014 ^ Jump up to : Delayed Retirement Credits ( 14 ) accessed 14 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ Senior Citizens ' Freedom to Work Act ( 15 ) accessed 14 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ Working and Social Security Benefits ( 16 ) accessed 6 Nov 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Survivors Benefits '' . SSA Publication No. 05 - 10084 , ICN 468540 . Social Security Administration . 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://www.ssa.gov/planners/survivors/ifyou5.html Jump up ^ `` Benefits for Children '' ( PDF ) . SSA Publication No . EN - 05 - 10085 , ICN 468550 . Social Security Administration . 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Mears , Justices deny benefits for child conceived after death of a parent ( May 21 , 2012 ) . CNN . Jump up ^ `` What We Mean By Disability '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Numbers For Children '' . Social Security Administration . November 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Social Security and Other Information for Members of the Clergy and Religious Workers ( 17 ) accessed 14 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ Application for Exemption From Self - Employment Tax for Use By Ministers , Members of Religious Orders and Christian Science Practitioners ( 18 ) accessed 14 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ Why Illinois Teachers Are n't in Social Security ( 19 ) accessed 14 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ Barbara D. Bovbjerg ( 2005 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Social Security : Coverage of Public Employees and Implications for Reform '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Railroad Retirement Board ( 20 ) accessed 15 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ `` 26 USC 6051 '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code § 3101 - Rate of tax '' . cornell.edu . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code § 3102 - Deduction of tax from wages '' . cornell.edu . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 26 USC § 3121 - Definitions LII / Legal Information Institute '' ... law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Law.cornell.edu '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code § 1401 - Rate of tax '' . cornell.edu . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code § 1402 - Definitions '' . cornell.edu . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OASDI Trust Funds '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Unfunded Obligation and Transition Cost for the OASDI Program '' ( PDF ) . Actuarial Note 2008.1 . Social Security Administration . July 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 2009 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old - Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Administration . May 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SSA.gov Archived October 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ UCRP Retirement System Brochure ( 21 ) accessed 3 Nov 2013 ^ Jump up to : Long term stock returns accessed 4 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ Windfall Elimination Provision ( 22 ) accessed 14 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ Average Social security Payment ( 23 ) accessed 9 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ 2013 Federal Poverty Guidelines ( 24 ) accessed 9 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ The Pew Charitable Trusts : A Look at Access to Employer - Based Retirement Plans and Participation in the States ( 25 ) accessed 8 Oct 2016 Jump up ^ See : IRS Publication 590 , `` Individual Retirement Arrangements '' Archived 2010 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christians , Allison ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Social Security in United States Treaties and Executive Agreements '' . Internationalen Steuerrecht. 43 . SSRN 822504 . Jump up ^ `` International Agreements '' . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/26/weekinreview/the-nation-not-for-identification-purposes-just-kidding.html Jump up ^ http://home.hiwaay.net/~becraft/ScottSSNLetter.pdf Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( d ) . Jump up ^ keep `` Tax Reform Act of 1986 '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Social Security Act section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( C ) ( 1 ) , codified at subsection ( c ) ( 2 ) ( C ) ( 1 ) of 42 U.S.C. § 405 . Jump up ^ Privacy Act of 1974 , Pub . L. No. 93 - 579 , 88 Stat. 1897 ( December 31 , 1974 ) , sec. 7 ( a ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( d ) . Jump up ^ `` OASDI Trust Funds ( See above ) '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2013 Status Of The Social Security And Medicare Programs ( 26 ) accessed 16 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ Status Of The Social Security And Medicare Programs ( 27 ) accessed 26 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Upward Redistribution of Wage Income on Social Security Solvency '' Center for Economic and Policy Research , 12 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` Social Security Administration '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Budget Office '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 OASDI Trustees Report '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 OASDI Trustees Report Conclusions '' . Social Security Administration . April 23 , 2007 . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Underestimates Future Life Spans , Critics Say '' . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Technical Panel on Assumptions and Methods ( 2007 ) , `` Report to the Social Security Advisory Board , '' October 2007 Archived October 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Social Security Advisory Board , `` Press Release : The Report of the 2007 Technical Panel on Assumptions and Methods , '' June 5 , 2008 Archived June 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` 2013 TNT 243 - 15 CBO PROJECTS LARGER SOCIAL SECURITY SHORTFALLS COMPARED TO LAST YEAR . '' . Tax Analysts . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Samuelson , Robert J. ( January 14 , 2005 ) . `` It 's More Than Social Security '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ways to fix Social Security ( 28 ) accessed 15 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ CBO tax report 2009 ( 29 ) accessed 15 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ Robert , Reich ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` What 's the ' Chained CPI , ' Why It 's Bad for Social Security and Why the White House Should n't Be Touting It ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : National Academy of Social Insurance ( NASI ) survey ( 30 ) accessed 15 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ IRC § 6672 provides ' Any person required to collect , truthfully account for , and pay over any tax imposed by this title who willfully fails to collect such tax , or truthfully account for and pay over such tax , or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any such tax or the payment thereof , shall in addition to other penalties provided by law , be liable to a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded , or not collected , or not accounted for and paid over . ' Jump up ^ `` 2011 Publication 15 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Payroll Tax Cut Extended to the End of 2012 ; Revised Payroll Tax Form Now Available to Employers '' . 2012 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contribution and Benefit Base '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pressoffice/factsheets/colafacts2013.htm Jump up ^ `` Annual Statistical Supplement , 2010 -- History of OASDI Coverage , Financing , and Insured Status ( 2. A1 - 2. A7 ) '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 1402 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Self - Employed . How Do I Pay Social Security Tax ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Employment Tax '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ IRS Publications 15 , 15 - A Jump up ^ `` SOCIAL SECURITY AMENDMENTS OF 1983 H.R. 1900 / P.L. 98 - 21 '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Page 11 , Instructions for 1984 Form 1040 , U.S. Individual Income Tax Return , Internal Revenue Service , U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury . Jump up ^ `` Perspectives '' . New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is Social Security Progressive ? '' . The US Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) . 2006 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Social Security 's benefit formula provides 90 % of average indexed monthly earnings ( AIME ) below the first `` bend point '' , 32 % of AIME between the first and second bend points , and 15 % of AIME in excess of the second bend point . Primary Insurance Amount , Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Cynthia M. Fagnoni , General Accounting Office , `` Social Security and Minorities : Current Benefits and Implications of Reform '' , Testimony before the Subcommittee on Social Security , Committee on Ways and Means , House of Representatives , February 10 , 1999 . 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Social Security Administration . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DePaulo , Bella M. ; Morris , Wendy L. ( 2006 ) . `` The Unrecognized Stereotyping and Discrimination Against Singles '' Current Directions in Psychological Science 15 ( 5 ) , 251 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Steuerle , C. Eugene ; Carasso , Adam ( 2000 ) . Urban.org `` Social Security Benefits and the Language of Guarantees '' . Urban Research Institute . Jump up ^ Oberwetter , Brooke ( June 13 , 2005 ) . `` Show '' . Reason . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Wealth '' . Money . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Social Security Benefit - PIA Calculation ( 31 ) accessed 1 Apr 2012 Jump up ^ The U.S. Income Distribution and Mobility : Trends and International Comparisons , Congressional Research Service Jump up ^ SI 00501.152 ) Jump up ^ SI 02005.030 ) Jump up ^ RSDI vs SSI Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Millions Enjoy Ownership and Control Outside Social Security '' . White House . 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Jump up ^ http://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/he99031.pdf Jump up ^ One man 's retirement math : Social Security wins , David R. Francis , Christian Science Monitor , December 27 , 2004 Jump up ^ Daniel Indiviglio Perry Is Right : Social Security Is a Lot Like a Ponzi Scheme The Atlantic , August 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ Laursen , E. ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Is Social Security Really a Ponzi Scheme '' . The Ponzi epithet for Social Security originated in a 1967 Newsweek column by Paul Samuelson : ( ... ) A growing nation is the greatest Ponzi scheme ever contrived . And that is a fact , not a paradox Jump up ^ `` Social Security : The Enron That Politicians Have in the Closet '' . Capitalism Magazine . 23 March 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , It Is a Ponzi Scheme '' . National Review . 31 August 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuckoff , M. ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Social Security a Ponzi Scheme ? No Way '' . Fortune . Some commentators are finding a tempting comparison between the Madoff scandal and the Social Security system . Here 's why it 's wrong . Jump up ^ DeWitt , L. ( January 2009 ) . `` Research Note # 25 : Ponzi Schemes vs. Social Security '' . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ C. Eugene Steuerle and Adam Carasso , `` The USA Today Lifetime Social Security and Medicare Benefits Calculator , '' ( Urban Institute , October 1 , 2004 ) , from : Urban.org NOTE : The calculator does not include the value or cost of the Social Security disability program . Jump up ^ Fried , Joseph , Democrats and Republicans -- Rhetoric and Reality ( New York : Algora Publishing , 2008 ) , 212 . Jump up ^ Fried , Joseph , Democrats and Republicans -- Rhetoric and Reality ( New York : Algora Publishing , 2008 ) , 205 . Jump up ^ Fried , Joseph , Democrats and Republicans -- Rhetoric and Reality ( New York : Algora Publishing , 2008 ) , 206 . Jump up ^ Fried , Joseph , Democrats and Republicans -- Rhetoric and Reality ( New York : Algora Publishing , 2008 ) , 208 . Jump up ^ Fried , Joseph , How Social Security Picks Your Pocket ( New York : Algora Publishing , 2003 ) , 27 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` State of the Union Address '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Chait , Blocking Move The New Republic March 21 , 2005 Jump up ^ Will Wilkinson , Social Security and the Insurance Illusion Foundation for Economic Education 55 : 7 September 2005 See also : Theda Skocpol , Social Policy in the United States : Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective , ( Princeton University Press : 1995 ) p. 162 : `` The ideology that Altmeyer and other Social Security administrators fashioned for the old - age security system was individualistic and based on a ( technically quite false ) analogy to private savings or insurance . '' Jump up ^ See Flemming v. Nestor , 363 U.S. 603 , 608 -- 11 , 4 L. Ed . 2d 1435 , 80 S. Ct. 1367 ( 1960 ) , ruling that the `` right to Social Security benefits can not properly be considered '' to be a `` property right '' , id . at 608 . Jump up ^ Dean Baker Social Security tax cut : A deal breaker The Hill December 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer For Some in G.O.P. , a Tax Cut Not Worth Embracing The New York Times August 25 , 2011 Jump up ^ Lori Montgomery , The debt fallout : How Social Security went ' cash negative ' earlier than expected Washington Post October 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 Stock Price Index ( SP500 ) / Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers : All Items ( CPIAUCSL ) , '' 1960 - March 2013 FRED Graph , St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank Jump up ^ Anguelov , Chris E. ; Howard M. Iams ; Patrick J. Purcell ( 2012 ) . `` Shifting Income Sources of the Aged '' . Social Security Bulletin . Office of Research , Evaluation , and Statistics , Office of Retirement and Disability Policy , U.S. Social Security Administration . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Ben ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Counterparties : Retiring the 401 ( k ) '' . Reuters . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Black , Duncan ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` 401Ks are a disaster '' . USA Today . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Siedle , Ted ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Greatest Retirement Crisis In American History '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Conklin v. Celebrezze , 319 F. 2d 569 ( 7th Cir. 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Dugan v. Sullivan , 957 F. 2d 1384 , 1389 ( 7th Cir. 1992 ) quoting Wyatt v. Barnhart , 349 F. 3d 983 , 986 ( 7th Cir. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Carroll v. Social Sec . Bd. , 128 F. 2d 876 ( 7th Cir. 1942 ) , citing Helvering v. Davis , 301 U.S. 619 , 640 -- 645 , 57 S. Ct. 904 ( 1937 ) ( hereinafter Davis ) . Jump up ^ Davis , at 641 . Jump up ^ 301 U.S. 619 ( 1937 ) . Jump up ^ 483 U.S. 203 ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ US paid deported former Nazis more than $20 million in Social Security benefits , World Jewish Congress , June 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Phishing Scam '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cooperative Disability Investigations ( CDI ) Office of the Inspector General , SSA '' . oig.ssa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` United Seniors Association vs Social Security Administration '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wihbey , John ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Annual Report by the Social Security Board of Trustees '' . journalistsresource.org . Jump up ^ Rosen , Harvey S. , Gayer , Ted ( 2008 ) . Public Finance ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 125939 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Social Security : Cost - of - Living Adjustments Congressional Research Service Jump up ^ Hobijn , Bart ; Lagakos , David ( May 2003 ) . `` Social Security and the Consumer Price Index for the Elderly '' . Current Issues in Economics and Finance . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . 9 ( 5 ) : 1 -- 6 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romer , Christina D. ; Romer , David H. ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Transfer Payments and the Macroeconomy : The Effects of Social Security Benefit Increases , 1952 - 1991 '' . American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics. 8 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 42 . ISSN 1945 - 7707 . doi : 10.1257 / mac. 20140348 . Works referenced Achenbaum , Andrew ( 1986 ) . Social Security Visions and Revisions . Feldstein , Martin ; Jeffrey Liebman ( editors ) ( 2002 ) . The Distributional Aspects of Social Security and Social Security Reform . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Kessler - Harris , Alice ( 2001 ) . In Pursuit of Equity : Women , Men , and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in 20th Century America . New York City : Oxford University Press . Social Security Administration Beneficiaries and costs information Wright , Robert E. ( 2010 ) . Fubarnomics : A Lighthearted , Serious Look at America 's Economic Ills . Buffalo , New York : Prometheus Books . Further reading ( edit ) Altman , Nancy ; Kingson , Eric ; Johnston , David Cay ( 2015 ) . Social Security Works ! : Why Social Security Is n't Going Broke and How Expanding It Will Help Us All . The New Press . ISBN 1620970376 `` Community of Minds : Working Together -- The $44 Trillion Abyss -- 2003 Fortune Magazine '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . `` Social Security Suicide '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Brown , Jeffrey R. ; Liebman , Jeffrey B. ; Wise , David A. ( 2009 ) . Social Security Policy in a Changing Environment . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 07648 - 5 . `` What Does Price Indexing Mean for Social Security Benefits ? ( explanation of wage indexing versus price indexing ) '' ( PDF ) . Center for Retirement Research . January 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 4 , 2005 . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . `` Getting a grip on Social Security : The flaw in the system '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . `` Center for American Progress : Social Security by the Numbers ( reference guide with stats ) '' . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 03 . Berkowitz , Edward D. ; Kingson , Eric R. Social Security and Medicare : A Policy Primer Auburn House . 1993 . 214 pp Jenkins , Shirley ; et al. , eds . Social Security in International Perspective Essays in Honor of Eveline M. Burns . Columbia University Press , 1969 Martin , Patricia P. ; Weaver , David A. `` Social Security : A Program and Policy History , '' Social Security Bulletin , Vol. 66 No. 1 , 2005 Myers , Robert J. Social Security . University of Pennsylvania Press . 1993 . Saving , Thomas R. ( 2008 ) . `` Social Security '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Indianapolis : Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Schieber , Sylvester J. , and John B. Shoven . The Real Deal . Yale University Press 1999 . Skidmore , Max J. Social Security and Its Enemies : The Case for America 's Most Efficient Insurance Program . Westview Press , 1999 Tanner , Michael D . Social Security and Its Discontents : Perspectives on Choice . Cato Institute , 2004 . Comment : libertarian criticism Traver , David ( 2006 ) . Social Security Disability Advocate 's Handbook . James Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58012 - 033 - 4 . Social Security Handbook , Germania Publishing , 2006 . S044a90.ssa.gov Social Security Program Operations Manual System . Social Security Administration . Casamatta , G. , Cremer , H. , & Pestieau P. ( 2000 ) . The political economy of Social Security . The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 102 ( 3 ) , 503 - 522 . Cerda , R.A. ( 2005 ) . On Social Security financial crisis . Journal of Population Economics 18 ( 3 ) , 509 - 517 . Cogan , J.F. & Mitchell , O.S. ( 2003 ) . Perspectives from the President 's Commission on Social Security reform . Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 ( 2 ) , 149 -- 172 . Galasso , V. ( 1999 ) . The U.S. Social Security system : what does sustainability imply ? Review of Economic Dynamics 2 ( 3 ) , 698 - 730 . Galasso , V. & Profeta , P. ( 2004 ) . Lessons for an aging society : the political sustainability of social security systems . Economic Policy 19 ( 38 ) , 63 -- 115 . Goss , S.C. ( 2010 ) . The future financial status of the Social Security program . Social Security Bulletin 70 ( 3 ) , 111 - 125 . Pecchenino , R.A. & Utendorf , K.R. ( 1999 ) . Social Security , social welfare and the aging population . Journal of Population Economics 12 ( 4 ) , 607 - 623 . External links ( edit ) Old - Age , Survivors , and Disability Insurance ( `` OASDI ' ) Social Security Administration Social Security Advisory Board Social Security Retirement Questions FAQ Duties of Social Security Disability Attorneys Social Security Internet Myths part 1 , Social Security Internet Myths part 2 Congressional Budget Office : Social Security Primer ( 2001 ) US Government Accountability Office , Social Security Reform : Answers to Key Questions Calculators Social Security benefit calculators Urban Institute 's USA TODAY Lifetime Social Security and Medicare Benefits Calculator More information Commission to Strengthen Social Security Social Security Advisory Board President 's Commission to Strengthen Social Security 75th Anniversary of Social Security at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Museum and Library TimeLines of US SSI Numbers ( Years Numbers States ) Social Security Death Index Information Articles NBER paper , Internal Rate of Return , coauthored by Olivia Mitchell , member of President 's Commission to Strengthen Social Security ( 2001 ) Social Security : Major Decisions in the House and Senate Since 1935 Congressional Research Service ( 2016 ) Social Security 's Financial Outlook and Reforms : An Independent Evaluation , Jagadeesh Gokhale , member of the Social Security Advisory Board advising Congress and the President Time Archives A Collection regarding Social Security 's progression and perception over time Social Security ( United States ) Key articles History of Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security number Assistance programs Disability Determination Services Retirement Insurance Benefits Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Ticket to Work Unemployment benefits Health care Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Law Disability fraud FICA Revenue Act of 1942 Social Security Act Social Security Amendments of 1965 Social Security Death Index Social Security Trust Fund Windfall Elimination Provision Other Legacy debt Numident Office of the Chief Actuary Primary Insurance Amount Social Security debate ( United States ) Social Security Wage Base Years of coverage New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Category Commons Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States Transfer payments Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Social security Supplemental Security Income Social Security Disability Insurance Unemployment insurance Public housing Section 8 ( housing ) Office of Public and Indian Housing Food Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program WIC Child and Adult Care Food Program Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico School meal programs in the United States School Breakfast Program Farmers ' Market Nutrition Program Summer Food Service Program Special Milk Program Nutrition Assistance Grants Reduced - price meal Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations Education Head Start Program Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant Grants & subsidies Community Development Block Grant Child care and development block grant HOME Investment Partnerships Program Housing trust fund Mutual self - help housing NeighborWorks America Urban Partnership Bank HOPE VI Government National Mortgage Association FHA insured loan HUD Neighborhood Networks Renewal community Empowerment zone Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Lifeline State & territory California New York Puerto Rico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Security_(United_States)&oldid=805579716 '' Categories : Liberalism in the United States Social Security ( United States ) Taxation in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles to be expanded from June 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 09 : 05 . 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2406516084445774251 | Gilded Age | Gilded Age - wikipedia Gilded Age Jump to : navigation , search This article is about social history . For other uses , see Gilded Age ( disambiguation ) . The Breakers , a Gilded Age mansion in Newport , Rhode Island , belonging to the wealthy Vanderbilt family of railroad industry tycoons . The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century , from the 1870s to about 1900 . The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain 's 1873 novel The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today , which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding . The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France . Its beginning in the years after the American Civil War overlaps the Reconstruction Era ( which ended in 1877 ) , . It was followed in the 1890s by the Progressive Era . The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth , especially in the North and West . As American wages were much higher than those in Europe , especially for skilled workers , the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants . The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 60 % between 1860 and 1890 , spread across the ever - increasing labor force . The average annual wage per industrial worker ( including men , women , and children ) rose from $380 in 1880 to $564 in 1890 , a gain of 48 % . However , the Gilded Age was also an era of abject poverty and inequality as millions of immigrants -- many from impoverished European nations -- poured into the United States , and the high concentration of wealth became more visible and contentious . Railroads were the major growth industry , with the factory system , mining , and finance increasing in importance . Immigration from Europe and the eastern states led to the rapid growth of the West , based on farming , ranching , and mining . Labor unions became important in the very rapidly growing industrial cities . Two major nationwide depressions -- the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 -- interrupted growth and caused social and political upheavals . The South after the Civil War remained economically devastated ; its economy became increasingly tied to cotton and tobacco production , which suffered from low prices . With the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877 , African - American people in the South were stripped of political power and voting rights and were left economically disadvantaged . The political landscape was notable in that despite some corruption , turnout was very high and national elections saw two evenly matched parties . The dominant issues were cultural ( especially regarding prohibition , education , and ethnic or racial groups ) , and economic ( tariffs and money supply ) . With the rapid growth of cities , political machines increasingly took control of urban politics . In business , massive , powerful , and wealthy trusts formed . Unions crusaded for the 8 - hour working day and the abolition of child labor ; middle class reformers demanded civil service reform , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Local governments across the North and West built public schools chiefly at the elementary level ; public high schools started to emerge . The numerous religious denominations were growing in membership and wealth , with Catholicism becoming the largest denomination . They all expanded their missionary activity to the world arena . Catholics and Lutherans set up parochial schools and the larger denominations set up numerous colleges , hospitals , and charities . Many of the problems faced by society , especially the poor , during the Gilded Age gave rise to attempted reforms in the subsequent Progressive Era . Contents ( hide ) 1 The name and the era 2 Industrial and technological advances 2.1 Technical advances 2.2 Railroads 2.2. 1 Shipping freight and passengers 2.2. 2 Basis of the private financial system 2.2. 3 Inventing modern management 2.2. 4 Career paths 2.2. 5 Love - hate relationship with the railroads 2.2. 6 Impact on farming 2.3 Economic growth 2.4 Wages 2.5 Inequality of income 2.6 Rise of labor unions 3 Politics 3.1 Metropolitan area politics 3.2 National politics 3.3 Ethnocultural politics : pietistic Republicans versus liturgical Democrats 4 Immigration 4.1 Waves of old and new immigrants 4.1. 1 New immigrants 4.2 Chinese immigrants 5 Rural life 6 Urban life 7 The South and the West 7.1 The South 7.2 The West 7.2. 1 Native assimilation 7.2. 2 Family life 8 Art 9 Women 's roles 9.1 Social activism 9.2 Employment 10 Social thought 11 Religion 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 Primary sources 14.3 Scholarly journals 15 External links The name and the Era ( edit ) The term `` Gilded Age '' for the period of economic boom after the American Civil War up to the turn of the century was applied to the era by historians in the 1920s , who took the term from one of Mark Twain 's lesser known novels , The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today ( 1873 ) . The book ( co-written with Charles Dudley Warner ) satirized the promised ' golden age ' after the Civil War , portrayed as an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic expansion . In the 1920s and 30s `` Gilded Age '' became a designated period in American history . The term was adopted by literary and cultural critics as well as historians , including Van Wyck Brooks , Lewis Mumford , Charles Austin Beard , Mary Ritter Beard , Vernon Louis Parrington and Matthew Josephson . For them , `` Gilded Age '' was a pejorative term used to describe a time of materialistic excesses combined with extreme poverty . The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France . With respect to eras of American history , historical views vary as to when the Gilded Age began , ranging from starting right after the American Civil War ( ended , 1865 ) , or 1873 , or as the Reconstruction Era ended in 1877 . The point noted as the end of the Gilded Age also varies . It is generally given as the beginning of the Progressive Era in the 1890s ( sometimes the United States presidential election of 1896 ) but also falls in a range that includes the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , Theodore Roosevelt election in 1901 , and even the U.S. entry into World War I ( 1917 ) . Industrial and technological advances ( edit ) Main articles : Second Industrial Revolution , Rail transportation in the United States , and Economic history of the United States The May 10 , 1869 celebration of the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad . Technical advances ( edit ) The Gilded Age was a period of economic growth as the United States jumped to the lead in industrialization ahead of Britain . The nation was rapidly expanding its economy into new areas , especially heavy industry like factories , railroads , and coal mining . In 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad opened up the far - west mining and ranching regions . Travel from New York to San Francisco now took six days instead of six months . Railroad track mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880 , and then doubled again by 1920 . The new track linked formerly isolated areas with larger markets and allowed for the rise of commercial farming , ranching , and mining , creating a truly national marketplace . American steel production rose to surpass the combined totals of Britain , Germany , and France . London and Paris poured investment money into the railroads through the American financial market centered in Wall Street . By 1900 , the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industry -- a few large corporations , called `` trusts '' , dominated in steel , oil , sugar , meat , and farm machinery . Through vertical integration these trusts were able to control each aspect of the production of a specific good , ensuring that the profits made on the finished product were maximized and prices minimized , and by controlling access to the raw materials , prevented other companies from being able to compete in the marketplace . Several monopolies -- most famously Standard Oil -- came to dominate their markets by keeping prices low when competitors appeared ; they grew at a rate four times faster than that of the competitive sectors . Increased mechanization of industry is a major mark of the Gilded Age 's search for cheaper ways to create more product . Frederick Winslow Taylor observed that worker efficiency in steel could be improved through the use of very close observations with a stop watch to eliminate wasted effort . Mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers . Machine shops grew rapidly , and they comprised highly skilled workers and engineers . Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased , as their wage rates grew . Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise . Railroads invented modern management , with clear chains of command , statistical reporting , and complex bureaucratic systems . They systematized the roles of middle managers and set up explicit career tracks . They hired young men ages 18 -- 21 and promoted them internally until a man reached the status of locomotive engineer , conductor , or station agent at age 40 or so . Career tracks were invented for skilled blue - collar jobs and for white - collar managers , starting in railroads and expanding into finance , manufacturing , and trade . Together with rapid growth of small business , a new middle class was rapidly growing , especially in northern cities . A Los Angeles oil district , ca. 1895 -- 1901 The United States became a world leader in applied technology . From 1860 to 1890 , 500,000 patents were issued for new inventions -- over ten times the number issued in the previous seventy years . George Westinghouse invented air brakes for trains ( making them both safer and faster ) . Theodore Vail established the American Telephone & Telegraph Company and built a great communications network . Thomas Edison , in addition to inventing hundreds of devices , established the first electrical lighting utility , basing it on direct current and an efficient incandescent lamp . Electric power delivery spread rapidly across Gilded Age cities . The streets were lighted at night , and electric streetcars allowed for faster commuting to work and easier shopping . Petroleum launched a new industry beginning with the Pennsylvania oil fields in the 1860s . The United States dominated the global industry into the 1950s . Kerosene replaced whale oil and candles for lighting homes . John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company and monopolized the oil industry , which mostly produced kerosene before the automobile created a demand for gasoline in the 20th century . Railroads ( edit ) According to historian Henry Adams the system of railroads needed : the energies of a generation , for it required all the new machinery to be created -- capital , banks , mines , furnaces , shops , power - houses , technical knowledge , mechanical population , together with a steady remodelling of social and political habits , ideas , and institutions to fit the new scale and suit the new conditions . The generation between 1865 and 1895 was already mortgaged to the railways , and no one knew it better than the generation itself . The impact can be examined through five aspects : shipping , finance , management , careers , and popular reaction . Shipping freight and passengers ( edit ) First they provided a highly efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market . The result was a transforming impact on most sectors of the economy including manufacturing , retail and wholesale , agriculture , and finance . The United States now had an integrated national market practically the size of Europe , with no internal barriers or tariffs , all supported by a common language , and financial system and a common legal system . Basis of the private financial system ( edit ) Railroads financing provided the basis for a dramatic expansion of the private ( non-governmental ) financial system . Construction of railroads was far more expensive than factories . In 1860 , the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $1.8 billion ; 1897 it reached $10.6 billion ( compared to a total national debt of $1.2 billion ) . Funding came from financiers throughout the Northeast , and from Europe , especially Britain . About 10 percent of the funding came from the government , especially in the form of land grants that could be realized when a certain amount of trackage was opened . The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds . New York by 1860 was the dominant financial market . The British invested heavily in railroads around the world , but nowhere more so than the United States ; The total came to about $3 billion by 1914 . In 1914 -- 1917 , they liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies . Inventing Modern management ( edit ) Railroad management designed complex systems that could handle far more complicated simultaneous relationships than could be dreamed of by the local factory owner who could patrol every part of his own factory in a matter of hours . Civil engineers became the senior management of railroads . The leading innovators were the Western Railroad of Massachusetts and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1840s , the Erie in the 1850s and the Pennsylvania in the 1860s . Career paths ( edit ) The railroads invented the career path in the private sector for both blue - collar workers and white - collar workers . Railroading became a lifetime career for young men ; women were almost never hired . A typical career path would see a young man hired at age 18 as a shop laborer , be promoted to skilled mechanic at age 24 , brakemen at 25 , freight conductor at 27 , and passenger conductor at age 57 . White - collar careers paths likewise were delineated . Educated young men started in clerical or statistical work and moved up to station agents or bureaucrats at the divisional or central headquarters . At each level they had more and more knowledge experience and human capital . They were very hard to replace , and were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care . Hiring , firing , and wage rates were set not by foreman , but by central administrators , in order to minimize favoritism and personality conflicts . Everything was done by the book , whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance , and exactly what their rank and pay would be . By the 1880s the career railroaders were retiring , and pension systems were invented for them . Love - hate relationship with the railroads ( edit ) America developed a love - hate relationship with railroads . Boosters in every city worked feverishly to make sure the railroad came through , knowing their urban dreams depended upon it . The mechanical size , scope , and efficiency of the railroads made a profound impression ; people dressed in their Sunday best to go down to the terminal to watch the train come in . Travel became much easier , cheaper , and more common . Shoppers from small towns could make day trips to big city stores . Hotels , resorts , and tourist attractions were built to accommodate the demand . The realization that anyone could buy a ticket for a thousand - mile trip was empowering . Historians Gary Cross and Rick Szostak argue : with the freedom to travel came a greater sense of national identity and a reduction in regional cultural diversity . Farm children could more easily acquaint themselves with the big city , and easterners could readily visit the West . It is hard to imagine a United States of continental proportions without the railroad . The engineers became model citizens , bringing their can - do spirit and their systematic work effort to all phases of the economy as well as local and national government . By 1910 , major cities were building magnificent palatial railroad stations , such as the Pennsylvania Station in New York City , and the Union Station in Washington DC . But there was also a dark side . By the 1870s , railroads were vilified by Western farmers who absorbed the Granger movement theme that monopolistic carriers controlled too much pricing power , and that the state legislatures had to impose maximum prices . Local merchants and shippers supported the demand and got some `` Granger Laws '' passed . Anti-railroad complaints were loudly repeated in late 19th century political rhetoric . The most hated railroad man in the country was Collis P. Huntington ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , the president of the Southern Pacific Railroad who dominated California 's economy and politics . One textbook argues : `` Huntington came to symbolize the greed and corruption of late - nineteenth - century business . Business rivals and political reformers accused him of every conceivable evil . Journalists and cartoonists made their reputations by pillorying him ... Historians have cast Huntington as the state 's most despicable villain . '' However Huntington defended himself : `` The motives back of my actions have been honest ones and the results have redounded far more to the benefit of California than they have to my own . '' Impact on farming ( edit ) Further information : Meat packing industry The growth of railroads from 1850s to 1880s made commercial farming much more feasible and profitable . Millions of acres were opened to settlement once the railroad was nearby , and provided a long - distance outlet for wheat , cattle and hogs that reached all the way to Europe . Rural America became one giant market , as wholesalers bought the consumer products produced by the factories in the East , and shipped them to local merchants in small stores nationwide . Shipping live animals was slow and expensive . It was more efficient to slaughter them in major packing centers such as Chicago , Kansas City , St. Louis , Milwaukee , and Cincinnati , and then ship dressed meat out in refrigerated freight cars . The cars were cooled by slabs of ice that had been harvested from the northern lakes in wintertime , and stored for summer and fall usage . Chicago , the main railroad center , benefited enormously , with Kansas City a distant second . Historian William Cronon concludes : Because of the Chicago packers , ranchers in Wyoming and feedlot farmers in Iowa regularly found a reliable market for their animals , and on average received better prices for the animals they sold there . At the same time and for the same reason , Americans of all classes found a greater variety of more and better meats on their tables , purchased on average at lower prices than ever before . Seen in this light , the packers ' `` rigid system of economy '' seemed a very good thing indeed . Economic growth ( edit ) Main articles : Economic history of the United States § Late 19th century , and Robber baron ( industrialist ) Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . During the 1870s and 1880s , the U.S. economy rose at the fastest rate in its history , with real wages , wealth , GDP , and capital formation all increasing rapidly . For example , between 1865 and 1898 , the output of wheat increased by 256 % , corn by 222 % , coal by 800 % and miles of railway track by 567 % . Thick national networks for transportation and communication were created . The corporation became the dominant form of business organization , and a scientific management revolution transformed business operations . By the beginning of the 20th century , gross domestic product and industrial production in the United States led the world . Kennedy reports that `` U.S. national income , in absolute figures in per capita , was so far above everybody else 's by 1914 . '' Per capita income in the United States was $377 in 1914 compared to Britain in second place at $244 , Germany at $184 , France at $153 , and Italy at $108 , while Russia and Japan trailed far behind at $41 and $36 . Europe , especially Britain , remained the financial center of the world until 1914 , yet the United States ' growth caused foreigners to ask , as British author W.T. Stead wrote in 1901 , `` What is the secret of American success ? '' The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories , and hired an ethnically diverse industrial working class , many of them new immigrants from Europe . Wealthy industrialists and financiers such as John D. Rockefeller , Jay Gould , Henry Clay Frick , Andrew W. Mellon , Andrew Carnegie , Henry Flagler , Henry H. Rogers , J.P. Morgan , Leland Stanford , Meyer Guggenheim , Jacob Schiff , Charles Crocker , Cornelius Vanderbilt would sometimes be labeled `` robber barons '' by their critics , who argue their fortunes were made at the expense of the working class , by chickanery and a betrayal of democracy . Their admirers argued that they were `` Captains of industry '' who built the core America industrial economy and also the non-profit sector through acts of philanthropy . For instance , Andrew Carnegie donated over 90 % of his wealth and said that philanthropy was their duty -- the `` Gospel of Wealth '' . Private money endowed thousands of colleges , hospitals , museums , academies , schools , opera houses , public libraries , and charities . John D. Rockefeller donated over $500 million to various charities , slightly over half his entire net worth . Nevertheless , many business leaders were influenced by Herbert Spencer 's theory of Social Darwinism , which justified laissez - faire capitalism , ruthless competition and social stratification . This emerging industrial economy quickly expanded to meet the new market demands . From 1869 to 1879 , the U.S. economy grew at a rate of 6.8 % for NNP ( GDP minus capital depreciation ) and 4.5 % for NNP per capita . The economy repeated this period of growth in the 1880s , in which the wealth of the nation grew at an annual rate of 3.8 % , while the GDP was also doubled . Economist Milton Friedman states that for the 1880s , `` The highest decadal rate ( of growth of real reproducible , tangible wealth per head from 1805 to 1950 ) for periods of about ten years was apparently reached in the eighties with approximately 3.8 percent . '' Wages ( edit ) The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 60 % between 1860 and 1890 , spread across the ever - increasing labor force . Real wages ( adjusting for inflation ) rose steadily , with the exact percentage increase depending on the dates and the specific work force . The Census Bureau reported in 1892 that the average annual wage per industrial worker ( including men , women , and children ) rose from $380 in 1880 to $564 in 1890 , a gain of 48 % . Economic historian Clarence D. Long estimates that ( in terms of constant 1914 dollars ) , the average annual incomes of all American non-farm employees rose from $375 in 1870 to $395 in 1880 , $519 in 1890 and $573 in 1900 , a gain of 53 % in 30 years . Australian historian Peter Shergold found that the standard of living for industrial workers was higher than in Europe . He compared wages and the standard of living in Pittsburgh with Birmingham , England , one of the richest industrial cities of Europe . After taking account of the cost of living ( which was 65 % higher in the U.S. ) , he found the standard of living of unskilled workers was about the same in the two cities , while skilled workers in Pittsburgh had about 50 % to 100 % higher standard of living as those in Birmingham , England . According to Shergold the American advantage grew over time from 1890 to 1914 , and the perceived higher American wage led to a heavy steady flow of skilled workers from Britain to industrial America . According to historian Steve Fraser , workers generally earned less than $800 a year , which kept them mired in poverty . Workers had to put in roughly 60 hours a week to earn this much . Wage labor was widely condemned as ' wage slavery ' in the working class press , and labor leaders almost always used the phrase in their speeches . As the shift towards wage labor gained momentum , working class organizations became more militant in their efforts to `` strike down the whole system of wages for labor . '' In 1886 , economist and New York Mayoral candidate Henry George , author of Progress and Poverty , stated `` Chattel slavery is dead , but industrial slavery remains . '' Inequality of income ( edit ) The unequal distribution of wealth remained high during this period . From 1860 to 1900 , the wealthiest 2 % of American households owned more than a third of the nation 's wealth , while the top 10 % owned roughly three fourths of it . The bottom 40 % had no wealth at all . In terms of property , the wealthiest 1 % owned 51 % , while the bottom 44 % claimed 1.1 % . Historian Howard Zinn argues that this disparity along with precarious working and living conditions for the working classes prompted the rise of populist , anarchist , and socialist movements . French economist Thomas Piketty notes that economists during this time , such as Willford I. King , were concerned that the United States was becoming increasingly in - egalitarian to the point of becoming like old Europe , and `` further and further away from its original pioneering ideal . '' There was a significant human cost attached to this period of economic growth , as American industry had the highest rate of accidents in the world . In 1889 , railroads employed 704,000 men , of whom 20,000 were injured and 1,972 were killed on the job . The U.S. was also the only industrial power to have no workman 's compensation program in place to support injured workers . Rise of labor unions ( edit ) Main article : Labor history of the United States New York police violently attacking unemployed workers in Tompkins Square Park , 1874 . Craft - oriented labor unions , such as carpenters , printers , shoemakers and cigar makers , grew steadily in the industrial cities after 1870 . These unions used frequent short strikes as a method to attain control over the labor market , and fight off competing unions . They generally blocked women , blacks and Chinese from union membership , but welcomed most European immigrants . The railroads had their own separate unions . An especially large episode of unrest ( estimated at eighty thousand railroad workers and several hundred thousand other Americans , both employed and unemployed ) broke out during the economic depression of the 1870s and became known as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , which was , according to historian Jack Beatty , `` the largest strike anywhere in the world in the 19th century . '' This strike did not involve labor unions , but rather uncoordinated outbursts in numerous cities . The strike and associated riots lasted 45 days and resulted in the deaths of several hundred participants ( no police or soldiers were killed ) , several hundred more injuries , and millions in damages to railroad property . The unrest was deemed severe enough by the government that President Rutherford B. Hayes intervened with federal troops . Starting in the mid-1880s a new group , the Knights of Labor , grew rapidly . Too rapidly , for it spun out of control and failed to handle the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 . The Knights avoided violence , but their reputation collapsed in the wake of the Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago in 1886 , when anarchists allegedly bombed the policemen dispersing a meeting . Police then randomly fired into the crowd , killing and wounding a number of people , including other police , and arbitrarily rounded up anarchists , including leaders of the movement . Seven anarchists went on trial ; four were hanged even though no evidence directly linked them to the bombing . One had in his possession a Knights of Labor membership card . At its peak , the Knights claimed 700,000 members . By 1890 , membership had plummeted to fewer than 100,000 , then faded away . Strikes organized by labor unions became routine events by the 1880s as the gap between the rich and the poor widened . There were 37,000 strikes between 1881 and 1905 . By far the largest number were in the building trades , followed far behind by coal miners . The main goal was control of working conditions and settling which rival union was in control . Most were of very short duration . In times of depression strikes were more violent but less successful , because the company was losing money anyway . They were successful in times of prosperity when the company was losing profits and wanted to settle quickly . The largest and most dramatic strike was the 1894 Pullman Strike , a coordinated effort to shut down the national railroad system . The strike was led by the upstart American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs and was not supported by the established brotherhoods . The union defied federal court orders to stop blocking the mail trains , so President Cleveland used the U.S. Army to get the trains moving again . The ARU vanished and the traditional railroad brotherhoods survived , but avoided strikes . The new American Federation of Labor , headed by Samuel Gompers , found the solution . The AFL was a coalition of unions , each based on strong local chapters ; the AFL coordinated their work in cities and prevented jurisdictional battles . Gompers repudiated socialism and abandoned the violent nature of the earlier unions . The AFL worked to control the local labor market , thereby empowering its locals to obtain higher wages and more control over hiring . As a result , the AFL unions spread to most cities , reaching a peak membership in 1919 . Severe economic recessions -- called `` panics '' -- struck the nation in the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 . They lasted several years , with high urban unemployment , low incomes for farmers , low profits for business , slow overall growth , and reduced immigration . They generated political unrest . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Third Party System A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to `` Blow Over '' -- `` Let Us Prey . '' Cartoon denouncing the corruption of New York 's Boss Tweed and other Tammany Hall figures , drawn in 1871 by Thomas Nast and published in Harper 's Weekly . Gilded Age politics , called the Third Party System , featured intense competition between two major parties , with minor parties coming and going , especially on issues of concern to prohibitionists , to labor unions and to farmers . The Democrats and Republicans ( nicknamed the `` Grand Old Party , '' GOP ) fought over control of offices , which were the rewards for party activists , as well as over major economic issues . Very high voter turnout often exceeded 80 % or even 90 % in some states as the parties drilled their loyal members much as an army drills its soldiers . Competition was intense and elections were very close . In the southern states , lingering resentment over the Civil War remained and meant that much of the South would vote Democrat . After the end of Reconstruction in 1877 , competition in the South took place mainly inside the Democratic Party . Nationwide , turnout fell sharply after 1900 . Metropolitan area politics ( edit ) The major metropolitan centers underwent rapid population growth and as a result had many lucrative contracts and jobs to award . To take advantage of the new economic opportunity , both parties built so - called `` political machines '' to manage elections , to reward supporters and to pay off potential opponents . Financed by the `` spoils system '' , the winning party distributed most local , state and national government jobs , and many government contracts , to its loyal supporters . Large cities became dominated by political machines in which constituents supported a candidate in exchange for anticipated patronage . These votes would be repaid with favors back from the government once the appropriate candidate was elected ; and very often candidates were selected based on their willingness to play along with the spoils system . Perhaps the largest example of a political machine from this time period is Tammany Hall in New York City , led by Boss Tweed . Political corruption was rampant , as business leaders spent significant amounts of money ensuring that government did not regulate the activities of big business - and they more often than not got what they wanted . Such corruption was so commonplace that in 1868 the New York state legislature legalized such bribery . Historian Howard Zinn argues that the U.S. government was acting exactly as Karl Marx described capitalist states : `` pretending neutrality to maintain order , but serving the interests of the rich '' . Reformers like the cartoonist Joseph Keppler depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags , who represented the nation 's financial trusts and monopolies . National politics ( edit ) Further information : History of conservatism in the United States § The Gilded Age Major scandal reached into Congress with the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal of 1872 , and disgraced the White House during the Grant Administration ( 1869 -- 1877 ) . This corruption divided the Republican party into two different factions : the Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling and the Half - Breeds led by James G. Blaine . There was a sense that government - enabled political machines intervened in the economy and that the resulting favoritism , bribery , inefficiency , waste , and corruption were having negative consequences . Accordingly , there were widespread calls for reform , such as Civil Service Reform led by the Bourbon Democrats and Republican Mugwumps . In 1884 , their support elected Democrat Grover Cleveland to the White House , and in doing so gave the Democrats their first national victory since 1856 . The Bourbon Democrats supported a free - market policy , with low tariffs , low taxes , less spending and , in general , a laissez - faire ( hands - off ) government . They argued that tariffs made most goods more expensive for the consumer and subsidized `` the trusts '' ( monopolies ) . They also denounced imperialism and overseas expansion . By contrast , Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages , and warned that lowering the tariff would bring disaster because goods from low - wage European factories would flood American markets . Presidential elections between the two major parties were so closely contested that a slight nudge could tip the election in the advantage of either party , and Congress was marked by political stalemate . With support from Union veterans , businessmen , professionals , craftsmen , and larger farmers , the Republicans consistently carried the North in presidential elections . The Democrats , often led by Irish Catholics , had a base among Catholics , poorer farmers , and traditional party - members . Some sources consider that America in the Gilded Age was led by a string of relatively weak presidents collectively referred to as the `` forgettable presidents '' ( Johnson , Grant , Hayes , Garfield , Arthur and Harrison , with the possible exception of Cleveland ) who served in the White House during this period . `` What little political vitality existed in Gilded Age America was to be found in local settings or in Congress , which overshadowed the White House for most of this period . '' Overall , Republican and Democratic political platforms remained remarkably constant during the years before 1900 . Republicans generally favored inflationary , protectionist policies , while Democrats favored hard - money , free trade , and other laissez - faire policies . Ethnocultural politics : pietistic Republicans Versus liturgical Democrats ( edit ) Voting behavior by religion , Northern US , late 19th century % Dem % GOP Immigrant Groups Irish Catholics 80 20 All Catholics 70 30 Confessional German Lutherans 65 35 German Reformed 60 40 French Canadian Catholics 50 50 Less Confessional German Lutherans 45 55 English Canadians 40 60 British Stock 35 65 German Sectarians 30 70 Norwegian Lutherans 20 80 Swedish Lutherans 15 85 Haugean Norwegians 5 95 Natives : Northern Stock Quakers 5 95 Free Will Baptists 20 80 Congregational 25 75 Methodists 25 75 Regular Baptists 35 65 Blacks 40 60 Presbyterians 40 60 Episcopalians 45 55 Natives : Southern Stock ( living in North ) Disciples 50 50 Presbyterians 70 30 Baptists 75 25 Methodists 90 10 From 1860 to the early 20th century , the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with `` Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion '' . `` Rum '' stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers , in contrast to the GOP , which had a strong dry element . `` Romanism '' meant Roman Catholics , especially Irish Americans , who ran the Democratic Party in most cities , and whom the reformers denounced for political corruption and their separate parochial - school system . `` Rebellion '' harked back to the Democrats of the Confederacy , who had tried to break the Union in 1861 , as well as to their northern allies , called `` Copperheads . '' Demographic trends boosted the Democratic totals , as the German and Irish Catholic immigrants became Democrats and outnumbered the English and Scandinavian Republicans . The new immigrants who arrived after 1890 seldom voted at this time . During the 1880s and 1890s , the Republicans struggled against the Democrats ' efforts , winning several close elections and losing two to Grover Cleveland ( in 1884 and 1892 ) . Religious lines were sharply drawn . In the North , about 50 % of the voters were pietistic Protestants ( especially Methodists , Scandinavian Lutherans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists , Disciples of Christ ) who believed in using the government to reduce social sins , such as drinking . They strongly supported the GOP , as the table shows . In sharp contrast , liturgical groups , especially the Catholics , Episcopalians , and German Lutherans , voted for the Democrats . They saw the Democratic party as their best protection from the moralism of the pietists , and especially from the threat of prohibition . Both parties cut across the class structure , with the Democrats more bottom - heavy and the GOP better represented among businessmen and professionals in the North . Many cultural issues , especially prohibition and foreign - language schools , became hard - fought political issues because of the deep religious divisions in the electorate . For example , in Wisconsin the Republicans tried to close down German - language Catholic and Lutheran parochial schools , and were defeated in 1890 when the Bennett Law was put to the test . Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decades , as national prohibition was finally passed in 1919 ( and repealed in 1933 ) , serving as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry GOP . Immigration ( edit ) Main article : History of immigration to the United States Prior to the Gilded Age , the time commonly referred to as the old immigration saw the first real boom of new arrivals to the United States . During the Gilded Age , approximately 20 million immigrants came to the United States in what is known as the new immigration . Some of them were prosperous farmers who had the cash to buy land and tools in the Plains states especially . Many were poor peasants looking for the American Dream in unskilled manual labor in mills , mines , and factories . Few immigrants went to the poverty - stricken South , though . To accommodate the heavy influx , the federal government in 1892 opened a reception center at Ellis Island near the Statue of Liberty . Waves of old and new immigrants ( edit ) These immigrants consisted of two groups : The last big waves of the `` Old Immigration '' from Germany , Britain , Ireland , and Scandinavia , and the rising waves of the `` New Immigration '' , which peaked about 1910 . Some men moved back and forth across the Atlantic , but most were permanent settlers . They moved into well - established communities , both urban and rural . The German American communities spoke German , but their younger generation was bilingual . The Scandinavian groups generally assimilated quickly ; they were noted for their support of reform programs , such as prohibition . Businessman P.J. Kennedy of Boston in 1900 ; his grandson John became president in 1960 . In terms of immigration , after 1880 the old immigration of Germans , British , Irish , and Scandinavians slackened off . The United States was producing large numbers of new unskilled jobs every year , and to fill them came number from Italy , Poland , Austria , Hungary , Russia , Greece , and other points in southern and central Europe , as well as French Canada . The older immigrants by the 1870s had formed highly stable communities , especially the German Americans . The British immigrants tended to blend into the general population . Irish Catholics had arrived in large numbers in the 1840s and 1850s in the wake of the great famine in Ireland when starvation killed millions . Their first few decades were characterized by extreme poverty , social dislocation , crime and violence in their slums . By the late 19th century , the Irish communities had largely stabilized , with a strong new `` lace curtain '' middle - class of local businessmen , professionals , and political leaders typified by P.J. Kennedy ( 1858 -- 1929 ) in Boston . In economic terms , Irish Catholics were nearly at the bottom in the 1850s . They reached the national average by 1900 , and by the late 20th century they far surpassed the national average . In political terms , the Irish Catholics comprised a major element in the leadership of the urban Democratic machines across the country . Although they were only a third of the total Catholic population , the Irish also dominated the Catholic Church , producing most of the bishops , college presidents , and leaders of charitable organizations . The network of Catholic institutions provided high status , but low - paying lifetime careers to sisters and nuns in parochial schools , hospitals , orphanages and convents . They were part of an international Catholic network , with considerable movement back and forth from Ireland , England , France , Germany and Canada . New immigrants ( edit ) The `` New Immigration '' were much poorer peasants and rural folk from southern and eastern Europe , including mostly Italians , Poles and Jews . Some men , especially the Italians and Greeks , saw themselves as temporary migrants who planned to return to their home villages with a nest egg of cash earned in long hours of unskilled labor . Others , especially the Jews , had been driven out of Eastern Europe and had no intention of returning . Historians analyze the causes of immigration in terms of push factors ( pushing people out of the homeland ) and pull factors ( pulling them to America ) . The push factors included economic dislocation , shortages of land , and antisemitism . Pull factors were the economic opportunity of good inexpensive farmland or jobs in factories , mills and mines . The first generation typically lived in ethnic enclaves with a common language , food , religion , and connections through the old village . The sheer numbers caused overcrowding in tenements in the larger cities . In the small mill towns , however , management usually built company housing with cheap rents . Chinese immigrants ( edit ) Asian immigrants -- Chinese at this time -- were hired by California construction companies for temporary railroad work . The European Americans strongly disliked the Chinese for their alien life - styles and threat of low wages . The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad from California to Utah was handled largely by Chinese laborers . In the 1870 census , there were 63,000 Chinese men ( with a few women ) in the entire U.S. ; this number grew to 106,000 in 1880 . Labor unions , led by Samuel Gompers strongly opposed the presence of Chinese labor . Immigrants from China were not allowed to become citizens until 1950 ; however , as a result of the Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark , their children born in the U.S. were full citizens . Congress banned further Chinese immigration through the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 ; the act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States , but some students and businessmen were allowed in on a temporary basis . The Chinese population declined to only 37,000 in 1940 . Although many returned to China ( a greater proportion than most other immigrant groups ) , most of them stayed in the United States . Chinese people were unwelcome in urban neighborhoods , so they resettled in the `` Chinatown '' districts of large cities . The exclusion policy lasted until the 1940s . Rural life ( edit ) Main article : History of agriculture in the United States § Railroad Age : 1860 - 1910 A dramatic expansion in farming took place during the Gilded Age , with the number of farms tripling from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905 . The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905 . The value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906 . The federal government issued 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) tracts virtually free to settlers under the Homestead Act of 1862 . Even larger numbers purchased lands at very low interest from the new railroads , which were trying to create markets . The railroads advertised heavily in Europe and brought over , at low fares , hundreds of thousands of farmers from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain . Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity , 19th - century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship , caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat . Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area , the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century , as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement . The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high . They then suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved . The farther west the settlers went , the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market , and the more inclined they were to protest , as in the Populist movement of the 1890s . Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners ( who purchased their crop ) , railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices . The first organized effort to address general agricultural problems was the Grange movement . Launched in 1867 , by employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture , the Granges focused initially on social activities to counter the isolation most farm families experienced . Women 's participation was actively encouraged . Spurred by the Panic of 1873 , the Grange soon grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members . The Granges set up their own marketing systems , stores , processing plants , factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt . The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s . A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees . Urban life ( edit ) The Home Insurance Building in Chicago , built in 1885 , was the world 's first skyscraper . American society experienced significant changes in the period following the Civil War , most notably the rapid urbanization of the North . Due to the increasing demand for unskilled workers , most European immigrants went to mill towns , mining camps , and industrial cities . New York , Philadelphia , and especially Chicago saw rapid growth . Louis Sullivan became a noted architect using steel frames to construct skyscrapers for the first time while pioneering the idea of `` form follows function '' . Chicago became the center of the skyscraper craze , starting with the ten - story Home Insurance Building in 1884 -- 1885 by William Le Baron Jenney . Expansion required a better transportation system than horse - drawn street cars . Electric trolleys and street railways were the rage in the 1880s , followed by elevated railways and subways in the largest cities . Most factory workers , however , lived in nearby tenements and walked to work . As immigration increased in cities , poverty rose as well . The poorest crowded into low - cost housing such as the Five Points and Hell 's Kitchen neighborhoods in Manhattan . These areas were quickly overridden with notorious criminal gangs such as the Five Points Gang and the Bowery Boys . The living conditions were as such that the death rates in these crowded urban tenements vastly exceeded those in the countryside . The South and the West ( edit ) The South ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Southern United States and African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 95 ) The Southern United States in red The South remained heavily rural and was much poorer than the North or West . In the South , Reconstruction brought major changes in agricultural practices . The most significant of these was sharecropping , where tenant farmers `` shared '' up to half of their crop with the landowners , in exchange for seed and essential supplies . About 80 % of the Black farmers and 40 % of White ones lived under this system after the Civil War . Most sharecroppers were locked in a cycle of debt , from which the only hope of escape was increased planting . This led to the over-production of cotton and tobacco ( and thus to declining prices and income ) , soil exhaustion , and poverty among both landowners and tenants . Agriculture 's Share of the Labor Force , 1890 Northeast 15 % Middle Atlantic 17 % Midwest 43 % South Atlantic 63 % South Central 67 % West 29 % There were only a few scattered cities - small courthouse towns serviced the farm population . Local politics revolved around the politicians and lawyers based at the courthouse . Mill towns , narrowly focused on textile production or cigarette manufacture , began opening in the Piedmont region especially in the Carolinas . Racial segregation and outward signs of inequality were everywhere , and rarely were challenged . Blacks who violated the color line were liable to expulsion or lynching . Cotton became even more important than before , as poor whites needed the cash that cotton would bring . Cotton prices were much lower than before the war , so everyone was poor . White southerners showed a reluctance to move north , or to move to cities , so the number of small farms proliferated , and they became smaller as the population grew . Many of the White farmers , and most of the Blacks , were tenant farmers who owned their work animals and tools , and rented the land . Others were day laborers or very poor sharecroppers , who worked under the supervision of the landowner . There was little cash in circulation , because most farmers operated on credit accounts from local merchants , and paid off their debts at cotton harvest time in the fall . Although there were small country churches everywhere , there were only a few dilapidated elementary schools . Apart from private academies , there were very few high schools until the 1920s . Conditions were marginally better in newer areas , especially in Texas and central Florida , with the deepest poverty in South Carolina , Mississippi , and Arkansas . The vast majority of African Americans lived in the South , and as the promises of emancipation and reconstruction faded , they entered the nadir of race relations . Every Southern state and city passed Jim Crow laws that were in effect between the late 19th century and 1964 , when they were abolished by Congress . They mandated de jure ( legal ) segregation in all public facilities , such as stores and street cars , with a supposedly `` separate but equal '' status for Blacks . In reality , this led to treatment and accommodations that were dramatically inferior to those provided for White Americans , systematizing a number of economic , educational and social disadvantages . Schools for Blacks were far fewer and poorly supported by taxpayers , although Northern philanthropies and churches kept open dozens of academies and small colleges . In the face of years of mounting violence and intimidation directed at blacks during Reconstruction , the federal government was unable to guarantee constitutional protections to freedmen and women . In the Compromise of 1877 President Hayes withdrew Union troops from the South ; `` Redeemers '' ( White Democrats ) acted quickly to reverse the groundbreaking advances of Reconstruction . Black political power was eliminated in the 1880s and in the 1890s new laws effectively blocked over 90 % of the Blacks from voting ( with some exceptions in Tennessee ; blacks did vote in the border states ) . The West ( edit ) Main article : American Frontier Map of the United States , 1870 -- 80 . Orange indicates statehood , light blue territories , and green unorganized territories Norwegian settlers in front of their sod house in North Dakota in 1898 In 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad -- a combination of the Union Pacific from Omaha to Utah and the Central Pacific from Utah to California -- opened up the far west mining and ranching regions . Travel from New York to San Francisco now took six days instead of six months . After the Civil War , many from the East Coast and Europe were lured west by reports from relatives and by extensive advertising campaigns promising `` the Best Prairie Lands '' , `` Low Prices '' , `` Large Discounts For Cash '' , and `` Better Terms Than Ever ! '' . The new railroads provided the opportunity for migrants to go out and take a look , with special family tickets , the cost of which could be applied to land purchases offered by the railroads . Farming the plains was indeed more difficult than back east . Water management was more critical , lightning fires were more prevalent , the weather was more extreme , rainfall was less predictable . The fearful stayed home , while migrants were mainly motivated by a search improve their economic life . Farmers sought larger , cheaper and more fertile land ; merchants and tradesman sought new customers and new leadership opportunities . Laborers wanted higher paying work and better conditions . With the Homestead Act providing free land to citizens and the railroads selling cheap lands to European farmers , the settlement of the Great Plains was swiftly accomplished , and the frontier had virtually ended by 1890 . Temporary quarters for Volga Germans in central Kansas , 1875 Native assimilation ( edit ) Native American policy was set by the national government ( the states had very little role ) , and after 1865 the national policy was that Native Americans either had to assimilate into the larger community or remain on reservations , where the government provided subsidies . Reservation natives were no longer allowed to roam or fight their traditional enemies . The U.S. Army was to enforce the laws . Natives of the West came in conflict with expansion by miners , ranchers and settlers . By 1880 , the buffalo herds , a foundation for the hunting economy had disappeared . Violence petered out in the 1880s and practically ceased after 1890 . Native Americans individually had the choice of living on reservations , with food , supplies , education and medical care provided by the federal government , or living on their own in the larger society and earning wages , typically as a cowboy on a ranch , or manual worker in town . Reformers wanted to give as many Native Americans as possible the opportunity to own and operate their own farms and ranches , so the issue was how to give individual natives land owned by the tribe . To assimilate the natives into American society , reformers set up training programs and schools , such as the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , that produced many prominent Native American leaders . however , anti-assimilation traditionalists on the reservations resisted integration and the resulting loss of their traditional life . In 1887 , the Dawes Act proposed to divide tribal land and parcel out 160 acres ( 0.65 km2 ) of land to each head of family . Such allotments were to be held in trust by the government for 25 years , then given to owners with full title , so they could sell it or mortgage it . As individual natives sold their land , the total held by the native community shrank by almost half . The individualized system undermined the traditional communal tribal organization . Furthermore , a majority of natives responded to intense missionary activity by converting to Christianity . The long - term goal of Dawes Act was to integrate natives into the mainstream ; the majority accepted integration and were absorbed into American society , leaving a trace of native ancestry in millions of American families . Those who refused to assimilate remained in poverty on reservations , supported until now by Federal food , medicine and schooling . In 1934 , national policy was reversed again by the Indian Reorganization Act which tried to protect tribal and communal life on reservations . Family life ( edit ) Few single men attempted to operate a farm ; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard - working wife , and numerous children , to handle the many chores , including child - rearing , feeding and clothing the family , managing the housework , and feeding the hired hands . During the early years of settlement , farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors . After a generation or so , women increasingly left the fields , thus redefining their roles within the family . New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles . The scientific housekeeping movement was promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents , as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning , advice columns for women in the farm papers , and home economics courses in schools . Although the eastern image of farm life on the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and the bleakness of farm life , in reality rural folk created a rich social life for themselves . For example , many joined a local branch of the Grange ; a majority had ties to local churches . It was popular to organize activities that combined practical work , abundant food , and simple entertainment such as barn raisings , corn huskings , and quilting bees . One could keep busy with scheduled Grange meetings , church services , and school functions . Women organized shared meals and potluck events , as well as extended visits between families . Childhood on western farms is contested territory . One group of scholars argues the rural environment was salubrious because it allowed children to break loose from urban hierarchies of age and gender , promoted family interdependence , and produced children who were more self - reliant , mobile , adaptable , responsible , independent and more in touch with nature than their urban or eastern counterparts . However other historians offer a grim portrait of loneliness , privation , abuse , and demanding physical labor from an early age . Art ( edit ) Some well - known painters of the Gilded Age include : Winslow Homer , Thomas Eakins , John Singer Sargent , Mary Cassatt , James Abbott McNeill Whistler , Childe Hassam , John Henry Twachtman and Maurice Prendergast . The Chess Players , Thomas Eakins ( 1876 ) The Cup Of Tea , Mary Cassatt ( ca . 1879 ) The New York Art world took a major turn during the Gilded age , seeing an outgrowth of exhibitions and the establishment of major auction houses with a focus on American Art . The Gilded Age was pivotal in establishing the New York Art world in the international art market . New York Art Galleries , Clubs , and Associations During the Gilded Age American Art Association American Watercolor Society Ashcan School Brummer Gallery Century Association Colony Club Cottier Gallery Grand Central Art Galleries Lotos Club Montross Gallery National Association of Portrait Painters Salmagundi Club Union League Club of New York Women 's roles ( edit ) This 1902 cartoon from the Hawaiian Gazette shows WCTU activist using the water cure to torture a brewmaster as the Anti-Saloon League mans the pump Social activism ( edit ) During the Gilded Age , many new social movements took hold in the United States . Many women abolitionists who were disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment did not extend voting rights to them , remained active in politics , this time focusing on issues important to them . Reviving the temperance movement from the Second Great Awakening , many women joined the Women 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) in an attempt to bring morality back to America . Its chief leader was Frances Willard ( 1839 - 1898 ) , who had a national and international outreach from her base in Evanston , Illinois . Often the WCTU women took up the issue of women 's suffrage which had lain dormant since the Seneca Falls Convention . With leaders like Susan B. Anthony , the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) was formed in order to secure the right of women to vote . Employment ( edit ) Many young women worked as servants or in shops and factories until marriage , then typically became full - time housewives . However , black , Irish and Swedish adult women often worked as servants . In most large Northern cities , the Irish Catholic women dominated the market for servants . Heavy industry was a male domain , but in light industries such as textiles and food processing , large numbers of young women were hired . Thousands of young unmarried Irish and French Canadian women worked in Northeastern textile mills . Coming from poor families these jobs meant upward social mobility , more money , and more social prestige in their community that made them more attractive marriage partners . In Cohoes , New York , mill women went on strike in 1882 to gain union recognition . They fought off Swedish strike breakers in order to protect the status they had achieved . After 1860 , as the larger cities opened department stores , middle - class women did most of the shopping ; increasingly they were served by young middle - class women clerks . Typically , most young women quit their jobs when they married . In some ethnic groups , however , married women were encouraged to work , especially among African - Americans , and Irish Catholics . When the husband operated a small shop or restaurant , wives and other family members could find employment there . Widows and deserted wives often operated boarding houses . Career women were few . The teaching profession had once been heavily male , but as schooling expanded many women took on teaching careers . If they remained unmarried they could have a prestigious but poorly paid lifetime career in the middle class . At the end of the period nursing schools opened up new opportunities for women , but medical schools remained nearly all male . Business opportunities were rare , unless it was a matter of a widow taking over her late husband 's small business . However the rapid acceptance of the sewing machine made housewives more productive and opened up new careers for women running their own small millinery and dressmaking shops . When her husband died , Lydia Moss Bradley ( 1816 -- 1908 ) inherited $500,000 ; shrewd investments doubled that sum and she later became president of his old bank in Peoria , Illinois . She worked from home to handle banking business . In an age when philanthropists such as Johns Hopkins , Cornell , Purdue , Vanderbilt , Stanford , Rice and Duke were perpetuating their names by founding universities , she lifted her aspirations from the original idea of an orphanage to the loftier goal and in 1897 founded Bradley University in Peoria . Social thought ( edit ) A leading magazine , The Nation espoused Classical liberalism every week starting in 1865 , under the influential editor E.L. Godkin ( 1831 -- 1902 ) . Science played an important part in social thought as the work of Charles Darwin became known among intellectuals . Following Darwin 's idea of natural selection , English philosopher Herbert Spencer proposed the idea of social Darwinism . This new concept justified the stratification of the wealthy and poor , and it was in this proposal that Spencer coined the term `` survival of the fittest . '' Joining Spencer was Yale professor William Graham Sumner whose book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other ( 1884 ) argued that assistance to the poor actually weakens their ability to survive in society . Sumner argued for a laissez - faire and free - market economy . Few people , however , agreed with the social Darwinists , because they ridiculed religion and denounced philanthropy . Henry George proposed a `` single tax '' in his book Progress and Poverty . The tax would be leveled on the rich and poor alike , with the excess money collected used to equalize wealth and level out society . The Norwegian American economist Thorstein Veblen argued in The Theory of the Leisure Class ( 1899 ) that the `` conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure '' of the wealthy had become the basis of social status in America . In Looking Backward ( 1887 ) , the reformer Edward Bellamy envisioned a future America set in the year 2000 in which a socialist paradise has been established . The works of authors such as George and Bellamy became popular , and soon clubs were created across America to discuss their ideas , although these organizations rarely made any real social change . Religion ( edit ) Main articles : History of religion in the United States and Third Great Awakening The Third Great Awakening which began before the Civil War returned and made a significant change in religious attitudes toward social progress . Followers of the new Awakening promoted the idea of the Social Gospel which gave rise to organizations such as the YMCA , the American branch of the Salvation Army , and settlement houses such as Hull House , founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889 . The Third Great Awakening was a period of religious activism in American history from the late 1850s to the 20th century . It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong sense of social activism . It gathered strength from the postmillennial theology that the Second Coming of Christ would come after mankind had reformed the entire earth . The Social Gospel movement gained its force from the Awakening , as did the worldwide missionary movement . New groupings emerged , such as the Holiness movement and Nazarene movements , Theosophy and Christian Science . The Protestant mainline denominations ( especially the Methodist , Episcopal , Presbyterian , and Congregational churches ) grew rapidly in numbers , wealth and educational levels , throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities . Leaders such as Josiah Strong advocated a muscular Christianity with systematic outreach to the unchurched in America and around the globe . Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation . Each denomination supported active missionary societies , and made the role of missionary one of high prestige . The great majority of pietistic mainline Protestants ( in the North ) supported the Republican Party , and urged it to endorse prohibition and social reforms . ( see Third Party System ) The Awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War . In the South ; on the other hand , the Civil War stimulated revivals and strengthened the Baptists , especially . After the war , Dwight L. Moody made revivalism the centerpiece of his activities in Chicago by founding the Moody Bible Institute . The hymns of Ira Sankey were especially influential . Across the nation , `` drys '' crusaded , in the name of religion , for the prohibition of alcohol . The Woman 's Christian Temperance Union mobilized Protestant women for social crusades against not only liquor , but also pornography and prostitution , and sparked the demand for women 's suffrage . The Gilded Age plutocracy came under harsh attack from the Social Gospel preachers and reformers in the Progressive Era who became involved with issues of child labor , compulsory elementary education and the protection of women from exploitation in factories . All the major denominations sponsored growing missionary activities inside the United States and around the world . Colleges associated with churches rapidly expanded in number , size and quality of curriculum . The promotion of muscular Christianity became popular among young men on campus and in urban YMCAs , as well as such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans . See also ( edit ) Victorian era portal African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 95 ) American business history American frontier Belle Époque in France Gay Nineties History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) List of Gilded Age mansions Nadir of American race relations New South Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christopher M. Nichols , Nancy C. Unger , A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , John Wiley & Sons - 2017 , page 7 Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( 2013 ) . The Price of Inequality : How Today 's Divided Society Endangers Our Future . W.W. Norton & Company . p. xxxiv . ISBN 0393345068 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , Winthrop S. ( 1965 ) . Religion in America . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 228 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Upchurch , T. Adams ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0810862999 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Joseph ( 2012 ) . 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Jump up ^ Sean Cashman ( 1993 ) . America in the Gilded Age : Third Edition . New York University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 0814714951 . Jump up ^ William A. Link ; Susannah J. Link , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Gilded Age and Progressive Era : A Documentary Reader . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 70 . ISBN 1444331396 . Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series F1 -- F5 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman , Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A monetary history of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1971 ) p. 93 Jump up ^ Tregarthen , Timothy D. ; Rittenberg , Libby ( 1999 ) . Macroeconomics ( 2nd ed . ) . Worth Publishers . p. 177 . Jump up ^ United States . Census Office . 11th census , 1890 ( 1892 ) . Census Bulletin . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Clarence D. Long , Wages and Earnings in the United States , 1860 -- 1890 ( NBER , 1960 ) p 144 ; U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series D736 Jump up ^ Peter R. Shergold ( 1982 ) . Working - Class Life : The `` American Standard '' in Comparative Perspective , 1899 -- 1913 . University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 5 -- 7 , 222 , 224 . ISBN 978 - 0822976981 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Fraser ( 2015 ) . The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power . Little , Brown and Company . p. 66 . ISBN 0316185434 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence B. Glickman ( 1999 ) . A Living Wage : American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society . Cornell University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 0801486149 . Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) ( Vol. 2 ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393912671 p. 589 Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . `` 13 The Socialist Challenge '' . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . pp. 321 -- 357 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . pp. 348 -- 50 , 506 . ISBN 067443000X . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. America : A Narrative History ( Brief 9th ed. 2012 ) vol 2 p. 590 Jump up ^ Walter Licht ( 1977 ) . Nineteenth - century American Railwaymen : A Study in the Nature and Organization of Work . Princeton UP . pp. 190 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Foster Rhea Dulles , Labor in America : a history ( 2010 and earlier editions ) Jump up ^ Gwendolyn Mink , Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development : Union , Party and State , 1875 -- 1920 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Paul Michel Taillon ( 2009 ) . Good , Reliable , White Men : Railroad Brotherhoods , 1877 -- 1917 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Bruce , 1877 : Year of Violence ( 1957 ) , the standard scholarly history . Jump up ^ Brier , Stephen , producer & director ( 1984 ) . 1877 , The Grand Army of Starvation ( Documentary ) . American Social History Productions , inc . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . But to this day it has not been discovered who threw the bomb . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History . 2 ( Brief Ninth ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 596 . ISBN 0393912671 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert E. Weir , Beyond Labor 's Veil : The Culture of the Knights of Labor ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown and Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) ( Vol. 2 ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393912671 p. 595 Jump up ^ David Montgomery , `` Strikes in Nineteenth - Century America , '' Social Science History ( 1980 ) 4 # 1 pp. 81 -- 104 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Almont Lindsey , The Pullman Strike : The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval ( 1943 ) Jump up ^ Livesay , Harold C. ( 1993 ) . Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America . Jump up ^ Wicker , Elmus ( 2006 ) . Banking panics of the gilded age ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ James Q. Wilson ; Dilulio Jr. , John J. ; Bose , Meena ( 2012 ) . American Government : Institutions and Policies . Cengage Learning . p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : Jaycox , Faith ( 2005 ) . The Progressive Era . Infobase Publishing . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown ; Shi , David E. ( 2012 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Brief Ninth Edition ) . 2 . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 578 . ISBN 0393912671 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 258 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harrison Cook Thomas , The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 ( 1919 ) online , covers 1880 - 88 . Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2001 ) . The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal . Infobase Publishing . pp. 43 , 84 . Jump up ^ Beito , Linda Royster ; Beito , David T. ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism , 1896 - 1900 '' . Independent Review . 4 : 555 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Painter , Nell Irvin ( 1989 ) . Standing at Armageddon : The United States , 1877 -- 1919 . W.W. Norton . p. 80 . Jump up ^ `` Politics in the Gilded Age '' ( PDF ) . The Saylor Academy . June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ AP US History . `` The Politics of the Gilded Age '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamitos , California : Unified School District . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( January 1 , 2013 ) . The American Pageant -- A History of the American People ( Fifteenth ed . ) . Cengage Advantage Books . p. 486 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 95972 - 4 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . American Pageant : Since 1865 . 2 . Boston : Cengage Learning . pp. 508 -- 09 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 07592 - 4 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kleppner , Paul ( 1979 ) . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6554 - 5 . Jump up ^ Summers , Mark W. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion : The Making of a President , 1884 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4849 - 4 . Jump up ^ Finkelman , Paul ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century : Grand tour - presidency . 2 . Simon and Schuster . p. 515 . ISBN 978 - 0684805009 . Jump up ^ Whyte , William Foote ( 2006 ) ( June1927 ) . `` The Bennett Law Campaign in Wisconsin '' . Wisconsin Magazine Of History . 10 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J. ( 1971 ) . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 89 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 39825 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Archdeacon , Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Brian Greenberg ; Linda S. Watts ( 2009 ) . Social History of the United States . ABC - CLIO . pp. 127 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Stephan Thernstrom , ed. , Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Nadel , Little Germany : Ethnicity , Religion , and Class in New York City , 1845 -- 80 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Rowland Berthoff , British Immigrants in Industrial America , 1790 -- 1950 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Lee and Marion Casey , eds. , Making the Irish American : History and heritage of the Irish in the United States ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Steven P. Erie , Rainbow 's end : Irish - Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics , 1840 -- 1985 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Charles Morris , American Catholic : The saints and sinners who built America 's most powerful church ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Sioban Nelson , Read Say Little , Do Much : Nurses , Nuns , and Hospitals in the Nineteenth Century ( 2001 ) online Jump up ^ John Higham ( 2002 ) ( 1955 ) . Strangers in the Land : Patterns of American Nativism , 1860 -- 1925 . Rutgers U.P. p. 65 . Jump up ^ Susan F. Martin ( 2010 ) . A Nation of Immigrants . Cambridge U.P. p. 106 . Jump up ^ Thomas Adams Upchurch ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . p. 160 . Jump up ^ See Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign - born Population of the United States : 1850 -- 1990 U.S. Bureau of the Census Jump up ^ Franklin Odo ( 2002 ) . The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience . Columbia U.P. p. 112 . Jump up ^ Yong Chen , Chinese San Francisco , 1850 -- 1943 : A Trans - Pacific Community ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Shannon , Fred A. ( 1945 ) . The farmer 's last frontier : agriculture , 1860 - 1897 . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barnhart , John D. ( December 1945 ) . `` Review of The Farmer 's Last Frontier , Agriculture , 1860 - 1897 '' . Indiana Magazine of History . 41 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Historical Statistics ( 1975 ) p. 437 series K1 - K16 Jump up ^ William Clark , Farms and farmers : the story of American agriculture ( 1970 ) p. 205 Jump up ^ Shannon , Fred A. ( 1945 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . The farmer 's last frontier : agriculture , 1860 - 1897 . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . Jump up ^ Elwyn B. Robinson , History of North Dakota ( 1982 ) p. 203 Jump up ^ Press , Donald E. ( 1977 ) . `` Kansas Conflict : Populist Versus Railroader in the 1890s '' . Kansas Historical Quarterly . 43 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 33 . Jump up ^ D. Sven Nordin , Rich Harvest : A History of the Grange , 1867 -- 1900 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , The Rise of the City , 1878 -- 1898 ( 1933 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Korom ( 2008 ) . The American Skyscraper , 1850 -- 1940 : A Celebration of Height . Branden Books . pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Fogelson ( 2003 ) . Downtown : Its Rise and Fall , 1880 -- 1950 . Yale U.P. Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder ( 2001 ) . Five Points : The 19th - century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance , Stole Elections , and Became the World 's Most Notorious Slum . Simon and Schuster . Jump up ^ `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Edward L. ( 2007 ) . The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction - 15th Anniversary Edition . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . Origins of the New South , 1877 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Whitten , David O. ( 2001 ) . Whaples , Robert , ed . `` The Depression of 1893 '' . EH.Net Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Steven ( 2005 ) . A Nation under Our Feet : Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration . Harvard University Press . pp. 425 -- 426 . ISBN 978 - 0674017658 . Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . The Origins of the New South , 1877 -- 1913 . LSU Press . p. 400 . Jump up ^ Logan , Rayford W. ( 1954 ) . The Negro In American Life And Thought : The Nadir , 1877 -- 1901 . Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1955 ) . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Perman , Michael ( 2001 ) . Struggle for Mastery : Disfranchisement in the South , 1888 -- 1908 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807849095 . Jump up ^ Bain , David ( 2000 ) . Empire express : Building the first transcontinental railroad . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140084993 . Jump up ^ Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge , Westward Expansion ( 5th ed. 1982 ) ch. 32 Jump up ^ Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge , Westward Expansion ( 5th ed. 1982 ) ch. 32 Jump up ^ Robert M. Utley , and Wilcomb E. Washburn , Indian Wars ( 1987 ) pp. 220 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Francis Paul Prucha , The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians ( 1986 ) pp. 181 -- 241 , 311 -- 25 Jump up ^ Deborah Fink , Agrarian Women : Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Chad Montrie , `` ' Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country : ' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas - Nebraska Grasslands , '' Great Plains Quarterly , Fall 2005 , Vol. 25 Issue 4 , pp. 245 -- 58 Jump up ^ Karl Ronning , `` Quilting in Webster County , Nebraska , 1880 -- 1920 , '' Uncoverings , 1992 , Vol. 13 , pp. 169 -- 91 Jump up ^ Nathan B. Sanderson , `` More Than a Potluck , '' Nebraska History , Fall 2008 , Vol. 89 Issue 3 , pp. 120 -- 31 Jump up ^ Katherine Harris , Long Vistas : Women and Families on Colorado Homesteads ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Elliott West , Growing Up with the Country : Childhood on the Far Western Frontier ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hampsten , Settlers ' Children : Growing Up on the Great Plains ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , Byrd Gibbens and Elizabeth Hampsten , Far from Home : Families of the Westward Journey ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Riney - Kehrberg takes a middle position in Childhood on the Farm : Work , Play , and Coming of Age in the Midwest ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Griffin , Randall C. Homer , Eakins , and Anshutz : The Search for American Identity in the Gilded Age . University Park , Pa : Pennsylvania State University , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century '' . New York Art Resources Consortium . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glubok , Shirley . The Art of America in the Gilded Age . New York : Macmillan , 1974 . Jump up ^ Archives of American Art . `` Summary of the American Art Association records , 1853 -- 1924 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clubs '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Century Association '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cottier Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Central Art Galleries '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lotos Club '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Montross Gallery '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Portrait Painters '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Salmagundi Club '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gilded Age New York '' . New York Art Resources Consortium . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Hasia R. Diner ( 1983 ) . Erin 's Daughters in America : Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 74 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Walkowitz , `` Working - class women in the Gilded Age : factory , community and family life among Cohoes , New York , cotton workers . '' Journal of Social History 5.4 ( 1972 ) : 464 -- 90 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Susan Porter Benson ( 1987 ) . Counter cultures : Saleswomen , managers , and customers in American department stores , 1890 -- 1940 . p. passim . Jump up ^ Wendy Gamber ( 2007 ) . The Boardinghouse in Nineteenth - Century America . p. passim . Jump up ^ by Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson , The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Jo Anne Preston ( 1993 ) . `` Domestic ideology , school reformers , and female teachers : Schoolteaching becomes women 's work in Nineteenth - Century New England '' . New England Quarterly . 66 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 366032 . JSTOR 366032 . Jump up ^ Gloria Moldow , Women doctors in gilded - age Washington : race , gender , and professionalization ( University of Illinois Press , 1987 ) , ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Wendy Gamber ( 1997 ) . The Female Economy : The Millinery and Dressmaking Trades , 1860 -- 1930 . University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Christal Dagit , `` Lydia Moss Bradley , '' Illinois Heritage ( Mar / Apr2015 ) 18 # 2 pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gustav Pollak , ed . Fifty Years of American Idealism : 1865 -- 1915 . ) ( 1915 ) ; online , with excerpts on many political topics . Jump up ^ Sidney Fine ( 1964 ) . Laissez faire and the general - welfare state : a study of conflict in American thought , 1865 -- 1901 . U. of Michigan Press . Jump up ^ Charles Howard Hopkins . The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism , 1865 -- 1915 . ( 1940 ) online edition Jump up ^ Robert William Fogel , The Fourth Great Awakening & the Future of Egalitarianism ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Rise of the City pp 320 - 48 . Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner , The Third Electoral System , 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Jensen ( 171 ) Jump up ^ Randall M. Miller , et al , eds . Religion and the American Civil War ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ James F. Findlay Dwight L. Moody : American Evangelist , 1837 -- 1899 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Ruth Bordin , Women and Temperance : The Quest for Power and Liberty , 1873 -- 1900 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Marsden , George ( 1973 ) . `` The Gospel of Wealth , the Social Gospel , and the Salvation of Souls in Nineteenth - Century America '' . Fides et Historia. 5 ( 1 , 2 ) : 10 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Varg , Paul A. ( 1954 ) . `` Motives in Protestant Missions , 1890 -- 1917 '' . Church History . 23 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 82 . JSTOR 3161183 . Jump up ^ Shenk , Wilbert R. , ed. ( 2004 ) . North American Foreign Missions , 1810 -- 1914 : Theology , Theory , and Policy . Jump up ^ Setran , David P. ( 2005 ) . `` Following the Broad - Shouldered Jesus : The College YMCA and the Culture of Muscular Christianity in American Campus Life , 1890 -- 1914 '' . American Educational History Journal . 32 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 66 . Further reading ( edit ) Archdeacon , Thomas J. Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) on immigration and ethnicity Argersinger ; Peter H. Structure , Process , and Party : Essays in American Political History . ( 1992 ) online version Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 3 vol. 2006 ) , essays by scholars Beatty , Jack ( 2008 ) . Age of Betrayal : The Triumph of Money in America , 1865 -- 1900 . Vintage . ISBN 1400032423 . Buenker , John D. and Joseph Buenker , eds . Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . ( 2005 ) . 1256 pp. in three volumes . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 8051 - 3 ; 900 short essays by 200 scholars Calhoun , Charles W. , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Gilded Age : Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5037 - 7 . Cherny , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . American Politics in the Gilded Age , 1868 -- 1900 . Wheeling , Illinois : Harlan Davidson . Dewey , Davis R. National Problems : 1880 -- 1897 ( 1907 ) Edwards , Rebecca ( 2005 ) . New Spirits : Americans in the Gilded Age , 1865 -- 1905 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195147292 . Faulkner , Harold U. ; Politics , Reform , and Expansion , 1890 -- 1900 ( 1959 ) , scholarly survey , strong on economic and political history Questia edition ; also online Fink , Leon . The Long Gilded Age : American Capitalism and the Lessons of a New World Order ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2015 ) excerpt Folsom , Burton W. , and Forrest McDonald . The Myth of the Robber Barons : A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America ( 1991 ) , by leading conservative scholars Fraser , Steve ( 2015 ) . The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0316185434 . Garraty , John A . The New Commonwealth , 1877 -- 1890 , 1968 scholarly survey , strong on economic and political history Jensen , Richard . `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp 149 -- 180 ; online version Jordan , Philip D. ( 1968 ) , Ohio Comes of Age : 1873 - 1900 Volume 5 , The Ohio Historical Society Kirkland , Edward C. Industry Comes of Age , Business , Labor , and Public Policy 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) , standard survey Kleppner , Paul . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures U of North Carolina Press , ( 1979 ) online version Knight , Peter . Reading the Market : Genres of Financial Capitalism in Gilded Age America ( 2016 ) . xiv , 315 pp Morgan , H. Wayne . From Hayes to McKinley : National Party Politics , 1877 -- 1896 ( 1969 ) Questia edition Morgan , H. Wayne ed . The Gilded Age : A Reappraisal Syracuse University Press 1970 . interpretive essays online Nevins , Allan . The Emergence of Modern America , 1865 -- 1878 ( 1933 ) ISBN 0 - 403 - 01127 - 2 , social history Rees , Jonathan . Industrialization and the Transformation of American Life : A Brief Introduction ( M.E. Sharpe , 2013 ) 139 pp Schlesinger , Arthur M. The Rise of the City : 1877 -- 1898 ( 1933 ) , social history of big city life ; online ; also online review Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr. , ed . History of U.S. political parties : vol 2 : 1860 - 1910 : the gilded age of politics ( 1973 ) online Schlup , Leonard C. ; James G. Ryan ( 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . M.E. Sharpe . Shannon , Fred A . The Farmer 's Last Frontier : 1860 -- 1897 ( 1945 ) survey of economic history online Smythe , Ted Curtis ; The Gilded Age Press , 1865 -- 1900 ( 2003 ) . online edition ; newspapers and magazines Stiles , T.J. ( 2010 ) . The First Tycoon : The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt . Random House . ; Pulitzer prize . Trachtenberg , Alan . The incorporation of America : Culture and society in the gilded age ( 2007 ) chapter 5 online Upchurch , Thomas Adams ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Scarecrow Press . 276 pp Wagner , David . Ordinary People : In and Out of Poverty in the Gilded Age ( 2008 ) ; traces people who were at one time in a poor house White , Richard . `` Corporations , Corruption , and the Modern Lobby : A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington , D.C. '' , Southern Spaces , 16 April 2009 . White , Richard . The Republic for Which It Stands : The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age , 1865 - 1896 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2017 ) . Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) , The Origins of the New South , Louisiana State University Press , the classic history . online Boles , John B ; Johnson , Bethany L , eds. ( 2003 ) , Origins of the new South fifty years later . Historiography ( edit ) De Santis , Vincent P . `` The Political Life of the Gilded Age : A Review of the Recent Literature . '' The History Teacher 9.1 ( 1975 ) : 73 -- 106 . in JSTOR historiography De Santis , Vincent P . `` The Gilded Age In American History '' Hayes Historical Journal 7 # 2 ( 1988 ) online Rodgers , Daniel T. `` Capitalism and Politics in the Progressive Era and in Ours . '' Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era ( 2014 ) 13 # 3 pp 379 - 386 . Primary sources ( edit ) Hoogenboom , Ari , and Olive Hoogenboom , eds . The Gilded Age ( 1967 ) online ; 66 short annotated excerpts from primary sources . Link , William A. , and Susannah J. Link , eds . The Gilded Age and Progressive Era : A Documentary Reader ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Scholarly journals ( edit ) Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , scholarly quarterly Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era on JSTOR Hayes Historical Journal : A Journal of the Gilded Age 1976 - 1993 , selected articles full text External links ( edit ) More general information to the Gilded Age on the Library of Congress New Spirits : A Web Site on Americans in the Gilded Age , 1865 -- 1905 by Rebecca Edwards , Vassar College Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century ( NYARC ) Documenting the Gilded Age : New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century ( NYARC ) Phase 2 Gilding the Gilded Age : Interior Decoration Tastes & Trends in New York City ( A collaboration between The Frick Collection and The William Randolph Hearst Archive at LIU Post ) Phase 3 WWW - VL : History : United States : The Gilded Age , 1876 -- 1900 by Robert Spencer , University of Southern Maine . An extensive collection of materials . America 's Wealth in the Gilded Age accessed March 29 , 2006 Illinois During the Gilded Age , 1866 -- 1896 , primary documents ; from Northern Illinois University Libraries Harper 's Weekly 150 cartoons on elections 1860 -- 1912 ; Reconstruction topics ; Chinese exclusion ; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress , 1766 -- 1876 Elections 1860 -- 1912 as covered by Harper 's Weekly ; news , editorials , cartoons ( many by Thomas Nast see also ( 1 ) , The Cartoons from Thomas Nast provided by HarpWeek , Tusche , tone and stone : 19th C. news illustration in Harper 's Weekly : Thomas Nast 1840 - 1902 ) . `` Graphic Witness '' caricatures in history Gilded Age & Progressive Era Cartoons , industry , labor , politics , prohibition from Ohio State University Puck cartoons Keppler cartoons 1892 cartoons Slum Life In New York City During the Nineteenth Century 's Gilded Age Photographs of prominent politicians , 1861 - 1922 ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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9148226224503467704 | List of territorial entities where French is an official language | List of territorial entities where French is an official language - wikipedia List of territorial entities where French is an official language Jump to : navigation , search French is the only official language ( 13 countries ) French is co-official alongside one or more other languages ( 16 countries ) As of 2015 , there are 29 independent nations where French is an official language . The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where French is an official or de facto language . Contents ( hide ) 1 Countries with French as an official language 2 Dependent entities where French is an official language 3 See also 4 Notes and references Countries with French as an official language ( edit ) Nr Country Continent Population 1 . Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa 77,266,800 2 . France Europe 66,808,400 3 . Canada North America 35,851,800 4 . Madagascar Africa 24,235,400 5 . Cameroon Africa 23,345,200 6 . Ivory Coast Africa 22,701,600 7 . Niger Africa 19,899,100 8 . Burkina Faso Africa 18,105,600 9 . Mali Africa 17,599,700 10 . Senegal Africa 15,129,300 11 . Chad Africa 14,037,500 12 . Guinea Africa 12,608,600 13 . Rwanda Africa 11,607,700 14 . Belgium Europe 11,285,700 15 . Burundi Africa 11,178,900 16 . Benin Africa 10,879,800 17 . Haiti North America 10,711,100 18 . Switzerland Europe 8,287,000 19 . Togo Africa 7,304,600 20 . Central African Republic Africa 4,900,300 21 . Republic of the Congo Africa 4,620,300 22 . Gabon Africa 1,725,300 23 . Djibouti Africa 887,861 24 . Equatorial Guinea Africa 845,060 25 . Comoros Africa 788,474 26 . Luxembourg Europe 569,676 27 . Vanuatu Oceania 264,652 28 . Seychelles Africa 92,900 29 . Monaco Europe 37,731 Total All Countries World 434,578,054 Dependent entities where French is an official language ( edit ) Nr . Entity Continent Population Status 1 . French Polynesia Oceania 7005267000000000000 ♠ 267,000 Overseas Collectivity of France 2 . New Caledonia Oceania 7005224824000000000 ♠ 224,824 Overseas Collectivity of France 3 . Aosta Valley Europe 7005128000000000000 ♠ 128,000 Autonomous Region of Italy 4 . Jersey Europe 7004915330000000000 ♠ 91,533 British Crown dependency 5 . Saint - Martin North America 7004293760000000000 ♠ 29,376 Overseas Collectivity of France 6 . Wallis and Futuna Oceania 7004164480000000000 ♠ 16,448 Overseas Collectivity of France 7 . Saint - Barthélemy North America 7003749200000000000 ♠ 7,492 Overseas Collectivity of France 8 . Saint - Pierre and Miquelon North America 7003704400000000000 ♠ 7,044 Overseas Collectivity of France French is recognized as a cultural language in the USAmerican states of Louisiana and Maine , in which the state governments officially promote and support French - language education and its use in government services and commerce but it is not de jure official . See also ( edit ) Geographical distribution of French speakers Francophonie List of international organisations which have French as an official language Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Google Public Data Explorer '' . World Bank . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Official Site on Languages , accessed August 22 , 2016 Countries and languages lists ( hide ) Countries By languages Spoken Countries by spoken languages Official Countries by the number of recognized official languages Arabic Chinese Dutch / Afrikaans English French German Malay Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Tamil Endonyms Countries and capitals in native languages Exonyms Country names in various languages A -- C D -- I J -- P Q -- Z Languages of the European Union ( hide ) Languages By continent Africa Americas North South Asia East South Europe Oceania By country Official languages by state List of languages without official status Countries by the number of recognized official languages Languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language By population By number of native speakers By number of total speakers Languages in censuses By family Language families Language - based geopolitical organizations Arab League ( Arabic ) Dutch Language Union ( Dutch ) English Speaking Union Francophonie ( French ) Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Portuguese ) Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa ( Portuguese ) Latin Union ( Romance ) Hispanidad ( Spanish ) Turkic Council ( Turkic ) International Organization of Turkic Culture ( Turkic ) See also Lists of languages Category : Languages French language and French - speaking world portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_territorial_entities_where_French_is_an_official_language&oldid=804121529 '' Categories : Lists of administrative territorial entities by language Francophonie Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bikol Central Español فارسی Français Galego ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Српски / srpski தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | number of french speaking countries in the world | [
"As of 2015, there are 29 independent nations where French is an official language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where French is an official or de facto language."
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