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8510745934976822246 | I Have a Dream | I Have a Dream - wikipedia I Have a Dream Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Have a Dream ( disambiguation ) . Martin Luther King Jr. delivering `` I Have a Dream '' at the 1963 Washington D.C. Civil Rights March . External audio I Have a Dream , August 28 , 1963 , Educational Radio Network `` I Have a Dream '' is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 , in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights . Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , the speech was a defining moment of the Civil Rights Movement . Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation , which freed millions of slaves in 1863 , King observes that : `` one hundred years later , the Negro still is not free '' . Toward the end of the speech , King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme `` I have a dream '' , prompted by Mahalia Jackson 's cry : `` Tell them about the dream , Martin ! '' In this part of the speech , which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous , King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred . Jon Meacham writes that , `` With a single phrase , Martin Luther King Jr. joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who 've shaped modern America '' . The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Speech title and the writing process 2 Speech 2.1 Similarities and allusions 3 Rhetoric 4 Responses 5 Legacy 6 Copyright dispute 7 Original copy of the speech 8 References 9 External links Background View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate mass support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President Kennedy in June . Martin Luther King and other leaders therefore agreed to keep their speeches calm , also , to avoid provoking the civil disobedience which had become the hallmark of the Civil Rights Movement . King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , timed to correspond with the 100 - year centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation . Speech title and the writing process King had been preaching about dreams since 1960 , when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) called `` The Negro and the American Dream '' . This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality , saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream , and that `` our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocrisy , its betrayal of the cause of justice '' . King suggests that `` It may well be that the Negro is God 's instrument to save the soul of America . '' In 1961 , he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists ' `` dream '' of equality -- `` the American Dream ... a dream as yet unfulfilled '' -- in several national speeches and statements , and took `` the dream '' as the centerpiece for these speeches . On November 27 , 1962 , King gave a speech at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . That speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial . And while parts of the text had been moved around , large portions were identical , including the `` I have a dream '' refrain . After being rediscovered , the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University . Martin Luther King had also delivered a `` dream '' speech in Detroit , in June 1963 , when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C.L. Franklin , and had rehearsed other parts . The March on Washington Speech , known as `` I Have a Dream Speech '' , has been shown to have had several versions , written at several different times . It has no single version draft , but is an amalgamation of several drafts , and was originally called `` Normalcy , Never Again '' . Little of this , and another `` Normalcy Speech '' , ended up in the final draft . A draft of `` Normalcy , Never Again '' is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection of the Robert W. Woodruff Library , Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College . The focus on `` I have a dream '' comes through the speech 's delivery . Toward the end of its delivery , noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd , `` Tell them about the dream , Martin . '' King departed from his prepared remarks and started `` preaching '' improvisationally , punctuating his points with `` I have a dream . '' The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones in Riverdale , New York City . Jones has said that `` the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us '' and that , `` on the evening of Tuesday , Aug. 27 , ( 12 hours before the march ) Martin still did n't know what he was going to say '' . Leading up to the speech 's rendition at the Great March on Washington , King had delivered its `` I have a dream '' refrains in his speech before 25,000 people in Detroit 's Cobo Hall immediately after the 125,000 - strong Great Walk to Freedom in Detroit , June 23 , 1963 . After the Washington , D.C. March , a recording of King 's Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit 's Gordy Records as an LP entitled `` The Great March To Freedom '' . Speech Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric , King 's speech invokes pivotal documents in American history , including the Declaration of Independence , the Emancipation Proclamation , and the United States Constitution . Early in his speech , King alludes to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address by saying `` Five score years ago ... '' In reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation , King says : `` It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity . '' Anaphora ( i.e. , the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences ) is employed throughout the speech . Early in his speech , King urges his audience to seize the moment ; `` Now is the time '' is repeated three times in the sixth paragraph . The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase `` I have a dream '' , which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience . Other occasions include `` One hundred years later '' , `` We can never be satisfied '' , `` With this faith '' , `` Let freedom ring '' , and `` free at last '' . King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day , according to the official program . I still have a dream , a dream deeply rooted in the American dream -- one day this nation will rise up and live up to its creed , `` We hold these truths to be self evident : that all men are created equal . '' I have a dream ... `` '' Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) Among the most quoted lines of the speech include `` I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin , but by the content of their character . I have a dream today ! '' According to U.S. Representative John Lewis , who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , `` Dr. King had the power , the ability , and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized . By speaking the way he did , he educated , he inspired , he informed not just the people there , but people throughout America and unborn generations . '' The ideas in the speech reflect King 's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse , the mistreatment and exploitation of blacks . The speech draws upon appeals to America 's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people , and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God 's will . Thus , the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins . King describes the promises made by America as a `` promissory note '' on which America has defaulted . He says that `` America has given the Negro people a bad check '' , but that `` we 've come to cash this check '' by marching in Washington , D.C. Similarities and allusions Further information : Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues King 's speech used words and ideas from his own speeches and other texts . For years , he had spoken about dreams , quoted from Samuel Francis Smith 's popular patriotic hymn `` America '' ( `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' ) , and of course referred extensively to the Bible . The idea of constitutional rights as an `` unfulfilled promise '' was suggested by Clarence Jones . The final passage from King 's speech closely resembles Archibald Carey Jr. 's address to the 1952 Republican National Convention : both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of `` America '' , and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort `` let freedom ring '' . King also is said to have used portions of Prathia Hall 's speech at the site of a burned - down African American church in Terrell County , Georgia , in September 1962 , in which she used the repeated phrase `` I have a dream '' . The church burned down after it was used for voter registration meetings . The speech also alludes to Psalm 30 : 5 in the second stanza of the speech . Additionally , King quotes from Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 ( `` I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted ... '' ) and Amos 5 : 24 ( `` But let justice roll down like water ... '' ) . He also alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare 's Richard III ( `` Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer ... '' ) when he remarks that `` this sweltering summer of the Negro 's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn ... '' Rhetoric King at the Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C The `` I Have a Dream '' speech can be dissected by using three rhetorical lenses : voice merging , prophetic voice , and dynamic spectacle . Voice merging is the combining of one 's own voice with religious predecessors . Prophetic voice is using rhetoric to speak for a population . A dynamic spectacle has origins from the Aristotelian definition as `` a weak hybrid form of drama , a theatrical concoction that relied upon external factors ( shock , sensation , and passionate release ) such as televised rituals of conflict and social control . '' Voice merging is a common technique used amongst African American preachers . It combines the voices of previous preachers and excerpts from scriptures along with their own unique thoughts to create a unique voice . King uses voice merging in his peroration when he references the secular hymn `` America '' . The rhetoric of King 's speech can be compared to the rhetoric of Old Testament prophets . During King 's speech , he speaks with urgency and crisis giving him a prophetic voice . The prophetic voice must `` restore a sense of duty and virtue amidst the decay of venality . '' An evident example is when King declares that , `` now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God 's children . '' Why King 's speech was powerful is debated , but essentially , it came at a point of many factors combining at a key cultural turning point . Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes , `` The right man delivered the right words to the right people in the right place at the right time . '' `` Given the context of drama and tension in which it was situated '' , King 's speech can be classified as a dynamic spectacle . A dynamic spectacle is dependent on the situation in which it is used . It can be considered a dynamic spectacle because it happened at the correct time and place : during the Civil Rights Movement and the March on Washington . Responses The speech was lauded in the days after the event , and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers . James Reston , writing for The New York Times , said that `` Dr. King touched all the themes of the day , only better than anybody else . He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi , and the cadences of the Bible . He was both militant and sad , and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile . '' Reston also noted that the event `` was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy 's inauguration '' , and opined that `` it will be a long time before ( Washington ) forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. crying out his dreams to the multitude . '' An article in The Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King 's speech `` caught the mood '' and `` moved the crowd '' of the day `` as no other '' speaker in the event . Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King 's speech `` rose above mere oratory '' . An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the `` matchless eloquence '' displayed by King -- `` a supreme orator '' of `` a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age '' -- put to shame the advocates of segregation by inspiring the `` conscience of America '' with the justice of the civil - rights cause . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , which viewed King and his allies for racial justice as subversive , also noticed the speech . This provoked the organization to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States . Two days after King delivered `` I Have a Dream '' , Agent William C. Sullivan , the head of COINTELPRO , wrote a memo about King 's growing influence : In the light of King 's powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes . We must mark him now , if we have not done so before , as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism , the Negro and national security . The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned it . It was considered a `` triumph of managed protest '' , and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred . Kennedy had watched King 's speech on television and been very impressed . Afterwards , March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with President Kennedy . Kennedy felt the March bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill . Meanwhile , some of the more radical Black leaders who were present condemned the speech ( along with the rest of the march ) as too compromising . Malcolm X later wrote in his autobiography : `` Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools , with gospels and guitars and ' I have a dream ' speeches ? '' Legacy The location on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial from which King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress . The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , published posthumously in 2007 , suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators , it might undermine his civil rights efforts . In the wake of the speech and march , King was named Man of the Year by TIME magazine for 1963 , and in 1964 , he was the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . The full speech did not appear in writing until August 1983 , some 15 years after King 's death , when a transcript was published in The Washington Post . In 1990 , the Australian alternative comedy rock band Doug Anthony All Stars released an album called Icon . One song from Icon , `` Shang - a-lang '' , sampled the end of the speech . In 1992 , the band Moodswings , incorporated excerpts from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech in their song `` Spiritual High , Part III . on the album Moodfood '' . In 2002 , the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry . In 2003 , the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King 's speech at the Lincoln Memorial . The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial was dedicated in 2011 . The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King 's `` I Have A Dream '' speech : `` Out of a mountain of despair , a stone of hope . '' A 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) - high relief of King named the `` Stone of Hope '' stands past two other pieces of granite that symbolize the `` mountain of despair . '' On August 26 , 2013 , UK 's BBC Radio 4 broadcast `` God 's Trombone '' , in which Gary Younge looked behind the scenes of the speech and explored `` what made it both timely and timeless '' . On August 28 , 2013 , thousands gathered on the mall in Washington D.C. where King made his historic speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occasion . In attendance were former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter , and incumbent President Barack Obama , who addressed the crowd and spoke on the significance of the event . Many of King 's family were in attendance . On October 11 , 2015 , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution published an exclusive report about Stone Mountain officials considering installation of a new `` Freedom Bell '' honoring King and citing the speech 's reference to the mountain `` Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia . '' Design details and a timeline for its installation remain to be determined . The article mentioned inspiration for the proposed monument came from a bell - ringing ceremony held in 2013 in celebration of the 50th anniversary of King 's speech . On April 20 , 2016 , Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew announced that the U.S. $5 bill , which has featured the Lincoln Memorial on its back , would undergo a redesign prior to 2020 . Lew said that a portrait of Lincoln would remain on the front of the bill , but the back would be redesigned to depict various historical events that have occurred at the memorial , including an image from King 's speech . In October 2016 Science Friday in a segment on its crowd sourced update to the Voyager Golden Record included the speech . Copyright dispute Because King 's speech was broadcast to a large radio and television audience , there was controversy about its copyright status . If the performance of the speech constituted `` general publication '' , it would have entered the public domain due to King 's failure to register the speech with the Register of Copyrights . However , if the performance only constituted `` limited publication '' , King retained common law copyright . This led to a lawsuit , Estate of Martin Luther King , Jr. , Inc. v. CBS , Inc. , which established that the King estate does hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue ; the parties then settled . Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances , especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing . Under the applicable copyright laws , the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King 's death , therefore until 2038 . Original copy of the speech As King waved goodbye to the audience , he handed George Raveling the original typewritten `` I Have a Dream '' speech . Raveling , an All - American Villanova Wildcats college basketball player , had volunteered as a security guard for the event and was on the podium with King at that moment . In 2013 , Raveling still had custody of the original copy , for which he had been offered $3,000,000 , but he has said he does not intend to sell it . References Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Part 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 177 . Jump up ^ I Have a Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Future of Multicultural America , James Echols -- 2004 ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Alvarez , `` Martin Luther King 's ' I Have a Dream ' : The Speech Event as Metaphor '' , Journal of Black Studies 18 ( 3 ) ; doi : 10.1177 / 002193478801800306 . Jump up ^ See Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaus Mills , `` What Really Happened at the March on Washington ? '' , Dissent , Summer 1988 ; reprinted in Civil Rights Since 1787 : A Reader on the Black Struggle , ed . Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor , New York : New York University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` One Man '' . Time . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Stephen Lucas and Martin Medhurst ( December 15 , 1999 ) . `` I Have a Dream Speech Leads Top 100 Speeches of the Century '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Have a Dream ( 28 August 1963 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther King Jr. , `` The Negro and the American Dream '' , speech delivered to the NAACP in Charlotte , NC , 25 September 1960 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Jim ( 2003 ) . The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 0195158210 . ^ Jump up to : Stringer , Sam ; Brumfield , Ben . `` New recording : King 's first ' I have a dream ' speech found at high school '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Crook , Samantha ; Bryant , Christian . `` How Langston Hughes Led To A ' Dream ' MLK Discovery '' . WKBW.com . The E.W. Scripps Co . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha . `` Recording of MLK 's 1st ' I Have a Dream ' speech found '' . DetroitNews.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Martin Luther King III '' . CNN . August 22 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The original name of the speech was `` Cashing a Cancelled Check '' , but the aspired ad lib of the dream from preacher 's anointing brought forth a new entitlement , `` I Have A Dream '' . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection , 2009 `` Notable Items '' Retrieved December 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Jones , Clarence Benjamin ( 1931 -- ) '' . Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle ( Stanford University ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jones , Clarence B. ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) . `` On Martin Luther King Day , remembering the first draft of ' I Have a Dream ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Kevin ( May 1 , 2007 ) , Detroit 's Walk To Freedom , Michigan History Magazine Jump up ^ Garrett , Bob , Martin Luther King Jr. and the Detroit Freedom Walk , Michigan Department of Natural Resources -- Michigan Library and Historical -- Center Michigan Historical Center , retrieved February 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ward , Brian ( 1998 ) , Recording the Dream , 48 ( 4 ) , History Today Jump up ^ `` Document for August 28th : Official Program for the March on Washington '' . Archives.gov . Jump up ^ Edwards , Willard . ( August 29 , 1963 ) . 200,000 Roar Plea for Negro Opportunity in Rights March on Washington . Chicago Tribune , p. 5 Jump up ^ Excel HSC Standard English , p. 108 , Lloyd Cameron , Barry Spurr -- 2009 Jump up ^ `` A `` Dream '' Remembered `` . NewsHour . August 28 , 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Exploring Religion and Ethics : Religion and Ethics for Senior Secondary Students , p 192 , Trevor Jordan -- 2012 Jump up ^ See David A. Bobbitt , The Rhetoric of Redemption : Kenneth Burke 's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' Speech ( Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 ) Jump up ^ John , Derek ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Long lost civil rights speech helped inspire King 's dream '' . WBEZ . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow : Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Digital Library : Film ( 2 : 30 ) Jump up ^ `` Psalm 30 : 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Amos 5 : 24 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream Speech '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Thomas B. ( 1989 ) . `` Media Rhetoric as Social Drama : The Winter Olympics of 1984 '' . Critical Studies in Mass Communication . 6 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 160 . doi : 10.1080 / 15295038909366742 . Jump up ^ Darsey , James ( 1997 ) . The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America . New York : New York University Press . pp. 10 , 19 , 47 . Jump up ^ Trendl , Anthony . `` I Have a Dream Analysis '' . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream '' Speech `` . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` The News of the Week in Review : March on Washington -- Symbol of intensified drive for Negro rights , '' The New York Times ( September 1 , 1963 ) . The high point and climax of the day , it was generally agreed , was the eloquent and moving speech late in the afternoon by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , ( ... ) . Jump up ^ James Reston , `` ' I Have a Dream ... ' : Peroration by Dr. King sums up a day the capital will remember '' , The New York Times ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Mary McGrory , `` Polite , Happy , Helpful : The Real Hero Was the Crowd '' , The Boston Globe ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Marquis Childs , `` Triumphal March Silences Scoffers '' , The Washington Post ( August 30 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Max Freedman , `` The Big March in Washington Described as ' Epic of Democracy ' '' , Los Angeles Times ( Sep. 9 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Tim Weiner , Enemies : A history of the FBI , New York : Random House , 2012 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Memo hosted by American Radio Works ( American Public Media ) , `` The FBI 's War on King '' . Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard , President Kennedy : Profile of Power , 1993 , pp. 580 -- 584 Jump up ^ Clayborne Carson `` King , Obama , and the Great American Dialogue '' , American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther King '' . The Nobel Foundation . 1964 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2002 '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` We Shall Overcome , Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement : Lincoln Memorial '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tears Fall At The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial '' . WUSA . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Trombone : Remembering King 's Dream '' . bbc.co.uk. 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Zeke J ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` In Commemorative MLK Speech , President Obama Recalls His Own 2008 Dream '' . Swampland.time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Jim ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Record '' . Science Friday . 2016 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie . `` ' I Have a Dream ' speech still private property '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Xavier L. Suarez ( 27 October 2011 ) . Democracy in America : 2010 . AuthorHouse . pp. 10 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 6056 - 4 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Karen Price Hossell ( 5 December 2005 ) . I Have a Dream . Heinemann - Raintree Library . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4034 - 6811 - 6 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom George Raveling owns MLK 's ' I have a dream ' speech . USA Today , February 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ( 2003 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Guardian of The Dream '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . External links African - Americans portal Discrimination portal 1960s portal Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : I Have a Dream ( in the public domain in Canada ) Full text at the BBC Video of `` I Have a Dream '' speech , from LearnOutLoud.com `` I Have a Dream '' Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com Deposition concerning recording of the `` I Have a Dream '' speech Lyrics of the traditional spiritual `` Free At Last '' MLK : Before He Won the Nobel -- slideshow by Life magazine Chiastic outline of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech ( hide ) Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis Sanitation Strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( colleague ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historic Site King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil Rights Movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream Sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi Wade - Ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis Sanitation Strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Neal Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.48 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 0.40 '' W / 38.8893000 ° N 77.0501111 ° W / 38.8893000 ; - 77.0501111 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Have_a_Dream&oldid=804011498 '' Categories : 1963 in the United States American political catchphrases History of African - American civil rights Speeches by Martin Luther King Jr . United States historical documents Speeches United States National Recording Registry recordings 1963 in Washington , D.C. August 1963 events Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with Wikilivres links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the i had a dream speech | [
"\"I Have a Dream\" is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the speech was a defining moment of the Civil Rights Movement.[2]"
] | [
"Martin Luther King Jr."
] |
-479267909187797308 | Forbes' list of the world's highest-paid athletes | Forbes ' list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes - wikipedia Forbes ' list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes This is a list of the highest - paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine . Contents 1 2017 list 2 2016 list 3 2015 list 4 2014 list 5 2013 list 6 2012 list 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2017 list The 2017 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million 6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million 6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million 8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million 9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million 10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million 2016 list The 2016 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million 6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million 7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million 9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million 2015 list The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million 6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million 7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million 9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million 2014 list The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0 Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million 5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million 6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million 7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million 9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million 10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million 2013 list The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million 5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million 6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million 8 David Beckham Association football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million 10 Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million 2012 list The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012 . Rank Name Sport Nationality Total earnings Salary / winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million 6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million 8 David Beckham Association football England $46 million $9 million $37 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million 10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million See also List of professional sports leagues by revenue References Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2013 : Behind The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayweather Tops List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . External links The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes List - Forbes Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 Forbes 500 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer 's most valuable teams Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=856839212 '' Categories : Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Lists of sports superlatives Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 21 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the highest paid player in all of sports | [
"\n\n\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nSport\n\nNation\n\nTotal\n\nSalary/Winnings\n\nEndorsements\n\n\n1\nCristiano Ronaldo\nAssociation football\n Portugal\n$93 million\n$58 million\n$35 million\n\n\n2\nLeBron James\nBasketball\n United States\n$86.2 million\n$31.2 million\n$55 million\n\n\n3\nLionel Messi\nAssociation football\n Argentina\n$80 million\n$53 million\n$27 million\n\n\n4\nRoger Federer\nTennis\n Switzerland\n$64 million\n$6 million\n$58 million\n\n\n5\nKevin Durant\nBasketball\n United States\n$60.6 million\n$26.6 million\n$34 million\n\n\n6\nAndrew Luck\nAmerican football\n United States\n$50 million\n$47 million\n$3 million\n\n\n6\nRory McIlroy\nGolf\n Northern Ireland\n$50 million\n$16 million\n$34 million\n\n\n8\nStephen Curry\nBasketball\n United States\n$47.3 million\n$12.3 million\n$35 million\n\n\n9\nJames Harden\nBasketball\n United States\n$46.6 million\n$26.6 million\n$20 million\n\n\n10\nLewis Hamilton\nAuto racing\n England\n$46 million\n$38 million\n$8 million\n\n"
] | [
"Cristiano Ronaldo"
] |
-6332961431733608242 | List of the closest Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series finishes | List of the closest Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series finishes - wikipedia List of the closest Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series finishes Jump to : navigation , search Ricky Craven ( No. 32 ) edges out Kurt Busch ( No. 97 ) at the line in the 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 . NASCAR 's premiere racing division , the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , has seen many close finishes since the electronic scoring system was instituted in May during the 1993 season . As of 2017 , the closest margin of victory in the NASCAR Cup Series is 0.002 seconds . This first occurred during the 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 at Darlington Raceway , as Ricky Craven crossed the finish line inches ahead of Kurt Busch . In 2011 , the record was tied at the 2011 Aaron 's 499 at the Talladega Superspeedway , when Jimmie Johnson was victorious over Clint Bowyer in a four - wide finish . Though not a Cup event , the 2018 PowerShares QQQ 300 produced the closest finish in NASCAR touring series history of all three Top series when Tyler Reddick edged Elliott Sadler by a tiny margin of 0.0004 s , making it the closest finish in NASCAR history . They had to go by video and declared Reddick the winner as he looked to edge Sadler by about an inch . As the scoring monitors are in the fuel cell , where they crossed the line was a dead heat but Reddick was ahead at the line . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Closest finishes 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Lee Petty ( No. 42 ) races with Johnny Beauchamp ( No. 73 ) on the final lap of the 1959 Daytona 500 . Prior to the introduction of integrated electronic scoring in May 1993 , margins of victory were scored in laps , car lengths , or feet , using handheld stopwatches or analog timing clocks . This occasionally led to controversy , such as occurred in the inaugural Daytona 500 in 1959 . Initially , NASCAR declared the race won by Johnny Beauchamp , but many observers felt that Lee Petty had won . It took 61 hours before video evidence established Petty as the winner . Beginning with the 1993 Save Mart Supermarkets 300K , scoring was standardized to the thousandth of a second using transponders located on the vehicles and timing lines around the track . Geoff Bodine won the first event using this electronic scoring , finishing 0.53 seconds ahead of Ernie Irvan . Closest finishes ( edit ) * Event was not part of the regular season Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series closest finishes Rank Race Margin Winner 2nd Place Track Date 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 0.002 Ricky Craven Kurt Busch Darlington Raceway March 16 , 2003 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 2011 Aaron 's 499 0.002 Jimmie Johnson Clint Bowyer Talladega Superspeedway April 17 , 2011 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 2001 Gatorade Duel 2 * 0.004 Mike Skinner Dale Earnhardt Jr . Daytona International Speedway February 15 , 2001 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 1993 DieHard 500 0.005 Dale Earnhardt Ernie Irvan Talladega Superspeedway July 25 , 1993 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 2007 Pepsi 400 0.005 Jamie McMurray Kyle Busch Daytona International Speedway July 7 , 2007 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 2011 Gatorade Duel 2 * 0.005 Jeff Burton Clint Bowyer Daytona International Speedway February 17 , 2011 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 2001 Cracker Barrel Old Country Store 500 0.006 Kevin Harvick Jeff Gordon Atlanta Motor Speedway March 11 , 2001 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 2010 Gatorade Duel 1 * 0.006 Jimmie Johnson Kevin Harvick Daytona International Speedway February 11 , 2010 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 1994 Pepsi 400 0.008 Jimmy Spencer Ernie Irvan Daytona International Speedway July 2 , 1994 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 2000 Cracker Barrel Old Country Store 500 0.010 Dale Earnhardt Bobby Labonte Atlanta Motor Speedway March 12 , 2000 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 2004 Subway 400 0.010 Matt Kenseth Kasey Kahne North Carolina Speedway February 22 , 2004 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 2012 Budweiser Shootout * 0.010 Kyle Busch Tony Stewart Daytona International Speedway February 18 , 2012 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 2016 Daytona 500 0.010 Denny Hamlin Martin Truex , Jr . Daytona International Speedway February 21 , 2016 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 2016 Good Sam 500 0.010 Kevin Harvick Carl Edwards Phoenix International Raceway March 13 , 2016 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 2010 Aaron 's 499 0.011 Kevin Harvick Jamie McMurray Talladega Superspeedway April 25 , 2010 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2010 Gatorade Duel 2 * 0.014 Kasey Kahne Tony Stewart Daytona International Speedway February 11 , 2010 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2016 Sprint Showdown * 0.015 Kyle Larson Chase Elliott Charlotte Motor Speedway May 20 , 2016 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2005 Ford 400 0.017 Greg Biffle Mark Martin Homestead - Miami Speedway November 20 , 2005 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2011 Good Sam Club 500 0.018 Clint Bowyer Jeff Burton Talladega Superspeedway October 23 , 2011 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2007 Daytona 500 0.020 Kevin Harvick Mark Martin Daytona International Speedway February 18 , 2007 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 2014 Budweiser Duel 1 * 0.022 Matt Kenseth Kasey Kahne Daytona International Speedway February 20 , 2014 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1994 Diehard 500 0.025 Jimmy Spencer Bill Elliott Talladega Superspeedway July 24 , 1994 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 2005 Coca - Cola 600 0.027 Jimmie Johnson Bobby Labonte Lowe 's Motor Speedway May 29 , 2005 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 2004 Samsung / Radio Shack 500 0.028 Elliott Sadler Kasey Kahne Texas Motor Speedway April 5 , 2004 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 2005 Golden Corral 500 0.028 Carl Edwards Jimmie Johnson Atlanta Motor Speedway March 20 , 2005 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1997 Pepsi 400 0.029 John Andretti Terry Labonte Daytona International Speedway July 5 , 1997 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 2005 Gatorade Duel 1 * 0.030 Michael Waltrip Dale Earnhardt Jr . Daytona International Speedway February 17 , 2005 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 2006 UAW Daimler - Chrysler 400 0.045 Jimmie Johnson Matt Kenseth Las Vegas Motor Speedway March 12 , 2006 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1995 Diehard 500 0.050 Sterling Marlin Dale Jarrett Talladega Superspeedway July 23 , 1995 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1998 Exide Select Batteries 400 0.051 Jeff Burton Jeff Gordon Richmond International Raceway September 12 , 1998 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 2008 Amp Energy 500 0.052 Tony Stewart Paul Menard Talladega Superspeedway October 5 , 2008 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 2011 Budweiser Shootout * 0.058 Kurt Busch Jamie McMurray Daytona International Speedway February 12 , 2011 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 2011 Coke Zero 400 0.059 David Ragan Matt Kenseth Daytona International Speedway July 2 , 2011 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 2002 Aaron 's 499 0.060 Dale Earnhardt Jr . Michael Waltrip Talladega Superspeedway April 21 , 2002 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 2007 Food City 500 0.064 Kyle Busch Jeff Burton Bristol Motor Speedway March 25 , 2007 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 2007 Goody 's Cool Orange 500 0.065 Jimmie Johnson Jeff Gordon Martinsville Speedway April 1 , 2007 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 2011 Gatorade Duel 1 * 0.065 Kurt Busch Regan Smith Daytona International Speedway February 17 , 2011 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 2007 UAW - Ford 500 0.066 Jeff Gordon Jimmie Johnson Talladega Superspeedway October 7 , 2007 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 1994 Winston Select 500 0.067 Dale Earnhardt Ernie Irvan Talladega Superspeedway May 1 , 1994 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 2007 Lenox Industrial Tools 300 0.068 Denny Hamlin Jeff Gordon New Hampshire Motor Speedway July 1 , 2007 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 2005 MBNA NASCAR RacePoints 400 0.080 Jimmie Johnson Kyle Busch Dover International Speedway September 25 , 2005 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 2004 Banquet 400 0.081 Joe Nemechek Ricky Rudd Kansas Speedway October 10 , 2004 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 2001 Kmart 400 0.085 Jeff Gordon Ricky Rudd Michigan International Speedway June 10 , 2001 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 2008 Daytona 500 0.092 Ryan Newman Kurt Busch Daytona International Speedway February 17 , 2008 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 2010 Coke Zero 400 0.092 Kevin Harvick Kasey Kahne Daytona International Speedway July 3 , 2010 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 2003 EA Sports 500 0.095 Michael Waltrip Dale Earnhardt , Jr . Talladega Superspeedway September 28 , 2003 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 2017 GEICO 500 0.095 Ricky Stenhouse , Jr . Jamie McMurray Talladega Superspeedway May 7 , 2017 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 2009 Sharpie 500 0.098 Kyle Busch Mark Martin Bristol Motor Speedway August 22 , 2009 See also ( edit ) Photo finish List of the closest NASCAR Xfinity Series finishes List of the closest NASCAR Camping World Truck Series finishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 Archived 2009 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NASCAR 's Analysis Shows Competition Has Become Closer Jump up ^ Classic photos from controversial first Daytona 500 in 1959 Jump up ^ 1993 Save Mart Supermarkets 300K Results Jump up ^ `` Denny Hamlin edges Martin Truex Jr. by inches to win Daytona 500 '' . ESPN.com . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Reid ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Harvick Edges Edwards for Thrilling Phoenix Victory '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series closest finishes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_closest_Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series_finishes&oldid=827217528 '' Categories : Lists of sports superlatives NASCAR - related lists Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 13 : 06 . About Wikipedia | what was the closest finish in nascar history | [] | [] |
-1791291574337775114 | The Tales of Beedle the Bard | The Tales of Beedle the Bard - wikipedia The Tales of Beedle the Bard Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter books The Tales of Beedle the Bard The cover of the UK public paperback edition . Author J.K. Rowling Illustrator J.K. Rowling Genre Fantasy Auction date 13 December 2007 ( handmade edition ) Winning bid £ 1.95 / US $3.98 / € 2.28 million ( Amazon.com ) Publisher Children 's High Level Group in association with Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Publication date 4 December 2008 ( public edition ) Pages Handmade edition : 157 Paperback edition : 110 Collector 's edition : 180 The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a book of children 's stories by British author J.K. Rowling . There is a storybook of the same name mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last book of the Harry Potter series . The book was originally produced in a limited edition of only seven copies , each handwritten and illustrated by J.K. Rowling . One of them was offered for auction through Sotheby 's in late 2007 and was expected to sell for £ 50,000 ( US $77,000 , € 69,000 ) ; ultimately it was bought for £ 1.95 million ( $3 million , € 2.7 million ) by Amazon , making the selling price the highest achieved at auction for a modern literary manuscript . The money earned at the auction of the book was donated to The Children 's Voice charity campaign . The book was published for the general public on 4 December 2008 , with the proceeds going to the Children 's High Level Group ( renamed Lumos in 2010 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Harry Potter series 2 Publication history 2.1 Handmade edition 2.2 Auction 2.3 Public editions 3 Synopsis 3.1 Overview 3.2 `` The Wizard and the Hopping Pot '' 3.3 `` The Fountain of Fair Fortune '' 3.4 `` The Warlock 's Hairy Heart '' 3.5 `` Babbitty Rabbitty and her Cackling Stump '' 3.6 `` The Tale of the Three Brothers '' 4 Reception 5 Live show 6 References In the Harry Potter series ( edit ) The symbol of the Hallows found in `` The Tale of the Three Brothers '' The Tales of Beedle the Bard first appeared as a fictional book in J.K. Rowling 's 2007 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel of the Harry Potter series . The book is bequeathed to Hermione Granger by Albus Dumbledore , former headmaster of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . It is described as a popular collection of Wizarding children 's fairy tales , so that while Ron Weasley is familiar with the stories , Harry Potter and Hermione Granger had not previously heard of them due to their non-magical upbringing . The book Hermione receives in Dumbledore 's will is a copy of the original edition of the fictional book . It is described as an ancient - looking small book with its binding `` stained and peeling in places '' . In the novel it is also said the book has a title on its cover , written in embossed runic symbols . The book acts as the vehicle for introducing the Deathly Hallows to the trio . Above the story `` The Tale of the Three Brothers '' , Hermione Granger finds a strange symbol which later is revealed by Xenophilius Lovegood to be the symbol of the Hallows . The triangle from the symbol represents the Invisibility Cloak , the circle inside the triangle symbolises the Resurrection Stone , and the vertical line represents the Elder Wand . These three objects are also mentioned in the story itself ( see below ) , and are said to belong to the Peverell brothers , who are later revealed as being both Voldemort 's and Harry Potter 's ancestors . Towards the end of the novel , Albus Dumbledore also confirms Harry 's connection to the Peverells , and states that the three brothers might in fact have been the creators of the Hallows . The introduction ( written by Rowling ) to the publications released in December 2008 mentions that the fictional character Beedle the Bard was born in Yorkshire , lived in the 15th century , and had `` an exceptionally luxuriant beard '' . Publication history ( edit ) Rowling started writing the book soon after finishing work on the seventh Harry Potter novel . During an interview with her fandom she also stated that she used other books as a source of inspiration for the tales . More specifically , `` The Tale of the Three Brothers '' , the only story included entirely in The Deathly Hallows , was inspired by Geoffrey Chaucer 's `` The Pardoner 's Tale '' from The Canterbury Tales . Handmade edition ( edit ) Originally The Tales of Beedle the Bard had only been produced in a limited number of seven handmade copies , all handwritten and illustrated by the author herself . The books were bound in brown morocco leather , and decorated with hand - chased silver ornaments and mounted semiprecious stones by silversmith and jeweller Hamilton & Inches of Edinburgh . Each of the silver pieces represents one of the five stories in the book . Rowling also asked that each of the seven copies be embellished using a different semiprecious stone . Six of these original handwritten copies were uniquely dedicated and given by Rowling to six people who were most involved with the Harry Potter series . The recipients of these copies were not initially identified . Since then , two of these people have been named . One is Barry Cunningham , Rowling 's very first editor . Another is Arthur A. Levine , editor for Scholastic , the U.S. publisher of the Harry Potter books . Cunningham and Levine had lent their personal copies as part of Beedle the Bard exhibits in December 2008 . Rowling also decided to create a seventh handwritten copy ( distinguished from the others by its moonstone jewelling ) to sell at auction in order to raise funds for The Children 's Voice charity campaign . The idea came really because I wanted to thank six key people who have been very closely connected to the ' Harry Potter ' series , and these were people for whom a piece of jewellery was n't going to cut it . So I had the idea of writing them a book , a handwritten and illustrated book , just for these six people . And well , if I 'm doing six I really have to do seven , and the seventh book will be for this cause , which is so close to my heart . -- J.K. Rowling Auction ( edit ) The Moonstone edition of the book was auctioned in December 2007 . The 157 - page `` Moonstone edition '' of the book was first put on display prior to bidding on 26 November in New York and on 9 December in London . The book was auctioned 13 December 2007 , at Sotheby 's in London . The starting price was £ 30,000 ( $62,000 , € 46,000 ) , and originally it was expected to sell for approximately £ 50,000 ( $103,000 , € 80,000 ) . The closing bid far exceeded all prior projections , as ultimately the book was purchased by a representative from London fine art dealers Hazlitt Gooden and Fox on behalf of Amazon , for a total of £ 1.95 million ( $3.98 million , € 2.28 million ) . This was the highest purchase price for a modern literary manuscript at that date . The money earned at auction later was donated by Rowling to The Children 's Voice charity campaign . Sotheby 's printed a forty - eight - page promotional catalogue for the auction . The catalogue featured illustrations from the book , as well as comments from J.K. Rowling on The Tales of Beedle the Bard . The catalogue was sold as a collector 's item , and the money from the sales also has been donated to The Children 's Voice . Another copy of the same book was put into auction on November 2016 . It was auctioned for £ 368,750 on 12 December 2016 . The book was auctioned by Sotheby in London . The book is a leather bound manuscript decorated with Rhodochrosite ( A precious stone ) and a silver skull . The copy does have a note by Rowling to Mr. Cunningham as follows `` To Barry , the man who thought an overlong novel about a boy wizard in glasses might just sell ... THANK YOU . '' She has also added a note about the stone as `` traditionally associated with love , balance and joy in daily life '' . Public editions ( edit ) US cover of The Tales of Beedle the Bard . On 31 July 2008 , it was announced The Tales of Beedle the Bard would also be made available for the public , in both standard and collector 's editions . The book was published by Children 's High Level Group and printed and distributed by Bloomsbury , Scholastic , and Amazon.com . The decision was taken due to disappointment among Harry Potter fans after it had initially been announced a wide public release was not intended . Similarly to Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages ( two other books mentioned in the Harry Potter novels that have also been printed ) the standard and collector 's editions of The Tales of Beedle the Bard feature commentary and footnotes from Albus Dumbledore , headmaster of Hogwarts and one of the main characters of the series . The standard edition also includes illustrations reproduced from the handwritten edition auctioned in December 2007 and the introduction by the author . The limited collector 's edition features ten illustrations by J.K. Rowling not included in the standard edition or the original handcrafted edition , as well as an exclusive reproduction of J.K. Rowling 's handwritten introduction , and other miscellaneous objects such as replica gemstones and an emerald ribbon . The book , released on 4 December 2008 , was published in the United Kingdom and Canada by Bloomsbury , while the US edition was published by Scholastic , and the limited collector 's edition of the book , available in all three countries , by Amazon . The limited edition retailed for £ 50 ( $100 , € 100 ) , and around 100,000 copies have been printed . The book has been translated into 28 languages . Profits from the sale of the book were offered to the Children 's High Level Group . Initial sale estimates were roughly £ 4 million ( $7.6 million , € 4.7 million ) ; as of January 2010 an estimated £ 11 million ( $17 million , € 13 million ) were generated from sales for the charity . Synopsis ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Rowling wrote five stories for the book . One , `` The Warlock 's Hairy Heart '' , is not mentioned in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ; three others , `` The Wizard and the Hopping Pot '' , `` The Fountain of Fair Fortune '' , and `` Babbitty Rabbitty and her Cackling Stump '' , receive cursory attention . `` The Tale of the Three Brothers '' is the only story also included entirely in The Deathly Hallows . `` The wizard and the Hopping pot '' ( edit ) This story is about the legacy of an old man who , in his generosity , used his pot to brew magical potions and antidotes for other people when they needed his help . Upon his death , he leaves all his belongings to his only son , who has none of the virtues his father had . After his father 's death , the son finds the pot and a single slipper inside it together with a note from his father that reads , `` In the fond hope , my son , that you will never need it '' . Bitter for having nothing left but a pot , the son closes the door on every person who asks for his help . Each time he does so , the pot takes on the symptoms of the ones who ask for help , it starts disturbing the son and prevents him from having any peace of mind . This continues until the son finally gives up and provides aid to the town . Upon doing this , the pot 's ailments are removed one by one and the son 's ordeal finally ends one day when the slipper he received from his father falls out of the pot ; he puts the slipper on the pot 's foot and the two walk off into the sunset . `` The fountain of Fair Fortune '' ( edit ) In this story , there is a fountain where once per year , one person may bathe to have his or her problems answered . This is how three witches meet . The first witch , Asha , suffers from an incurable disease . The second , Altheda , endures poverty and powerlessness due to a robbery . The third , Amata , is distraught after being left by her beloved . The three witches decide to try to reach the fountain together but along the way , a knight , Sir Luckless , also joins them . On their path to the fountain , they face three challenges . The first involves a giant worm that demands `` proof of ( their ) pain '' . The second , a steep slope where they have to bring the `` fruit of their labours '' . The third challenge , crossing a river , requires them to pay with `` the treasure of ( their ) past '' . Amata passes the challenge by using magic to withdraw the memories of her ex-lover and drop them into the water . At the fountain , Asha collapses from exhaustion . To save her , Altheda brews an invigorating potion that also cures Asha of her disease and need of the fountain . Altheda realises that her skills are a means to earn money , so she also no longer needs the fountain . Amata realises that washing away her regret for her lover removed her need as well . Sir Luckless bathes in the water , after which he flings himself at Amata 's feet and asks for `` her hand and her heart '' which she happily gives . Everyone gets an answer to his or her problem , unaware that the fountain held no magical power at all . `` The warlock 's hairy heart '' ( edit ) The story is about a young and handsome warlock who decides to never fall in love , so he uses Dark Arts to prevent himself from doing so . His family , hoping he will change , does nothing . However , one day , he hears two servants whispering about him not having a wife , so he decides to find a talented , rich , and beautiful witch and marry her to gain everyone 's envy . He meets that girl the next day . Though the girl is both `` fascinated and repelled '' , the warlock persuades her to come to a dinner feast at his castle . During the feast , she tells him that she needs to know he has a heart . The warlock shows her his beating hairy heart inside a crystal casket in his dungeon . The witch begs him to put it back inside himself . After the warlock does so , she embraces him . However , being disconnected from its body for so long , his heart has developed savage tastes as it has degenerated into an animalistic state . And so he is driven to take by force a truly human heart . He tears out the witch 's heart to replace his own , but finding that he can not magic the hairy heart back out of his chest , he cuts it out with a dagger . Thus he and the maiden both die , with him holding both hearts in his hands . `` Babbitty Rabbitty and her cackling stump '' ( edit ) This story is about a king who wants to keep all magic to himself . To do this he needs to solve two problems : he must capture and imprison all of the sorcerers in the kingdom and he has to learn magic . He creates a `` Brigade of Witch Hunters '' and calls for an instructor in magic . Only a `` cunning charlatan '' with no magical ability responds . The charlatan proves himself with a few simple tricks and begins to ask for jewellery and money to continue teaching . However , Babbitty , the king 's washerwoman , laughs at the king one day as he attempts to do magic with an ordinary twig . This causes the king to demand the charlatan join him in a public demonstration of magic and warns that the charlatan will be beheaded if anyone laughs . The charlatan later witnesses Babbitty performing magic in her house . He threatens to expose her if she does not assist him . She agrees to hide and help the demonstration . During the performance , the brigade captain asks the king to bring his dead hound back to life . Because Babbitty can not use magic to raise the dead , the crowd thinks the previous acts were tricks . The charlatan exposes Babbitty , accusing her of blocking the spells . Babbitty flees into a forest and disappears at the base of an old tree . In desperation , the charlatan states that she has turned `` into a crab apple '' and has the tree cut down . As the crowd departs , the stump starts cackling and makes the charlatan confess . The stump cackles again , demanding the king never hurt a wizard again , and build a statue of Babbitty on the stump to remind him of his foolishness . The king agrees and heads back to the palace . Afterwards , a `` stout old rabbit '' with a wand in its teeth hops out from a hole beneath the stump and leaves the kingdom . `` The Tale of the three Brothers '' ( edit ) The story is about three brothers who , traveling together , reach a treacherous river . They make a magical bridge over the river wherein just as they cross , they meet the personification of Death , who is angry for losing three potential victims . He pretends to be impressed by them and grants each a wish as a reward . The oldest brother asks for an unbeatable dueling wand , so Death gives him the Elder Wand . The middle brother asks for the ability to resurrect the dead , so Death gives him the Resurrection Stone . The youngest brother does not trust Death and asks for a way to stop Death from following him , so Death reluctantly gives him his Cloak of Invisibility . Afterwards , the brothers go their separate ways . The oldest brother resolves a previous qualm by killing the man he quarreled with by use of the wand , but his bragging about his powerful wand ends with him robbed of it and murdered while he is asleep . The middle brother uses his ability to bring back the woman he loved , who died before he could marry her . However , she is not fully alive and is full of sorrow . He kills himself to join her . The youngest brother Death never manages to find , as he stays hidden under his Cloak . Many years later , the brother removes his cloak and gives it to his son . Pleased with his achievements , he greets Death as an old friend and chooses to leave with him as equals . Reception ( edit ) Sotheby 's deputy director Philip W. Errington described the handmade edition as `` one of the most exciting pieces of children 's literature '' to have passed through the auction house . After buying the book , Amazon also released a review , describing it as `` an artifact pulled straight out of a novel '' . The Times reviewed the published book favourably , calling the tales `` funny , sinister , wise and captivating '' and likening them to the Brothers Grimm . The Telegraph reviewed it unfavourably , noting that they `` would be unremarkable were it not for the body of work that lies behind it '' and that there was `` an element of padding to make it a respectable length '' . Live show ( edit ) A live puppet show of The Fountain of Fair Fortune and The Tale of the Three Brothers is presented daily at the Diagon Alley expansion of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Studios Florida . Children 's literature portal Book : Harry Potter References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling 's The Tales of Beedle the Bard '' . Amazon.com . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Will of Albus Dumbledore '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . ^ Jump up to : `` Rare JK Rowling book fetches £ 2m '' . BBC news . 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cleland , Gary ( 14 December 2007 ) . `` Amazon admits to record Harry Potter bid '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strange , Hannah ( 14 December 2007 ) . `` Amazon says it bought £ 2m Rowling book as `` thank you '' `` . The Times . UK . Retrieved 11 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Never - Before - Told Wizarding Stories by J.K. Rowling Sell at Sotheby 's for £ 1,950,000 '' . chlg.co.uk. 13 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pressley , James ( 31 July 2008 ) . `` J.K. Rowling Children 's Charity to Publish ' Beedle the Bard ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter Out In December '' . booktrade.info. 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling 's Children 's Charity to Publish The Tales of Beedle the Bard on 4 December 2008 '' . Scholastic Inc . Archived from the original on 9 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Tale of the Three Brothers '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Deathly Hallows '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 2007 ) . `` King 's Cross '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. ( 4 December 2008 ) . The Tales of Beedle the Bard , Standard Edition . Children 's High Level Group . ISBN 0 - 545 - 12828 - 5 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. ( 4 December 2008 ) . The Tales of Beedle the Bard , Collector 's Edition . Children 's High Level Group . ISBN 0 - 9560109 - 0 - 3 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Interview by Razia Iqbal , BBC . BBC News . 1 November 2007 . Event occurs at 0 : 33 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowling , Joanne ( 30 July 2007 ) . `` Webchat with J.K. Rowling '' ( Interview ) . Interview with The Leaky Cauldron . Accio Quote ! . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Autograph manuscript of The Tales of Beedle the Bard '' . Artfact. 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Bryan ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Enthusiastic fans await new release '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Auction of `` The Tales of Beedle the Bard '' `` . jkrowling.com. 1 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2008 . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Alison Flood ( 20 October 2008 ) . `` JK Rowling to launch Beedle the Bard at tea party '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 23 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scholastic Announces `` The Tales of Beedle the Bard '' Launch Plans for 4 December 2008 `` . scholastic.com . Retrieved 23 October 2008 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling and Bonnie Wright at `` Beetle the Bard '' Auction . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Tales of Beedle the bard Overview '' . Sotheby 's . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Inside JK Rowling 's Amazing New Handwritten Book '' . Daily Record . 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Tales of Beedle the Bard Translated from the Original Runes '' . AntiqBook . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tales of Beedle the Bard ' Catalogue '' . Sotheby 's . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Etale - Beedle the bard auction '' . www.etale.in. 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Tales of Beedle the Bard ' launched at Edinburgh tea party '' . Children 's High Level Group . 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Razia ( 1 November 2007 ) . `` Rowling completes Potter spin - off '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Tales of Beedle the Bard ' launched at Edinburgh tea party '' . Retrieved 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Craig , Amanda ( 4 December 2008 ) . `` Review : The Tales of Beedle the Bard by JK Rowling '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Rahim , Sameer ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Harry Potter : The Tales of Beedle the Bard by JK Rowling -- review '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ ENTERTAINMENT AND INTERACTIVE EXPERIENCES IN THE WIZARDING WORLD OF HARRY POTTER -- DIAGON ALLEY REVEALED - Universal Orlando Blog The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games Book Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard&oldid=826200418 '' Categories : Harry Potter books Books by J.K. Rowling Collections of fairy tales Fictional books 2008 books Personifications of death in fiction Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2013 Use British English from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 20 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the tale of the beedle and the bard | [] | [] |
-7353397495139885442 | Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai | Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai - Wikipedia Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai Jump to : navigation , search Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai Poster Directed by Satish Kaushik Produced by Surinder Kapoor Boney Kapoor Written by Jainendra Jain Bhupati Raja Starring Anil Kapoor Aishwarya Rai Sonali Bendre Music by Sanjeev - Darshan Cinematography Kabir Lal Edited by Chaitanya Tanna Distributed by S.K. Film Enterprises Release date 25 August 2000 Running time 164 mins Country India Language Hindi Budget Rs. 9 crore Box office Rs. 36 crore Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai ( My Heart is with You ) is an Indian Bollywood film directed by Satish Kaushik , produced by Boney Kapoor ; released on 24 August 2000 . The film stars Anil Kapoor , Aishwarya Rai and Sonali Bendre in lead roles . It is a remake of the Telugu film Pellichesukundam . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Awards 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Preeti Vyas ( Aishwarya Rai ) is a young woman who bravely comes forward as a witness to a heinous assault carried by Bhavani Choudhry ( Mukesh Rishi ) and his men on a poor crippledperson who owes them money . The injured man is helped to the hospital by Preeti and a courteous and brave man called Avinash ( Anil Kapoor ) , who holds strong morals and values . Preeti 's testimony angers the Choudhry family and , as a result , Choudhry 's younger brother , Babloo Choudhry ( Puru Raajkumar ) , rapes her . Subsequently , she becomes pregnant and a disgrace to her own family so she is disowned and ostracised by society , so she leaves her house with nowhere to go . She finds shelter with Avinash , who welcomes her to his home . The two live well together as friends but this union invites a social opprobrium and strong uproar , and there is no other solution but marriage . They soon fall in love , and Avinash decides to ask Preeti for her hand in marriage . She refuses as she considers herself unworthy of him due to being raped , and Avinash respects her decision . Both of them attend a wedding where Preeti sees that her friend is marrying Babloo , the man who had raped her so Avinash beats him up and the police arrest Babloo and take him away . After a year , Avinash 's childhood friend Khushi ( Sonali Bendre ) returns from America , she tries to win his heart , as she is in love with him . This arouses jealousy in Preeti , and she realizes the depth of her love for Avinash . After encountering several obstacles , Avinash and Preeti finally declare their love for each other and get married . Cast ( edit ) Anil Kapoor as Avinash Aishwarya Rai as Preeti Vyas Sonali Bendre as Khushi Puru Raajkumar as Babloo Chaudhry ( Bhavani 's brother ) Mukesh Rishi as Bhavani Chaudhry Anang Desai Anupam Kher as Tamil husband ( Muthu Pillai ) Johnny Lever as Chatterjee Jaspal Bhatti as Balwinder ( Balu ) Himani Shivpuri as Sita Pillai Isha Talwar Tanaaz Irani as Preeti 's friend Awards ( edit ) Won Star Screen Award Best Supporting Actress - Sonali Bendre Nominated Star Screen Award Best Actress - Aishwarya Rai Filmfare Best Actress Award - Aishwarya Rai Soundtrack ( edit ) Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai Studio album by Sanjeev - Darshan Released 2000 ( India ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Label Tips Music Films Producer Sanjeev - Darshan Sanjeev - Darshan chronology Deewane ( 2000 ) Deewane 2000 Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai ( 2000 ) Khiladi 420 ( 2000 ) Khiladi 420 2000 The soundtrack of the film contains eight songs . The music is conducted by the duo Sanjeev - Darshan and the songs are written by Javed Akhtar . Song Singer ( s ) Note ( s ) Gham Hai Kyon Udit Narayan Copied from Tamil film Avvai Shanmugi `` Kathala Kathala '' song . Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai Alka Yagnik & Udit Narayan , I Love You Hema Sardesai , Anil Kapoor , Sonali Bendre Copied from Tamil film Uyirodu Uyiraga `` I love you '' song . It 's My Family Alka Yagnik , Abhijeet Bhattacharya Kya Maine Aaj Suna Kavita Krishnamurthy , Vinod Rathod Copied from Amr Diab 's track , ' Kol el kalam ' ( 1998 ) Main Teri Hoon Alka Yagnik , Abhijeet Bhattacharya Shukriya Shukriya Alka Yagnik & Udit Narayan Copied from Amr Diab 's track , ' Awedony ' ( 1998 ) Tumko Dekha To Alka Yagnik , Kumar Sanu Lifted from Amjad Bobby 's Pakistani track References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai '' . boxofficeindia . BOI . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Budget : 9 , 00 , 00 , 00,000 Jump up ^ `` Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai '' . boxofficeindia . BOI . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Worldwide Gross : 30 , 26 , 15 , 00,000 External links ( edit ) Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai on IMDb India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamara_Dil_Aapke_Paas_Hai&oldid=842927923 '' Categories : Hindi - language films 2000 films Indian films 2000s Hindi - language films Indian film remakes Indian romance films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाल भाषा Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 16 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | hamara dil aapke paas hai (2000) - hindi full movie | [] | [] |
-3620760146801685762 | Blaine Anderson | Blaine Anderson - wikipedia Blaine Anderson For the federal judge , see J. Blaine Anderson . Blaine Anderson Glee character Darren Criss as Blaine Anderson during Glee Live ! In Concert ! First appearance `` Never Been Kissed '' Last appearance `` Dreams Come True '' Created by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan Portrayed by Darren Criss Information Occupation student , singer , glee club director , actor Family Pam Anderson ( mother ) Cooper Anderson ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Kurt Hummel ( husband ) Significant other ( s ) Dave Karofsky Blaine Devon Anderson is a fictional character from the American musical comedy - drama television series Glee . Played by Darren Criss , Blaine was introduced in the sixth episode of the second season as the openly gay lead singer of the Dalton Academy Warblers , a rival show choir to New Directions , the show 's primary musical group . Blaine initially served as a mentor for New Directions member Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) . Chemistry between the two , combined with fan support for the couple , led series co-creator Ryan Murphy to pair them romantically . Their relationship has been well received by critics , and they have been named `` one of the most beloved TV couples of the millennium '' by Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post . At the beginning of the third season , Blaine transfers to McKinley High and joins New Directions ; concurrently , Criss was promoted from recurring guest star to the show 's main cast . Criss auditioned for Glee several times before being cast as Blaine , including for the lead role of Finn Hudson . He believed he would be ill - suited to that character , but identifies with Blaine , having been raised among the `` gay community '' . He plays Blaine as charismatic and confident , and finds his youthful self - acceptance a fitting counterpoint to common media portrayals of gay characters . As the Warblers ' lead vocalist and subsequent New Directions member , Blaine has performed a number of songs on the television series . His first , a cover version of `` Teenage Dream '' by Katy Perry , became the fastest - selling Glee single , reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was certified gold in the U.S. Tracks by the Warblers have sold over 1.3 million copies . The songs became popular enough to warrant a Warbler soundtrack album , Glee : The Music Presents the Warblers . Blaine has received mostly positive reviews from critics ; Criss has been awarded a Rising Star accolade from the Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association for his portrayal . While the Blaine -- Kurt ( `` Klaine '' ) relationship has been met with acclaim , an episode storyline in which Blaine questioned his sexuality attracted negative reviews for undermining his previous characterization as a confident gay teenager . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 Season 2 1.2 Season 3 1.3 Season 4 1.4 Season 5 1.5 Season 6 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 3 Musical performances 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Storylines ( edit ) Season 2 ( edit ) Blaine Anderson is introduced in the episode `` Never Been Kissed '' as the lead soloist of the Dalton Academy Warblers a cappella musical group . He meets Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , a member of the rival glee club New Directions . When Kurt asks if Blaine is gay , Blaine matter - of - factly says he is ; Kurt tells Blaine that he is being bullied at school for being gay , and Blaine reveals that he too was harassed at his old school , so he transferred to Dalton Academy , which enforces a no - bullying policy . Blaine befriends Kurt , and helps him stand up to his tormentor , Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) . When the threats and violence against Kurt reach a dangerous level , he transfers to Dalton Academy . He falls in love with Blaine , who is initially oblivious to Kurt 's feelings even as their friendship grows . Blaine enlists Kurt 's help to serenade his crush Jeremiah ( Alexander Nifong ) , the assistant manager at a local Gap store . Jeremiah is subsequently fired and rebuffs Blaine . Kurt confesses his feelings , and Blaine tells Kurt that he cares for him , but is terrible at romance and does not want to risk damaging their friendship . Kurt and Blaine attend a party hosted by New Directions co-captain Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) . The attendees play spin the bottle , which results in Rachel and Blaine kissing . In the aftermath , Blaine wonders whether he might be bisexual , and goes on a date with Rachel . When she kisses him again while they are both sober , he concludes that he is indeed gay , which relieves Kurt . After learning of Kurt 's ignorance of sexual matters , Blaine visits Kurt 's father , Burt ( Mike O'Malley ) , and prompts him to give Kurt `` the talk '' about sex . As the Warblers prepare to perform at the Regional show choir competition , Kurt admits that he is jealous of how many solos Blaine gets . At a subsequent group meeting , Kurt arrives late and announces that the group 's mascot canary is dead ; he sings `` Blackbird '' in honor of the bird . While Kurt is singing , Blaine has a revelation , and later tells Kurt that he reciprocates his feelings and kisses him . At Regionals , the two sing a duet of `` Candles '' by Hey Monday . The Warblers lose to New Directions , but while Kurt is very disappointed , Blaine tells him that even though they lost , in reality , they won each other which makes losing Regionals worth it . After Kurt transfers back to McKinley , he invites Blaine to be his date at his junior prom in `` Prom Queen '' ; both are shocked when Kurt wins Prom Queen due to having received an overwhelming number of unwanted write - in votes in the secret balloting . Karofsky , the Prom King , leaves to avoid dancing with a guy in the traditional dance between King and Queen , and Kurt dances with Blaine instead . After Kurt returns from Nationals in New York , he and Blaine admit their love for one another . Season 3 ( edit ) In the first episode of the third season , `` The Purple Piano Project '' , Blaine transfers to McKinley High at the beginning of his junior year to be closer to Kurt , who is a senior , and joins New Directions . He later auditions for the role of Bernardo in the school musical West Side Story , so as not to compete against Kurt who wants to play the male lead , Tony , but is cast as Tony himself . In the episode `` The First Time '' , Blaine is pursued by Sebastian Smythe ( Grant Gustin ) , a new Dalton Academy Warbler . Kurt and Blaine meet up with Sebastian at a gay bar , Blaine gets drunk , and afterward tries to get Kurt to have sex with him in the car . Kurt refuses , they have a fight , and Blaine decides to walk home . After the West Side Story opening night , they apologize to each other , and decide to go to Blaine 's house . They are later shown in bed together , apparently having just had sex for the first time . When New Directions and the Warblers informally compete in `` Michael '' to determine which club can perform Michael Jackson 's music at the upcoming show choir Regionals , Sebastian throws a slushie containing rock salt at Kurt , but Blaine interposes himself and is hit in the eye ; his cornea is badly scratched and requires surgery . His eye heals , and he is back in time for New Directions to defeat the Warblers at Regionals . Blaine 's older brother Cooper ( Matt Bomer ) , a successful actor in commercials , visits Ohio , and the two achieve a rapprochement . Blaine 's relationship with Kurt is later strained when Kurt text - flirts with a boy he met while preparing for his NYADA audition , and by Kurt 's eagerness to leave for New York after graduation , which would separate the two at least until Blaine graduated the following year . The two patch things up , the glee club wins at Nationals , and the pair is still a couple at the end of the school year , though Blaine is still uneasy about the prolonged physical separation facing them . Season 4 ( edit ) In the first episode of the fourth season , `` The New Rachel '' , Blaine becomes the lead singer of New Directions and successfully prompts Kurt to follow his New York City dreams . In addition , Blaine successfully runs for senior class president with Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) , and the two subsequently develop a friendship . Kurt inadvertently pulls away from Blaine due to his Vogue.com internship ; distraught and feeling isolated from his friends , Blaine cheats on Kurt . After confessing to Kurt of his infidelity , Kurt severs all ties . New Directions ' Nationals trophy is stolen by Hunter Clarington ( Nolan Gerard Funk ) , the new captain of the Dalton Academy Warblers . When Blaine goes to Dalton Academy to retrieve it , Hunter and Sebastian attempt to seduce Blaine into returning to the Warblers . Blaine becomes conflicted , believing that he does not belong in New Directions . Sam ultimately convinces him that , despite having done a bad thing to Kurt , Blaine is still a good person and an important member of New Directions . Kurt begins to mend their relationship in `` Thanksgiving '' , just before New Directions loses at Sectionals to the Warblers , and they spend Christmas together in New York City . Though he and Kurt continue to be on good terms , Blaine finds himself developing a crush on his best friend , Sam , which he knows will come to nothing as he knows Sam is not gay ; the two of them team up to find evidence that the Warblers cheated at Sectionals , which means New Directions will be competing at Regionals . He ends up going to the Sadie Hawkins dance with Tina Cohen - Chang ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) , who has developed a crush on him , but as friends only . When Kurt comes to Lima for the wedding of glee club director Will ( Matthew Morrison ) and Emma ( Jayma Mays ) -- which Emma flees -- he and Blaine make out beforehand , and sleep together afterward , though they do not resume a permanent relationship . Blaine had briefly joined the Cheerios when it looked like New Directions would be disbanding after their Sectionals loss , and cheerleading coach Sue ( Jane Lynch ) blackmails Blaine into rejoining ; Blaine and Sam hatch up a plan to bring Sue down from the inside . Blaine eventually confesses to Sam that he has feelings for him , to which Sam assures him that he is somewhat flattered by Blaine 's honesty and attraction , and that it would not change the fact that Blaine is still Sam 's best friend . Blaine still loves Kurt and asks Burt for his permission to propose to Kurt , but Burt tells him they 're too young to marry , and advises him to wait . Blaine remains determined , however , and while shopping for a ring , he meets Jan ( Patty Duke ) , a lesbian jeweler who has been with her partner Liz ( Meredith Baxter ) for over thirty years . Jan offers to be a mentor to him , and Blaine and Kurt later have dinner with Jan and Liz , where Jan and Liz explain how their relationship evolved over the years and their experience with the growing mainstream acceptance of gay people . New Directions wins at Regionals , and Will and Emma get married immediately afterward , with the glee club , plus some graduates including Kurt , in attendance . Blaine is shown , after the ceremony is over , holding a jewelry box behind his back . Season 5 ( edit ) In the season premiere , `` Love Love Love '' , Blaine and Kurt agree to be boyfriends again . Blaine still wants to marry Kurt , and stages an elaborate and successful marriage proposal at Dalton Academy where he and Kurt first met , accompanied by New Directions , and all their rival show choir groups , including the Warblers . He auditions for NYADA and is accepted . New Directions comes in second at Nationals , and is disbanded by Sue for not being champions . Blaine graduates as class valedictorian , and then moves to New York to be with Kurt . They start off living together , but though they remain engaged , Blaine ultimately moves out because the two of them realize they still need their own space . The relationship between them goes through rocky patches , including Blaine 's insecurity when Kurt becomes popular at school , and when an influential socialite and NYADA supporter hears Blaine perform and takes an interest in his future career , though she is not impressed by Kurt and ultimately tries to break them up , though she fails and ultimately supports them both . Their engagement is strengthened by having weathered these storms , and Blaine moves back in with Kurt . Season 6 ( edit ) Blaine returns to Lima after Kurt ended their engagement , having become so despondent that his schoolwork suffered and he was cut by NYADA . He becomes the coach of the Dalton Academy Warblers , and begins dating Dave Karofsky after a chance encounter at the local gay bar . Kurt , having realized he still loves Blaine and regretting that he ended the engagement , arranges for his NYADA off - campus semester to be in Lima , helping Rachel to coach a reinstated New Directions -- Will had left McKinley High to coach Vocal Adrenaline . Unfortunately , by the time he arrives , Blaine and Karofsky are already a couple , and there is further strain between Kurt and Blaine as coaches of rival show choirs . In `` The Hurt Locker , Part Two '' , Sue , who `` ships Klaine '' and is desperate for Kurt and Blaine to reunite , locks them both in a fake elevator and refuses to let them leave until they kiss . After resisting for a great many hours , Blaine and Kurt share a passionate kiss , but do not reunite afterward . In `` Transitioning '' , Blaine sings a duet with Kurt , `` Somebody Loves You '' , and afterward , kisses Kurt . The following day , Blaine , knowing that he is still in love with Kurt , breaks up with Karofsky ; however , Kurt is still seeing an older man , Walter . In `` A Wedding '' , Kurt tells Walter that he is going to Brittany and Santana 's wedding with Blaine , not him , and on Walter 's advice , returns to Blaine ; the two again become a couple . At the wedding , Brittany insists that Kurt and Blaine get married alongside her and Santana . Though skeptical at first , Kurt and Blaine agree and get married , with Burt officiating the joint ceremony . Dalton Academy burns down in `` The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester '' , and the Warblers who transfer to McKinley are accepted into New Directions , with Blaine joining Rachel and Kurt as the coaches of the combined glee club . In the series finale , `` Dreams Come True '' , after New Directions wins Nationals , Blaine and Kurt leave for New York , with Blaine attending NYU and Kurt returning to NYADA along with a reinstated Rachel . The episode jumps ahead to 2020 , and Blaine and Kurt are shown to be actors and a celebrity married couple ; they also visit schools to entertain and talk about acceptance . Rachel , who is married to Jesse , is pregnant with Blaine and Kurt 's child . Development ( edit ) Darren Criss ( pictured ) auditioned for Glee several times before being cast as Blaine . Casting and creation ( edit ) Blaine is portrayed by actor Darren Criss , who had auditioned for Glee several times for several roles before the character Blaine was created . He originally auditioned to play Finn Hudson . Criss made several audition videos for Glee , of which he posted only one to the social networking website MySpace where he sang a cover of Bill Withers ' song `` Lean on Me '' . Although the series writers have seen them , he considers them supplemental to his main audition , which was for series creator Ryan Murphy . Murphy had not seen any of Criss 's previous auditions , but knew he was the right actor for Blaine as soon as he saw this one . The actor cut his long hair before auditioning , to suit the `` serious and preppy '' role . Prior to the production of season two , rumors circulated that upcoming episodes would feature a love interest for Kurt . Initial fan and media speculation suggested that Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) was created to fill this role ; however , according to Overstreet , Sam 's storyline quickly paired him with Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) as a result of the chemistry the producers detected between him and Agron . In September 2010 , it was confirmed that Criss would join the show in a `` much - talked - about new gay role '' . Media speculation suggested that Blaine would be Kurt 's new love interest . His original character description was : `` a cute and charismatic gay student from a rival Glee club named the Dalton Academy Warblers -- will maintain a strictly platonic friendship with McKinley High 's most out and proud pupil . But could that change as the season progresses ? Yes , it could . '' Murphy stated that Blaine 's arc would be a significant one . He explained , `` He sort of becomes Kurt 's mentor and then maybe love ( ... ) Kurt really admires him and respects him . '' Following his first few appearances , it was reported that Criss had been confirmed as a series regular for the remainder of season two and for season three of Glee . This was based on comments by Murphy , who said : `` Darren has become such a sensation in one week , which I love . I think there 's a hunger for him and a positive relationship role model . He 'll definitely continue through the year and longer . '' However , the actor later denied that his role had been upgraded and said : `` It 's never really been officially confirmed to me . I think the option is there and that they want to keep Blaine around . '' Murphy revealed that Blaine may join New Directions during the third season . Criss hoped that this would not come to pass , as he enjoys being at Dalton Academy , but conceded : `` it 's not my call . I 'm happy to serve whatever story they want . '' For the third season of Glee , Criss was promoted to a series regular , and Blaine did join New Directions when he transferred to McKinley High to be with Kurt . Characterization ( edit ) `` This is the first time I 'd really seen an out student that was so young and innocent and really struggling with the big ordeal that it is to be an out student at such an early age . When other shows present the gay character thing , it 's typically been in much more adult situations , like gay men living in New York or closeted men who are married and struggling with that ordeal , or having sex on the subway , but never really the core of the journey of defining your sexuality . Blaine offers a beautiful counter to that and makes such a great addition to the many - colored palette that is Glee . '' Criss on Blaine Upon Blaine 's first appearance , Criss described his character as being a `` very charismatic , put - together , composed guy . '' He stated that although Blaine is gay , he is not `` overly queeny , and not too butch either , '' and that while his sexuality is a `` huge part of who he is '' , it is not a major facet of how he wishes to be perceived . Due to similarities which stem from their shared sexuality , Blaine `` sees a lot of himself in Kurt , in terms of experiences and the way they feel about the world around them . He feels the need to impart his knowledge , be a source of strength for him , and really help him through what he 's going through . '' Initially , Criss felt that the most important element of his character was to give Kurt `` someone he can relate to '' , and demonstrate that Kurt could have `` a young out male friend , a support system '' . Criss discussed his personal connection with Blaine in an interview with Vanity Fair . He explained that he grew up among the `` gay community '' , being with theater performers , so was raised without a concept of sexuality being an issue . Criss stated that , although he identifies as straight , `` it really does n't come into play with me in this role . As an actor , your objective is always to play the scene . And this in case , he happens to be a gay teen . '' Talk show host and media personality Ellen DeGeneres deemed Blaine `` a very confident gay teen , which is something you do n't see much on television . '' However , Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times assessed that `` despite the image he projects , he , too , is just a kid trying to figure things out as he goes along . '' Criss feels that Blaine 's confidence is an important aspect of his character , as it is rare for gay teenagers on television to be so `` sure of themselves . '' He hopes that `` all the kids struggling with this issue can look to a guy like Blaine and feel ( inspired ) by his confidence . '' Relationships ( edit ) The Kurt -- Blaine relationship , sometimes referred to by the portmanteau `` Klaine '' by Glee fans and the media , developed slowly . As the series showrunner , Murphy felt tasked with keeping the two apart as long as possible . He was initially unsure whether the relationship would become a romantic one , and intended to gauge public response to their friendship before planning future developments . He commented , `` Part of me thinks he should be the boyfriend , part of me thinks he should just be the mentor . I did n't want to decide that until we got into sort of the middle of the season . '' In December 2010 , Colfer said , `` Fans really want it to happen . It 's funny how many people want to see these boys hook up . We 'll see . '' Based on the characters ' chemistry and the `` immediate outcry '' from fans who wanted to see them as a couple , Murphy decided to have Blaine become Kurt 's love interest . Criss noted : `` We all want to see Kurt happy , and like all great love stories , if you have two people that can be together you 've got to hold it up . '' Considering Blaine and Kurt 's potential future together , Murphy planned to treat them the same as all other Glee relationships , by making their pairing `` as flawed and as exposed as everyone else 's . '' This sentiment was re-iterated by executive producer Brad Falchuk , after the characters kissed for the first time . He revealed that their relationship would not run smoothly , and observed that once couples start dating , `` Everything goes to hell . '' Colfer suggested that Kurt returning to McKinley may cause difficulties in their relationship , but noted `` Distance makes the heart grow fonder , right ? That 's what they tell me . So even if they do go through some bumps in the road , it would be very realistic . '' In a Q&A with Billboard on the day `` Born This Way '' ran with Kurt 's McKinley return , Criss stated that Blaine and Kurt were `` in the honeymoon stages '' of their relationship , and would still be `` at the end of the ( second ) season '' . In a July 2012 interview with E ! News , Colfer said , `` I would like to do something besides say ' I love you , ' and I think Darren ( Criss ) and I agree on that . We 're ready for the next step . They 've been together for a while . Let 's throw some spice and drama into that . '' Colfer quipped that he did not know what was in store for the couple , `` I hear mixed things . I hear they 're still together but then maybe they 're breaking up . '' In September 2012 , Criss seconded Colfer , `` We 're like an old married couple now . Let 's shake it up ! '' In the second season episode `` Sexy '' , Blaine reveals he has a strained relationship with his father . Musical performances ( edit ) Blaine 's duet with Rachel ( Michele , pictured ) marks his only appearance on Glee : The Music , Volume 5 . Further information : Glee discography , List of songs in Glee ( season 2 ) , List of songs in Glee ( season 3 ) , and List of songs in Glee ( season 4 ) As Blaine , Criss features in many musical performances , which have been released as singles , available for download . His first performance , `` Teenage Dream '' by Katy Perry , was featured on the soundtrack album Glee : The Music , Volume 4 . It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 in the week ending November 27 , 2010 , and was the best - selling song in the U.S. that week , selling 214,000 copies : the largest figure for a Glee title . It was only the second U.S. - certified gold single in the show 's history . Both Billboard 's Jillian Mapes and Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone deemed `` Teenage Dream '' the best song of `` Never Been Kissed '' , the episode in which it featured . The Daily News 's Anthony Benigno gave the song an `` A '' , and noted that it was `` flawless '' and improved on Perry 's original . The performance was nominated for the Best Gay Moment of the Year and Favorite Music Video awards at the 2010 AfterElton.com Visibility Awards . A Billboard cover - feature on Criss noted that the performance `` arguably ushered in the trend of more current pop hits being reworked by the ( Glee ) cast . '' Later songs performed by Blaine and the Warblers became popular enough to warrant a Warbler soundtrack album , Glee : The Music Presents the Warblers . The tracks had sold over 1.3 million copies as singles by the time the album was released . Blaine performed the lead vocal on covers of Train 's `` Hey , Soul Sister '' , which peaked at number 32 in Canada , `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' by Destiny 's Child , which reached number 44 in the U.S. , and Robin Thicke 's `` When I Get You Alone '' , which got to number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Criss downplayed his performance of `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' , and jested that he ought to issue the group 's lead singer , Beyoncé Knowles , an apology for his cover . Blaine also led on `` Silly Love Songs '' by Wings , and Maroon 5 's `` Misery '' , which reached 45 and 52 respectively in the U.S. , and Pink 's `` Raise Your Glass '' , which peaked at number 30 in Australia . Blaine duetted with Kurt on Frank Loesser 's `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' , which was included on Glee : The Music , The Christmas Album and reached number 53 in Canada . It was reportedly the most downloaded track of the album , and called `` by far the gayest thing that has ever been on TV '' by Colfer . Murphy expressed his pride in the number for `` push ( ing ) the envelope a bit . '' Jessica Ronayne of Zap2it called the duet one of the Christmas episode 's few saving graces . Blaine and Kurt also duetted on Neon Trees ' `` Animal '' and Hey Monday 's `` Candles '' , which peaked at 62 and 71 in the U.S. respectively . In an April 2011 interview , Criss stated that he did not feel established enough within the cast to make song suggestions , but had mentioned liking `` Animal '' to Murphy , who included it in a script soon thereafter . Blaine shared a duet of `` Do n't You Want Me '' by The Human League with Rachel , which Reiter deemed a musical highlight of the episode `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' . It was included on Glee : The Music , Volume 5 , and peaked at number 44 in Australia . Over the course of the season , Blaine 's musical performances leading the Warblers became so prevalent that he was called out for it on - screen . Criss offered the insight : `` Blaine definitely had his moment in the sun . I think it 's time to focus back on the characters that fans of the show really know and love . Completely objectively from watching the show , I was like , ' Why does Blaine get all these songs ? This is ridiculous . I want to hear other people doing stuff . ' I think we 're focusing a little more back on New Directions and taking a little bit of a break from the Warblers . '' In the first episode of season three of Glee , `` The Purple Piano Project '' , Blaine sings `` It 's Not Unusual '' by Tom Jones when he transfers to McKinley and quits the Warblers for New Directions . After successfully auditioning later in the season for the school 's production of West Side Story with `` Something 's Coming '' from the musical , he sings `` Tonight '' in rehearsal and `` One Hand , One Heart '' in performance , both with his co-star Rachel . He sings lead or co-lead on several songs with New Directions , including `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ; `` Perfect '' and `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' with Kurt ; `` Control '' and `` Man in the Mirror '' with Artie and others ; and his first original song , the duet `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' , with Rachel . In special tribute episode to Michael Jackson , `` Michael '' , Blaine sings `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' . Futterman wrote that Blaine 's `` slick showmanship '' made him a `` natural for lead vocals '' , and TVLine 's Michael Slezak called it `` the best use of Darren Criss ' voice on Glee in quite some time '' and gave it an `` A − '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Joseph Brannigan Lynch also gave it an `` A − '' , and said Criss `` captured the excitement and the spunky bravado of the original '' . MTV 's Kevin P. Sullivan was another fan of `` the sheer awesomeness of Darren Criss '' on the song , and characterized it as `` a tribute that 's more respectful than any other in the episode '' . In the fourteenth episode of the third season , `` On My Way '' , Blaine performs `` Cough Syrup '' by Young the Giant , which is sung during the Dave Karofsky suicide sequence . Futterman said Blaine `` flawlessly deliver ( ed ) the vocal '' . Lynch called it a `` chilling rendition '' that was `` hard to shake '' and gave it an `` A − '' , the same grade given by Slezak , who wrote , `` taken on its own , Blaine 's vocal was strong and passionate -- perhaps better than the original '' . Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle said it was the `` best '' of the episode , and added that the `` scene was really , really well done and carried maximum emotional punch '' . In the following episode , `` Big Brother '' , Blaine shares a duet of Gotye 's `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' with his brother Cooper ( Matt Bomer ) . Crystal Bell of HuffPost TV called it the `` highlight of the episode '' , and it was Hankinson 's favorite performance : `` Bomer and Criss did a fantastic job bringing it to life '' . Futterman said that `` it was initially disconcerting to envision '' two brothers singing about a `` former love '' , but she noted that it `` was less weird in context '' . In its first week , the cover sold 152,000 digital downloads in the US , and was number twenty - six on the Billboard Hot 100 . Reception ( edit ) Blaine has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . Ellen DeGeneres praised Criss 's portrayal , and described him as one of Glee 's breakout stars . Entertainment Weekly named him one of the breakout stars of 2010 , with the comment : `` It took about 2 minutes and 11 seconds on Glee for Darren Criss to turn into a bona fide Gleek phenomenon . ( ... ) And it does n't hurt that his character Blaine 's warm relationship with the show 's other openly gay character , Chris Colfer 's Kurt , continues to resonate with fans . '' In November 2010 , the publication also named Criss the series ' best guest - star to date , and praised him for `` seamlessly entering the fold with his charm and great voice . '' Ronayne deemed him `` a much better addition to the show than Chord Overstreet '' . Following his Glee debut , Criss won the We 're Wilde About You Rising Star Award at the 2011 Dorian Awards , presented by the Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association . He also won the 2011 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Breakout Star . Indecision over his sexuality in the episode `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' drew some negative reviews of Blaine . Reiter noted that , `` So much of Blaine 's charm has been his certainty about who he is . '' Though she found his subplot with Rachel `` fun '' , she commented : `` Blaine 's overwrought speech in the coffee shop after Rachel asks him out just felt off - key . Saying ' bye ' to the Blaine sexual - confusion storyline would n't make us angry at all . '' Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club also criticised the storyline , which , he wrote , `` seemed like it might be an interesting , complicated look at teenage sexuality and how it can seem formed but might be more fluid than most teens would give it credit for , then lost its nerve and took the easy way out . '' AfterElton.com 's Chris O'Guinn felt that the only aspect of the storyline handled acceptably was Blaine questioning whether he was bisexual , rather than outright straight . He criticized the shallow examination of his feelings , and wrote : `` Bisexuality is such a contentious issue that it should not be fumbled this way . For a character to say ' maybe I 'm bi ' in one scene and then the next say , ' nope , definitely gay ' is almost cruel in how dismissive it is toward bisexuals by trivializing the intense confusion that many bisexual people feel in coming to terms with their orientation . '' In a more positive review , Canning opined that Blaine and Kurt 's conversation about sexuality was `` great '' . He was `` glad it was n't an easy talk for either of them '' and said that it `` felt very real for kids in this situation . '' The relationship between Blaine and Kurt ( Colfer , pictured ) has been generally well received by critics . Blaine and Kurt 's relationship has been generally well received . They were named Favorite TV Couple at the 2010 AfterElton.com Visibility Awards , and have been lauded for `` leading the way '' in representing gay teenagers on television by Entertainment Weekly . Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post referred to them as `` one of the most beloved TV couples of the millennium '' . When they `` finally solidified what their relationship actually is '' in the episode `` Silly Love Songs '' , IGN 's Robert Canning noted that his opinion of Blaine improved . He commented : `` I love that the ( serenading of Jeremiah ) blew up in Blaine 's face . The character has always come off to me as annoyingly arrogant , but `` Silly Love Songs '' humanized the guy . Guess I may have to like him now . '' Their first kiss , in the episode `` Original Song '' , was met with critical acclaim . Mark Perigard of The Boston Herald wrote , `` It was utterly , sweetly romantic , and Criss sold the hell out of the moment . It 's long overdue and it will silence the growing legion of critics out there who were unhappy with the pace of this story . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Mandi Bierly was so impressed with the scene that she was initially concerned it may be a dream sequence , `` because we do n't get romantic , unapologetic first kisses like that between young gay characters on network TV . '' She wrote , `` Relationships are n't easy . They 'll make mistakes . But if they stay true to themselves , and continue to be as open and honest with each other , we 're in for something special . '' Kevin Fallon of The Atlantic thought the kiss was `` sweet '' , and stated that he was pleased that it attracted no controversy whatsoever . Aly Semigran of MTV praised the interaction between Blaine and Kurt . She called the kiss scene a `` sweet , real and , shockingly , un-hyped moment '' , and praised Criss and Colfer for `` handl ( ing ) it with dignity and honesty '' . While Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter was pleased Blaine 's season three transfer to McKinley in the first episode increased Criss ' screen time with Colfer and the New Directions cast , she stated that the move `` screams of co-dependency . '' In contrast , Entertainment Weekly 's Abby West found it romantic , and noted : `` Blaine and Kurt , with their budding love and witty , pseudo-urbane ways , are my favorite couple to watch ... I look forward to hearing ( Blaine ) sing more , watching him bump up against the insular Glee clubbers , and seeing him show off his non-uniform attire . Several reviewers were unhappy with the second episode 's revelation that Blaine was a junior , not a senior like Kurt , as had been implied in the previous season . VanDerWerff wrote that Blaine `` seems to have simultaneously gotten younger and had a complete personality transplant over the summer '' , Billboard 's Rae Votta noted `` the continuity - bending plot point that he 's somehow a Junior and not a Senior like his boyfriend '' , and Samantha Urban of The Dallas Morning News allowed her exasperation to show : `` Oh really , Glee ? Blaine 's a junior ? Blaine 's younger than Kurt ? Fine . FINE . '' Kurt and Blaine make the decision to have sex for the first time in `` The First Time '' episode ; many critics were enthusiastic about the fact that a gay couple was being given such a storyline . Canning said that Kurt and Blaine 's `` attempts to get a little wild '' , and `` trying to grow up faster than they should '' , were `` the better parts of the episode as they felt the most realistic '' . Futterman praised their departure from the bar as a `` very faithful and honest scene '' . VanDerWerff and BuddyTV contributor John Kubicek both had issues with Blaine 's characterization . The latter asserted that he `` just behaves however the writers need him to behave in order for the scene to work '' , while the former said that Blaine 's season three storyline `` has n't been bad by any means , but it does feel like Darren Criss is playing someone who 's quite a bit different from the guy he was playing last season '' . Bell was impressed by the way the characters ' relationship `` inspires gay youth in a way that we have n't seen on network television yet '' and called them `` amazing role models for all teens '' , and The Atlantic writer Kevin Fallon said it was `` remarkable '' and a `` milestone '' that `` the decision by gay teen characters to lose their virginities is given equal weight to that of a straight couple '' . Discussing public response to his character , Criss stated that he particularly enjoyed comments from `` people from parts of the world who are maybe not as exposed to certain ideologies '' , but had reconsidered their stance on relationships and human rights as a result of the Blaine -- Kurt storyline . He called this response `` phenomenal '' , and said : `` I was a straight kid growing up in a very gay community and it 's something that I 've had to watch so many friends have to struggle with and have no place to go to identify in kind of a grander media culture . To be a small piece of that machine is incredibly wonderful . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( writer ) ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Feud '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 16 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Chris Colfer 's Time '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Berk , Brett ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Glee 's Darren Criss -- Kurt 's New Squeeze ? -- Describes His Character as `` Tom Ford - ish . '' Perfect ! `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot 100 : Week of November 27 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Milzoff , Rebecca ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Glee Recap : Teenage Dream '' . New York . New York Media Holdings . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Glee : `` Never Been Kissed '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Glee : `` Furt '' Review -- TV Review at IGN `` . IGN . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Glee Review : You 're a Sweet One , Sue the Grinch '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Review : Lots of Luck , Santana '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Butler , Candace ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Glee : Season 2 Episode 14 : Blame It On the Alcohol - TV Review '' . ScreenCrave . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season 2 , Episode 15 ' Sexy ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season 2 , Episode 16 ' Original Song : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ian Brennan ( writer ) , Eric Stoltz ( director ) ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Prom Queen '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director , writer ) ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` New York '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ Eric Stoltz ( director ) , Brad Falchuk ( writer ) ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Purple Piano Project '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director ) , Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` I Am Unicorn '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 2 . Fox . Jump up ^ Alfonso Gomez - Rejon ( director ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Asian F '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 3 . Fox . Jump up ^ Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( writer ) ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` The First Time '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 5 . Fox . Jump up ^ Alfonso Gomez - Rejon ( director ) , Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Michael '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( writer ) ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` On My Way '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 14 . Fox . Jump up ^ Eric Stoltz ( director ) , Michael Hitchcock ( writer ) ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Big Brother '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 15 . Fox . Jump up ^ Paris Barclay ( director ) , Ross Maxwell ( writer ) ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Dance with Somebody '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 17 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director , writer ) ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Goodbye '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director ) , Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` The New Rachel '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 1 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Eric Stoltz ( director ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Makeover '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 3 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Alfonso Gomez - Rejon ( director ) , Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Break Up '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 4 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Ian Brennan ( writer and director ) ( November 22 , 2012 ) . `` Dynamic Duets '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 7 . Fox . Jump up ^ Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner ( writers ) ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Thanksgiving '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 8 . Fox . Jump up ^ Adam Shankman ( director ) , Matthew Hodgson ( writer ) ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Glee , Actually '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Ross Maxwell ( writer ) ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Sadie Hawkins '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` I Do '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 14 . Fox . Jump up ^ Eric Stoltz ( director ) , Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner ( writers ) ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Guilty Pleasures '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 17 . Fox . Jump up ^ Wendey Stanzler ( director ) , Brad Falchuk ( writer ) ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wonder - ful '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 21 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` All or Nothing '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 22 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Jacqueline , Ilana ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Glee : So Who is this Darren Criss Guy -- And Where Has He Been All My Life ? '' . Teens Today Online . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Ann ( November 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Newcomer Darren Criss Reflects on His ' Dream ' Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Julie ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Darren Criss on His Guest Role as Blaine in ' Never Been Kissed ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive ! `` Glee '' 's Ryan Murphy Discusses Darren Criss , Whether Kurt and Blaine Will Be Boyfriends and More ! `` . AfterElton.com . Logo . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Karpel , Ari . `` The New Kid on the Block '' . Out . Regent Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Audio : Glee 's Chord Overstreet Says ' Sam ' Went From Gay To Straight '' . RadarOnline . October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` Scoop : Darren Criss joins ' Glee ' as ... Kurt 's new BF ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` News Roundup : Ryan Murphy Confirms Chord Overstreet Will Not Play Kurt 's Boyfriend ... '' AOL TV News . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ann Donahue . `` Glee Signs Darren Criss As Series Regular '' . Billboard . Nielsen Company . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amy Wilkinson . `` ' Glee ' Guest Star Darren Criss Not Yet A Series Regular '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ; Masters , Megan ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Scoop : Kurt and Blaine Are Prom - Bound ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Castle , How I Met Your Mother , Psych , Gossip Girl , Big Bang , and More ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Exclusive : Darren Criss and Harry Shum Jr . In , Chord Overstreet Out ! '' . TV Line . Mail.com Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Amy ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : Back to school ( and basics ) in the Season 3 premiere '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Katie . `` Darren Criss '' . Interview . Brant Publications . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darren Criss sings for Ellen ! '' . The Ellen DeGeneres Show . YouTube . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : A perfect Valentine 's Day confection '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Exclusive : Kurt 's new ( boy ) friend speaks ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Valentine 's Episode Preview : Your Burning Questions Answered ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Glee 's Chris Colfer Talks Golden Globes , Tonsillitis Outbreaks , and Romance with Blaine '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Arminio , Aubry ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Gay Teens on TV : A Timeline '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Live Q&A : Darren Criss of `` Glee '' , part 3 of 5 ( at 6 : 39 ) `` . Billboard. April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maldon , Mark ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Glee 's Chris Colfer Wants `` Drama '' for Kurt & Blaine , Hopes to Sing Britney Spears in Tribute Episode `` . E ! News . NBC Universal . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maldon , Mark ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Glee 's Darren Criss Wants Drama for Blaine and Kurt : `` Let 's Shake It Up ! '' `` . E ! News . NBC Universal . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( director ) , Brad Falchuk ( writer ) ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Sexy '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 15 . Fox . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee : The Music , Volume 4 ' Track Listing Released '' . TV Squad . AOL . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` A ' Dream ' Come True : ' Glee ' Cast and Susan Boyle Top Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jillian ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Cast Shines With Katy Perry 's ' Teenage Dream ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Playback : Chris Colfer Outshines the Music in ' Never Been Kissed ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : ' Never Been Kissed ' introduces Darren Criss and gives Dot Jones her first kiss '' . Daily News . New York City . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : AfterElton.com Staff ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` The AfterElton.com 2010 Visibility Awards -- Winners '' . AfterElton.com . Logo . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Herrera , Monica ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' Darren Criss : The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Elizabeth ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Glee 's Dalton Warblers to Release Their Very Own Album '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dinh , James ( March 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' News : Warblers Album Tracklisting And Artwork Revealed ! '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheung , Nadina ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' ' Special Education ' Songs -- Season 2 , Episode 9 '' . AOL Radio Blog . AOL . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of December 18 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` It 's their way , till payday '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Lady Gaga , ' Glee ' Highlight Historic Hot 100 Week '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( December 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Kurt and Blaine sing ' When I Get You Alone ' for Valentine 's episode '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Darren Criss ' Secret To Meeting Gwyneth Paltrow On ' Glee ' Set : Dental Floss '' . Access Hollywood . NBC . April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovitch , Matt Webb ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Scoop From Globes : Anne Hathaway , Paul McCartney , a Diva - Off and More ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Mikey ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Hear all of the original songs ( and covers ) from ' Original Song ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( March 23 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending March 20 , 2011 : Songs : The Chris Brown Matter '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Glee Cast '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glee : The Music , The Christmas Album − Available November 16 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of December 25 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` This week 's cover : How ' Glee ' is leading TV 's gay - teen revolution '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ronayne , Jessica ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Season 2 Episode 10 `` A Very Glee Christmas '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Listen to Kurt and Blaine perform Neon Trees ' ' Animal ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Katie ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' New Directions , Blaine and Kurt Score Big at Regionals '' . Billboard . New York : Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending March 13 , 2011 : Spears ' Second Act '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Reiter , Amy ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : Making alcohol awareness sing ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Debuts Original Songs on Glee : The Music , Volume 5 Available March 8 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : A Tribute Worthy of a King '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joseph Brannigan ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : An ' Off the Wall ' Tribute to MJ '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : ' Michael ' '' . Hollywood Crush . MTV Networks . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : What 's Going On ? '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Recap : A Very Special Cliffhanger '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joseph Brannigan ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : To Be Continued ... What ? ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hankinson , Bobby ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Glee gets serious . Real serious '' . Houston Chronicle . Jack Sweeney . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hankinson , Bobby ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Glee : A master class in handsome with Blaine and Cooper '' . Houston Chronicle . Jack Sweeney . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Matt Bomer Brings Brotherly Love To McKinley '' . HuffPost TV . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Somebody That I Used to Know '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions for season 3 singles in the United States : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' and `` Hungry Like the Wolf / Rio '' : `` Hot 100 : Week of April 28 , 2012 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 16 Breakout Stars of 2010 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Exton , Emily ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Ranking the Best Guest Stars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee , ' ' I Am Love ' Score Dorian Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Variety staff ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Voting deadline for Academy members closing in '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 7 , 2011 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2011 Winners Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Guinn , Chris ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Snails & Oysters : The Bisexual Perspective on ... `` Buffy '' and `` Glee '' `` . AfterElton.com . Logo . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Glee : `` Blame It On the Alcohol '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Glee : `` Silly Love Songs '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Klaine takes off , Rachel hits bottom '' . Boston Herald . Herald Media Inc . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Anyone else think that dreamy Blaine / Kurt moment had to be a dream ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` On ' Glee , ' Two Boys Kiss , Without Controversy '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Recap Original Song '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season 3 Premiere : Hits and Misses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ West , Abby ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' season premiere recap : Join the Club ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` '' I Am Unicorn `` '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Votta , Rae ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Has Mommy Issues in Plot - Aplenty Episode '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Urban , Samantha ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` TV recap : `` Glee '' -- ' I Am Unicorn ' `` . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canning , Robert ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Glee : `` The First Time '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : ' The First Time ' Tries Too Hard '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : The Agony of Sex '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` How ' Glee ' Got Teen Sex Right '' . The Atlantic . Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Michael ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Darren Criss Humbly Calls Himself `` Last Grain of Sand '' `` . AfterElton.com . Logo . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . 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1127463928317338103 | Siege of Charleston | Siege of Charleston - wikipedia Siege of Charleston Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the siege during the American Revolutionary War . For the 1776 British attempt to capture Charleston , see Battle of Sullivan 's Island . For the American Civil War sieges , see Battle of Charleston ( disambiguation ) . Siege of Charleston Part of the American Revolutionary War Siege of Charleston 1780 by Alonzo Chappel Date March 29 , 1780 -- May 12 , 1780 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 47 ′ 39.12 '' N 79 ° 56 ′ 31.26 '' W / 32.7942000 ° N 79.9420167 ° W / 32.7942000 ; - 79.9420167 Coordinates : 32 ° 47 ′ 39.12 '' N 79 ° 56 ′ 31.26 '' W / 32.7942000 ° N 79.9420167 ° W / 32.7942000 ; - 79.9420167 Result British victory City surrendered to British Belligerents Great Britain Loyalists Hesse United States France Commanders and leaders Sir Henry Clinton Lord Cornwallis Alexander Leslie Mariot Arbuthnot Benjamin Lincoln William Moultrie James Hogun William Woodford Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Abraham Whipple Louis Duportail Strength 12,847 regulars and militia 4,500 sailors 6 ships of the line 8 frigates 4 armed galleys 90 transports 6,577 regulars , sailors and militia 3 frigates 5 sloops 1 schooner 1 brig 3 armed galleys Casualties and losses 76 killed , 189 wounded 89 killed , 138 wounded 3,371 captured Southern theater 1780 -- 83 Charleston Moncks Corner Lenud 's Ferry Waxhaws Mobley 's Meeting House Ramsour 's Mill Huck 's Defeat Colson 's Mill Rocky Mount Hanging Rock Camden Fishing Creek Musgrove Mill Wahab 's Plantation Black Mingo Charlotte Kings Mountain Shallow Ford Fishdam Ford Blackstock 's Farm Richmond Cowpens Cowan 's Ford Torrence 's Tavern Pyle 's Massacre Wetzell 's Mill Guilford Court House Fort Watson Hobkirk 's Hill Fort Motte Augusta Ninety - Six House in the Horseshoe Eutaw Springs Lindley 's Mill Videau 's Bridge Wambaw Combahee River James Island Chesapeake Bay The Siege of Charleston was a major engagement fought between March 29 to May 12 , 1780 during the American Revolutionary War . The British , following the collapse of their northern strategy and their withdrawal from Philadelphia , shifted their focus to the American Southern Colonies . After approximately six weeks of siege , Major General Benjamin Lincoln , commanding the Charleston garrison , surrendered his forces to the British , resulting in one of the worst American defeats of the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Siege 3 Aftermath 4 Order of Battle 4.1 British forces 4.2 Franco - American forces 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War By late 1779 , two major British strategic efforts had failed . An army invading from Quebec under John Burgoyne had surrendered to the Americans under Horatio Gates at the Battles of Saratoga , compelling the Kingdom of France and Spain to declare war on Great Britain in support of the Americans . Meanwhile , a strategic effort led by Sir William Howe to capture the Revolutionary capital of Philadelphia had met with limited success . Having replaced his superior as Commander - in - Chief of the American Station , Sir Henry Clinton withdrew all his forces back to New York City to reinforce the city against a possible Franco - American attack . Detail of a 1780 map drawn by a British engineer showing the Charleston defenses Stymied by the Fabian strategy adopted by George Washington , and , under increasing political pressure to deliver victory , the British turned to launching their `` Southern Strategy '' for forcing a capitulation of the Americans . The British were persuaded that there was a strong Loyalist sentiment in the south . It was expected that these Loyalists would rise against the American Patriots in large numbers . The opening British move was the Capture of Savannah , Georgia in December 1778 . After repulsing an assault on Savannah by a combined Franco - American force in October 1779 , the British planned to capture Charleston , South Carolina , intending to use the city as a base for further operations in the southern colonies . Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Newport , Rhode Island in Oct. 1779 , and left the substantial garrison of New York City under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen . In December , the day after Christmas 1779 , Clinton and his second in command Charles Cornwallis , sailed southward with 8,500 troops and 5,000 sailors on 90 troopships and 14 warships . After a very stormy voyage , the fleet anchored in Savannah River on 1 Feb. 1780 . By 12 Feb. , Clinton had landed his army 30 miles south of Charleston on Simmons Island . By 24 Feb. , the British had crossed the Stono River onto James Island , and by 10 March , Lord Cornwallis had made it to the mainland . By 22 March , they had advanced to Middleton Place and Drayton Hall , and on 29 March 1780 , crossed the Ashley River . Siege ( edit ) Charleston map showing the distribution of British forces during the siege Cutting the city off from relief , Clinton began a siege of the city on April 1 , 800 yards from the American fortifications located at today 's Marion Square . Whipple , deciding the bar was undefendable , ended up scuttling his fleet at the mouth of the Cooper River . Then Arbuthnot , on 8 April , brought his 14 vessels safely into the harbor , past the roaring guns of Fort Moultrie , the same day Woodford arrived with 750 Virginia Continentals . In order to consolidate British control of the immediate area , Clinton dispatched Banastre Tarleton and Patrick Ferguson to capture Monck 's Corner on 14 April . On 18 April , Lt. Col. Lord Rawdon arrived with 2,500 men , including the 42nd Highlanders , the Hessian von Ditfurth Regiment , the Queen 's Rangers , Prince of Wales American Volunteers , and the Volunteers of Ireland . Charleston was then completely surrounded . Governor John Rutledge escaped on 13 April , before Cornwallis crossed the Cooper River , and joined Webster in blocking escape from the left bank . On 21 April , Lincoln requested a surrender with `` Honours of war '' , which was rejected by Clinton . On 25 April , civilians led by Christopher Gadsden prevented any action on Lincoln 's part in withdrawing the Continental regiments . On 6 May , Tarleton won another engagement in the Battle of Lenud 's Ferry , while the British siege works had advanced far enough towards the Charleston fortifications to drain the canal in front . On 7 May , Fort Moultrie surrendered without a fight . On May 8 , Clinton called for Lincoln 's unconditional surrender , but Lincoln again attempted to negotiate for the honours of war . On May 11 , Gadsden and other citizens asked Lincoln to surrender . While on the same day , the British fired heated shot into the city , burning several homes , compelling Lincoln to call for a parlay to negotiate terms for surrender . On May 12 , Lincoln formally surrendered 3,371 men to the British . When word reached the back - country , the American troops holding Ninety - Six and Camden also surrendered to the British . Aftermath ( edit ) Prison hulks awaited the majority of the 2,571 Continental prisoners , while parole was granted to the militia and civilians who promised not to take up arms . However , this also meant there no longer existed an American army in the South . The British captured some 5,266 prisoners , 311 artillery pieces , 9,178 artillery rounds , 5,916 muskets , 33,000 rounds of ammunition , 15 Regimental colours , 49 ships and 120 boats , plus 376 barrels of flour , and large magazines of rum , rice and indigo . Following the surrender , the captured ordnance was brought to a powder magazine . A Hessian officer warned that some of the guns might still be loaded , but he was ignored . One prematurely fired , detonating 180 barrels of powder , further discharging 5,000 muskets in the magazine . The accident killed approximately 200 people and destroyed six houses . The prisoners of the siege were diverted to multiple locations , including prison shops , the old barracks where the College of Charleston is today , and the Old Exchange and Provost `` Dungeon '' . The defeat was a serious blow to the American cause . It was the largest surrender of an American force under arms , until the 1862 surrender of Union troops at Harper 's Ferry during the Antietam Campaign . The surrender left no substantial army in the South , and the colonies were wide open for a British advance . The British troops consolidated their hold , and had driven the remaining Continental Army troops from South Carolina consequent to the May 29 Battle of Waxhaws . During their surrender the American forces were denied honours of war , leading General George Washington to deny the same to the British during their surrender at the Siege of Yorktown , with Washington saying `` The same Honors will be granted to the Surrendering Army as were granted to the Garrison of Charles Town . '' On June 5 , Clinton sailed back to New York City , believing his presence necessary to defend against a potential Franco - American attack , leaving command of the southern theatre to Lord Cornwallis , with orders to reduce opposition in North Carolina . Though the effects of the surrender at Charleston was substantial , the British err in strategy soon became apparent . There was no popular uprising of Loyalists that the British command had been assured would happen , making control of the countryside difficult . Instead , resistance in South Carolina degenerated into a period of chaotic guerrilla warfare in the outlying areas . Order of Battle ( edit ) British forces ( edit ) The joint British naval - army forces were led overall by Sir Henry Clinton , with his subordinate , Lord Cornwallis as his second - in - command . The British regular troops were led by Brigadier General Alexander Leslie . The ground and naval forces were composed thus : ( hide ) British Order of Battle 1st Battalion of Light Infantry , composed of the Light Companies of the 7th , 22nd , 33rd , 37th , 42nd , 54th , 63rd , 70th and the 74th Regiments of Foot ( 640 ) . 2nd Battalion of Light Infantry , composed of the Light Companies of the 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 57th , 64th , 76th , 80th , and the 84th Regiments of Foot ( 637 ) . 1st Battalion of Grenadiers , composed of the Grenadier Companies of the 7th , 17th , 23rd , 33rd , 37th , 38th , 42nd , and the 43rd Regiments of Foot ( 611 ) . 2nd Battalion of Grenadiers , composed of the Grenadier Companies of the 22nd , 54th , 57th , 63rd , 64th , 70th , and the 74th Regiments of Foot ( 526 ) . 7th Regiment of Foot ( 463 ) . 23rd Regiment of Foot ( 400 ) . 33rd Regiment of Foot ( 450 ) . 63rd Regiment of Foot ( 400 ) . 64th Regiment of Foot ( 350 ) . 2nd Battalion of the 60th Regiment of Foot ( 45 ) . A Brigade of four battalions of Hessian Grenadiers ( 1,525 ) . King 's American Regiment of Loyalists ( 167 ) . A Corps of Hessian Jaegers ( 224 ) . Royal Regiment of Artillery - No. 1 and 6 Companies of the 3rd Battalion , No 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 8 Companies of the 4th Battalion ( 200 ) , and Hesse - Kassel artillery . A detachment of Royal Navy artillery with 47 guns . A detachment of Slaves employed in the Artillery batteries ( 154 ) . A Corps of guides and Pioneers ( 72 ) . A Brigade of Engineers and Black Pioneers A Brigade of British reinforcements from Georgia , composed of ; 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 71st Highlanders ( 869 ) . Light companies of the 16th and the 71st ( 243 ) . Light company of the 3rd Battalion , New Jersey Volunteers . 17th Regiment of Light Dragoons ( 73 ) . A Brigade of Engineers and Black Pioneers ( 206 ) . The British Legion Cavalry ( 211 ) . The British Legion Infantry ( 287 ) . Patrick Ferguson 's Battalion of American volunteers ( 335 ) . Two battalions of The South Carolina Royalists South Carolina Loyalist ( 372 ) . Royal North Carolina Regiment of Loyalists . A company of Georgia loyalist militia ( 32 ) . A squadron of Georgia loyalist dragoons ( 40 ) . New York volunteers . A Brigade of British reinforcements from New York City , composed of ; Two Battalions of the 42nd Regiment of Foot . A Hessian regiment of Fusiliers . The Prince of Wales American Regiment ( 334 ) . Queen 's Rangers Regiment of Loyalists ( 200 ) . The Volunteers of Ireland Regiment of Loyalists ( ~ 423 ) . The British naval forces that accompanied the invasion were commanded by Vice Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot , and were composed thus : 4,500 personnel Ships HMS Europa ( 500 men , 64 guns ) HMS Raisonnable ( 500 men , 64 guns ) HMS Renown ( 350 men , 50 guns ) HMS Romulus ( 280 men , 44 guns ) HMS Rainbow ( 350 men , 44 guns ) HMS Roebuck ( 280 men , 44 guns - Flagship ) HMS Blonde ( 220 men , 32 guns ) HMS Perseus ( 20 guns ) HMS Camilla ( 160 men , 20 guns ) HMS Raleigh ( 220 men , 32 guns ) HMS Virginia ( 200 men , 28 guns ) HMS Richmond ( 220 men , 32 guns ) HMS Vigilant ( 160 men , 22 guns - later burnt as unfit ) HM armed ship Germaine ( 125 men , 20 guns ) Armed galleys HM galley Comet ( 40 men , 7 guns ) HM galley Scourge HM galley Vindictive HM galley Viper 90 transport ships accompanied the fleet , including : HMS Polly Aeolus Apollo Diana Russia Merchant Silver Eel Franco - American forces ( edit ) The Franco - American garrison of Charleston was overall led by Benjamin Lincoln . The Continental Army troops were nominally led by Brigadier General William Moultrie The ground and naval forces were composed thus : ( hide ) Franco - American Order of Battle A brigade of South Carolina Continentals : 1st South Carolina Regiment ( 231 ) . 2nd South Carolina Regiment ( 266 ) . 3rd South Carolina Regiment ( 302 ) . Pulaski 's Legion of Infantry . A brigade of North Carolina Continentals : 1st North Carolina Regiment ( 260 ) . 2nd North Carolina Regiment ( 244 ) . 3rd North Carolina Regiment ( ~ 94 ) . A Corps of South Carolina light infantry ( 175 ) . 2nd Virginia brigade : 1st Virginia Detachment ( 258 ) . 2nd Virginia Detachment ( 323 ) . A squadron of the 1st and 3rd Continental Light Dragoons ( 31 ) . A squad of Armand 's Legion ( 4 ) . A squadron of the Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers ( 41 ) . A group of Georgia continental officers ( 6 ) . A battalion of North Carolina Light Infantry ( 202 ) . A detachment of North Carolina Light Dragoons A brigade of Continental Artillery consisting of 391 guns A brigade of Engineers ( 7 men , 600 slaves ) 1st brigade of South Carolina militia : Beaufort District Regiment of Militia 1st Battalion of the Charles Town District Regiment of Militia ( 302 ) . 2nd Battalion of the Charles Town District Regiment of Militia ( 485 ) . Granville County Regiment of Militia Colleton County Regiment of Militia Berkeley County Regiment of Militia 2nd brigade of South Carolina militia : Camden District Regiment of Militia Fairfield Regiment of Militia 1st Spartan Regiment of Militia 2nd Spartan Regiment of Militia New Acquisition District Regiment of Militia 3rd brigade of South Carolina militia : Upper Ninety - Six District Regiment of Militia Lower Ninety - Six District Regiment of Militia Lower District Regiment of Militia Little River District Regiment of Militia Orangeburgh District Regiment of Militia 4th brigade of South Carolina militia : Cheraws District Regiment of Militia Georgetown District Regiment of Militia Lower Craven County Regiment of Militia Upper Craven County Regiment of Militia Kingstree Regiment of Militia A brigade of North Carolina militia : 1st North Carolina Regiment of Militia 2nd North Carolina Regiment of Militia 3rd North Carolina Regiment of Militia 4th North Carolina Regiment of Militia A brigade of Virginia militia : Amelia County Militia A company of the Chasseurs - Volontaires de Saint - Domingue ( 43 ) . A Spanish company of militia ( 42 ) . 1st Virginia Brigade of Continentals , arrived as reinforcements on April 8 : 1st Virginia Regiment ( 336 ) . 2nd Virginia Regiment ( 306 ) . 3rd Virginia Regiment ( 252 ) . The Franco - American naval forces that accompanied the defence of the city were commanded by Commodore Abraham Whipple , and were composed thus : Continental Navy ships : USS Ranger ( 35 Marines , 20 guns ) USS Queen of France ( 50 marines , 28 guns ) USS Providence ( 16 marines , 32 guns ) USS Boston ( 50 marines , 30 guns ) South Carolina state ships : Bricole ( 44 guns ) General Moultrie ( 20 guns ) Notre Dame ( 16 guns ) Marquis de Britigney ( 7 guns ) Lee ( 4 guns ) Revenge ( 7 guns ) French Navy ships : L'Aventure ( 26 guns ) Truite ( 26 guns ) Zephyr ( 18 guns ) See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.landofthebrave.info/battle-of-charleston.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.carolana.com/SC/Revolution/revolution_siege_of_charleston.html ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , John ( 1997 ) . The Road to Guilford Courthouse . New York : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780471327165 . Jump up ^ David B. Mattern ( 1998 ) . Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution . Univ of South Carolina Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 260 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carl P. Borick ( 2003 ) . A Gallant Defense . Univ of South Carolina Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 487 - 9 . Jump up ^ J.E. Kaufmann ( 2004 ) . Fortress America . Tomasz Idzikowski ( illus . ) . Da Capo Press . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81294 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Washington on General Cornwallis ' Surrender at Yorktown '' . The American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 . Library of Congress . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Beeton , Naval and Military Memoreess of Great Britain , from 1727 to 1783 , London : shortman , Hurst , Rees and Orme , 1804 , vol. 6 , pp. 203 - 206 Jump up ^ * Rene Chartrand ( 1992 ) The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey Publishing ISBN 9781855321670 Chartrand , p. 3 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Original papers relating to the siege of Charleston , 1780 By Benjamin Lincoln 1898 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Charleston&oldid=825696560 '' Categories : Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France History of Charleston , South Carolina South Carolina in the American Revolution 1780 in South Carolina Conflicts in 1780 Sieges of the Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 83 ) Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Français Norsk Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 21 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-3214717167085637177 | List of FIFA World Cup own goals | List of FIFA World Cup own goals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup own goals Out of over 2500 goals scored in matches at the 21 final tournaments of the FIFA World Cup , only 53 have been own goals . In 1997 , FIFA published guidelines for classifying an own goal as `` when a player plays the ball directly into his own net or when he redirects an opponent 's shot , cross or pass into his own goal '' , and excludes `` shots that are on target ( i.e. goal - bound ) and touch a defender or rebound from the goal frame and bounce off a defender or goalkeeper '' . No player holds the dubious distinction of having scored multiple own goals . Mexico has had their players score own goals on four different occasions each , while France has benefited on six occasions from opponents scoring own goals . Of the 52 matches with an own goal , the team scoring the own goal won seven times and drew eight times . All but 12 own goals have been scored in the first stages of the tournament . Contents 1 List 2 Statistics and notable own goals 3 By team 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links List ( edit ) Key Player 's team won the match Player 's team drew the match Own goals scored at the FIFA World Cup tournaments No Player Time Representing Goal Final score Opponent Tournament Round Date FIFA report 1 . Manuel Rosas 51 ' Mexico 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 Chile 1930 , Uruguay Group stage July 16 , 1930 2 . Ernst Lörtscher 22 ' Switzerland 0 -- 2 4 -- 2 Germany 1938 , France First round ( replay ) June 9 , 1938 3 . Sven Jacobsson 19 ' Sweden 1 -- 1 1 -- 5 Hungary Semi-finals June 16 , 1938 4 . José Parra 15 ' Spain 0 -- 1 1 -- 6 Brazil 1950 , Brazil Final round July 13 , 1950 5 . Jimmy Dickinson 94 ' England 4 -- 4 4 -- 4 Belgium 1954 , Switzerland Group stage June 17 , 1954 6 . Raúl Cárdenas 46 ' Mexico 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 France June 19 , 1954 7 . Ivica Horvat 9 ' Yugoslavia 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 West Germany Quarter - finals June 27 , 1954 8 . Luis Cruz 59 ' Uruguay 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 Austria 3rd place play - off July 3 , 1954 9 . Ivan Vutsov 17 ' Bulgaria 0 -- 1 0 -- 3 Portugal 1966 , England Group stage July 16 , 1966 10 . Ivan Davidov 43 ' Bulgaria 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 Hungary July 20 , 1966 11 . Javier Guzmán 25 ' Mexico 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 Italy 1970 , Mexico Quarter - finals June 14 , 1970 12 . Colin Curran 58 ' Australia 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 East Germany 1974 , West Germany Group stage June 14 , 1974 13 . Roberto Perfumo 35 ' Argentina 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Italy June 19 , 1974 14 . Ruud Krol 78 ' Netherlands 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 Bulgaria June 23 , 1974 15 . Andranik Eskandarian 43 ' Iran 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 Scotland 1978 , Argentina Group stage June 7 , 1978 16 . Ernie Brandts 18 ' Netherlands 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 Italy Second round June 21 , 1978 17 . Berti Vogts 59 ' West Germany 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 Austria 18 . Jozef Barmoš 66 ' Czechoslovakia 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 England 1982 , Spain Group stage June 20 , 1982 19 . László Dajka 73 ' Hungary 0 -- 5 0 -- 6 Soviet Union 1986 , Mexico Group stage June 2 , 1986 20 . Cho Kwang - rae 82 ' South Korea 1 -- 3 2 -- 3 Italy June 10 , 1986 21 . Andrés Escobar 35 ' Colombia 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 United States 1994 , United States Group stage June 22 , 1994 22 . Tom Boyd 74 ' Scotland 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 Brazil 1998 , France Group stage June 10 , 1998 23 . Youssef Chippo 45 + 1 ' Morocco 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 Norway 24 . Pierre Issa 77 ' South Africa 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 France June 12 , 1998 25 . Andoni Zubizarreta 73 ' Spain 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 Nigeria June 13 , 1998 26 . Siniša Mihajlović 72 ' Yugoslavia 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 Germany June 21 , 1998 27 . Georgi Bachev 88 ' Bulgaria 1 -- 5 1 -- 6 Spain June 24 , 1998 28 . Jorge Costa 29 ' Portugal 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 United States 2002 , South Korea & Japan Group stage June 5 , 2002 29 . Jeff Agoos 71 ' United States 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 Portugal 30 . Carles Puyol 10 ' Spain 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Paraguay June 7 , 2002 31 . Carlos Gamarra 3 ' Paraguay 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 England 2006 , Germany Group stage June 10 , 2006 32 . Cristian Zaccardo 27 ' Italy 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 United States June 17 , 2006 33 . Brent Sancho 25 ' Trinidad and Tobago 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 Paraguay June 20 , 2006 34 . Petit 60 ' Portugal 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 Germany 3rd place play - off July 8 , 2006 35 . Daniel Agger 46 ' Denmark 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 Netherlands 2010 , South Africa Group stage June 14 , 2010 36 . Park Chu - young 17 ' South Korea 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 Argentina June 17 , 2010 37 . Marcelo 11 ' Brazil 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 Croatia 2014 , Brazil Group stage June 12 , 2014 38 . Noel Valladares 48 ' Honduras 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 France June 15 , 2014 39 . Sead Kolašinac 3 ' Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 Argentina 40 . John Boye 31 ' Ghana 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 Portugal June 26 , 2014 41 . Joseph Yobo 90 + 2 ' Nigeria 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 France Round of 16 June 30 , 2014 42 . Aziz Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' Morocco 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 Iran 2018 , Russia Group stage June 15 , 2018 43 . Aziz Behich 81 ' Australia 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 France June 16 , 2018 44 . Oghenekaro Etebo 32 ' Nigeria 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 Croatia 45 . Thiago Cionek 37 ' Poland 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 Senegal June 19 , 2018 46 . Ahmed Fathi 47 ' Egypt 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 Russia 47 . Denis Cheryshev 23 ' Russia 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 Uruguay June 25 , 2018 48 . Edson Álvarez 74 ' Mexico 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 Sweden June 27 , 2018 49 . Yann Sommer 90 + 3 ' Switzerland 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 Costa Rica 50 . Yassine Meriah 33 ' Tunisia 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 Panama June 28 , 2018 51 . Sergei Ignashevich 12 ' Russia 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 Spain Round of 16 July 1 , 2018 52 . Fernandinho 13 ' Brazil 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 Belgium Quarter - finals July 6 , 2018 53 . Mario Mandžukić 18 ' Croatia 0 -- 1 2 -- 4 France Final July 15 , 2018 Notes Jump up ^ Russia won 4 -- 3 on penalty kicks . Statistics and notable own goals ( edit ) Time First ever own goal Manuel Rosas , Mexico vs Chile , 1930 Fastest own goal Sead Kolašinac , 2 min 10 sec , Bosnia and Herzegovina vs Argentina , 2014 Latest regulation - time own goal Aziz Bouhaddouz , 90 + 5 ' , Morocco vs Iran , 2018 Only own goal during extra time Jimmy Dickinson , 94 ' , England vs Belgium , 1954 Only own goal to open scoring in a tournament Marcelo , Brazil vs Croatia , 2014 Only own goal in a final match Mario Mandžukić , Croatia vs France , 2018 Only match with two own goals United States vs Portugal , 2002 . Jorge Costa of Portugal scored for the United States , and Jeff Agoos of the United States scored for Portugal . Tournament Most own goals , tournament 12 ( 2018 ) Tournaments with no own goals 1934 , 1958 , 1962 , 1990 Most own goals by a team in one tournament 2 , Bulgaria ( 1966 ) and Russia ( 2018 ) Most own goals in favour of a team in one tournament 2 , France ( 2014 , 2018 ) Teams Most own goals by a team , overall 4 , Mexico Most own goals in favour of a team , overall 6 , France Most consecutive matches without scoring an own goal 97 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2010 ) Most matches , never scoring an own goal 66 , France Most matches , never benefitting from an own goal 57 , Mexico Most matches , never scoring or benefitting from an own goal 23 , Cameroon Only team to have scored multiple own goals for the same opponent SFR Yugoslavia / FR Yugoslavia scored two own goals for West Germany / Germany ( 1954 , 1998 ) Only pair of teams to have scored own goals for each other Portugal and United States , in the same match in 2002 Players Youngest player with an own goal Manuel Rosas , age 18 , Mexico vs Chile , 1930 Oldest player with an own goal Sergei Ignashevich , age 38 , Spain vs Russia , 2018 Players who have scored own goals and regular goals Manuel Rosas of Mexico scored twice against Argentina in 1930 Ruud Krol of the Netherlands scored against Argentina in 1974 Ernie Brandts of the Netherlands scored against Austria and Italy in 1978 Siniša Mihajlović of Yugoslavia scored against Iran in 1998 Park Chu - young of South Korea scored against Nigeria in 2010 Carles Puyol of Spain scored against Germany in 2010 Fernandinho of Brazil scored against Cameroon in 2014 Denis Cheryshev of Russia scored twice against Saudi Arabia and once against Egypt and Croatia in 2018 Mario Mandžukić of Croatia scored twice against Cameroon in 2014 , and once against Denmark , England and France in 2018 Players to score for both teams in a match Ernie Brandts , Netherlands vs Italy , 1978 Mario Mandžukić , Croatia vs France , 2018 Various The own goal that Honduran Noel Valladares scored for France in 2014 was the first World Cup goal ( of any kind ) to be awarded with goal - line technology . Trinidad and Tobago has scored more own goals ( one ) than regular goals ( zero ) . Panama has benefitted from as many own goals ( one ) as regular goals ( one ) . It is believed that the murder of Colombian footballer Andrés Escobar in the immediate aftermath of the 1994 World Cup was a retaliation for his having scored an own goal which contributed to his team 's elimination from the tournament . By team ( edit ) Own goals by nations Team Own goals by own players opponents Mexico 0 Bulgaria Spain Australia 0 Morocco 0 South Korea 0 Switzerland 0 FR Yugoslavia / SFR Yugoslavia 0 Netherlands Nigeria Brazil Russia / Soviet Union Portugal Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 Colombia 0 Czechoslovakia 0 Denmark 0 Egypt 0 Ghana 0 Honduras 0 Poland 0 South Africa 0 Trinidad and Tobago 0 Tunisia 0 Iran Scotland Sweden Uruguay Argentina Croatia England Hungary Paraguay United States Germany / West Germany Italy Chile 0 Costa Rica 0 East Germany 0 Norway 0 Panama 0 Senegal 0 Belgium 0 Austria 0 France 0 6 See also ( edit ) Association football portal List of FIFA World Cup records List of FIFA Women 's World Cup own goals List of UEFA European Championship own goals Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Jump up ^ In addition , another own goal has been scored in a tournament 's opening match : Tom Boyd , Scotland vs Brazil , 1998 . Jump up ^ Now succeeded by Serbia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Second - half surge sees Tunisia bow out in style '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - 41 days to go : The worst goal to score '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup countdown : When dreams become nightmares '' . Onefootball.com. 2018 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM : Milestones , facts & figures '' ( PDF ) . p. 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( 2 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup records fall in Brazil as tournament reaches the quarterfinals '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup Football Firsts '' . Topendsports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ James Orr ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Brazil v Croatia : Marcelo scores the first goal of the 2014 World Cup ... for Croatia '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/feature/ignashevich-becomes-oldest-player-to-score-own-goal-at-world-cup-496361 Jump up ^ admin ( 6677 Posts ) . `` Netherlands Greatest Ever World Cup Players : No 10 - 6 '' . Football Oranje . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup Goal Trivia '' . Topendsports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia - Profile '' . SuperSport . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Peter Rutherford ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Arsenal 's forgotten man Park Chu - young makes the South Korea squad because he ' gets on well with everyone ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - Puyol : Lifting that trophy was spectacular '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Gol do Fernandinho '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Cheryshev '' . European Football . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` World Cup stunning moments : Andrés Escobar 's deadly own goal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Reports Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay TM - Matches - Chile - Mexico '' . FIFA.com. 1930 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Switzerland - Germany '' . FIFA.com. 1938 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Hungary - Sweden '' . FIFA.com. 1938 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil TM - Matches - Brazil - Spain '' . FIFA.com. 1950 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland TM - Matches - England - Belgium '' . FIFA.com. 1954 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland TM - Matches - France - Mexico '' . FIFA.com. 1954 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland TM - Matches - Germany FR - Yugoslavia '' . FIFA.com. 1954 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland TM - Matches - Austria - Uruguay '' . FIFA.com. 1954 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England TM - Matches - Portugal - Bulgaria '' . FIFA.com. 1966 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England TM - Matches - Hungary - Bulgaria '' . FIFA.com. 1966 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico TM - Matches - Italy - Mexico '' . FIFA.com. 1970 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - German DR - Australia '' . FIFA.com. 1974 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Argentina - Italy '' . FIFA.com. 1974 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Bulgaria - Netherlands '' . FIFA.com. 1974 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina TM - Matches - Scotland - IR Iran '' . FIFA.com. 1978 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina TM - Matches - Netherlands - Italy '' . FIFA.com. 1978 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina TM - Matches - Austria - Germany FR '' . FIFA.com. 1978 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia '' . FIFA.com. 1982 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico TM - Matches - Soviet Union - Hungary '' . FIFA.com. 1986 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico TM - Matches - Korea Republic - Italy '' . FIFA.com. 1986 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA TM - Matches - USA - Colombia '' . FIFA.com. 1994 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Brazil - Scotland '' . FIFA.com. 1998 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Morocco - Norway '' . FIFA.com. 1998 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - France - South Africa '' . FIFA.com. 1998 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Spain - Nigeria '' . FIFA.com. 1998 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Germany - Yugoslavia '' . FIFA.com. 1998 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . 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-121602221798249096 | Mackinac Bridge | Mackinac Bridge - wikipedia Mackinac Bridge Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mackinac Bridge Coordinates 45 ° 49 ′ 01 '' N 84 ° 43 ′ 40 '' W / 45.817059 ° N 84.727822 ° W / 45.817059 ; - 84.727822 Coordinates : 45 ° 49 ′ 01 '' N 84 ° 43 ′ 40 '' W / 45.817059 ° N 84.727822 ° W / 45.817059 ; - 84.727822 Carries 4 lanes of I - 75 / GLCT Crosses Straits of Mackinac Locale St. Ignace and Mackinaw City , Michigan Other name ( s ) Mighty Mac or Big Mac Maintained by Mackinac Bridge Authority Characteristics Design Suspension bridge Total length 26,372 feet ( 8,038 m ) Width 68.6 feet ( 20.9 m ) ( total width ) 54 feet ( 16 m ) ( road width ) 38.1 feet ( 11.6 m ) ( depth ) Height 552 feet ( 168 m ) ( tower height ) ; 200 feet ( 61 m ) ( deck height ) Longest span 3,800 feet ( 1,158 m ) Clearance below 155 feet ( 47 m ) History Designer David B. Steinman Opened November 1 , 1957 Statistics Daily traffic 11,600 Toll $2.00 per axle for passenger vehicles ( $4.00 per car ) . $5.00 per axle for motor homes , and commercial vehicles . The Mackinac Bridge connects St. Ignace and Mackinaw City . The Mackinac Bridge ( / ˈmækɪnɔː / MAK - in - aw ) is a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac to connect the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of the U.S. state of Michigan . Opened in 1957 , the 26,372 - foot - long ( 4.995 mi ; 8.038 km ) bridge ( familiarly known as `` Big Mac '' and `` Mighty Mac '' ) is the world 's 20th - longest main span and the longest suspension bridge between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere . The Mackinac Bridge is part of Interstate 75 and the Lakes Michigan and Huron components of the Great Lakes Circle Tours across the straits ; it is also a segment of the U.S. North Country National Scenic Trail . The bridge connects the city of St. Ignace on the north end with the village of Mackinaw City on the south . Envisioned since the 1880s , the bridge was designed by the engineer David B. Steinman and completed in 1957 only after many decades of struggles to begin construction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Length 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Plans for the bridge 2.3 Formal planning 2.4 Engineering and construction 2.5 History of the bridge design 3 Facts and figures 3.1 Work and major accident fatalities 3.2 Crossing the bridge 4 Bridge Walk 5 Tourism 6 In media 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 Further reading 11 External links Length ( edit ) The bridge opened on November 1 , 1957 , connecting two peninsulas linked for decades by ferries . A year later , the bridge was formally dedicated as the `` world 's longest suspension bridge between anchorages '' , allowing a superlative comparison to the Golden Gate Bridge , which had a longer center span between towers , and the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge , which had an anchorage in the middle . It remains the longest suspension bridge with two towers between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere . Much longer anchorage - to - anchorage spans have been built in the Eastern Hemisphere , including the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan ( 6,532 ft or 1,991 m ) . But the long leadups to the anchorages on the Mackinac make its total shoreline - to - shoreline length of 5 miles ( 8 km ) longer than the Akashi - Kaikyo ( 2.4 mi or 3.9 km ) . The length of the bridge 's main span is 3,800 feet ( 1,158 m ) , which makes it the third - longest suspension span in the United States and 20th longest suspension span worldwide . It is also one of the world 's longest bridges overall . History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Vacationland , the largest and last Michigan State Highway Department automobile ferry put in service prior to the completion of the Mackinac Bridge The Algonquian peoples who lived in the straits area prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century called this region Michilimackinac , which is widely understood to mean the Great Turtle . This is thought to refer to the shape of what is now called Mackinac Island . This interpretation of the word is debated by scholars . Trading posts at the Straits of Mackinac attracted peak populations during the summer trading season ; they also developed as intertribal meeting places . As exploitation of the state 's mineral and timber resources increased during the 19th century , the area became an important transport hub . In 1881 the three railroads that reached the Straits , the Michigan Central , Grand Rapids & Indiana , and the Detroit , Mackinac & Marquette , jointly established the Mackinac Transportation Company to operate a railroad car ferry service across the straits and connect the two peninsulas . Improved highways along the eastern shores of the Lower Peninsula brought increased automobile traffic to the Straits region starting in the 1910s . The state of Michigan initiated an automobile ferry service between Mackinaw City and St. Ignace in 1923 ; it eventually operated nine ferry boats that would carry as many as 9,000 vehicles per day . Traffic backups could stretch as long as 16 miles ( 26 km ) . Plans for the Bridge ( edit ) After the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883 , local residents began to imagine that such a structure could span the straits . In 1884 , a store owner in St. Ignace published a newspaper advertisement that included a reprint of an artist 's conception of the Brooklyn Bridge with the caption `` Proposed bridge across the Straits of Mackinac '' . The idea of the bridge was discussed in the Michigan Legislature as early as the 1880s . At the time , the Straits of Mackinac area was becoming a popular tourist destination , especially following the creation of Mackinac National Park on Mackinac Island in 1875 . At a July 1888 meeting of the board of directors of the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island , Cornelius Vanderbilt II proposed that a bridge be built across the straits , of a design similar to the one then under construction across the Firth of Forth in Scotland . This would advance commerce in the region and help lengthen the resort season of the hotel . Decades went by with no formal action . In 1920 , the Michigan state highway commissioner advocated construction of a floating tunnel across the Straits . At the invitation of the state legislature , C.E. Fowler of New York City put forth a plan for a long series of causeways and bridges across the straits from Cheboygan , 17 miles ( 27 km ) southeast of Mackinaw City , to St. Ignace , using Bois Blanc , Round , and Mackinac islands as intermediate steps . Formal planning ( edit ) In 1923 , the state legislature ordered the State Highway Department to establish ferry service across the strait . More and more people used ferries to cross the straits each year , and as they did , the movement to build a bridge increased . Chase Osborn , a former governor , wrote , `` Michigan is unifying itself , and a magnificent new route through Michigan to Lake Superior and the Northwest United States is developing , via the Straits of Mackinac . It can not continue to grow as it ought with clumsy and inadequate ferries for any portion of the year . '' By 1928 , the ferry service had become so popular and so expensive to operate that Michigan Governor Fred W. Green ordered the department to study the feasibility of building a bridge across the strait . The department deemed the idea feasible , estimating the cost at $30 million ( equivalent to $338 million in 2016 ) . In 1934 , the Michigan Legislature created the Mackinac Straits Bridge Authority to explore possible methods of constructing and funding the proposed bridge . The Legislature authorized the Authority to seek financing for the project . In the mid-1930s , during the Great Depression , when numerous infrastructure projects received federal aid , the Authority twice attempted to obtain federal funds for the project but was unsuccessful . The United States Army Corps of Engineers and President Franklin D. Roosevelt endorsed the project but Congress never appropriated funds . Between 1936 and 1940 , the Authority selected a route for the bridge based on preliminary studies . Borings were made for a detailed geological study of the route . The preliminary plans for the bridge featured a 3 - lane roadway , a railroad crossing on the underdeck of the span , and a center - anchorage double - suspension bridge configuration similar to the design of the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge . Because this would have required sinking an anchorage pier in the deepest area of the Straits , the practicality of this design may have been questionable . A concrete causeway , approximately 4,000 feet ( 1,219 m ) , extending from the northern shore , was constructed in shallow water from 1939 to 1941 . However , a unique engineering challenge was created by the tremendous forces that operate against the base of the bridge , because the lakes freeze during the winter , causing large icebergs to place enormous stress on the bridge . At that time , with funding for the project still uncertain , further work was put on hold because of the outbreak of World War II . The Mackinac Straits Bridge Authority was abolished by the state legislature in 1947 , but the same body created a new Mackinac Bridge Authority three years later in 1950 . In June 1950 , engineers were retained for the project . By then , it was reported that cars queuing for the ferry at Mackinaw City did not reach St. Ignace until five hours later , and the typical capacity of 460 vehicles per hour could not match the estimated 1600 for a bridge . After a report by the engineers in January 1951 , the state legislature authorized the sale of $85 million ( equivalent to $633 million in 2016 ) in bonds for bridge construction on April 30 , 1952 . However , a weak bond market in 1953 forced a delay of more than a year before the bonds could be issued . Engineering and construction ( edit ) View of the north tower of the bridge David B. Steinman was appointed as the design engineer in January 1953 and by the end of 1953 , estimates and contracts had been negotiated . A Civil Engineer at the firm , Abul Hasnat , did the preliminary plans for the bridge . Total cost estimate at that time was $95 million ( equivalent to $698 million in 2016 ) with estimated completion by November 1 , 1956 . Tolls collected were to pay for the bridge in 20 years . Construction began on May 7 , 1954 . The American Bridge Division of United States Steel Corporation was awarded a contract of more than $44 million ( equivalent to $320 million in 2016 ) to build the steel superstructure . Construction , staged using the 1939 -- 41 causeway , took three and a half years ( four summers , no winter construction ) at a total cost of $100 million and the lives of five workers . Contrary to popular belief , none of them are entombed in the Bridge . It opened to traffic on schedule on November 1 , 1957 , and the ferry service was discontinued on the same day . The Bridge was formally dedicated on June 25 , 1958 . G. Mennen Williams was governor during the construction of the Mackinac Bridge . He began the tradition of the governor leading the Mackinac Bridge Walk across it every Labor Day . U.S. Senator Prentiss M. Brown has been called the `` father of the Mackinac Bridge , '' and was honored with a special memorial bridge token created by the Mackinac Bridge Authority . The bridge officially achieved its 100 millionth crossing exactly forty years after its dedication , on June 25 , 1998 . The 50th anniversary of the bridge 's opening was celebrated on November 1 , 2007 in a ceremony hosted by the Mackinac Bridge Authority at the viewing park adjacent to the St. Ignace causeway . History of the Bridge design ( edit ) View of a bridge tower . The design of the Mackinac Bridge was directly influenced by the lessons from the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge , which failed in 1940 because of its instability in high winds . Three years after that disaster , Steinman had published a theoretical analysis of suspension - bridge stability problems , which recommended that future bridge designs include deep stiffening trusses to support the bridge deck and an open - grid roadway to reduce its wind resistance . Both of these features were incorporated into the design of the Mackinac Bridge . The stiffening truss is open to reduce wind resistance . The road deck is shaped as an airfoil to provide lift in a cross wind , and the center two lanes are open grid to allow vertical ( upward ) air flow , which fairly precisely cancels the lift , making the roadway stable in design in winds of up to 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) . Facts and figures ( edit ) The Mackinac Bridge from the south shore The Mackinac Bridge at night Freighter passing under the bridge The Mackinac Bridge is currently a toll bridge on Interstate 75 ( I - 75 ) . Prior to the coming of I - 75 , the bridge carried US Highway 27 ( US 27 ) . It is one of only three segments of I - 75 that are tolled , the others being the American half of the International Bridge near Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , and Alligator Alley in Florida . The current toll is $4.00 for automobiles and $5.00 per axle for trucks . The Mackinac Bridge Authority raised the toll in 2007 to fund a $300 million renovation program , which would include completely replacing the bridge deck . Every Labor Day , the bridge is open to walkers for the Mackinac Bridge Walk . Painting of the bridge takes seven years , and when painting of the bridge is complete , it begins again . The current painting project began in 1999 and was expected to take 20 years to complete because the lead - based paint needs to be removed , incurring additional disposal requirements . The bridge celebrated its 150 millionth vehicle crossing on September 6 , 2009 . Length from cable bent pier to cable bent pier : 7,400 feet ( 2,256 m ) . Total width of the roadway : 54 feet ( 16.5 m ) Two outside lanes : 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) wide each Two inside lanes : 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) wide each Center mall : 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) Catwalk , curb and rail width : 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) on each side Width of stiffening truss in the suspended span : 68 feet ( 20.7 m ) . Depth of stiffening truss : 38.1 feet ( 11.6 m ) Height of the roadway at mid-span : approximately 200 feet ( 61 m ) above water level . Vertical clearance at normal temperature : 155 feet ( 47 m ) at the center of the main suspension span . 135 feet ( 41 m ) at the boundaries of the 3,000 feet ( 914 m ) wide navigation channel . Construction cost : $99.8 million ( equivalent to $669 million in 2016 ) Height of towers above water : 552 feet ( 168 m ) Max . depth of towers below water : 210 feet ( 64 m ) Depth of water beneath the center of the bridge , 250 feet ( 76 m ) Total length of wire in main cables : 42,000 miles ( 68,000 km ) . Total vehicle crossings , 2005 : 4,236,491 ( average 11,608 per day ) Speed limit : 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) for passenger cars , 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) for heavy trucks . Heavy trucks are also required to leave 500 feet ( 150 m ) spacing ahead . Work and major accident fatalities ( edit ) Five workers died during the construction of the bridge . Diver Frank Pepper ascended too quickly from a depth of 140 feet ( 43 m ) on September 16 , 1954 . Despite being rushed to a decompression chamber , the forty - six - year - old died from the bends . Twenty - six - year - old James LeSarge lost his balance on October 10 , 1954 , and fell into a caisson . He fell 40 feet ( 12 m ) and likely died of head injuries caused by impact with the criss - crossing steel beams inside the caisson . Albert Abbott died on October 25 , 1954 . The forty - year - old fell four feet ( 1.2 m ) into the water while working on an 18 - inch ( 46 cm ) wide beam . Witnesses speculate he suffered a heart attack . Twenty - eight - year - old Jack Baker and Robert Koppen died in a catwalk collapse near the north tower on June 6 , 1956 . Koppen 's body was never recovered . For both it was their first day on the job . All five men are memorialized on a plaque near the bridge 's northern end ( Bridge View Park ) . Contrary to folklore , no bodies are embedded in the concrete . One worker has died since the bridge was completed . Daniel Doyle fell 60 to 70 feet ( 18 to 21 m ) from scaffolding on August 7 , 1997 . He survived the fall but fell victim to the 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) water temperature . His body was recovered the next day in 95 feet ( 29 m ) of water . Two vehicles have fallen off the bridge . On September 22 , 1989 , Leslie Ann Pluhar died when her 1987 Yugo plunged over the 36 - inch - high ( 91 cm ) railing . A combination of high winds and excessive speed was initially blamed . Later investigation showed the driver had stopped her car over the open steel grating on the bridge 's span and that a gust of wind through the grating blew her vehicle off the bridge , although this is not supported by recorded wind speed measurements taken on and around the bridge at the time of the accident . On March 2 , 1997 , Richard Alan Daraban drove a 1996 Ford Bronco over the edge . It was later determined to be a suicide . On September 10 , 1978 , a small private plane carrying United States Marine Corps Reserve officers Maj . Virgil Osborne , Capt . James Robbins , and Capt . Wayne W. Wisbrock smashed into one of the bridge 's suspension cables while flying in a heavy fog . The impact tore the wings off the plane , which then plunged into the Straits of Mackinac . All three men were killed . Because the bridge is not accessible to pedestrians , suicides by jumping from the bridge have been rare , with the most recent confirmed case taking place on December 31 , 2012 . There have been roughly a dozen suicides by people jumping off the bridge . Crossing the Bridge ( edit ) Some individuals have difficulty crossing bridges , a phenomenon known as gephyrophobia . The Mackinac Bridge Authority has a Drivers Assistance Program that provides drivers for those with gephyrphobia , or anyone who is more comfortable having someone else drive them across . More than a thousand people use this service every year . Those interested can arrange , either by phone or with the toll collector , to have their cars or motorcycles driven to the other end . There is no additional fee for this service . Bicycles and pedestrians are not normally permitted on the bridge . An exception is allowed for riders of two annual bicycle tours . On an everyday basis , for a $5.00 fee , the Authority will transport bicyclists and their vehicles across the bridge . Travelers across the Mackinac Bridge can listen to an AM radio broadcast that recounts the history of the bridge and provides updates on driving conditions . Bridge Walk ( edit ) The Mackinac Bridge Walk The Mackinac Bridge Walk has been held each year since 1958 , when it was led by Governor G. Mennen Williams . The first walk was held during the Bridge 's Dedication Ceremony held in late June , and has been held on Labor Day since 1959 . School buses from local districts transport walkers from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace to begin the walk . Thousands of people , traditionally led by the Governor of Michigan , cross the five - mile ( 8 km ) span on foot from St. Ignace to Mackinaw City . Before 1964 , people walked the Bridge from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace . Prior to 2017 , two lanes of the bridge would remain open to public vehicle traffic ; this policy was changed in 2017 to close the entire bridge to public vehicle traffic for the duration of the event . The Bridge Walk is the only day of the year that hikers can hike this section of the North Country National Scenic Trail . Tourism ( edit ) A Mackinac Island ferry passing in front of the Mackinac Bridge . During summers , the Upper Peninsula and the Mackinac Bridge have become a major tourist destination . In addition to visitors to Mackinac Island , the bridge has attracted interest from a diverse group of tourists including bridge enthusiasts , bird - watchers , and photographers . In media ( edit ) On June 25 , 1958 , to coincide with the 1958 celebration of the November 1957 opening , the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) released a 3 ¢ commemorative stamp featuring the recently completed bridge . It was entitled `` Connecting the Peninsulas of Michigan '' and 107,195,200 copies were issued . The USPS again honored the Mackinac Bridge as the subject of its 2010 priority mail $4.90 stamp , which went on sale February 3 . The bridge authority and MDOT unveiled the stamp , which featured a `` seagull 's - eye view '' of the landmark , with a passing freighter below . Artist Dan Cosgrove worked from panoramic photographs to create the artwork . This is one of several designs that Cosgrove has produced for the USPS . On April 24th , 1959 , Captain John S. Lappo , an officer in the Strategic Air Command , operating from Lockbourne AFB flew his Boeing B - 47 Stratojet beneath the bridge . Following a General court - martial , he was grounded for life . A feature - length documentary entitled Building the Mighty Mac was produced by Hollywood filmmaker Mark Howell in 1997 and was shown on PBS . The program features numerous interviews with the key people who built the structure and includes restored 16mm color footage of the bridge 's construction . The history and building of the bridge was featured in a 2003 episode of the History Channel TV show Modern Marvels . On July 19 , 2007 , the Detroit Science Center unveiled an 80 - foot - long ( 24 m ) , 19 - foot - tall ( 5.8 m ) scale model of the Mackinac Bridge . The exhibit was part of the state 's 50th anniversary celebration of the bridge . Sherwin - Williams supplied authentic Mackinac Bridge - colored paint for the project . The bridge and its maintenance crew were featured in an episode of the Discovery Channel TV show Dirty Jobs on August 7 , 2007 . Host Mike Rowe and crew spent several days filming the episode in May 2007 . MDOT also featured the bridge on the cover of the 2007 state highway map to celebrate its 50th anniversary . 2008 panorama of the bridge from Mackinac Island See also ( edit ) Bridges portal Michigan portal List of longest suspension bridge spans Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excepting the Labor Day bridge walk . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mackinac Bridge Authority ( n.d. ) . `` Facts & Figures '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mackinac Straits Bridge at Structurae ^ Jump up to : Mackinac Bridge Authority ( 2010 ) . `` Mackinac Bridge Fare Schedule '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mighty Mac '' Bridge Run `` . St. Ignace Chamber of Commerce . 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mackinac Bridge Authority ( 2010 ) . `` About the Bridge '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rubin ( 1958 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mackinaw , Mackinac Straits , Mackinac Island '' . Michilimackinac . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michigan Department of Transportation . `` I - 75 / Straits of Mackinac '' . Michigan 's Historic Bridges . Michigan Department of Transportation . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ American Society of Civil Engineers . `` Mackinac Bridge '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michigan Department of Transportation . `` History '' . Michigan Department of Transportation . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rubin ( 1958 ) , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ Rubin ( 1958 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ammann , Othmar ( January 10 , 1951 ) . Proposed Mackinac Straits Bridge Preliminary Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mackinac Bridge Will Rival Golden Gate '' . Popular Mechanics. 100 ( 2 ) : 132 . August 1953 . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority . `` In Memory of : Bridge Workers '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Governors Association ( 2004 ) . `` Michigan Governor Gerhard Mennen Williams '' . National Governors Association . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority ( 2010 ) . `` Prentiss M. Brown , Father of the Mackinac Bridge '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority ( 2010 ) . `` Mackinac Bridge commemorative token gift packs '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mackinac Bridge Authority Proposes Raising Tolls to Pay for Renovations '' . Walker , MI : WZZM - TV . November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michigan Painting Group ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` The Mackinac Bridge Painting Project '' . Michigan Painting Group . Jump up ^ Champion , Brandon ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Mackinac Bridge Painting Project '' . Grand Rapids News . Jump up ^ Westaby , Robb ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Why Painting The Mackinac Bridge Is Taking 20 Years '' . Grand Rapids , MI : WXMI - TV . Jump up ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` 150 Millionth Vehicle Crosses Mackinac Bridge '' ( Press release ) . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority ( 2010 ) . `` In Memory of '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge Workers '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan History '' . Michigan History . July -- August 2007 . Jump up ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority ( 2008 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zacharias , Pat ( June 6 , 2000 ) . `` The Breathtaking Mackinac Bridge '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Propson , David ( October 14 , 2004 ) . `` How to Build a Better Bridge '' . New York Sun . Retrieved October 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Bill ( July 8 , 2007 ) . `` Mackinac Bridge Q&A '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Accident Report Claims Ms. Pluhar Was Speeding '' . The Argus - Press . Owosso , MI . Associated Press . November 8 , 1989 . p. 20 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daraban v. State of Michigan , et al. , 223659 ( State of Michigan Court of Appeals March 15 , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Officers Died In Mackinac Bridge Crash '' . The Argus - Press . Owosso , MI . Associated Press . September 12 , 1978 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Britton , Zac ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Investigation Remains Open Following Mackinac Bridge Jump '' . Petoskey News - Review . Jump up ^ Ellison , Garret ( January 1 , 2013 ) . `` Michigan State Police Investigating Possible New Year 's Eve suicide on the Mackinac Bridge '' . MLive . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michiguide.com . `` WNHC787 AM 530 St. Ignace / AM 1610 Mackinaw City '' . Michiguide.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority ( 2017 ) . `` Bridge to be closed to public traffic during Annual Bridge Walk '' ( Press release ) . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ North Country Trail Association . `` Michigan '' . North Country Trail Association . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mackinac Bridge Crossings '' . Michigan Tourism Business . Michigan State University . 3 ( 1 ) . February 24 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mackinac Bridge Authority ( 2010 ) . `` Photo Gallery '' . Mackinac Bridge Authority . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Keith . `` New Mackinac Bridge Postage Stamp '' . The Mighty Mac . Jump up ^ `` USPS announcement , 2010 Mackinac Bridge commemorative '' ( Press release ) . US Postal Service . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Mac Stamp to be Unveiled '' . Detroit Free Press . January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Stamp Designs '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Postal Service . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grounded for good '' . The News - Palladium . Benton Harbor , Michigan : Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 11 December 1959 . p. 10 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TEACH : Building the Mackinac Bridge '' . teach.GLIN.net Great Lakes Information Network ( GLIN ) . Great Lakes Commission . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Marvels ' Mackinac Bridge ( 2003 ) '' . Internet Movie Database. 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Science Center To Open ' Mini Mac ' Exhibit '' ( Press release ) . Detroit Science Center . June 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 -- via PR Newswire . Jump up ^ `` Crew from `` Dirty Jobs '' in Northern Michigan `` . Cadillac , MI : WWTV - TV . May 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Jobs , Season 3 , Episode 5 '' . Internet Movie Database. 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michigan Department of Transportation ( 2007 ) . Michigan : Official Department of Transportation Map ( Map ) . c. 1 : 975,000 . Lansing : Michigan Department of Transportation . Front cover . OCLC 42778335 . Works cited ( edit ) Rubin , Lawrence ( 1958 ) . Mighty Mac : The Official Picture History of the Mackinac Bridge . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 814 - 31817 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Prentiss M. ( 1956 ) . The Mackinac Bridge Story . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . OCLC 5392305 . `` Mackinac Bridge '' . Civil Engineering . May 1956 . `` The Mighty Mac at 50 '' . Michigan History ( Special ed . ) . 9 ( 4 ) . July -- August 2007 . Ratigan , William ( 1959 ) . The Long Crossing . Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans . OCLC 1686567 . -- -- ( 1957 ) . Straits of Mackinac ! Crossroads of the Great Lakes . Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans . OCLC 3478409 . Rubin , Lawrence A. ( 1985 ) . Bridging the Straits . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 1789 - 8 . Steinman , David B. ; Nevill , John T . ( 1957 ) . Miracle Bridge at Mackinac . Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans . OCLC 1227671 . Zacharias , Pat ( June 6 , 2000 ) . `` The Breathtaking Mackinac Bridge '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mackinac Bridge . Mackinac Bridge Authority Length Comparison Mackinac Bridge photographs and facts Monitoring the Mighty Mac , Point of Beginning , 2007 Web cams monitoring the Mackinac Bridge The view from the top of the iconic Mackinac Bridge that connects the two peninsulas of Michigan , 2014 Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . 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Copper mining in Michigan Verso Corporation Michigan Central Michigan Northern Michigan Southeast Michigan West Michigan LCCN : sh85079418 VIAF : 315526568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackinac_Bridge&oldid=841194439 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Cheboygan County , Michigan Buildings and structures in Emmet County , Michigan Buildings and structures in Mackinac County , Michigan Bridges completed in 1957 Bridges on the Interstate Highway System Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Interstate 75 Lake Huron Circle Tour Lake Michigan Circle Tour Road bridges in Michigan Roads with a reversible lane Suspension bridges in the United States Toll bridges in Michigan Tolled sections of Interstate Highways Towers in Michigan Transportation in Cheboygan County , Michigan Transportation in Mackinac County , Michigan Transportation in Emmet County , Michigan Tourist attractions in Cheboygan County , Michigan Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan Tourist attractions in Emmet County , Michigan Tourist attractions in Mackinac County , Michigan 1957 establishments in Michigan Steel bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Frysk Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 15 : 13 . 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3102428751192427169 | God's Gonna Cut You Down | God 's Gonna Cut You Down - wikipedia God 's Gonna Cut You Down Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down '' , also known as `` Run On '' and `` Run On for a Long Time '' , is a traditional folk song which has been recorded by numerous artists representing a variety of genres . The lyrics are a warning to sinners that no matter how hard they try , they will not avoid God 's judgment . The song has , over time , been modified to fit the boundaries of diverse genres like country , folk , gospel , techno , and black metal . As `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down '' , it was performed by Odetta on Odetta Sings Ballads and Blues ( 1956 ) and Johnny Cash on the posthumously released American V : A Hundred Highways ( 2006 ) . As `` Run On '' , it was recorded , among others , by Elvis Presley . A version incorporating sampled vocals by Bill Landford & The Landfordairs was included on Moby 's album Play . The song has also been covered by many other artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Moby cover 1.1 Track listing 1.2 Music video 2 Johnny Cash cover 3 Other artists 4 Chart positions 4.1 Moby cover 4.2 Johnny Cash cover 5 References 6 External links Moby cover ( edit ) `` Run On '' Single by Moby featuring Bill Landford & The Landfordairs from the album Play B - side `` Spirit '' , `` Running '' , `` Sunday '' , `` Down Slow ( full length ) '' Released 1999 Length 4 : 24 ( Extended ) 3 : 55 ( Extended 12 - inch ) 3 : 45 ( LP Version ) 3 : 33 ( Single Version ) 3 : 09 ( Radio Edit ) Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Moby Moby featuring Bill Landford & The Landfordairs singles chronology `` Honey '' ( 1998 ) `` Run On '' ( 1999 ) `` Bodyrock '' ( 1999 ) `` Honey '' ( 1998 ) `` Run On '' ( 1999 ) `` Bodyrock '' ( 1999 ) Electronic musician Moby released `` Run On '' as the second single from his studio album Play . In the US , `` Run On '' was released as a double A-side with `` Honey '' . The vocal content of the song comes from a 1949 Columbia Records # 30203 recording of `` Run On For A Long Time '' by Bill Landford and the Landfordairs , and features a mix of house music and instrumental music . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD # 1 ( Mute Records CDMUTE221 ) `` Run On '' `` Spirit '' `` Running '' UK CD # 2 ( Mute Records LCDMUTE221 ) `` Run On ( Extended ) '' `` Sunday '' `` Down Slow ( Full Length ) '' US CD ( V2 Records 63881 - 27583 - 2 ) `` Honey ( Album Mix ) '' `` Honey ( Moby 's 118 Mix ) '' `` Honey ( Sharam Jey 's Sweet Honey Mix ) '' `` Honey ( Aphrodite & Mickey Finn Mix ) '' `` Run On ( Extended ) '' `` Run On ( Moby 's Young And Funky Mix ) '' `` Run On ( Sharam Jey 's Always On The Run Remix ) '' `` Memory Gospel '' UK 12 - inch ( Mute Records 12MUTE221 ) Side One `` Run On ( Moby 's Young & Funky Mix ) '' Side Two `` Run On ( Dave Clarke Mix ) '' `` Run On ( Extended ) '' Music video ( edit ) Mike Mills ' video depicts Moby working at an office where everyone wears white . It then shows an earlier scene involving a workout instructor who faints while teaching a class . Moby then comes in and puts an inhaler in her mouth . It then continues to show an earlier scene , going backwards to tell the entire story : the office Moby works in is heaven , the instructor is self - conscious and unsure of her capabilities , and heaven is a self - help phone line . Eventually , it shows a scene of Moby dead in a parking lot , with a man checking his pulse . It then gone to the earlier scene that concludes the video : Moby working in an office while he was alive , but it has a green light to it , and everyone is unkind and emotionally distant . Johnny Cash cover ( edit ) `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down '' Single by Johnny Cash from the album American V : A Hundred Highways Released July 4 , 2006 Recorded 2003 Genre Country , gospel blues Length 2 : 38 Label American Recordings Lost Highway Records Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin Johnny Cash singles chronology `` Hurt '' ( 2006 ) `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down '' ( 2006 ) `` Help Me '' ( 2007 ) `` Hurt '' ( 2006 ) `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down '' ( 2006 ) `` Help Me '' ( 2007 ) Johnny Cash recorded a version of `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down '' on American V : A Hundred Highways in 2003 , with an arrangement quite different from most known gospel versions of the song . The song has sold 672,000 copies in the United States as of January 2016 . A music video , directed by Tony Kaye , was made for this version in late 2006 , three years after Cash 's death . The video was shot entirely in black and white and features a number of celebrities : David Allan Coe , Patricia Arquette , Travis Barker , Peter Blake , Bono , Sheryl Crow , Johnny Depp , the Dixie Chicks , Flea , Billy Gibbons , Whoopi Goldberg , Woody Harrelson , Dennis Hopper , Terrence Howard , Jay - Z , Mick Jones , Kid Rock , Anthony Kiedis , Kris Kristofferson , Amy Lee , Adam Levine , Shelby Lynne , Chris Martin , Kate Moss , Graham Nash , Busy Philipps , Iggy Pop , Lisa Marie Presley , Q - Tip , Corinne Bailey Rae , Keith Richards , Chris Rock , Rick Rubin , Patti Smith , Sharon Stone , Justin Timberlake , Kanye West , Brian Wilson and Owen Wilson . In the FOX TV series Gotham , this version of the song can be heard at the beginning of the episode What the Little Birdie Told Him , while Jack Gruber is walking to Irwin 's Electronics . It also features in the NBC TV series The Blacklist , in the episode The Director : Conclusion , and in the CBC series Republic of Doyle , where it closed episode 10 of season 2 , `` The Special Detective . '' The song is used by Cleveland Indians relief pitcher Andrew Miller as his entrance theme . The song is featured in the single - player campaign of Battlefield 3 , and a version of Cash 's performance that was remixed by Ninja Tracks is used in the Gamescom gameplay trailer for Battlefield 1 . The song is also used by Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Convictions Launch Trailer Splinter Cell : Conviction . The `` Mondkopf Plus de Sommeil '' remix of Cash 's performance appeared in an ad campaign for the all - new 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) . The song is used as the opening and closing theme in Chris White 's documentary Debunking Jordan Maxwell , The Movie Jordanus Maximus Other artists ( edit ) American singer and civil rights activist Odetta recorded a version of the song in the style of a 19th - century revival meeting preaching hymn . Rock singer Marilyn Manson performed a live rendition of the song during his `` Heaven Upside Down '' tour in 2017 . Chart positions ( edit ) Moby cover ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 33 Johnny Cash cover ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 77 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down ( Johnny Cash cover ) , by Panzerfaust '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COLUMBIA 30000 - series 78rpm numerical discography '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulzer , Will . `` Roots Vinyl Guide '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Moby ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` Moby ' Run On ' - Official video '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` 9 MLB All - Stars & Their Country Music Walk - Up Songs '' . 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : January 25 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ by ( 7 November 2006 ) . `` Tony Kaye No Longer Just History '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnny Cash : God 's Gonna Cut You Down ( Video 2006 ) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( 19 January 2015 ) . `` Gotham Recap : Finally , a Decent Episode ! '' . Vulture . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians Ballpark Music '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 1 Official Gamescom Gameplay Trailer '' . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Splinter_Cell:_Conviction . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Debunking Jordan Maxwell The Movie ( full video ) '' . VerseByVerseBT . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review '' . Liguorian . The Redemptorist Fathers . 63 : 68 . 1975 . In a marvelous new album of recorded folk songs ( Vanguard Recording Co . ) , a gifted folk singer , Odetta , sings , ' God 's A-gonna Cut You Down ! ' It is a powerful warning , in the style of the ' preaching hymn ' of the old - time revivals and camp meetings which were such an important feature of frontier life during the entire 19th century . External links ( edit ) Johnny Cash - God 's Gonna Cut You Down on Youtube Lyrics -- `` God 's Gonna Cut You Down '' ( Johnny Cash cover ) Moby Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Moby Ambient Everything Is Wrong Animal Rights Play 18 Hotel Last Night Wait for Me Destroyed Innocents Long Ambients 1 : Calm . Sleep . These Systems Are Failing More Fast Songs About the Apocalypse EPs Move -- The E.P. Compilations Early Underground I Like to Score MobySongs 1993 -- 1998 Go -- The Very Best of Moby Singles `` Mobility '' `` Go '' `` Drop a Beat '' `` Next Is the E '' `` I Feel It '' / `` Thousand '' `` Move ( You Make Me Feel So Good ) '' `` All That I Need Is to Be Loved '' `` Hymn '' `` Feeling So Real '' `` Everytime You Touch Me '' `` Into the Blue '' `` Bring Back My Happiness '' `` That 's When I Reach for My Revolver '' `` James Bond Theme ( Moby 's Re-Version ) '' `` Honey '' `` Run On '' `` Bodyrock '' `` Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad ? '' `` Natural Blues '' `` Porcelain '' `` South Side '' `` Find My Baby '' `` We Are All Made of Stars '' `` Extreme Ways '' `` In This World '' `` In My Heart '' `` Sunday ( The Day Before My Birthday ) '' `` Jam for the Ladies '' `` Make Love Fuck War '' ( with Public Enemy ) `` Lift Me Up '' `` Raining Again '' `` Spiders '' `` Dream About Me '' `` Beautiful '' `` Slipping Away '' `` New York , New York '' `` Extreme Ways ( Bourne 's Ultimatum ) '' `` Alice '' `` Disco Lies '' `` I Love to Move in Here '' `` Ooh Yeah '' `` Shot in the Back of the Head '' `` Pale Horses '' `` Mistake '' `` Be the One '' `` The Day '' `` Lie Down in Darkness '' `` Extreme Ways ( Bourne 's Legacy ) '' `` A Case for Shame '' `` Rio '' as Voodoo Child The End of Everything Baby Monkey Related articles Little Pine ( restaurant ) Teany Vatican Commandos Moby Presents : Alien Sex Party Southland Tales Making Patterns Rhyme Johnny Cash Studio albums With His Hot and Blue Guitar Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous The Fabulous Johnny Cash Greatest ! Songs of Our Soil Sings Hank Williams Now , There Was a Song ! Now Here 's Johnny Cash The Sound of Johnny Cash All Aboard the Blue Train Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash I Walk the Line Orange Blossom Special Everybody Loves a Nut Happiness Is You Old Golden Throat More of Old Golden Throat Hello , I 'm Johnny Cash The World of Johnny Cash Man in Black A Thing Called Love Any Old Wind That Blows Ragged Old Flag The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me John R. Cash Look at Them Beans One Piece at a Time The Last Gunfighter Ballad I Would Like to See You Again Gone Girl Silver Rockabilly Blues The Baron The Adventures of Johnny Cash Johnny 99 Rainbow Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town Classic Cash : Hall of Fame Series Water from the Wells of Home Boom Chicka Boom The Mystery of Life American Recordings Unchained American III : Solitary Man American IV : The Man Comes Around Personal File American V : A Hundred Highways American VI : Ai n't No Grave Out Among the Stars Concept albums Ride This Train Blood , Sweat and Tears Bitter Tears : Ballads of the American Indian Sings the Ballads of the True West From Sea to Shining Sea America : A 200 - Year Salute in Story and Song The Johnny Cash Children 's Album The Rambler Gospel albums Hymns by Johnny Cash Hymns from the Heart The Holy Land The Gospel Road ( film soundtrack ) Sings Precious Memories A Believer Sings the Truth Believe in Him Return to the Promised Land ( video soundtrack ) My Mother 's Hymn Book Christmas albums The Christmas Spirit The Johnny Cash Family Christmas Classic Christmas Johnny Cash Country Christmas Collaborations The Lure of the Grand Canyon Carryin ' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter Johnny Cash and His Woman The Legend of Jesse James The Survivors Live Highwayman Class of ' 55 Heroes Highwayman 2 The Road Goes on Forever VH1 Storytellers Live albums At Folsom Prison At San Quentin The Johnny Cash Show På Österåker Strawberry Cake Koncert v Praze ( In Prague -- Live ) At Madison Square Garden A Concert Behind Prison Walls Non-gospel soundtracks I Walk the Line Little Fauss and Big Halsy Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 Heart of Cash Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Sunday Morning Coming Down International Superstar Five Feet High and Rising Destination Victoria Station Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 The Unissued Johnny Cash Johnny & June Tall Man Encore Biggest Hits The Man in Black 1954 -- 1958 The Man in Black 1959 -- 1962 Come Along and Ride This Train The Essential Johnny Cash ( 1992 ) Wanted Man The Man in Black 1963 -- 1969 The Man in Black -- His Greatest Hits 16 Biggest Hits Love , God , Murder The Essential Johnny Cash ( 2002 ) Unearthed The Legend The Legend of Johnny Cash Johnny Cash : Patriot 16 Biggest Hits : Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II The Complete Columbia Album Collection Songs `` 25 Minutes to Go '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Any Old Wind That Blows '' `` The Ballad of Boot Hill '' `` The Ballad of Ira Hayes '' `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' `` Big River '' `` Blistered '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' `` Busted '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` Cocaine Blues '' `` Cry ! Cry ! Cry ! '' `` Daddy Sang Bass '' `` Dark as a Dungeon '' `` Do n't Take Your Guns to Town '' `` Engine 143 '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` The Folk Singer '' `` Folsom Prison Blues '' `` Forty Shades of Green '' `` Get Rhythm '' `` Give My Love to Rose '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Greystone Chapel '' `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' `` Hey , Porter '' `` Home of the Blues '' `` Hurt '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` I Love You Because '' `` I Still Miss Someone '' `` I Walk the Line '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` In My Life '' `` In the Jailhouse Now '' `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Jackson '' `` Kate '' `` The Man Comes Around '' `` Man in Black '' `` The Matador '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' `` One Piece at a Time '' `` Oney '' `` Orange Blossom Special '' `` The One on the Right Is on the Left '' `` Remember the Alamo '' `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` Rock Island Line '' `` So Doggone Lonesome '' `` Sunday Mornin ' Comin ' Down '' `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' `` A Thing Called Love '' `` Understand Your Man '' `` What Is Truth '' `` What 'd I Say '' Television The Johnny Cash Show Family June Carter Cash John Carter Cash Rosanne Cash Carlene Carter Vivian Liberto Tommy Cash Carter Family Related Albums discography Singles discography Sun Records discography The Highwaymen Carter Family Fold Man in Black : His Own Story in His Own Words Cash : The Autobiography Johnny Cash ! The Man , His World , His Music Walk the Line We Walk the Line : A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash Ring of Fire ( 2013 film ) Ring of Fire ( musical ) My Father and the Man in Black Dyess , Arkansas The Tennessee Three Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Gonna_Cut_You_Down&oldid=801932883 '' Categories : Johnny Cash songs Moby songs Elvis Presley songs Gospel songs 1999 singles 2006 singles Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video Mute Records singles Year of song unknown Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 22 . 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-9123662177528738442 | Peripheral nervous system | Peripheral nervous system - wikipedia Peripheral nervous system Jump to : navigation , search Peripheral nervous system The human nervous system . Blue is PNS ; yellow is CNS . Identifiers Acronym ( s ) PNS TA A14. 2.00. 001 FMA 9903 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is one of the two components of the nervous system , the other part is the central nervous system ( CNS ) . The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord . The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs , essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body . Unlike the CNS , the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull , or by the blood -- brain barrier , which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries . The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system . In the somatic nervous system , the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve ( cranial nerve II ) , along with the retina . The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon . Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS . However , the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS . The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands . The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states : sympathetic and parasympathetic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Somatic nervous system 1.1. 1 Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) 1.1. 2 Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) 1.1. 3 Lumbosacral plexus ( L1 -- Co1 ) 1.2 Autonomic nervous system 1.2. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.2. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 2 Disease 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system , and the autonomic nervous system . The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control , and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscle s . The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch ( including fine touch and gross touch ) to the spinal cord and brain . The autonomic nervous system is a ' self - regulating ' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control , such as the heart rate , or the functions of the digestive system . Somatic nervous system ( edit ) See also : List of nerves of the human body The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves , and many nerves which hold both functions . In the head and neck , cranial nerve s carry somatosensory data . There are twelve cranial nerves , ten of which originate from the brainstem , and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions . The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerve s lie in the forebrain and thalamus , respectively , and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves . One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve , which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen . The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles , neither of which being exclusively in the head . For the rest of the body , spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information . These arise from the spinal cord . Usually these arise as a web ( `` plexus '' ) of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves . These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body . In humans , there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves : 8 cervical , 12 thoracic , 5 lumbar , 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal . These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to . In the cervical region , the spinal nerve roots come out above the corresponding vertebrae ( i.e. , nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1 ) . From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region , the spinal nerve roots come out below the corresponding vertebrae . It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 ( so it is called spinal nerve root C8 ) . In the lumbar and sacral region , the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina . Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) ( edit ) Further information : Cervical plexus The first 4 cervical spinal nerves , C1 through C4 , split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head . Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve , which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull . C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck , providing both sensory and motor control . These include the greater occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the back of the head , the lesser occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the area behind the ears , the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve . The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3 , C4 and C5 . It supplies the thoracic diaphragm , enabling breathing . If the spinal cord is transected above C3 , then spontaneous breathing is not possible . Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) ( edit ) Further information : Brachial plexus The last four cervical spinal nerves , C5 through C8 , and the first thoracic spinal nerve , T1 , combine to form the brachial plexus , or plexus brachialis , a tangled array of nerves , splitting , combining and recombining , to form the nerves that subserve the upper - limb and upper back . Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled , it is highly organized and predictable , with little variation between people . See brachial plexus injuries . Lumbosacral plexus ( l1 -- co1 ) ( edit ) The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves , sacral nerves , and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus , the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic . For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts : lumbar plexus sacral plexus pudendal plexus Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions . The brain and spinal cord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle , such as the heart , bladder , and other cardiac , exocrine , and endocrine related organs , by ganglionic neurons . The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation , and salivation of saliva . The autonomic nervous system is always activated , but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state . Depending on the situation , one state can overshadow the other , resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters . There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system . Located only around the digestive tract , this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches , though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body . The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system . Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) The sympathetic system is activated during a `` fight or flight '' situation in which great mental stress or physical danger is encountered . Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine , and epinephrine are released , which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle , while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival , like digestion . The systems are independent to each other , which allows activation of certain parts of the body , while others remain rested . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ( ACh ) as a mediator , the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a `` rest and digest '' state . Consequently , when the parasympathetic system dominates the body , there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion , while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease . Unlike the sympathetic system , humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system . The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation . Disease ( edit ) Main article : Peripheral neuropathy Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves , or affect the system as a whole . Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged , called a mononeuropathy . Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma , or compression . Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury . Alternatively , if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size , such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome . Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain and numbness in the thumb , index and middle finger . In peripheral neuropathy , the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means . Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes ( diabetic neuropathy ) , alcohol , heavy metals or other toxins ; some infections ; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis . Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a `` glove and stocking '' distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards , and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain . Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves , but the autonomic nervous system too ( autonomic neuropathy ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peripheral nervous system . Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system Preferential motor reinnervation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` peripheral nervous system '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Slide show : How your brain works - Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Board Review Series : Neuroanatomy , 4th Ed. , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , Maryland 2008 , p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7245 - 7 . Jump up ^ James S. White ( 21 March 2008 ) . Neuroscience . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 1 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149623 - 0 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Laight , David ( September 2013 ) . `` Overview of peripheral nervous system pharmacology '' . Nurse Prescribing . ISSN 1479 - 9189 . ^ Jump up to : Matic , Agnella Izzo ( 2014 ) . `` Introduction to the Nervous System , Part 2 : The Autonomic Nervous System and the Central Nervous System '' . AMWA Journal : American Medical Writers Association Journal ( AMWA J ) . ISSN 1075 - 6361 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Peripheral nervous system photomicrographs Peripheral Neuropathy from the US NIH Neuropathy : Causes , Symptoms and Treatments from Medical News Today Peripheral Neuropathy at the Mayo Clinic ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peripheral_nervous_system&oldid=813541119 '' Categories : Peripheral nervous system Neuroscience Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 23 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which of the following are components of the pns | [
"The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.[1] The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.[2] Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon.[3] Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS.[4] The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states: sympathetic and parasympathetic."
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"nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord"
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8355063287507426312 | Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing | Come Thou Fount of every blessing - wikipedia Come Thou Fount of every blessing Jump to : navigation , search For the album by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , see Come , Thou Fount of Every Blessing ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' Hymn Written 1757 ( 1757 ) Text by Robert Robinson Meter 8.7. 8.7 Melody by John Wyeth `` Nettleton '' `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' is a Christian hymn written by the 18th century pastor and hymnist Robert Robinson . Robert Robinson penned the words at age 22 in the year 1757 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tunes 2 Cover versions 3 Lyrics 4 Notes 5 External links Tunes ( edit ) In the United States , the hymn is usually set to an American folk tune known as `` Nettleton '' , composed by printer John Wyeth , or possibly by Asahel Nettleton . In the United Kingdom , the hymn is also often set to the tune `` Normandy '' by C Bost . The `` Nettleton '' tune is used extensively in partial or full quotation by the American composer Charles Ives , in such works as the First String Quartet and the piano quintet and song `` The Innate '' . The `` Nettleton '' tune is also quoted at the end of `` My Trundle Bed '' by Tullius C. O'Kane . A shape note song called `` Warrenton '' also has been sung with a chorus being in 4 / 4 time or 2 / 2 cut time ; to fit the text to this melody , the second half of each verse is omitted and replaced with a refrain of `` I am bound for the kingdom , will you come to glory with me ? / Hallelujah , praise the Lord ! '' Cover versions ( edit ) It has been covered by the David Crowder Band on their 1999 album All I Can Say . Christian rock band Jars of Clay has also covered the song , as well as veteran Christian artist Scott Wesley Brown . Sufjan Stevens recorded a version for his Hark ! Songs for Christmas album , which reached 122 in the US charts and is featured in the closing minutes of the season four premiere episode of Friday Night Lights . Gateway Worship performed the song on their album Living for You and added a chorus to the song , calling it `` Come Thou Fount , Come Thou King '' . It also appears on Phil Wickham 's album ' sing - a-long ' . This song is also sung by Clark Davis in the film Love Comes Softly and is a recurring background music in the film . Mumford & Sons have covered it in a small amount of their live shows . Leigh Nash has covered it in Hymns and Sacred Songs . Additionally , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir recorded this hymn as part of their album titled The Sound of Glory , and frequently sing it in their live performances . Christian punk pop band Eleventyseven covered the hymn in their Good Spells EP . Gospel recording artist Anthony Brown and group therAPy covered the first verse of the hymn in the song `` Without You '' on their sophomore album Everyday Jesus . Pop musician Adam Young posted his version on his Soundcloud page Lyrics ( edit ) This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikisource . If the section can be edited into encyclopedic content , rather than merely a copy of the source text , please do so and remove this message . Otherwise , you can help by formatting it per the Wikisource guidelines in preparation for the duplication . The lyrics , which dwell on the theme of divine grace , are based on 1 Samuel 7 : 12 , in which the prophet Samuel raises a stone as a monument , saying , `` Hitherto hath the Lord helped us '' ( KJV ) . The English transliteration of the name Samuel gives to the stone is Ebenezer , meaning Stone of Help . The unusual word Ebenezer commonly appears in hymnal presentations of the lyrics ( verse 2 ) . The original text of the hymn `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' : It has been revised and now appears in modern hymnals as the following : The following version was adapted by E. Margaret Clarkson in 1973. : The following version appears in Nazarene hymnals and those of the Holiness movement . It replaces `` wandering '' with `` yielded , '' and `` prone to wander '' with `` let me know Thee in Thy fullness ''. : Many choirs , including the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , sing it as follows , in an arrangement by Mack Wilberg . It is essentially the modern hymnal version , except that verse 2 is split into two parts and the last half of verse 3 is appended to each part to form two verses : 1 . Come , Thou Fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount , I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 1 . Come Thou Fount of every blessing Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of God 's unchanging love . 1 . Come Thou fount of every blessing Tune my heart to sing Thy grace Streams of mercy never ceasing Call for songs of loudest praise Teach me some melodious sonnet Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise His Name I 'm fixed upon it Name of God 's redeeming love . 1 . Come , Thou Fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 1 . Come , Thou Fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 2 . Sorrowing I shall be in spirit , Till released from flesh and sin , Yet from what I do inherit , Here Thy praises I 'll begin ; Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Here by Thy great help I 've come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Hither by Thy help I 'm come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . 2 . Hitherto Thy love has blessed me Thou has brought me to this place And I know Thy hand will bring me Safely home by Thy good grace Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Bought me with His precious blood . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Hither by Thy help I 'm come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Hither by Thy help I 've come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; Seal it for Thy courts above . 3 . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood ; How His kindness yet pursues me Mortal tongue can never tell , Clothed in flesh , till death shall loose me I can not proclaim it well . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let that grace now like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee : Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; Seal it for Thy courts above . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let that grace , now , like a fetter , Bind my yielded heart to Thee . Let me know Thee in Thy fullness ; Guide me by Thy mighty hand Till , transformed , in Thine own image In Thy presence I shall stand . 3 . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; Seal it for Thy courts above . 4 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . 4 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee : Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; Seal it for Thy courts above . 5 . O that day when freed from sinning , I shall see Thy lovely face ; Clothèd then in blood washed linen How I 'll sing Thy sovereign grace ; Come , my Lord , no longer tarry , Take my ransomed soul away ; Send thine angels now to carry Me to realms of endless day . This version , titled `` O Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' and attributed to Robert Robinson , is found in several shape - note hymnals of the American South . The melody is attributed to A. Nettleton : This version is found in America 's 25 Hymns Vol 2 and International 25 Favorite Hymns Volume 2 both Arranged by Don Marsh This version is found in Michael Card 's album Hymns This version is found in `` Songs of Worship and Praise , '' a new compilation of songs made by Jose T. Guerra , August 2013 . 1 . O Thou Fount of ev'ry blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me ever to adore Thee ; May I still Thy goodness prove ; While the hope of endless glory , Fills my heart with joy and love . 1 . Come , thou fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise His name I 'm fixed upon it , Name of God 's redeeming love . 1 . Come Thou Fount of every blessing Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 1 . Come , O fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing your grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above ; Praise his name -- I 'm fixed upon it ! Name of God 's redeeming love . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer : Hither by Thy help I 've come ; And I hope by Thy good pleasure Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wand'ring from the fold of God ; He to rescue me from danger Interposed His precious blood . 2 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for thy courts above . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Hither by Thy help I 'm come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . 2 . Thus far your love has blessed me , You have brought me to this place ; And I know your hand will lead me , Safely home by your good grace . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Bought me with his precious blood . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness like a fetter Bind my wand'ring heart to Thee . Never let me wander from Thee , Never leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . Gateway Worship added a chorus to the song for their album `` Living For You '' but left the verses untouched Come , Thou Fount , come , Thou King ; Come , Thou precious Prince of Peace Hear Your bride , to You we sing , Come , Thou Fount of our blessing Come , Thou Fount , come , Thou King ; Come , Thou precious Prince of Peace Hear Your bride , to You we sing , Come , Thou Fount of our blessing . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for thy courts above . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor , Daily I 'm convinced it 's true ! Let your goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to you ; Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O , take and seal it ; Seal it for your courts above . This version was written in 1758 by Robert Robinson This version is song by Thomas Miller and Bethel Music . 1 . Come , thou Fount of every blessing , tune my heart to sing thy grace ; streams of mercy , never ceasing , call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount I 'm fixed upon it mount of God 's redeeming love . 1 . Come Thou Fount of every blessing Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 2 . Here I find my greatest treasure ; hither by thy help I 've come ; and I hope , by thy good pleasure , safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , wandering from the fold of God ; he , to rescue me from danger , bought me with his precious blood . 2 . Here I raise to thee an altar ; Hither by Thy help I 'm come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . 3 . Oh , to grace how great a debtor daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let thy goodness , like a fetter , bind my wandering heart to thee : prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , prone to leave the God I love ; here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; seal it for thy courts above . 3 . I was lost in utter darkness ; ' Til You came and rescued me ; I was bound by all my sin , when Your love came and set me free . Now my soul can sing a new song , Now my heart has found a home ; Now Your grace is always with me , And I 'll never be alone . 4 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let that grace now like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Did Robert Robinson Wander as He Had Feared ? , Christian History Institute , 2006 Jump up ^ John Wyeth , biography at the Cyber Hymnal Archived 2011 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christian Worship Appendix I : Worship That Is Biblical , Reformed , and General Assembly Relevant Archived 2010 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . on Worldwide Classroom , Mark Dalbey , pcsnews.com , 2003 Jump up ^ Hymns and Psalms , Methodist Publishing House , London , 1983 , no. 517 Jump up ^ Frank Garlock , ed. ( 1997 ) . Majesty Hymns . Majesty Music . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Lyrics at the Cyber Hymnal Archived 2011 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lyrics at igracemusic.com Jump up ^ Center for Christian Music Archived 2007 - 08 - 11 at Archive.is External links ( edit ) Words , Guitar Chords , Lead Sheet Story of Hymn Asahel Nettleton : The Forgotten Evangelist , by Jim Ehrhard Link to midi file for tune ' Normandy ' Link to midi file for tune ' Nettleton ' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Thou_Fount_of_Every_Blessing&oldid=799351688 '' Categories : Copy section to Wikisource English Christian hymns Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Add links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song come thou fount of every blessing | [
"\"Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing\" is a Christian hymn written by the 18th century pastor and hymnist Robert Robinson. Robert Robinson penned the words at age 22 in the year 1757.[1]"
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"18th century pastor and hymnist Robert Robinson"
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4960332926670330050 | Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy | Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy - wikipedia Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy Jump to : navigation , search `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' Single by David Bowie & Bing Crosby from the album Bowie : The Singles Collection B - side `` Fantastic Voyage '' ( David Bowie ) Released November 27 , 1982 Format 7 `` / 12 '' single Recorded Elstree Studios , London September 11 , 1977 Genre Christmas Length 4 : 23 ( UK ) 2 : 32 ( US ) Label RCA Records BOW 12 ( UK ) RCA Records PH - 13400 ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Ian Fraser , Larry Grossman , Alan Kohan / Harry Simeone , K.K. Davis , Henry Onorati Producer ( s ) David Bowie David Bowie singles chronology `` Cat People ( Putting Out Fire ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' ( 1982 ) `` Let 's Dance '' ( 1983 ) `` Cat People ( Putting Out Fire ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' ( 1982 ) `` Let 's Dance '' ( 1983 ) 2010 US Reissue 2010 7 '' vinyl reissue by Collector 's Choice Music `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' ( sometimes titled `` The Little Drummer Boy / Peace on Earth '' ) is a Christmas song with an added counterpoint performed by David Bowie and Bing Crosby . `` The Little Drummer Boy '' is a Christmas song written in 1941 , while the `` Peace on Earth '' tune and lyrics , written by Ian Fraser , Larry Grossman , and Alan Kohan , were added to the song specially for Bowie and Crosby 's recording . The single saw commercial success upon its release in 1982 and peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . The single became one of Bowie 's best selling in his career , with total estimated sales over 400,000 in the UK alone . The song has since become a Christmas classic in the United States , Canada and United Kingdom and has been referred to by The Washington Post as `` one of the most successful duets in Christmas music history '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Release and commercial success 3 Track listing 3.1 7 `` : RCA / BOW 12 ( UK ) 4 Production credits 5 Appearances in popular culture 6 Chart performance 6.1 Certifications 7 Other versions 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Recording ( edit ) The track was recorded on September 11 , 1977 for Crosby 's television special , Bing Crosby 's Merrie Olde Christmas , which would ultimately prove to be his last . The framing device is that Bowie 's friend Hudson ( who is not seen as he is always changing ( `` He does that a lot . '' ) ) lets Bowie use his piano , and that Crosby is the poor American cousin . The intergenerational pair exchange scripted dialogue about what they each do on their respective family Christmases and on parenthood , banter about the old vis - à - vis the new and agents sliding down the chimney , and then proceed to musical subjects , with Bowie remarking that he likes old - timers such as John Lennon and Harry Nilsson ( `` You go back that far ! '' Crosby remarks , tongue in cheek ) ; Crosby had further averred , unironically , that some of contemporary music was really fine . They then sort through the sheet music on the piano , which Bowie had ostensibly come over to play , whereupon they sing `` Little Drummer Boy '' with a new counterpoint with original lyrics written for the special , `` Peace on Earth '' . Bowie 's appearance has been described as a `` surreal '' event , undertaken at a time when he was `` actively trying to normalise his career '' . He later admitted to having only appeared on the show because `` I just knew my mother liked him '' . Buz Kohan was not sure that Crosby knew who Bowie was , but Ian Fraser claimed , `` I 'm pretty sure he did . Bing was no idiot . If he did n't , his kids sure did . '' According to co-writer Ian Fraser , Bowie balked at singing `` Little Drummer Boy '' : `` I hate this song . Is there something else I could sing ? '' , Fraser recalls Bowie telling him . Fraser , along with songwriter Larry Grossman and the special 's scriptwriter , Buz Kohan , then wrote `` Peace on Earth '' as a counterpoint to `` Little Drummer Boy '' . Crosby performed `` Little Drummer Boy '' , while Bowie sang the new tune `` Peace on Earth '' , which they reportedly performed after less than an hour of rehearsal . A few days after the taping , Crosby said of Bowie , `` clean - cut kid and a real fine asset to the show . He sings well , has a great voice and reads lines well . '' Crosby died on October 14 , nearly five weeks after recording the special at Elstree Studios near London ; in the U.S. , the show aired just over a month later , on November 30 , 1977 , on CBS . In the United Kingdom , the special first aired on December 24 , 1977 on ITV . Release and commercial success ( edit ) The song was available for some years as a bootleg single backed with `` Heroes '' , which Bowie had also performed on the TV special . In 1982 , RCA Records issued the recording as an official single , complete with the dialogue , arbitrarily placing `` Fantastic Voyage '' from the Lodger album on the B - side . Bowie was unhappy with this move , which further soured his already strained relationship with RCA , and he left the label soon after . The single debuted on the UK singles chart in November 1982 , and climbed to position number three on the chart , boosted by a 12 '' picture disc release . The single proved to be one of Bowie 's fastest selling singles , having sales over 250,000 within its first month and being certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry one month after its release . The single has total estimated sales of 445,424 in the UK , giving Bowie one of his most successful singles . It has since become a perennial on British Christmas compilation albums , with the TV sequence also a regular on UK nostalgia shows . In the United States and Canada , `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' became a staple on radio stations during the Christmas season . On November 14 , 1995 , Oglio Records released a special multimedia CD single of `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' which contained both the standard full - length audio version and the full - length music video of the footage from the 1977 Christmas special accessible via CD - ROM drives . On November 9 , 2010 , Collector 's Choice Music released a 7 - inch vinyl edition of `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' on red - colored vinyl in the United States . The flip - side of the single contained a Bing Crosby / Ella Fitzgerald duet of the song `` White Christmas '' , recorded in 1953 . The single was limited to 2,000 copies . VH1 placed the duet at number forty three on its 2000 list of `` 100 Greatest Rock & Roll Moments on TV '' . The single continues to chart in the Christmas season around North America and Europe . In 1998 , the single reached a new peak of 2 on the Canadian Singles Chart . Track listing ( edit ) 7 `` : RCA / BOW 12 ( UK ) ( edit ) `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' ( David Bowie , Larry Grossman , Ian Fraser , Buz Kohan / Katherine K. Davis , Henry Onorati , Harry Simeone ) -- 4 : 23 `` Fantastic Voyage '' ( David Bowie ) -- 2 : 55 Production credits ( edit ) Producers David Bowie Musicians David Bowie : Vocals , Piano on `` Fantastic Voyage '' Bing Crosby : Vocals Uncredited session players on `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' Adrian Belew : Mandolin on `` Fantastic Voyage '' Dennis Davis : Percussion on `` Fantastic Voyage '' Tony Visconti : Backing vocals , Mandolin on `` Fantastic Voyage '' Brian Eno : Ambient drone on `` Fantastic Voyage '' Simon House : Mandolin on `` Fantastic Voyage '' Sean Mayes : Piano on `` Fantastic Voyage '' Appearances in popular culture ( edit ) In 1997 , DJ / comedian Bob Rivers included a parody entitled `` Rummy Rocker Boy '' on his album More Twisted Christmas , in which a generic heavy metal musician by the name of `` Roach '' visits a self - admitted `` simulation '' of Crosby . Craig Kilborn and Bob Mould of Hüsker Dü performed a parody of it on Comedy Central , aired as a short piece between shows during the Christmas season . In 2001 , Anthony Rapp and Everett Bradley performed the song for the compilation album Broadway Cares - Home for the Holidays . A parody version was released on the internet as a Christmas present , sung by The Monarch ( Jackson Publick ) and Doctor Girlfriend ( Doc Hammer ) , from the Adult Swim show The Venture Bros . The song stars The Monarch as David Bowie and Doctor Girlfriend as Bing Crosby . The tension and ambiguities of their relationship contribute to the performance 's consonant mirroring of the old kid - vs. - new kid on the block artifice of Bowie 's and Crosby 's `` banter . '' Aled Jones and Terry Wogan recorded a version for a CD entitled BandAged , which was released as part of the BBC Children in Need Appeal 2008 . Warner Home Music released it as a single on December 8 , 2008 , and it reached a high of number three in the UK Singles Chart . A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! parodied this duet with a song sung by Stephen Colbert and Willie Nelson . A 2009 episode of SuperNews ! parodied this song with Barack Obama and Joe Biden singing as Crosby and Bowie respectively . In a YouTube video that was released on December 18 , 2009 , internet comedians Aaron Yonda and Matt Sloan superimposed the character of Baby Cookie from the Chad Vader series onto Bowie , replacing his lines with Baby Cookie 's unique speech . In December 2010 , a number of comedians paired to perform or parody the song and video , including Jack Black and Jason Segel for College Humor ; Will Ferrell and John C. Reilly for Funny or Die ; Black again with Jimmy Fallon on the latter 's Late Night talk show ; and Paul F. Tompkins with David ' Gruber ' Allen . Michael Bublé performed a version of this song . On the podcast Hollywood Babble - On , hosts Ralph Garman and Kevin Smith sing this song each Christmas . Smith sings Crosby 's part , and Garman sings Bowie 's counterpart . Jimmy Fallon and Ricky Gervais performed a portion of the song on the December 9 , 2014 episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon during the skit `` Lip Flip '' . Fallon sang Bowie 's part with Gervais taking Crosby 's part . In 2015 on The Best Show with Tom Scharpling , host Scharpling ( as recurring puppet character Gary the Squirrel ) and associate producer Mike Lisk did a rendition , taking Bowie and Crosby 's parts respectively . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Peak position Canadian Singles Chart ( 1998 ) 2 UK Singles Chart ( 1982 ) 3 US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2003 ) 43 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) Another version was recorded by Michael Berube and Jennifer Warnes . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Farhi , Paul ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Bing and Bowie : An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sorry '' . Music Week . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` The Story Behind Bowie and Bing 's Offbeat Christmas Classic ( Video ) '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buckley , David ( 1999 ) . Strange Fascination - David Bowie : The Definitive Story . pp. 327 -- 328 . ^ Jump up to : Pegg , Nicholas ( 2000 ) . The Complete David Bowie . p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` The Accidental Classic '' . Yuleblog.us . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roy Carr & Charles Shaar Murray ( 1981 ) . Bowie : An Illustrated Record , p. 117 ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Sara ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Bing Crosby , David Bowie ' The Little Drummer Boy / Peace on Earth ' -- New Vinyl '' . AOL Radio Blog . AOLRadioBlog.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Rock & Roll Moments on TV '' . VH1 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peace On Earth / Little Drummer Boy 2010 ( with Jack Black and Jason Segel ) '' . CollegeHumor . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy with Will Ferrell & John C. Reilly from Owen Burk '' . Funnyordie.com . December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGlynn , Katla ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` WATCH : Jack Black Gets Messy Singing Carols With Jimmy Fallon '' . HuffPost . Jump up ^ `` The Pod F. Tompkast , EXTRASODE : PFT On Earth / Little Gruber Boy '' . Pft.libsyn.com/ ( Podcast ) . December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fallon `` Lip Flip 's '' With Ricky Gervais `` . NBC New York . December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- David Bowie & Bing Crosby -- Little Drummer Boy '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Little Drummer Boy in the search field and then press Enter . References ( edit ) Pegg , Nicholas , The Complete David Bowie , Reynolds & Hearn Ltd , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 903111 - 14 - 5 External links ( edit ) PhillyBurbs article on the special Performance on YouTube Venture Bros. parody ( show ) David Bowie singles 1960s `` Liza Jane '' `` I Pity the Fool '' `` You 've Got a Habit of Leaving '' `` Ca n't Help Thinking About Me '' `` Do Anything You Say '' `` I Dig Everything '' `` Rubber Band '' `` The Laughing Gnome '' `` Love You till Tuesday '' `` Space Oddity '' `` Ragazzo solo , ragazza sola '' 1970s `` The Prettiest Star '' `` Memory of a Free Festival '' `` Holy Holy '' `` Moonage Daydream '' `` Hang On to Yourself '' `` Changes '' `` Starman '' `` John , I 'm Only Dancing '' `` The Jean Genie '' `` Drive - In Saturday '' `` Time '' `` Life on Mars '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' `` Sorrow '' `` Rebel Rebel '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Suicide '' `` Diamond Dogs '' `` 1984 '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll with Me '' `` Young Americans '' `` Fame '' `` Golden Years '' `` TVC 15 '' `` Suffragette City '' `` Stay '' `` Sound and Vision '' `` Be My Wife '' `` ' Heroes ' '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Boys Keep Swinging '' `` DJ '' `` Yassassin '' `` Look Back in Anger '' `` John , I 'm Only Dancing ( Again ) '' 1980s `` Alabama Song '' `` Crystal Japan '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Fashion '' `` Scary Monsters ( And Super Creeps ) '' `` Up the Hill Backwards '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Wild Is the Wind '' `` The Drowned Girl '' `` Cat People ( Putting Out Fire ) '' `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' `` Let 's Dance '' `` China Girl '' `` Modern Love '' `` Without You '' `` White Light / White Heat '' `` Blue Jean '' `` Tonight '' `` This Is Not America '' `` Loving the Alien '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Absolute Beginners '' `` Underground '' `` As the World Falls Down '' `` Magic Dance '' `` When the Wind Blows '' `` Day - In Day - Out '' `` Time Will Crawl '' `` Never Let Me Down '' `` Under the God '' `` Heaven 's in Here '' `` Tin Machine '' / `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) '' `` Prisoner of Love '' 1990s `` Fame ' 90 '' `` You Belong in Rock n ' Roll '' `` Baby Universal '' `` One Shot '' `` Real Cool World '' `` Jump They Say '' `` Black Tie White Noise '' `` Miracle Goodnight '' `` The Buddha of Suburbia '' `` Ziggy Stardust '' `` The Hearts Filthy Lesson '' `` Strangers When We Meet '' / `` The Man Who Sold the World ( live ) '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Telling Lies '' `` Little Wonder '' `` Dead Man Walking '' `` Seven Years in Tibet '' `` Pallas Athena '' `` I 'm Afraid of Americans '' `` I Ca n't Read '' `` Without You I 'm Nothing '' `` Thursday 's Child '' `` The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell '' 2000s `` Survive '' `` Seven '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Everyone Says ' Hi ' '' `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' `` Shadow Man '' `` New Killer Star '' `` Just for One Day ( Heroes ) '' `` Never Get Old '' `` Rebel Never Gets Old '' 2010s `` Where Are We Now ? '' `` The Stars ( Are Out Tonight ) '' `` The Next Day '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Love Is Lost '' `` ' Tis a Pity She Was a Whore '' `` Sue ( Or in a Season of Crime ) '' `` Blackstar '' `` Lazarus '' `` I Ca n't Give Everything Away '' `` Life on Mars ? ( 2016 Mix ) '' Discography Book : David Bowie Book : Bowie singles and songs Category : David Bowie ( show ) Bing Crosby singles Discography 1920s `` My Blue Heaven '' ( with Paul Whiteman ) `` Ol ' Man River '' ( with Paul Whiteman ) `` Mississippi Mud '' ( with Paul Whiteman ) `` Silent Night , Holy Night '' ( with Paul Whiteman ) `` Makin ' Whoopee '' ( with Paul Whiteman ) `` Let 's Do It '' ( with Dorsey Brothers ) `` Louise '' 1930s `` Three Little Words '' ( with Duke Ellington ) `` I Surrender Dear '' ( with Gus Arnheim ) `` Just a Gigolo '' `` At Your Command '' `` Stardust '' `` Goodnight , Sweetheart '' `` Where the Blue of the Night ( Meets the Gold of the Day ) '' ( Bing 's Theme Song ) `` Waltzing in a Dream '' `` Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' `` I Do n't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You '' `` Temptation '' `` Did You Ever See a Dream Walking ? '' `` June in January '' `` Love Is Just Around the Corner '' `` I Wished on the Moon '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` Pennies from Heaven '' `` Silent Night '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Sweet Leilani '' `` Blue Hawaii '' `` Never in a Million Years '' `` My Reverie '' `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' `` God Bless America '' `` Ciribiribin ( They 're So in Love ) '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) 1940s `` Tumbling Tumbleweeds '' `` Only Forever '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Easter Parade '' `` White Christmas '' `` Moonlight Becomes You '' `` Sunday , Monday , or Always '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` Pistol Packin ' Mama '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Jingle Bells '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) `` I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' `` Swinging on a Star '' `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) `` Amor '' `` Do n't Fence Me In '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' `` If I Loved You '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' ( w / Les Paul Trio ) `` I Ca n't Begin to Tell You '' `` The Bells of St. Mary 's '' `` McNamara 's Band '' `` Get Your Kicks On Route 66 '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) `` Night and Day '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) `` Ballerina '' `` Now Is the Hour '' `` But Beautiful '' `` Careless Hands '' `` Riders in the Sky '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Dear Hearts and Gentle People '' `` Mule Train '' 1950s `` Have I Told You Lately That I Love You ? '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) `` Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy '' `` Play a Simple Melody '' ( w / Gary Crosby ) `` La Vie en rose '' `` All My Love '' `` Beyond the Reef '' `` Harbor Lights '' `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' `` A Marshmallow World '' `` Sparrow in the Treetop '' ( w / Andrews Sisters ) `` Gone Fishin ' '' ( w / Louis Armstrong ) `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' ( w / Jane Wyman ) `` The Isle of Innisfree '' `` Zing a Little Zong '' ( w / Jane Wyman ) `` Silver Bells '' ( w / Carol Richards ) `` Down by the Riverside '' ( w / Gary Crosby ) `` Young at Heart '' `` Count Your Blessings Instead of Sheep '' `` Stranger in Paradise '' `` In a Little Spanish Town '' ( w / Buddy Cole Trio ) `` True Love '' ( w / Grace Kelly ) `` Now You Has Jazz '' ( w / Louis Armstrong ) `` Well , Did You Evah ! '' ( w / Frank Sinatra ) 1970s `` That 's What Life Is All About '' `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' ( w / David Bowie ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_on_Earth/Little_Drummer_Boy&oldid=831133098 '' Categories : 1982 singles 1957 songs Bing Crosby songs David Bowie songs Vocal duets Christmas songs RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 22 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the little drummer boy bing crosby david bowie | [] | [] |
-7178377661855941272 | List of festivals in the Philippines | List of Festivals in the Philippines - wikipedia List of Festivals in the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search `` Philippine festivals '' and `` Philippine fiestas '' redirect here . For Philippine film festivals , see Film awards in the Philippines § Festivals . Part of a series on the Culture of the Philippines History ( show ) Archaeology Prehistory 900 -- 1521 1521 -- 1898 1946 -- 65 1965 -- 86 1986 -- present People Languages Traditions Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Television Radio Sport ( show ) basketball volleyball football martial arts rugby union Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Cultural properties Historical markers more Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Motto Anthem Language Flower Tree Bird Gem Sport the Philippines portal This is a list of festivals in the Philippines , known as `` fiestas '' . The origin of most early fiestas are rooted in Christianity , dating back to the Spanish colonial period when the many communities ( such as barrio s and towns ) of the predominantly Catholic Philippines almost always had a patron saint assigned to each of them . Originally encouraged by the Spanish to coincide with Christian holy days , early festivals became vital instruments in spreading Christianity throughout the country . Fiestas in the Philippines can be religious , cultural , or both . Several of these are held to honor the local Roman Catholic patron saint , to commemorate local history and culture , to promote the community 's products , or to celebrate a bountiful harvest . They can be marked by Holy Masses , processions , parades , theatrical play and reenactments , religious or cultural rituals , trade fairs , exhibits , concerts , pageants and various games and contests . Some festivals , such as Holy Week and Christmas , are declared as public holidays , and thus , are observed and celebrated nationwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . The list contains most of the oldest and well - known religious and / or cultural festivals in the country . Some fiestas may contain multiple / conflicting dates and / or place entries . January ( edit ) Name Date Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) ) Binalabal Festival Tudela , Misamis Occidental Kuraldal Festival 6 Sasmuan , Pampanga In honour of Sasmuan 's patron saint , St. Lucy Lingayen Gulf Landing Anniversary 9 Lingayen , Pangasinan Commemorates the landing of General MacArthur 's Allied Forces in Luzon in 1945 . Feast of the Black Nazarene 9 Quiapo , Manila Coconut Festival 1st to 2nd week San Pablo City , Laguna Festival lasts a week Minasa Festival 2nd week Bustos , Bulacan Batingaw Festival 13 Cabuyao City Halad Festival 3rd Sunday Midsayap , Cotabato In honour of Santo Niño Santo Niño Festival 3rd Sunday Nationwide Sinulog Festival 3rd Sunday Cebu , Cebu City ( variants in Kabankalan City , Maasin City , Balingasag Misamis Oriental , Cagayan de Oro City , Butuan City , and Southern Leyte throughout the year ) In honour of the patron of Cebu , the Santo Niño de Cebú Silmugi Festival 20 Borbon , Cebu In honour of Saint Sebastian Bayluhay Festival 3rd week San Joaquin , Iloilo Ati - Atihan Festival 3rd Sunday Kalibo , Aklan In honour of the first Borneo settlers and Santo Niño Batan Ati - Ati Malakara Festival 3rd weekend Batan , Aklan Sikhayan Festival 18 Santa Rosa City , Laguna Dugoy Festival 18 Sablayan , Occidental Mindoro Feast of San Sebastian the Martyr 20 Lumban , Laguna Longganisa Festival 22 Vigan City Celebrates Vigan becoming a city in 2001 Feast of San Ildefonso Toledo 22 -- 24 Tanay , Rizal Halamanan Festival 23 Guiguinto , Bulacan Celebrates plants , flowers and trees Pabirik Festival 23 January to 2 February Paracale , Camarines Norte Celebrates the province 's gold mining industry Dinagyang Festival 4th Sunday Iloilo City , Iloilo In honour of Santo Niño and the pact between the Datus and the locals Ibajay Ati - Ati Municipal and Devotional Fiesta 4th Sunday Ibajay , Aklan In honour of Santo Niño Kannawidan ' Ylocos ' Festival 27 January to 12 February Ilocos Sur Dinagsa Ati - Atihan Festival Last week Cadiz , Negros Occidental Hirinugyaw - Suguidanonay Festival Last week Calinog , Iloilo Santo Niño de Malolos Festival Last Sunday Malolos City Candle Festival 31 January to 2 February Candelaria , Quezon In celebration of Candlemas February ( edit ) Caracol Festival February Makati City Bambanti Festival February Isabela province Scarecrows and harvest festival World War II Anniversary 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February World War II sites Pista Sintura 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February Cotabato City Kaamulan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February ( 2nd week ) to 000000002017 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 Mar Malaybalay City , Bukidnon gathering of Bukidnon 's ethic tribes Pahimis Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February ( 2nd week ) Amadeo , Cavite Paraw Regatta Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February ( 3rd Sunday ) , ( 21 - 22 ) Iloilo City features racing events between local outriggers Kalilangan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February ( 4th week ) , ( 20 - 27 ) General Santos City Hot Air Balloon ( Clark Festival ) 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February ( early Feb . ) Clark Special Economic Zone , Pampanga annual tournament of balloonist Chinese New Year 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February ( early Feb . ) nationwide Festival of Hearts 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February ( month long ) Tanjay City The Philippine International Arts Festival ( PIAF ) 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February ( whole month ) nationwide Sumilang Festival ( Our Lady of Candelaria Feast ) 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 Feb Silang , Cavite Bicol Arts Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 Feb Legazpi City National Arts Month 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 Feb nationwide Suroy sa Surigao 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 Feb Surigao City Salakayan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 Feb Miag - ao , Iloilo Lavandero Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 Feb Mandaluyong City Pamulinawen Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 Feb , or 7 - 10 Laoag City Feast of William Dagkot Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 Feb Cabadbaran City Panranumag Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 Feb Corcuera , Romblon Simara Island Feast of Our Lady of Candles 000000002017 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 Feb Jaro , Iloilo , or Iloilo City Nuestra Señora de Candelaria The International Bamboo Organ Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 Feb Las Piñas City 10 - day series of cultural events Guling - Guling Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 Feb Paoay , Ilocos Norte Kali - Kalihan Harvest Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 Feb Salvador Benedicto , Negros Occidental Fiesta Tsinoy 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 Feb Legazpi City Utanon Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 Feb Dalaguete , Cebu Kalesa Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 7 Feb Laoag City Pagoda sa Daan & Pandangguhan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 8 Feb Pateros Fistahan 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 Feb Davao City Davao Chinese New Year 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 Feb Davao City Mandaluyong Liberation Day & Cityhood Anniversary 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 Feb Mandaluyong City Bulang - Bulang Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 Feb San Enrique , Negros Occidental Patunob Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 Feb Binuangan , Misamis Oriental Taytay Hamaka Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 Feb , or 9 - 15 Taytay , Rizal 7 - day event showcasing artistry and craftsmanship Bod - bod Kabog Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 Feb Catmon , Cebu Aquero Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 Feb Aglipay , Quirino Pabalhas sa Tablas 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 Feb Candoni , Negros Occidental Spring Festival ( Chinese Lunar New Year ) 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 Feb Iriga City Tinagba Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 Feb Iriga City ( Bicol ) harvest festival , Our Lady of Lourdes Palanyag Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 Feb Parañaque City Tiburin Horse Race 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 Feb Pasay City Pamaypay ng Caloocan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 Feb Caloocan City Sambalilo Hat Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 Feb Parañaque City Local Media Familiarization Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 Feb Cagayan de Oro City Feast Day of Santa Clara 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 Feb Pasay City Pasayaw Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 Feb Padre Burgos , Quezon Suman Festival ( Aurora Foundation Day ) 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 Feb , ( 3rd week ) Baler , Aurora Ollalion ( Ullalim ) Festival ( Kalinga Foundation Day ) 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 Feb , or 11 - 14 Tabuk City celebrates the Kalinga culture Serenata 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 Feb Pasay City Apayao Province Foundation 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 Feb Apayao Timpuyog Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 Feb Kiamba , Sarangani Menajak Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 Feb Calamba , Misamis Occidental Sorteo Grand Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 Feb ( every three years ) Carmona , Cavite Tawo -- Tawo Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 Feb Bayawan City Malasimbo Music and Arts Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 Feb Puerto Galera , Oriental Mindoro Laguimanok Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 Feb Padre Burgos Kap'yaan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 Feb Jose Abad Santos , Davao Occidental Sinacbang Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 Feb Sinacaban , Misamis Occidental Babaylan Festival ( Babaylanes ) 000000002017 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 Feb Bago City highlights the culture of the first settlers of Bago City before the Spanish colonization Dapil Festival ( Bangued Town Fiesta ) 000000002017 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 Feb Bangued , Abra Mutya ng Caraga 000000002017 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 Feb Butuan City Balsahan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 Feb Sibunag , Guimaras Asinan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 Feb San Lorenzo , Guimaras Sampaguita Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 Feb , ( 2nd week ) San Pedro City , Laguna ( in Honor of St. Peter . ) Buybuy Fest / Burgos Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 Feb Burgos , La Union Wow Araw ng Caraga 000000002017 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 Feb CARAGA ( regionwide ) Panagtitimpuyog 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 Feb Nagtipunan , Quirino Caraga Anniversary 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 Feb Caraga Mahaguyog Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 Feb to 000000002017 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 Mar Santo Tomas , Batangas celebrates the abundance of mais , halaman , gulay and niyog , and highlights General Miguel Malvar Cebu City Charter Day 000000002017 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 Feb Cebu City Sibug - Sibug Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 Feb or 17 - 26 Ipil , Zamboanga Sibugay foundation day of Zamboanga Sibugay province Caragan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 Feb Mabalacat , Pampanga Panagbenga Festival ( Baguio Flower Festival ) 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 Feb ( 4th week ) Baguio City flower festival Hil - o Hil - o Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 Feb to 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 Feb Ma - ayon , Capiz Death Anniversary of Baldomero Aguinaldo 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 Feb Kawit , Cavite Dia de Zamboanga 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 Feb Zamboanga City , or Zamboanga Sibugay Itik - Itik Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 Feb , ( last Sunday ) Pasig City native duck ( itik ) Nangkaan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 Feb Maigo , Lanao del Norte Maniambus Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 27 - 0000 27 Feb Negros Occidental ( provincewide ) Sambayan Festival 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 Feb to 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 Mar Tobias Fornier , Antique March ( edit ) Part of Holy Week Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Salubong at Ang Pasko ng Pangkabuhay ( Feast of the Resurrection ) 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March Parañaque City MAHAGUYOG Festival ( Mais , Halaman , Gulay at Niyog ) 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( 1st week ) , ( 1 - 7 ) Santo Tomas , Batangas week - long celebration of seven - day feast in honor of St. Thomas Aquinas Island Garden City of Samal Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( 1st week ) , ( 1 - 7 ) Samal , Davao del Norte week - long celebration of Samal 's founding anniversary Hinatdan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( 2nd week ) Cebu City Witches Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( Holy Week ) Siquijor Sumbrero Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( no definite date ) Biñan , Laguna Say - am Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( no definite date ) Calanasan , Apayao Payvanuvanuan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March to 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( movable ) Mahatao , Batanes Turumba 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March or 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 Apr Pakil , Laguna seven - day feast in honor of Our Lady of Sorrows Banga Anniversary Fiesta 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 Mar Banga , South Cotabato Dinagsa Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 Mar Muntinlupa City Tinikling 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 Mar Malaybalay City Araw ng Island Garden City of Samal ( IGACOS Festival ) 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 Mar Island Garden City of Samal Araw ng Tagum City 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 Mar Tagum City Parade of Festivals 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 Mar Muntinlupa City Sugbahan 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 Mar Davao City Malasimbo Music and Arts Festival -- the Mangyan Cultural Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 Mar Puerto Galera , Oriental Mindoro Pacto de Sangre ( Blood Compact of New Washington , Aklan ) 000000002017 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 Mar New Washington , Aklan Council of Balabago Reenactment 000000002017 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 Mar Culasi , Antique Manchatchatong Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 Mar Balbalan , Kalinga Puerto Princesa Foundation Day 000000002017 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 Mar Puerto Princesa City Ses'long Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 Mar T'Boli , South Cotabato Ayyoweng de Lambak ed Tadian 000000002017 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 Mar Tadian , Mountain Province Tilapia Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 Mar Braulio E. Dujali , Davao del Norte Kamayadan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 Mar Norala , South Cotabato Boling - boling Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 Mar Catanauan , Quezon Bulawan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 Mar Nabunturan , Compostela Valley Abrenian Kawayan Festival ( Abra Foundation Day ) 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 Mar Bangued , Abra formerly known as Arya ! Abra Festival ; celebrates the founding of Abra province Panagtagbo Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 Mar Tagum City Al - law ng Kalumunan 000000002017 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 Mar Nabunturan , Compostela Valley Anibina Bulawanun Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 Mar ( culmination ) Compostela Valley eight - day multi-themed annual festival Anilag Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 Mar Santa Cruz , Laguna Holistic Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 Mar Labrador , Pangasinan Bantayan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 Mar Guimbal , Iloilo Eid al - Fitr 000000002017 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 Mar , or 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 Aug Region XII ( regionwide ) Penetensiyahan 000000002017 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 Mar Rosario , Batangas Araw ng Dabaw Celebration 000000002017 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 Mar Davao City celebration of Davao 's Foundation Day as a chartered city Anao Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 Mar Anao , Tarlac Pintados de Passi Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 Mar , or 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 Mar Passi City , Iloilo history of Passi City Delfin Albano Patronal Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 Mar Delfin Albano , Isabela Sikaran Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 Mar Baras , Rizal Bacao Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 Mar Echague , Isabela Semana Santa sa Iguig Calvary Hills 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 Mar , ( Holy Week ) Iguig , Cagayan Homonhon Landing Anniversary 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 Mar Homonhon , Eastern Samar discovery of the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan Lugahait Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 Mar Lugait , Misamis Oriental Magallanes Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 Mar Guiuan , Eastern Samar Pasayaw Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 Mar Canlaon City , Negros Oriental Anitap Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 Mar Kapangan , Benguet Death Anniversary of Pres . Ramon Magsaysay 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 Mar Castillejos , Zambales Paynauen Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 Apr Iba , Zambales Banana Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar Baco , Oriental Mindoro Peñablanca Patronal Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar Peñablanca , Cagayan Diadi Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 Mar Diadi , Nueva Vizcaya Strawberry Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 Mar ( month - long ) La Trinidad , Benguet strawberries and strawberry products Soli - Soli Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 Mar San Francisco , Cebu Carabao Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar San Jose , Romblon Formerly known as Jones Tabak Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 Mar Tabaco City , Albay Baykat Festival / Aritao Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 Mar Aritao , Nueva Vizcaya Sulyog Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar Bongabong , Oriental Mindoro Barotorera Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar Gingoog City Mango Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 Mar Iba , Zambales mangoes and its by - products San Jose Fiesta 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar Compostela Valley Sinigayan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 Mar Sagay City Shell craft art Araw ng Panabo 000000002017 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 Mar Panabo City Pindangan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 Mar San Fernando City , La Union Saginyogan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 Mar Alcantara , Romblon Tablas Island Sabutan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 Mar Palanan , Isabela Kalap Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 Mar Calapan City , Oriental Mindoro Alimango Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 Mar Lala , Lanao del Norte Torugpo 000000002017 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 Mar Carigara , Leyte Malaybalay City Chartered Day 000000002017 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 Mar Malaybalay City Tabacco Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 Mar Candon City Ani Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 Mar Dingras , Ilocos Norte 19 Martyrs of Aklan 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 Mar Kalibo , Aklan Kabanhawan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 Mar Minglanilla , Cebu Salubong sa Angono 000000002017 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 Mar , ( Holy Week ) Angono , Rizal reunion of the Risen Christ with the Virgin Mary Kisi - kisi Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 Mar Negros Occidental Manok ni San Pedro Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 Mar San Pedro , Laguna Marcos Town Fiesta / Mannalon Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 Mar Marcos , Ilocos Norte Tobacco Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 Mar to 000000002017 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 Mar Candon City tobacco Katkat sa Dipolog 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 Mar to 000000002017 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 Apr Dipolog City Senakulo / Holy Week Rituals & Processions 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 Mar to 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 Apr nationwide Cuaresma 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 Mar to 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 Apr San Jose , Antique Parpaguha Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 Mar San Andres , Romblon Tablas Island Balot sa Puti Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 Mar Pateros Gawagaway - yan Kawayan Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 Mar to 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 Apr Cauayan City Malibay Cenaculo 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 Mar to 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Pasay City Bangus Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 Mar Panabo City Sinugdan ( Commemoration of the First Christian Mass ) 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 Mar Limasawa Island , Southern Leyte commemoration of the first Christian mass First Easter Mass Celebration 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 Mar Butuan City Holy Week 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March to 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April nationwide week - long event honoring Jesus Christ 's death on the Cross Moriones Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( Holy Week ) , ( Easter Sunday ) , or 000000002017 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 Apr Boac , Marinduque part of Holy Week ; commemorates Saint Longinus Centurion Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( Holy Week ) General Luna , Quezon believed to be the origin of Marinduque 's Moriones Festival Kariton Festival 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March Licab , Nueva Ecija carabao - pulled carts , thanksgiving and harvest festival Pagtaltal sa Guimaras ( Ang Pagtaltal ) 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( Good Friday ) , or 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Jordan , Guimaras procession of flagellants and devotees in biblical attire April ( edit ) Part of Holy Week Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Pantat Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( 2nd week ) Zarraga , Iloilo Manaoag Pilgrimage 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( 2nd week ) Manaoag , Pangasinan Nuestra Señora de Manaoag Lami - Lamihan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( 3rd week ) , ( 14 to 16 ) Lamitan , Basilan showcases the rich Yakan traditions Mutya ng Taguig 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( 3rd week ) Taguig City Tanduyong Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( 4th Sunday ) San Jose , Nueva Ecija harvest celebration Kamarikutan Pagdiwata Arts Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( fullmoon ) Puerto Princesa City Camote Festival / Bb . Zambales 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( movable ) Castillejos , Zambales Kinulob Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( no definite date ) Mabini , Batangas Itik Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April ( no definite date ) Victoria , Laguna Kadahoman Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Lagonoy , Camarines Sur Tugbong Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Pandan , Antique Panagabuos Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 Apr Banna , Ilocos Norte Suroy Ta 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May Davao City Fiesta Pasiklab 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May Quezon City Banana Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr La Castellana , Negros Occidental Kesong Puti Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 Apr Santa Cruz , Laguna Linggo ng Palaspas or Domingo de Ramos 000000002017 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 Apr Parañaque City Pandan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 Apr Luisiana , Laguna Summer Youth Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Zamboanga del Sur Hudas - hudas 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 Apr San Jose de Buenavista , Antique Libod - sayaw 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 Apr Bindoy , Negros Oriental Sagrada Familia Fiesta 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 Apr Laak , Compostela Valley Lenten Festival of Herbal Preparation 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr , ( Easter Saturday ) Siquijor , Siquijor Kanidugan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr Odiongan , Romblon Senakulo 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr and 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 Apr ( Maundy Thursday & Black Saturday ) Castillejos , Zambales Pilgrimage to Ermita Hill 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr ( Holy Week ) Casiguran / Baler , Aurora Semana Santa at Iguig Calvary Hills 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Iguig , Cagayan Pasko sa Kasakit ( Semana Santa sa Bantayan ) 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Bantayan , Cebu Semana Santa sa Bikol 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Calabanga , Camarines Sur Cenakulo ( Cainta , Rizal ) 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Cainta , Rizal Lenten Observance ( San Pablo City ) 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr San Pablo City , Laguna Buhing Kalbaryo 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Cebu City Semana Santa ( Dipolog City ) 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Dapitan City Katkat Sakripisyo sa 3003 Steps 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Dipolog City Live Stations of the Cross at San Carlos City 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr San Carlos City , Negros Occidental Pagtaltal in Barotac Viejo 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Barotac Viejo , Iloilo Paghukom 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Calinog , Iloilo Kapiya Display and Pasyon Singing Contest 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Santa Barbara , Iloilo Semana Santa at Dariok Hills 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Santiago City Pak'kaat Kal'lo 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Magpet , Cotabato The Subok 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 Apr Taytay and Tanay , Rizal Semana Santa at Silay City 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Silay City Flagellants & Lenten Rites 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Paombong , Bulacan Giwang - giwang 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr ( Good Friday ) Binangonan , Rizal Angeles City Lenten Rites 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr ( Good Friday ) Angeles City Lang - ay Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Bontoc , Mountain Province San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr , ( Holy Week ) San Fernando City , Pampanga Lenten Week / `` Pagpapako '' 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Baler and Casiguran , Aurora Pamalandong ha Palo 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Palo , Leyte Kalbaryo 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr La Carlota City Ang Hatol ( the Way of the Cross ) 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Cainta , Rizal Prusisyon 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Angeles City , Mabalacat , San Fernando City , Sasmuan and Betis , Pampanga Baliuag Lenten Procession 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 Apr Baliuag , Bulacan Folk Healing 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 Apr ( Black Saturday ) San Antonio , Siquijor Salubong ( Angono , Rizal ) 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Angono , Rizal Pagay - pagay Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Saguday , Quirino Allaw Ta Apo Sandawa 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 Apr Kidapawan City Sugat Kabanhawan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr , or 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March ( Holy Week ) Minglanilla , Cebu ( Feast of resurrection ) Sunduan ha Carigara 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Carigara , Leyte Sugat 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr San Carlos City Salubong ( Easter Vigil ) and Pasko ng Pagkabuhay ( Feast of the Resurrection ) 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Parañaque City Haladaya Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Daanbantayan , Cebu Sigpawan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Lemery , Batangas showcase the culture and natural resources of Lemery Malangsi Fishtival 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 Apr Bayambang , Pangasinan fish festival Dupax del Sur Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 Apr Dupax Del Sur , Nueva Vizcaya Rodeo Masbateño 000000002017 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 Apr Masbate City Panaad sa Negros 000000002017 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 Apr , or ( 2nd or 3rd week ) Bacolod City fusion of fiestas of 13 cities and 19 towns of the whole province of Negros Occidental Araw ng Kagitingan 000000002017 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 Apr Mount Samat , Bataan Turumba Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 Apr , 16 18 , 27 , 6 May , 18 , 27 Pakil , Laguna Pandan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 Apr Mapandan , Pangasinan Aliwan Fiesta 000000002017 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 Apr Pasay City Bambang Town Fiesta : `` Panggayjaya Festival '' 000000002017 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 Apr Bambang , Nueva Vizcaya Bantayog Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 Apr Camarines Norte Ana Kalang Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 Apr Nagcarlan , Laguna Easthfest Summer Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May Tagum City Bancathon sa Magnaga 000000002017 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 Apr Pantukan , Compostela Valley Hugyaw sa Kadagatan 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 Apr Kauswagan , Lanao del Norte Baybayon Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 Apr Sagñay , Camarines Sur Tampisaw Festival ( Earth Day Celebration ) 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 Apr Concepcion , Iloilo Tungoh ad Hungduan 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 Apr Hungduan , Ifugao Garlic Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 Apr Pinili , Ilocos Norte Ka - angkan 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr Marikina City Bangus Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May Dagupan City , Pangasinan Tanduyong Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 Apr San Jose del Monte , Bulacan Binongey Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 Apr Anda , Pangasinan Linubian Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 Apr ( 3rd week ) Rosario , La Union showcases harvests of the municipality Kasibu Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 Apr Kasibu , Nueva Vizcaya Alfonso Castañeda Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 Apr Alfonso Castañeda , Nueva Vizcaya Pasa - pasa Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr Monreal , Masbate Bugsayan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 Apr Santa Fe , Romblon Tablas Island Tarlac City Charter Anniversary 000000002017 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 Apr Tarlac City , Tarlac Cocowayan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Isabela , Basilan Mango - bamboo Festival and Trade Fair 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 Apr San Carlos , Pangasinan `` La Laguna '' Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 Apr Santa Cruz , Laguna Caromata Festival Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 Apr Laguindingan , Misamis Oriental Sunduan - Feast of Santa Rosa de Lima 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr ( 3rd Saturday ) Pasig City Agoo Semana Santa 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr , or ( Holy Week ) Agoo , La Union Panaad 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr , ( Holy Week ) Camiguin devotees trek to Vulkan Peak as an act of penance Senakulo ( Way of the Cross ) 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr Parañaque City Gotad ad Hingyon 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 Apr Hingyon , Ifugao Sanduguan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 Apr , or 000000002017 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 Nov Calapan , Mindoro Oriental reenacts the first contact between the natives of Mindoro and traders from China Bangkarera 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr Peñablanca , Cagayan boat - rowing race Pabasa ng Pasyon 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 Apr San Juan , Batangas Pagsalabuk Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May Dipolog City Hinugyaw sa Hinigaran Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 Apr Hinigaran , Negros Occidental Kangayedan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 Apr Pagudpud , Ilocos Norte Subic ' ay Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 Apr Subic , Zambales Gotad ad Kiangan 000000002017 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Kiangan , Ifugao Pista sa Kinaiyahan 000000002017 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 Apr Santa Cruz , Davao del Sur Pinakbet Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 Apr Santa Maria , Ilocos Sur Pista'y Dayat 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Lingayen , Pangasinan fishermen 's harvest and thanksgiving festival Sibit Sibit Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr ( last week ) Olongapo City Yagyag Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr Sibulan , Negros Oriental Karosahan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 Apr Nueva Valencia , Guimaras Araw ng Sulop 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 Apr Sulop , Davao del Sur Talabukon Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Looc , Romblon Tablas Island Panagsangal Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Baggao , Cagayan Sinabalu Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 Apr Rizal , Cagayan The Sabutan Festival and Mini-trade Fair 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 Apr Mabitac , Oriental Mindoro Imbayah Festtival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 Apr Banaue , Ifugao Baggak Summer Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr Bauang , La Union Pasalamat Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr , or 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May La Carlota City labor and thanksgiving festival Aklan Day Celebration 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Aklan Panagat `` Fish '' Tival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Estancia , Iloilo Bahag - hari Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Pinamalayan , Oriental Mindoro Balingoan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 Apr Balingoan , Misamis Oriental Liliw Gat Tayaw Tsinelas Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Liliw , Laguna Kutsitsa Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 Apr Molave , Zamboanga del Sur May Ilaoud Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Milaor , Camarines Sur Binirayan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 Apr San Jose de Buenavista and Hamtic , Antique Saknungan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr San Jose , Occidental Mindoro Kadaugan sa Mactan 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 Apr Cebu City , Cebu reenactment of the Battle of Mactan Dikit Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr Aurora , Isabela Butanding Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May Donsol , Sorsogon Indak Padurukan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 Apr San Jose , Occidental Mindoro Pandawan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 Apr Pantabangan , Nueva Ecija Tinapahan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Lemery , Batangas Dinaklisan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Currimao , Ilocos Norte Antipolo Pilgrimage 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Antipolo , Rizal Mungo Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr to 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May San Mateo , Isabela Kalipayan Festival 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr San Agustin , Romblon Bambang Patronal Town Fiesta : Saint Catherine of Sienna 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr Bambang , Nueva Vizcaya May ( edit ) Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Araquio Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May General Tinio , Nueva Ecija Martipak Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 Calumpit , Bulacan in honour for the patron saint , St. Joseph Binallay Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May Ilagan City , Isabela binallay , a type of rice cake Viva Vigan ( Binatbatan ) Festival of the Arts 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May ( 1st week ) Vigan City Sagalahang Bayan 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( 1st week ) Navotas City Pastulan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( 2nd Saturday ) San Pascual , Batangas Pasayahan sa Lucena 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( 4th week ) Lucena City Samahang Bulaklakan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( last Sunday ) Siniloan , Laguna Bangkero Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( last Sunday ) , or March Pagsanjan , Laguna decorated boats ( bancas ) Tapusan Float Parade Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( month long ) or 000000002017 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May Alitagtag , Batangas honors the Holy Cross Calauan `` Pinya '' Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( no definite date ) Calauan , Laguna Mamang - os Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( no definite date ) Tuy , Batangas Flores de Mayo ( Santacruzan ) 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May ( whole month ) nationwide commemoration of the search for the Holy Cross by Reyna Elena and her son , the emperor Constantine Davao Gulf Regatta 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May Davao Oriental Araquio of Peñaranda 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May and 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May ( 1st & 2nd Sunday ) Penaranda , Nueva Ecija Pangisraan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May Calatrava , Romblon Pahinungod Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May Calape , Bohol Gericho Laran Plantsa - Plantsa Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 Apr Laoag City Flores de Tagumeño Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May Tagum City Balangay Festival ( Balanghai ) 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May Butuan City commemorates the coming of the early migrants from Borneo and Celebes Balik - butuan 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May Butuan City Pattaraday Festival ( Araw ng Santiago ) 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May Santiago City Pasinggatan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May Taytay , Palawan Tikanlu Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May Tagudin , Ilocos Sur 100 Islands Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May Alaminos , Pangasinan Madahom Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May Caramoan , Camarines Sur Magayon Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Albay Albay 's culture , Mayon Volcano Boa - boahan `` Alinsangan '' Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May , or 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May Nabua , Camarines Sur re-enactment of the 13th - century rite of offering chains of coconut embryos ( `` boa '' ) to deities Sumakah Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Antipolo City , Rizal Pista ng Produktong Pilipino 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Subic , Olongapo City Tromba Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Baras , Rizal Sagalahan 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Malabon City Dinengdeng Festival & Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Agoo , La Union Pastores Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Gapan City Salay Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Salay , Misamis Oriental Saint Joseph the Worker Saint Joseph the Worker Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Montevista , Compostela Valley Duyog Panday 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May Cotabato City Dayaw Dalan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May Ticao Island , San Jacinto , Masbate Panagat Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May Buruanga , Aklan Salubong ( Holy Cross Festival ) 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May Alitagtag and Bauan , Batangas Sublian Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May Bauan , Batangas Luyang Dilaw Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May Marilao , Bulacan Katagman Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May , ( first week ) Oton , Iloilo highlights the historical significance of the golden mask dugout to the community Domorokdok Festival ( Dumarokdok ) 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May Botolan , Zambales Rit - ritemong Cayong Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May Sarrat , Ilocos Norte Virgen Milagrosa Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May Ilocos Norte Giving to thanks to the provincial patron of Ilocos Norte . Miss Ilocos Norte is also held in this Festival . Carabao - Carozza Race Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May Pavia , Iloilo event where carabaos ( water buffaloes ) pull decorated bamboo carts in a 400 - meter course race Bawang Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May Sinait , Ilocos Sur garlic Feast of the Holy Cross 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May Santa Cruz , Marinduque Alubijid Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May Alubijid , Misamis Oriental Santa Cruz Parochial Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May Samal , Davao del Norte Pamuhuan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May Pinamungajan , Cebu Dawa Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May Gonzaga , Cagayan Bacoor Marching Band Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May Bacoor , Cavite Sas - alliwa Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Natonin , Mountain Province Feast day of Saint Michael 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May San Miguel , Catanduanes Labig Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May Claveria , Cagayan Mantawi Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May Mandaue City Basi Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May Naguilian , La Union Jose Abad Santos Day 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May San Fernando , Pampanga Balsa Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May ( 2nd Saturday ) Lian , Batangas Summer Sports Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May ( 2nd week ) Tagum City Agawan sa Sariaya ( San Isidro Festival ) 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May Sariaya , Quezon Mayohan sa Tayabas ( San Isidro Festival ) 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May Tayabas , Quezon De Galera Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May Puerto Galera , Oriental Mindoro Mayaw - mayaw Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May Pinabacdao , Samar in honor of Our Lady of Sorrows Aramang Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May Aparri , Cagayan Kayapa Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May Kayapa , Nueva Vizcaya Kasadyawan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Magdiwang , Romblon Sibuyan Island Makalawan `` Pinya '' Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Calauan , Laguna Feast of Our Lady of Biglang Awa 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May Boac , Marinduque Saging Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May Lazi , Siquijor Palong Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May Capalonga , Camarines Norte Balwarte sa Gumaca 000000002017 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Gumaca , Quezon Paukyaban Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May Butuan City Barangay Boat Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May Aparri , Cagayan fluvial festival held in honor of Saint Peter Thelmo Villaverde Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May Villaverde , Nueva Vizcaya Mano Po San Roque Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May Valenzuela City Bariw Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Nabas , Aklan showcasing bags , mats and hats made of bariw leaves Malaybalay City Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Malaybalay City San Isidro Labrador Feast of San Isidro Labrador / Carabao Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Angono , Rizal San Isidro Labrador Arana 't Balwarte sa Gumaca ( San Isidro Festival ) 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Gumaca , Quezon Medina Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Medina , Misamis Oriental San Isidro Labrador Pahiyas Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Lucban and Sariaya , Quezon thanksgiving to San lsidro , the patron saint of farmers Pulilan Carabao Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Pulilan , Bulacan San Isidro de Labrador , the patron saint of farmers Fiesta Bicolandia Cruise `` Peñafrancia Pilgrimage '' 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May Cebu City Albay Day 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May Albay Sarakat Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May Santa Praxedes , Cagayan Araña ` t Baluarte Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Gumaca , Quezon Aringay Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May Lasam , Cagayan Manggahan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May , or 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 Apr Guimaras founding of province and its mangoes Sunduan 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Parañaque City San Isidro Festival ( Pandanan ) 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Luisiana , Laguna Feast in the Honor Saint Vincent Ferrer 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Dipolog City Onggoyan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Malimono , Surigao del Norte Sinagingan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Mendez , Cavite Panalaminan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Roxas , Palawan Kagasangan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Moalboal , Cebu San Isidro Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Digos City Tinapay Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May Cuenca , Batangas Maubanog Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May Mauban , Quezon Harana Festival ( Karantahan nin Pagranga ) 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May , or 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 Feb San Jose , Camarines Sur Pahoy - Pahoy Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May , or 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May Calbiga , Samar giant pahoy - pahoy ( scarecrows ) made of indigenous materials dancing about its streets Iikalahan / Kalanguya Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May San Nicolas , Pangasinan Gakit Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May Angadanan , Isabela Lapyahan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May San Remigio , Cebu Obando Fertility Rites 000000002017 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May Obando , Bulacan San Pascual Baylon , Santa Clara de Assisi or the Virgen de Salambao Sanggutan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May Barugo , Leyte Magdadaran Talip Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May Carasi , Dumalneg , Nueva Era , Adams , Ilocos Norte Sarangani Bay Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May Glan , Sarangani Grand Ammungan Festival : Nueva Vizcaya Day 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May Nueva Vizcaya gathering of ethnic tribes and lowland inhabitants of the province Sarung Banggi Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May Santo Domingo , Albay Farmers Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May Bacarra , Ilocos Norte Araw ng Sarangani 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May Sarangani Banwahon Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May Surigao City Malabon Foundation Day 000000002017 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May Malabon City Lubi Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May Maria , Siquijor Layag Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May Rapu - Rapu , Albay Kabasan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May Compostela Valley Lubi - lubi ( Coconut ) Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May Gingoog City Feast of Saint Rita de Cascia ( City Fiesta ) 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May Gingoog City Tabanog Festival Araw ng Balingasag 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May Balingasag , Misamis Oriental Panagyaman Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May , or 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May Bayombong , Nueva Vizcaya establishment of civil government in the province Bolibong Kingking Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May Loboc , Bohol music and dance festival of folklore and traditions Kaogma Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May to 000000002017 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May Pili , Camarines Sur Guihulugan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May Guihulngan , Negros Oriental Katang Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May Calauag , Quezon Gabii sa Kabilin 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May Cebu City Sinugboan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May Garcia Hernandez , Bohol Binuyugan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May Maitum , Sarangani Pintos Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May Bogo City , Cebu Kalayaan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May to 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun Cavite ( provincewide ) Wagayway Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May Imus , Cavite Province of Tarlac Founding Anniversary 000000002017 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May Tarlac City National Flag Day 000000002017 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May Iligan City Dapugan Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May Mabini , Compostela Valley Sagawak Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May Malalag Rosquillos Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May Liloan , Cebu Balingoan Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May Balingoan , Misamis Oriental Mammangi Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May , ( last week ) Ilagan City thanksgiving and harvest festival , honors the farmers Bagasbas Beach International Eco-arts Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May to 000000002017 - 06 - 06 - 0000 6 Jun Daet , Camarines Norte Hudyaka Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May to 000000002017 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 Jun Zamboanga del Norte Padaraw Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May Bulan , Sorsogon Halamang Dilaw Festival 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May Marilao , Bulacan pays tribute to nature June ( edit ) Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Rizal Arts Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 Jun Angono , Rizal Buklog 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 06 - 0000 6 Jun Dipolog City Linggo ng Zamboanga del Norte & `` Sardines and Mango Festival '' 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 06 - 0000 6 Jun Dipolog City Bilang - bilang Abayan Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 Jun Surigao City Sakay - sakay Abayan 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 Jun Surigao City fluvial procession Pulang - Angui Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 Jun Polangui , Albay relives the origin of the town Carrera Habagat 000000002017 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun Siargao Island , Surigao del Norte Camotes Cassava Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 Jun Tudela , Cebu ( Camotes Island ) Baragatan sa Palawan ( Foundation Day ) 000000002017 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 Jun Puerto Princesa City founding anniversary of the civil government of Palawan Lechonan sa Baroy 000000002017 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 Jun Baroy , Lanao del Norte Kuron Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 Jun Ferrol , Romblon Tablas Island . Fiesta starts June 11 and ends June 13 ( San Antonio de Padua ) Pagdayao Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun Tacloban , Leyte , Masbate thanksgiving feast Rizal Province Foundation Day 000000002017 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 Jun Rizal ( no definite venue ) Araw ng Agusan del Sur 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun Agusan del Sur Sugok - Sugok Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 Jun Bagamanoc , Catanduanes Panagsasalug Fiesta 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 Jun Maddela , Quirino La Trinidad Foundation Day 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 Jun La Trinidad , Benguet Araw ng Agusan del Norte 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 Jun Agusan del Norte Naliyagan Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 Jun Prosperidad , Agusan del Sur Araw ng Quezon 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 Jun Quezon , Bukidnon Araw ng Cotabato 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 Jun Cotabato City founding anniversary festival Independence Day 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun nationwide Bonsai Festival and Founding Anniversary of San Isidro 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 Jun San Isidro , Davao Pangapog Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 Jun Dorong Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun Digos City Gotad ad Ifugao 000000002017 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 Jun Lagawe , Ifugao Battle of Besang Pass Commemoration 000000002017 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 Jun Cervantes , Ilocos Sur Victory at Bacsil Ridge 000000002017 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 Jun San Fernando City , La Union Pinyasan ( Pineapple ) Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 Jun Camarines Norte Cagayan de Oro City Charter Day 000000002017 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 Jun Cagayan de Oro City Iligan City Charter Day 000000002017 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 Jun Iligan City Damsu Cultural Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 Jun Kiblawan Baykat Festival , Ambaguio Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun Ambaguio , Nueva Vizcaya Quezon Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 Jun Quezon , Nueva Vizcaya Regada Water Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Cavite City in honor of Saint John the Baptist San Juan Cityhood Anniversary 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 Jun San Juan City Tagnipan - on Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 Jun El Salvador , Misamis Oriental Kaimonan Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 Jun Maco , Compostela Valley White Nights Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun ( every 3rd weekend ) Davao del Norte Pabulig Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun Boston , Davao Oriental Lingganay Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 Jun Alangalang , Leyte Araw ng San Fernando Bukidnon 000000002017 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 Jun San Fernando , Bukidnon Cadang -- Cadang Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 Jun Carmen , Davao del Norte Dapitan 's Charter 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 Jun Dapitan City Pujada Bay Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun to 000000002017 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 Jul Mati , Davao Oriental Adlaw Nan Surigao 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur Rizal Day 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun Calamba , Laguna Pista ng Kalikasan 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun Palawan ( provincewide ) Saint Peter Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 Jun Sugbongcogon , Misamis Oriental Ginnamuluan Fiesta 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 Jun Cabarroguis , Quirino Pista Y Ang Kagueban 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 Jun ( 3rd week ) Puerto Princesa City `` Oyange Kaugman '' Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Polangui , Albay Pili Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Sorsogon , Sorsogon pili nut Zambulawan Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 Jun Pagadian City , Zamboanga del Sur street pageantry Balyuan Rites 000000002017 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 Jun Tacloban City Mudpack Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 Jun , or 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Murcia , Negros Occidental Payuhwan Festival : Batanes Day 000000002017 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 Jun Batanes Diwata Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 Jun San Francisco , Agusan del Sur Pagadian City Charter Day 000000002017 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 Jun Pagadian City Piat Sambali Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 Jun to 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 Jul , or ( last week ) Piat , Cagayan commemorates the Christianization of the Ytawes region of Cagayan Aggaw Nak Cagayan ( Cagayan Founding Anniversary ) 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 Jun Cagayan Calumpit `` Libad '' Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 Jun Calumpit , Bulacan Batac Charter Day & Empanada Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 Jun Batac , Ilocos Norte Birthday of Saint John the Baptist 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun various ( including San Juan City , Lian , Balayan , San Juan , Batangas , Samal , Davao del Norte , Bataan , Binuangan , Misamis Oriental , Calumpit and Obando , Bulacan ) Matagoan Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 Jun Tabuk City , Kalinga Parada ng Lechon ( Parade of Roast Pigs ) 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Balayan , Batangas Saint John the Baptist Hibok - Hibok Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Camiguin Island Saint John the Baptist Kaliguan Fluvial Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Cagwait , Surigao del Sur Feast of San Antonio de Padua 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Pila , Laguna Feast of Saint John the Baptist / Lechon Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Mindoro Oriental Araw ng Maynila 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Manila City Taong - putik Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Aliaga , Nueva Ecija Wattah Wattah Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun San Juan City Sab'uyan Festival / Feast of Saint John the Baptist 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Pola , Oriental Mindoro Lubid -- Lubid Festival and Cow Parade 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Tiaong , Quezon San Juan sa Hibok - hibok Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 Jun Camiguin ( provincewide ) Feast of Saint John the Baptist 000000002017 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 Jun San Juan , Metro Manila Ikid - ikid sa Hononganan Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 Jun Hinunangan , Southern Leyte Bituon Han Leyte Kasadyaan 000000002017 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 Jun Tacloban City Palo Palo Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 Jun Batanes Apung Iru ( Saint Peter Fluvial Festival ) 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Apalit , Pampanga in honor of Saint Peter or `` Apung Iru '' Sakay - sakay Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Jimenez , Misamis Occidental Pintados Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 Jun , or 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Tacloban , Leyte body paint Taephag Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 Jun Tagbina , Surigao del Sur Araw ng El Salvador 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 Jun El Salvador , Misamis Oriental Araw ng Maramag 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 Jun Maramag , Bukidnon Cacabyawan Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 Jun San Isidro , Davao del Norte Sirong - sirong Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 Jun to 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Cagdianao , Surigao del Norte Kalilang sa Ranao 000000002017 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 Jun to 000000002017 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 Jul , or 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 Apr to 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 Apr Marawi City , Lanao del Sur charter anniversary celebration of Marawi City Subiran Regatta 000000002017 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 Jun Tacloban City Kaniyog'n Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 Jun Brooke 's Point , Palawan Bailes de Arcos 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Makati City Biniray Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Bulalacao , Oriental Mindoro Sugbongcogontown Fiesta / Sacred Heart of Jesus 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Sugbongcogon , Misamis Oriental Sangyaw Festival of Lights Street Dance ( Parade of Lights ) and Ritual Dance Competition 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 Jun Tacloban City Feast of Patron Saint of Tacloban , the Sr. Sto . Niño De Tacloban El Capitan Kahalawan te Sebseb `` Spring Festival '' 000000002017 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 Jun Maramag , Bukidnon Naligayan Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June ( 2nd week ) Agusan del Norte features socio - cultural shows and fairs involving indigenous groups Daet Pineapple Festival 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June ( 3rd week ) , ( 15 - 24 ) Daet , Camarines Norte Pineapple , Daet 's main crop July ( edit ) Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Simbalay 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July Nabunturan , Compostela Valley Bocaue River Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July ( 1st Sunday ) Bocaue , Bulacan Krus ng Wawa or Cross of Bocaue Sagayan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July ( 1st week ) , 000000002017 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 Jul Tubod , Lanao del Norte festival with a Maranao war dance as a main event Sandugo Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July ( last week ) , or ( month - long ) Tagbilaran City , Bohol celebrates the blood compact between local chieftain Datu Sikatuna and Captain General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi Kahimoan Abayan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July ( last week ) Butuan City in honor of Santa Ana ( Saint Anne ) Syensaya Los Baños Science Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July ( no definite date yet ) Los Baños , Laguna Kalakal Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July ( no definite date yet ) Santa Maria , Laguna Sublian sa Batangas 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July to 000000002017 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 Jul Batangas City foundation day of Batangas City , revives the subli dance tradition Banana Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 Jul Tagum , Davao del Norte Feast of Our Lady of Guibang 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 Jul Gamu , Isabela Festival of Our Lady of Piat 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 Jul Piat , Cagayan Gatas ng Kalabaw Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 07 - 0000 7 Jul Cabanatuan City San Carlos Charter Anniversary 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul San Carlos , Negros Occidental Araw ng Davao del Sur , Davao del Norte , Davao Oriental 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul Digos City , Tagum City , Mati , Davao Oriental Sinugdan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul Maasin City , Southern Leyte Tanggogoan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul Digos City Kadagayaan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 Jul ( week - long ) Davao del Norte celebrates and promotes the agri - aqua industry of the province Araw ng Pasig 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 Jul Pasig City Banig Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 Jul Badian , Cebu Feast of the Holy Cross of Wawa ( Pagoda Festival ) 000000002017 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 07 - 0000 7 Jul , or 000000002017 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 Jul ( 1st Sunday ) Bocaue , Bulacan held in honor of the Holy Cross of Wawa Kahumayan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 Jul Kapatagan , Lanao del Norte Araw ng Hagonoy 000000002017 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 Jul Hagonoy , Davao del Sur Alegria de Isabela 000000002017 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 Jul Isabela , Basilan Lubid Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 12 - 0000 12 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 Jul Malilipot , Albay Hudyaka Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 12 - 0000 12 Jul Laguindingan , Misamis Oriental Tinalak Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 18 Jul Koronadal City , South Cotabato harvest celebration Sinarapan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 15 - 0000 15 Jul Buhi , Camarines Sur Subayan Keg Subanen Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 15 - 0000 15 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 Jul Ozamiz City , Misamis Occidental Cordillera Day 000000002017 - 07 - 15 - 0000 15 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 Jul Baguio City / CAR provinces S'lang Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 15 - 0000 15 Jul Malungon , Sarangani Pahinungod Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 Jul Carrascal , Surigao del Sur Binuhat Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 17 - 0000 17 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 Jul Tagum City Kinis Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 18 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul Panganiban , Catanduanes crab festival Padigosan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 Jul Digos City Busaingan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 Jul Santa Magdalena , Sorsogon Libon Paroy Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul Libon , Albay Kaliga Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 Jul Gingoog City , Misamis Oriental Birth Anniversary of Apolinario Mabini 000000002017 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 Jul Tanauan , Batangas , Batangas City Ibid Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 Jul Caibiran , Biliran Araw ng Nabunturan 000000002017 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 Jul Nabunturan , Compostela Valley Kinabayo Festival ( Battle of Covadonga ) 000000002017 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul Dapitan City re-enacting the Spanish - Moorish wars , and / or in honor of Saint James Sinulog de Tanjay Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 Jul , ( last week ) Tanjay , Negros Oriental features the origin of the old sinulog culture Buganihan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul to 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug Compostela Valley Balikcarcanmadcarlan Celebration 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 Jul Cantilan , Surigao del Sur Kadagatan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul Cortes , Surigao del Sur Panagsogod Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul Sogod , Cebu Kutoo Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul Cateel , Davao Oriental Saint James the Apostle Fiesta 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 Jul Compostela Valley Tourism Consciousness Week 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 Jul to 000000002017 - 08 - 02 - 0000 2 Aug Butuan City Pakapya - Agtike 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 Jul Socorro , Oriental Mindoro Santa Anang Banak Taguig River Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 Jul Taguig Kaumahan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 Jul Barili , Cebu Anniversary of Battle of Paye 000000002017 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 Jul Abayan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 Jul Butuan City San Ignacio de Loyola Fiesta 000000002017 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 Jul Monkayo , Compostela Valley Salagaan Festival 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 Jul to 000000002017 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 Jul August ( edit ) Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Raja Baguinda Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August ( 2nd week ) Jolo , Sulu arrival of Raja Baguinda who is credited of spreading the Islam faith to the Sultanate of Sulu Aurora Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August ( last Sunday of Aug. to 1st week of Sept . ) Tanjay , Negros Oriental features evening novenas which culminate in a nocturnal fluvial procession at the Tanjay River Guiling -- Guiling Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August ( no definite date yet ) Siniloan , Laguna Celebration of Buwan ng Wika 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August ( no definite date ) Batangas City Durian Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August to 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September Tagum City Ramadan 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August Sal - lupongan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 Aug New Bataan , Compostela Valley City of Valencia Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 Aug Valencia , Bukidnon Cabibi Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 Aug Lal - lo , Cagayan Padagyaw Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 Aug Dumarao , Capiz Pangapog Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 07 - 0000 7 Aug Island Garden City of Samal thanksgiving festival for a bountiful harvest highlighting the culture of the Samal Almasiga Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 Aug Governor Generoso , Davao Oriental Udyakan sa Kabankalan / Charter Anniversary 000000002017 - 08 - 02 - 0000 2 Aug Kabankalan City , Negros Occidental Adlaw Hong Butuan 000000002017 - 08 - 02 - 0000 2 Aug Butuan City Palagsing Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 02 - 0000 2 Aug Butuan City Santa Clara Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 Aug Tigaon , Camarines Sur Palu - Palo Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 04 - 0000 4 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 Aug Basco , Batanes cultural presentation showing the life of the Ivatans Bayombong Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 Aug Bayombong , Nueva Vizcaya Marang Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 Aug Las Nieves , Agusan del Norte harvest festival of the fruit marang El Salvador Fiesta 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 Aug El Salvador , Misamis Oriental Feast of Our Lady of Snows 000000002017 - 08 - 05 - 0000 5 Aug Himamaylan City , Negros Occidental Pagpasidungog Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 06 - 0000 6 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 Aug Panitan , Capiz Mercedes Fishtival ( Mercedes Kadagatan Festival ) 000000002017 - 08 - 06 - 0000 6 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 11 - 0000 11 Aug Mercedes , Camarines Norte thanksgiving festival by local fishermen Nalupon Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 8 Aug Lupon , Davao Oriental Fruit Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 11 - 0000 11 Aug Kidapawan City Bonga Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 Aug Sibonga , Cebu a form of prayer to the town 's patron saints for progress and a bountiful harvest Maliputo Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 Aug San Nicolas , Batangas Ajonay Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 Aug Maasin City Mardi Gras - like festival depicting local culture Cordova Dinagat Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 16 - 0000 16 Aug Cordova , Cebu fishing rituals Pav - vurulun Afi Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 Aug Tuguegarao , Cagayan Araw ng Cabanglasan 000000002017 - 08 - 11 - 0000 11 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 Aug Cabanglasan , Bukidnon Kaadlawan Han Samar 000000002017 - 08 - 11 - 0000 11 Aug Catbalogan , Samar Kaahaan Festival ( Araw ng Kinoguitan ) 000000002017 - 08 - 11 - 0000 11 Aug Kinoguitan , Misamis Oriental Santones Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 16 - 0000 16 Aug Liliw , Laguna Arandurugan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 Aug Guinobatan , Albay Pangasinan Bamboo Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 Aug Calasiao and Santa Barbara , Pangasinan festival showcasing bamboo products Pasigarbo sa Sugbo 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 Aug to ( 2nd Saturday ) Cebu City Paray Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 Aug Viga , Catanduanes rice festival Araw ng Tayabas 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 Aug Tayabas , Quezon Kalubihan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 Aug Jordan , Guimaras Kalibongan Festival ( Horse Fight & Blood Compact ) 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 Aug , or 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 Aug Kidapawan City , Cotabato gathering of Mindanao ethnolinguistic groups Pasaka Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 Aug Tanauan , Leyte in honor of Our Lady of Assumption Caro - tao Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 Aug Mawab , Compostela Valley Coron Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 Aug Tiwi , Albay Kaumahan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 Aug Opol , Misamis Oriental Feast of Our Lady of the Assumption 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 Aug Boac , Marinduque Sirong Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 Aug Cantilan , Surigao del Sur Sumayajaw Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 Aug Jabonga , Agusan del Norte Lubi - Lubi ( Coconut ) Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 15 Aug Calubian , Leyte in honor of Our Lady of Fatima and Saint Roque Kumbira 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 Aug or 000000002017 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 Aug Cagayan de Oro City culinary food show and competition Sundayag 000000002017 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 Aug Cagayan de Oro City Lumin - awa Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 Aug Lubuagan , Kalinga Araw ng Alubijid ( Diyandihan Festival ) 000000002017 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 Aug Alubijid , Misamis Oriental Gigantes Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 Aug Lucban , Quezon ( giants ) Buyogan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 Aug or 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 Aug Abuyog , Leyte Bees ( buyog ) Quezon Day / Angono Day 000000002017 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 Aug Angono , Rizal Coco Sabutan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 Aug Baler , Aurora Manuel Luis Quezon Birth Anniversary 000000002017 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 Aug Quezon City Kadayawan sa Dabaw 000000002017 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 24 Aug , ( 3rd week ) Davao City thanksgiving festival and a tribute to its indigenous peoples Bankaton 000000002017 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 Aug Lavezares , Northern Samar annual boat racing contest celebrating the feast of Nuestra Senora de Salvacion Pilgrimage to Joroan 000000002017 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 Aug Tiwi , Albay Sabutan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 Aug San Luis , Aurora Anniversary of Cry of Pugadlawin 000000002017 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 Aug Quezon City Manaragat Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 Aug Catbalogan City Pasa - pasa Ikaw Festivak 000000002017 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 Aug Pasacao , Camarines Sur Tsinelas Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 Aug Gapan , Nueva Ecija Iloilo City Charter Day 000000002017 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 Aug Iloilo City Kagayhaan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 Aug Cagayan de Oro City Daragang Magayon Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 Aug to 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Daraga , Albay Alcala Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 Aug Alcala , Cagayan Higa - onon Dance Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 Aug Cagayan de Oro City Madyaw , Hugyaw Samal Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 Aug ( every last weekend ) Davao del Norte Jinawa Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 Aug Gigaquit , Surigao del Norte Bahandi Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 Aug Alcantara , Cebu Cagayan de Oro Golden Float Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 Aug Cagayan de Oro Native `` Manok '' Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 Aug Panabo City Lambagohan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 Aug Cagayan de Oro Paladong Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 Aug Hinatuan , Surigao del Sur Kalumunan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 Aug San Agustin , Surigao del Sur Kagay - an Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 Aug Cagayan de Oro City Kariyawan Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 Aug 28 to 000000002017 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 Sep Monkayo , Compostela Valley Tilaw sa Pagkaong Nan Surigaonon Food Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 Aug to 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 Aug Surigao City National Heroes Day 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 Aug San Carlos City , Negros Occidental Nagsabado Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 Aug Pasig City Local Heroes Day Celebration 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 Aug Pateros Siloy Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 Aug Alcoy , Cebu Mandaue Charter Day Celebration 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 Aug Mandaue , Cebu Turumba 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 Aug Teresa , Rizal Battle of Pinaglabanan Commemoration 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 Aug Pinaglabanan Shrine , City of San Juan Araw ng Pinaglabanan 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 Aug , or 000000002017 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 Mar San Juan City Karomata Festival 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 Aug to 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep Trinidad , Bohol Birth Anniversary of Pres . Ramon Magsaysay 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 Aug Iba , Zambales September ( edit ) Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Hinirugyaw Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Cabatuan , Iloilo Diyandi Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep to 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 Oct Iligan City ( in Honor of St. Michael the Archangel : the Patron Saint of Iligan City ) Hin - ay Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep Bicol Food Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 Sep Naga City , Camarines Sur festival of Bicol cuisine Tinu - om Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 Sep ( 1st week ) Cabatuan , Iloilo Sarakiki Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Calbayog City features street dancers dressed as cocks Hadang Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Calbayog City Feast of Nuestra Señora del Buensuceso 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 Sep Parañaque City Handuraw Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep Leon , Iloilo Baguio Charter Day / Baguio Tourism Month 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep Baguio City Hinugyaw Festival / Cotabato Province Foundation Anniversary 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 Sep Kidapawan City Victory Day 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 Sep Kiangan , Ifugao Unang Sigaw ng Nueva Ecija 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 Sep Palayan City Tuna Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 Sep General Santos City tuna Sinab'badan Tribal Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 Sep Santa Cruz , Davao del Sur Buyloganay Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Ivisan , Capiz Am - among Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 Sep Bontoc , Mountain Province Busig - on Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Labo , Camarines Norte Sipong Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 Sep Bais City , Negros Oriental Padul - ong Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 Sep Borongan City , Eastern Samar Kawayan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 Sep Maragondon , Cavite Kinaiyahan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 Sep Dauin , Negros Oriental Karatong Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 Sep Dulag , Leyte Taal Lake Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Taal Lake Tambobo Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Ajuy , Iloilo Minuluan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Talisay City , Negros Occidental Panagdadapun Festival ( Araw ng Quirino ) 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Cabarroguis , Quirino Linggo ng Bulakan 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 Sep Malolos , Bulacan Singkaban Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 Sep Malolos , Bulacan highlights the history , culture and tradition of Bulacan province Anniversary of the Canonical Coronation of the Virgen de Los Remedios 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Angeles City and San Fernando , Pampanga Araw ng Digos 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Digos City Pista Kadig'garan 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Digos City World Heritage Cities Solidarity Day 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 Sep Vigan City Sadawan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 Sep Banton , Romblon Formerly known as Imelda Flomolok Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 Sep Polomolok , South Cotabato Kasadyaan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 Sep Tupi , South Cotabato Bonok - Bonok Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 Sep Surigao City Surigao culture Parada ng Kakanin / Festival of Nuestra Señora de Aranzazzu 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 Sep San Mateo , Rizal Tambanipa 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 Sep Cagayan de Oro City Sayaw Lahi Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Naujan , Oriental Mindoro Surigao City Fiesta ( San Nicolas de Tolentino ) 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Surigao City Banhayan Festival / Feast of San Nicolas de Tolentino 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Muntinlupa City Langaran Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Plaridel , Misamis Occidental Beachurero Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 Sep Tacloban City Bansaulog Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 Sep Bansalan , Davao del Sur Anniversary -- Battle of Pulang Lupa 000000002017 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 Sep Torrijos , Marinduque Kapakyanan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 Sep Victoria , Oriental Mindoro Golden Harvest Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 Sep Valencia , Bukidnon rice and corn festival Feast of the Triumph of the Cross 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 Sep San Jose , Tarlac Bansalan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 Sep Bansalan Bislig City Charter Day 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 Sep Bislig City Voyadores Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 Sep Daraga , Albay Bungag Dagtabinal Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 Sep Aloran , Misamis Occidental Bañamos Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 Sep Los Banos , Laguna Peñafrancia Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 Sep Naga City , Camarines Sur features a novena or 9 days of devotion Galaan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 Sep Don Victoriano Chiongbian , Misamis Occidental Araw ng Siquijor with Solili 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 Sep , ( 3rd week ) Siquijor , Siquijor Peñafrancia Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 Sep ( 3rd Sunday ) Cotabato City Karansa Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 Sep ( 3rd Sunday ) Danao City , Cebu Kabuhian Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 Sep ( 3rd Sunday ) Ronda , Cebu Talakudong Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 Sep Tacurong City Araw ng Bansalan 000000002017 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 Sep Bansalan , Davao del Sur Binulig Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 Sep Panabo City Sinawug Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 Sep Asuncion , Davao del Norte Pasalamat Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 Sep Dao , Capiz Negros Occidental Provincial Tourism Week 000000002017 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 Sep Negros Occidental Coco Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 Sep Sanchez Mira , Cagayan Pagpakanaug 000000002017 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 Sep Iligan City Araw ng Asuncion 000000002017 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 Sep Asuncion , Davao del Norte Semana Sang Turismo ( Silay Tourism Week ) 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 Sep Silay City Patabang Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 Sep Tapaz , Capiz Burdang Lumban Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 Sep Lumban , Laguna Ma - tzu Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 Sep San Fernando , La Union celebration by Chinese devotees of the miraculous Virgin of Caysasay or Ma - Tzu -- a Chinese deity of the Sung Dynasty Dumalondong Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 Sep Esperanza , Agusan del Sur tribal rituals Sambuklod Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 Sep ( last Sunday ) San Jose del Monte , Bulacan Anihan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 Sep Dueñas , Iloilo Drum and Bugle Corp Competition 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 Sep Nasipit , Agusan del Norte Heritage Tour -- Lakbay Malabon 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 Sep Malabon City Agal - Agal Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 Sep Tawi - Tawi seaweeds Nuang Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 Sep San Agustin , Isabela Megayon Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 Sep Zamboanga del Sur thanksgiving festival Birth Anniversary of General Miguel Malvar 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 Sep Santo Tomas , Batangas hometown of Gen. Miguel Carpio Malvar Birth Anniversary of Gen. Miguel Malvar 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 Sep Batangas City Anihan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 Sep Lobo , Batangas Ms. Iligan City 000000002017 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 Sep Iligan City Bathan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep San Miguel , Leyte Passini Kat Aborlan 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep to 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct Aborlan , Palawan Djanggo Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep Gattaran , Cagayan commemorates centuries - old religious and cultural tradition based on the life of St. Michael Banigan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep Basey , Samar Balangiga Anniversary 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep Balangiga , Eastern Samar Pagay Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep Alicia , Isabela Komedya de San Miguel 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep Iligan City Pitlagong Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep Argao , Cebu Kaplag Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep Mahaplag , Leyte Kialegnon Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 Sep to 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 Sep Magsaysay , Davao del Sur weeklong celebration of the town 's culture , harvest festival D'Dalaylay Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep Jalajala , Rizal Dalit Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep , or 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 Sep Tangub City showcases local rituals , dances , and way of life Banigan - Kawayan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep Basey , Samar celebrates the banig and the kawayan crafts industry Angel Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep San Rafael , Bulacan Pangalipay Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep Magsaysay , Palawan Lapay Bantigue Dance Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep Masbate City Sinu - og Estokada Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 Sep Jagna , Bohol Feast of Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia ( Peñafrancia Viva La Virgen ) 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September ( 3rd Saturday ) Naga City , Camarines Sur Lady of Peñafrancia T'boli Tribal Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September ( 3rd week ) South Cotabato a gathering of the major ethnolinguistic groups in the province Tumandok Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September ( 3rd week ) Iloilo City Kabankalan City Tourism Week 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September ( 4th week ) Kabankalan City , Negros Occidental Kalivungan Festival 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September North Cotabato celebration of intertribal harmony and thanksgiving festival October ( edit ) Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Parau Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 Oct Pilar , Sorsogon Talulot Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 Oct Pasay City Tuao Patronal Fiesta 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 Oct Tuao , Cagayan Paruyan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 Oct Talisay , Camarines Norte Pasinayaan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 Oct Hagonoy , Davao del Sur Unod Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 Oct Castilla , Sorsogon Mambulawan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 Oct Jose Panganiban , Camarines Norte Hudyaka sa Plaza 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 Oct Montevista , Compostela Valley Pista ng Gubat 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct Pandan , Antique Kawayanan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct Gloria , Oriental Mindoro Dilaab Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 Oct Siquijor Kariton Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 Oct Tupi , South Cotabato Kinilaw Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 Oct Surigao City Feast of Our Lady of La Naval 000000002017 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 Oct Quezon City Pista ng Batampasig 000000002017 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 Oct to 000000002017 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 Nov Pasig City Sinanggiyaw Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 Oct Dumanjug , Cebu Pagoda Festival ( Feast of Saint Francis of Assissi ) 000000002017 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 Oct Cardona , Rizal Kidapawan City Fruit Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 Oct , or 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August ( 2nd week ) Kidapawan City La Torre Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 06 - 0000 6 Oct Cardona , Rizal Harana sa Makati 000000002017 - 10 - 06 - 0000 6 Oct Makati City Pagbiagan Festival / Baggat Dekat Festival and Solano Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 Oct Solano , Nueva Vizcaya Feast of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 Oct Dipolog City Bagabag Town Fiesta 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 Oct Bagabag , Nueva Vizcaya Eggstravaganza Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 Oct ( 2nd Friday ) San Jose , Batangas Malampaya Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 Oct Taytay , Palawan Bagius Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 Oct Angeles City Lubi - lubi Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 Oct Glan , Sarangani Charter Anniversary of Koronadal City 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 Oct Koronadal City Zamboanga Hermosa Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 Oct Zamboanga City ( in honor of Our Lady of the Pillar ( Nuestra Senora del Pilar Zaragosa ) ) Kasanggayahan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 Oct , or 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 Oct Sorsogon , Sorsogon foundation anniversary of Sorsogon Ting'udo Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 Oct Makilala , Cotabato fruit harvest festival Karakol Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 Oct Mamburao , Occidental Mindoro Kanduli Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 Oct Lutayan , Sultan Kudarat Kaimonan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 Oct Tagum City Feast of La Naval 000000002017 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 Oct , ( 2nd Sunday ) Quezon City and Angeles City image of the Virgin is paraded around the city , victory at sea against the Dutch in 1646 Kaaldawan Iraya 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 Oct Puerto Galera , Oriental Mindoro Feast of Nuestra Señora del Pilar 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 Oct Mamburao , Occidental Mindoro Buglasan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 Oct Dumaguete City , Negros Oriental Inug - og Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 Oct , or 000000002017 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 Oct Oroquieta City in honor of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary Octubafest 000000002017 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 Oct Tacloban City Lisagan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 Oct ( 3rd Saturday ) Magallanes , Agusan del Norte Inasal / Halad Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 Oct Talisay , Cebu Sagingan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 Oct , Tubod , Lanao del Norte in honor of San Isidro Labrador Lanzones Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 Oct ( 3rd week ) , or ( 4th week ) Mambajao , Camiguin celebrates the abundance of lanzones fruit Pamugu - an Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 Oct Mansalay , Oriental Mindoro Pinili Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 Oct Pili , Camarines Sur Calbayog Grand Karakol 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 Oct Calbayog City religious celebration of thanksgiving of devotees of San Rafael Rahugan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 Oct Basud , Camarines Norte Musa Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 Oct Kapalong , Davao del Norte Tugob Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 Oct Ormoc City thanksgiving festival for the bounty of the city Enchanting Balete Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 Oct ( culmination ) Balete , Aklan emphasizes the culture and traditions of Balete townsfolk Leyte Gulf Landing Anniversary 000000002017 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 Oct Dulag and Palo , Leyte Cave Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 Oct Laak , Compostela Valley Binalayan ( Binangonan sa Lawa at Kawayan ) Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 Oct Binangonan , Rizal showcases bamboo products and other marine merchandises Sunggod to Kumanga Tribal Inter-community Solidarity Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 Oct Panabo City Coffee Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 Oct Lipa City , Batangas Catadungan Festival ( Padayaw ) 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 Oct Virac , Catanduanes commemorates the province 's independence from Albay Apo Iraya Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 Oct Abra de Ilog , Occidental Mindoro Sambuokan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 Oct Mati City , Davao Oriental Pakaradjan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 Oct Tagum City Haw - as Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 Oct Dumangas , Iloilo Battle of Surigao Strait Commemoration 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 Oct Surigao City , Surigao del Norte Banayan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 Oct Banaybanay , Davao Oriental Niyogan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 Oct Baganga , Davao Oriental Kalibulongan 000000002017 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 Oct Talaingod , Davao del Norte Aeta Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 Oct Botolan , Zambales Kahimonan Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 Oct Laak , Compostela Valley Aswang Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 Oct Roxas City defunct Hinugyaw sa Anilao 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 Oct Anilao , Iloilo Apo Fiesta 000000002017 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 Oct Angeles City Halaran Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( 1st week ) Roxas City highlights the history and culture of Capizenos during pre-Hispanic times Universal Children 's Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( 1st week ) Dapitan City involves children of locals , dressed in costumes of UN member countries , parading around the city Tingguian Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( 1st week ) Bangued , Abra Pyestang Tugak ( Frog Festival ) 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( 1st week ) San Fernando City Ibalong Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( 2nd week ) , ( 6 - 12 ) Legazpi City Bicol 's early history MassKara Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( 2nd week ) , 16 - 19 ( 3rd week ) Bacolod City Mask - making Megayon Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( 3rd week ) Tigbao , Zamboanga del Sur harvest festival Fiestang Kuliat ( Tigtigan , Terakan Keng Dalan ) 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( last week ) , 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 Oct to 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 Oct Angeles City , Pampanga Calacatchara Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( no definite date ) Calaca , Batangas Tinapa Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( no definite date ) Rosario , Cavite Tamaraw Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October ( no definite date ) Occidental Mindoro ( provincewide ) La Naval Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October nationwide Raniag Twilight Festival 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October Vigan City part of the local people 's tradition of giving light to the spirits of departed loved ones November ( edit ) Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) Festival of Lights 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 Nov Sagada , Mountain Province Banaag Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 Nov Anilao , Iloilo Tumba Festival ( Candle Festival ) 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 Nov San Luis , Batangas Pintaflores Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 Nov San Carlos City , Negros Occidental festival marked by a street dancing , ( in honor of Saint Charles Borromeo ) San Carlos City Fiesta 000000002017 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 Nov San Carlos City , Negros Occidental Kansilay Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 Nov Angono Arts Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 Nov Angono , Rizal Negros Day 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 Nov Negros Occidental El Cinco de Noviembre / Kansilay Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 Nov Bago City , Negros Occidental Helobong Festival ( Helubong ) 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 Nov ( 2nd week ) Lake Sebu , South Cotabato Sandurot Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 Nov Dumaguete City , Negros Oriental Visayas - Mindanao Drum and Bugle Corps 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 Nov Mindanao area / Cagayan de Oro City Taw - anay Gugma 000000002017 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 Nov Dumalag , Capiz Kalag - Kalag Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 Nov Cebu City Pandag - kitab Oriental Mindoro 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 Nov Calapan City provincial festival Founding Anniversary of Occidental Mindoro 000000002017 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 Nov Mamburao , Occidental Mindoro La Union Surfing Invitational / Surfing Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 Nov San Juan , La Union Kahilwayan Festival / Cry of Santa Barbara 000000002017 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 Nov Santa Barbara , Iloilo Urukay Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 Nov Anini - y , Antique Baguio Arts Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 Nov Baguio City Inilusan 000000002017 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 Nov Mambusao , Capiz Lapu - lapu City Fiesta 000000002017 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 Nov Lapu - lapu City Kalimudan Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 Nov Isulan , Sultan Kudarat tribal fiesta Higantes Festival ( Feast of San Clemente ) 000000002017 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 Nov Angono , Rizal marked by giant papier mache effigies , ( in honor of Saint Clement ) Guinakit of Maguindanao 000000002017 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 Nov Rio Grande de Mindanao boat parade Cordillera Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 Nov Baguio City Kabkaban Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 Nov Carcar , Cebu Benguet Foundation Day 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 Nov Benguet Santa Ipon Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 Nov to 000000002017 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 Dec Santa , Ilocos Sur thanksgiving celebration highlighted by the catching of the ipon Feast of Santa Catalina 000000002017 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 Nov Mansalay , Oriental Mindoro Panangedayew 000000002017 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 Nov Dagupan City Feast of the Immaculate Conception 000000002017 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 Nov to 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec Puerto Princesa City Day - ang Di Onga Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 Nov Baguio City features young Cordillerans in a day - long event to `` celebrate life '' Annual Pinatubo Trek ( A March to Peace Tranquility ) 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 Nov Capas , Tarlac Adivay 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 Nov La Trinidad , Benguet celebration of culture and tradition of Benguet ethnic tribes P'yagsawitan Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November ( 3rd week ) , 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 Nov to 000000002017 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 Nov Maragusan , Compostela Valley involves performances by indigenous groups of the area , and harvest - related thanksgiving rituals Kawayanan Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November ( 3rd week ) Pagadian , Zamboanga del Sur celebrates the versatility of the Bamboo plant Binabayani Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November ( last week ) Olongapo , Zambales re-enacts the war between the Aetas and the Christians through dance Crown Festival 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November ( third week ) Taytay , Rizal Tan - Ok ni Ilocano Festival of Festivals 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November ( third week ) Ilocos Norte A festival wherein the municipalities and cities of the provinces showcases their our tradition and cultures. The pride of Ilocanos . Pas'ungko s'g Mis Occ November ( month - long ) Misamis Occidental December ( edit ) Part of Christmas Name Date range Location Notes ( commemoration / main attraction ( s ) SumBingTik ( Suman , Bibingka , Latik ) Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec Cainta , Rizal Luglugan - Pancit Malabon Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 Dec Malabon City Rimat ti Amianan 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 Dec San Fernando City , La Union Kamundagan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec Naga City , Camarines Sur Sinukwan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 Dec San Fernando City Hugyawan Dalansayaw 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 Dec Dumaguete City , Negros Oriental Pasigahan sa Balingasag 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec to 000000002017 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 Jan Balingasag , Misamis Oriental Galicayo Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 Dec Manaoag , Pangasinan Kabakahan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 Dec Padre Garcia , Batangas Kalamay Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 Dec San Enrique , Iloilo Fiesta de Los Toros 000000002017 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 Dec Nasugbu , Batangas Yugyugan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 Dec Pagsanjan , Laguna Sinadya sa Halara Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec Roxas City , Capiz thanksgiving festival Paskuhan sa Maraykit 000000002017 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 Dec ( 1st Saturday ) San Juan , Batangas Christmas Symbols Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 Dec Tangub City Pag - alad Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec San Fernando , Romblon Pagoda and Caracol ( Fluvial Parade ) 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 Dec Malabon City Rungawan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec Concepcion , Romblon Sibale Island Hinugyawan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec Santa Maria , Romblon Tablas Island Fluvial Procession at Taal 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 Dec Taal , Batangas Tag - anitohan 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 Dec Tudela , Cebu ( Camotes Island ) Rehiyon - Rehiyon 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec Marikina City Immaculate Conception Day 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec Cotabato City Feast of Immaculate Conception ( Burunyugan ) 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec Puerto Princesa City San Teodoro Day and Immaculate Conception Feast 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec San Teodoro , Oriental Mindoro Coco Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec San Teodoro , Oriental Mindoro Adyawan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 Dec San Teodoro , Oriental Mindoro Bonggahan sa Valencia 000000002017 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 Dec Valencia City , Bukidnon Pampanga Day 000000002017 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 Dec San Fernando , Pampanga Kasadyaan Festival ( Mardi Gras ) 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 Dec Dumaguete City , Negros Oriental Parayan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 Dec Pototan , Iloilo Festival of Lights & Music 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 Dec La Carlota City Pastores Bicol 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 Dec Legazpi City Lambayok Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 Dec San Juan , Batangas Bod - bod Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 Dec Tanjay City , Negros Oriental San Fernando Giant Lantern Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 Dec , or ( month long ) San Fernando , Pampanga Christmas lanterns Kanyong Kawayan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 Dec Kidapawan City Shariff Kabunsuan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 Dec Cotabato City / Maguindanao Pantatan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 Dec Zarraga , Iloilo Lantern Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec Bacolod City Misa de Gallo 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 Dec nationwide Iwag Christmas Lights Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec Pototan , Iloilo Sorsogon Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 Dec Sorsogon City Palupok Bayong Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 Dec Santa Barbara , Iloilo Tultugan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 Dec Maasin , Iloilo Araw ng Montalban / Pamitinan Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 Dec Rodriguez , Rizal Christmas Food Street Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 Dec Cebu City Maytinis Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 Dec Kawit , Cavite Kanyon - kanyon Festival ( Patunog - tunog Kanyon sa New Year ) 000000002017 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec Santa Barbara , Iloilo Pasidungog 000000002017 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec San Miguel , Iloilo Puto Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 Dec Calasiao , Pangasinan Idioc Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 Dec Cajidiocan , Romblon Sibuyan Island Handuraw Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec Dapitan City Kaliugyon Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 Dec to 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 Jan Libacao , Aklan Pawil Dagupan 000000002017 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec Dagupan City Niños Inosentes Day ( Yawa - yawa Festival ) 000000002017 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 Dec Ibajay , Aklan Horse Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 Dec to 000000002017 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 Dec Plaridel , Bulacan Rizal 's Death Anniversary 000000002017 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 Dec Dapitan City Torotot Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec to 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 Jan Davao City Pakalog sa Pasig 000000002017 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 Dec Pasig City Kaluskos Bamboo Arch Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December ( month long ) Cardona , Rizal Damili Festival 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December ( month long ) San Nicolas , Ilocos Norte Give thanks to its patron ( St Nicholas ) and the art of pottery Sanghiyang Festival Alfonso , Cavite World Costume Festival Vigan City international event Buntal Hat Festival Baliuag , Bulacan buntal hat weaving See also ( edit ) Christmas in the Philippines Holy Week in the Philippines Film festivals in the Philippines Music festivals in the Philippines Public holidays in the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hicks , Nigel ( 2001 ) . `` Profile of the Philippines ; The People '' . This is the Philippines . London : New Holland Publishers ( UK ) Ltd . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 9781843301707 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Roces , Alfredo ; Roces , Grace ( 15 May 2013 ) . CultureShock ! Philippines . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd . ISBN 9789814634908 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Barrio Fiesta in the Philippines '' . Philippine Centre . 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . The one unifying element amongst the geographical , historical and cultural diversity of the Philippines is the fiesta . Described as the most beloved institution in the country , fiesta is the embodiment of everything held dear by the Filipino people -- pageantry , drama , humour , friendship , religious piety and earthy revelry . The roots of the fiesta reach back to the early years of Spanish rule , when the friars coaxed their converts within hearing distance of the church bells with the pomp and ceremony of organized celebrations . The Christian aspects of fiesta thinly veil ancient beliefs pagan celebration were altered rather than outlawed , the dances and rituals offered to saints , instead of heathen gods . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Teacher Aide '' . Philippines ; Celebrations . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . There is always a fiesta ( festival ) going on somewhere in the Philippines as every city and barrio holds at least one each year . The fiesta is usually to honor the local Roman Catholic patron saint and pay homage to the barrio 's namesake for good harvest and health . It is a mixture of both pagan and Catholic beliefs . These fiestas are marked by feasting and celebration of holy mass , music , dance and song . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; January '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Book on Bustos history launched at Minasa Festival '' . The Manila Times . 17 January 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Minasa Festival takes after the local delicacy of which Bustos is famous . It boasts of colorful street dances , talent competitions and a showcase of delectable minasa cookies and Barquillos . The festival opens the year for Bustos as it is celebrated annually in January . Jump up ^ `` Parade of Floats Commence Batingaw Festival '' . City Government of Cabuyao ( official website ) . 14 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ PGO Information ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Midsayap 's 2014 Halad Festival Starts with a Big Bang '' . Province of Cotabato ( official government website ) . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . MIDSAYAP , Cotabato ( Jan 11 ) -- One of the region 's most popular festival , Midsayap 's `` Halad sa Sto . Niño '' commenced on January 10 with a splendid line up of events joined by thousands of people from Cotabato province and nearby places . Jump up ^ `` Silmugi Festival 2013 '' . CebuFest. 2012 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sollano , P. ( 13 October 2008 ) . `` Silmugi is Borbon 's Official Town Festival '' . The Philippine Star . The Freeman . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . CEBU -- The municipality of Borbon will launch the Silmugi Festival this coming January as its official festival during the town 's fiesta celebration in honor of its patron saint San Sebastian Martyr . Jump up ^ `` Vigan Longganisa Festival today '' . Tempo - The Nation 's Fastest Growing Newspaper. 2017 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Pabirik Festival '' . Philippine Tourism . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ibajay Ati - Ati Municipal and Devotional Fiesta '' . Philippine Tourism . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LOOK : Kapuso celebs shine at the Kannawidan Ylocos Festival Showbiz News GMA Entertainment - Online Home of Kapuso Shows and Stars - Story '' . www.gmanetwork.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bobe , Adrian ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` ' Lamhitanay ' in Cadiz City '' . Sun. Star . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hirinugyaw - Suguidanonay Festival '' . Province of Iloilo . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Candelaria , Quezon Celebrates its Annual Candle Festival '' . Vigattin Tourism ( ARTICLES ) - Philippines . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Magsaysay , John A. `` Following the Yellow Brick Road at Isabela 's Bambanti Festival '' . philstar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; February '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine Festival '' . Philippine Country Guide . 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; February '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Bukidnon '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 45 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Iloilo '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 83 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals '' . Philippine Department of Tourism in Australia & New Zealand ( official website ) . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine Fiesta Celebrations ( Philippine Festivals ) '' . Philippine Travel Guide . Philippine Travel Destinations Guide . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Camarines Sur '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 53 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carmona 's Sorteo Festival countdown starts on 11 - 11 '' . The Official Website of Carmona , Cavite , Philippines ( government website ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . The Gawad Pamana ng Lahi national awardee will be staging the 100 - day countdown launch of the triennial Sorteo Festival on Sunday , November 11 , 2012 , 6pm at the Carmona Town Plaza . Sorteo Festival will be staged on February 16 -- 23 , 2013 wherein different presentations and competitions leading to the highlight event -- the opening of the traditional Sorteo ng Bukid ng Bayan on the dawn of February 20 , the town 's 156th founding anniversary . The unique tradition which binds the townspeople for almost two centuries is a brainchild of then pre-Spanish leaders who came up with the idea of raffling off the communal lands to the townspeople as a democratic way of providing equal economic opportunities to the people . ^ Jump up to : Parrocha , Azer N. ( 20 January 2013 ) . `` Spanish - era Tradition Lives On ; Carmona , Cavite Raffles Off Lands for Farmers '' . Interaksyon.com . Philippines News Agency . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laguimanok Festival at Padre Burgos , Quezon '' . Provincial Government of Quezon ( official website ) . 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . The on looking crowd and dancers from Hanguiwin Elementary school form a sea of faces , multiplied by the masks each student held . The group won third place in the Laguimanok Festival street dance contest last February 13 , 2013 , part of Padre Burgos , Quezon 's opening salvo to celebrate their 96th founding anniversary ( Quezon PIO ) ^ Jump up to : Giron , Joselito M. ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Mall supports tourism program of Quezon Province '' . Ugnayan.com . Philippine Information Agency . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . `` The likes of ' Lubid - Lubid ' Festival of Tiaong , Quezon ; ' Laguimanok ' Festival of Padre Burgos , Quezon ; ' Tebolan ' Festival of Jomalig , Quezon ; ' Pahiyas ' Festival of Lucban , Quezon and ' Kaway ' Festival of Tagkawayan , Quezon will be featured in a month - long showcasing of festivals in SM City , '' the governor said . ^ Jump up to : `` PHLPost features Batangas ' `` Mahaguyog Festival '' in special stamps `` . Philippine Information Agency . PHLPOST / RJB / JEG / PIA - NCR. 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . The `` Mahaguyog Festival '' which is celebrated every February , is derived from the word that best describe the town 's main products such as mais ( corn ) , halaman ( plant ) , gulay ( vegetables ) and niyog ( coconut ) . The festivities celebrate the abundance of the place which is situated along the slopes of Mt . Makiling and the Mt . Malarayat mountain ranges . It also highlights Sto . Tomas famous son , General Miguel Malvar , the gallant leader of the Filipino revolutionary forces as a successful farmer , his passion and love for agriculture in his hometown , before and after his stint in the revolutionary . ^ Jump up to : `` Mahaguyog festival kicks off at Santo Tomas , Batangas '' . Balita.ph. 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . SANTO TOMAS , Batangas , Feb. 25 -- Santo Tomas in Batangas kicked off its 12 - day opening salvo Sunday for the `` Mahaguyog Festival '' with the amateur singing qualifying rounds in observance of the 347th town fiesta celebration which falls on March 7 . The celebration started February 24 and will wind up until March 7 for the feast day of Saint Thomas Aquinas , the town 's patron saint . Organizers for the Santo Tomas celebration have scheduled the daily mass and the novena owing to its predominantly Catholic population . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; March '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; March '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; April '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parade to kick off Muntinlupa Day '' . The Philippine Star . 29 February 2004 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Comanda , Zaldy ( 5 March 2015 ) . `` 8th Kawayan Festival to highlight Abra industry and culture '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Bangued , Abra -- It 's all systems go for the biggest celebration of the province -- the 8th Kawayan ( bamboo ) Festival and 98th Abra Foundation Anniversary that kicks off today . The 27 municipalities will participate in the colorful and unique Ilocano and Tingguian culture of Abra -- a show of the rich cultural heritage of the province spread out in four days . The Kawayan Festival was conceived in 2007 by incumbent Governor Eustaquio Bersamin when he pushed for the utilization of the abundant resource in the province -- bamboo , encouraging province mates with wide idle lands to plant different varieties of bamboo as livelihood . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; August '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strawberry Festival showcases La Trinidad 's strawberries , flowers '' . Philippine Information Agency . 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Comanda , Zaldy ( 5 March 2015 ) . `` Strawberry Festival kicks off in Benguet '' . Manila Bulletin . Zaldy . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . La Trinidad , Benguet -- The red strawberries of this capital town will take the spotlight from nearby Baguio City 's flower festival in the month - long Strawberry Festival in this capital town of Benguet ... The festival will also feature strawberry cake festival and strawberry baking and pastries competition . ^ Jump up to : Villa , Cesar ; Orejas , Tonette ( 23 March 2013 ) . `` Mango takes center stage in Zambales fest '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Inquirer Central Luzon . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . The festival featured booths showcasing the best of mango products of every town : dried mangoes , wines , tart , jam , candies and souvenir items . ^ Jump up to : Bayarong , Anthony ( 18 March 2013 ) . `` Zambales to host mango festival '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lazaro , Freddie G. ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` ' Tobacco Festival ' promotes enduring industry '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Candon City , Ilocos Sur -- The promotion of the country 's enduring tobacco industry was highlighted in last weekend 's `` Tobacco Festival '' in this city , which was attended by thousands of visitors and tourists . Candon City Mayor Ericson Singson said he feels proud that Candon -- one of the two component cities of Ilocos Sur -- is hosting the festival which lifts the province 's image as the `` Tobacco Capital of the Philippines . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; April '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Punto Central Luzon ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Nueva Ecija introduces Kariton Festival '' ( in English and Tagalog ) . the Philippine Star . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . LICAB , Nueva Ecija -- Carabao - pulled carts , locally known as kariton , have earned the eyes of the Department of Tourism ( DOT ) as a new material for local tourism . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Guimaras '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 75 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Basilan '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 31 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lemery town staging Sigpawan Festival '' . The Philippine Star . 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Lemery town in Batangas is staging the Sigpawan Festival on April 8 to promote its agro-tourism . The festival will showcase the rich culture and natural resources of Lemery , with booths displaying a variety of the town 's agricultural products , native delicacies and its famous sinaing na tulingan . ^ Jump up to : Hidalgo , Janice ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Malangsi Fishtival Draws Huge Crowd '' . Municipality of Bayambang ( official government website ) . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . This Year 's Malangsi Fishtival which started on the 8th of April was highlighted by the Mutya Ng Liga Talent Night held at the Public Plaza . ^ Jump up to : `` LGU - Rosario - Profile '' . Provincial Government of La Union Official Website . p. 1 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . From April 17 to 19 , an Agri Trade Fair is held to showcase harvests of the Municipality . It is within these dates that the Linubian Festival is held which is named after a local cassava and banana cake . A street - dancing competition highlights the event . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Camiguin '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 55 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; November '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; May '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Cebu '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 63 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals '' . Official Website of the Province of Isabela . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; May '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vigan celebrates Viva Vigan Binatbatan Festival of the Arts '' . Ilocos News . 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Viva Vigan Binatbatan Festival of the Arts was formally opened on May 1 , 2014 ( Labor Day ) in a ceremony in front of the marker of Isabelo De Los Reyes , the father of Philippine Labor Union Movement . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Batangas '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 37 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Otero , Irene ( 8 June 2011 ) . `` Katagman Festival '' . Official Website of the Municipality of Oton ( government website ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . KATAGMAN Festival is an annual event celebrated every 1st week of May . The celebration is highlighted by the tribe contest , a fusion of dance and theater performance , blending choreography with theatrical production . Highlighting its identity is the introduction of a uniformed and distinct dance step and a mask -- a replica of the golden mask dugout in Barangay San Antonio in 1973 and is currently on display at the National Museum . The celebration is aimed at recognizing the historical significance of this mask to the community which has been fading in the past years . ^ Jump up to : `` Provincial Tourism Promotion ; Festivals '' . Province of Catanduanes ( official government website ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nabas , the Priceless Experience '' . Province of Aklan ( official government website ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . BARIW FESTIVAL -- It is a festival showcasing the unique skills of Nabasnon weavers of bags , mats and hats made of indigenous bariw leaves , and said to be the fast - growing industry in the municipality . The highlight of the celebration is a dance performance by local talents and ingenuity accompanied with the aboriginal rhythm beat of the drums or bamboo instruments . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Bulacan '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 47 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ebreo , Ben Moses . `` Nueva Vizcaya presents 5th ' Ammungan ' Festival '' . Regional Development Council - Cagayan Valley Region ( official government website ) . Philippine Information Agency . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Dubbed 5th Grand ' Ammungan ' Festival from May 19 to 24 , the event seeks to gather the ethnic tribes of the province such as the Isinai , Ibaloi , Kalanguya , Iwak , Gaddang , Bugkalot , Kankanaey , Ifugao including lowland inhabitants such as the Ilocanos , Tagalogs and Pangasinenses , among others . ^ Jump up to : Babiera , Lester G. ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Nueva Vizcaya mounts Ammungan fest , celebrates diversity '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mammangi Festival '' . City of Ilagan ( official government website ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Ilagan also celebrates the Mammangi Festival . Celebrated during the last week of May ; an Ybanag word meaning the harvest or planting of corn . It honors the farmers who are the real foundation of Ilagan 's economy and is celebrated as a thanksgiving activity for a good harvest . ^ Jump up to : `` Tourist Attraction ; Festival '' . Municipality of Marilao , Bulacan ( official government website ) . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Halamang Dilaw Festival is celebrated annually , during the month of May . In Central Luzon , Bulacan 's twin offerings from its regional Singkaban are the Halamanan Festival of Guiguinto and the Halamang Dilaw Festival of Marilao , which pay tribute to nature . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; June '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Orolfo , Cyndi Jocelle E. ( 2 June 2015 ) . `` Polangueños start counting down to Pulang - Angui Fest '' . Balita.ph . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . POLANGUI , Albay , June 1 ( PNA ) -- While the rainy days are upon everybody as summer is dragging out its final days , Polangueños have something red planned to keep the rainy blues away : the annual Pulang - Angui Festival which will start on June 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; June '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pavia , Joey ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` Old Apalit folk honor ' Apung Iru ' '' . Sun. Star Pampanga . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . APALIT -- The Pampanga river , host to the 171 - year - old annual religious tradition in honor of this town 's patron saint , is regarded as a bringer of bountiful food harvests during the Spanish period , Mayor Oscar Tetangco , Jr. said at the start of three - day festival on June 28 . Tetangco , ... said the old Apalit folk during the middle of 1800s had decided to hold the parade along the third largest river in the country because it `` gives bountiful blessings '' to farmers and fisherfolk . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; July '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; July '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Questo , Annika ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` DavNor celebrates Kadagayaan Festival 2015 '' . Rappler . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Davao del Norte kicked off on Wednesday , July 1 , the week - long Kadagayaan Festival , alongside the celebration of the province 's 48th founding anniversary . ^ Jump up to : Enrico Miguel T. , Subido ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Catanduanes is for beach bums , sports lovers and history buffs '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . The Catandungan Festival is an interesting one , as it serves to unify several other festivals on the island . Since its inception in 1995 , other municipal festivals have begun celebrating their own townships : from the Lasa Festival of Caramoran , Dinahit of Pandan , Manok - manok of Bagamanoc , Paray of Viga , Kinis of Panganiban , Tinagcrosanof Bato , Abaca of San Miguel , Badas of Baras , Maparoy of Gigmoto down to Calo of San Andres and Sarimagyo of Virac . The Catandungan Festival aims to amalgamate all these into one celebration , and also serves to demonstrate the local color and divergence of the region . ^ Jump up to : `` Catanduanes aims for Crab Capital title '' . Office of the President of the Philippines ( official government website ) . 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . The Municipality of Panganiban in Catanduanes recently celebrated anew its Kinis ( crab ) Festival , started in 2009 as thanksgiving when there was a surge of crab production amidst perennial typhoons . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Wednesday , July 19 , 2006 , as Special ( non-working ) Day in the City of Digos , Davao del Sur '' ( PDF ) . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . July 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . WHEREAS , Wednesday , July 19 , 2006 , marks the launching of the Padigosan Festival of the City of Digos , Davao del Sur ... ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; September '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; September '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; August '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vestil , Justin K. ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Bonga Festival organizers aim for diversity '' . Sun. Star Cebu . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Bonga means fruit in Cebuano . Bacaltos said that the festival is a form of prayer to the town 's patron saints for progress and a bountiful harvest in terms of fruits , vegetables and fish ... The festival , which shows Sibonga 's pride as a fruit - planting town , is often done during the town 's feast in honor of St. Philomena and the Lady of the Pillar . ^ Jump up to : Pedalino , Marcelo M. ( 17 July 2012 ) . `` Maasin to launch ' Ajonay Festival ' on 12th Charter Day '' . Ugnayan.com . Philippine Information Agency . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . The `` Ajonay Festival , '' a mardi gras - like activity depicting local culture will be launched on August 10 during the 12th Charter Day celebration ... The term `` ajonay '' refers to a long history of tradition in the locality wherein neighbors , friends , or relatives readily lend a hand in times of need , such as in burials , weddings , `` panughok '' or asking the parents of a lady for her hand in marriage , community projects , and other social or personal undertaking . ( EOT / MMP , PIA8 - Southern Leyte ) ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Cotabato '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 65 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Alfonso , Richmond Anthony ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Kumbira 2015 : Let 's talk ingredients '' . Sun. Star Cagayan de Oro . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . The participants to the 19th edition of the longest running culinary show and live competitions were welcomed by Nelia Lee , president of Cagayan de Oro Hotel and Restaurant Association or Cohara ... Kumbira 2015 opened on August 12 and will end today , August 14 . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Davao del Sur '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 69 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Obedencio , Ric V. ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Bohol town promotes Karomata Festival '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chiu , Rey Anthony H. ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` News Feature : Karomata Fest , Trinidad 's bold moves to street dancing '' . Ugnayan.com.ph . Philippine Information Agency - Bohol . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Festival coordinator Aniceto Petarco said the Karomata Festival was a highlight of the town 's 65th Foundation Days Anniversary celebrated every August 30 - September 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Ron ( 11 September 2015 ) . `` ' Singkaban ' Bulacan 's way of celebrating history , art '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Inquirer Central Luzon . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . The weeklong Singkaban Festival opened here on Tuesday to highlight the history , culture and tradition of the 437 - year - old province of Bulacan . ^ Jump up to : Beleo , Erwin G. ( 31 August 2014 ) . `` Chinese devotees celebrate festival of ' Ma - Tzu ' '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . San Fernando City , La Union -- Thousands of Chinese devotees from different parts of the country trooped to the Ma - Cho Temple , here , on Saturday for the annual celebration of the miraculous Virgin of Caysasay or Ma - Tzu -- a Chinese deity of the Sung Dynasty . The celebration started early in the morning with a procession from Taal , Batangas , where pilgrims traveled to La Union carrying the six - inch image of the Virgin which most Chinese believe is the reincarnation of their `` sea goddess '' ( Ma - Tzu ) . ^ Jump up to : CDIO - Magsaysay ; Allada , Anthony S. ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Davao Sur town readies for Kialegnon Festival '' . Philippine Information Agency . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . MAGSAYSAY , Davao del Sur , Aug. 7 -- Preparations are underway for the next month 's 8th Kialegnon Festival , a weeklong celebration of the town 's cultural richness and abundance of harvest . ^ Jump up to : Unson , John ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` North Cotabato 's Kalivungan fest draws huge crowd '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . KIDAPAWAN CITY , Philippines -- Thousands joined Tuesday 's `` Kalivungan '' merry - making at the North Cotabato provincial capitol here to mark the 101st foundation day of the province . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; October '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; October '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roa , Elvie Roman ; Labro , Vicente S. ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Tugob fest celebrates bounty in Ormoc '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . It was a celebration of thanksgiving . Lively festival music reverberated in the air of Ormoc City on Oct. 22 , as the city celebrated the 2nd Tugob Festival . Clad in colorful attires , the festival participants stomped their feet on the ground , raised their arms , slapped their thighs , clapped their hands and shouted in unison as they thanked the Lord for a bountiful harvest and for bestowing the city an array of natural resources . ^ Jump up to : `` Balete Enchanting Fest highlights on Oct. 24 '' . The Daily Guardian . Philippine Information Agency . 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . KALIBO -- Balete town in Aklan is gearing up for the highlights of the month - long `` Enchanting Festival '' celebration this October 24 . Councilor Patrick Lachica , one of the event organizers , said the activities started last September 24 and will culminate on October 24 during the feast of St. Raphael the Archangel ... The Enchanting Balete Festival showcases tree creatures such as fairies , `` kapre , '' and dwarves . ^ Jump up to : `` Enchanting Balete '' . Province of Aklan ( official government website ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ENCHANTING BALETE -- This is also Balete 's own annual civic and religious fiesta emphasizing on the rich culture and traditions of Baleten - ons . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncover Binangonan via Binalayan Festival '' . The Official Website of Municipality of Binangonan ( government website ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Binangonan as a nestle of lake `` lawa '' and bamboo `` kawayan '' introduces to the world its BINAngonan sa LAwa at kawaYAN `` BINALAYAN '' Festival which ... showcases bamboo products and other marine merchandises exclusively made at the leading edge of Binangonan 's culture and economy . ^ Jump up to : Lancion , Jr. , Conrado M. ; cartography by de Guzman , Rey ( 1995 ) . `` The Provinces ; Capiz '' . Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces ( The 2000 Millenium ed . ) . Makati , Metro Manila , Philippines : Tahanan Books . p. 57 . ISBN 971 - 630 - 037 - 9 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lazaro , Freddie G. ( 27 October 2015 ) . `` Flight of sky lanterns kicks off Vigan 's ' Raniag Twilight Festival 2015 ' '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Vigan City , Ilocos Sur -- Hundreds of sky lanterns were set aloft to light up the Sunday night sky in this World Heritage Village and kick off the weeklong celebration of this year 's `` Raniag Twilight Festival 2015 . '' The flight of sky lanterns , staged at the Jardin de Caridad , is part of the local people 's tradition of giving light to the spirits of departed loved ones . Consequently , it has become an attraction for tourists . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; November '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caluza , Desiree ( 23 November 2011 ) . `` ' Adivay ' : From clan gathering to Benguet feast '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Inquirer Northern Luzon . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . LA TRINIDAD , Benguet -- From a simple gathering of family members , the `` Adivay '' ( an Ibaloi term meaning coming together ) has become the bond that continues to forge unity and cooperation among the tribes of Benguet . On Saturday , the province opened the Adivay Festival by offering at least 23 native pigs and two cows to the spirits of their ancestors and native gods in a `` canao '' ( native feast ) as thanksgiving . Ibaloi , Kalanguya and Kankanaey from 13 towns gathered in this capital for a day of merrymaking and a celebration of their culture and tradition . ^ Jump up to : Comanda , Zaldy ( 7 November 2015 ) . `` Monthlong ' Adivay Festival ' of Benguet begins '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Adivay , a local word which means `` coming together , '' is a cultural tradition among the Ibaloi and Kankana - ey tribes of Benguet who gather to celebrate their heritage and the blessings showered upon the province . ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation No. 1167 , s . 2015 ( Declaring Tuesday , 1 December 2015 , as a Special ( non-working ) Day in the Municipality of Cainta , Province of Rizal ) '' . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . 24 November 2015 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . WHEREAS , the Municipality of Cainta , Rizal marks the celebration of its `` Sumbingtik Festival '' on Tuesday , 1 December 2015 ; ... ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar of Festivities ; December '' . Department of Tourism ( official website ) . 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Festivals in the Philippines ; December '' . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Balabo , Dino ( 3 May 2009 ) . `` Baliuag celebrates buntal weaving '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . The `` Buntal Festival '' celebration is highlighted by a job fair , painting contest , concerts , buntal hat Santacruzan , street dancing , search for Lakambini ng Baliuag , and exhibits of products made from woven buntal fibers . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Festivals of the Philippines . 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-2128897501590683214 | Gospel of Mark | Gospel of Mark - wikipedia Gospel of Mark Jump to : navigation , search Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to Mark ( Greek : τὸ κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον , to kata Markon euangelion ) , is one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels . It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the empty tomb -- there is no genealogy of Jesus or birth narrative , nor , in the original ending at chapter 16 , any post-resurrection appearances . It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action , an exorcist , a healer , and a miracle worker . Jesus is also the Son of God , but he keeps his identity secret ( the Messianic Secret ) , concealing it in parables so that even the disciples fail to understand . All this is in keeping with prophecy , which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant . The gospel ends , in its original version , with the discovery of the empty tomb , a promise to meet again in Galilee , and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection . Mark probably dates from 66 -- 70 CE . It appears as the second New Testament gospel because it was traditionally thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew , but most scholars now regard it as the earliest written gospel . They also reject the tradition which ascribes it to Mark the Evangelist , the companion of the apostle Peter , and regard it as the work of an unknown author working with various sources including collections of miracle stories , controversy stories , parables , and a passion narrative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Composition 1.2 Synoptic problem and historicity 1.3 Setting 1.4 Place in the Christian Church 2 Structure , style and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Style 2.3 Content 2.4 Ending 3 Theology 3.1 Mark 's gospel theology 3.1. 1 The failure of the disciples 3.1. 2 The charge of magic 3.1. 3 The messianic secret 3.2 Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus 3.3 Eschatology and salvation : The meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Mark and the New Testament 4.2 Sayings unique to Mark 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Mantegna 's St. Mark Composition ( edit ) The two - source hypothesis : Most scholars agree that Mark was the first of the gospels to be composed , and that the authors of Matthew and Luke used it plus a second document called the Q source when composing their own gospels . The blue sections indicate material original to Luke and Matthew . The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously . Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark , a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter . Hence its author is often called Mark , even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown . It was probably written c . AD 66 -- 70 , during Nero 's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt , as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution . The author used a variety of pre-existing sources , such as conflict stories ( Mark 2 : 1 -- 3 : 6 ) , apocalyptic discourse ( 4 : 1 -- 35 ) , and collections of sayings ( although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source ) . Mark was written in Greek , for a gentile audience ( that they were gentiles is shown by the author 's need to explain Jewish traditions and translate Aramaic terms ) of Greek - speaking Christians : Rome ( Mark uses a number of Latin terms ) , Galilee , Antioch ( third - largest city in the Roman Empire , located in northern Syria ) , and southern Syria have all been offered as alternative places of authorship . The author may have been influenced by Greco - Roman biographies and rhetorical forms , popular novels and romances , and the Homeric epics ; nevertheless , he mentions almost no public figures , makes no allusions to Greek or Roman literature , and takes all his references from the Jewish scriptures , mostly in their Greek versions from the Septuagint . His book is not history in the modern sense , or even in the sense of classical Greek and Roman historians , but `` history in an eschatological or apocalyptic sense , '' depicting Jesus caught up in events at the end of time . Synoptic Problem and historicity ( edit ) Mark the Evangelist , 16th - century Russian icon The gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other , so much so that their contents can easily be set side by side in parallel columns . The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to a number of hypotheses explaining their interdependence , a phenomenon termed the Synoptic Problem . Traditionally , Mark was thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew : for example , Augustine of Hippo believed they were written in order , `` first Matthew , then Mark , thirdly Luke , lastly John '' and that Mark followed Matthew as `` his attendant and epitomizer '' . Today , the most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mark was the first gospel ( Marcan Priority ) and was used as a source by both Matthew and Luke , together with considerable additional material . The strongest argument for this is the fact that Matthew and Luke agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark . The 19th century recognition of Mark as the earliest gospel led to the belief that it must therefore be the most reliable . This conclusion was refuted by two works published in the early decades of the 20th century : in 1901 William Wrede argued that Mark 's sequence of episodes is in fact an artificial construct with theological motivation ; and in 1919 Karl Ludwig Schmidt showed how the links between the episodes are the invention of the writer , thus undermining the gospel 's claim to be a reliable guide to the chronology of Jesus ' mission . The modern consensus is that Mark 's purpose was to present a theological message rather than to write history , but this gospel is nevertheless still seen as the most reliable of the four in terms of its overall description of Jesus 's life and ministry . Setting ( edit ) Christianity began within Judaism , with a Christian `` church '' ( or ἐκκλησία , ekklesia , meaning `` assembly '' ) that arose shortly after his death , when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead . From the outset , Christians depended heavily on Jewish literature , supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures . Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts : the messiah , the son of God and the son of man , the Day of the Lord , the kingdom of God . Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation : Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand , that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule , and that they were at the centre of his plans . Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ , so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ . The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west , and assumed a distinct identity , although the groups within it remained extremely diverse . The gospels were written for an audience already Christian -- their purpose was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed , not to convert unbelievers . Christian `` churches '' were small communities of believers , often based on households ( an autocratic patriarch plus extended family , slaves , freedmen , and other clients ) , and the evangelists often wrote on two levels , one the `` historical '' presentation of the story of Jesus , the other dealing with the concerns of the author 's own day . Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1 : 14 and the following verses , for example , mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st - century Jew ( `` kingdom of God '' ) and those of the early church ( `` believe '' , `` gospel '' ) . More fundamentally , some scholars believe Mark 's reason for writing was to counter believers who saw Jesus in a Greek way , as wonder - worker ( the Greek term is `` divine man '' ) ; Mark saw the suffering of the messiah as essential , so that the `` Son of God '' title ( the Hellenistic `` divine man '' ) had to be corrected and amplified with the `` Son of Man '' title , which conveyed Christ 's suffering . Other scholars think Mark might have been writing as a Galilean Christian against those Jewish Christians in Jerusalem who saw the Jewish revolt against Rome ( 66 -- 73 CE ) as the beginning of the `` end times '' : for Mark , the Second Coming would be in Galilee , not Jerusalem , and not until the generation following the revolt . Place in the Christian Church ( edit ) Mark was traditionally placed second , and sometimes fourth , in the Christian canon , as a somewhat inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel , Matthew . The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew , secondarily from John , and only distantly from Mark . It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels , and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke . The hypothesis of Markan priority ( that Mark was written first ) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today , and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God . Structure , style and content ( edit ) Detailed content of Mark 1 . Galilean ministry John the Baptist ( 1 : 1 -- 8 ) Baptism of Jesus ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) Temptation of Jesus ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) Good News ( 1 : 15 ) First disciples ( 1 : 16 -- 20 ) Capernaum 's synagogue ( 1 : 21 -- 28 ) Peter 's mother - in - law ( 1 : 29 -- 31 ) Exorcising at sunset ( 1 : 32 -- 34 ) A leper ( 1 : 35 -- 45 ) A paralytic ( 2 : 1 -- 2 : 12 ) Calling of Matthew ( 2 : 13 -- 17 ) Fasting and wineskins ( 2 : 18 -- 22 ) Lord of the Sabbath ( 2 : 23 -- 28 ) Man with withered hand ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Withdrawing to the sea ( 3 : 7 -- 3 : 12 ) Commissioning the Twelve ( 3 : 13 -- 19 ) Blind mute ( 3 : 20 -- 26 ) Strong man ( 3 : 27 ) Eternal sin ( 3 : 28 -- 30 ) Jesus ' true relatives ( 3 : 31 -- 35 ) Parable of the Sower ( 4 : 1 -- 9 , 13 - 20 ) Purpose of parables ( 4 : 10 -- 12 , 33 - 34 ) Lamp under a bushel ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Mote and Beam ( 4 : 24 -- 25 ) Growing seed and Mustard seed ( 4 : 26 -- 32 ) Calming the storm ( 4 : 35 -- 41 ) Demon named Legion ( 5 : 1 -- 20 ) Daughter of Jairus ( 5 : 21 -- 43 ) Hometown rejection ( 6 : 1 -- 6 ) Instructions for the Twelve ( 6 : 7 -- 13 ) Beheading of John ( 6 : 14 -- 29 ) Feeding the 5000 ( 6 : 30 -- 44 ) Walking on water ( 6 : 45 -- 52 ) Fringe of his cloak heals ( 6 : 53 -- 56 ) Discourse on Defilement ( 7 : 1 -- 23 ) Canaanite woman 's daughter ( 7 : 24 -- 30 ) Deaf mute ( 7 : 31 -- 37 ) Feeding the 4000 ( 8 : 1 -- 9 ) No sign will be given ( 8 : 10 -- 21 ) Healing with spit ( 8 : 22 -- 26 ) Peter 's confession ( 8 : 27 -- 30 ) Jesus predicts his death ( 8 : 31 -- 33 , 9 : 30 -- 32 , 10 : 32 -- 34 ) Instructions for followers ( 8 : 34 -- 9 : 1 ) Transfiguration ( 9 : 2 -- 13 ) Possessed boy ( 9 : 14 -- 29 ) Teaching in Capernaum ( 9 : 33 -- 50 ) 2 . Journey to Jerusalem Entering Judea and Transjordan ( 10 : 1 ) On divorce ( 10 : 2 -- 12 ) Little children ( 10 : 13 -- 16 ) Rich young man ( 10 : 17 -- 31 ) Son of man came to serve ( 10 : 35 -- 45 ) Blind Bartimaeus ( 10 : 46 -- 52 ) 3 . Events in Jerusalem Entering Jerusalem ( 11 : 1 -- 11 ) Cursing the fig tree ( 11 : 12 -- 14 , 20 - 24 ) Temple incident ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) Prayer for forgiveness ( 11 : 25 -- 26 ) Authority questioned ( 11 : 27 -- 33 ) Wicked husbandman ( 12 : 1 -- 12 ) Render unto Caesar ... ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) Resurrection of the Dead ( 12 : 18 -- 27 ) Great Commandment ( 12 : 28 -- 34 ) Is the Messiah the son of David ? ( 12 : 35 -- 40 ) Widow 's mite ( 12 : 41 -- 44 ) Olivet discourse ( 13 ) Plot to kill Jesus ( 14 : 1 -- 2 ) Anointing ( 14 : 3 -- 9 ) Bargain of Judas ( 14 : 10 -- 11 ) Last Supper ( 14 : 12 -- 26 ) Denial of Peter ( 14 : 27 -- 31 , 66 - 72 ) Agony in the Garden ( 14 : 32 -- 42 ) Kiss of Judas ( 14 : 43 -- 45 ) Arrest ( 14 : 46 -- 52 ) Before the High Priest ( 14 : 53 -- 65 ) Pilate 's court ( 15 : 1 -- 15 ) Soldiers mock Jesus ( 15 : 16 -- 20 ) Simon of Cyrene ( 15 : 21 ) Crucifixion ( 15 : 22 -- 41 ) Entombment ( 15 : 42 -- 47 ) Empty tomb ( 16 : 1 -- 8 ) The Longer Ending ( 16 : 9 -- 20 ) Resurrection appearances ( 16 : 9 -- 13 ) Great Commission ( 16 : 14 -- 18 ) Ascension ( 16 : 19 ) Dispersion of the Apostles ( 16 : 20 ) This box : view talk edit Page from Mark in a Latin bible dated 1486 ( Bodleian Library ) Structure ( edit ) There is no agreement on the structure of Mark . There is , however , a widely recognised break at Mark 8 : 26 -- 31 : before 8 : 26 there are numerous miracle stories , the action is in Galilee , and Jesus preaches to the crowds , while after 8 : 31 there are hardly any miracles , the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea , and Jesus teaches the disciples . Peter 's confession at Mark 8 : 27 -- 30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel . A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10 , when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins , leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three - act drama . James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is ( the answer being that he is the messiah ) , then what form his mission takes ( a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection , events only to be understood when the questions are answered ) , while another scholar , C. Myers , has made what Edwards calls a `` compelling case '' for recognising the incidents of Jesus ' baptism , transfiguration and crucifixion , at the beginning , middle and end of the gospel , as three key moments , each with common elements , and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light . Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a Greek tragedy Style ( edit ) Examples of Mark 's literary style include the use of summaries , in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description ( Mark 6 : 55 , 56 ) . Content ( edit ) Jesus is first announced as the messiah and then later as the Son of God ; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God ; he is tested in the wilderness by Satan ; John is arrested , and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the kingdom of God . Jesus gathers his disciples ; he begins teaching , driving out demons , healing the sick , cleansing lepers , raising the dead , feeding the hungry , and giving sight to the blind ; he delivers a long discourse in parables to the crowd , intended for the disciples , but they fail to understand ; he performs mighty works , calming the storm and walking on water , but while God and demons recognise him , neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity . He also has several run - ins with Jewish law keepers especially in chapters 2 - 3 . Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is , and then , `` but you , who do you say I am ? '' Peter answers that he is the Christ , and Jesus commands him to silence ; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed , but will rise again ; Moses and Elijah appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples , `` This is my son , '' but they remain uncomprehending . Jesus goes to Jerusalem , where he is hailed as one who `` comes in the name of the Lord '' and will inaugurate the `` kingdom of David '' ; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities ; on the Mount of Olives he announces the coming destruction of the Temple , the persecution of his followers , and the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory . A woman perfumes Jesus ' head with oil , and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death ; Jesus celebrates Passover with the disciples , declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood , and goes with them to Gethsemane to pray ; there Judas betrays him to the Jews ; interrogated by the high priest , he says that he is the Christ , the Son of God , and will return as Son of Man at God 's right hand ; the Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate , who has him crucified as one who claims to be `` king of the Jews '' ; Jesus , abandoned by the disciples , is buried in a rock tomb by a friendly member of the Jewish council . The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning ; they find it empty , and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee ; `` but they said nothing to anyone , for they were afraid ... '' Ending ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Mark 16 . The earliest and most reliable manuscripts of Mark end at Mark 16 : 8 , with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb : the majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending , and this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome . Two attempts were made to provide a more satisfactory conclusion . A minority of later manuscripts have what is called the `` shorter ending '' , an addition to Mark 16 : 8 telling how the women told `` those around Peter '' all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life ( or `` proclamation of eternal salvation '' ) was then sent out by Jesus himself . This addition differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus . The overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the `` longer ending '' , Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 , with accounts of the resurrected Jesus , the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel , and Christ 's ascension . This ending was possibly written in the early 2nd century and added later in the same century . Modern scholars have proposed many explanations for the abrupt original ending , though none with universal acceptance . It could indicate a connection to the theme of the `` Messianic Secret '' . Whatever the case , it is clear that Mark 's Jesus looks forward to a post-death meeting in Galilee , and it is likely that at that meeting , like the final meeting in Galilee that Matthew depicts , Mark 's Jesus would command the disciples to take his message to the nations . Theology ( edit ) First page of the Gospel of Mark : `` The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ , the Son of God '' , by Sargis Pitsak ( 14th century ) Minuscule 2427 -- `` Archaic Mark '' Mark 's gospel Theology ( edit ) The author introduces his work as `` gospel '' , meaning `` good news '' , a literal translation of the Greek `` evangelion '' -- he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament besides Paul . Paul uses it to mean `` the good news ( of the saving significance of the death and resurrection ) of Christ '' ; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection . Like the other gospels , Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer -- the purpose of terms such as `` messiah '' and `` son of God '' . As in all the gospels , the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes , including : ( 1 ) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse , fearful and uncomprehending ; ( 2 ) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus ' enemies that he was a magician ; ( 3 ) secrecy surrounding his true identity ( this last is missing from John ) . The failure of the disciples ( edit ) In Mark , the disciples , and especially the Twelve , move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the `` way of suffering '' to flight and denial -- even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news . There is much discussion of this theme among scholars . Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct `` erroneous '' views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah , others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles , or a mirror of the convert 's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering . It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the `` suffering just one '' portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures , from Jeremiah to Job and the Psalms , but especially in the `` Suffering Servant '' passages in Isaiah . It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God 's love being met by infidelity and failure , only to be renewed by God . And in the real - world context in which the gospel was written , the persecutions of the Christians of Rome under Nero , the failure of the disciples and Jesus ' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith , hope and reconciliation . The charge of magic ( edit ) Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings , accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half the first ten chapters , more , proportionally , than in any other gospel . In the gospels as a whole , Jesus ' miracles , prophecies , etc. , are presented as evidence of God 's rule , but Mark 's descriptions of Jesus ' healings are a partial exception to this , as his methods , using spittle to heal blindness ( Mark 8 : 22 -- 26 ) and magic formulae ( `` Talitha cumi , '' 5 : 41 , `` Ephphatha , '' 7 : 34 ) , were those of a magician . This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus : they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit ( Mark 3 : 22 ) and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 ) . `` There was ... no period in the history of the ( Roman ) empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society , '' subject to penalties ranging from exile to death , says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen . All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge , which , if true , would contradict their ultimate claims for him . The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark ( Mark 3 : 20 -- 30 ) is to set forth Jesus ' claims to be an instrument of God , not Satan . The Messianic secret ( edit ) Main article : Messianic secret In 1901 , William Wrede identified the `` Messianic secret '' -- Jesus ' secrecy about his identity as the messiah -- as one of Mark 's central themes . Wrede argued that the elements of the secret -- Jesus ' silencing of the demons , the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity , and the concealment of the truth inside parables , were fictions , and arose from the tension between the Church 's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus . There remains continuing debate over how far the `` secret '' originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition , and how far , if at all , it represents the self - understanding and practices of the historical Jesus . Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus ( edit ) See also : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ . In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus . Most scholars agree that `` Son of God '' is the most important of these titles in Mark . It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration , and is Jesus ' own self - designation ( Mark 13 : 32 ) . These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus , but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience . Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God 's people , or the king at his coronation , or angels , as well as the suffering righteous man . In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a `` divine man '' , a supernatural being . There is little evidence that `` son of God '' was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism , and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle - working `` divine man '' than of the Jewish Davidic messiah . Mark does not explicitly state what he means by `` Son of God '' , nor when the sonship was conferred . The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings : Jesus became God 's son at his resurrection , God `` begetting '' Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead -- this was the earliest understanding , preserved in Paul 's Epistle to the Romans , 1 : 3 -- 4 , and in Acts 13 : 33 ; Jesus became God 's son at his baptism , the coming of the Holy Spirit marking him as messiah , while `` Son of God '' refers to the relationship then established for him by God -- this is the understanding implied in Mark 1 : 9 -- 11 ; Matthew and Luke present Jesus as `` Son of God '' from the moment of conception and birth , with God taking the place of a human father ; John , the last of the gospels , presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus -- an idea also found in Paul . Mark also calls Jesus `` christos '' ( Christ ) , translating the Hebrew `` messiah , '' ( anointed person ) . In the Old Testament the term messiah ( `` anointed one '' ) described prophets , priests and kings ; by the time of Jesus , with the kingdom long vanished , it had come to mean an eschatological king ( a king who would come at the end of time ) , one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God 's previous messengers to Israel , endowed with miraculous powers , free from sin , ruling in justice and glory ( as described in , for example , the Psalms of Solomon , a Jewish work from this period ) . The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus ' death and suffering , suggesting that , for Mark , Jesus can only be fully understood in that context . A third important title , `` Son of Man '' , has its roots in Ezekiel , the Book of Enoch , ( a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period ) , and especially in Daniel 7 : 13 -- 14 , where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion , kingship and glory . Mark 14 : 62 combines more scriptural allusions : before he comes on clouds ( Daniel 7 : 13 ) the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God ( psalm 110 : 1 ) , pointing to the equivalence of the three titles , Christ , Son of God , Son of Man , the common element being the reference to kingly power . Eschatology and salvation : the meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return ( edit ) Eschatology means the study of the end - times , and the Jews expected the messiah to be an eschatological figure , a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom . The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense , a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent ; but they also believed in Jesus ' resurrection and exultation to heaven , and for this reason they also viewed him as God 's agent ( the `` son of God '' ) who would return in glory ushering in the Kingdom of God . The term `` Son of God '' likewise had a specific Jewish meaning , or range of meanings , one of the most significant being the earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement , legitimising his rule over Israel . In Hellenistic culture , in contrast , the phrase meant a `` divine man '' , covering legendary heroes like Hercules , god - kings like the Egyptian pharaohs , or famous philosophers like Plato . When the gospels call Jesus `` Son of God '' the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men , the ' sons of God '' who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings , exorcisms and other wonderful deeds . Mark 's `` Son of David '' is Hellenistic , his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering , death and resurrection , and , by implication , not military glory and conquest . This reflects a move away from the Jewish - Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul , for whom Christ 's death and resurrection , rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom , is the meaning of salvation , the `` gospel '' . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) `` Entering into the sepulchre , they saw a young man sitting on the right side , clothed in a long white garment '' -- Mark 's description of the discovery of the empty tomb ( from the Pericopes of Henry II ) Mark and the New Testament ( edit ) All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus ' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events . There are , however , important differences between the four : Unlike John , Mark never calls Jesus `` God '' , or claims that Jesus existed prior to his earthly life ; unlike Matthew and Luke , the author does not mention a virgin birth , and apparently believes that Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth ; unlike Matthew and Luke , he makes no attempt to trace Jesus ' ancestry back to King David or Adam with a genealogy . Christians of Mark 's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime -- Mark , like the other gospels , attributes the promise to Jesus himself ( Mark 9 : 1 and 13 : 30 ) , and it is reflected in the letters of Paul , in the epistle of James , in Hebrews , and in Revelation . When return failed , the early Christians revised their understanding . Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed , but still expected it ; others redefined the focus of the promise , the Gospel of John , for example , speaking of `` eternal life '' as something available in the present ; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all ( 2 Peter argues against those who held this view ) . Mark 's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels . Mark 's Christ dies with the cry , `` My God , my God , why have you forsaken me ? '' ; Matthew , the next gospel to be written , repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus 's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel ; Luke has a still more positive picture , replacing Mark 's ( and Matthew 's ) cry of despair with one of submission to God 's will ( `` Father , into your hands I commend my spirit '' ) ; while John , the last gospel , has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan . Sayings unique to Mark ( edit ) The Sabbath was made for man , not man for the Sabbath ( Mark 2 : 27 ) . Not present in either Matthew 12 : 1 -- 8 or Luke 6 : 1 -- 5 . This is also a so - called `` Western non-interpolation '' . The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark . People were saying , `` ( Jesus ) has gone out of his mind '' , see also Rejection of Jesus ( Mark 3 : 21 ) . Mark is the only gospel with the combination Mark 4 : 24 -- 25 , the other gospels split them up : Mark 4 : 24 being found in Luke 6 : 38 and Matthew 7 : 2 ; Mark 4 : 25 being found in Matthew 13 : 12 and 25 : 29 , Luke 8 : 18 and 19 : 26 . Parable of the Growing Seed ( 4 : 26 -- 29 ) . Only Mark counts the possessed swine ; there are about two thousand ( Mark 5 : 13 ) . Two consecutive healing stories of women ; both make use of the number twelve ( Mark 5 : 25 and Mark 5 : 42 ) . Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the ( presumably original ) Aramaic : Talitha koum ( Mark 5 : 41 ) , Ephphatha ( Mark 7 : 34 ) . See Aramaic of Jesus . Only place in the New Testament Jesus is referred to as `` the son of Mary '' ( Mark 6 : 3 ) . Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; in Matthew he is called a carpenter 's son ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6 : 8 -- 9 but prohibited in Matthew 10 : 9 -- 10 and Luke 9 : 3 . Only Mark refers to Herod as a king ( Mk 6 : 14 , 24 ) ; Matthew and Luke refer to him ( more properly ) as a tetrarch ( Mt 14 : 1 ; Lk 3 : 19 ; 9 : 7 ) . The longest version of the story of Herodias ' daughter 's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 -- 29 ) . Mark 's literary cycles : 6 : 30 -- 44 -- Feeding of the five thousand ; 6 : 45 -- 56 -- Crossing of the lake ; 7 : 1 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 7 : 14 -- 23 -- Discourse on Defilement Then : 8 : 1 -- 9 -- Feeding of the four thousand ; 8 : 10 -- Crossing of the lake ; 8 : 11 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 8 : 14 -- 21 -- Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees . Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained ( hand , produce , and utensil washing ) : 7 : 3 -- 4 . `` Thus he declared all foods clean '' . 7 : 19 NRSV , not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15 : 15 -- 20 . There is no mention of Samaritans Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time : 7 : 33 ; cf . Mark 8 : 23 , Luke 11 : 20 , John 9 : 6 , Matthew 8 : 16 ; see also Exorcism . Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him : 8 : 23 -- 25 ; cf. 5 : 23 , 16 : 18 , Acts 6 : 6 , 9 : 17 , 28 : 8 , laying on of hands . Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael : `` Hear O Israel ... '' ( 12 : 29 -- 30 ) ; in the parallels of Matt 22 : 37 -- 38 and Luke 10 : 27 the first part of the Shema ( Deut 6 : 4 ) is absent . Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple ( 13 : 3 ) . When Jesus is arrested , a young naked man flees : 14 : 51 -- 52 . A young man in a robe also appears in 16 : 5 -- 7 , see also Secret Gospel of Mark . Mark does not name the High Priest , cf . Matt 26 : 57 , Luke 3 : 2 , Acts 4 : 6 , John 18 : 13 . Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree ( 14 : 56 , 14 : 59 ) . The cock crows `` twice '' as predicted ( Mark 14 : 72 ) . See also Fayyum Fragment . The other Gospels simply record , `` the cock crew '' . Early codices 01 , W , and most Western texts have the simpler version . Pilate 's position ( Governor ) is not specified , 15 : 1 , cf . Matt 27 : 2 , Luke 3 : 1 , John 18 : 28 -- 29 . Simon of Cyrene 's sons are named ( Mark 15 : 21 ) . A summoned centurion is questioned ( Mark 15 : 44 -- 45 ) . The women ask each other who will roll away the stone ( Mark 16 : 3 ) , cf . Matt 28 : 2 -- 7 . A young man sits on the `` right side '' ( Mark 16 : 5 ) , cf . Luke 24 : 4 , John 20 : 12 . Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings ( see Mark 16 , Possible Scenarios ) ; however , most of the contents of the traditional `` Longer Ending '' ( Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 ) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark , see Mark 16 # The Longer Ending . The one significant exception is 16 : 18b `` and if they drink any deadly thing '' , it will not harm those who believe , which is unique to Mark . See also ( edit ) Gospel of Mark Chapters Mark 1 Mark 2 Mark 3 Mark 4 Mark 5 Mark 6 Mark 7 Mark 8 Mark 9 Mark 10 Mark 11 Mark 12 Mark 13 Mark 14 Mark 15 Mark 16 Gospel harmony Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark Two - source hypothesis Apocalyptic literature Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus ( reference to Mark ) Secret Gospel of Mark List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Similar to a rabbinical saying from the 2nd century BC , `` The Sabbath is given over to you ( '' the son of man `` ) , and not you to the Sabbath . '' Misunderstood Passages Jump up ^ The verb katharizo means both `` to declare to be clean '' and `` to purify . '' The Scholars Version has : `` This is how everything we eat is purified '' , Gaus ' Unvarnished New Testament has : `` purging all that is eaten . '' Jump up ^ Willker , Wieland . `` A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels . Vol. 2 : Mark , p. 448 '' ( PDF ) . TCG 2007 : An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels , 5th ed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 252 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2006 , pp. 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Beaver 2009 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Reddish 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo , Harmony of the Gospels , Book 1 , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Koester 2000 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson 1983 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Joel 2000 , p. 859 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lössl 2010 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gamble 1995 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Collins 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Aune 1987 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ France 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Smith 1995 , pp. 209 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Meyer 's NT Commentary on Mark 6 , accessed 8 June 2017 ; Donahue , J.R. and Harrington D.J. , Sacra Pagina : the Gospel of Mark , published by Liturgical Press ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 500 -- 01 . ^ Jump up to : Schröter 2010 , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Horsely 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 500 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Morris 1990 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kee 1993 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Welch 2006 , p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 1083 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 1993 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , pp. 709 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker 2000 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Moyise 2013 , p. unpaginated . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 79 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aune , David E. ( 1987 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25018 - 8 . Beaver , Caurie ( 2009 ) . Mark : A Twice - Told Story . Wipf and Stoc . ISBN 9781608991211 . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2006 ) . Mark : A Commentary . Presbyterian Publishing Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22107 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Cole , R. Alan ( 1989 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : An Introduction and Commentary ( 2 ed . ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0481 - 5 . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 2000 ) . Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11927 - 7 . Cross , Frank L. ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Messianic Secret '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 1083 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Donahue , John R. ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5965 - 6 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 2003 ) . Jesus Remembered . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3931 - 2 . Edwards , James ( 2002 ) . The Gospel According to Mark . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85111 - 778 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1993 ) . The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture : The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510279 - 6 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 May 2006 ) . Peter , Paul and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press . pp. 6 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974113 - 7 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 15 September 2005 ) . Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew . Oxford University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975668 - 1 . Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications ... France , R.T. ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2446 - 2 . Gamble , Harry Y. ( 1995 ) . Books and Readers in the Early Church : A History of Early Christian Texts . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06918 - 1 . Horsely , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . `` Mark '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . pp. 56 -- 92 New Testament . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 528881 - 0 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 5 . Joel , Marcus ( 2000 ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Kee , Howard Clark ( 1993 ) . `` Magic and Divination '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Metzger , Bruce M. The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford University Press . pp. 483 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504645 - 8 . Koester , Helmut ( 2000 ) ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the New Testament : History and literature of early Christianity ( 2 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Lössl , Josef ( 2010 ) . The Early Church : History and Memory . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Malbon , Elizabeth Struthers ( 2000 ) . In the Company of Jesus : Characters in Mark 's Gospel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664222550 . Morris , Leon ( 1990 ) ( 1986 ) . New Testament Theology . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 45571 - 4 . Moyise , Steve ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Biblical Studies . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9780567189264 . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 241 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Powell , Mark Allan ( 1998 ) . Jesus as a Figure in History : How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25703 - 3 . Reddish , Mitchell ( 2011 ) . An Introduction to The Gospels . Abingdon Press , 2011 . ISBN 9781426750083 . Sanders , E ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . Schröter , Jens ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Mark '' . In Aune , David E. The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Wiley -- Blackwell . pp. 272 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 . Smith , Stephen H. ( 1995 ) . `` A Divine Tragedy : Some Observations on the Dramatic Structure of Mark 's Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum . E.J. Brill , Leiden. 37 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 31 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568536952662709 . JSTOR 1561221 . Strecker , Georg ( 2000 ) . Theology of the New Testament . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22336 - 6 . Telford , William R. ( 1999 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Mark . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43977 - 0 . Twelftree , Graham H. ( 1999 ) . Jesus the miracle worker : a historical & theological study . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1596 - 8 . Welch , John W. ( 2006 ) . `` Miracles , Maleficium , and Maiestas in the Trial of Jesus '' . In Charlesworth , James H. Jesus and Archaeology . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4880 - 2 . Williamson , Lamar ( 1983 ) . Mark . John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237608 . Witherington , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4503 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1994 ) . An Introduction to New Testament Christology . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 3516 - 5 . Crossan , John Dominic ( 2010 ) ( 1998 ) . The Birth of Christianity : Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 197815 - 9 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 085951 - 0 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus Interrupted . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117394 - 3 . Ladd , George Eldon ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 2 . Lane , William L. ( 1974 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : The English Text with Introduction , Exposition and Notes . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2502 - 5 . Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . `` Visions of kingdoms : From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513937 - 2 . Mack , Burton L. ( 1994 ) ( 1993 ) . The Lost Gospel : The Book of Q and Christian origins . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065375 - 0 . Perrin , Norman ; Duling , Dennis C. ( 1982 ) . The New Testament : An Introduction ( 2 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 565726 - 7 . Schnelle , Udo ( 1998 ) . The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2952 - 6 . ( M. Eugene Boring translator ) Theißen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Augsburg Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3123 - 9 . Van Linden , Philip ( 1992 ) ( 1989 ) . `` Mark '' . In Karris , Robert J. The Collegeville Bible Commentary : New Testament , NAB . Liturgical Press . pp. 903 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2211 - 7 . Weeden , Theodore J. ( 1995 ) . `` The Heresy that Necessitated Mark 's Gospel '' . In Telford , William . Interpretation of Mark . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 29256 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # The Gospels : The Life and Ministry of Jesus Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gospel of Mark Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gospel of Mark . Online translations of the Gospel of Mark Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Online Bible at gospelhall.org Early Christian Writings : Mark in numerous English translations , on - line scholarly resources Mark on Wikisource ( King James version ) Bible : Mark public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles A Brief Introduction to Mark Resources for the Book of Mark at The Text This Week An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels by Wieland Willker , including detailed text - critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 411 pages ) and the variant endings ( PDF , 17 pages ) . Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture Gospel of Mark , Author Dr. Mary Healy Gospel of Mark Synoptic Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Matthew New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Gospel of Luke Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Gospel of Mark Bible Mark 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Places Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Dalmanutha Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nazareth Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Philip Pontius Pilate Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Events Feeding the 5000 Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Matthew ( chapter 28 ) Gospel of Luke ( chapter 1 ) → ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 179823714 GND : 4037658 - 8 BNF : cb120084265 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&oldid=826276504 '' Categories : Gospel of Mark Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Mìng - dĕ̤ng - 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1246407841381684784 | George II of Great Britain | George II of Great Britain - wikipedia George II of Great Britain Jump to : navigation , search George II Portrait by Thomas Hudson , 1744 King of Great Britain and Ireland Elector of Hanover ( more ... ) Reign 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 Coronation 11 / 22 October 1727 Predecessor George I Successor George III 30 October / 9 November 1683 Herrenhausen Palace , or Leine Palace , Hanover 25 October 1760 ( 1760 - 10 - 25 ) ( aged 76 ) Kensington Palace , London Burial 11 November 1760 Westminster Abbey , London Spouse Caroline of Ansbach ( m . 1705 ; d . 1737 ) Issue Detail Frederick , Prince of Wales Anne , Princess of Orange Princess Amelia Princess Caroline Prince George William William , Duke of Cumberland Mary , Landgravine of Hesse - Kassel Louisa , Queen of Denmark and Norway Full name George Augustus German : Georg August House Hanover Father George I of Great Britain Mother Sophia Dorothea of Celle Religion Protestant Signature George II ( George Augustus ; German : Georg II . August ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 -- 25 October 1760 ) was King of Great Britain and Ireland , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( Hanover ) and a prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 ( O.S. ) until his death in 1760 . George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain : he was born and brought up in northern Germany . His grandmother , Sophia of Hanover , became second in line to the British throne after about fifty Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 , which restricted the succession to Protestants . After the deaths of Sophia and Anne , Queen of Great Britain , in 1714 , his father George I , Elector of Hanover , inherited the British throne . In the first years of his father 's reign as king , George was associated with opposition politicians , until they rejoined the governing party in 1720 . As king from 1727 , George exercised little control over British domestic policy , which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain . As elector , he spent twelve summers in Hanover , where he had more direct control over government policy . He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son , Frederick , who supported the parliamentary opposition . During the War of the Austrian Succession , George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 , and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle . In 1745 , supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne , James Francis Edward Stuart ( `` The Old Pretender '' ) , led by James 's son Charles Edward Stuart ( `` The Young Pretender '' or `` Bonnie Prince Charlie '' ) , attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions . Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751 , nine years before his father , and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson , George III . For two centuries after George II 's death , history tended to view him with disdain , concentrating on his mistresses , short temper and boorishness . Since then , most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Marriage 3 Prince of Wales 3.1 Quarrel with the king 3.2 Political opposition 4 Early reign 5 Family problems 6 War and rebellion 7 Later life 7.1 Seven Years ' War 7.2 Death 8 Legacy 9 Titles , styles and arms 9.1 Titles and styles 9.2 Arms 10 Issue 11 Ancestry 12 Notes 13 Sources 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Early life ( edit ) George as a young boy with his mother , Sophia Dorothea of Celle , and his sister , Sophia Dorothea of Hanover George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany , and was the son of George Louis , Hereditary Prince of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( later King George I of Great Britain ) , and his wife , Sophia Dorothea of Celle . His sister , Sophia Dorothea , was born when he was three years old . Both of George 's parents committed adultery , and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband . She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children , who probably never saw their mother again . George spoke only French , the language of diplomacy and the court , until the age of four , after which he was taught German by one of his tutors , Johann Hilmar Holstein . In addition to French and German , he was also schooled in English and Italian , and studied genealogy , military history and battle tactics with particular diligence . George 's second cousin once removed , Queen Anne , ascended the thrones of England , Scotland and Ireland in 1702 . She had no surviving children , and by the Act of Settlement 1701 the English Parliament designated Anne 's closest Protestant blood relations , George 's grandmother Sophia and her descendants , as Anne 's heirs in England and Ireland . Consequently , after his grandmother and father , George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms . He was naturalized as an English subject in 1705 by the Sophia Naturalization Act , and in 1706 he was made a Knight of the Garter and created Duke and Marquess of Cambridge , Earl of Milford Haven , Viscount Northallerton and Baron Tewkesbury in the Peerage of England . England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain , and jointly accepted the succession as laid down by the English Act of Settlement . Marriage ( edit ) Caroline of Ansbach by Godfrey Kneller , 1716 George 's father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had , and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made . Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden , Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein - Gottorp , came to nothing . In June 1705 , under the false name of `` Monsieur de Busch '' , George visited the Ansbach court at their summer residence in Triesdorf to investigate incognito a marriage prospect : Caroline of Ansbach , the former ward of his aunt Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia . The English envoy to Hanover , Edmund Poley , reported that George was so taken by `` the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else '' . A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July . On 22 August / 2 September 1705 Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding , which was held the same evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen . George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders , but his father refused permission for him to join the army in an active role until he had a son and heir . In early 1707 , George 's hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son , Frederick . In July , Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox , and George caught the infection after staying by her side devotedly during her illness . They both recovered . In 1708 , George participated in the Battle of Oudenarde in the vanguard of the Hanoverian cavalry ; his horse and a colonel immediately beside him were killed , but George survived unharmed . The British commander , Marlborough , wrote that George `` distinguished himself extremely , charging at the head of and animating by his example ( the Hanoverian ) troops , who played a good part in this happy victory '' . Between 1709 and 1713 , George and Caroline had three more children , all girls : Anne , Amelia , and Caroline . By 1714 , Queen Anne 's health had declined , and British Whigs , politicians who supported the Hanoverian succession , thought it prudent for one of the Hanoverians to live in England , to safeguard the Protestant succession on Anne 's death . As George was a peer of the realm ( as Duke of Cambridge ) , it was suggested that he be summoned to Parliament to sit in the House of Lords . Both Anne and George 's father refused to support the plan , although George , Caroline and Sophia were all in favour . George did not go . Within the year , both Sophia and Anne were dead , and George 's father was king . Prince of Wales ( edit ) Quarrel with the king ( edit ) London , c. 1710 Portrait by Kneller , 1716 George and his father sailed for England from The Hague on 16 / 27 September 1714 and arrived at Greenwich two days later . The following day , they formally entered London in a ceremonial procession . George was given the title of Prince of Wales . Caroline followed her husband to Britain in October with their daughters , while Frederick remained in Hanover to be brought up by private tutors . London was like nothing George had seen before : it was 50 times larger than Hanover , and the crowd was estimated at up to one and a half million spectators . George courted popularity with voluble expressions of praise for the English , and claimed that he had no drop of blood that was not English . In July 1716 , the king returned to Hanover for six months , and George was given limited powers , as `` Guardian and Lieutenant of the Realm '' , to govern in his father 's absence . He made a royal progress through Chichester , Havant , Portsmouth and Guildford in southern England . Spectators were allowed to see him dine in public at Hampton Court Palace . An attempt on his life at Drury Lane Theatre , in which one person was shot dead before the assailant was brought under control , boosted his high public profile . His father distrusted or was jealous of George 's popularity , which contributed to the development of a poor relationship between them . The birth in 1717 of George 's second son , Prince George William , proved to be a catalyst for a family quarrel ; the king , supposedly following custom , appointed the Lord Chamberlain , the Duke of Newcastle , as one of the baptismal sponsors of the child . The king was angered when George , who disliked Newcastle , verbally insulted the duke at the christening , which the duke misunderstood as a challenge to a duel . George and Caroline were temporarily confined to their apartments on the order of the king , who subsequently banished his son from St James 's Palace , the king 's residence . The Prince and Princess of Wales left court , but their children remained in the care of the king . George and Caroline missed their children , and were desperate to see them . On one occasion they secretly visited the palace without the approval of the king ; Caroline fainted and George `` cried like a child '' . The king partially relented and permitted them to visit once a week , though he later allowed Caroline unconditional access . The following February , George William died , with his father by his side . Political opposition ( edit ) Banned from the palace and shunned by his own father , the Prince of Wales was identified for the next several years with opposition to George I 's policies , which included measures designed to increase religious freedom in Great Britain and expand Hanover 's German territories at the expense of Sweden . His new London residence , Leicester House , became a frequent meeting place for his father 's political opponents , including Sir Robert Walpole and Viscount Townshend , who had left the government in 1717 . The king visited Hanover again from May to November 1719 . Instead of appointing George to the guardianship , he established a regency council . In 1720 , Walpole encouraged the king and his son to reconcile , for the sake of public unity , which they did half - heartedly . Walpole and Townshend returned to political office , and rejoined the ministry . George was soon disillusioned with the terms of the reconciliation ; his three daughters who were in the care of the king were not returned and he was still barred from becoming regent during the king 's absences . He came to believe that Walpole had tricked him into the rapprochement as part of a scheme to regain power . Over the next few years , he and Caroline lived quietly , avoiding overt political activity . They had three more children : William , Mary and Louisa , who were brought up at Leicester House and Richmond Lodge , George 's summer residence . In 1721 , the economic disaster of the South Sea Bubble allowed Walpole to rise to the pinnacle of government . Walpole and his Whig Party were dominant in politics , as the king feared that the Tories would not support the succession laid down in the Act of Settlement . The power of the Whigs was so great that the Tories would not come to hold power for another half - century . Early reign ( edit ) Portrait by Charles Jervas , c. 1727 George I died on 11 / 22 June 1727 during one of his visits to Hanover , and George II succeeded him as king and elector at the age of 43 . The new king decided not to travel to Germany for his father 's funeral , which far from bringing criticism led to praise from the English who considered it proof of his fondness for England . He suppressed his father 's will because it attempted to split the Hanoverian succession between George II 's future grandsons rather than vest all the domains ( both in Britain and Hanover ) in a single person . Both British and Hanoverian ministers considered the will unlawful , as George I did not have the legal power to determine the succession personally . Critics supposed that George II hid the will to avoid paying out his father 's legacies . George II was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 11 / 22 October 1727 . The composer George Frideric Handel was commissioned to write four new anthems for the coronation , including Zadok the Priest . It was widely believed that George would dismiss Walpole , who had distressed him by joining his father 's government , and replace him with Sir Spencer Compton . George asked Compton , rather than Walpole , to write his first speech as king for him , but Compton asked Walpole to draft it . Caroline advised George to retain Walpole , who continued to gain royal favour by securing a generous civil list ( a fixed annual amount set by Parliament for the king 's official expenditure ) of £ 800,000 . Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George had little choice but to retain him or risk ministerial instability . Compton was ennobled as Lord Wilmington the following year . Portrait by Enoch Seeman , c. 1730 Walpole directed domestic policy , and after the resignation of his brother - in - law Townshend in 1730 also controlled George 's foreign policy . Historians generally believe that George played an honorific role in Britain , and closely followed the advice of Walpole and senior ministers who made the major decisions . Although the king was eager for war in Europe , his ministers were more cautious . The Anglo - Spanish War was brought to an end , and George unsuccessfully pressed Walpole to join the War of the Polish Succession on the side of the German states . In April 1733 , Walpole withdrew an unpopular excise bill that had gathered strong opposition , including from within his own party . George lent support to Walpole by dismissing the bill 's opponents from their court offices . Family problems ( edit ) George II 's relationship with his son and heir apparent , Frederick , Prince of Wales , worsened during the 1730s . Frederick had been left behind in Germany when his parents came to England , and they had not met for 14 years . In 1728 , he was brought to England , and swiftly became a figurehead of the political opposition . When George visited Hanover in the summers of 1729 , 1732 and 1735 , he left his wife to chair the regency council in Britain rather than his son . Meanwhile , rivalry between George II and his brother - in - law and first cousin Frederick William I of Prussia led to tension along the Prussian -- Hanoverian border , which eventually culminated in the mobilization of troops in the border zone and suggestions of a duel between the two kings . Negotiations for a marriage between the Prince of Wales and Frederick William 's daughter Wilhelmine dragged on for years but neither side would make the concessions demanded by the other , and the idea was shelved . Instead , the prince married Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha in April 1736 . In May 1736 , George returned to Hanover , which resulted in unpopularity in England ; a satirical notice was even pinned to the gates of St James 's Palace decrying his absence . `` Lost or strayed out of this house '' , it read , `` a man who has left a wife and six children on the parish . '' The king made plans to return in the face of inclement December weather ; when his ship was caught in a storm , gossip swept London that he had drowned . Eventually , in January 1737 , he arrived back in England . Immediately he fell ill , with piles and a fever , and withdrew to his bed . The Prince of Wales put it about that the king was dying , with the result that George insisted on getting up and attending a social event to disprove the gossip - mongers . When the Prince of Wales applied to Parliament for an increase in his allowance , an open quarrel broke out . The king , who had a reputation for meanness , offered a private settlement , which Frederick rejected . Parliament voted against the measure , but George reluctantly increased his son 's allowance on the advice of Walpole . Further friction between them followed when Frederick excluded the king and queen from the birth of his daughter in July 1737 by bundling his wife , who was in labour , into a coach and driving off in the middle of the night . George banished him and his family from the royal court , much like the punishment his own father had brought upon him with the exception that he allowed Frederick to retain custody of his children . Soon afterwards , George 's wife Caroline died on 20 November 1737 ( O.S. ) . He was deeply affected by her death , and to the surprise of many displayed `` a tenderness of which the world thought him before utterly incapable '' . On her deathbed she told her sobbing husband to remarry , to which he replied , `` Non , j'aurai des maîtresses ! '' ( French for `` No , I shall have mistresses ! '' ) . It was common knowledge that George had already had mistresses during his marriage , and he had kept Caroline informed about them . Henrietta Howard , later Countess of Suffolk , had moved to Hanover with her husband during the reign of Queen Anne , and she had been one of Caroline 's women of the bedchamber . She was his mistress from before the accession of George I until November 1734 . She was followed by Amalie von Wallmoden , later Countess of Yarmouth , whose son , Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden , may have been fathered by George . Johann Ludwig was born while Amalie was still married to her husband , and George did not acknowledge him publicly as his own son . War and rebellion ( edit ) Against Walpole 's wishes , but to George 's delight , Britain reopened hostilities with Spain in 1739 . Britain 's conflict with Spain , the War of Jenkins ' Ear , became part of the War of the Austrian Succession when a major European dispute broke out upon the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1740 . At issue was the right of Charles 's daughter , Maria Theresa , to succeed to his Austrian dominions . George spent the summers of 1740 and 1741 in Hanover , where he was more able to intervene directly in European diplomatic affairs in his capacity as elector . Prince Frederick campaigned actively for the opposition in the British general election of 1741 , and Walpole was unable to secure a stable majority . Walpole attempted to buy off the prince with the promise of an increased allowance and offered to pay off his debts , but Frederick refused . With his support eroded , Walpole retired in 1742 after over 20 years in office . He was replaced by Spencer Compton , Lord Wilmington , whom George had originally considered for the premiership in 1727 . Lord Wilmington , however , was a figurehead ; actual power was held by others , such as Lord Carteret , George 's favourite minister after Walpole . When Wilmington died in 1743 , Henry Pelham took his place at the head of the government . George II envisioned at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 by John Wootton Half - Crown of George II , 1746 . The inscription reads GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA ( George II by the Grace of God ) . The word LIMA under the king 's head signifies that the coin was struck from silver seized from the Spanish treasure fleet off Lima , Peru , during the War of the Austrian Succession . The pro-war faction was led by Carteret , who claimed that French power would increase if Maria Theresa failed to succeed to the Austrian throne . George agreed to send 12,000 hired Hessian and Danish mercenaries to Europe , ostensibly to support Maria Theresa . Without conferring with his British ministers , George stationed them in Hanover to prevent enemy French troops from marching into the electorate . The British army had not fought in a major European war in over 20 years , and the government had badly neglected its upkeep . George had pushed for greater professionalism in the ranks , and promotion by merit rather than by sale of commissions , but without much success . An allied force of Austrian , British , Dutch , Hanoverian and Hessian troops engaged the French at the Battle of Dettingen on 16 / 27 June 1743 . George personally accompanied them , leading them to victory , thus becoming the last British monarch to lead troops into battle . Though his actions in the battle were admired , the war became unpopular with the British public , who felt that the king and Carteret were subordinating British interests to Hanoverian ones . Carteret lost support , and to George 's dismay resigned in 1744 . Tension grew between the Pelham ministry and George , as he continued to take advice from Carteret and rejected pressure from his other ministers to include William Pitt the Elder in the Cabinet , which would have broadened the government 's support base . The king disliked Pitt because he had previously opposed government policy and attacked measures seen as pro-Hanoverian . In February 1746 , Pelham and his followers resigned . George asked Lord Bath and Carteret to form an administration , but after less than 48 hours they returned the seals of office , unable to secure sufficient parliamentary support . Pelham returned to office triumphant , and George was forced to appoint Pitt to the ministry . George 's French opponents encouraged rebellion by the Jacobites , the supporters of the Roman Catholic claimant to the British throne , James Francis Edward Stuart , often known as the Old Pretender . Stuart was the son of James II , who had been deposed in 1688 and replaced by his Protestant relations . Two prior rebellions in 1715 and 1719 had failed . In July 1745 , the Old Pretender 's son , Charles Edward Stuart , popularly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender , landed in Scotland , where support for his cause was highest . George , who was summering in Hanover , returned to London at the end of August . The Jacobites defeated British forces in September at the Battle of Prestonpans , and then moved south into England . The Jacobites failed to gain further support , and the French reneged on a promise of help . Losing morale , the Jacobites retreated back into Scotland . On 16 / 27 April 1746 , Charles faced George 's military - minded son Prince William , Duke of Cumberland , in the Battle of Culloden , the last pitched battle fought on British soil . The ravaged Jacobite troops were routed by the government army . Charles escaped to France , but many of his supporters were caught and executed . Jacobitism was all but crushed ; no further serious attempt was made at restoring the House of Stuart . The War of the Austrian Succession continued until 1748 , when Maria Theresa was recognized as Archduchess of Austria . The peace was celebrated by a fête in Green Park , London , for which Handel composed Music for the Royal Fireworks . Later life ( edit ) Portrait by John Shackleton , in or after 1755 In the general election of 1747 , the Prince of Wales again campaigned actively for the opposition but Pelham 's party won easily . Like his father before him , the Prince entertained opposition figures at his house in Leicester Square . When the Prince of Wales died suddenly in 1751 , his eldest son , Prince George , became heir apparent . The king commiserated with the Dowager Princess of Wales and wept with her . As her son would not reach the age of majority until 1756 , a new British Regency Act was passed to make her regent , assisted by a council led by the Duke of Cumberland , in case of George II 's death . The king also made a new will , which provided for Cumberland to be sole regent in Hanover . After the death of his daughter Louisa at the end of the year , George lamented , `` This has been a fatal year for my family . I lost my eldest son -- but I am glad of it ... Now ( Louisa ) is gone . I know I did not love my children when they were young : I hated to have them running into my room ; but now I love them as well as most fathers . '' Seven years ' War ( edit ) In 1754 , Pelham died , to be succeeded by his elder brother , the Duke of Newcastle . Hostility between France and Britain , particularly over the colonization of North America , continued . Fearing a French invasion of Hanover , George aligned himself with Prussia ( ruled by his nephew , Frederick the Great ) , the enemy of Austria . Russia and France allied with their former enemy Austria . A French invasion of the British - held island of Minorca led to the outbreak of the Seven Years ' War in 1756 . Public disquiet over British failures at the start of the conflict led to the resignation of Newcastle and the appointment of the Duke of Devonshire as prime minister and William Pitt the Elder as Secretary of State for the Southern Department . In April the following year , George dismissed Pitt , in an attempt to construct an administration more to his liking . Over the succeeding three months attempts to form another stable ministerial combination failed . In June , James Waldegrave , 2nd Earl Waldegrave , held the seals of office for only four days . By the start of July , Pitt was recalled , and the Duke of Newcastle returned as prime minister . As Secretary of State , Pitt guided policy relating to the war . Great Britain , Hanover and Prussia and their allies Hesse - Kassel and Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel were pitted against other European powers , including France , Austria , Russia , Sweden and Saxony . The war involved multiple theatres from Europe to North America and India , where British dominance increased with the victories of Robert Clive over French forces and their allies at the Battle of Arcot and the Battle of Plassey . George said his son Prince William , Duke of Cumberland ( pictured ) , had `` ruined me and disgraced himself '' at the Convention of Klosterzeven , 1757 . George 's son , the Duke of Cumberland , commanded the king 's troops in northern Germany . In 1757 , Hanover was invaded and George gave Cumberland full powers to conclude a separate peace . By September , however , he was furious at Cumberland 's negotiated settlement , which he felt greatly favoured the French . George said his son had `` ruined me and disgraced himself '' . Cumberland , by his own choice , resigned his military offices , and George revoked the peace deal on the grounds that the French had infringed it by disarming Hessian troops after the ceasefire . In the annus mirabilis of 1759 British forces captured Quebec and Guadeloupe . A French plan to invade Britain was defeated following naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay , and a resumed French advance on Hanover was halted by a joint British -- Hanoverian force at the Battle of Minden . Death ( edit ) By October 1760 , George II was blind in one eye and hard of hearing . On the morning of 25 October , he rose as usual at 6 : 00 am , drank a cup of hot chocolate , and went to his close stool , alone . After a few minutes , his valet heard a loud crash and entered the room to find the king on the floor . The king was lifted into his bed , and Princess Amelia was sent for ; before she reached him , he was dead . At the age of nearly 77 , he had lived longer than any of his English or British predecessors . A post-mortem revealed that the right ventricle of the king 's heart had ruptured as the result of an incipient aortic aneurysm . George II was succeeded by his grandson George III , and was buried on 11 November in Westminster Abbey . He left instructions for the sides of his and his wife 's coffins to be removed so that their remains could mingle . He is the most recent monarch to be buried in Westminster Abbey . Legacy ( edit ) Statue by John Van Nost erected in 1753 in Golden Square , London George donated the royal library to the British Museum in 1757 , four years after the museum 's foundation . He had no interest in reading , or in the arts and sciences , and preferred to spend his leisure hours stag - hunting on horseback or playing cards . In 1737 , he founded the Georg August University of Göttingen , the first university in the Electorate of Hanover , and visited it in 1748 . The asteroid 359 Georgia was named in his honour at the University in 1902 . He served as the Chancellor of Trinity College , Dublin , between 1716 and 1727 , and in 1754 issued the charter for King 's College in New York City , which later became Columbia University . The province of Georgia , founded by royal charter in 1732 , was named after him . During George II 's reign British interests expanded throughout the world , the Jacobite challenge to the Hanoverian dynasty was extinguished , and the power of ministers and Parliament in Britain became well - established . Nevertheless , in the memoirs of contemporaries such as Lord Hervey and Horace Walpole , George is depicted as a weak buffoon , governed by his wife and ministers . Biographies of George written during the nineteenth and first part of the twentieth century relied on these biased accounts . Since the last quarter of the twentieth century , scholarly analysis of surviving correspondence has indicated that George was not as ineffective as previously thought . Letters from ministers are annotated by George with pertinent remarks and demonstrate that he had a grasp of and interest in foreign policy in particular . He was often able to prevent the appointment of ministers or commanders he disliked , or sideline them into lesser offices . This academic reassessment of George II , however , has not totally eliminated the popular perception of him as a `` faintly ludicrous king '' . His parsimony , for example , may have opened him to ridicule , but his biographers observe that parsimony is preferable to extravagance . Lord Charlemont excused George 's short temper by explaining that sincerity of feeling is better than deception , `` His temper was warm and impetuous , but he was good - natured and sincere . Unskilled in the royal talent of dissimulation , he always was what he appeared to be . He might offend , but he never deceived . '' Lord Waldegrave wrote , `` I am thoroughly convinced that hereafter , when time shall have wore away those specks and blemishes which sully the brightest characters , and from which no man is totally exempt , he will be numbered amongst those patriot kings , under whose government the people have enjoyed the greatest happiness '' . George may not have played a strong role in history , but he was influential at times and he upheld constitutional government . Elizabeth Montagu said of him , `` With him our laws and liberties were safe , he possessed in a great degree the confidence of his people and the respect of foreign governments ; and a certain steadiness of character made him of great consequence in these unsettled times ... His character would not afford subject for epic poetry , but will look well in the sober page of history . '' Titles , styles and arms ( edit ) Titles and styles ( edit ) In Britain : From 9 November 1706 ( O.S. ) : Duke and Marquess of Cambridge , Earl of Milford Haven , Viscount Northallerton and Baron of Tewkesbury . 1 August 1714 ( O.S. ) -- 27 September 1714 ( O.S. ) : His Royal Highness George Augustus , Prince of Great Britain , Electoral Prince of Brunswick - Lüneburg , Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay , etc . 27 September 1714 ( O.S. ) -- 11 / 22 June 1727 : His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales , etc . 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 : His Majesty The King . George II 's full style was `` George the Second , by the Grace of God , King of Great Britain , France and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg , Archtreasurer and Prince - Elector of the Holy Roman Empire '' . Arms ( edit ) When George became Prince of Wales in 1714 , he was granted the royal arms with an inescutcheon of gules plain in the Hanoverian quarter differenced overall by a label of three points argent . The crest included the single arched coronet of his rank . As king , he used the royal arms as used by his father undifferenced . Coat of Arms as the Prince of Wales 1714 -- 1727 Coat of Arms of George II as King of Great Britain 1727 -- 1760 Issue ( edit ) John Croker 's medal of 1732 showing the surviving children of George II : Frederick , William , Anne , Amelia , Caroline , Mary , and Louisa Caroline 's ten pregnancies resulted in eight live births . One of their children died in infancy , and seven lived to adulthood . Name Birth Death Notes Frederick , Prince of Wales 000000001707 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1707 000000001751 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 1751 married 1736 , Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha ; had issue , including the future George III Anne , Princess Royal 000000001709 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1709 000000001759 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 1759 married 1734 , William IV , Prince of Orange ; had issue Princess Amelia 000000001711 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1711 000000001786 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1786 never married , no issue Princess Caroline 000000001713 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1713 000000001757 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1757 never married , no issue Stillborn son 000000001716 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1716 000000001716 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1716 Prince George William 000000001717 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1717 000000001718 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1718 died in infancy Miscarriage 000000001718 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1718 000000001718 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1718 Prince William , Duke of Cumberland 000000001721 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 1721 000000001765 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1765 never married , no issue Princess Mary 000000001723 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1723 000000001772 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 1772 married 1740 , Frederick II , Landgrave of Hesse - Kassel ; had issue Princess Louisa 000000001724 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1724 000000001751 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 1751 married 1743 , Frederick V , King of Denmark and Norway ; had issue Dates in this table are New Style Ancestry ( edit ) ( show ) Ancestors of George II of Great Britain 8 . George , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( = 12 ) 4 . Ernest Augustus , Elector of Brunswick - Lüneburg 9 . Anne Eleonore of Hesse - Darmstadt ( = 13 ) 2 . George I of Great Britain 10 . Frederick V , Elector Palatine 5 . Sophia , Princess Palatine of the Rhine 11 . Elizabeth Stuart 1 . George II of Great Britain 12 . George , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( = 8 ) 6 . George William , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg 13 . Anne Eleonore of Hesse - Darmstadt ( = 9 ) 3 . Sophia Dorothea of Celle 14 . Alexandre II Desmier , Seigneur d'Olbreuse 7 . Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse , Countess of Wilhelmsburg 15 . Jacquette Poussard de Vandré Notes ( edit ) ^ O.S. / N.S. Over the course of George 's life , two calendars were used : the Old Style Julian calendar and the New Style Gregorian calendar . Before 1700 , the two calendars were 10 days apart . Hanover switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 19 February ( O.S. ) / 1 March ( N.S. ) 1700 . Great Britain switched on 3 / 14 September 1752 . George was born on 30 October Old Style , which was 9 November New Style , but because the calendar shifted forward a further day in 1700 , the date is occasionally miscalculated as 10 November . In this article , individual dates before September 1752 are indicated as either O.S. or N.S. or both . All dates after September 1752 are N.S. only . All years are assumed to start from 1 January and not 25 March , which was the English New Year . ^ A Hanover had about 1,800 houses , whereas London had 100,000 . ^ B George shook his fist at Newcastle and said `` You are a rascal ; I shall find you out ! '' , which the duke apparently misheard as `` You are a rascal ; I shall fight you ! '' Sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cannon . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Thompson , p. 19 ; Van der Kiste , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 7 ; Van der Kiste , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 and Union with England Act 1707 , The National Archives , retrieved 20 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Kiste , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 30 ; Van der Kiste , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 31 ; Van der Kiste , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 32 ; Trench , p. 18 ; Van der Kiste , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 38 ; Van der Kiste , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 39 -- 40 ; Trench , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 55 ; Van der Kiste , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 63 -- 65 ; Van der Kiste , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 45 ; Thompson , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 75 ; Van der Kiste , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 46 ; Thompson , p. 53 ; Trench , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 67 , 87 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 48 -- 50 , 55 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 79 , 82 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 57 ; Trench , pp. 88 -- 90 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 72 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 52 ; Thompson , p. 58 ; Trench , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 54 ; Thompson , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 45 ; Trench , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Van der Kiste , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 88 ; Cannon ; Trench , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 80 ; Trench , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 81 -- 84 ; Black , Walpole in Power , pp. 29 -- 31 , 53 , 61 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 173 -- 174 ; Van der Kiste , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 141 -- 143 ; Thompson , pp. 102 -- 103 ; Trench , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 141 -- 142 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 85 -- 86 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 118 , 126 , 139 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 182 -- 184 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 185 -- 187 ; Van der Kiste , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 136 ; Thompson , pp. 7 , 64 ; Trench , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 189 -- 190 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 120 ; Trench , p. 192 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 155 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 196 ; Van der Kiste , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Hervey 's Memoirs , vol . III , p. 916 , quoted in Thompson , p. 124 , and Van der Kiste , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 124 ; Trench , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 92 ; Trench , pp. 175 , 181 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , pp. 25 , 137 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 157 ; Kilburn ; Weir , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Trench , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 133 , 139 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 174 ; Trench , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 150 . Jump up ^ `` Silver ' Lima ' crown ( 5 shillings ) of George II '' , British Museum , retrieved 26 August 2011 Archive at the Wayback Machine ( archived 29 April 2011 ) Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 211 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 206 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 111 ; Trench , pp. 136 , 208 ; Van der Kiste , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 148 ; Trench , pp. 217 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 181 -- 184 ; Van der Kiste , pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 185 -- 186 ; Thompson , p. 160 ; Van der Kiste , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 190 -- 193 ; Thompson , pp. 162 , 169 ; Trench , pp. 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 164 , 184 , 195 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 190 -- 193 ; Cannon ; Trench , pp. 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 187 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 199 ; Trench , p. 243 ; Van der Kiste , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 208 ; Trench , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 207 -- 211 ; Thompson , p. 209 ; Trench , p. 249 ; Van der Kiste , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Horace Walpole 's memoirs , vol . I , p. 152 , quoted in Thompson , p. 213 and Trench , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 233 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 231 -- 232 ; Thompson , p. 252 ; Trench , pp. 271 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Ashley , p. 677 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 265 -- 266 ; Trench , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 268 ; Trench , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Horace Walpole 's memoirs , vol . III , p. 61 , quoted in Trench , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 276 ; Trench , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 270 ; Trench , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Trench , pp. 293 -- 296 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 275 ; Trench , p. 292 ; Van der Kiste , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Thompson , pp. 289 -- 290 ; Van der Kiste , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Frank ( 1761 ) `` Observations concerning the body of His Late Majesty '' , Philos Trans Lond 52 : 265 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 253 ; Thompson , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , between pp. 150 and 151 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 68 , 127 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 127 ; Thompson , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Trench , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 128 ; Trench , pp. 140 , 152 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 255 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 258 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , pp. 144 -- 146 ; Cannon ; Trench , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Best , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 82 ; Trench , p. 300 ; Lord Waldegrave 's Memoirs quoted in Trench , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Charlemont quoted in Cannon and Trench , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Trench , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Black , George II , p. 138 ; Cannon ; Trench , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Black , George II , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Weir , p. 277 . Jump up ^ e.g. `` No. 5264 '' . The London Gazette. 28 September 1714 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ e.g. A Lima half - crown ( MEC1598 ) , National Maritime Museum , retrieved 7 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pinches and Pinches , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Weir , pp. 277 -- 285 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , pp. 272 -- 275 . ^ Jump up to : Haag et al. , pp. 347 -- 349 . Jump up ^ Huberty et al. , p. 108 Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Van der Kiste , p. 63 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens . London : Robinson . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 Best , Nicholas ( 1995 ) The Kings and Queens of England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 83487 - 8 Black , Jeremy ( 2001 ) Walpole in Power . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2523 - X Black , Jeremy ( 2007 ) George II : Puppet of the Politicians ? Exeter : University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85989 - 807 - 2 Cannon , John ( 2004 ) `` George II ( 1683 -- 1760 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , retrieved 16 August 2011 doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 10539 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Haag , Eugène ; Haag , Émile ; Bordier , Henri Léonard ( 1877 ) La France Protestante . Paris : Sandoz et Fischbacher ( in French ) online edition Huberty , Michel ; Giraud , Alain ; Magdelaine , F. et B. ( 1981 ) L'Allemagne Dynastique . Volume 3 : Brunswick - Nassau - Schwarzbourg . Le Perreux - sur - Marne : Giraud . ISBN 2 - 901138 - 03 - 9 Kilburn , Matthew ( 2004 ) `` Wallmoden , Amalie Sophie Marianne von , suo jure countess of Yarmouth ( 1704 -- 1765 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , retrieved 30 November 2012 doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 28579 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Pinches , John Harvey ; Pinches , Rosemary ( 1974 ) The Royal Heraldry of England . Slough , Buckinghamshire : Hollen Street Press . ISBN 0 - 900455 - 25 - X Thompson , Andrew C. ( 2011 ) George II : King and Elector . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11892 - 6 Trench , Charles Chevenix ( 1975 ) George II . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0481 - X Van der Kiste , John ( 1997 ) George II and Queen Caroline . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1321 - 5 Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy . London : Random House . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Bultmann , William A. ( 1966 ) `` Early Hanoverian England ( 1714 -- 1760 ) : Some Recent Writings '' in Elizabeth Chapin Furber , ed . Changing views on British history : essays on historical writing since 1939 . Harvard University Press , pp. 181 -- 205 Dickinson , Harry T. ; introduced by A.L. Rowse ( 1973 ) Walpole and the Whig Supremacy . London : The English Universities Press . ISBN 0 - 340 - 11515 - 7 Hervey , John Hervey Baron ( 1931 ) Some materials towards memoirs of the reign of King George II . Eyre & Spottiswoode Marshall , Dorothy ( 1962 ) Eighteenth Century England 1714 -- 1784 Robertson , Charles Grant ( 1911 ) England under the Hanoverians . London : Methuen Smith , Hannah ( 2005 ) `` The Court in England , 1714 -- 1760 : A Declining Political Institution ? '' History 90 ( 297 ) : 23 -- 41 Smith , Hannah ( 2006 ) Georgian Monarchy : Politics and Culture , 1714 -- 1760 . Cambridge University Press Williams , Basil ; revized by C.H. Stuart ( 1962 ) The Whig Supremacy 1714 -- 1760 . Second edition . Oxford : Oxford University Press External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to George II of Great Britain . Wikiquote has quotations related to : George II of Great Britain George II at BBC History George II at the official website of the British monarchy `` Archival material relating to George II of Great Britain '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of King George II at the National Portrait Gallery , London George II of Great Britain House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of Welf Born : 9 November 1683 Died : 25 October 1760 Regnal titles Preceded by George I King of Great Britain and Ireland , Elector of Hanover 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 Succeeded by George III British royalty Vacant Title last held by James Prince of Wales Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay 1714 -- 1727 Succeeded by Frederick Academic offices Preceded by The Duke of Ormonde Chancellor of the University of Dublin 1715 -- 1727 Succeeded by HRH Frederick , Prince of Wales English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway First Interregnum John Balliol Second Interregnum Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James I & VI Charles I Commonwealth Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Kingdom of Great Britain History Union of 1707 Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War Jacobitism Jacobite risings War of Jenkins ' Ear French and Indian War Boston Massacre American Revolutionary War Anglo - Dutch War ( 1780 -- 1784 ) French Revolutionary Wars Union of 1801 Royal Houses Stuart Anne Hanover George I George II George III Politics Parliament House of Lords House of Commons List of Parliaments Acts of Parliament : 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Elections : 1708 1710 1713 1715 1722 1727 1734 1741 1747 1754 1761 1768 1774 1780 1784 1790 1796 Monarchy Peers Privy Council Prime Minister List Whigs Tories Whig Junto Patriot Whigs Kit - Cat Club Geography Great Britain Architecture Queen Anne Georgian Other East India Company British Empire Longitude prize Window tax Proclamation of Rebellion South Sea Company Speenhamland system Symbols Flag Coat of arms History of Great Britain category British princes The generations indicate descent from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family . 1st generation King George II 2nd generation Frederick , Prince of Wales Prince George William Prince William , Duke of Cumberland 3rd generation King George III Prince Edward , Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Prince Frederick 4th generation King George IV Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany King William IV Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn King Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5th generation Prince Albert King George V of Hanover Prince George , Duke of Cambridge 6th generation King Edward VII Prince Alfred , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany Prince Ernest Augustus 7th generation Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale King George V Prince Alexander John of Wales Alfred , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur of Connaught Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany and of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince George William of Hanover Prince Christian of Hanover Prince Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick 8th generation King Edward VIII King George VI Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester Prince George , Duke of Kent Prince John Alastair , 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Johann Leopold , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Hubertus of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince George William of Hanover 9th generation Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward , Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent 10th generation Charles , Prince of Wales Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex 11th generation Prince William , Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex James , Viscount Severn 12th generation Prince George of Cambridge Prince Louis of Cambridge Not a British prince by birth , but created Prince Consort . Not a British prince by birth , but created a Prince of the United Kingdom . Status debatable ; see his article . Princes of Wales Edward ( 1301 -- 1307 ) Edward ( 1343 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Edward ( 1454 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1471 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1489 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1504 -- 1509 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry ( 1610 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1616 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1641 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1729 -- 1751 ) George ( 1751 -- 1760 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1958 -- present ) See also : Principality of Wales Dukes of Cornwall Edward ( 1337 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Henry ( 1421 -- 1422 ) Edward ( 1453 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1470 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1486 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1502 -- 1509 ) Henry ( 1511 ) Henry ( 1513 ) Henry ( 1515 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 -- 1701 / 2 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1952 -- present ) Cornwall Portal Dukes of Rothesay David ( 1398 -- 1402 ) James ( 1402 -- 1406 ) Alexander ( 1430 ) James ( 1430 -- 1437 ) James ( 1452 -- 1460 ) James ( 1473 -- 1488 ) James ( 1507 -- 1508 ) Arthur ( 1509 -- 1510 ) James ( 1512 -- 1513 ) James ( 1540 -- 1541 ) James ( 1566 -- 1567 ) Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) Charles James ( 1629 ) Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 -- 1689 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1952 -- present ) Dukes of Cambridge Charles ( 1660 -- 1661 ; only styled ) James ( 1664 -- 1667 ) Edgar ( 1667 -- 1671 ) Charles ( 1677 -- 1677 ; only styled ) George ( 1706 -- 1727 ) Adolphus ( 1801 -- 1850 ) George ( 1850 -- 1904 ) William ( 2011 -- present ) Rulers of Hanover Electors of Hanover Ernest Augustus ( Elector - designate ) George I Louis * George II * George III * Kings of Hanover George III * George IV * William * Ernest Augustus George V * also British monarch BIBSYS : 6081415 BNF : cb131888654 ( data ) GND : 118538543 ISNI : 0000 0001 2101 109X LCCN : n83041856 SELIBR : 209669 SNAC : w6cr5v3d SUDOC : 035427655 ULAN : 500353655 VIAF : 150145970160432251322 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_II_of_Great_Britain&oldid=843606031 '' Categories : George II of Great Britain 1683 births 1760 deaths 17th - century German people 18th - century German people 18th - century British people Burials at Westminster Abbey Chancellors of the University of Dublin Deaths from aortic dissection Dukes of Bremen and Verden Dukes of Cambridge Dukes of Cornwall Dukes of Rothesay Dukes of Saxe - Lauenburg Electoral Princes of Hanover Electors of Hanover English pretenders to the French throne German people of Huguenot descent House of Hanover Knights of the Garter Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain Monarchs of Great Britain People from Hanover People related to the history of the Georgia Salzburgers Princes of Great Britain Princes of Wales Protestant monarchs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use British English Oxford spelling from October 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles containing German - language text Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 07 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the last british monarch to be born abroad | [] | [] |
-7564207652922150324 | A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series) | A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - Wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second series was ordered in April 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in March 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2019 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor and wife of Jerome Squalor , who is also the student and potential love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan and Quigley Quagmire , Isadora 's two brothers who are twins . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and the Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest Introduced in season 1 Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in personal anecdotes . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidexterous `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Allison Williams as a yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 7 TBC Season 1 ( 2017 ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . Finding Esmé alone and Jerome drugged , the Baudelaires try to warn her of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city as an item in an upcoming auction . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . As Esmé and Olaf start the auction , the Baudelaires , the Poes , and the secret society 's volunteers converge on Veblen Hall and start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which the Baudelaires believe contains the Quagmires . Though the Baudelaires win the auction , they find the box contains only very fancy doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with a red herring statue -- the real auction item that holds the Quagmires . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively ( in reality , they just want the children to do all their chores ) . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name and warn the rest of the hospital to watch out for Klaus and Sunny , identifying them as murderers . To find Violet , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually find the patient list and deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . He then convinces everyone that the Baudelaires started it . The Baudelaires successfully escape the hospital during the mass evacuation , and as there are police around , they realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Unbeknownst to them , Olaf is headed to the Caligari Carnival , where Madame Lulu the psychic promises to shed light on the survivor . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with Madame Lulu about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . She also suggests that the children head to the Mortmain Mountains , where the V.F.D. headquarters is located , to find their surviving parent . While Violet arranges for transportation , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled . Esmé convinces the other freaks to push Lulu into the lion pit , with the promise that they can join Olaf 's troupe . The next day , Olaf starts the show and selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , reveals her true identity , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path , causing the caravan to careen backward and hang off a cliff 's edge . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival , and Lemony informs us that he knows her well . Season 3 ( 2019 ) The third season plans to adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will adapt the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in this season . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 16 `` The Slippery Slope : Part 1 '' TBC TBC TBC 17 `` The Slippery Slope : Part 2 '' TBC TBC TBC 18 `` The Grim Grotto : Part 1 '' TBC TBC TBC 19 `` The Grim Grotto : Part 2 '' TBC TBC TBC 20 5 `` The Penultimate Peril : Part 1 '' TBC TBC TBC 21 6 `` The Penultimate Peril : Part 2 '' TBC TBC TBC 22 7 `` The End '' TBC TBC TBC Production Development The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In season two , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . Visual effects Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response Season 1 The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaire 's adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.creativebc.com/crbc-services/motion-picture-services/in-production/films.php?type=series Jump up ^ http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2017/09/vancouver-film-production-update.html ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n1\n1\n\"The Bad Beginning: Part One\"[a]\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nDaniel Handler\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\nViolet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well-meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe. While exploring the ruins, Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front. Shortly afterwards, they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf, a cruel and vain amateur actor, who forces them into servitude. One night, the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home. The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef, angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements. Meanwhile, a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor.\n\n\n2\n2\n\"The Bad Beginning: Part Two\"[a]\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nDaniel Handler\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\nThe Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf's actions, only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims. When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production, which ends with the two main characters being married, the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real. Klaus confronts Olaf, who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet doesn't follow through with his plans. At the very last minute, however, Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand, invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right-handed. Mr. Poe's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery. Meanwhile, Jacquelyn's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned, after being hit by a poisoned dart.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"The Reptile Room: Part One\"\nMark Palansky\nDaniel Handler\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\nThe Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery, who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper. While attempting to learn more about Montgomery, Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf's ankle. Olaf poses as Montgomery's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires, but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat. The four arrive at a movie theatre, where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film, using a spyglass identical to Klaus'. The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru. He fires Stephano shortly afterwards, believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research.\n\n\n4\n4\n\"The Reptile Room: Part Two\"\nMark Palansky\nEmily Fox\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\nImmediately after dismissing \"Stephano,\" Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates, only to be attacked by an unseen figure. The next day, the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery's corpse. Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru, but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave. Olaf's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses, and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper, despite Monty's claim of it being completely harmless. While searching for proof of the snake's innocence, Klaus discovers a statue in Monty's hedge maze, and a photograph of Monty, both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus'. Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer; however, he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus' spyglass. While pursuing him, the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn, who is posing as a statue. She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways.\n\n\n5\n5\n\"The Wide Window: Part One\"\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nDaniel Handler\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\nMr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine, an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose. She refuses to answer questions about their parents, so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house, and discover their parents were members of a secret organization, with spyglasses being used as useful devices. They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable, and developed her phobias after the death of her husband. Olaf, who has followed the Baudelaires, disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine. Despite the siblings' warnings, Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich. Later that night, the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library's bay window and left a note informing them that \"Captain Sham\" is their new guardian.\n\n\n6\n6\n\"The Wide Window: Part Two\"\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nDaniel Handler\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\nAs Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to \"Captain Sham,\" the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors, something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar. Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer, but allows the siblings to leave after Larry, a waiter secretly a member of their parents' organization, triggers their allergy to peppermint. After returning to the house, the siblings decipher Josephine's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff. Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill, the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave, only to be confronted by Olaf, who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose. Upon returning to shore, Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph.\n\n\n7\n7\n\"The Miserable Mill: Part One\"\nBo Welch\nJoe Tracz\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\nUpon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill, the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir, who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town. While investigating the workers' unnaturally happy behavior, Klaus' glasses are broken by the Hook-Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono, and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell, who puts him into a hypnotic trance. Later that day, the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them. Believing that their parents are still alive, the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist \"Shirley St. Ives,\" who is a poorly-disguised Olaf. Meanwhile, the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets, with whom they are reunited.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"The Miserable Mill: Part Two\"\nBo Welch\nTatiana Suarez-Pico\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)\n\n\nThe Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance, ensuring they do not leave their jobs. Orwell and Olaf use a still-hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir's aide Charles, but Violet figures out how to break everyone's trance in the nick of time. The workers then storm the mill, causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die. Sir, Olaf, and the Hook-Handed Man all escape in the chaos. Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires' role in the town, where they actually helped to fight the fire. The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe, and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him. Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school, which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to, due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman. The Quagmires' parents are revealed to be members of the organization. In the final scene, Lemony Snicket, Count Olaf, the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song \"That's Not How the Story Goes.\"\n\n"
] | [
"The Bad Beginning: Part Two"
] |
-2880901427113107881 | Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) | Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on it ) - wikipedia Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on it ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' Single by Beyoncé from the album I Am ... Sasha Fierce A-side `` If I Were a Boy '' Released October 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 13 ) Format CD single digital download Recorded May 2008 ; Studio The Boom Boom Room , Burbank , California Genre Dance - pop R&B Length 3 : 13 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Christopher `` Tricky '' Stewart Terius `` The - Dream '' Nash Thaddis Harrell Beyoncé Knowles - Carter Producer ( s ) Stewart Nash Knowles - Carter Beyoncé singles chronology `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2008 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( 2008 ) `` At Last '' ( 2008 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' is a song from Beyoncé 's third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . Columbia Records released `` Single Ladies '' as a single on October 13 , 2008 as a Double A-side alongside `` If I Were a Boy '' , showcasing the contrast between Beyoncé and her aggressive onstage alter ego Sasha Fierce . It explores men 's unwillingness to propose or commit . In the song , the female protagonist is in a club to celebrate her single status . `` Single Ladies '' won three Grammy Awards in 2010 , including Song of the Year , among other accolades . Several news media sources named it as one of the best songs of 2008 , while some considered it one of the best songs of the decade . It topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for four non-consecutive weeks and has been certified quadruple - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The song charted among the top ten within the singles category in several other countries . Globally , it was 2009 's seventh best - selling digital single with 6.1 million units sold thus becoming one of the best - selling singles of all time . A black - and - white music video accompanied the single 's release . It won several awards , including the Video of the Year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . Beyoncé has performed `` Single Ladies '' on television and during her concert tours . The song and particularly its music video have been widely parodied and imitated . Several notable artists have performed cover versions . Media usage has included placement in popular television shows . Contents 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Critical reception 3.1 Reviews 3.2 Recognition 4 Accolades 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 6.1 Background and concept 6.2 Synopsis 6.3 Response and accolades 6.3. 1 `` Kanyegate '' 7 Live performances 8 Cultural impact 8.1 Parodies and homages 8.2 Usage in media 8.3 Cover versions 9 Formats and track listings 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release and radio history 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Background and release ( edit ) Terius Nash ( left ) and Christopher Stewart ( right ) produced `` Single Ladies '' . `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' was written by Beyoncé , Terius `` The - Dream '' Nash , Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , and Christopher `` Tricky '' Stewart , and was produced by Nash and Stewart . Beyoncé recorded the song in May 2008 at the Boom Boom Room Studio in Burbank , California , and it was mixed by Jaycen Joshua and Dave Pensado , with assistance from Randy Urbanski and Andrew Wuepper . Nash conceptualized `` Single Ladies '' after Beyoncé 's secret marriage to hip hop recording artist Jay - Z in April 2008 . Stewart commented that the song was `` the only public statement that ( Beyoncé and Jay - Z had ) ever made about marriage '' , and that while in the studio recording the song Beyoncé had remained tightlipped , even to the point of removing her wedding band . Beyoncé 's marriage inspired Nash to compose a song about an issue that affected many people 's relationships : the fear or unwillingness of men to commit . In an interview with Billboard magazine , Beyoncé added that she was drawn to the song because of the universality of the topic , an issue that `` people are passionate about and want to talk about and debate '' . She stated that although `` Single Ladies '' is a playful uptempo song , it addresses an issue that women experience every day . In `` Single Ladies '' , Beyoncé portrays her alter ego Sasha Fierce , which appears on the second part of I Am ... Sasha Fierce . The song was released simultaneously with `` If I Were a Boy '' ; as lead singles , they were meant to demonstrate the concept of the dueling personalities of the singer . This reinforced the theme of the album , which was created by placing its ballads and uptempo tracks on separate discs . The singles debuted on US radio on October 8 , 2008 ; `` Single Ladies '' did so on mainstream urban New York radio station Power 105.1 . Both singles were added to rhythmic contemporary radio playlists on October 12 , 2008 ; `` Single Ladies '' was sent to urban contemporary playlists the same day , while `` If I Were a Boy '' was instead classified for contemporary hit radio . The two songs were released as a double A-side single on November 7 , 2008 , in Australia , New Zealand , and Germany . Dance remixes of the song were made available in the US on February 10 , 2009 , and in Europe on February 16 , 2009 . `` Single Ladies '' was not originally released as a single in the UK , but the song became increasingly popular there and reached the top ten in the UK Singles Chart as a result of download sales . On February 16 , 2009 , it was released as a CD single , and the dance remixes became available as a digital download . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' A sample of `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , a dance - pop and R&B number that uses hand claps , minor chords , spaced out synthesizers , robotic effects and an ascending whistling in the background Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Single Ladies '' is an uptempo dance - pop and R&B song with dancehall , disco and bounce influences . It is set in common time , and makes use of staccato bounce - based hand claps , Morse code beeps , an ascending whistle in the background , and a punchy organic beat . The instrumentation includes a bass drum , a keyboard and spaced out synthesizers that occasionally zoom in and out ; one commentator , Sarah Liss of CBC News , noted that their arrangement surprisingly comes as light , instead of dense . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , `` Single Ladies '' is written in the key of E major and played in a moderate groove of 96.9 beats per minute . Beyoncé 's vocals range from the note of F ♯ to D. It has a chord progression of E in the verses , and Bdim -- C -- Bdim -- Am in the chorus . J. Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post noted the song features `` playground vocals '' . `` Single Ladies '' is musically similar to Beyoncé 's 2007 single `` Get Me Bodied '' ; Andy Kellman of Allmusic called it a `` dire throwback '' to the song . Stewart and Harrell said in an interview given to People magazine that the similar rhythm of the two songs is `` what Beyoncé responds to '' . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times saw the song 's theme of female empowerment as an extension of that of `` Irreplaceable '' ( 2006 ) , and Daniel Brockman of The Phoenix noted that its usage of `` blurry pronouns '' such as `` it '' resembles Beyoncé 's 2005 single `` Check on It '' . Liss commented that the beat of the `` Single Ladies '' evokes African gumboot dancing and schoolyard Double Dutch chants , a view shared by Douglas Wolf of Time magazine . Trish Crawford of the Toronto Star concluded that `` Single Ladies '' is `` a strong song of female empowerment '' , and other music critics have noted its appeal to Beyoncé 's fan base of independent women as in the song , Beyoncé offers support to women who have split up from their no - good boyfriends . In `` Single Ladies '' , Beyoncé emphasizes her aggressive and sensual alter ego Sasha Fierce . She displays much attitude in her voice , as stated by Nick Levine of Digital Spy . Echoing Levine 's sentiments , Liss wrote that Beyoncé sounds `` gleefully sassy '' . The lyrics reflect post-breakup situations . Accompanied by robotic - like sounds , the opening lines of the song are call and response ; Beyoncé chants , `` All the single ladies '' , and background singers echo the line each time . In the first verse , Beyoncé narrates the recent end to a poor relationship after she `` cried ( her ) tears for three good years '' . She reclaims her right to flirt , have fun , and find a lover who is more devoted than the previous one . Beyoncé goes out to celebrate with her friends in a club where she meets a new love interest . However , her former boyfriend is watching her , and she directs the song to him . She then sings the chorus , which uses minor chords and contains several hooks , `` If you like it then you shoulda put a ring on it ... Oh oh oh '' . In the second verse , Beyoncé tells her ex-lover that , as he did not attempt to make things more permanent when he had the chance , he has no reason to complain now that she has found someone else . On the bridge , she affirms that she wants her new love interest `` to make like a prince and grab her , delivering her to ' a destiny , to infinity and beyond ' '' while `` Prince Charming is left standing there like the second lead in a romantic comedy '' . Towards the end of the song , Beyoncé takes a more aggressive vocal approach and employs a middle eight as she sings , `` And like a ghost I 'll be gone '' . When she chants the chorus for the third and final time , her vocals are omnipresent within layers of music , as described by Frannie Kelley of NPR . An electronic swoop tugs in continuously until the song ends . Critical reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Nick Levine of Digital Spy particularly praised its beats , which according to him , `` just do n't quit '' . Michelangelo Matos of The A.V. Club wrote that the song is `` fabulous , with glowing production , a humongous hook , and beats for weeks '' . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times was also impressed with the overall production of the song , specifically the chorus , adding `` More than most female singers , Beyoncé understands the funky art of singing rhythmically , and this is a prime example . '' Fraser McAlpine of BBC Online considered `` Single Ladies '' to be the best song Beyoncé has attempted since `` Ring the Alarm '' ( 2006 ) and complimented the former 's refrain , describing it as `` so amazingly catchy that it provides a surprisingly solid foundation for the entire song '' . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian commended the threatening atmosphere that `` Single Ladies '' creates by using minor chords . Daniel Brockman of The Phoenix complimented the song 's use of the word `` it '' , and wrote that the technique `` sums up her divided musical persona far more effectively than the ( album 's ) two - disc split - personality gimmick . '' Darryl Sterdan of Jam ! called the song single - worthy , and wrote that it is `` a tune that actually sounds like a Beyoncé number '' . Sarah Liss of CBC News wrote that `` Single Ladies '' represents Beyoncé at her best , describing it as `` an instantly addictive ( and ) a bouncy featherweight dance - pop track '' . She further commented that it was pleasant hear a voice which `` changes timbre naturally , a voice with actual cracks and fissures ( however slight ) '' in contrast to the `` Auto - Tune epidemic that seems to be plaguing so many of her mainstream pop peers '' . Douglas Wolf of Time magazine added that `` Single Ladies '' is a sing - along which allows Beyoncé to demonstrate her virtuosity and `` a focused , commanding display of individuality that speaks for every raised hand without a ring on it '' . Sasha Frere - Jones of The New Yorker wrote that the song combines a jumble of feelings and sounds that `` do n't resolve but also never become tiring '' . He concluded that `` Single Ladies '' was generally jubilant and that Beyoncé 's vocals were pure and glimmering . Andy Kellman of Allmusic and Jessica Suarez of Paste magazine noted the song as one of the standouts from I Am ... Sasha Fierce , and saw similarities to `` Get Me Bodied '' . Writers praised the song 's dance beat ; Colin McGuire of PopMatters praised `` Single Ladies '' as one of Beyoncé 's best dance tracks . Spence D. of IGN Music described the song as a `` Caribbean flair and booty shaking jubilation that should get even the most staid of listeners snapping their necks and gyrating joyfully '' . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle wrote that it is a `` hip - shaking club '' song similar to `` Check on It '' . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly magazine wrote that `` Single Ladies '' is a `` giddy , high - stepping hybrid of lyrical kiss - off and fizzy jump - rope jam '' . Describing the song as a `` winning high - stepping '' one , Adam Mazmanian of The Washington Times wrote that `` Single Ladies '' is designed to get the women out on the dance floor as Beyoncé sings it with `` a genuinely defiant , independent voice '' . Some critics were unimpressed by `` Single Ladies '' . Mariel Concepcion of Billboard magazine called it `` standard screech - thump fare '' . The Observer 's Adam Mattera saw `` Single Ladies '' and `` Diva '' as potential sources of inspiration for drag queens , although they may leave others confused . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine criticized its lyrical inconsistencies , suggesting it is a `` leftover '' from B'Day . Recognition ( edit ) Rolling Stone named `` Single Ladies '' the best song of 2008 , and wrote , `` The beat ... is irresistible and exuberant , the vocal hook is stormy and virtuosic . '' `` Single Ladies '' ranked as the second - best song of the 2000s decade in the magazine 's 2009 readers ' poll , and Rolling Stone critics placed it at number 50 on the list of the 100 Best Songs of the Decade . `` Single Ladies '' was placed at number two on MTV News ' list of The Best Songs of 2008 ; James Montgomery called it `` hyperactive and supercharged in ways I never thought possible . It 's epic and sexy and even a bit sad . '' `` There is absolutely zero chance Beyoncé ever releases a single like this ever again '' , Montgomery concluded . Time magazine 's critic Josh Tyrangiel , who called the song `` ludicrously infectious '' , ranked it as the seventh - best song of 2008 . Douglas Wolf of the same publication placed it at number nine on his list of the All - Time 100 Songs . `` Single Ladies '' appeared at number six on the Eye Weekly 's critics ' list of the Best Singles of 2008 , and at number six on About.com 's Mark Edward Nero 's list of the Best R&B Songs of 2008 . On The Village Voice 's year - end Pazz & Jop singles list , `` Single Ladies '' was ranked at numbers three and forty one in 2008 and 2009 respectively . Additionally , the Maurice Joshua Club Mix of the song was ranked at number 443 on the 2008 list . `` Single Ladies '' was named the best song of the 2000s decade by Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) . Sarah Rodman , writing for The Boston Globe , named `` Single Ladies '' the fourth most irresistible song of the decade , and stated , `` ( Beyoncé ) combined leotards with crass engagement - bling baiting into one delicious sexy - yet - antiquated package . The video had the whole world dancing and waving along via YouTube . '' VH1 ranked `` Single Ladies '' at number sixteen on its list of The 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s . In his book Eating the Dinosaur ( 2009 ) , Chuck Klosterman wrote that `` Single Ladies '' is `` arguably the first song overtly marketed toward urban bachelorette parties '' . Jody Rosen of The New Yorker credited the melodies that float and dart over the thump for creating a new sound in music that did n't exist in the world before Beyoncé . He further wrote , `` If they sound ' normal ' now , it 's because Beyoncé , and her many followers , have retrained our ears . '' Organization Country Accolade Year Source Rolling Stone United States Songs of the Decade ( ranked 50 ) 2009 Rolling Stone United States `` Top Songs of 2008 '' ( ranked 1 ) 2008 Slant United Kingdom `` The 100 Best Singles of the Aughts '' ( ranked 122 ) Pitchfork United States `` The 100 Best Tracks of 2008 '' ( ranked 23 ) 2008 Time United States All Time 100 Songs 2011 Complex United States The 100 Best Songs of The Complex Decade 2012 The Village Voice United States Pazz + Jop 2008 ( ranked 3 ) 2008 Accolades ( edit ) `` Single Ladies '' has received a number of awards and nominations , including the Song of the Year , Best R&B Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 52nd Grammy Awards . It also won the awards for Favorite Song at the 2009 Kids ' Choice Awards , Song of the Year at the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards , and Best R&B Song at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized `` Single Ladies '' as one of the most performed songs of 2009 at the 27th ASCAP Pop Music Awards . The song was nominated in the Best Song category at the 2009 NAACP Image Awards and in the English - language `` Record of the Year '' category at the 2009 Premios Oye ! Awards . It was also nominated for Record of the Year at the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards , Viewer 's Choice Award at the 2009 BET Awards , Best R&B / Urban Dance Track at the 2009 International Dance Music Awards , and World 's Best Single at the 2010 World Music Awards . Year Organization Award Result 2009 BET Awards Video of the Year Won Viewers Choice Award Nominated MOBO Awards Best Video Won MTV Europe Music Awards Best Video Won MTV Video Music Awards Video of the Year Won Best Female Video Nominated Best Pop Video Nominated Best Editing in a Video Won Best Direction Nominated Best Special Effects Nominated Best Art Direction Nominated Best Cinematography in a Video Nominated Best Choreography in a Video Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Song Won Soul Train Music Awards Song of the Year Won The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter 's Award Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice R&B Track Won TRL Awards Nokia Playlist Generation Award Won ASCAP Pop Music Awards Most Performed Songs Won ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards Award Winning R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Won 52nd Annual Grammy Awards Song of the Year Won Best R&B Song Won Best Female R&B Vocal Performance Won Chart performance ( edit ) Beyoncé performing `` Single Ladies '' in Berlin on her I Am ... World Tour , 2009 `` Single Ladies '' debuted at number 72 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart issue dated November 1 , 2008 . On December 6 , 2008 , it moved from number 28 to number two on the Hot 100 chart , as a result of its debut at number one on the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 204,000 digital downloads . The song became Beyoncé 's fifth solo single to top the Hot Digital Songs chart . `` If I Were a Boy '' charted at number three on the Hot 100 chart the same week , and thus Beyoncé became the seventh female in the US to have two songs in the top five positions of that particular chart . The following week `` Single Ladies '' climbed to number one on the Hot 100 chart , selling 228,000 downloads , and became Beyoncé 's fifth solo single to top the chart . It tied her with Olivia Newton - John and Barbra Streisand at number six on the list of female artists with the most Hot 100 number one hits , as of 2010 . The song was at the top of the chart for four non-consecutive weeks , during the last of which digital downloads of `` Single Ladies '' increased by 157 percent to 382,000 units -- its best week of digital sales . For the week ending January 15 , 2009 , the song moved to number one on the Hot 100 Airplay chart with 147.3 million listener impressions . It reached number one on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , where it remained for twelve consecutive weeks . `` Single Ladies '' topped the Pop Songs and the Hot Dance Club Play charts , and reached number two on the Pop 100 chart . The song has been certified quadruple - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of over 4,000,000 copies . It passed the 5 million sales mark in October 2012 . `` Single Ladies '' debuted at number 81 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week ending November 29 , 2008 . On January 24 , 2009 , its ninth charting week , it moved to its peak spot at number two , and was subsequently certified double - platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for sales of over 160,000 copies . The song peaked at number seven , and spent 112 weeks on the UK Singles Chart . It topped the UK R&B Chart , where it succeeded the song 's double A-side , `` If I Were a Boy '' . On October 23 , 2009 , `` Single Ladies '' was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for sales of over 600,000 copies . As of November 2013 , it has sold 704,000 copies in the UK . On the Irish Singles Chart , it reached number four and enjoyed twenty weeks of charting , while on the Japan Hot 100 chart it made its way to number 25 . In Australia , the single attained a high point of number five on the ARIA Singles Chart , and received a five - times platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of over 350,000 copies . It peaked at number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart , and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for shipment of over 15,000 copies . `` Single Ladies '' appeared on several charts in mainland Europe , and peaked at number 20 on the European Hot 100 Singles chart . It reached the top 10 in the Netherlands , Italy and Spain , and the top 40 in both Belgian territories ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , as well as in Hungary , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland . `` Single Ladies '' was 2009 's seventh best - selling digital single with 6.1 million units sold worldwide , and is one of the best - selling singles of all - time . Music video ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) The music video for `` Single Ladies '' was shot immediately after that of `` If I Were a Boy '' , but it received less attention during production than the `` higher - gloss , higher - profile video '' for `` If I Were a Boy '' . Both videos were shot in black - and - white in New York City and were directed by Jake Nava , with whom Beyoncé had worked on previous music videos including `` Crazy in Love '' and `` Beautiful Liar '' . `` Single Ladies '' was choreographed by Frank Gatson Jr. and JaQuel Knight , and incorporates J - Setting choreography . The two music videos premiered on MTV 's Total Request Live show on October 13 , 2008 to reinforce the concept of conflicting personalities . The videos were released to other media outlets on the same date and subsequently included on Beyoncé 's remix album with videography , Above and Beyoncé , and the platinum edition of I Am ... Sasha Fierce . The music video , which incorporates J - Setting choreography , was inspired by the Bob Fosse - choreographed performance by Gwen Verdon in `` Mexican Breakfast '' . Beyoncé told Simon Vozick - Levinson of Entertainment Weekly that the inspiration for the video was a 1969 Bob Fosse routine entitled `` Mexican Breakfast '' seen on The Ed Sullivan Show , which featured Fosse 's wife , Gwen Verdon , dancing with two other women . `` Mexican Breakfast '' had become an Internet viral sensation the previous summer after Unk 's `` Walk It Out '' was dubbed over the original mix . Beyoncé wanted to attempt a similar dance and eventually , the choreography of `` Single Ladies '' was liberally adapted from `` Mexican Breakfast '' : I saw a video on YouTube . ( The dancers ) had a plain background and it was shot on the crane ; it was 360 degrees , they could move around . And I said , ' This is genius . ' We kept a lot of the Fosse choreography and added the down - south thing -- it 's called J - Setting , where one person does something and the next person follows . So it was a strange mixture ... It 's like the most urban choreography , mixed with Fosse -- very modern and very vintage . Beyoncé wanted a simple music video ; it was filmed with minimal alternative camera shots and cuts , and no changes to hairstyles , costumes and sets . According to JaQuel Knight , Beyoncé also wanted the video to feel `` good and powerful '' and include choreography that could be attempted by anybody . The day the video was shot , the song was divided into three parts . Nava deliberately used lengthy shots so that viewers `` would connect with the human endeavor of Beyoncé 's awe - inspiring dance '' , with all the changes in looks , angles , and lighting executed live on - camera because he wanted to keep the feel `` very organic and un-gimmicky '' . The styling was inspired by a Vogue photo shoot . In the video Beyoncé wears a titanium roboglove designed by her long - time jeweler , Lorraine Schwartz , to complement her alter ego Sasha Fierce . The glove consists of several pieces , including a ring and a separate component that covers Beyoncé 's upper arm . She first wore the roboglove on the red carpet at the MTV Europe Music Awards on November 8 , 2008 . The video shoot took around twelve hours . Many performances of the song were filmed without interruption , and edited together to give the impression that the final video was filmed in a single take . Synopsis ( edit ) In the video for `` Single Ladies '' , emphasis is laid on Beyoncé 's more aggressive and sensual side , her alter ego Sasha Fierce . It shows her in an asymmetrical leotard and high - heels , with two backup dancers , Ebony Williams and Ashley Everett . Beyoncé 's mother , Tina Knowles , designed the high - cut leotards after seeing something similar in the American musical films A Chorus Line and All That Jazz . The dance routine incorporates many styles , including jazz , tap , and hip hop , and is credited with popularizing J - Setting , a flamboyant lead and follow dance style prominent in many African American gay clubs across Atlanta and used by the all - female Prancing J - Settes dance troupe of Jackson State University . The video features Beyoncé and her two companions dancing inside an infinity cove , which alternates between black and white and places the focus on the complex choreography . Throughout the video the women click their heels and shake their hips and legs . However , the main intention is to attract the viewers ' attention toward their hands and ring fingers as they do the hand - twirl move . At one point during the video , the dancers run up to a wall , which , according to Frank Gatson Jr. , pays homage to Shirley MacLaine 's act in the 1969 film Sweet Charity . Toward the end of the video , Beyoncé flashes her own wedding ring on her finger . Response and accolades ( edit ) Beyoncé at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Although the video for `` Single Ladies '' was the cheapest and quickest of all her videos to produce , Beyoncé felt that it ended up being `` the most iconic ... something special '' . It spawned a dance craze and inspired thousands of imitations all over the world , many of which were posted on YouTube . In an interview with MTV , Beyoncé expressed her appreciation of the public 's response to the video , and stated that she had spent much time watching several of these parodies : `` It 's beautiful to feel you touch people and bring a song to life with a video . '' Nava also expressed his surprise at the positive reception of the video , and attributed its success to the video 's understated , less - is - more approach . In an interview with Chandler Levack for Eye Weekly , Toronto director Scott Cudmore stated that the Internet age has impacted the way music videos are made , as well as perceived by an audience . Although Cudmore believes that the music video as a medium is `` disappearing ... from the mainstream public eye '' , he accredited `` Single Ladies '' with its resurgence , and stated that after the video appeared on the Internet , people began to `` consciously look for music videos because of its art '' . The music video has won several awards and accolades . It was voted Best Dance Routine in the 2008 Popjustice Readers ' Poll ; and won Video of the Year becoming the first black and white music video since Don Henley 's The Boys of Summer , Best Choreography , and Best Editing at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . The song also won Best Video at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards , the 2009 MOBO Awards , and the 2009 BET Awards . The video has also received many nominations : Best Video in the 2009 Popjustice Readers Polls ( placed 4th ) ; nine ( including the three that it won ) in the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards ; Best International Artist Video at the 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards ( losing to Lady Gaga 's `` Poker Face '' ) ; Outstanding Music Video at the 2009 NAACP Image Awards ; and two at the 2009 MTV Australia Awards for Best Video and Best Moves . The video was ranked at number four on BET 's Notarized : Top 100 Videos of 2008 countdown , and at number three on VH1 's Top 40 Videos of 2009 . It was voted best music video of the 2000s decade by fans of the music website MUZU TV and fifth - best of the decade by readers of Billboard magazine . Claire Suddath of Time magazine included it in her 30 All - Time Best Music Videos , writing that `` sometimes the best creations are also the simplest '' . In 2013 , John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E ! Online placed the video at number one on their list of Beyoncé 's ten best music videos writing , `` ( It has ) All of the sex appeal . Ever ... Beyoncé does n't need anything but an empty room in this one . It 's all about the dancing . It 's all about the leotard . It 's all about the fierceness . And it 's epic . '' . The music video was certified platinum by CRIA for shipment of sales 10,000 units . `` Kanyegate '' ( edit ) Main article : Kanyegate `` Single Ladies '' was nominated for nine awards at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , ultimately winning three including Video of the Year . Its failure to win the Best Female Video category , which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift 's `` You Belong with Me '' , sparked controversy during the ceremony . Swift 's acceptance speech was interrupted by rapper Kanye West , who grabbed her microphone to declare the `` Single Ladies '' video as `` one of the best videos of all time '' . Footage of Beyoncé in the audience looking shocked was then shown . When Beyoncé won the Video of the Year award later that night , she reminisced about when she won her first MTV award with her former group , Destiny 's Child , and called the experience `` one of the most exciting moments in ( her ) life '' . She then invited Swift on - stage to finish her speech and `` have her moment '' . Live performances ( edit ) Beyoncé performing `` Single Ladies '' on her I Am ... World Tour Beyoncé first promoted `` Single Ladies '' in a concert organized by Power 105.1 radio in New York on October 29 , 2008 , and subsequently performed the song at various awards ceremonies , concerts and television shows . At the 2008 World Music Awards in Monaco , Beyoncé performed `` Single Ladies '' while wearing her roboglove , and pointed to the glove as she sang the song 's chorus . Beyoncé sang `` Single Ladies '' on Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) on November 15 , 2008 . That night , Beyoncé was featured in a parody of the song 's music video , where the two female backup dancers from the video were replaced by pop singer Justin Timberlake and SNL cast members Andy Samberg and Bobby Moynihan . On November 16 , 2008 , Beyoncé performed a medley of `` If I Were a Boy '' , `` Single Ladies '' , and `` Crazy in Love '' during the final episode of Total Request Live . `` Single Ladies '' was also performed by Beyoncé on November 18 , 2008 , on 106 & Park , on November 23 , 2008 , at the 2008 American Music Awards , on November 25 , 2008 , on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and on November 26 , 2008 , at Rockefeller Plaza on The Today Show . She delivered a performance of `` Single Ladies '' with two male dancers on The Tyra Banks Show on January 9 , 2009 . In July 2009 , Beyoncé gave a concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles where American actor Tom Cruise danced with her and her dancers as they performed the dance routine of `` Single Ladies '' . At the MTV Video Music Awards on September 13 , 2009 , Beyoncé performed `` Single Ladies '' backed by `` an army of single ladies '' on stage . In a poll conducted by Billboard magazine , the performance was ranked as the seventh best in the history of MTV Video Music Awards . A critic wrote in the magazine : `` The world gave a collective ' whoa ' when Beyonce unleashed her ' Single Ladies ' video , but to see those dance moves come to life at the 2009 VMAs was beyond eye - popping . '' Erika Ramirez of the same publication placed the performance at number two on her list of Beyoncé 's five biggest TV performances . `` Single Ladies '' was included on the set lists of Beyoncé 's I Am ... Yours concerts and her I Am ... World Tour . The song was subsequently included on Beyoncé 's live albums I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas ( 2009 ) and I Am ... World Tour ( 2010 ) . `` Single Ladies '' was later performed by Beyoncé in a pink fringe dress at a concert at Palais Nikaia in Nice , France , on June 20 , 2011 , and at the Glastonbury Festival on June 26 , 2011 , in front of more than 175,000 spectators . On July 1 , 2011 , Beyoncé gave a free concert on Good Morning America as part of its Summer Concert Series , which included `` Single Ladies '' . Backed by her all - female band and her backing singers The Mamas , Beyoncé performed `` Single Ladies '' in front of 3,500 people during the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé revue at the Roseland Ballroom in New York , in August 2011 . In May , 2012 , Beyoncé performed the song during her Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live revue at Revel Atlantic City , a hotel . Ben Ratliff of The New York Times mentioned `` Single Ladies '' in the `` almost continuous high point '' of the concert . Rebecca Thomas of MTV News wrote that Beyoncé 's dancing during `` Single Ladies '' reflected the female empowerment theme of the song . On February 3 , 2013 , Beyoncé performed the song along with her former bandmates from Destiny 's Child during the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show . The song was added to the set list of her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour ( 2013 ) . Beyoncé 's performed `` Single Ladies '' at The Sound of Change Live concert on June 1 , 2013 at Twickenham Stadium , London as part of the Chime for Change movement . Cultural impact ( edit ) Beyoncé ( center ) performing `` Single Ladies '' on Good Morning America 's Summer Concert Series with Ashley Everett ( right ) and Kimberly Gipson `` Single Ladies '' gained widespread popularity for its catchy hook and theme of female empowerment . Critics have compared the song to Aretha Franklin 's `` Respect '' and Gloria Gaynor 's `` I Will Survive '' , prompted by their lyrics , which all promote female empowerment . The music video achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands with a wrist twist . It has been credited with starting the `` first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet '' , triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography . Billy Johnson of Yahoo ! Music wrote that the video of `` Single Ladies '' was the top music - related viral hit of 2009 . MTV News ' James Montgomery wrote that `` it appears like ( the music video ) was custom - made for the YouTube generation , which probably explains why making homages became a worldwide phenomenon . '' The video generated interest in J - Setting , the dance form that choreographer JaQuel Knight highlights in the video , and Beyoncé is credited with bringing the dance style to the mainstream . In a radio interview on NPR 's All Things Considered , Knight shared his excitement that the popular video made people want to learn to dance . Trish Crawford from the Toronto Star observed how it has appealed to all age groups and genders , in contrast with the short - lived dance craze inspired by Soulja Boy two years before , which she considered `` mainly a male hip - hop dance '' . Crawford mentioned , `` Toddlers have tackled ( the ' Single Ladies ' dance ) . ( So have ) recreation centre dance classes , sorority sisters in their dorm rooms , suburban teenagers in their basements and high school cheerleaders . '' In February 2009 , Columbia Records announced the launch of a `` Single Ladies '' Dance Video Contest . Fans aged eighteen and older were invited to adhere precisely to the dance routine performed by Beyoncé and her two dancers in the original production . The winning video was included in her live album , I Am ... World Tour . Parodies and homages ( edit ) A drag showdance inspired by the `` Single Ladies '' music video `` Single Ladies '' was first parodied in the November 15 , 2008 , episode of SNL , which featured Beyoncé . She was initially reluctant to participate in the segment but agreed to after a visit from Timberlake in her dressing room . Beyoncé 's choreographer , Frank Gatson Jr. , expressed mixed emotions at the result , saying : `` I was upset because I know that Justin 's a great dancer and if he learned the choreography , he could do it really well ... If they 're making parodies ( of our work ) just like they make parodies of politicians and presidents , that means it must be big time . So in that respect , I have to take my hat off to them for doing it . '' Later , Joe Jonas of the pop rock band Jonas Brothers posted a video on their YouTube account where he imitated the dance in a black leotard and heels . Irish pop duo Jedward parodied Beyoncé 's dance moves for the video of their cover version of `` All the Small Things '' . In London , one hundred dancers wearing leotards similar to the one worn by Beyoncé performed the choreography on April 20 , 2009 , to promote Trident Unwrapped gum . On November 20 , 2009 , BBC Newsreaders including Fiona Bruce , Sophie Raworth , Kate Silverton , and Susanna Reid performed `` Single Ladies '' in black military - style uniforms . They were later joined onstage by their male newsreader colleagues Bill Turnbull , Ben Brown , Nicholas Owen , and Charlie Stayt before taking on Diversity , winners of the third series of Britain 's Got Talent , in a dance - off . They performed the choreography to raise funds for the UK campaign , Children In Need . The music video inspired a legion of amateur imitators to post videos of themselves performing the choreography on YouTube . One of the most viewed viral videos is that of Shane Mercado , who appeared on The Bonnie Hunt Show in bikini bottoms to perform the choreography . His subsequent meeting with Beyoncé became a media event . Beyoncé has acknowledged the popularity of the videos on YouTube ; during her concert tour , excerpts from many of the YouTube videos were played in the background while Beyoncé was performing the song . Cubby , who is an on - air personality for Charlotte , North Carolina 's 96.1 The Beat AM , based his parody on the SNL one . His video lead to a meet and greet with Beyoncé and eventually , an opportunity to join her on stage at a show stop in Atlanta during her I Am ... World Tour . Many videos featuring babies of different ages , imitating the dance choreography of `` Single Ladies '' , have been uploaded on YouTube . A video showing Cory Elliott , a baby boy from New Zealand , performing the dance while watching Beyoncé on television , gained significant coverage from several media outlets . Time magazine 's critic Dan Fletcher ranked it as the fourth best viral video of 2009 and wrote , `` Young children love songs with good rhythm and repetition , and ' Single Ladies ' certainly has both . '' However , when a video of seven - year - old girls performing choreography from `` Single Ladies '' at a dance competition in Los Angeles went viral on YouTube , it created a controversy and sparked outrage from many viewers , who felt the girls were sexualized by the suggestive dance moves . In a video filmed by singer John Legend , US President Barack Obama appears with his wife Michelle performing part of the `` Single Ladies '' routine . He also briefly performed the hand - twirl move from the song 's video at the Obama Inaugural Celebration . This video prompted an Obama look - alike , Iman Crosson , to do his own version of the `` Single Ladies '' choreography . Several other well - known personalities , including American environmentalist and politician Joe Nation and American actor Tom Hanks , have performed the dance . In the music video for `` Dancin on Me '' by DJ Webstar and Jim Jones , three females are featured in the background , imitating the `` Single Ladies '' dance . Wearing a black leotard and gold glove , Katy Brand performed the choreography with two backup female dancers for the final of BBC One 's Let 's Dance for Comic Relief to raise money for the charity Comic Relief on March 12 , 2010 . Jenna Ushkowitz , Chris Colfer and Heather Morris did the `` Single Ladies '' dance as part of the Glee Live tour in June 2011 . The music minister at Geyer Springs First Baptist Church in Little Rock , Arkansas , thought it would be `` an excellent idea '' to attract interest in the church choir by using a remix of `` Single Ladies '' and having choir members dance to it . In the music video he made , the choir members sing , `` All the singing ladies , all the singing fellas ... If you like the choir , then wo n't you come and sing in it . '' Cyndi Wilkerson , Music Ministry Assistant at Geyer Springs First Baptist Church , uploaded the video to YouTube on August 29 , 2011 . In April 2013 , YouTube phenomenon Psy did the dance routine during a concert in Seoul while wearing a red leotard and red boots . A television advert for the South African cellular service Vodacom , used the song as a backdrop to an actor who was humorously mimicking Beyoncé 's dancing , the advert quickly went viral and spawed several different variations . Usage in Media ( edit ) `` Single Ladies '' has been used in various media including television shows , commercials and books . In the Best of 2009 issue of People magazine , Khloe , Kim , and Kourtney Kardashian were ranked at number nine on the magazine 's list of `` 25 Most Intriguing People '' ; the photograph accompanying the article showed the three women in leotards mimicking the look from the `` Single Ladies '' video . The song has been included in many television shows , including CSI : Miami , Cougar Town , and in two episodes in Glee . In the United Kingdom , the video for `` Single Ladies '' was used for a 2009 television commercial for the new Doner kebab flavored Pot Noodle . In other media , issue 33 of comic book series The Brave and the Bold features a scene in which Wonder Woman , Zatanna , and Barbara Gordon sing a karaoke version of the song while at a club . A mash - up video of the theme of `` Single Ladies '' and The Andy Griffith Show circulated on the Internet in early 2010 . It was produced by Party Ben at the end of 2008 . In July 2010 , the line `` Put a Ring on It '' was used by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS as the tagline for a female condom public awareness campaign in the US . The song appears in the Marvel Studios film Doctor Strange . The song will be featured in the 2016 rhythm game Just Dance 2017 . Cover versions ( edit ) Singers and bands of various genres have covered the song in their own style . Scottish band Marmaduke Duke performed a cover version in April 2009 on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge show . In October 2009 , it was released on Radio 1 's Live Lounge -- Volume 4 , a compilation of Live Lounge recordings . Australian singer Stan Walker sang a jazzier version of the song on the seventh series of Australian Idol in October 2009 . The same year , elementary school group PS22 chorus covered `` Single Ladies '' and `` Halo '' ( 2009 ) during Billboard 's annual Women In Music luncheon held at The Pierre in New York City . In her short - lived Broadway revue `` All About Me '' in March 2010 , Dame Edna Everage performed a version of the song with backup dancers Gregory Butler and Jon - Paul Mateo . It was also covered by Jeff Tweedy and British singer - songwriter Alan Pownall . According to Simon Vozick - Levinson of Entertainment Weekly , Tweedy sang only a few bars ; he gave `` Single Ladies '' an acoustic feel and recited the rest of the song 's lyrics . He performed the hand movements that Beyoncé and her dancers do in the song 's video . Pomplamoose , an American indie music duo consisting of Jack Conte and Nataly Dawn , recorded a cover of `` Single Ladies '' on video , which makes use of split screens to show Dawn on vocals and Conte playing the instruments . Inspired by the avant - garde Dogme 95 movement in cinema , Conte began to record songs on video as a quick way to create `` organic and raw '' music . They chose `` Single Ladies '' as they believed that it would help them grow their audience . Jenna Ushkowitz , Chris Colfer and Heather Morris during a performance of `` Single Ladies '' on the tour Glee Live ! In Concert ! in 2011 During a concert at New York 's Madison Square Garden , Prince performed a mash - up of his 1984 songs `` Pop Life '' and `` I Would Die 4 U '' , incorporating a sample of `` Single Ladies '' . During her tour in Melbourne , Australia , on August 13 , 2010 , Katy Perry performed `` Single Ladies '' and attempted to emulate the choreography . English composer of classical music Mark - Anthony Turnage composed a setting of the song which he titled `` Hammered Out '' . Describing it as his `` most R&B work to date '' , Turnage told Tim Rutherford - Johnson of The Guardian that he was motivated to put the `` Single Ladies '' reference in his work by his young son , a fan of the song . The piece premiered at the BBC Proms on August 27 , 2010 . Sara Bareilles covered the song as part of Billboard 's `` Mashup Mondays '' and performed it as part of her set list on the 2010 Lilith Fair Tour . As stated by a critic writing for the magazine , Bareilles put `` a piano - pop '' twist on `` Single Ladies '' and turned it `` into a slow , jazzy track , complete with creeping bassline and vocal harmonies '' . American rock band A Rocket to the Moon covered `` Single Ladies '' and placed it on their EP , The Rainy Day Sessions , which was released in October 2010 . On September 26 , 2010 , Kharizma sang their version of the song on the second series of The X Factor Australia , and on May 31 , 2011 , Matthew Raymond - Barker sang the song live on the seventh prime of the second series of the X Factor France . During the finale of the tenth season of American Idol on May 25 , 2011 , the lady contestants joined together onstage to perform `` Single Ladies '' and attempted the dance moves from the song 's video . The film Sex and the City 2 features a performance of the song by American singer and actress Liza Minnelli . On October 18 , 2011 , Young Men Society sang `` Single Ladies '' on the third series of The X Factor Australia , and on June 30 , 2014 , Holly Tapp sang the song on the third series of The Voice Australia . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australia , Germany and New Zealand CD single and download `` If I Were a Boy '' -- 4 : 08 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- 3 : 13 US dance remixes `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Dave Audé Club Remix ) -- 8 : 20 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Karmatronic Club Remix ) -- 5 : 54 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( RedTop Club Remix ) -- 6 : 52 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( DJ Escape & Tony Coluccio Club Remix ) -- 6 : 54 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Lost Daze Dating Service Club Remix ) -- 6 : 47 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Craig C 's Master Blaster Club Remix ) -- 8 : 19 UK CD single `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- 3 : 13 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( RedTop Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 33 UK and Europe remixes download `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Redtop Remix -- Dance Remix ) -- 3 : 33 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( My Digital Enemy Remix ) -- 6 : 38 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Olli Collins & Fred Portelli Remix ) -- 7 : 40 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Dave Audé Remix Club Version ) -- 8 : 20 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( The Japanese Popstars Remix ) -- 7 : 46 `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- 3 : 13 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from I Am ... Sasha Fierce album liner notes . Jim Caruana -- vocal tracks recorded by Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell -- music recorded by , songwriter Jaycen Joshua -- audio mixer Beyoncé Knowles -- vocals performed by , vocal producer , music producer , songwriter Dave Pensado -- audio mixer Terius `` The - Dream '' Nash -- music producer , songwriter Christopher `` Tricky '' Stewart -- music producer , songwriter Brian `` B - LUV '' Thomas -- music recorded by Randy Urbanski -- audio mixing assistant Andrew Wuepper -- audio mixing assistant Charts ( edit ) Weekly Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 5 Australian Urban Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 11 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 34 Brazil Billboard Hot 100 Bulgarian Airplay Chart 5 Canadian Hot 100 Czech Airplay Chart 13 Danish Singles Chart 21 Dutch Top 40 8 European Hot 100 Singles 20 French Singles Chart 68 German Singles Chart French Digital Singles Chart 43 Hungarian Airplay Chart 14 Irish Singles Chart Israeli Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 10 Japan Hot 100 25 New Zealand Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart 19 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Slovak Airplay Chart 20 South Korean Gaon Singles Chart 75 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Spanish Singles Chart 10 Swedish Singles Chart 40 Swiss Singles Chart 40 UK Singles Chart 7 UK R&B Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult R&B Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs US Hot Dance Club Play US Pop 100 US Pop Songs US Rhythmic Top 40 A ^ Double A-side with `` If I Were A Boy '' . Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 74 Australian Urban Singles Chart 22 German Singles Chart 71 UK Singles Chart 175 US Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs 75 Chart ( 2009 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 14 Australian Urban Singles Chart 6 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 59 Canadian Hot 100 19 Dutch Top 40 43 German Singles Chart 46 Hungarian Airplay Chart 73 Irish Singles Chart 17 New Zealand Singles Chart 31 Spanish Singles Chart 38 Swedish Singles Chart 95 UK Singles Chart 34 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot 100 Airplay 11 US Hot Digital Songs 6 US Hot Dance Club Play Songs 30 US Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs 6 US Hot Ringtones 31 US Rhythmic Songs 22 World ( IFPI Top Selling Digital Songs ) 7 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australian Urban Singles Chart 29 South Korea Gaon International Chart 21 UK Singles Chart 172 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 44 Chart ( 2012 ) Position Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 72 Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 75 Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australian Urban Singles Chart 41 Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 34 Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 48 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australian Urban Singles Chart 48 Belgian Catalog Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 69 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 39 US Billboard Hot 100 99 US Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 5,000,000 Mastertone Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 Music video Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release and radio history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label ( s ) United States October 13 , 2008 Rhythmic contemporary airplay Columbia Records Music World Entertainment Urban contemporary airplay Australia November 7 , 2008 CD single digital download Sony BMG New Zealand Germany United States February 10 , 2009 Dance remixes download Columbia Records Music World Entertainment Austria February 16 , 2009 Sony Music Entertainment Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Columbia Records Music World Entertainment United Kingdom CD single RCA Records See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of number - one R&B singles of 2008 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 2009 ( U.S. ) List of singles which have spent the most weeks on the UK Singles Chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Digital Music Sales Around The World '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . January 21 , 2010 . p. 10 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( Deluxe Edition Compact Disc liner notes ) . Beyoncé . Columbia Records . 2008 . p. 12 . 0088697417352 . ^ Jump up to : Herndon , Jessica ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Inside Story : The Making of Beyoncé 's ' Single Ladies ' '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helling , Steve ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé and Jay - Z File Signed Marriage License '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Gail ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Beyonce : The Billboard Q&A '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` Britney ? Beyonce ? Who Is MTV News ' Woman Of The Year ? The Countdown Begins Today ! '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce 's Very Different New Videos : One Has Dancing , One Has Relationship Problems '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Beyonce Album Preview : I Am ... Sasha Fierce Shines Light On B 's Alter Ego '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé Releases Two Tracks From I Am ... , Inspired By Jay - Z And Etta James '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tapper , Christina ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Beyoncé 's Double Debut '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Going for Adds -- Rhythmic '' . Radio & Records . VNU Media . October 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . 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Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : So Long , Farewell '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burgas , Greg ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Ow , My Brain ! ; Or , The Absolute Failure Of the Brave And The Bold # 33 '' . Comic Book Resources . Boiling Point Productions . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ D'Zurilla , Christie ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Happy Monday from Mayberry , single ladies ... '' Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ UNAIDS Outlook Report July 2010 . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS . World Health Organization . September 2010 . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 9173 - 859 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Live Lounge -- Marmaduke Duke '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . April 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 1 's Live Lounge , Vol. 4 '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Review -- Australian Idol 's Stan Walker 's debut Album , Introducing Stan Walker '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Concepcion , Mariel ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Beyonce Accepts Billboard 's Woman Of the Year Award , Lady Gaga Is Rising Star '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Two on a Seesaw '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Wilco 's Jeff Tweedy covers Beyonce 's ' Single Ladies ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Pownall -- Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) ( 2 : 23 ) '' . Last.fm . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lin , Sara ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` VideoSong Pioneers Pomplamoose Take on Beyonce 's ' Single Ladies ' , Michael Jackson 's ' Beat It ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Letkemann , Jessica ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Prince Rules At Madison Square Garden , Boots Kim Kardashian '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Concepcion , Mariel ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` Katy Perry Crashes Prom , Teacher Calls Her ' Idiot ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford - Johnson , Tim ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` An unexpected Prom date with Beyoncé and her Single Ladies '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sara Bareilles Switches Up ' Single Ladies ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rainy Day Sessions '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musical Heroes '' . The X Factor . Season 2 . Episode 2 . Australia . September 26 , 2010 . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Matthew R. Barker : Single ladies '' . X Factor ( in French ) . FremantleMedia / Syco . May 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Dons Her Diva Crown On ' American Idol ' Finale '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( June 23 , 2010 ) . `` Liza Minnelli at her best with live audience '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Derulo and Altiyan Childs on the show ! '' . Yahoo ! 7 ( Australia ) . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rudra , Natasha ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Voice Australia 2014 recap : the live voting app and Will. i. am 's fit ball '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Single , Import ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put A Ring On It ) -- Dance Remixes '' . Amazon.fr . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report ( issue 980 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 3 , 2009 . p. 18 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé reúne 164 mil pessoas em sua primeira turnê pelo Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . Grupo Folha . February 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NMC Airplay TOP 10 Week05 ( 26.01. 2009 - 01.02. 2009 ) '' . BAMP . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( Czech Republic ) . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé - Single Ladies ( Put A Ring On It ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 40 Netherlands . 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce '' . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classement singles téléchargés '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Beyoncé '' . Irish Singles Chart . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( in Slovak ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( Slovakia ) . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean Gaon Chart - Week : January 03 , 2010 to January 09 , 2010 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Chart . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Chart History ( Adult R&B Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ARIA Report ( issue 980 -- End of Year ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 20 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Top 100 Singles ~ 2008 '' . Musicharts.net . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 UK Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . ChartsPlus . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hip - Hop and R&B Songs & Singles Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ARIA Report ( End of Year 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . pp. 2 , 17 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2010 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End Chart -- 2009 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Top 40 Year End '' . MegaCharts . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : German Singles Chart '' . Viva . Media Control Charts . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Éves összesített listák -- MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 ( súlyozott ) '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2009 -- Ireland '' . International Recording Media Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Top 50 Singles Chart 2009 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : PROMUSICAE Year end Singles Chart -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Productores de Música de España . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2009 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 UK Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . ChartsPlus . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Radio Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Hot R&B / Hip Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Hot Ringtones '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Rhythmic Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Urban Singles Year End Charts 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual South Korea International Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 UK Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . ChartsPlus . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2011 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2012 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2012 ( Wallonia ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Urban Singles Year End Charts 2013 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2013 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2013 ( Wallonia ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Urban Singles Year End Charts 2014 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2014 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Sales -- ARIA End of Decade Sales / Top 100 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . 2010 . p. 2 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hip - Hop and R&B Songs & Singles Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Beyoncé -- Single Ladies '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts - maj 2010 '' ( in Danish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( Denmark ) . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Beyoncé ; ' Single Ladies ( Put a Ring On It ) ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Beyoncé -- Single Ladies '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . October 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : Promusicae 14 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Productores de Música de España . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` British certifications -- Beyoncé -- Single Ladies '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Single Ladies in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce 's Official Top 20 biggest songs in the UK revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Beyoncé -- Single Ladies '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' ( in French ) . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' ( in Italian ) . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' ( in Spanish ) . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' ( in Dutch ) . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' ( in Spanish ) . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) -- Dance Remixes -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' on YouTube An article published by New York Daily News about the impact of `` Single Ladies '' on small children : Black , Rosemary ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Little girls ' provocative dance routine to ' Single Ladies ' sparks fears of growing up too fast '' . New York Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' Everything Is Love `` Apeshit '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Top Off '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` Sexy Lil Thug '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Pink + White '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year ( 2000s ) 2000 Eminem -- `` The Real Slim Shady '' Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa and Pink -- `` Lady Marmalade '' 2002 Eminem -- `` Without Me '' 2003 Missy Elliott -- `` Work It '' Outkast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' 2005 Green Day -- `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' 2006 Panic ! at the Disco -- `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 2007 Rihanna ( featuring Jay - Z ) -- `` Umbrella '' 2008 Britney Spears -- `` Piece of Me '' 2009 Beyoncé -- `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' Complete list ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Ladies_(Put_a_Ring_on_It)&oldid=860983465 '' Categories : 2008 singles Beyoncé songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Dance - pop songs Grammy Award for Song of the Year MTV Video of the Year Award Music videos directed by Jake Nava Song recordings produced by Beyoncé Songs about marriage Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Beyoncé Songs written by The - Dream Songs written by Tricky Stewart Song recordings produced by Tricky Stewart UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Columbia Records singles Songs written by Kuk Harrell Song recordings produced by The - Dream Black - and - white music videos Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - 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215340144166933202 | Everybody Loves Raymond | Everybody Loves Raymond - wikipedia Everybody Loves Raymond Jump to : navigation , search Everybody Loves Raymond Genre Sitcom Comedy Created by Philip Rosenthal Starring Ray Romano Patricia Heaton Brad Garrett Madylin Sweeten Doris Roberts Peter Boyle Monica Horan Opening theme `` Everybody Loves Raymond Theme '' ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) `` Ode To Joy '' ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) `` Drunken Sailor '' ( season 6 ) `` Jungle Love '' by Steve Miller Band ( seasons 7 -- 9 ) Ending theme `` Everybody Loves Raymond Theme '' Composer ( s ) Rick Marotta Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 210 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Letterman Rory Rosegarten Stu Smiley Philip Rosenthal Ray Romano Location ( s ) Hollywood Center Studios ( season 1 ) Warner Bros. Studios Burbank , California ( seasons 2 -- 9 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Where 's Lunch Worldwide Pants HBO Independent Productions Distributor King World ( 2000 -- 07 ) Warner Bros. International Television ( 1996 -- present ; DVDs and non-U.S. ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( seasons 4 -- 9 ) Audio format Dolby Surround 2.0 Original release September 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 13 ) -- May 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 16 ) Website www.everybodylovesray.com Everybody Loves Raymond is an American television sitcom starring Ray Romano , Patricia Heaton , Brad Garrett , Doris Roberts , Peter Boyle , Madylin Sweeten , and Monica Horan . It premiered on CBS on September 13 , 1996 , and concluded on May 16 , 2005 after nine seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 3 Characters 4 Connection to The King of Queens 5 Foreign remakes 5.1 Russian version and documentary 5.2 Other versions 6 Reruns 7 DVD releases 8 Reception 8.1 Critical response 8.2 Accolades 8.3 American television ratings 9 References 10 External links Series overview ( edit ) The show revolves around the life of everyman Italian - American Raymond Barone , a sportswriter for Newsday living with his family in Long Island . Beleaguered , diffident and dryly sarcastic , Raymond takes few things seriously , making jokes in nearly every situation , no matter how troubling or serious . He often avoids responsibilities around the house and with his kids , leaving this to wife Debra . Raymond and Debra have a daughter Ally ( Alexandra ) and twin sons Michael and Geoffrey ( originally Matthew and Gregory in the pilot ) . The Barone children are regular characters but not a major focus . Raymond 's parents , Marie and Frank , live across the street with older son Robert ( who , later in the series , has his own apartment ) . All Barone relatives frequently make their presence known to the annoyance of Raymond and Debra ; Debra 's justifiable complaints about Raymond 's overbearing family serve as one of the show 's comedic elements . Out of the three unwanted visitors , Debra is particularly intimidated by Marie , an insulting , controlling , manipulative ( though ultimately caring ) woman who criticizes Debra passive - aggressively and praises Ray , clearly favoring him over other son `` Robbie , '' whose birth necessitated her marriage ( a fact revealed in the episode `` Good Girls '' ) . Raymond typically falls in the middle of family arguments , incapable of taking any decisive stand , especially if it might invoke his mother 's disapproval . Robert , a miserable gentle giant , jealous of his younger sibling 's position as favorite son and also of the success his brother has achieved both professionally and personally , is Ray 's biggest rival . Robert and Raymond frequently argue like overgrown children , focusing much of their energy on picking on or one upping each other , although deep down they love each other dearly . Barone patriarch Frank is a fiery proletarian prone to insults and merciless put downs directed at any and all targets . Largely an absentee father when the boys were growing up , Frank buries his feelings and rarely gives in to sentiment . As the series progresses , however , several episodes demonstrate that the senior Barone loves his family immensely . Unlike everyone else , Frank has no problem comically criticizing Marie and often comes to Debra 's defense following Marie 's comments . Raymond and Debra 's marriage is fraught with conflicts . Raymond prefers sports television over discussions with Debra on marital matters . Like his father , Raymond works full - time , leaving most child - rearing responsibilities to his wife ; he often has to be forced into helping around the house . One of the show 's recurring elements finds the couple having a long discussion in bed each night before going to sleep . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Everybody Loves Raymond episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 13 ) April 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 04 - 07 ) 25 September 22 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 18 ) 26 September 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 24 ) 24 September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) May 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 22 ) 5 25 October 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 02 ) May 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 21 ) 6 24 September 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 20 ) 7 25 September 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 19 ) 8 23 September 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 24 ) 9 16 September 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 16 ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters Raymond `` Ray '' Barone ( Ray Romano ) is a sportswriter for Newsday . He lives in Lynbrook , Long Island with his wife , Debra , and their three children Alexandra ( `` Ally '' ) , Geoffrey , and Michael . His parents Frank & Marie and brother Robert live across the street . Raymond 's character is loosely based on the real - life Romano , as he is the father of twin boys and a girl . Ray is emotionally unable to take any sort of stand on anything , especially if it brings him to any sort of conflict with his mother -- the exception is when he protests about sex or some trivial matter . Raymond 's mother favors him over Robert . Debra ( née Whelan ) Barone ( Patricia Heaton ) is Raymond 's wife , and mother of Ally , Michael and Geoffrey . As a housewife , Debra claims she is frequently overworked , under - appreciated and stressed out . This leads to her yelling , largely because she has to deal with all the housework and her three rambunctious children with almost no assistance or support from Raymond ; she constantly puts up with Marie 's intrusiveness and criticism . On frequent occasions this frustration boils over and is vented towards Raymond . While Debra has a fractious relationship with Marie , she is shown to be fond of her in - laws on many occasions -- particularly brother - in - law Robert . Robert Barone ( Brad Garrett ) is Raymond 's older brother and the son of Frank and Marie . Standing at 6'81⁄2 '' ( 2.04 m ) , he is the tallest Barone , and has several quirks , the biggest being a nervous habit of touching food to his chin before eating it , once referred to as `` crazy chin . '' Robert is a very loving uncle and still cares for Raymond , but is often jealous of the attention that Raymond receives from their mother , to the exclusion of his every achievement . Robert has been a New York City police officer for over 20 years , and attains the rank of lieutenant by the end of the series . His height , appearance and demeanor are the source of much humor . However , despite his imposing size , Robert is a very skilled dancer . Divorced from first wife Joanne prior to the beginning of the series , he is frequently unlucky with women , until his on - off relationship with Amy finally results in marriage . Marie Barone ( Doris Roberts ) is Raymond and Robert 's mother and the wife of Frank . Intrusive , controlling , manipulative and over-nurturing ( at least with Raymond ) , she is a housewife who excels in cooking , cleaning , and other things dealing with keeping a good home and family . Marie and Frank live across the street from Raymond and Debra in Lynbrook , Long Island , New York which often irritates the latter couple . Francis `` Frank '' Barone ( Peter Boyle ) is Raymond 's father and Marie 's husband , a retired bookkeeper , and registered real estate agent , with a stubborn masculine personality . A war veteran , Frank served in the Korean War , which he frequently brings up to the annoyance of everyone , especially his sons . He is a member of the Order of the Caribou Lodge , and was named Man of the Year by his lodge . Amy McDougall / Barone ( Monica Horan ) becomes Robert Barone 's second wife ( in season 7 ) , and is the best friend of Debra , who introduces her to Robert . A recurring character for the first seven seasons of the series , Amy became essentially a regular cast member for the remainder of the show 's run . However , Horan 's name did not get added to the opening credits until the final season . Many issues cause Amy and Robert to break up in the first six seasons , with one being caused by Raymond . Quite often , Amy apologizes to someone even if she did not do anything wrong . She was born to very religious parents who , according to Amy , `` would n't yell if they were on fire . '' In real life , Horan is the wife of creator / executive producer Philip Rosenthal . Alexandra `` Ally '' Barone ( Madylin Sweeten ) is the daughter of Raymond and Debra . She is the oldest of the Barone children . She is not seen much , even though she is credited in the main cast . She is said to be a better cook than her mother , and maybe someday her grandmother . In real life , Madylin is the sister of Sawyer and Sullivan Sweeten . Geoffrey Barone ( Sawyer Sweeten ) and Michael Barone ( Sullivan Sweeten ) are the twin sons of Raymond and Debra . Their names in the pilot were Gregory and Matthew . In real life , twins Sawyer and Sullivan are brothers of Madylin Sweeten . Connection to the King of Queens ( edit ) The King of Queens Logo Kevin James was an actor and writer on Everybody Loves Raymond . Once James got his own show , The King of Queens , the two shows crossed over . The first crossover happened on The King of Queens . In it , Ray Barone and Doug Heffernan become friends . Later on the same night , Kevin James showed up on Everybody Loves Raymond as Doug Heffernan . The shows would go on to crossover several more times . There are two continuity errors in this universe . Kevin James played a different character on Everybody Loves Raymond than on The King Of Queens . The second one is that Chris Elliott ( similar to the first ) appeared as one character on Everybody Loves Raymond , and another on The King of Queens . Foreign remakes ( edit ) Russian version and documentary ( edit ) In 2009 , series creator / producer Philip Rosenthal traveled to Russia to adapt the show for local audiences . His experience was documented by a film crew and released as the documentary feature Exporting Raymond . The Russian version is titled ( in Russian ) Воронины ( The Voronins , a Russian surname sounding similar to the family 's name , The Barones ) . Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show was adapted in Poland under the title Wszyscy kochają Romana ( Everybody Loves Roman ) . It was picked up by TVN and premiered on September 2 , 2011 . However , due to low ratings ( less than 2 million viewers a week ) , the station put the show on hiatus after four episodes . In Egypt , a sitcom called El Bab Fil Bab ( الباب في الباب ) , which means `` Close Doors '' in Arabic , is produced by Sony Pictures Television , translating Everybody Loves Raymond with minor changes to adapt the Eastern Culture . The first season aired in the month of Ramadan 2011 ; second season in 2012 . A Dutch remake , called Iedereen is gek op Jack ( Everybody is crazy about Jack ) premiered in 2011 . The second season started airing in March 2012 . An Israeli Remake called `` Mishpacah Lo Bochrim '' ( משפחה לא בוחרים ) ( You Ca n't Choose Your Family ) premiered in October 2012 , and was cancelled after 10 episodes aired . A pilot for a British remake , titled The Smiths , has been commissioned to be produced for BBC One and was filmed in May 2013 at Elstree Studios . Lee Mack wrote and starred in the pilot , as Michael Smith . The pilot also starred Catherine Tate , Tom Davis , Gwen Taylor and David Troughton . An Indian remake , titled `` Sumit Sambhal Lega '' ( `` सुमित संभाल लेगा '' -- `` Sumit Will Handle Everything '' ) premiered on August 31 , 2015 on STAR Plus . A Czech remake called `` Rudyho Má Každý Rád '' ( Everybody Loves Rudy ) premiered on ČT1 on 31.08. 2015 , comprising 12 episodes . Reruns ( edit ) The show reruns in syndication on various channels , such as TBS , TV Land , and in most TV markets on local stations . The show is still broadcast regularly in the UK . From 2000 to 2007 , King World distributed the show for off - network syndication and Warner Bros. International Television handled international distribution . In 2007 , CBS Television Distribution took over King World 's distribution . CBS only owns American syndication rights ; ancillary rights are controlled by HBO and Warner Bros. Television ( WBIT distributes the series outside the US in conjunction with HBO ; while HBO Home Entertainment and Warner Home Video own DVD rights worldwide ) . The show airs every morning on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom . Everybody Loves Raymond has aired in Australia on Seven Network ( seasons 1 - 3 ) , on Network Ten ( season 4 - 9 ) , on Eleven ( a sub-channel of Network Ten ) and on Foxtel 's Pay TV network TVH ! TS previously called TV1 ( formerly air on FOX Classics ). The show reruns in India on the channel Romedy Now . DVD releases ( edit ) HBO released the Complete Series of Everybody Loves Raymond on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . Region 4 Complete Box Set was released on August 13 , 2008 . In Australia , the first five seasons were re-released in 2006 in slimmer packaging ( originals were wide spine cases ) . Also , some were released with a cardboard slip cover . Also , in North America , the first two seasons were each re-released in 2010 in standard keep cases with cardboard slipcovers in a double - season pack . It is unknown whether or not they will be sold individually like this . Also , in 2012 , the sixth and seventh season two - pack was reissued in the keep case packaging . Recently , Season 9 was re-released in standard keep cases . It is also unknown whether or not the remaining seasons will be reissued in the slimmer packaging . As of September 2012 , all episodes are available on Netflix for streaming . Also on September 14 , 2004 The Complete 1st Season was released on VHS . The sixth - season DVD set contained the episode `` Marie 's Sculpture '' , which previously had not aired in the United Kingdom and was not released until almost five years after the end of the 6th season . DVD name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete 1st Season 22 September 14 , 2004 January 17 , 2005 December 16 , 2004 The Complete 2nd Season 25 December 14 , 2004 July 4 , 2005 April 27 , 2005 The Complete 3rd Season 26 May 3 , 2005 January 16 , 2006 July 12 , 2005 The Complete 4th Season 24 September 13 , 2005 May 1 , 2006 April 5 , 2006 The Complete 5th Season 25 December 6 , 2005 July 3 , 2006 July 5 , 2006 HOLIDAYS WITH THE BARONES December 10 , 2005 The Complete 6th Season 24 May 9 , 2006 October 2 , 2006 October 4 , 2006 The Complete 7th Season 25 September 19 , 2006 January 15 , 2007 April 4 , 2007 The Complete 8th Season 23 May 8 , 2007 July 16 , 2007 October 3 , 2007 The Complete 9th Season 16 September 18 , 2007 November 12 , 2007 October 3 , 2007 The Complete Series 210 October 30 , 2007 September 5 , 2011 August 13 , 2008 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Two Entertainment Weekly reviews of the show have been posted . Ken Tucker 's review shortly after the show 's debut awarded it a B+ ; he stated the show 's writing was n't `` top - notch '' , but `` Romano manages to communicate something distinctive . '' A 1997 review by Bruce Fretts , which gave the show the same score , said that the show `` may now be the best sitcom on the air . '' Common Sense Media 's Betsy Wallace , who awarded the show four out of five stars , wrote : `` the cast is stellar and plotlines shed light on universal human insecurities , such as doubting that your spouse still finds you attractive as you grow older . '' However , she warned that the show 's `` intimacy issues of married couples -- including ( in ) frequency of sex -- often take center stage , '' as well as the show 's mild language . Plugged In said in their review , `` Seven years and a mantle full of Emmys later , Raymond is still smartly scripted , now with new characters added to a maturing , expanding family . '' In 2013 , Complex ranked the show as 49th of `` The 50 Funniest TV Comedies of All Time '' , with writer Matt Barone saying that `` You 'd want to pat Ray on the shoulder and say , ' We feel for you , man , ' if you were n't laughing so hard . '' Also in 2013 , TV Guide ranked it # 60 on its list of the `` 60 Best Series of All Time '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Everybody Loves Raymond During its nine seasons , Everybody Loves Raymond was nominated for 69 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning 15 of them , including 10 for acting . The series was also nominated for 21 Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1 win ) and won the Writers Guild of America Award for Episodic Comedy for `` Italy '' in 2002 . American television ratings ( edit ) Note : Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . All times mentioned in this section were Eastern & Pacific The series finale scored a 20.2 household rating , 32.94 million viewers ( 29 % of all viewers at the time ) and an 11.2 rating among adults 18 -- 49 . At 8pm , Everybody Loves Raymond : The Last Laugh averaged a 15.3 household rating , 24.52 million viewers and a 7.5 among adults 18 -- 49 . Throughout the latter six seasons of the show , Everybody Loves Raymond maintained its position on the top ten rankings . The highest average rating for the series is in italic text . Season Timeslot ( EST ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Rating Friday 8 : 30 p.m. ( September 13 , 1996 -- February 28 , 1997 ) Monday 8 : 30 p.m. ( March 3 , 1997 -- April 7 , 1997 ) September 13 , 1996 April 7 , 1997 1996 -- 1997 # 84 7.8 Monday 8 : 30 p.m. September 22 , 1997 May 18 , 1998 1997 -- 1998 # 30 9.2 Monday 9 : 00 p.m. September 21 , 1998 May 24 , 1999 1998 -- 1999 # 11 10.6 September 20 , 1999 May 22 , 2000 1999 -- 2000 # 12 17.8 5 October 2 , 2000 May 21 , 2001 2000 -- 2001 # 8 19.0 6 September 24 , 2001 May 13 , 2002 2001 -- 2002 # 6 20.0 7 September 23 , 2002 May 19 , 2003 2002 -- 2003 # 8 18.39 8 September 22 , 2003 May 24 , 2004 2003 -- 2004 * # 10 17.38 9 September 20 , 2004 May 16 , 2005 2004 -- 2005 # 10 17.4 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Crossover : `` Everybody Loves Raymond '' and `` The King Of Queens '' `` . www.poobala.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hollywood Reporter Archived January 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Сериал `` Воронины '' , смотреть онлайн бесплатно все новые серии `` Ворониных '' , 11 , 12 сезоны , лучшие актеры 2011 - 2012 гг `` . Ctc-tv.ru . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wszyscy kochają Romana ( 2011 ) '' ( in Polish ) . aleseriale.pl . Retrieved 19 Aug 2011 . Jump up ^ Piątek 30.09. 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) . `` PUDELEK -- Serial Kasprzykowskiego ZNIKA Z ANTENY ! '' . Pudelek.pl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . BBC Commissions Pilot For ' Everybody Loves Raymond ' Remake ' The Smiths . ' Deadline.com ( May 9 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10920925497-rudyho-ma-kazdy-rad/dily/starsi/ Jump up ^ Everybody Loves Raymond : Make Mine a Double Paramount Comedy . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( September 20 , 1996 ) . `` Everybody Loves Raymond ( 1996 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( April 11 , 1997 ) . `` TV Show Review : Everybody Loves Raymond ( 1996 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Betsy . Everybody Loves Raymond -- Television Review . Common Sense Media . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isaac , Steven . Everybody Loves Raymond . Plugged In . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barone , Matt ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` The 50 Funniest TV Comedies of All Time '' . Complex . Complex Media . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Kinon , Cristina ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` The most watched TV episode of the decade was ... the series finale of ' Friends ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Earle Marsh ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows ( 1946 -- Present ) : Ninth Edition . United States : Ballantine Books . pp. 1694 -- 1697 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal New York portal Comedy portal 1990s portal 2000s portal Official website Everybody Loves Raymond on IMDb Everybody Loves Raymond at TV.com Everybody Loves Raymond - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Everybody Loves Raymond Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Italy '' `` The Finale '' Related Awards and nominations Characters The King of Queens Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) The King of Queens Characters Doug Heffernan Carrie Heffernan Arthur Spooner Episodes `` China Syndrome '' Related Everybody Loves Raymond VIAF : 174437914 LCCN : no2004096968 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everybody_Loves_Raymond&oldid=800029682 '' Categories : 1990s American comedy television series 1996 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2005 American television series endings American television sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in New York ( state ) Cultural depictions of people Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Television series by Worldwide Pants Incorporated Television series by HBO Independent Productions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with Russian - language external links Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 53 . 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-5679719469256161092 | Speaker of the Lok Sabha | Speaker of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia Speaker of the Lok Sabha This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the Lok Sabha State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India . The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections . Serving for a term of five years , the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha , and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance . The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar . Contents 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Pro tem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them . They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President . Further , all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker . The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman , who is the Vice President of India . In the warrant of precedence , the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India . Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India. The speaker is answerable to the house . Both the speaker and deputy speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members . Removal of the Speaker ( edit ) Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96 . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . This would arise out of speaker 's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution . When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill , it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker 's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122 Pro tem Speaker ( edit ) After a general election and the formation of a new government , a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs , who selects a pro tem speaker . The appointment has to be approved by the president . The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker . In absence of the Speaker , the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority . Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha 1 ) He or She must be a citizen of India . 2 ) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age . 3 ) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India , or the Government of any other state . List of Speakers ( edit ) No . Name Portrait Term Party From To Length Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 3 years , 288 days 1st Indian National Congress M.A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 1 year , 63 days 11 May 1957 16 April 1962 4 years , 340 days 2nd Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 4 years , 333 days 3rd Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 2 years , 124 days 4th 5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon -- 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 1 year , 221 days 22 March 1971 1 December 1975 4 years , 254 days 5th 6 Bali Ram Bhagat -- 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 1 year , 69 days ( 4 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 109 days 6th Janata Party 7 K.S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 2 years , 184 days 8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 3 years , 358 days 7th Indian National Congress 16 January 1985 18 December 1989 4 years , 336 days 8th 9 Rabi Ray -- 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 1 year , 202 days 9th Janata Dal 10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 4 years , 317 days 10th Indian National Congress 11 P.A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 1 year , 304 days 11th 12 G.M.C. Balayogi -- 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 1 year , 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party 22 October 1999 3 March 2002 2 years , 132 days 13th 13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 2 years , 23 days Shiv Sena 14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 4 years , 361 days 14th Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 5 years , 0 days 15th Indian National Congress 16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 4 years , 144 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party See also ( edit ) Parliament of India President of India Vice-President of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha '' . speakerloksabha.nic.in . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sumitra Mahajan : Did you know she is listed as ' Tai ' even in Lok Sabha '' . India Today . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Act as Money Bill : Why the Lok Sabha is n't Immune from Judicial Review '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashok , Akash Deep ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Pro tem Speaker : All you need to know about this parliamentary post '' . India Today . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Gurdial Singh Dhillon Bali Ram Bhagat K.S. Hegde Balram Jakhar Rabi Ray Shivraj Patil P.A. Sangma G.M.C. Balayogi Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterjee Meira Kumar Sumitra Mahajan Parliament of India President President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) 17th LS ( 2019 -- 24 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=866078125 '' Categories : Lists of legislative speakers in India Speakers of the Lok Sabha Lists of political office - holders in India Lists of members of the Lok Sabha Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 03 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the present speaker in lok sabha | [
"The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar.[2]\n"
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"Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party"
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2123195359101855682 | William G. Morgan | William G. Morgan - wikipedia William G. Morgan Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William G. Morgan William George Morgan ( 1870 - 01 - 23 ) January 23 , 1870 Lockport , New York , U.S. December 27 , 1942 ( 1942 - 12 - 27 ) ( aged 72 ) Lockport , New York , U.S. Alma mater Springfield College Occupation Educator Known for Inventor of volleyball Spouse ( s ) Mary King Caldwell ( divorced ) Children William George Morgan ( January 23 , 1870 -- December 27 , 1942 ) was the inventor of volleyball , originally called `` Mintonette '' , a name derived from the game of badminton which he later agreed to change to better reflect the nature of the sport . He was born in Lockport , New York , US . He met James Naismith , inventor of basketball , while Morgan was studying at Springfield College in 1892 . Like Naismith , Morgan pursued a career in Physical Education at the YMCA . Influenced by Naismith and basketball , in 1895 , in Holyoke , Massachusetts , Morgan invented `` Mintonette '' a less vigorous team sport more suitable for older members of the YMCA but one that still required athletic skill . Later Alfred S. Halstead watched it being played and renamed it `` Volleyball '' , because the point of the game is to volley the ball back and forth over the net . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Creating the sport 3 Introducing the sport 4 Aftermath 5 Later life 6 Credits 7 References Early life ( edit ) William George Morgan graduated high school at Northfield Mount Hermon School and moved on to attend the YMCA International Training School ( Later renamed Springfield College ) in Massachusetts with James Naismith , the inventor of basketball . Both Morgan and Naismith pursued careers in Physical Education at the YMCA ( Young Men 's Christian Association ) . Auburn , Maine , at the YMCA , was where Morgan spent one year working prior to graduating from Springfield College . During the summer of 1895 , Morgan moved to Holyoke , Massachusetts , where he continued to work for the YMCA , becoming the Director of Physical Education . With Morgan being the Director , it allowed him to devise workout plans and teach sports in depth to the young male adult . Creating the sport ( edit ) As William Morgan worked as the Director of Physical Education at the YMCA in Holyoke , he started to notice that the game of basketball was not meant for everyone to play . The weaker young men , non-athletic adults , and the older adults were not able to keep up with running up and down the court , along with the amount of contact they would occasionally run into . Morgan then had to think of a game in where everyone would have an equal amount of participation but also had similar objectives to basketball . He wanted to create a game which everyone could play , no matter their age or physical ability . Between trying to run classes at the YMCA and creating a new sport suitable for all , Morgan decided it was best that he use ideas from various sports such as handball , tennis , and badminton , and his own knowledge from sports training methods and experience , to create this new sport . He decided that the game would involve a six - foot , six - inch net in the middle dividing the 2 separate playing areas , and that it would be played on a 30 ft. × 60 ft. court , so that it could be played in gyms anywhere across the nation . After creating some ground rules , William Morgan had to experiment with his game . First , he had to decide which ball to use . A basketball was too heavy while the basketball bladder was too light . After testing all of the balls he had available , he had come to the conclusion that his best option was to ask A.G. Spalding & Bros. to make him a ball . A young A.G. Spalding & Bros. equipment designer and master marine cloth tailor , Dale Callaghan , developed and produced the first prototype volleyball . Morgan was very pleased with Spalding & Bros. work . They created Morgan the perfect ball for his sport , which was covered in leather , with the circumference of 25 -- 27 inches . The ball was also the perfect weight for Morgan 's sport . The ball weighed 9 -- 12 ounces . This new ball that had been made for Morgan 's sport was the perfect finishing touch to the basics of the sport . The last thing that had to be done by Morgan was to create a name . Morgan came up with `` Mintonette '' as the new name for his game . Introducing the sport ( edit ) The first time Morgan revealed his sport to the other Directors of Physical was at the YMCA located in Springfield , in 1896 . He presented his new , creative idea to Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick ( director of the professional physical education training school ) and the rest of the YMCA Directors of Physical Education . Dr. Gulick was so pleased that he asked Morgan to present his sport at the school 's new stadium . In preparation for his big debut , Morgan created 2 teams of 5 men , who would help in demonstrating `` Mintonette '' in front of the conference delegates in the East Gymnasium at Springfield College . On February 9 , 1895 , William Morgan presented his new sport to the world . When Morgan was explaining the game before the demonstration , he named a few key guidelines in the game of `` Mintonette '' such as that the game was created so that it could be played in open air and in gyms as well as the objective of the game was to keep the ball in action as it goes from one side of the high net , to the other . One of the conference delegates , Professor Alfred T. Halsted , loved the game of Mintonette , but he felt like something was just not right . Professor Halsted suggested that the name of the game should be Volleyball , since the main point of the game was to `` volley '' the ball to a player or over the net . Morgan agreed with Halsted 's idea and since then the original game of `` Mintonette '' has been referred to as Volleyball . Morgan continued to tweak the rules of the game until July 1896 , where his sport was added into the first official handbook of the North American YMCA Athletic League . Aftermath ( edit ) On July 7 , 1896 , the first game of volleyball was played at Springfield College . In 1900 , Spalding started to produce a special ball , which was designed specifically for the sport -- A volleyball . In 1920 , new rules were instigated which included the three hits per side and the back row attack rules . In 1964 , at the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo , was where Volleyball was introduced to the Olympics . Later life ( edit ) William Morgan left his job at the YMCA in 1897 to start a new career with General Electric and Westinghouse . He stayed in touch with Springfield College and stated that he was `` content in the knowledge that the game brought a richer life to millions of people throughout the world . '' Morgan died on December 27 , 1942 . Credits ( edit ) In 1995 , The Morgan Trophy Award was created . The Award is presented annually to the most outstanding male and female collegiate volleyball player in the US . An elementary school in Holyoke , William Morgan School , bears his name . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In 1895 , William Morgan Invents Mintonette '' . New England Historical Society . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Putting his mind to the challenge , Morgan examined the rules of sports such as baseball , basketball , handball and badminton . Taking pieces from each , he created a game he called Mintonette , deriving the name from badminton Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Game '' . Fivb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Daven Hiskey ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) . `` February 9th : William G. Morgan Invents a Game Called Mintonette that is Better Known Today as Volleyball '' . Todayifoundout.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Bellis , Mary . `` Invention and History of Volleyball by William Morgan '' . Inventors.about.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` VOLLEYBALL HISTORY - Page 1 of 2 Court & Field Dimension Diagrams in 3D , History , Rules '' . Sportsknowhow.com. 2015 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Volleyball Court Dimensions Court & Field Dimension Diagrams in 3D , History , Rules '' . Sportsknowhow.com. 2015 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The History Of Volleyball . Where Volleyball Started '' . Athleticscholarships.net . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_G._Morgan&oldid=824739625 '' Categories : Volleyball American inventors American men 's volleyball players American educators American people of Welsh descent 1870 births 1942 deaths Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 05 : 00 . About Wikipedia | who is said be the father of volleyball | [
"William George Morgan (January 23, 1870 – December 27, 1942) was the inventor of volleyball, originally called \"Mintonette\", a name derived from the game of badminton which he later agreed to change to better reflect the nature of the sport.[1] He was born in Lockport, New York, US.[2]"
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"William George Morgan"
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-2584325196941319167 | Henry I of England | Henry I of England - wikipedia Henry I of England Jump to : navigation , search Henry I Miniature from Matthew Paris 's Historia Anglorum King of England ( more ... ) Reign 5 August 1100 -- 1 December 1135 Coronation 5 August 1100 Predecessor William II Successor Stephen Duke of Normandy Tenure 1106 -- 1 December 1135 Predecessor Robert Curthose Successor Stephen c. 1068 Possibly Selby , Yorkshire 1 December 1135 ( aged 66 -- 67 ) Saint - Denis - en - Lyons , Normandy Burial Reading Abbey Spouse Matilda of Scotland ( m . 1100 ; d . 1118 ) Adeliza of Louvain ( m . 1121 ) Issue more ... Matilda , Holy Roman Empress William Adelin Robert , 1st Earl of Gloucester Alice FitzRoy Gilbert FitzRoy Matilda FitzRoy , Countess of Perche Fulk FitzRoy Sybilla , Queen of Scots Reginald de Dunstanville , 1st Earl of Cornwall Robert FitzEdith , Lord Okehampton Henry FitzRoy ( d . 1158 ) Matilda FitzRoy , Abbess of Montvilliers House Normandy Father William I of England Mother Matilda of Flanders Henry I ( c. 1068 -- 1 December 1135 ) , also known as Henry Beauclerc , was King of England from 1100 to his death . Henry was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts . On William 's death in 1087 , Henry 's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England , respectively , but Henry was left landless . Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert , but William and Robert deposed him in 1091 . Henry gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William against Robert . Henry was present when William died in a hunting accident in 1100 , and he seized the English throne , promising at his coronation to correct many of William 's less popular policies . Henry married Matilda of Scotland but continued to have a large number of mistresses by whom he had many illegitimate children . Robert , who invaded in 1101 , disputed Henry 's control of England ; this military campaign ended in a negotiated settlement that confirmed Henry as king . The peace was short - lived , and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in 1105 and 1106 , finally defeating Robert at the Battle of Tinchebray . Henry kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his life . Henry 's control of Normandy was challenged by Louis VI of France , Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou , who promoted the rival claims of Robert 's son , William Clito , and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between 1116 and 1119 . Following Henry 's victory at the Battle of Brémule , a favourable peace settlement was agreed with Louis in 1120 . Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler , Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England and Normandy . In England , he drew on the existing Anglo - Saxon system of justice , local government and taxation , but also strengthened it with additional institutions , including the royal exchequer and itinerant justices . Normandy was also governed through a growing system of justices and an exchequer . Many of the officials who ran Henry 's system were `` new men '' of obscure backgrounds rather than from families of high status , who rose through the ranks as administrators . Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform , but became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury , which was resolved through a compromise solution in 1105 . He supported the Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the senior clergy in England and Normandy . Henry 's only legitimate son and heir , William Adelin , drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120 , throwing the royal succession into doubt . Henry took a second wife , Adeliza , in the hope of having another son , but their marriage was childless . In response to this , Henry declared his daughter , Matilda , his heir and married her to Geoffrey of Anjou . The relationship between Henry and the couple became strained , and fighting broke out along the border with Anjou . Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of illness . Despite his plans for Matilda , the King was succeeded by his nephew , Stephen of Blois , resulting in a period of civil war known as the Anarchy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life , 1068 -- 1099 1.1 Childhood and appearance , 1068 -- 86 1.2 Inheritance , 1087 -- 88 1.3 Count of the Cotentin , 1088 -- 90 1.4 Fall and rise , 1091 -- 99 2 Early reign , 1100 -- 06 2.1 Taking the throne , 1100 2.2 Marriage to Matilda , 1100 2.3 Treaty of Alton , 1101 -- 02 2.4 Conquest of Normandy , 1103 -- 06 3 Government , family and household 3.1 Government , law and court 3.2 Relations with the church 3.2. 1 Church and the King 3.2. 2 Personal beliefs and piety 4 Later reign , 1107 -- 35 4.1 Continental and Welsh politics , 1108 -- 14 4.2 Rebellion , 1115 -- 20 4.3 Succession crisis , 1120 -- 23 4.4 Planning the succession , 1124 -- 34 5 Death and legacy 5.1 Death , 1135 5.2 Historiography 6 Family and children 6.1 Legitimate 6.2 Illegitimate 6.2. 1 Sons 6.2. 2 Daughters 7 Ancestors 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography Early life , 1068 -- 1099 ( edit ) Childhood and appearance , 1068 -- 86 ( edit ) Henry was probably born in England in 1068 , in either the summer or the last weeks of the year , possibly in the town of Selby in Yorkshire . His father was William the Conqueror , the Duke of Normandy , who had invaded England in 1066 to become the King of England , establishing lands stretching into Wales . The invasion had created an Anglo - Norman elite , many with estates spread across both sides of the English Channel . These Anglo - Norman barons typically had close links to the kingdom of France , which was then a loose collection of counties and smaller polities , under only the minimal control of the king . Henry 's mother , Matilda of Flanders , was the granddaughter of Robert II of France , and she probably named Henry after her uncle , King Henry I of France . Henry was the youngest of William and Matilda 's four sons . Physically he resembled his older brothers Robert Curthose , Richard and William Rufus , being , as historian David Carpenter describes , `` short , stocky and barrel - chested , '' with black hair . As a result of their age differences and Richard 's early death , Henry would have probably seen relatively little of his older brothers . He probably knew his sister , Adela , well , as the two were close in age . There is little documentary evidence for his early years ; historians Warren Hollister and Kathleen Thompson suggest he was brought up predominantly in England , while Judith Green argues he was initially brought up in the Duchy . He was probably educated by the Church , possibly by Bishop Osmund , the King 's chancellor , at Salisbury Cathedral ; it is uncertain if this indicated an intent by his parents for Henry to become a member of the clergy . It is also uncertain how far Henry 's education extended , but he was probably able to read Latin and had some background in the liberal arts . He was given military training by an instructor called Robert Achard , and Henry was knighted by his father on 24 May 1086 . Inheritance , 1087 -- 88 ( edit ) 13th - century depiction of Henry In 1087 , William was fatally injured during a campaign in the Vexin . Henry joined his dying father near Rouen in September , where the King partitioned his possessions among his sons . The rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain ; in some parts of France , primogeniture , in which the eldest son would inherit a title , was growing in popularity . In other parts of Europe , including Normandy and England , the tradition was for lands to be divided up , with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands -- usually considered to be the most valuable -- and younger sons given smaller , or more recently acquired , partitions or estates . In dividing his lands , William appears to have followed the Norman tradition , distinguishing between Normandy , which he had inherited , and England , which he had acquired through war . William 's second son , Richard , had died in a hunting accident , leaving Henry and his two brothers to inherit William 's estate . Robert , the eldest , despite being in armed rebellion against his father at the time of his death , received Normandy . England was given to William Rufus , who was in favour with the dying king . Henry was given a large sum of money , usually reported as £ 5,000 , with the expectation that he would also be given his mother 's modest set of lands in Buckinghamshire and Gloucestershire . William 's funeral at Caen was marred by angry complaints from a local man , and Henry may have been responsible for resolving the dispute by buying off the protester with silver . Robert returned to Normandy , expecting to have been given both the Duchy and England , to find that William Rufus had crossed the Channel and been crowned king , as William II . The two brothers disagreed fundamentally over the inheritance , and Robert soon began to plan an invasion of England to seize the kingdom , helped by a rebellion by some of the leading nobles against William Rufus . Henry remained in Normandy and took up a role within Robert 's court , possibly either because he was unwilling to side openly with William Rufus , or because Robert might have taken the opportunity to confiscate Henry 's inherited money if he had tried to leave . William Rufus sequestered Henry 's new estates in England , leaving Henry landless . In 1088 , Robert 's plans for the invasion of England began to falter , and he turned to Henry , proposing that his brother lend him some of his inheritance , which Henry refused . Henry and Robert then came to an alternative arrangement , in which Robert would make Henry the count of western Normandy , in exchange for £ 3,000 . Henry 's lands were a new countship based around a delegation of the ducal authority in the Cotentin , but it extended across the Avranchin , with control over the bishoprics of both . This also gave Henry influence over two major Norman leaders , Hugh d'Avranches and Richard de Redvers , and the abbey of Mont Saint - Michel , whose lands spread out further across the Duchy . Robert 's invasion force failed to leave Normandy , leaving William Rufus secure in England . Count of the Cotentin , 1088 -- 90 ( edit ) Depiction of Bishop Odo ( wielding club at centre ) who imprisoned Henry from 1088 -- 89 . From the Bayeux Tapestry . Henry quickly established himself as count , building up a network of followers from western Normandy and eastern Brittany , whom historian John Le Patourel has characterised as `` Henry 's gang '' . His early supporters included Roger of Mandeville , Richard of Redvers , Richard d'Avranches and Robert Fitzhamon , along with the churchman Roger of Salisbury . Robert attempted to go back on his deal with Henry and re-appropriate the county , but Henry 's grip was already sufficiently firm to prevent this . Robert 's rule of the Duchy was chaotic , and parts of Henry 's lands became almost independent of central control from Rouen . During this period , neither William nor Robert seems to have trusted Henry . Waiting until the rebellion against William Rufus was safely over , Henry returned to England in July 1088 . He met with the King but was unable to persuade him to grant him their mother 's estates , and travelled back to Normandy in the autumn . While he had been away , however , Odo , the Bishop of Bayeux , who regarded Henry as a potential competitor , had convinced Robert that Henry was conspiring against the duke with William Rufus . On landing , Odo seized Henry and imprisoned him in Neuilly - la - Forêt , and Robert took back the county of the Cotentin . Henry was held there over the winter , but in the spring of 1089 the senior elements of the Normandy nobility prevailed upon Robert to release him . Although no longer formally the Count of Cotentin , Henry continued to control the west of Normandy . The struggle between Henry 's brothers continued . William Rufus continued to put down resistance to his rule in England , but began to build a number of alliances against Robert with barons in Normandy and neighbouring Ponthieu . Robert allied himself with Philip I of France . In late 1090 William Rufus encouraged Conan Pilatus , a powerful burgher in Rouen , to rebel against Robert ; Conan was supported by most of Rouen and made appeals to the neighbouring ducal garrisons to switch allegiance as well . Robert issued an appeal for help to his barons , and Henry was the first to arrive in Rouen in November . Violence broke out , leading to savage , confused street fighting as both sides attempted to take control of the city . Robert and Henry left the castle to join the battle , but Robert then retreated , leaving Henry to continue the fighting . The battle turned in favour of the ducal forces and Henry took Conan prisoner . Henry was angry that Conan had turned against his feudal lord . He had him taken to the top of Rouen Castle and then , despite Conan 's offers to pay a huge ransom , threw him off the top of the castle to his death . Contemporaries considered Henry to have acted appropriately in making an example of Conan , and Henry became famous for his exploits in the battle . Fall and Rise , 1091 -- 99 ( edit ) Mont Saint - Michel , site of the 1091 siege In the aftermath , Robert forced Henry to leave Rouen , probably because Henry 's role in the fighting had been more prominent than his own , and possibly because Henry had asked to be formally reinstated as the count of the Cotentin . In early 1091 , William Rufus invaded Normandy with a sufficiently large army to bring Robert to the negotiating table . The two brothers signed a treaty at Rouen , granting William Rufus a range of lands and castles in Normandy . In return , William Rufus promised to support Robert 's attempts to regain control of the neighbouring county of Maine , once under Norman control , and help in regaining control over the Duchy , including Henry 's lands . They nominated each other as heirs to England and Normandy , excluding Henry from any succession while either one of them lived . War now broke out between Henry and his brothers . Henry mobilised a mercenary army in the west of Normandy , but as William Rufus and Robert 's forces advanced , his network of baronial support melted away . Henry focused his remaining forces at Mont Saint - Michel , where he was besieged , probably in March 1091 . The site was easy to defend , but lacked fresh water . The chronicler William of Malmesbury suggested that when Henry 's water ran short , Robert allowed his brother fresh supplies , leading to remonstrations between Robert and William Rufus . The events of the final days of the siege are unclear : the besiegers had begun to argue about the future strategy for the campaign , but Henry then abandoned Mont Saint - Michel , probably as part of a negotiated surrender . He left for Brittany and crossed over into France . Henry 's next steps are not well documented ; one chronicler , Orderic Vitalis , suggests that he travelled in the French Vexin , along the Normandy border , for over a year with a small band of followers . By the end of the year , Robert and William Rufus had fallen out once again , and the Treaty of Rouen had been abandoned . In 1092 , Henry and his followers seized the Normandy town of Domfront . Domfront had previously been controlled by Robert of Bellême , but the inhabitants disliked his rule and invited Henry to take over the town , which he did in a bloodless coup . Over the next two years , Henry re-established his network of supporters across western Normandy , forming what Judith Green terms a `` court in waiting '' . By 1094 , he was allocating lands and castles to his followers as if he were the Duke of Normandy . William Rufus began to support Henry with money , encouraging his campaign against Robert , and Henry used some of this to construct a substantial castle at Domfront . William Rufus crossed into Normandy to take the war to Robert in 1094 , and when progress stalled , called upon Henry for assistance . Henry responded , but travelled to London instead of joining the main campaign further east in Normandy , possibly at the request of the King , who in any event abandoned the campaign and returned to England . Over the next few years , Henry appears to have strengthened his power base in western Normandy , visiting England occasionally to attend at William Rufus 's court . In 1095 Pope Urban II called the First Crusade , encouraging knights from across Europe to join . Robert joined the Crusade , borrowing money from William Rufus to do so , and granting the King temporary custody of his part of the Duchy in exchange . The King appeared confident of regaining the remainder of Normandy from Robert , and Henry appeared ever closer to William Rufus , the pair campaigning together in the Norman Vexin between 1097 and 1098 . Early reign , 1100 -- 06 ( edit ) Taking the throne , 1100 ( edit ) A 17th - century manuscript drawing of Henry 's coronation . Henry became King of England following the death of William Rufus , who had been shot while hunting . On the afternoon of 2 August 1100 , the King had gone hunting in the New Forest , accompanied by a team of huntsmen and a number of the Norman nobility , including Henry . An arrow was fired , possibly by the baron Walter Tirel , which hit and killed William Rufus . Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forward suggesting that the King was killed deliberately ; most modern historians reject these , as hunting was a risky activity , and such accidents were common . Chaos broke out , and Tirel fled the scene for France , either because he had fired the fatal shot , or because he had been incorrectly accused and feared that he would be made a scapegoat for the King 's death . Henry rode to Winchester , where an argument ensued as to who now had the best claim to the throne . William of Breteuil championed the rights of Robert , who was still abroad , returning from the Crusade , and to whom Henry and the barons had given homage in previous years . Henry argued that , unlike Robert , he had been born to a reigning king and queen , thereby giving him a claim under the right of porphyrogeniture . Tempers flared , but Henry , supported by Henry de Beaumont and Robert of Meulan , held sway and persuaded the barons to follow him . He occupied Winchester Castle and seized the royal treasury . Henry was hastily crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 5 August by Maurice , the Bishop of London , as Anselm , the Archbishop of Canterbury , had been exiled by William Rufus , and Thomas , the Archbishop of York , was in the north of England at Ripon . In accordance with English tradition and in a bid to legitimise his rule , Henry issued a coronation charter laying out various commitments . The new king presented himself as having restored order to a trouble - torn country . He announced that he would abandon William Rufus 's policies towards the Church , which had been seen as oppressive by the clergy ; he promised to prevent royal abuses of the barons ' property rights , and assured a return to the gentler customs of Edward the Confessor ; he asserted that he would `` establish a firm peace '' across England and ordered `` that this peace shall henceforth be kept '' . In addition to his existing circle of supporters , many of whom were richly rewarded with new lands , Henry quickly co-opted many of the existing administration into his new royal household . William Giffard , William Rufus 's chancellor , was made the Bishop of Winchester , and the prominent sheriffs Urse d'Abetot , Haimo Dapifer and Robert Fitzhamon continued to play a senior role in government . By contrast , the unpopular Ranulf Flambard , the Bishop of Durham and a key member of the previous regime , was imprisoned in the Tower of London and charged with corruption . The late king had left many church positions unfilled , and Henry set about nominating candidates to these , in an effort to build further support for his new government . The appointments needed to be consecrated , and Henry wrote to Anselm , apologising for having been crowned while the Archbishop was still in France and asking him to return at once . Marriage to Matilda , 1100 ( edit ) Henry 's first wife , Matilda of Scotland On 11 November 1100 Henry married Matilda , the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland . Henry was now around 31 years old , but late marriages for noblemen were not unusual in the 11th century . The pair had probably first met earlier the previous decade , possibly being introduced through Bishop Osmund of Salisbury . Historian Warren Hollister argues that Henry and Matilda were emotionally close , but their union was also certainly politically motivated . Matilda had originally been named Edith , an Anglo - Saxon name , and was a member of the West Saxon royal family , being the niece of Edgar the Ætheling , the great - granddaughter of Edmund Ironside and a descendant of Alfred the Great . For Henry , marrying Matilda gave his reign increased legitimacy , and for Matilda , an ambitious woman , it was an opportunity for high status and power in England . Matilda had been educated in a sequence of convents , however , and may well have taken the vows to formally become a nun , which formed an obstacle to the marriage progressing . She did not wish to be a nun and appealed to Anselm for permission to marry Henry , and the Archbishop established a council at Lambeth Palace to judge the issue . Despite some dissenting voices , the council concluded that although Matilda had lived in a convent , she had not actually become a nun and was therefore free to marry , a judgement that Anselm then affirmed , allowing the marriage to proceed . Matilda proved an effective queen for Henry , acting as a regent in England on occasion , addressing and presiding over councils , and extensively supporting the arts . The couple soon had two children , Matilda , born in 1102 , and William Adelin , born in 1103 ; it is possible that they also had a second son , Richard , who died young . Following the birth of these children , Matilda preferred to remain based in Westminster while Henry travelled across England and Normandy , either for religious reasons or because she enjoyed being involved in the machinery of royal governance . Henry had a considerable sexual appetite and enjoyed a substantial number of sexual partners , resulting in a large number of illegitimate children , at least nine sons and 13 daughters , many of whom he appears to have recognised and supported . It was normal for unmarried Anglo - Norman noblemen to have sexual relations with prostitutes and local women , and kings were also expected to have mistresses . Some of these relationships occurred before Henry was married , but many others took place after his marriage to Matilda . Henry had a wide range of mistresses from a range of backgrounds , and the relationships appear to have been conducted relatively openly . He may have chosen some of his noble mistresses for political purposes , but the evidence to support this theory is limited . Treaty of Alton , 1101 -- 02 ( edit ) Early 14th - century depiction of Henry By early 1101 , Henry 's new regime was established and functioning , but many of the Anglo - Norman elite still supported Robert , or would be prepared to switch sides if Henry 's elder brother appeared likely to gain power in England . In February , Flambard escaped from the Tower of London and crossed the Channel to Normandy , where he injected fresh direction and energy to Robert 's attempts to mobilise an invasion force . By July , Robert had formed an army and a fleet , ready to move against Henry in England . Raising the stakes in the conflict , Henry seized Flambard 's lands and , with the support of Anselm , Flambard was removed from his position as bishop . Henry held court in April and June , where the nobility renewed their oaths of allegiance to him , but their support still appeared partial and shaky . With the invasion imminent , Henry mobilised his forces and fleet outside Pevensey , close to Robert 's anticipated landing site , training some of them personally in how to counter cavalry charges . Despite English levies and knights owing military service to the Church arriving in considerable numbers , many of his barons did not appear . Anselm intervened with some of the doubters , emphasising the religious importance of their loyalty to Henry . Robert unexpectedly landed further up the coast at Portsmouth on 20 July with a modest force of a few hundred men , but these were quickly joined by many of the barons in England . However , instead of marching into nearby Winchester and seizing Henry 's treasury , Robert paused , giving Henry time to march west and intercept the invasion force . The two armies met at Alton where peace negotiations began , possibly initiated by either Henry or Robert , and probably supported by Flambard . The brothers then agreed to the Treaty of Alton , under which Robert released Henry from his oath of homage and recognised him as king ; Henry renounced his claims on western Normandy , except for Domfront , and agreed to pay Robert £ 2,000 a year for life ; if either brother died without a male heir , the other would inherit his lands ; the barons whose lands had been seized by either the King or the Duke for supporting his rival would have them returned , and Flambard would be reinstated as bishop ; the two brothers would campaign together to defend their territories in Normandy . Robert remained in England for a few months more with Henry before returning to Normandy . Despite the treaty , Henry set about inflicting severe penalties on the barons who had stood against him during the invasion . William de Warenne , the Earl of Surrey , was accused of fresh crimes , which were not covered by the Alton amnesty , and was banished from England . In 1102 Henry then turned against Robert of Bellême and his brothers , the most powerful of the barons , accusing him of 45 different offences . Robert escaped and took up arms against Henry . Henry besieged Robert 's castles at Arundel , Tickhill and Shrewsbury , pushing down into the south - west to attack Bridgnorth . His power base in England broken , Robert accepted Henry 's offer of banishment and left the country for Normandy . Conquest of Normandy , 1103 -- 06 ( edit ) The village of Tinchebray in 2008 Henry 's network of allies in Normandy became stronger during 1103 . Henry married Juliana , one of his illegitimate daughters , to Eustace of Breteuil , and another illegitimate daughter , Matilda , to Rotrou , the Count of Perche , on the Normandy border . Henry attempted to win over other members of the Normandy nobility and gave other English estates and lucrative offers to key Norman lords . Duke Robert continued to fight Robert of Bellême , but the Duke 's position worsened , until by 1104 , he had to ally himself formally with Bellême to survive . Arguing that Duke Robert had broken the terms of their treaty , Henry crossed over the Channel to Domfront , where he met with senior barons from across Normandy , eager to ally themselves with the King . Henry confronted his brother and accused him of siding with his enemies , before returning to England . Normandy continued to disintegrate into chaos . In 1105 , Henry sent his friend Robert Fitzhamon and a force of knights into the Duchy , apparently to provoke a confrontation with Duke Robert . Fitzhamon was captured , and Henry used this as an excuse to invade , promising to restore peace and order . Henry had the support of most of the neighbouring counts around Normandy 's borders , and King Philip of France was persuaded to remain neutral . Henry occupied western Normandy , and advanced east on Bayeux , where Fitzhamon was held . The city refused to surrender , and Henry besieged it , burning it to the ground . Terrified of meeting the same fate , the town of Caen switched sides and surrendered , allowing Henry to advance on Falaise , which he took with some casualties . Henry 's campaign stalled , and the King instead began peace discussions with Robert . The negotiations were inconclusive and the fighting dragged on until Christmas , when Henry returned to England . Henry invaded again in July 1106 , hoping to provoke a decisive battle . After some initial tactical successes , he turned south - west towards the castle of Tinchebray . He besieged the castle and Duke Robert , supported by Robert of Bellême , advanced from Falaise to relieve it . After attempts at negotiation failed , the Battle of Tinchebray took place , probably on 28 September . The battle lasted around an hour , and began with a charge by Duke Robert 's cavalry ; the infantry and dismounted knights of both sides then joined the battle . Henry 's reserves , led by Elias , the Count of Maine and Alan , the Duke of Brittany , attacked the enemy 's flanks , routing first Bellême 's troops and then the bulk of the ducal forces . Duke Robert was taken prisoner , but Bellême escaped . Henry mopped up the remaining resistance in Normandy , and Robert ordered his last garrisons to surrender . Reaching Rouen , Henry reaffirmed the laws and customs of Normandy and took homage from the leading barons and citizens . The lesser prisoners taken at Tinchebray were released , but Robert and several other leading nobles were imprisoned indefinitely . Henry 's nephew , Robert 's son William Clito , was only three years old and was released to the care of Helias of Saint - Saens , a Norman baron . Henry reconciled himself with Robert of Bellême , who gave up the ducal lands he had seized and rejoined the royal court . Henry had no way of legally removing the Duchy from his brother Robert , and initially Henry avoided using the title `` duke '' at all , emphasising that , as the King of England , he was only acting as the guardian of the troubled Duchy . Government , family and household ( edit ) Government , law and court ( edit ) Henry 's royal seal , showing the King on horseback ( l ) and seated on his throne ( r ) Further information on English government during this period : England in the Middle Ages § High Middle Ages ( 1066 -- 1272 ) Henry inherited the kingdom of England from William Rufus , giving him a claim of suzerainty over Wales and Scotland , and acquired the Duchy of Normandy , a complex entity with troubled borders . The borders between England and Scotland were still uncertain during Henry 's reign , with Anglo - Norman influence pushing northwards through Cumbria , but Henry 's relationship with King David I of Scotland was generally good , partially due to Henry 's marriage to his sister . In Wales , Henry used his power to coerce and charm the indigenous Welsh princes , while Norman Marcher Lords pushed across the valleys of South Wales . Normandy was controlled via various interlocking networks of ducal , ecclesiastical and family contacts , backed by a growing string of important ducal castles along the borders . Alliances and relationships with neighbouring counties along the Norman border were particularly important to maintaining the stability of the Duchy . Henry ruled through the various barons and lords in England and Normandy , whom he manipulated skilfully for political effect . Political friendships , termed amicitia in Latin , were important during the 12th century , and Henry maintained a wide range of these , mediating between his friends in various factions across his realm when necessary , and rewarding those who were loyal to him . Henry also had a reputation for punishing those barons who stood against him , and he maintained an effective network of informers and spies who reported to him on events . Henry was a harsh , firm ruler , but not excessively so by the standards of the day . Over time , he increased the degree of his control over the barons , removing his enemies and bolstering his friends until the `` reconstructed baronage '' , as historian Warren Hollister describes it , was predominantly loyal and dependent on the King . Henry 's itinerant royal court comprised various parts . At the heart was Henry 's domestic household , called the domus ; a wider grouping was termed the familia regis , and formal gatherings of the court were termed curia . The domus was divided into several parts . The chapel , headed by the chancellor , looked after the royal documents , the chamber dealt with financial affairs and the master - marshal was responsible for travel and accommodation . The familia regis included Henry 's mounted household troops , up to several hundred strong , who came from a wider range of social backgrounds , and could be deployed across England and Normandy as required . Initially Henry continued his father 's practice of regular crown - wearing ceremonies at his curia , but they became less frequent as the years passed . Henry 's court was grand and ostentatious , financing the construction of large new buildings and castles with a range of precious gifts on display , including the King 's private menagerie of exotic animals , which he kept at Woodstock Palace . Despite being a lively community , Henry 's court was more tightly controlled than those of previous kings . Strict rules controlled personal behaviour and prohibited members of the court from pillaging neighbouring villages , as had been the norm under William Rufus . Henry was responsible for a substantial expansion of the royal justice system . In England , Henry drew on the existing Anglo - Saxon system of justice , local government and taxes , but strengthened it with additional central governmental institutions . Roger of Salisbury began to develop the royal exchequer after 1110 , using it to collect and audit revenues from the King 's sheriffs in the shires . Itinerant justices began to emerge under Henry , travelling around the country managing eyre courts , and many more laws were formally recorded . Henry gathered increasing revenue from the expansion of royal justice , both from fines and from fees . The first Pipe Roll that is known to have survived dates from 1130 , recording royal expenditures . Henry reformed the coinage in 1107 , 1108 and in 1125 , inflicting harsh corporal punishments to English coiners who had been found guilty of debasing the currency . In Normandy , Henry restored law and order after 1106 , operating through a body of Norman justices and an exchequer system similar to that in England . Norman institutions grew in scale and scope under Henry , although less quickly than in England . Many of the officials that ran Henry 's system were termed `` new men '' , relatively low - born individuals who rose through the ranks as administrators , managing justice or the royal revenues . Relations with the Church ( edit ) Further information on religion in England during this period : Religion in Medieval England Church and the King ( edit ) The seal of Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury Henry 's ability to govern was intimately bound up with the Church , which formed the key to the administration of both England and Normandy , and this relationship changed considerably over the course of his reign . William the Conqueror had reformed the English Church with the support of his Archbishop of Canterbury , Lanfranc , who became a close colleague and advisor to the King . Under William Rufus this arrangement had collapsed , the King and Archbishop Anselm had become estranged and Anselm had gone into exile . Henry also believed in Church reform , but on taking power in England he became embroiled in the investiture controversy . The argument concerned who should invest a new bishop with his staff and ring : traditionally , this had been carried out by the king in a symbolic demonstration of royal power , but Pope Urban II had condemned this practice in 1099 , arguing that only the papacy could carry out this task , and declaring that the clergy should not give homage to their local temporal rulers . Anselm returned to England from exile in 1100 having heard Urban 's pronouncement , and informed Henry that he would be complying with the Pope 's wishes . Henry was in a difficult position . On one hand , the symbolism and homage was important to him ; on the other hand , he needed Anselm 's support in his struggle with his brother Duke Robert . Anselm stuck firmly to the letter of the papal decree , despite Henry 's attempts to persuade him to give way in return for a vague assurance of a future royal compromise . Matters escalated , with Anselm going back into exile and Henry confiscating the revenues of his estates . Anselm threatened excommunication , and in July 1105 the two men finally negotiated a solution . A distinction was drawn between the secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates , under which Henry gave up his right to invest his clergy , but retained the custom of requiring them to come and do homage for the temporalities , the landed properties they held in England . Despite this argument , the pair worked closely together , combining to deal with Duke Robert 's invasion of 1101 , for example , and holding major reforming councils in 1102 and 1108 . A long - running dispute between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York flared up under Anselm 's successor , Ralph d'Escures . Canterbury , traditionally the senior of the two establishments , had long argued that the Archbishop of York should formally promise to obey their Archbishop , but York argued that the two episcopates were independent within the English Church and that no such promise was necessary . Henry supported the primacy of Canterbury , to ensure that England remained under a single ecclesiastical administration , but the Pope preferred the case of York . The matter was complicated by Henry 's personal friendship with Thurstan , the Archbishop of York , and the King 's desire that the case should not end up in a papal court , beyond royal control . Henry badly needed the support of the Papacy in his struggle with Louis of France , however , and therefore allowed Thurstan to attend the Council of Rheims in 1119 , where Thurstan was then consecrated by the Pope with no mention of any duty towards Canterbury . Henry believed that this went against assurances Thurstan had previously made and exiled him from England until the King and Archbishop came to a negotiated solution the following year . Even after the investiture dispute , the King continued to play a major role in the selection of new English and Norman bishops and archbishops . Henry appointed many of his officials to bishoprics and , as historian Martin Brett suggests , `` some of his officers could look forward to a mitre with all but absolute confidence '' . Henry 's chancellors , and those of his queens , became bishops of Durham , Hereford , London , Lincoln , Winchester and Salisbury . Henry increasingly drew on a wider range of these bishops as advisors -- particularly Roger of Salisbury -- breaking with the earlier tradition of relying primarily on the Archbishop of Canterbury . The result was a cohesive body of administrators through which Henry could exercise careful influence , holding general councils to discuss key matters of policy . This stability shifted slightly after 1125 , when Henry began to inject a wider range of candidates into the senior positions of the Church , often with more reformist views , and the impact of this generation would be felt in the years after Henry 's death . Personal beliefs and piety ( edit ) The ruined chapter house of Reading Abbey in 2008 Like other rulers of the period , Henry donated to the Church and patronised various religious communities , but contemporary chroniclers did not consider him an unusually pious king . His personal beliefs and piety may , however , have developed during the course of his life . Henry had always taken an interest in religion , but in his later years he may have become much more concerned about spiritual affairs . If so , the major shifts in his thinking would appear to have occurred after 1120 , when his son William Adelin died , and 1129 , when his daughter 's marriage teetered on the verge of collapse . As a proponent of religious reform , Henry gave extensively to reformist groups within the Church . He was a keen supporter of the Cluniac order , probably for intellectual reasons . He donated money to the abbey at Cluny itself , and after 1120 gave generously to Reading Abbey , a Cluniac establishment . Construction on Reading began in 1121 , and Henry endowed it with rich lands and extensive privileges , making it a symbol of his dynastic lines . He also focused effort on promoting the conversion of communities of clerks into Augustinian canons , the foundation of leper hospitals , expanding the provision of nunneries , and the charismatic orders of the Savigniacs and Tironensians . He was an avid collector of relics , sending an embassy to Constantinople in 1118 to collect Byzantine items , some of which were donated to Reading Abbey . Later reign , 1107 -- 35 ( edit ) Continental and Welsh Politics , 1108 -- 14 ( edit ) Normandy faced an increased threat from France , Anjou and Flanders after 1108 . Louis VI succeeded to the French throne in 1108 and began to reassert central royal power . Louis demanded Henry give homage to him and that two disputed castles along the Normandy border be placed into the control of neutral castellans . Henry refused , and Louis responded by mobilising an army . After some arguments , the two kings negotiated a truce and retreated without fighting , leaving the underlying issues unresolved . Fulk V assumed power in Anjou in 1109 and began to rebuild Angevin authority . Fulk also inherited the county of Maine , but refused to recognise Henry as his feudal lord and instead allied himself with Louis . Robert II of Flanders also briefly joined the alliance , before his death in 1111 . Denier coin of Henry 's rival , Louis VI of France In 1108 , Henry betrothed his six - year - old daughter , Matilda , to Henry V , the future Holy Roman Emperor . For King Henry , this was a prestigious match ; for Henry V , it was an opportunity to restore his financial situation and fund an expedition to Italy , as he received a dowry of £ 6,666 from England and Normandy . Raising this money proved challenging , and required the implementation of a special `` aid '' , or tax , in England . Matilda was crowned Henry V 's queen in 1110 . Henry responded to the French and Angevin threat by expanding his own network of supporters beyond the Norman borders . Some Norman barons deemed unreliable were arrested or dispossessed , and Henry used their forfeited estates to bribe his potential allies in the neighbouring territories , in particular Maine . Around 1110 , Henry attempted to arrest the young William Clito , but William 's mentors moved him to the safety of Flanders before he could be taken . At about this time , Henry probably began to style himself as the Duke of Normandy . Robert of Bellême turned against Henry once again , and when he appeared at Henry 's court in 1112 in a new role as a French ambassador , he was arrested and imprisoned . Rebellions broke out in France and Anjou between 1111 and 1113 , and Henry crossed into Normandy to support his nephew , Count Theobald of Blois , who had sided against Louis in the uprising . In a bid to diplomatically isolate the French King , Henry betrothed his young son , William Adelin , to Fulk 's daughter Matilda , and married his illegitimate daughter Matilda to Conan III , the Duke of Brittany , creating alliances with Anjou and Brittany respectively . Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors to agree a peace settlement , giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry 's overlordship of Maine , Bellême and Brittany . Meanwhile , the situation in Wales was deteriorating . Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108 , pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings . By 1114 , some of the resident Norman lords were under attack , while in Mid-Wales , Owain ap Cadwgan blinded one of the political hostages he was holding , and in North Wales Gruffudd ap Cynan threatened the power of the Earl of Chester . Henry sent three armies into Wales that year , with Gilbert Fitz Richard leading a force from the south , Alexander , King of Scotland , pressing from the north and Henry himself advancing into Mid-Wales . Owain and Gruffudd sued for peace , and Henry accepted a political compromise . Henry reinforced the Welsh Marches with his own appointees , strengthening the border territories . Rebellion , 1115 -- 20 ( edit ) Silver pennies of Henry I , struck at the Oxford mint Concerned about the succession , Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to accept his son , William Adelin , as the legitimate future Duke of Normandy , in exchange for his son 's homage . Henry crossed into Normandy in 1115 and assembled the Norman barons to swear loyalty ; he also almost successfully negotiated a settlement with King Louis , affirming William 's right to the Duchy in exchange for a large sum of money , but the deal fell through and Louis , backed by his ally Baldwin of Flanders , instead declared that he considered William Clito the legitimate heir to the Duchy . War broke out after Henry returned to Normandy with an army to support Theobald of Blois , who was under attack from Louis . Henry and Louis raided each other 's towns along the border , and a wider conflict then broke out , probably in 1116 . Henry was pushed onto the defensive as French , Flemish and Angevin forces began to pillage the Normandy countryside . Amaury III of Montfort and many other barons rose up against Henry , and there was an assassination plot from within his own household . Henry 's wife , Matilda , died in early 1118 , but the situation in Normandy was sufficiently pressing that Henry was unable to return to England for her funeral . Henry responded by mounting campaigns against the rebel barons and deepening his alliance with Theobald . Baldwin of Flanders was wounded in battle and died in September 1118 , easing the pressure on Normandy from the north - east . Henry attempted to crush a revolt in the city of Alençon , but was defeated by Fulk and the Angevin army . Forced to retreat from Alençon , Henry 's position deteriorated alarmingly , as his resources became overstretched and more barons abandoned his cause . Early in 1119 , Eustace of Breteuil and Henry 's daughter , Juliana , threatened to join the baronial revolt . Hostages were exchanged in a bid to avoid conflict , but relations broke down and both sides mutilated their captives . Henry attacked and took the town of Breteuil , despite Juliana 's attempt to kill her father with a crossbow . In the aftermath , Henry dispossessed the couple of almost all of their lands in Normandy . Henry 's situation improved in May 1119 when he enticed Fulk to switch sides by finally agreeing to marry William Adelin to Fulk 's daughter , Matilda , and paying Fulk a large sum of money . Fulk left for the Levant , leaving the County of Maine in Henry 's care , and the King was free to focus on crushing his remaining enemies . During the summer Henry advanced into the Norman Vexin , where he encountered Louis 's army , resulting in the Battle of Brémule . Henry appears to have deployed scouts and then organised his troops into several carefully formed lines of dismounted knights . Unlike Henry 's forces , the French knights remained mounted ; they hastily charged the Anglo - Norman positions , breaking through the first rank of the defences but then becoming entangled in Henry 's second line of knights . Surrounded , the French army began to collapse . In the melee , Henry was hit by a sword blow , but his armour protected him . Louis and William Clito escaped from the battle , leaving Henry to return to Rouen in triumph . The war slowly petered out after this battle , and Louis took the dispute over Normandy to Pope Callixtus II 's council in Reims that October . Henry faced a number of French complaints concerning his acquisition and subsequent management of Normandy , and despite being defended by Geoffrey , the Archbishop of Rouen , Henry 's case was shouted down by the pro-French elements of the council . Callixtus declined to support Louis , however , and merely advised the two rulers to seek peace . Amaury de Montfort came to terms with Henry , but Henry and William Clito failed to find a mutually satisfactory compromise . In June 1120 , Henry and Louis formally made peace on terms advantageous to the King of England : William Adelin gave homage to Louis , and in return Louis confirmed William 's rights to the Duchy . Succession crisis , 1120 -- 23 ( edit ) Early 14th - century depiction of the sinking of the White Ship on 25 November 1120 Henry 's succession plans were thrown into chaos by the sinking of the White Ship on 25 November 1120 . Henry had left the port of Barfleur for England in the early evening , leaving William Adelin and many of the younger members of the court to follow on that night in a separate vessel , the White Ship . Both the crew and passengers were drunk and , just outside the harbour , the ship hit a submerged rock . The ship sank , killing as many as 300 people , with only one survivor , a butcher from Rouen . Henry 's court was initially too scared to report William 's death to the King . When he was finally told , he collapsed with grief . The disaster left Henry with no legitimate son , his various nephews now the closest male heirs . Henry announced he would take a new wife , Adeliza of Louvain , opening up the prospect of a new royal son , and the two were married at Windsor Castle in January 1121 . Henry appears to have chosen her because she was attractive and came from a prestigious noble line . Adela seems to have been fond of Henry and joined him in his travels , probably to maximise the chances of her conceiving a child . The White Ship disaster initiated fresh conflict in Wales , where the drowning of Richard , Earl of Chester , encouraged a rebellion led by Maredudd ap Bleddyn . Henry intervened in North Wales that summer with an army and , although the King was hit by a Welsh arrow , the campaign reaffirmed royal power across the region . With William dead , Henry 's alliance with Anjou -- which had been based on his son marrying Fulk 's daughter -- began to disintegrate . Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her dowry , a range of estates and fortifications in Maine . Matilda left for Anjou , but Henry argued that the dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk , and so declined to hand the estates back to Anjou . Fulk married his daughter Sibylla to William Clito , and granted them Maine . Once again , conflict broke out , as Amaury de Montfort allied himself with Fulk and led a revolt along the Norman - Anjou border in 1123 . Amaury was joined by several other Norman barons , headed by Waleran de Beaumont , one of the sons of Henry 's old ally , Robert of Meulan . Henry dispatched Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf le Meschin to Normandy and then intervened himself in late 1123 . Henry began the process of besieging the rebel castles , before wintering in the Duchy . In the spring , campaigning began again . Ranulf received intelligence that the rebels were returning to one of their bases at Vatteville , allowing him to ambush them en route at Rougemontiers ; Waleran charged the royal forces , but his knights were cut down by Ranulf 's archers and the rebels were quickly overwhelmed . Waleran was captured , but Amaury escaped . Henry mopped up the remainder of the rebellion , blinding some of the rebel leaders -- considered , at the time , a more merciful punishment than execution -- and recovering the last rebel castles . Henry paid Pope Callixtus a large amount of money , in exchange for the Papacy annulling the marriage of William Clito and Sibylla on the grounds of consanguinity . Planning the succession , 1124 -- 34 ( edit ) Henry and his new wife did not conceive any children , generating prurient speculation as to the possible explanation , and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk . Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir . He may have considered Stephen of Blois as a possible option and , perhaps in preparation for this , he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to a wealthy heiress , Matilda . Theobald of Blois , his close ally , may have also felt that he was in favour with Henry . William Clito , who was King Louis 's preferred choice , remained opposed to Henry and was therefore unsuitable . Henry may have also considered his own illegitimate son , Robert of Gloucester , as a possible candidate , but English tradition and custom would have looked unfavourably on this . Henry 's plans shifted when the Empress Matilda 's husband , the Emperor Henry , died in 1125 . King Henry recalled his daughter to England the next year and declared that , should he die without a male heir , she was to be his rightful successor . The Anglo - Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster on Christmas 1126 , where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have . Putting forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual : opposition to Matilda continued to exist within the English court , and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy . Fresh conflict broke out in 1127 , when Charles , the childless Count of Flanders , was murdered , creating a local succession crisis . Backed by King Louis , William Clito was chosen by the Flemings to become their new ruler . This development potentially threatened Normandy , and Henry began to finance a proxy war in Flanders , promoting the claims of William 's Flemish rivals . In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with William , Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128 , forcing Louis to cut his aid to William . William died unexpectedly in July , removing the last major challenger to Henry 's rule and bringing the war in Flanders to a halt . Without William , the baronial opposition in Normandy lacked a leader . A fresh peace was made with France , and the King was finally able to release the remaining prisoners from the revolt of 1123 , including Waleran of Meulan , who was rehabilitated into the royal court . Meanwhile , Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou , this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk 's eldest son , Geoffrey . The pair were betrothed in 1127 and married the following year . It is unknown whether Henry intended Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy , and he was probably keeping his son - in - law 's status deliberately uncertain . Similarly , although Matilda was granted a number of Normandy castles as part of her dowry , it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them . Fulk left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129 , declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine . The marriage proved difficult , as the couple did not particularly like each other and the disputed castles proved a point of contention , resulting in Matilda returning to Normandy later that year . Henry appears to have blamed Geoffrey for the separation , but in 1131 the couple were reconciled . Much to the pleasure and relief of Henry , Matilda then gave birth to a sequence of two sons , Henry and Geoffrey , in 1133 and 1134 . Death and legacy ( edit ) Death , 1135 ( edit ) Early 14th - century depiction of Henry mourning the death of his son Relations between Henry , Matilda , and Geoffrey became increasingly strained during the King 's final years . Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England . In 1135 they urged Henry to hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive , and insisted that the Norman nobility swear immediate allegiance to her , thereby giving the couple a more powerful position after Henry 's death . Henry angrily declined to do so , probably out of concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy . A fresh rebellion broke out amongst the barons in southern Normandy , led by William , the Count of Ponthieu , whereupon Geoffrey and Matilda intervened in support of the rebels . Henry campaigned throughout the autumn , strengthening the southern frontier , and then travelled to Lyons - la - Forêt in November to enjoy some hunting , still apparently healthy . There Henry fell ill -- according to the chronicler Henry of Huntingdon , he ate a number of lampreys against his physician 's advice -- and his condition worsened over the course of a week . Once the condition appeared terminal , Henry gave confession and summoned Archbishop Hugh of Amiens , who was joined by Robert of Gloucester and other members of the court . In accordance with custom , preparations were made to settle Henry 's outstanding debts and to revoke outstanding sentences of forfeiture . The King died on 1 December 1135 , and his corpse was taken to Rouen accompanied by the barons , where it was embalmed ; his entrails were buried locally at the priory of Notre - Dame du Pré , and the preserved body was taken on to England , where it was interred at Reading Abbey . Despite Henry 's efforts , the succession was disputed . When news began to spread of the King 's death , Geoffrey and Matilda were in Anjou supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army , which included a number of Matilda 's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester . Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late king was properly buried , which prevented them from returning to England . The Norman nobility discussed declaring Theobald of Blois king . Theobald 's younger brother , Stephen of Blois , quickly crossed from Boulogne to England , however , accompanied by his military household . With the help of his brother , Henry of Blois , he seized power in England and was crowned king on 22 December . The Empress Matilda did not give up her claim to England and Normandy , leading to the prolonged civil war known as the Anarchy between 1135 and 1153 . Historiography ( edit ) Part of the Welsh Brut , one of the chronicler sources for Henry 's reign Historians have drawn on a range of sources on Henry , including the accounts of chroniclers ; other documentary evidence , including early pipe rolls ; and surviving buildings and architecture . The three main chroniclers to describe the events of Henry 's life were William of Malmesbury , Orderic Vitalis , and Henry of Huntingdon , but each incorporated extensive social and moral commentary into their accounts and borrowed a range of literary devices and stereotypical events from other popular works . Other chroniclers include Eadmer , Hugh the Chanter , Abbot Suger , and the authors of the Welsh Brut . Not all royal documents from the period have survived , but there are a number of royal acts , charters , writs , and letters , along with some early financial records . Some of these have since been discovered to be forgeries , and others had been subsequently amended or tampered with . Late medieval historians seized on the accounts of selected chroniclers regarding Henry 's education and gave him the title of Henry `` Beauclerc '' , a theme echoed in the analysis of Victorian and Edwardian historians such as Francis Palgrave and Henry Davis . The historian Charles David dismissed this argument in 1929 , showing the more extreme claims for Henry 's education to be without foundation . Modern histories of Henry commenced with Richard Southern 's work in the early 1960s , followed by extensive research during the rest of the 20th century into a wide number of themes from his reign in England , and a much more limited number of studies of his rule in Normandy . Only two major , modern biographies of Henry have been produced , Warren Hollister 's posthumous volume in 2001 , and Judith Green 's 2006 work . Interpretation of Henry 's personality by historians has altered over time . Earlier historians such as Austin Poole and Richard Southern considered Henry as a cruel , draconian ruler . More recent historians , such as Hollister and Green , view his implementation of justice much more sympathetically , particularly when set against the standards of the day , but even Green has noted that Henry was `` in many respects highly unpleasant '' , and Alan Cooper has observed that many contemporary chroniclers were probably too scared of the King to voice much criticism . Historians have also debated the extent to which Henry 's administrative reforms genuinely constituted an introduction of what Hollister and John Baldwin have termed systematic , `` administrative kingship '' , or whether his outlook remained fundamentally traditional . Henry 's burial at Reading Abbey is marked by a local cross , but Reading Abbey was slowly demolished during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century . The exact location is uncertain , but the most likely location of the tomb itself is now in a built - up area of central Reading , on the site of the former abbey choir . A plan to locate his remains was announced in March 2015 , with support from English Heritage and Philippa Langley , who aided with the successful exhumation of Richard III . Family and children ( edit ) Legitimate ( edit ) House of Normandy William the Conqueror invades England William I ( show ) Robert Curthose , Duke of Normandy Richard , `` Duke of Bernay '' William II Cecilia , Abbess of Holy Trinity Adela , Countess of Blois Henry I William II ( show ) Henry I ( show ) Empress Matilda William Adelin Robert , 1st Earl of Gloucester Stephen ( show ) Eustace IV , Count of Boulogne William I , Count of Boulogne Marie I , Countess of Boulogne Monarchy of the United Kingdom Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry I of England . In addition to Matilda and William , Henry possibly had a short - lived son , Richard , from his first marriage . Henry and his second wife , Adeliza , had no children . Illegitimate ( edit ) Henry had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses . Sons ( edit ) Robert of Gloucester , born in the 1090s . Richard , born to Ansfride , brought up by Robert Bloet , the Bishop of Lincoln . Reginald de Dunstanville , Earl of Cornwall , born in the 1110s or early 1120s , possibly to Sibyl Corbet . Robert the King 's son , born to Ede , daughter of Forne . Gilbert FitzRoy , possibly born to an unnamed sister or daughter of Walter of Gand . William de Tracy , possibly born in the 1090s . Henry the King 's son , possibly born to Nest ferch Rhys . Fulk the King 's son , possibly born to Ansfride . William , the brother of Sybilla de Normandy , probably the brother of Reginald de Dunstanville . Daughters ( edit ) Matilda FitzRoy , Countess of Perche . Matilda FitzRoy , Duchess of Brittany . Juliane , wife of Eustace of Breteuil , possibly born to Ansfrida . Mabel , wife of William Gouet . Constance , Viscountess of Beaumont - sur - Sarthe . Aline , wife of Matthew de Montmorency . Isabel , daughter of Isabel de Beaumont , Countess of Pembroke . Sybilla de Normandy , Queen of Scotland , probably born before 1100 . Matilda Fitzroy , Abbess of Montvilliers . Gundrada de Dunstanville . Possibly Rohese , wife of Henry de la Pomerai . Emma , wife of Guy of Laval . Adeliza , the King 's daughter . The wife of Fergus of Galloway . Possibly Sibyl of Falaise . Ancestors ( edit ) ( show ) Ancestors of Henry I of England 16 . Richard I , Duke of Normandy 8 . Richard II , Duke of Normandy 17 . Gunnora , Duchess of Normandy 4 . Robert I , Duke of Normandy 18 . Conan I of Rennes 9 . Judith of Brittany 19 . Ermengarde of Anjou 2 . William I of England 10 . Fulbert of Falaise 5 . Herleva 1 . Henry I of England 24 . Arnulf II , Count of Flanders 12 . Baldwin IV , Count of Flanders 25 . Rozala of Italy 6 . Baldwin V , Count of Flanders 26 . Frederick of Luxembourg 13 . Ogive of Luxembourg 3 . Matilda of Flanders 28 . Hugh Capet 14 . Robert II of France 29 . Adelaide of Aquitaine 7 . Adela of France 30 . William I of Provence 15 . Constance of Arles 31 . Adelaide of Anjou Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The dating of Henry 's birth depends on comparing chronicler accounts and the various travels of his parents William and Matilda ; these give only limited periods in which Henry could have been conceived and born . Historian Warren Hollister prefers the summer of 1068 , Judith Green the end of the year , although it is just possible that Henry could have been born in early 1069 . The possible birthplace of Selby is based upon a local tradition . Jump up ^ The chronicler Orderic Vitalis describes a colourful quarrel that is said to have occurred between Henry and his brothers Robert and William Rufus in the town of l'Aigle ; modern historians , including Judith Green and Warren Hollister , are inclined to doubt the veracity of the story . Jump up ^ Historian Warren Hollister doubts that Henry was ever destined for the clergy ; Judith Green is less certain . Jump up ^ Chroniclers varied in reporting the sum as either £ 2,000 or £ 5,000 , although £ 5,000 is the more commonly cited figure amongst later historians . Jump up ^ £ 5,000 would have formed around 1.5 million silver pennies , a difficult sum to move easily out of the Duchy if opposed . Jump up ^ Western Normandy had originally been intended for Henry 's late brother Richard , and was suitably remote from the capital in Rouen . Jump up ^ Chroniclers vary in their description of the length of the siege , suggesting either a duration of 15 days and six weeks . Warren Hollister prefers six weeks ; Judith Green , 15 days . Jump up ^ Henry 's decision not to join the main campaign may have been because Robert 's forces were sufficiently strong to prevent him joining William Rufus at Eu . Jump up ^ David Carpenter regards William Rufus 's death as `` almost certainly an accident '' ; Warren Hollister considers `` by far the likeliest explanation for the killing is simply ... that it was a hunting accident '' ; Judith Green argues that `` on balance it seems most likely that Rufus died because of an accident '' . Emma Mason is more suspicious , giving credence to the theory that William Rufus was murdered , either by Henry or by agents of the French King . The minority view was also held by Austin Poole , who considered Henry a `` usurper '' ; writing earlier in the 20th century , he argued that the facts `` look ugly '' -- in particular Tirel 's departure from the scene , Henry 's potential motive and apparent disregard for his brother -- and `` seem to suggest a plot . '' . Jump up ^ The chroniclers Eadmer , Malmesbury and Orderic describe the couple as close , with Eadmer noting that they were in love . Jump up ^ Anselm was criticised in some quarters for permitting the royal marriage to proceed . Jump up ^ The only chronicler to suggest a second son is Gervase of Canterbury . Jump up ^ Bisexuality was also common amongst this social group , but there is no evidence to suggest that Henry had male partners . Jump up ^ Most chroniclers reported this sum as 3,000 marks , equivalent to £ 2,000 , but Orderic recorded the agreed amount as £ 3,000 . Jump up ^ Contemporary chroniclers provided several possible dates for the battle , suggesting either 27 , 28 or 29 September . The 28 September is more commonly used by modern historians , although historian Judith Green is less certain . Jump up ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth memorably likened Henry to the `` Lion of Justice '' in his Historia Regum Britanniae , in a section in which he recounts the prophecies of Merlin . Despite Henry not being named in the document itself , historians are broadly agreed that Geoffrey intended to refer to him , but there are differing interpretations of the simile itself . Judith Green , for example , argues that the description was a positive one ; Alan Cooper is far more cautious , noting that , in this period , lions were considered to be strong but also brutal and cruel , and that the surrounding context in the section is certainly not flattering about its subject . Jump up ^ In 1124 , Henry received reports from his soldiers that they had been paid in substandard English silver pennies . Henry instructed Roger of Salisbury to investigate , and ordered that any coiners found guilty were to have their right hands and genitals chopped off . The sentence was carried out at Salisbury by the Bishop . Contemporary chroniclers approved of Henry 's firm action . Jump up ^ Historian David Crouch has noted that many of Henry 's key advisers and officials later regretted their actions on behalf of the King , observing that `` life at King Henry 's court tended to put a burden on the consciences of its inmates '' . Jump up ^ Anselm used the metaphor of the government being a plough pulled by two oxen , the King and the Archbishop , ruling through temporal and religious right respectively . Jump up ^ Assessing Henry 's personal attitude towards religion later in his life is challenging . Historian Richard Southern argued in favour of the two shifts being in 1120 and 1129 , although Martin Brett dismissed 1120 as a probable date , preferring 1129 as the key date . Judith Green is more cautious , observing that the fashion among chroniclers during the later period was to focus more of their writing on the themes of repenting and confession , and this may have given a false impression of a shift in Henry 's thinking . Henry Mayr - Harting also doubts the extent of the evidence for a mid-life change , but draws out more of his earlier piety , suggesting that Henry was always more religiously inclined than was once thought . Jump up ^ The chronicler Abbot Suger suggested that the incident was embarrassing for Henry , since he had refused battle , but it was a sound military decision . Jump up ^ The dowry was 10,000 marks in silver , equivalent to £ 6,666 . Jump up ^ In Latin , the ducal title was dux Normannorum , literally `` Duke of the Normans '' . Jump up ^ The dating of this campaign is uncertain ; Judith Green places it firmly in 1116 , while Warren Hollister is less certain , opting for it falling between 1116 and 1118 . Jump up ^ In February 1119 , Eustace and Juliana of Breteuil , formerly allies of Henry , threatened to rebel unless they were given the castle of Ivry - la - Bataille . Henry promised Eustace the fortress and , to show good intent , exchanged hostages , Eustace and Juliana 's daughters being exchanged with the son of the castle 's constable . According to the chronicler Orderic Vitalis , Eustace then blinded the constable 's son , whereupon Henry allowed the daughters -- his illegitimate granddaughters -- to be blinded and mutilated . Eustace attempted to mobilise his forces and defend Breteuil against an attack by Henry ; despite this , Henry took the city and Juliana , after attempting to kill Henry with a crossbow , fled . Jump up ^ The submerged rock was probably either the Quillebouef Rock , or the Raz de Barfleur . Jump up ^ The speed with which Henry 's second marriage took place may indicate that Henry had been planning to remarry anyway , even before the White Ship disaster . Jump up ^ It is uncertain what led Waleran de Beaumont to rebel against Henry . Waleran may have genuinely believed that William Clito had a rightful claim to the Duchy , and have thought that he was unlikely to benefit under Henry 's rule . Jump up ^ Medieval Church law at the time forbade marriage within seven degrees . In practice most of the upper classes were related in this way , but the law could be invoked on occasion to annul marriages . Jump up ^ It is not known precisely what the rumours about Henry 's failure to bear children were , and whether the issue lay with one or both partners . Jump up ^ Medieval chroniclers ' accounts of this oath vary on the points of detail . William of Malmesbury described that those present recognised Matilda as the legitimate heir on the basis of her paternal and maternal royal descent ; John of Worcester described the inheritance of England as being conditional on Matilda having a legitimate male heir ; the Anglo - Saxon chronicle suggested that an oath was given concerning the inheritance of both England and Normandy ; neither Orderic or Henry of Huntingdon recorded the event at all . Some chronicler accounts may have been influenced by Stephen 's acquisition of the throne in 1135 and the later events of the Anarchy . Jump up ^ Work by historian Geoffrey White in the 1940s produced an extensive list of Henry 's illegitimate children , which forms the basis of the most recent academic research , by Kathleen Thompson . Jump up ^ Traditionally Henry 's mother has been given as Nest ferch Rhys , although more recent work by Kathleen Thompson casts doubt on this theory . Jump up ^ White argued that Sibyl 's mother was Sibyl Corbet , although more recent research by Kathleen Thompson discredits this theory . Jump up ^ Rohese may have been Henry 's daughter , but it is more probable that her father was Herbert fitz Herbert . Jump up ^ Sibyl may have been Henry 's daughter , but it is more probable that her father was Duke Robert of Normandy . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 30 -- 31 ; Green 2009 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Newman 1988 , pp. 21 -- 22 ; Carpenter 2004 , pp. 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ Hallam & Everard 2001 , pp. 62 -- 64 , 114 -- 118 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 32 , 40 Jump up ^ Carpenter 2004 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Newman 1988 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 35 ; Green 2009 , p. 21 ; Thompson 2007 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 21 ; Hollister 2003 , pp. 35 -- 36 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 36 -- 37 ; Green 2009 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 37 ; Green 2009 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 37 -- 38 ^ Jump up to : Barlow 1999 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 39 -- 40 , 46 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 39 ; Green 2009 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Thompson 2007 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 40 , 47 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 51 -- 53 ; Thompson 2007 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 56 -- 58 , 61 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 66 -- 68 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 6 -- 69 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 74 -- 76 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 81 -- 82 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 82 ; Green 2009 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 86 -- 88 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 33 ; Hollister 2003 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 90 -- 91 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 96 -- 97 ^ Jump up to : Green 2009 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 98 -- 101 ; Green 2009 , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 102 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 103 -- 104 ; Carpenter 2004 , p. 134 ; Green pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 2004 , p. 134 ; Hollister 2003 , p. 104 ; Mason 2008 , pp. 228 -- 231 ; Green 2009 , p. 41 ; Poole 1993 , pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 103 -- 105 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 104 -- 105 ; Green 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Holister , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 19 ; Green 2009 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 45 -- 50 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 110 -- 112 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 51 -- 52 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 43 ; Thompson 2003 , p. 134 ; Green 2009 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Thompson 2007 , p. 24 ; Huneycutt 2003 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 126 -- 127 ; Green 2009 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 126 -- 127 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 127 -- 128 ; Thompson 2003 , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 128 -- 129 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 130 ; Thompson 2003 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 130 ; Green 2009 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Green 2009 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2003 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 43 ; Green 2009 , pp. 26 -- 27 ; 307 -- 309 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 45 ; Thompson 2003 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , pp. 130 -- 133 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 132 -- 133 ; Green 2009 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 134 -- 135 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 137 ; Green 2009 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 137 -- 138 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 143 -- 144 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 158 -- 162 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 74 -- 77 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 184 ; Green 2009 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 80 -- 81 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 184 -- 185 ; Green 2009 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 186 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 190 ; Green 2009 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 198 ; Green 2009 , pp. 88 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 199 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 199 -- 200 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 93 ; Hollister 2003 , pp. 199 -- 200 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 199 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 204 -- 207 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 208 -- 209 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 96 ; Green 2003 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 224 -- 225 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 226 -- 227 ; Hollister 2003 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 226 ; Davies 1990 , pp. 11 -- 12 ; 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 98 , 105 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 228 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 232 -- 233 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , pp. 47 -- 48 ; Green 2009 , p. 231 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 232 -- 233 ; Crouch 2008 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 314 ; Hollister 2003 , pp. 332 , 334 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 329 , 324 -- 347 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 285 -- 286 ; Mayr - Harting 2011 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 285 -- 286 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 286 -- 287 Jump up ^ Chibnall 1992 , pp. 86 -- 89 ; Prestwich 1992 , pp. 102 -- 3 , 118 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 294 -- 295 ; 304 -- 305 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 330 -- 331 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 350 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 239 ; Cooper 2001 , pp. 47 -- 51 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 351 , 356 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 356 -- 357 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 358 -- 359 ; Green 2009 , p. 319 ; Newman 1988 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 354 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Haskins 1918 , pp. 86 , 93 , 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ Newman 1988 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Crouch 2008 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Vaughn 2007 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 255 Jump up ^ Vaughn 2007 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 273 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , pp. 51 -- 53 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , p. 53 ; Green 2009 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , p. 53 ; Vaughn 2007 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , p. 53 ; Vaughn 2007 , p. 142 ; Green 2009 , pp. 84 -- 88 ; Hollister 2003 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Vaughn 2007 , pp. 139 -- 140 , 144 ^ Jump up to : Mayr - Harting 2011 , pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , p. 62 ; Hollister 2003 , pp. 272 -- 273 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 262 -- 265 Jump up ^ Brett 1975 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Brett 1975 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Vaughn 2007 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 371 , 379 ; Brett 1975 , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Brett 1975 , pp. 111 -- 112 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , pp. 44 -- 45 ; Brett 1975 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Brett 1975 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , pp. 46 ; Southern 1962 , pp. 155 , 163 , cited in Brett 1975 , p. 112 ; Green 2009 , p. 282 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 277 -- 280 ^ Jump up to : Green 2009 , p. 278 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 435 -- 438 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 278 -- 280 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 14 ; Bethell 1971 , p. 69 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Hallam & Everard 2001 , p. 153 ; Hollister 2003 , p. 223 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 221 , 224 ; Hallam & Everard 2001 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 224 -- 225 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 216 -- 217 ; Green 2009 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 218 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 225 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 225 , 228 ; Green 2009 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 227 -- 228 Jump up ^ Green 2003 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Green 2003 , p. 645 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 123 ; Hollister 2003 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 230 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 231 -- 232 Jump up ^ Carpenter 2004 , pp. 38 , 140 ^ Jump up to : Green 2009 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 132 -- 133 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 133 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 239 -- 240 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 246 ; Green 2009 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 246 ; Green 2009 , pp. 135 , 138 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 246 -- 248 ; Green 2009 , pp. 135 , 143 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 139 -- 140 ; Hollister 2003 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 253 ; Green 2009 , pp. 143 , 146 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 253 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 253 -- 254 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 254 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 254 -- 255 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 261 ; Green 2009 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 263 -- 264 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 264 ; Green 2009 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 264 -- 265 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 265 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 265 -- 266 ; Green 2009 , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 267 ; Green 2009 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 267 -- 268 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 268 -- 269 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 274 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 276 -- 279 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 276 -- 277 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , pp. 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 278 ; Green 2009 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 280 ; Green 2009 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 281 ; Thompson 2003 , p. 137 ; Green 2009 , p. 169 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 282 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 292 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 292 -- 293 ; Green 2009 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 179 -- 180 ; Crouch 2008 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 293 -- 294 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 297 -- 298 ; Green 2009 , p. 184 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 300 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 302 -- 303 ; Green 2009 , pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 306 Jump up ^ Ward 2006 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 308 -- 309 ; Green 2009 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 170 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 310 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 312 -- 313 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , pp. 311 -- 312 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 396 ^ Jump up to : Hollister 2003 , p. 309 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , pp. 193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Hollister 2003 , p. 318 ; 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White 1949 , pp. 105 -- 121 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , pp. 141 -- 143 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , pp. 143 , 146 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , pp. 143 -- 146 ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2003 , p. 146 ; Green 2009 , p. 322 ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2003 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , pp. 146 -- 147 ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2003 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , pp. 147 -- 148 ; Green 2009 , p. 322 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 , pp. 148 -- 149 ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2003 , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2003 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Green 2009 , p. 322 ; Carpenter 2004 , pp. 531 -- 532 Bibliography ( edit ) Barlow , Frank ( 1999 ) . The Feudal Kingdom of England , 1042 -- 1216 ( 5th ed . ) . Harlow , UK : Pearson Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 38117 - 9 . Bethell , Denis ( 1971 ) . `` The Making of a Twelfth Century Relic Collection '' . Popular Belief and Practice. 8 : 61 -- 72 . Brett , Martin ( 1975 ) . The English Church Under Henry I. Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 821861 - 6 . Carpenter , David ( 2004 ) . The Struggle for Mastery : The Penguin History of Britain 1066 -- 1284 . London , UK : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014824 - 4 . Chibnall , Marjorie ( 1992 ) . `` Mercenaries and the Familia Regis under Henry I '' . In Strickland , Matthew . Anglo - Norman Warfare . Woodbridge , UK : The Boydell Press . pp. 93 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 327 - 8 . Chibnall , Marjorie ( 1993 ) . The Empress Matilda : Queen Consort , Queen Mother and Lady of the English . Oxford , UK : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19028 - 8 . Crouch , David ( 2002 ) . The Normans : The History of a Dynasty . London , UK : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 595 - 6 . Crouch , David ( 2008 ) . The Beaumont Twins : The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09013 - 1 . Cooper , Alan ( 2001 ) . `` '' The Feet of Those That Bark Shall Be Cut Off `` : Timorous Historians and the Personality of Henry I '' . In Gillingham , John . Anglo - Norman Studies : Proceedings of the Battle Conference , 2000 . Woodbridge , UK : The Boydell Press . pp. 47 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 825 - 9 . David , Charles W. ( 1929 ) . `` The Claim of King Henry I to Be Called Learned '' . In Taylor , C.H. ; LaMonte , J.L. Anniversary Essays in Medieval History by Students of Charles Homer Haskins . Boston , US and New York , US : Houghton Mifflin . pp. 45 -- 56 . OCLC 615486047 . Davies , R.R. ( 1990 ) . Domination and Conquest : The Experience of Ireland , Scotland and Wales , 1100 -- 1300 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 02977 - 3 . Duffy , Mark ( 2003 ) . Royal Tombs of Medieval England . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2579 - 5 . Green , Judith ( 1989 ) . The Government of England Under Henry I. Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37586 - 3 . Green , Judith ( 2003 ) . `` Le Gouvernement d'Henri Ier Beauclerc en Normandie '' . In Bouet , Pierre ; Gazeau , Véronique . La Normandie et l'Angleterre au Moyen âge ( in French ) . Caen , France : Publications du CRAHM . pp. 61 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 902685 - 14 - 1 . Green , Judith ( 2009 ) . Henry I : King of England and Duke of Normandy . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 74452 - 2 . Hallam , Elizabeth M. ; Everard , Judith A. ( 2001 ) . Capetian France , 987 -- 1328 ( 2nd ed . ) . Harlow , UK : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 40428 - 1 . Haskins , Charles Homer ( 1918 ) . Norman Institutions . Cambridge , US : Harvard University Press . OCLC 459798602 . Hollister , C. Warren ; Baldwin , John W. ( 1978 ) . `` The Rise of Administrative Kingship : Henry I and Philip Augustus '' . The American Historical Review . 83 ( 4 ) : 867 -- 05 . doi : 10.2307 / 1867650 . ISSN 0002 - 8762 . Hollister , C. Warren ( 2003 ) . Frost , Amanda Clark , ed . Henry I. New Haven , US and London , UK : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09829 - 7 . Huneycutt , Lois L. ( 2003 ) . Matilda of Scotland : a Study in Medieval Queenship . Woodbridge , UK : The Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 994 - 2 . King , Edmund ( 2010 ) . King Stephen . New Haven , US and London , UK : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11223 - 8 . Mason , Emma ( 2008 ) . King Rufus : the Life and Murder of William II of England . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4635 - 6 . Mayr - Harting , Henry ( 2011 ) . Religion , Politics and Society in Britain , 1066 -- 1272 . Harlow , UK : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41413 - 6 . Newman , Charlotte A. ( 1988 ) . The Anglo - Norman Nobility in the Reign of Henry I : the Second Generation . Philadelphia , US : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 8138 - 5 . Poole , A.L. ( 1993 ) ( 1951 ) . From Domesday Book to Magna Carta , 1087 -- 1216 : Oxford History of England . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285287 - 8 . Prestwich , J.O. ( 1992 ) . `` The Military Household of the Norman Kings '' . In Strickland , Matthew . Anglo - Norman Warfare . Woodbridge , UK : The Boydell Press . pp. 128 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 327 - 8 . Southern , Richard ( 1962 ) . `` The Place of Henry I in English History '' . Proceedings of the British Academy . 48 : 127 -- 169 . ISSN 0068 - 1202 . Thompson , Kathleen ( 2003 ) . `` Affairs of State : the Illegitimate Children of Henry I '' . Journal of Medieval History . 29 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 151 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 4181 ( 03 ) 00015 - 0 . ISSN 0304 - 4181 . Thompson , Kathleen ( 2007 ) . `` From the Thames to Tinchebray : the Role of Normandy in the Early Career of Henry I '' . In Fleming , Donald F. ; Pope , Janet M. Henry I and the Anglo - Norman World : Studies in Memory of C. Warren Hollister . Woodbridge , UK : The Boydell Press . pp. 16 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 293 - 5 . Vaughn , Sally N. ( 2007 ) . `` Henry I and the English Church : the Archbishops and the King '' . In Fleming , Donald F. ; Pope , Janet M. Henry I and the Anglo - Norman World : Studies in Memory of C. Warren Hollister . Woodbridge , UK : The Boydell Press . pp. 133 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 293 - 5 . Ward , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Women in England in the Middle Ages . London , UK : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1985 - 9 . White , G.W. , ed. ( 1949 ) . The Complete Peerage. 11 . London , UK : St. Catherine Press . OCLC 568761046 . Henry I of England House of Normandy Born : 1068 / 1069 Died : 1 December 1135 Regnal titles Preceded by William II King of England 1100 -- 1135 Succeeded by Stephen Preceded by William Adelin Duke of Normandy 1120 -- 1135 Preceded by Robert Curthose Duke of Normandy 1106 -- 1120 Succeeded by William Adelin English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway First Interregnum John Balliol Second Interregnum Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James I & VI Charles I Commonwealth Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Dukes of Normandy House of Normandy 911 -- 1135 Rollo * William I * Richard I * Richard II Richard III Robert I William II * * Robert II Henry I * * William ( III ) House of Blois 1135 -- 1144 Stephen * * House of Plantagenet 1144 -- 1259 Geoffrey Henry II * * Henry the Young King Richard IV * * John * * Henry III * * House of Valois ( French appanage ) John ( 1332 -- 1350 ) Charles ( 1355 -- 1364 ) Charles ( 1465 -- 1469 ) * As count of Rouen * * Also king of England VIAF : 39365031 LCCN : n79084171 ISNI : 0000 0001 1624 5078 GND : 118773739 SELIBR : 60398 SUDOC : 058552405 BNF : cb124415206 ( data ) NKC : jn20000700813 Normandy portal England portal Biography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_I_of_England&oldid=836694151 '' Categories : Henry I of England 1060s births 1135 deaths 11th - century monarchs of England 12th - century English monarchs English people of French descent House of Normandy Dukes of Normandy Roman Catholic monarchs English Roman Catholics French Roman Catholics People from Selby Deaths from food poisoning Burials at Reading Abbey Christians of the Norwegian Crusade 12th - century monarchs in Europe Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2012 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 09 : 30 . 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5453975630660193434 | Winter Olympic Games | Winter Olympic Games - wikipedia Winter Olympic Games Jump to : navigation , search For a list of Winter Olympic Games , see the list below . `` Winter Olympics '' redirects here . For the TV episode of the The Goodies , see Winter Olympics ( The Goodies ) . For the video game , see Winter Olympics ( video game ) . Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated Winter Olympic Games The Olympic flame in PyeongChang during the 2018 Winter Olympics Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 Sports ( details ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross ‐ country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating The Winter Olympic Games ( French : Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , were held in Chamonix , France . The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games , which were held in Olympia , Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD . Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1894 , leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens , Greece in 1896 . The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement , with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority . The original five Winter Olympics sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936 , interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II , and resumed in 1948 . Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four - year cycles in alternating even - numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 . The Winter Games have evolved since their inception . Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them , such as Alpine skiing , luge , short track speed skating , freestyle skiing , skeleton , and snowboarding , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme . Some others , including curling and bobsleigh , have been discontinued and later reintroduced ; others have been permanently discontinued , such as military patrol , though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it . Still others , such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports . The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games . It generated income via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising , which has become lucrative for the IOC . This allowed outside interests , such as television companies and corporate sponsors , to exert influence . The IOC has had to address numerous criticisms over the decades like internal scandals , the use of performance - enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians , as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics . Nations have used the Winter ( as well as Summer ) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems . The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries . The Games have been held four times in the United States ( in 1932 , 1960 , 1980 and 2002 ) ; three times in France ( in 1924 , 1968 and 1992 ) ; and twice each in Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) . Also , the Games have been held just once each in Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , Russia ( 2014 ) and South Korea ( 2018 ) . The IOC has selected Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019 . As of 2018 , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold - weather - dependent Winter Olympics , which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer . To date , twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States . Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden and the United States . The only country to have earned a gold medal at every Winter Olympics is the United States . Norway leads the all - time medal table for the Winter Olympics both on number of gold and overall medals , followed by the United States and Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.1. 1 1900 to 1912 1.1. 2 World War I 1.1. 3 1920 to 1936 1.1. 4 World War II 1.1. 5 1948 to 1960 1.1. 6 1964 to 1980 1.1. 7 1984 to 1998 1.2 21st century 1.2. 1 2002 to 2010 1.2. 2 2014 to 2018 1.2. 3 Future 2 Controversy 2.1 Host city legacy 2.2 Doping 3 Politics 3.1 Cold War 3.2 Boycott 4 Sports 4.1 Current sports 4.2 Demonstration events 5 Ten most successful nations 6 List of Winter Olympic Games 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History 20th century 1900 to 1912 Ulrich Salchow at the 1908 Olympics . A predecessor , the Nordic Games , were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm , Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926 . Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin . He attempted to have winter sports , specifically figure skating , added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Four figure skating events were contested , at which Ulrich Salchow ( 10 - time world champion ) and Madge Syers won the individual titles . Three years later , Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports . World War I The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games , which were to be held in Berlin , Germany . A winter sports week with speed skating , figure skating , ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned , but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I . 1920 to 1936 The first Olympics after the war , the 1920 Summer Olympics , were held in Antwerp , Belgium , and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament . Germany , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games . At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics , France , would host a separate `` International Winter Sports Week '' under the patronage of the IOC . Chamonix was chosen to host this `` week '' ( actually 11 days ) of events . The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events . Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals , more than the rest of the participating nations combined . Germany remained banned until 1925 , and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele , starting with the winter edition of 1922 ( which predated the first Winter Olympics ) . In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics . St. Moritz , Switzerland , was appointed by the IOC to host the second Winter Games in 1928 . Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts . The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games . Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed - skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled . The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games : Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15 . She became the youngest Olympic champion in history , a distinction she held for 70 years . The next Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid , New York , was the first to be hosted outside of Europe . Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated . This was less than in 1928 , as the journey to Lake Placid , United States , was long and expensive for most competitors , who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression . The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports . Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games , and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January . Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title , and Eddie Eagan of the United States , who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920 , won the gold medal in the men 's bobsleigh event to become the first , and so far only , Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games , held on 6 -- 16 February . This was the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year . Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut , but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals . Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games . World War II World War II interrupted the holding of the Winter Olympics . The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo , Japan , but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China . The Games were then to be held at Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany , but the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland in 1939 . Due to the ongoing war , the 1944 Games , originally scheduled for Cortina D'Ampezzo , Italy , were cancelled . 1948 to 1960 The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948 . Switzerland 's neutrality had protected the town during World War II , and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games , which made St. Moritz a logical choice . It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice . Twenty - eight countries competed in Switzerland , but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited . Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived , both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative . The Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen , as was its replacement . There was unprecedented parity at these Games , during which 10 countries won gold medals -- more than any Games to that point . The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo , was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim , and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis . Bandy , a popular sport in the Nordic countries , was featured as a demonstration sport , though only Norway , Sweden , and Finland fielded teams . Norwegian athletes won 17 medals , which outpaced all the other nations . They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition . After not being able to host the Games in 1944 , Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics . At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer , Guido Caroli , entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates . As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell , nearly extinguishing the flame . He was able to recover and light the cauldron . These were the first Winter Games to be televised , and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience , though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events . The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact , winning more medals than any other nation . Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' . The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full - time . Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom . The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley , United States . It was an undeveloped resort in 1955 , so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $80,000,000 . The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney . The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first Winter Games to have a dedicated athletes ' village , the first to use a computer ( courtesy of IBM ) to tabulate results , and the first to feature female speed skating events . The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time due to the cost of building a bobsleigh run . 1964 to 1980 The Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid ( c. 2007 ) , site of the `` Miracle on Ice '' in 1980 The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964 . Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort , warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice to the sports venues . Soviet speed - skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by winning all four speed skating events . Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes . Luge was first contested in 1964 , but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run . Held in the French town of Grenoble , the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour . There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events . French alpine ski racer Jean - Claude Killy became only the second person to win all the men 's alpine skiing events . The organising committee sold television rights for US $2 million , which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games . Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes ' villages . The organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances , however critics disputed this , alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes ' expense . The 1972 Winter Games , held in Sapporo , Japan , were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe . The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States ; three days before the opening ceremony , IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes . Eventually only Austrian Karl Schranz , who earned more than the other skiers , was excluded from the competition . Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues . Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first ( and , as of 2018 , only ) Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the slalom . The 1976 Winter Olympics had initially been awarded in 1970 to Denver , Colorado in the United States . These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado 's centennial and the United States Bicentennial . However , in November 1972 the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3 : 2 margin . The IOC responded by offering the Games to Vancouver - Garibaldi , British Columbia , which had previously been an official candidate for the 1976 Games . However , a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid , so the IOC 's offer was rejected . Salt Lake City , previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics , then put itself forward , but the IOC opted instead to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games , as most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games had been maintained . Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games , Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973 . Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games . The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track , in neighbouring Igls . The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal . In 1980 the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid , which had hosted the 1932 Games . The first boycott of a Winter Olympics took place at these Games , when Taiwan refused to participate after an edict by the IOC mandated that they change their name and national anthem . This was an attempt by the IOC to accommodate China , who wished to compete using the same name and anthem as those used by Taiwan . As a result , China participated for the first time since 1952 . American speed - skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five events in which he competed , winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ) . Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country , Liechtenstein , became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist . In the `` Miracle on Ice '' , the American hockey team composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union , and progressed to eventually win the gold medal . 1984 to 1998 Alberto Tomba , winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary , Albertville and Lillehammer Sapporo , Japan , and Gothenburg , Sweden , were front - runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics . It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , was selected as host . The Games were well - organised and not affected by the run - up to the war that engulfed the country eight years later . A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events . Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won silver in the giant slalom . Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ; their Boléro routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression , earning them the gold medal . The Olympic Torch from the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary In 1988 , the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span three weekends , lasting for a total of 16 days . New events were added in ski - jumping and speed skating , while future Olympic sports curling , short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their debut appearance as demonstration sports . The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time , on the Olympic Oval . Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records , beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race . Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen , who won all three events in his sport . Alberto Tomba , an Italian skier , made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom . East German Christa Rothenburger won the women 's 1,000 metre speed skating event . Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul , to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year . The 1992 Winter Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games . They were hosted in the French Savoie region , with 18 events held in the city of Albertville and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie . Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France : this was the first Games to be held after the fall of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall , and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games ; former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debuts as independent nations ; most of the former Soviet republics still competed as a single team known as the Unified Team , but the Baltic States made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II . At 16 years old , Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion . New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women 's slalom . The 1994 Winter Olympics , held in Lillehammer , Norway , were the first Winter Games to be held separately from the Summer Games . This change resulted from the decision reached in the 91st IOC Session ( 1986 ) to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even - numbered years . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and it was the second time the Games were held in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts . The women 's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994 , in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding . Both skaters competed in the Games , but the gold medal was controversially won by Oksana Baiul who became Ukraine 's first Olympic champion , while Kerrigan won the silver medal . Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals , coming first in all of the distance speed skating events . 13 - year - old Kim Yoon - Mi became the youngest - ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women 's 3,000 meter speed skating relay . Russia won the most events , with eleven gold medals , while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes , collecting the most medals overall on home ground . Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as `` the best Olympic Winter Games ever '' in his closing ceremony speech . The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes . The men 's ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time . Canada and the United States were favoured to win the tournament as they both fielded numerous NHL players , but surprisingly neither team won any medals and it was the Czech Republic who prevailed . Women 's ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal . Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won three gold medals in Nordic skiing , becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete , with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall . Austrian Hermann Maier survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the super-G and the giant slalom . Tara Lipinski of the United States , aged just 15 , became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the Ladies ' Singles , a record that had stood since Sonja Henie of Norway won the same event , also aged 15 , in St. Moritz in 1928 . New world records were set in speed skating largely due to the introduction of the clap skate . 21st century 2002 to 2010 Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City , United States , hosting 77 nations and 2,399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports . These Games were the first to take place since the September 11 attacks of 2001 , which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack . The opening ceremony saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day , including the flag that flew at Ground Zero , NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing `` God Bless America '' , and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members . German Georg Hackl won a silver in the singles luge , becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics . Canada achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men 's and women 's ice hockey gold medals . Canada became embroiled with Russia in a controversy that involved the judging of the pairs figure skating competition . The Russian pair of Yelena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze competed against the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier for the gold medal . The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition , yet the Russians were awarded the gold . The judging broke along Cold War lines with judges from former Communist countries favouring the Russian pair and judges from Western nations voting for the Canadians . The only exception was the French judge , Marie - Reine Le Gougne , who awarded the gold to the Russians . An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated ; in return the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition . The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second medal ceremony held later in the Games . Australian Steven Bradbury became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short - track speed skating event . Close - up of the Olympic Flame during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics . It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games . South Korean athletes won 10 medals , including 6 gold in the short - track speed skating events . Sun - Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun - Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze . In the women 's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and , when he saw her dilemma , Norwegian coach Bjørnar Håkensmoen decided to lend her a pole . In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team , who finished fourth . On winning the Super-G , Kjetil - Andre Aamodt of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals . He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three different Olympics , winning the Super-G in 1992 , 2002 and 2006 . Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals . In February 2009 , Pechstein tested positive for `` blood manipulation '' and received a two - year suspension , which she appealed . The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the 2010 German Olympic team . This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal , which overturned the lower court 's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver . A memorial to Nodar Kumaritashvili in Whistler , photographed on 20 March 2010 In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver , thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics . With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games . Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events . The death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the Whistler Sliding Centre changing the track layout on safety grounds . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women 's programme . She finished the Olympics with three golds , a silver and a bronze . The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the Russian athletes . From their first Winter Olympics in 1956 to the 2006 Games , a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal - winning nations , but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals . President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games . Russia 's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi . The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under - performing Russian team , with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries . In 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals , three of which were gold . In Vancouver the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty - one , with eleven of them being gold . The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea , Japan and China . 2014 to 2018 Sochi , Russia , was selected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg , Austria , and Pyeongchang , South Korea . This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics . The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014 . A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events . The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast . All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana . The Games were the most expensive so far , with a cost of £ 30 billion ( USD 51 billion ) . On the snow , Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13 , overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time . Another Norwegian , cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen took three golds ; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals , alongside Raisa Smetanina and Stefania Belmondo . Snowboarder Ayumu Hirano became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the halfpipe competition at the age of fifteen . On the ice , the Dutch dominated the speed skating events , taking 23 medals , four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events . Ireen Wüst was their most successful competitor , taking two golds and three silvers . In figure skating , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first skater to break the 100 - point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal . Among the sledding disciplines , luger Armin Zöggeler took a bronze , becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games . Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games , and an investment of £ 600 million in elite sport , Russia initially topped the medal table , taking 33 medals including thirteen golds . However Grigory Rodchenkov , the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory , subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games , and that he had been assisted by the Russian Federal Security Service in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with `` clean '' urine . A subsequent investigation commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency led by Richard McLaren concluded that a state - sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from `` at least late 2011 to 2015 '' across the `` vast majority '' of Summer and Winter Olympic sports . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect and by the end of 2017 the IOC Disciplinary Commission had disqualified 43 Russian athletes , stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table , thus putting Norway in the lead . On 6 July 2011 , Pyeongchang , South Korea , was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich , Germany , and Annecy , France . This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018 . More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events . The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The lead - up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the tensions between North and South Korea and the ongoing Russian doping scandal . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . The Games saw the addition of big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the programme . On the ice , the Netherlands again dominated the speed skating , winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . On the snow , Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing , with Marit Bjørgen winning bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . Johannes Høsflot Klæbo became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the men 's sprint at age 21 . Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norway led the total medal standings with 39 , the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics . Future The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics , is Beijing in northern China , elected on 31 July 2015 , at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur . Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between 4 and 20 February 2022 . Controversy Main article : Olympic Games scandals and controversies § Winter Olympics Juan Antonio Samaranch , former IOC president , was implicated in a bidding scandal for the 2002 Winter Olympics . The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games . Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to curry favour with IOC officials . Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City 's bid . These gifts included medical treatment for relatives , a college scholarship for one member 's son and a land deal in Utah . Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles valued at $2,000 . Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since , as president , he was a non-voting member . The subsequent investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ) since 1988 . For example , the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano 's bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as `` astronomical '' . Although nothing strictly illegal had been done , the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support . The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10 . New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership , and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee . Stricter rules for future bids were imposed , with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities . Host city legacy According to the IOC , the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for `` ... establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games , such as sports planning , venues , finance , technology , accommodation , catering , media services , etc. , as well as operations during the Games . '' Due to the cost of hosting the Games , most host cities never realise a profit on their investment . For example , the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , cost $3.6 billion to host . By comparison , the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , cost $12.5 billion . The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the bullet train service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag . The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics , and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo , would benefit the local economy for years afterwards . In actual fact , Nagano 's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two , but the long - term effects have not materialised as anticipated . The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities , as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs into the future with no appreciable post-Olympic value . The Winter Olympics has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location ; the men 's downhill needs an 800 meter altitude difference along a suitable course . As this is a focal event that is central to the Games , the IOC will not agree to it taking place a great distance from the main host city . The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena . Due to cost issues , the only candidate cities for the 2022 Winter Olympics were in dictatorship countries , and a number of European countries declined due to political doubt over costs . Both the 2006 and 2010 Games , which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions , had lower costs since more venues and transport infrastructure already existed . The IOC has enacted several initiatives to mitigate these concerns . Firstly , the commission has agreed to fund part of the host city 's budget for staging the Games . Secondly , the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting the region or nation ; this consequently rules out a large portion of the developing world . Finally , any prospective host city planning to bid for the Games is required to add a `` legacy plan '' to their proposal , with a view to the long - term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have on the region . Doping In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols . They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics . The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was Alois Schloder , a West German hockey player , but his team was still allowed to compete . During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance - enhancing drugs . The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures , which undermined the credibility of the tests . It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug - testing protocols . The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in November 1999 . The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping , the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin ( EPO ) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue . The Italian police conducted a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team 's residence during the Games where they seized blood - doping specimens and equipment . This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of haemoglobin , which is evidence of blood doping . The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi 's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 ( later increased to 46 ) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi , Russia , acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with . Politics Cold War A postage stamp issued by East Germany in 1968 in commemoration of their first Winter Olympics as an independent country The Winter Olympics have been an ideological front in the Cold War since the Soviet Union first participated at the 1956 Winter Games . It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the ' 90s . The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers . The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC . Because of its role in World War II , Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics . In 1950 the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee , and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games . East Germany declined the invitation and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany . In 1955 the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state , thereby giving more credibility to East Germany 's campaign to become an independent participant at the Olympics . The IOC agreed to provisionally accept the East German National Olympic Committee with the condition that East and West Germans compete on one team . The situation became tenuous when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1962 and western nations began refusing visas to East German athletes . The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC officially split the teams and threatened to reject the host - city bids of any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes . Boycott The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid . Prior to the Games the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952 . China was given permission to compete as the `` People 's Republic of China '' ( PRC ) and to use the PRC flag and anthem . Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name `` Republic of China '' ( ROC ) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem . The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the `` Republic of China '' . The IOC renamed the island `` Chinese Taipei '' and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem , stipulations that Taiwan would not agree to . Despite numerous appeals and court hearings the IOC 's decision stood . When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted . They subsequently left the Olympics in protest , just before the opening ceremonies . Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei . The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal . The agreement remains in place to this day . Sports The Olympic Charter limits winter sports to `` those ... which are practised on snow or ice . '' Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme ; which include short track speed skating , snowboarding , freestyle and moguls skiing . The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America . While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports , countries such as South Korea , Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports . The results are : more parity in the national medal tables ; more interest in the Winter Olympics ; and higher global television ratings . Current sports Sport Years Events Medal events contested in 2014 Alpine skiing Since 1936 11 Men 's and women 's downhill , super G , giant slalom , slalom , and combined , and parallel slalom . Biathlon Since 1960 11 Sprint ( men : 10 km ; women : 7.5 km ) , the individual ( men : 20 km ; women : 15 km ) , pursuit ( men : 12.5 km ; women : 10 km ) , relay ( men : 4x7. 5 km ; women : 4x6 km ; mixed : 2x7. 5 km + 2x6 km ) , and the mass start ( men : 15 km ; women : 12.5 km ) . Bobsleigh Since 1924 ( except 1960 ) Four - man race , two - man race and two - woman race . Cross-country skiing Since 1924 12 Men 's sprint , team sprint , 30 km pursuit , 15 km , 50 km and 4x10 km relay ; women 's sprint , team sprint , 15 km pursuit , 10 km , 30 km and 4x5 km relay . Curling 1924 , since 1998 Men 's , women 's and mixed doubles . tournaments . Figure skating Since 1924 5 Men 's and women 's singles ; pairs ; ice dancing and team event . Freestyle skiing Since 1992 10 Men 's and women 's moguls , aerials , ski cross , superpipe , and slopestyle . Ice hockey Since 1924 Men 's and women 's tournaments . Luge Since 1964 Men 's and women 's singles , men 's doubles , team relay . Nordic combined Since 1924 Men 's 10 km individual normal hill , 10 km individual large hill and team . Short track speed skating Since 1992 8 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m ; women 's 3000 m relay ; and men 's 5000 m relay . Skeleton 1928 , 1948 , Since 2002 Men 's and women 's events . Ski jumping Since 1924 Men 's individual large hill , team large hill ; men 's and women 's individual normal hill . Snowboarding Since 1998 8 Men 's and women 's parallel , half - pipe , snowboard cross , and slopestyle . Speed skating Since 1924 14 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m , 5000 m , mass start , team pursuit ; women 's 3000 m ; men 's 10,000 m . ^ Note 1 . Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 2 . A men 's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 3 . The IOC 's website now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . Demonstration events Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals . Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992 . Military patrol , a precursor to the biathlon , was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928 , 1936 and 1948 , becoming an official sport in 1960 . The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics . Bandy ( Russian hockey ) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia . In the latter it 's considered a national sport . It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games . Ice stock sport , a German variant of curling , was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria . The ski ballet event , later known as ski - acro , was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992 . Skijöring , skiing behind dogs , was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928 . A sled - dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932 . Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics . Winter pentathlon , a variant of the modern pentathlon , was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland . It included cross-country skiing , shooting , downhill skiing , fencing and horse riding . Ten most successful nations Main article : All - time Olympic Games medal table The table below uses official data provided by the IOC . Defunct nation No . Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 23 132 125 111 368 United States ( USA ) 23 105 110 90 305 Germany ( GER ) 12 92 86 60 238 Austria ( AUT ) 23 64 81 87 232 5 Canada ( CAN ) 23 73 64 62 199 6 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 78 57 59 194 7 Finland ( FIN ) 23 43 63 61 167 8 Sweden ( SWE ) 23 57 46 55 158 9 Switzerland ( SUI ) 23 55 46 52 153 10 Netherlands ( NED ) 21 45 44 41 130 List of Winter Olympic Games Games Year Host Dates Nations Competitors Sports Disci - plines Events Top Nation Ref Total Men Women 1924 Chamonix , France 25 January -- 5 February 16 258 247 11 6 9 16 Norway ( NOR ) ( 2 ) II 1928 St. Moritz , Switzerland 11 -- 19 February 25 464 438 26 8 14 Norway ( NOR ) ( 3 ) III 1932 Lake Placid , United States 4 -- 15 February 17 252 231 21 7 14 United States ( USA ) ( 4 ) IV 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany 6 -- 16 February 28 646 566 80 8 17 Norway ( NOR ) ( 5 ) 1940 Awarded to Sapporo , Japan ; cancelled due to World War II 1944 Awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ; cancelled due to World War II V 1948 St. Moritz , Switzerland 30 January -- 8 February 28 669 592 77 9 22 Norway ( NOR ) Sweden ( SWE ) ( 6 ) VI 1952 Oslo , Norway 14 -- 25 February 30 694 585 109 8 22 Norway ( NOR ) ( 7 ) VII 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy 26 January -- 5 February 32 821 687 134 8 24 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 8 ) VIII 1960 Squaw Valley , United States 18 -- 28 February 30 665 521 144 8 27 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 9 ) IX 1964 Innsbruck , Austria 29 January -- 9 February 36 1091 892 199 6 10 34 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 10 ) X 1968 Grenoble , France 6 -- 18 February 37 1158 947 211 6 10 35 Norway ( NOR ) ( 11 ) XI 1972 Sapporo , Japan 3 -- 13 February 35 1006 801 205 6 10 35 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 12 ) XII 1976 Innsbruck , Austria 4 -- 15 February 37 1123 892 231 6 10 37 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 13 ) XIII 1980 Lake Placid , United States 13 -- 24 February 37 1072 840 232 6 10 38 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 14 ) XIV 1984 Sarajevo , Yugoslavia 8 -- 19 February 49 1272 998 274 6 10 39 East Germany ( GDR ) ( 15 ) XV 1988 Calgary , Canada 13 -- 28 February 57 1423 1122 301 6 10 46 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 16 ) XVI 1992 Albertville , France 8 -- 23 February 64 1801 1313 488 6 12 57 Germany ( GER ) ( 17 ) XVII 1994 Lillehammer , Norway 12 -- 27 February 67 1737 1215 522 6 12 61 Russia ( RUS ) ( 18 ) XVIII 1998 Nagano , Japan 7 -- 22 February 72 2176 1389 787 7 14 68 Germany ( GER ) ( 19 ) XIX 2002 Salt Lake City , United States 8 -- 24 February 78 2399 1513 886 7 15 78 Norway ( NOR ) ( 20 ) XX 2006 Turin , Italy 10 -- 26 February 80 2508 1548 960 7 15 84 Germany ( GER ) ( 21 ) XXI Vancouver , Canada 12 -- 28 February 82 2566 1522 1044 7 15 86 Canada ( CAN ) ( 22 ) XXII 2014 Sochi , Russia 7 -- 23 February 88 2873 1714 1159 7 15 98 Russia ( RUS ) ( 23 ) XXIII 2018 Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 92 2922 1680 1242 7 15 102 Norway ( NOR ) ( 24 ) XXIV 2022 Beijing , China 4 -- 20 February Future event ( 25 ) Unlike the Summer Olympics , the cancelled 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games . While the official titles of the Summer Games count Olympiads , the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves . Map of Winter Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . See also List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games Lists of Olympic medallists Olympic Games scandals and controversies Winter Paralympic Games Paralympic Games Summer Olympic Games Notes Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : The official website of the Olympic Movement now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . However , the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called Nordic Skiing . Jump up ^ At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for ' alpinisme ' ( mountaineering ) , a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments : Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for ' alpinisme ' to Charles Granville Bruce , the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922 . Jump up ^ The US beat the Soviets as part of a medal round that also included Finland and Sweden , so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later . References Jump up ^ `` Biathlon Results - Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Medals , Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 646 : Le Programme ... II . -- Epreuves par équipes - 12 . Ski : Course militaire ( 20 à 30 kilomètres , avec tir ) . ( The Programme ... II . -- Team events - 12 . Skiing : Military Race ( 20 to 30 kilometres , with shooting ) ) . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 664 : CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE . ( Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race ) ^ Jump up to : Edgeworth , Ron ( May 1994 ) . `` The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Society of Olympic Historians Journal . LA84 Foundation . 2 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 Figure Skating Results '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 11 February 2001 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating History '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2004 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 Chamonix , France '' . CBC Sports . CBC.ca. 18 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 283 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Chamonix Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , pp. 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 290 Jump up ^ `` 1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ Seligmann , Davison , and McDonald ( 2004 ) , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Lund , Mortund ( December 2001 ) . `` The First Four Olympics '' . Skiing Heritage Journal . International Skiing History Association : 21 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallon and Buchanon ( 2006 ) , p. xxxii Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Moritz 1948 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ `` Oslo 1952 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 255 Jump up ^ `` 1952 Oslo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Guttman ( 1986 ) , p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Daniel ( 1992 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiharu Igaya '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Shipler , Gary ( February 1960 ) . `` Backstage at Winter Olympics '' . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation : 138 . Retrieved 6 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` Innsbruck 1964 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Grenoble 1968 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 277 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 286 Jump up ^ Fry ( 2006 ) , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew ; Szemberg , Szymon ( 2008 ) . `` Story # 17 -- Protesting amateur rules , Canada leaves international hockey '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2008 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado only state ever to turn down Olympics '' . denver.rockymountainnews.com . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fry ( 2006 ) , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : `` Innsbruck 1976 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Findling and Pelle ( 1996 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1980 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Huber , Jim ( 22 February 2000 ) . `` A Golden Moment '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LAKE PLACID 1980 - USA ice hockey team '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LAKE PLACID 1980 - Photo - Finland v USA '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Sarajevo '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2004 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarajevo 1984 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calgary 1988 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yvonne van Gennip '' . The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albertville 1992 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 400 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 402 Jump up ^ `` Lillehammer 1994 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( 27 February 1994 ) . `` Winter Olympics ; In Politics and on ice , neighbors are apart '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harding - Kerrigan timeline '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . 1 March 1999 . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Barshay , Jill J ( 3 March 1994 ) . `` Figure Skating ; It 's Stocks and Bouquets as Baiul returns to Ukraine '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Angus ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` Achievements still burn bright '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johann - Olav Koss '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SPEECH OF THE IOC PRESIDENT AT THE CLOSING CEREMONY OF THE XVII OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES '' ( PDF ) . LA84 Foundation . 22 February 1998 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nagano 1998 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Ten Famous Olympic Skiers '' . 29 Oct 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevius , C.W. ( 5 February 1998 ) . `` '' Clap '' Skate draws boos from traditionalists `` . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salt Lake City 2002 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( 17 February 2002 ) . `` The pivotal meeting ; French judge 's early tears indicating controversy to come '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Bose , Mihir ( 17 February 2002 ) . `` Skating scandal that left IOC on thin ice '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australia win first ever gold '' . BBC Sport. 17 February 2002 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turin 2006 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Berglund , Nina ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` Canadians hail Norwegian coach 's sportsmanship '' . Aftenposten . Aftenposten.no . Archived from the original on 17 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` Germany 's Claudia Pechstein Tries to Restore Reputation '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` Claudia Pechstein 's Doping Appeal Denied '' . The Huffington Post . HuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Statistics -- Population by selected ethnic origins , by census metropolitan areas ( 2001 Census ) '' . StatCan. 25 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 31 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` Quick to Blame in Luge , and Showing No Shame '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Tom ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Best and worst of the Winter Olympics in Vancouver '' . St. Petersberg Times . Tampabay.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's president calls for resignations '' . ESPN.com. 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Biathlete Gregorin confirmed as athlete who failed Vancouver 2010 doping retest '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Surprising success bodes well for South Korea '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Winter Olympics : Who will win the most medals ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sochi 2014 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pinsent , Matthew ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Sochi 2014 : A look at Russia 's Olympic city '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Barretto , Lawrence ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Sochi 2014 : Russia top medal table as Olympics come to an end '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia state - sponsored doping across majority of Olympic sports , claims report '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Russia Olympic medals stripped ; new Sochi medal standings '' . NBC Sports . November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia toppled from Sochi 2014 medals first place but final count unknown '' . Reuters . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12 , 2017 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Rose ; Moore , Niki ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Pyeongchang Beats Munich , Annecy to Host 2018 Winter Olympics '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics corruption probe ordered '' . BBC News . 22 December 1998 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ) , p. 444 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ) , p. 445 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2003 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ Payne ( 2006 ) , p. 232 Jump up ^ Miller , Lawrence and McCay ( 2001 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Abrahamson , Alan ( 6 December 2003 ) . `` Judge Drops Olympic Bid Case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samaranch reflects on bid scandal with regret '' . Deseret News . WinterSports2002.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2002 . Retrieved 22 March 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Roles and Responsibilities during the Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2010 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkes , Howard ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Olympic Caveat : Host cities risk debt , scandal '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Bob ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` The Olympic Effect '' . MSNBC.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Koba , Mark ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` The money pit that is hosting Olympic Games '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's looking downhill for Quebec 's Olympic bid '' . December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ) , p. 277 Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ) , p. 284 Jump up ^ Rogge , Jacques ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Jacques Rogge : Vancouver 's Winter Olympic legacy can last for 60 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games , Sapporo 1972 ( PDF ) . The Organising Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games . 1973 . p. 386 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Thomas M. ( 2007 ) . `` Sports , Drugs , and the Cold War '' ( PDF ) . Olympika , International Journal of Olympic Studie . International Centre for Olympic Studies . 16 ( 1 ) : 22 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ) , p. 313 Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ `` A Brief history of anti-doping '' . World Anti-Doping Agency . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Macur , Juliet ( 19 February 2006 ) . `` Looking for Doping Evidence , Italian Police Raid Austrians '' . New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IOC to hold first hearings on doping during 2006 Winter Olympics '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I.O.C. Starts Proceedings Against 28 Russian Athletes Over Sochi Doping '' . NYTime.com . NYTimes.com. 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Schwirtz , Michael ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Russian Insider Says State - Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Schwirtz , Michael ( 13 May 2016 ) . `` Mystery in Sochi Doping Case Lies With Tamper - Proof Bottle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` New doping report will influence decision on Russia 's place at Olympics '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Russian athletics : IAAF upholds ban before Rio Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 35 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ `` History of the Winter Olympics '' . BBC Sport. 5 February 1998 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Brownell ( 2005 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 25 February 2010 ) . `` USA , Canada ride new sports to top of Winter Olympics medal count '' . The Christian Science Monitor . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alpine Skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biathlon '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bobsleigh '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cross Country Skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Luge '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nordic Combined '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Sskating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Jumping '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snowboard '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Sports '' . Inside The Games . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon history '' . USBiathlon.org . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1908 London Summer Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan '' . Tatar - Inform. 21 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Eric ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Strangest Olympics Sports In History '' . Forbes . Forbes.com . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle Skiing History '' . The National Post . Canadian Broadcasting Company . 4 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( 18 December 1991 ) . `` Hitting the slopes in the fast lane '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ The IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 77 participated NOCs ; however , one can count 78 nations looking through official results of 2002 Games Part 1 Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 2 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 3 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Probably this error is consequence that Costa Rica 's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony , so 77 nations participated in Opening Ceremony and 78 nations participated in the Games . Bibliography Barry , Tim ; Crawford , Dee ( 2002 ) . Revise for Advanced PE for Edexcel . Oxford , United Kingdom : Heinemann Educational Publishers . ISBN 0 - 435 - 10045 - 9 . Brownell , Susan ( 2008 ) . Beijing 's games : What the Olympics mean to China . Plymouth , United Kingdom : Rowman & Littlefield publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5640 - 9 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2005 ) . Making sense of sports . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34853 - 6 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2003 ) . Sports culture . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 18169 - 0 . Cooper - Chen , Anne ( 2005 ) . Global entertainment media . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5168 - 2 . Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . Findling , John ; Pelle , Kimberly ( 1996 ) . Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28477 - 6 . Fry , John ( 2006 ) . The story of modern skiing . Lebanon , New Hampshire : University Press of New England . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 489 - 6 . Gershon , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . Telecommunications Management : Industry structures and planning strategies . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3002 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1986 ) . Sports Spectators . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06401 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1992 ) . The Olympics , a history of the modern games . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02725 - 6 . Hazan , Barukh ( 1982 ) . Olympic sports and propaganda games . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Inc . ISBN 0 - 87855 - 436 - X . Hill , Christopher R. ( 1992 ) . Olympic Politics . Manchester , United Kingdom : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3542 - 2 . Judd , Ron C. ( 2008 ) . The Winter Olympics . Seattle , Washington : The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 063 - 1 . Mallon , Bill ; Buchanan , Ian ( 2006 ) . Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Oxford , UK : Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5574 - 7 . Mandell , Richard D. ( 1987 ) . The Nazi Olympics . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01325 - 5 . Miller , Toby ; Lawrence , Geoffrey ; McKay , Jim ( 2001 ) . Globalization and sport . London : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5968 - 8 . Mottram , David ( 2003 ) . Drugs in sport . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27937 - 2 . Official Report ( 1924 ) of both Summer and Winter Games : ( ed . ) M. Avé , Comité Olympique Français . Les Jeux de la VIII Olympiade Paris 1924 -- Rapport Officiel ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Paris : Librairie de France . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Payne , Michael ( 2006 ) . Olympic turnaround . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99030 - 3 . Preuss , Holger ( 2004 ) . The Economics of Staging the Olympics : A Comparison of the Games 1972 -- 2008 . Cheltenham , United Kingdom : Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . ISBN 1 - 84376 - 893 - 3 . Schaffer , Kay ; Smith , Sidonie ( 2000 ) . Olympics at the Millennium . Piscataway , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2820 - 8 . Seligmann , Matthew S. ; Davison , John ; McDonald , John ( 2003 ) . Daily Life in Hitler 's Germany . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32811 - 7 . Senn , Alfred Erich ( 1999 ) . Power , Politics and the Olympic Games . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 958 - 6 . Wallechinsky , David ; Loucky , Jaime ( 2010 ) . The complete book of the Winter Olympics ( 8th ed . ) . : Greystone Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 502 - 2 . Whannel , Garry ( 1992 ) . Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05383 - 8 . Yesalis , Charles ( 2000 ) . Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 786 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Olympics . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most medals in this year's winter olympics | [
"Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics."
] | [
"Norway"
] |
1764190639144640680 | Internet in the Philippines | Internet in the Philippines - wikipedia Internet in the Philippines Internet in the Philippines first became available on March 29 , 1994 , with the Philippine Network Foundation ( PHNet ) connecting the country and its people to Sprint in the United States via a 64 kbit / s link . As of 2016 , more than 44,000,000 people used the internet in the country , accounting for 43.5 % of the total population . World map of internet penetration ( number of Internet users as a percentage of a country 's population ) , 2012 World map of internet users , 2012 Contents 1 History 1.1 Timeline 2 Statistics 3 Wireless broadband 3.1 TD - LTE 3.1. 1 Bandwidth caps 3.1. 2 Lock - in period 4 IP peering 5 Internet speed 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) A year after the connection , The Public Telecommunications Act of the Philippines was made into law . Securing a franchise is now optional for value - added service providers . This law enabled many other organizations to establish connections to the Internet , to create Web sites and have their own Internet services or provide Internet service and access to others . However the growth of the Internet in the Philippines was hindered by many obstacles including unequal distribution of Internet infrastructure throughout the country , its cost and corruption in the government . But these obstacles did not altogether halt all the developments . More connection types were made available to more Filipinos . Increasing bandwidth and a growing number of Filipino Internet users were proof of the continuing development of the Internet in the country . The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 , codified as Republic Act No. 10175 , criminalized cybersquatting , cybersex , child pornography , identity theft , illegal access to data and libel . The act has been criticized for its provision on criminalizing libel , which is perceived to be a curtailment in freedom of expression . After several petitions submitted to the Supreme Court of the Philippines questioned the constitutionality of the Act , the Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order on October 9 , 2012 , stopping implementation of the Act for 120 days . A Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom was filed in the Philippine legislature in 2013 to , among others , repeal Republic Act No. 10175 . The Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No 10175 were promulgated on August 12 , 2015 . Timeline ( edit ) The early history of the Internet in the Philippines started with the establishment of Bulletin Board Systems ( BBS ) by computer hobbyist and enthusiast . They were able to link their BBS 's using a dial - up connection protocol enabling them to participate in discussion forums , send messages and share files . 1986 : Establishment of first BBS in the Philippines , Star BBS was formed by Efren Tercias and James Chua of Wordtext Systems . Fox BBS was operated by Johnson Sumpio . First - Fil RBBS a public - access BBS went online with an annual subscription fee of P1 , 000 . A precursor to the local online forum , it ran an open - source BBS software on an IBM XT Clone PC with a 1200bit / s modem and was operated by Dan Angeles and Ed Castañeda . 1987 : The Philippine FidoNet Exchange , a local network for communication between several BBSes in Metro Manila , was formed . 1990 : A committee helmed by Arnie del Rosario of the Ateneo Computer Technology Center was tasked with exploring the possibility of creating an academic network of universities and government institutions by the National Computer Center under Dr. William Torres . Recommendations were made but not implemented . 1991 - 1993 : Emergence of email gateways and services in the Philippines , including some from multinational companies like Intel , Motorola , and Texas Instruments , which used a direct Internet connection , X. 25 , or UUCP protocol . Local firms ETPI , Philcom , and PLDT ( Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company ) also operated commercial X. 25 networks . Another milestone : Local and international email to FidoNet users was introduced . June 1993 : With the support of the Department of Science and Technology and the Industrial Research Foundation , the Philnet project ( now PHNET ) was born . The Philnet technical committee , composed of computer buffs working at the DOST ( MIS ( Joseph Andres ) , PCASTRD ( Merl Opena , Winnefredo Aggabao ) and Advanced Science and Technology Institute ( Miguel Dimayuga ) ) and representatives from the Ateneo de Manila University ( Richie Lozada and Arnie del Rosario ) , De La Salle University ( Kelsey Hartigan - Go ) , University of the Philippines Diliman ( Rodel Atanacio ) , University of the Philippines Los Baños ( Alfonso Carandang ) , Xavier University ( Bombim Cadiz ) and St. Louis University ( Ian Generalao ) ; would eventually play a significant role in connecting the Philippines to the global Internet . July 1993 : Phase one of the Philnet project shifted into full gear after receiving funding from the DOST . It proved to be successful , as students from partner universities were able to send emails to the Internet by routing them through Philnet 's gateway at the Ateneo de Manila University , which was connected to another gateway at the Victoria University of Technology in Australia via IDD Dial - Up ( Hayes Modem ) . November 1993 : An additional P12. 5 - million grant for the first year 's running cost was awarded by the DOST to buy equipment and lease communication lines needed to kickstart the second phase of Philnet , now led by Dr. Rudy Villarica . March 29 , 1994 , 1 : 15 a.m. : Benjie Tan , who was working for ComNet , a company that supplied Cisco routers to the Philnet project , established the Philippine 's first connection to the Internet at a PLDT network center in Makati City . Shortly thereafter , he posted a short message to the Usenet newsgroup soc. culture. filipino to alert Filipinos overseas that a link had been made . His message read : `` As of March 29 , 1994 at 1 : 15 am Philippine time , unfortunately 2 days late due to slight technical difficulties , the Philippines was FINALLY connected to the Internet via SprintLink . The Philippine router , a Cisco 7000 router was attached via the services of PLDT and Sprint communications to SprintLink 's router at Stockton Ca . The gateway to the world for the Philippines will be via NASA Ames Research Center . For now , a 64K serial link is the information highway to the rest of the Internet world . '' March 29 , 1994 , 10 : 18 a.m. : `` We 're in , '' Dr. John Brule , a Professor Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Syracuse University , announced at The First International E-Mail Conference at the University of San Carlos in Talamban , Cebu , signifying that Philnet 's 64 kbit / s connection was live . Statistics ( edit ) Internet café in the Philippines Worldmap of internet browsers . In the Philippines 62.43 % use Google Chrome , 25.15 % Firefox , 6.28 % Internet Explorer , 4.13 % Safari . According to AGB Nielsen Philippines , about one of three Filipinos in the Philippines have access to the internet . Among the findings in this report were : 43.5 % of Filipinos accessed the Internet , five percentage points higher than the Southeast Asian regional average of 38 % . Internet penetration amongst consumers aged 15 to 19 was close to two - thirds ( 65 % ) and nearly half of those in their 20s were online ( 48 % ) . There was still much room for growth for those aged 30 + -- less than one quarter of consumers aged in their 30s ( 24 % ) access the Internet , 13 % of consumers in their 40s , and just 4 % of consumers aged 50 + . 52 % of Filipinos had a computer with high speed Internet connection at home . Home was the most common Internet access point for those aged 30 years and above close to nine in ten Internet users aged 50 years and above ( 86 % ) cite `` home '' as their main point of access . 74 % of 15 -- 19 years identified Internet cafés as their main point of Internet access . Close to one quarter of Filipinos Internet users ( 24 % ) accessed the Internet on a daily basis via a mobile phone and 56 % intend to access the Internet via a mobile phone in the next 12 months . Over two thirds of Filipino digital consumers ( 67 % ) had visited social networking sites , compared to 40 % who used email . The Philippines ranked second highest for the number of people who had ever `` liked '' or followed a brand , company or celebrity on a social networking site ( 75 % ) . 61 % of Filipino Internet users said they trusted consumer opinions posted online , higher than any other market in Southeast Asia and seven points above the regional average . Online product reviews and discussion forums were one of the most trusted sources of recommendations in purchase decision making , second only to recommendations from family and friends . Close to two thirds of digital Filipinos ( 64 % ) used social media as a resource in purchase decision making . Wireless broadband ( edit ) TD - LTE ( edit ) As the number of subscribers grew , both PLDT and Globe Telecom rapidly expanded their Time - Division Duplex - Long Term Evolution ( TD - LTE ) services for Fixed Wireless Broadband . According to PLDT , they spent P2 billion of its P28. 8 billion capital expenditure for 2013 to bring TD - LTE technology to customers ' homes . According to industry data , the Philippines ' TD - LTE network was one of the largest deployments in Asia Pacific with over 200 base stations and an allocated bandwidth of 100 megabits per second ( Mbps ) . In January 2015 , both PLDT and Globe Telecom began phasing out WiMax services in favor for TD - LTE . Bandwidth caps ( edit ) In October 2015 , PLDT introduced so - called `` volume boosters '' ( instead of 30 % bandwidth throttling in 2014 and 256kbit / s bandwidth throttling in 2015 ) when exceeding monthly 30GB to 70GB bandwidth cap for TD - LTE connection plans ( Ultera ) . `` In case your usage exceeds your monthly volume allowance , you can still enjoy the internet by purchasing additional volume boosters . Otherwise , connectivity will be halted until your monthly volume is refreshed on your next billing cycle . '' Globe followed the suit with a similar `` volume boost '' arrangement . Lock - in period ( edit ) In 2015 , PLDT increased lock - in period for TD - LTE connection plans from 24 to 36 months ( 3 years ) with the pre-termination fee equal to the full balance for the remaining period . After the lock - in period the contract is automatically renewed for another 36 months subject to the same terms and conditions . As of now the Globe lock - in period is still 2 years with no pre-termination fee outside of the lock - in period . The PLDT TD - LTE contract allows PLDT to change the terms and conditions at any time with the only way left for subscribers to opt out of the altered service through paying the full pre-termination fee : `` 8.3 Modification . SBI reserves the right at its discretion to modify , delete or add to any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement at any time without further notice . It is the Subscriber 's responsibility to regularly check any changes to these Terms and Conditions . The Subscriber 's continued use of the Service after any such changes constitutes acceptance of the new Terms and Conditions . '' Even as the Consumer Act of the Philippines states `` Unfair or Unconscionable Sales Act or Practice ... the following circumstances shall be considered ... that the transaction that the seller or supplier induced the consumer to enter into was excessively one - sided in favor of the seller or supplier '' , the practice of inducing extremely long term contracts with the ultimate pre-termination penalty has not been legally challenged yet . IP peering ( edit ) The Philippines have six Internet Exchange points in the Country . Philippine Open Internet Exchange ( PhOPENIX ) , Philippine Internet Exchange ( PhIX ) , Philippine Common Routing Exchange ( PHNET CORE ) , Globe Internet Exchange ( GIX ) , Bayan Telecommunications Internet and Gaming Exchange and Manila Internet Exchange ( Manila IX ) . On June 16 , 2016 , Globe Telecom and PLDT agreed on a bilateral domestic IP peering arrangement . Internet speed ( edit ) The Akamai Technologies Q1 2017 State of the Internet report contained information that , though average internet connection speed had increased 20 % year - on - year , the Philippines , at 5.5 Mbit / s , once again had the lowest average connection speeds among surveyed Asia Pacific countries / regions . The report noted that Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte had approved a plan with a three to five - year timeline for completion to deploy a national broadband network at an estimated cost of US $1.5 billion to $4.0 billion . See also ( edit ) Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom Telecommunications in the Philippines Social networking in the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miguel A.L. Paraz : Developing a Viable Framework for Commercial Internet Operations in the Asia - Pacific Region : The Philippine Experience . ISOC , INET 1997 Jump up ^ Jim Ayson ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` The Philippine Internet turns 18 : Is anyone still counting '' . GMA News . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Jose Bimbo F. Santos ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` PHNET - Philippine Internet connection turns 20 years old this month '' . InterAksyon.com . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet Users by Country ( 2016 ) '' . internetlivestats.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000 - 2012 '' , International Telecommunications Union ( Geneva ) , June 2013 , retrieved 22 June 2013 Jump up ^ Philippines - Public Access Landscape Study Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Research Team Emmanuel Lallana , University of Washington Center for Information & Society ( CIS ) , 2009 . Jump up ^ Republic Act No. 10175 , An Act Defining Cybercrime , Providing for the Prevention , Investigation , Suppression and the Imposition of Penalties therefor and for Other Purposes . Approved by President of the Philippines BENIGNO S. AQUINO III on September 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Canlas , Jonas ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Suits pile up assailing anti-cybercrime law '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Torres , Tetch ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` SC issues TRO vs cyber law '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Philippine Daily Inquirer , Inc . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Wisdom of Crowds : Crowdsourcing Net Freedom '' , Jonathan de Santos , Yahoo ! News Philippines , 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No 1017 . Jump up ^ `` RP marks 7th year on the Internet : Digital Life by Chin Wong '' . www.chinwong.com . Jump up ^ `` # 20PHnet : A timeline of Philippine Internet '' . Jump up ^ `` Villarica : The day the Philippines ' discovered ' the world '' , Dr. Rodolfo M. Villarica , Newsbytes.ph , 05 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About PHNET '' . www.ph.net . Jump up ^ Top 5 browsers in Philippines on February 2013 Statcounter Global Stats Jump up ^ One in three consumers in the Philippines are now accessing the Internet . social networking playing an increasing role in consumer purchasing decisions AGB Nielsen Philippines Manila , 12 July 2011 . The report is a pre-release of data from Nielsen 's inaugural Southeast Asia Digital Consumer Report available September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PLDT , Globe in race to modernize networks - The Manila Times Online '' . The Manila Times Online . Jump up ^ `` PLDT HOME Ultera support library , FAQ '' . Jump up ^ `` Globe - FAQ - Volume Boost '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Terms and Conditions '' . Jump up ^ `` Tattoo Free Installation Promo > FAQs '' . Jump up ^ `` REPUBLIC ACT No. 7925 , THE CONSUMER ACT OF THE PHILIPPINES '' . Jump up ^ `` Three ways you will feel the effects of Globe - PLDT IP Peering '' . The Philippine Star . June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ akamai 's ( state of the internet ) Q1 2017 report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Akamai Technologies . pp. 27 , 28 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Internet in the Philippines at Wikimedia Commons Internet in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_the_Philippines&oldid=849687610 '' Categories : Internet in the Philippines Internet by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the internet introduced in the philippines | [
"Internet in the Philippines first became available on March 29, 1994, with the Philippine Network Foundation (PHNet) connecting the country and its people to Sprint in the United States via a 64 kbit/s link.[1][2][3]\nAs of 2016, more than 44,000,000 people used the internet in the country, accounting for 43.5% of the total population.[4]\n"
] | [
"on March 29, 1994"
] |
7105822510206655430 | Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express | Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express - Wikipedia Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a Rajya Rani train that runs between Meerut City and Lucknow Charbagh . For all trains in this category , see Rajya Rani Express . Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express Overview Service type Superfast , Rajya Rani Express First service 11 March 2012 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Current operator ( s ) North Central Railways Route Start Meerut City Stops 8 End Lucknow NE Distance travelled 459 km ( 285 mi ) Service frequency Daily ( 4 ) On - board services Class ( es ) AC Chair Car , Second Class seating , General Unreserved Seating arrangements Yes Sleeping arrangements No Auto - rack arrangements No Catering facilities No Observation facilities Operated from Lucknow NR until 1 March 2014 ( 5 ) . Technical Rolling stock Standard Indian Railway Coaches Track gauge 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) Operating speed 110 km / h ( 68 mph ) maximum , 57.68 km / h ( 36 mph ) , including halts The 22454 / 53 Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express is a Superfast express train of the Rajya Rani Express series belonging to Indian Railways - North Central Railway zone that runs between Meerut City and Lucknow NE in India . It operates as train number 22454 from Meerut City to Lucknow NE and as train number 22453 in the reverse direction serving the state of Uttar Pradesh . It is part of the Rajya Rani Express series launched by the former railway minister of India , Ms. Mamata Banerjee in the 2011 / 12 Rail Budget ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches 1.1 Rake Sharing 2 Service 3 Routeing 4 Traction 5 Operation 6 Accidents 6.1 2017 7 References 8 External links Coaches ( edit ) The 22454 / 53 Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express has 2 AC Chair Car , 7 Second Class seating , 2 General Unreserved & 2 SLR ( Seating cum Luggage Rake ) Coaches . It does not carry a Pantry car coach ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . As is customary with most train services in India , Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand . Rake sharing ( edit ) The 22454 / 53 Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express shares its rake with 11109 / 10 Jhansi Lucknow Intercity Express . Service ( edit ) The 22454 Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express covers the distance of 459 km ( 285 mi ) in 8 hours 05 mins ( 56.78 km / hr ) & in 7 hours 50 mins as 22453 Lucknow Meerut City Rajya Rani Express ( 58.60 km / hr ) . As the average speed of the train is above 55 km / h ( 34 mph ) , as per Indian Railway rules , its fare includes a Superfast surcharge . Routeing ( edit ) The 22454 / 53 Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express runs from Meerut City via Moradabad , Bareilly , Shahjehanpur , Hardoi to Lucknow NE ( 10 ) . Traction ( edit ) As large parts of the route are yet to be fully electrified , a Lucknow based WDM 3A locomotive powers the train for its entire journey ( 11 ) . Operation ( edit ) 22454 Meerut City Lucknow Rajya Rani Express runs from Meerut City on a daily basis arriving Lucknow NE the same day ( 12 ) . 22453 Lucknow Meerut City Rajya Rani Express runs from Lucknow NE on a daily basis arriving Meerut City the same day . Accidents ( edit ) 2017 ( edit ) Eight coaches of the Meerut - Lucknow Rajya Rani Express derailed at 8 : 15 AM on 15th Apr , 2017 , between Rampur and Mundapanda near a bridge over the Koshi river . A total of 13 passengers were injured . Three of the derailed coaches overturned while seven went off the tracks . Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu ordered an inquiry into the cause of accident . He also announced a compensation of Rs 50,000 for the passengers injured . injured in the derailment. A compensation of Rs 50,000 and Rs 25,000 for passengers with serious and minor injuries respectively was announced by UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Highlights : Rajya Rani Express derails in UP ; anti-terror squad to probe accident '' . hindustantimes.com/. 2017 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucknow - bound train Rajya Rani Express derails in UP , no casualties reported '' . hindustantimes.com/. 2017 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . http://adknack.in/tender/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/IMPORTANT_NOTICE_ENGLISH_10_X_8.pdf http://www.90di.com/schedule/train/Indian%20Railways_22454.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pluwvlFfDek http://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-rajya-rani-express-from-meerut-to-lucknow-2964225.html http://media2.intoday.in/businesstoday/images/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Shatabdi-Exp-on-Lucknow-Junction-from-April-29/articleshow/32327591.cms External links ( edit ) `` Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry '' . indianrail.gov.in . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . `` ( IRFCA ) Welcome to IRFCA.org , the home of IRFCA on the internet '' . irfca.org . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Railways in Northern India National network / trunk lines Howrah -- Delhi main line New Delhi -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Delhi -- Jaipur line Jaipur -- Ahmedabad line Branch lines / sections Agra -- Bhopal section Ambala -- Attari line Amritsar -- Pathankot line Bathinda -- Rewari line Bilaspur -- Manali -- Leh line Chandigarh -- Sahnewal line Delhi -- Fazilka line Delhi -- Kalka line Delhi -- Meerut -- Saharanpur line Delhi -- Moradabad line Jalandhar -- Firozpur line Jalandhar -- Jammu line Jammu -- Baramulla line Jammu -- Poonch line Jodhpur -- Bathinda line Kanpur -- Delhi section Lucknow -- Moradabad line Ludhiana -- Fazilka line Ludhiana -- Jakhal line Marwar Junction -- Munabao line Moradabad -- Ambala line Mughalsarai -- Kanpur section Rewari -- Rohtak line Srinagar -- Kargil -- Leh line Varanasi -- Lucknow main line Varanasi -- Rae Bareli -- Lucknow line Urban and suburban rail transport Delhi Suburban Railway Delhi Metro ( Blue line Green line Red line Violet line Yellow line ) Rapid Metro Gurgaon Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Delhi -- Meerut RRTS Heritage railways Kalka -- Shimla Railway Monorails Patiala State Monorail Trainways Defunct lines Jammu -- Sialkot line Manufacturing units and workshops Diesel Locomotive Works Rail Coach Factory , Kapurthala Rail Coach Factory , Raebareli Railway companies Northern Railway North Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Western Railway East Indian Railway Company Kangra Valley Railway Rajputana -- Malwa Railway Tirhut Railway Oudh and Tirhut Railway Indian Branch Railway Company Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway Cawnpore -- Burhwal Railway Cawnpore -- Barabanki Railway Lucknow -- Bareilly Railway Bengal and North Western Railway Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway Mashrak -- Thawe Extension Railway Lucknow -- Sitapur -- Seramow Provincial State Railway Bareilly -- Pilibheet Provincial State Railway Segowlie -- Raxaul Railway Delhi Metro Rail Corporation National Capital Region Transport Corporation See also Indian Railways Bholu ( mascot ) 1974 railway strike in India Railways in India portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meerut_City_Lucknow_Rajya_Rani_Express&oldid=827602432 '' Categories : Transport in Meerut Transport in Lucknow Rajya Rani Express trains Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use Indian English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 18 : 06 . 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-2092932702523043257 | List of Prison Break episodes | List of Prison Break episodes - wikipedia List of Prison Break episodes Jump to : navigation , search Prison Break is an American serial drama television series that premiered on the Fox network on August 29 , 2005 , and finished its final season on May 15 , 2009 . The series was simulcast on Global in Canada , and broadcast in dozens of countries worldwide . Prison Break is produced by Adelstein - Parouse Productions , in association with Rat Television , Original Television and 20th Century Fox Television . The series revolves around two brothers : Michael Scofield ( Wentworth Miller ) and Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) . In the first season , Lincoln is sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit , and Michael deliberately incarcerates himself to help him escape prison . Season two focuses on the manhunt of the prison escapees , season three revolves around Michael 's breakout from a Panamanian jail , and the fourth and final season unravels the criminal conspiracy that imprisoned Lincoln . A total of 90 episodes of Prison Break have been aired , in addition to three special making - of episodes . The first season aired from August 29 , 2005 to May 15 , 2006 , with a four - month break after Thanksgiving . The second season , which premiered on August 21 , 2006 , had a similar schedule as the first , although it had a shorter break . After an eight - week hiatus , the second season resumed on January 22 , 2007 before ending on April 2 , 2007 . The third season began on September 17 , 2007 , with an eight - episode run . The show 's third season went on hiatus over the 2007 Christmas period because of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . It resumed on January 14 , 2008 , and the last five episodes of the season were aired . The fourth season , consisting of 22 episodes , began airing in September 2008 , stopped in December 2008 , and resumed on April 17 , 2009 . After being in development for several months , Fox announced in January 2016 that it had ordered a limited event series that would serve as a continuation to the original series . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , on Fox . The first four seasons of Prison Break have been released on DVD and Blu - ray in Regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . Each DVD boxed set includes all of the broadcast episodes from that season , the associated special episode , commentary from cast and crew , and profiles of various parts of Prison Break , such as Fox River State Penitentiary or the tattoo . Prison Break is also available online , including iTunes , Amazon Video , and Netflix . After the premiere of the second season of Prison Break , Fox began online streaming of the prior week 's episode , though it originally restricted viewing to the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2005 -- 06 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2006 -- 07 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 Specials 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 August 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 29 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22 August 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 21 ) April 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 02 ) 13 September 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 17 ) February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) 24 September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 5 9 April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prison Break ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Brett Ratner Paul Scheuring August 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 29 ) 1AKJ79 10.51 `` Allen '' Michael W. Watkins Paul Scheuring August 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 29 ) 1AKJ01 10.51 `` Cell Test '' Brad Turner Michael Pavone September 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) 1AKJ02 8.49 `` Cute Poison '' Matt Earl Beesley Matt Olmstead September 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 12 ) 1AKJ03 9.15 5 5 `` English , Fitz or Percy '' Randall Zisk Zack Estrin September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) 1AKJ04 7.96 6 6 `` Riots , Drills and the Devil ( Part 1 ) '' Robert Mandel Nick Santora September 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ) 1AKJ05 8.55 7 7 `` Riots , Drills and the Devil ( Part 2 ) '' Vern Gillum Karyn Usher October 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 03 ) 1AKJ06 9.48 8 8 `` The Old Head '' Jace Alexander Monica Macer October 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) 1AKJ07 10.12 9 9 `` Tweener '' Matt Earl Beesley Paul Scheuring October 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 31 ) 1AKJ08 9.01 10 10 `` Sleight of Hand '' Dwight H. Little Nick Santora November 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) 1AKJ09 8.06 11 11 `` And Then There Were 7 '' Jesús Salvador Treviño Zack Estrin November 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 14 ) 1AKJ10 9.58 12 12 `` Odd Man Out '' Bobby Roth Karyn Usher November 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 21 ) 1AKJ11 10.08 13 13 `` End of the Tunnel '' Sanford Bookstaver Paul Scheuring November 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 28 ) 1AKJ12 12.18 14 14 `` The Rat '' Kevin Hooks Matt Olmstead March 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 20 ) 1AKJ13 9.28 15 15 `` By the Skin and the Teeth '' Fred Gerber Nick Santora March 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 27 ) 1AKJ14 10.07 16 16 `` Brother 's Keeper '' Greg Yaitanes Zack Estrin April 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 03 ) 1AKJ15 8.10 17 17 `` J - Cat '' Guy Ferland Karyn Usher April 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 10 ) 1AKJ16 8.12 18 18 `` Bluff '' Jace Alexander Nick Santora & Karyn Usher April 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 17 ) 1AKJ17 8.18 19 19 `` The Key '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan Story by : Paul Scheuring Teleplay by : Zack Estrin & Matt Olmstead April 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 24 ) 1AKJ18 8.63 20 20 `` Tonight '' Bobby Roth Zack Estrin May 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 01 ) 1AKJ19 8.54 21 21 `` Go '' Dean White Matt Olmstead May 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 08 ) 1AKJ20 9.13 22 22 `` Flight '' Kevin Hooks Paul Scheuring May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 1AKJ21 10.24 Season 2 ( 2006 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prison Break ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Manhunt '' Kevin Hooks Paul Scheuring August 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 21 ) 2AKJ01 9.37 24 `` Otis '' Bobby Roth Matt Olmstead August 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 28 ) 2AKJ02 9.44 25 `` Scan '' Bryan Spicer Zack Estrin September 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 04 ) 2AKJ03 9.29 26 `` First Down '' Bobby Roth Nick Santora September 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 11 ) 2AKJ04 8.96 27 5 `` Map 1213 '' Peter O'Fallon Karyn Usher September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) 2AKJ05 9.55 28 6 `` Subdivision '' Eric Laneuville Monica Macer September 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 25 ) 2AKJ06 8.41 29 7 `` Buried '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan Seth Hoffman October 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 02 ) 2AKJ07 8.99 30 8 `` Dead Fall '' Vincent Misiano Zack Estrin October 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 23 ) 2AKJ08 8.53 31 9 `` Unearthed '' Kevin Hooks Nick Santora October 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 30 ) 2AKJ09 8.94 32 10 `` Rendezvous '' Dwight H. Little Karyn Usher November 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 06 ) 2AKJ10 8.63 33 11 `` Bolshoi Booze '' Greg Yaitanes Monica Macer & Seth Hoffman November 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 2AKJ11 9.21 34 12 `` Disconnect '' Karen Gaviola Nick Santora & Karyn Usher November 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 20 ) 2AKJ12 9.62 35 13 `` The Killing Box '' Bobby Roth Zack Estrin November 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 27 ) 2AKJ13 9.62 36 14 `` John Doe '' Kevin Hooks Matt Olmstead & Nick Santora January 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 22 ) 2AKJ14 9.86 37 15 `` The Message '' Bobby Roth Zack Estrin & Karyn Usher January 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 29 ) 2AKJ15 9.90 38 16 `` Chicago '' Jesse Bochco Matt Olmstead & Nick Santora February 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) 2AKJ16 10.12 39 17 `` Bad Blood '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring & Karyn Usher February 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 19 ) 2AKJ17 9.55 40 18 `` Wash '' Bobby Roth Nick Santora February 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) 2AKJ18 9.42 41 19 `` Sweet Caroline '' Dwight H. Little Karyn Usher March 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 05 ) 2AKJ19 9.72 42 20 `` Panama '' Vincent Misiano Zack Estrin March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) 2AKJ20 8.40 43 21 `` Fin Del Camino '' Bobby Roth Matt Olmstead & Seth Hoffman March 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 26 ) 2AKJ21 8.24 44 22 `` Sona '' Kevin Hooks Paul Scheuring April 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 02 ) 2AKJ22 8.12 Season 3 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prison Break ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Orientación '' Kevin Hooks Paul Scheuring September 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 17 ) 3AKJ01 7.51 46 `` Fire / Water '' Bobby Roth Matt Olmstead September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 3AKJ02 7.41 47 `` Call Waiting '' Milan Cheylov Zack Estrin October 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) 3AKJ03 7.29 48 `` Good Fences '' Michael Switzer Nick Santora October 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) 3AKJ04 7.35 49 5 `` Interference '' Karen Gaviola Karyn Usher October 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 22 ) 3AKJ05 7.44 50 6 `` Photo Finish '' Kevin Hooks Seth Hoffman November 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) 3AKJ06 7.69 51 7 `` Vamonos '' Vincent Misiano Zack Estrin & Kalinda Vazquez November 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) 3AKJ07 8.00 52 8 `` Bang & Burn '' Bobby Roth Christian Trokey & Nick Santora November 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 3AKJ08 7.18 53 9 `` Boxed In '' Craig Ross , Jr . Karyn Usher January 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 14 ) 3AKJ09 7.87 54 10 `` Dirt Nap '' Michael Switzer Matt Olmstead & Seth Hoffman January 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 21 ) 3AKJ10 7.81 55 11 `` Under and Out '' Greg Yaitanes Zack Estrin February 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 04 ) 3AKJ11 7.35 56 12 `` Hell or High Water '' Kevin Hooks Nick Santora February 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) 3AKJ12 7.84 57 13 `` The Art of the Deal '' Nelson McCormick Matt Olmstead & Seth Hoffman February 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) 3AKJ13 7.40 Season 4 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prison Break ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 58 `` Scylla '' Kevin Hooks Matt Olmstead September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) 4AKJ01 6.53 59 `` Breaking & Entering '' Bobby Roth Zack Estrin September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) 4AKJ02 6.53 60 `` Shut Down '' Milan Cheylov Nick Santora September 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) 4AKJ03 6.36 61 `` Eagles & Angels '' Michael Switzer Karyn Usher September 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 15 ) 4AKJ04 5.79 62 5 `` Safe & Sound '' Karen Gaviola Seth Hoffman September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 4AKJ05 5.84 63 6 `` Blow Out '' Bryan Spicer Kalinda Vazquez September 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 4AKJ06 5.28 64 7 `` Five the Hard Way '' Garry A. Brown Christian Trokey October 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) 4AKJ07 5.37 65 8 `` The Price '' Bobby Roth Graham Roland October 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) 4AKJ08 5.45 66 9 `` Greatness Achieved '' Jesse Bochco Nick Santora November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 4AKJ09 5.23 67 10 `` The Legend '' Dwight H. Little Karyn Usher November 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 10 ) 4AKJ10 5.38 68 11 `` Quiet Riot '' Kevin Hooks Seth Hoffman November 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) 4AKJ11 5.52 69 12 `` Selfless '' Michael Switzer Kalinda Vazquez November 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 24 ) 4AKJ12 5.25 70 13 `` Deal or No Deal '' Bobby Roth Christian Trokey December 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) 4AKJ13 5.84 71 14 `` Just Business '' Mark Helfrich Graham Roland December 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 08 ) 4AKJ14 5.40 72 15 `` Going Under '' Karen Gaviola Zack Estrin December 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) 4AKJ15 5.37 73 16 `` The Sunshine State '' Kevin Hooks Matt Olmstead & Nicholas Wootton December 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 22 ) 4AKJ16 4.98 74 17 `` The Mother Lode '' Jonathan Glassner Seth Hoffman April 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 17 ) 4AKJ17 3.34 75 18 `` VS . '' Dwight H. Little Christian Trokey & Kalinda Vazquez April 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) 4AKJ18 3.06 76 19 `` S.O.B. '' Garry A. Brown Karyn Usher May 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) 4AKJ19 3.20 77 20 `` Cowboys & Indians '' Milan Cheylov Nick Santora May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) 4AKJ20 2.99 78 21 `` Rate of Exchange '' Bobby Roth Zack Estrin May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 4AKJ21 3.32 79 22 `` Killing Your Number '' Kevin Hooks Matt Olmstead & Nicholas Wootton May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 4AKJ22 3.32 80 23 `` The Old Ball and Chain '' Brad Turner Story by : Christian Trokey Teleplay by : Nick Santora & Seth Hoffman May 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) ( UK ) 4AKJ23 N / A 81 24 `` Free '' Kevin Hooks Story by : Kalinda Vazquez Teleplay by : Zack Estrin & Karyn Usher May 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) ( UK ) 4AKJ24 N / A Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Prison Break ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Ogygia '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1AZM01 3.83 83 `` Kaniel Outis '' Maja Vrvilo Paul Scheuring April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1AZM02 3.18 84 `` The Liar '' Maja Vrvilo Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1AZM03 2.44 85 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Guy Ferland Michael Horowitz April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1AZM04 2.75 86 5 `` Contingency '' Guy Ferland Vaun Wilmott May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1AZM05 2.35 87 6 `` Phaecia '' Kevin Tancharoen Michael Horowitz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1AZM06 2.37 88 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' Kevin Tancharoen Vaun Wilmott May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1AZM07 2.41 89 8 `` Progeny '' Nelson McCormick Michael Horowitz May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 1AZM08 1.90 90 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 1AZM09 2.30 Specials ( edit ) No . Title Narrated by Original air date `` Behind the Walls '' Mark Thompson October 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) The first special episode recaps the first seven episodes of the first season . It also includes making - of footage , cast interviews and background information on the show and the main characters . In the United States and United Kingdom , this episode was shown after the seventh episode , `` Riots , Drills and the Devil ( Part 2 ) '' , while in Australia , a slightly edited version of this special aired on April 12 , 2006 in between episodes 10 and 11 . This episode was released on an exclusive DVD that could only be received at Target with the purchase of the Season 1 DVD in the United States . `` The Road to Freedom '' John Leader January 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) Aired prior to the fourteenth episode , the second special episode previews the remaining episodes of the season . It also features interviews with cast members Wentworth Miller , Dominic Purcell , Sarah Wayne Callies , William Fichtner , Wade Williams , Paul Adelstein , Robert Knepper and Silas Weir Mitchell . `` Access All Areas '' Amanda Byram September 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 23 ) The third special episode was only aired on Sky1 in the United Kingdom . Like the other two special episodes , it focuses on the beginning of its season . It includes making - of footage and interviews with the cast , and also provides additional background information on the show and the new main characters . References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Prison Break : Season 1 '' . IGN . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . `` Prison Break : Season 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . `` Prison Break : Season 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . `` Prison Break : Season 4 '' . IGN . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Canadian Idol Puts Prison Break Behind Bars with 1.5 Million Viewers '' ( Press release ) . CTV Television Network . September 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( January 14 , 2008 ) . `` Prison Break is ending '' . E !. Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break , Making History Premiere Dates Announced by Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break -- Season 1 DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break DVD news : Season 2 delayed again ... '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break -- Season 3 DVD Information '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` Prison Break DVD news : Announcement for Prison Break -- Season 4 : The Final Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chen , Jason ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` Amazon launches Unbox Video Download store '' . Gawker Media Network . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Prison Break Online '' . Netflix . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox frees Prison Break without ads '' . C21Media . August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 7 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 13 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 20 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 11 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 1 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 22 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 29 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . December 6 , 2005 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 4 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 11 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . December 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . January 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 22 , 2008 ) . `` Overnight Results for Monday , January 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings Mon , Feb 4 : NBC Press Release '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 20 , 2008 . 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3877003380791666871 | Child labour | Child labour - wikipedia Child labour Jump to : navigation , search A succession of laws on child labour , the so - called Factory Acts , were passed in the UK in the 19th century . Children younger than nine were not allowed to work , those aged 9 -- 16 could work 16 hours per day per Cotton Mills Act . In 1856 , the law permitted child labour past age 9 , for 60 hours per week , night or day . In 1901 , the permissible child labour age was raised to 12 . 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Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalisation Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organisations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Arthur Rothstein , Child Labor , Cranberry Bog , 1939 . Brooklyn Museum Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood , interferes with their ability to attend regular school , and that is mentally , physically , socially or morally dangerous and harmful . This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations . Legislation across the world prohibit child labour . These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour ; exceptions include work by child artists , family duties , supervised training , certain categories of work such as those by Amish children , some forms of child work common among indigenous American children , and others . Child labour has existed to varying extents , through most of history . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many children aged 5 -- 14 from poorer families still worked in Europe , the United States and various colonies of European powers . These children mainly worked in agriculture , home - based assembly operations , factories , mining and in services such as news boys . Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours . With the rise of household income , availability of schools and passage of child labour laws , the incidence rates of child labour fell . In developing countries , with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities , child labour is still prevalent . In 2010 , sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour , with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5 -- 14 working . Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour . Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy ; children are predominantly employed by their parents , rather than factories . Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour . Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25 % to 10 % between 1960 and 2003 , according to the World Bank . Nevertheless , the total number of child labourers remains high , with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5 -- 17 worldwide , were involved in child labour in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Child labour in preindustrial societies 1.2 The Industrial Revolution 1.3 Early 20th century 1.3. 1 Household enterprises 1.4 21st century 2 Causes of child labour 2.1 Primary causes 2.2 Cultural causes 2.3 Macroeconomic causes 3 Child labour by country 3.1 Colonial empires 3.2 Africa 3.3 Australia 3.4 Brazil 3.5 Britain 3.6 India 3.7 Ireland 3.8 Japan 3.9 The Netherlands 3.10 Soviet Union and Russia 3.11 Switzerland 4 Child labour laws and initiatives 4.1 Exceptions granted 4.2 More laws vs. more freedom 5 Child labour incidents 5.1 Cocoa production 5.2 Mining in Africa 5.3 Meatpacking 5.4 GAP 5.5 H&M and Zara 5.6 Silk weaving 5.7 Primark 6 Eliminating child labour 7 Statistics 7.1 Number of children involved in ILO categories of work , by age and gender in 2002 8 Potential positives of children working 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 History 13 External links History Child labourers , Macon , Georgia , 1909 Child labour in pre-industrial societies Child labour forms an intrinsic part of pre-industrial economies . In pre-industrial societies , there is rarely a concept of childhood in the modern sense . Children often begin to actively participate in activities such as child rearing , hunting and farming as soon as they are competent . In many societies , children as young as 13 are seen as adults and engage in the same activities as adults . The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies , as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group . Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy , preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run . In pre-industrial societies , there was little need for children to attend school . This is especially the case in non literate societies . Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults . The Industrial Revolution Children going to a 12 - hour night shift in the United States ( 1908 ) . Early 20th century witnessed many home - based enterprises involving child labour . An example is shown above from New York in 1912 . Children working in home - based assembly operations in United States ( 1923 ) . Two girls protesting child labour ( by calling it child slavery ) in the 1909 New York City Labor Day parade . With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century , there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour , including child labour . Industrial cities such as Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates . These cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output . This process was replicated in other industrialising counties . The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed . Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous , often fatal , working conditions . In coal mines , children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults . Children also worked as errand boys , crossing sweepers , shoe blacks , or selling matches , flowers and other cheap goods . Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades , such as building or as domestic servants ( there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century ) . Working hours were long : builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter , while domestic servants worked 80 - hour weeks . Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset , often brought about by economic hardship . The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income . In 19th - century Great Britain , one - third of poor families were without a breadwinner , as a result of death or abandonment , obliging many children to work from a young age . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children . A high number of children also worked as prostitutes . The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory , with his family in debtor 's prison . Child wages were often low ; as little as 10 -- 20 % of an adult male 's wage . Karl Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour , saying British industries , `` could but live by sucking blood , and children 's blood too , '' and that U.S. capital was financed by the `` capitalized blood of children '' . Throughout the second half of the 19th century , child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors because of the Growth of Trade Unions . The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution . The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803 . As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day . These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation , by for example the `` Short Time Committees '' in 1831 , a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11 -- 18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day , children aged 9 -- 11 a maximum of eight hours , and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work . This act however only applied to the textile industry , and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 - hour working days . Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour . As technology improved and proliferated , there was a greater need for educated employees . This saw an increase in schooling , with the eventual introduction of compulsory schooling . Improved technology and automation also made child labour redundant . Early 20th century In the early 20th century , thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries . Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies . The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass ( 3133 ° F ) . When the boys are at work , they are exposed to this heat . This could cause eye trouble , lung ailments , heat exhaustion , cut , and burns . Since workers were paid by the piece , they had to work productively for hours without a break . Since furnaces had to be constantly burning , there were night shifts from 5 : 00 pm to 3 : 00 am . Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age . An estimated 1.7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900 . In 1910 , over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States . This included children who rolled cigarettes , engaged in factory work , worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills , worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries . Lewis Hine 's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south . Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee . Household enterprises Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century . Home - based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well . Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor . Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes . Families and women , in particular , preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties . Home - based manufacturing operations were active year - round . Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises . In many cases , men worked from home . In France , over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes ; in Germany , the number of full - time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907 ; and in the United States , millions of families operated out of home seven days a week , year round to produce garments , shoes , artificial flowers , feathers , match boxes , toys , umbrellas and other products . Children aged 5 -- 14 worked alongside the parents . Home - based operations and child labour in Australia , Britain , Austria and other parts of the world was common . Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture . In 1946 , Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home - based operations offered , `` low wages , long hours , child labour , unhealthy and insanitary working conditions . '' Percentage children working in England and Wales Census Year % Boys aged 10 -- 14 as child labour 1881 22.9 1891 26.0 1901 21.9 1911 18.3 Note : These are averages ; child labour in Lancashire was 80 % Source : Census of England and Wales 21st century Incidence rates for child labour worldwide in 10 - 14 age group , in 2003 , per World Bank data . The data is incomplete , as many countries do not collect or report child labour data ( coloured gray ) . The colour code is as follows : yellow ( < 10 % of children working ) , green ( 10 -- 20 % ) , orange ( 20 -- 30 % ) , red ( 30 -- 40 % ) and black ( > 40 % ) . Some nations such as Guinea - Bissau , Mali and Ethiopia have more than half of all children aged 5 -- 14 at work to help provide for their families . See also : Children 's rights Child labour is still common in many parts of the world . Estimates for child labour vary . It ranges between 250 and 304 million , if children aged 5 -- 17 involved in any economic activity are counted . If light occasional work is excluded , ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5 -- 14 worldwide in 2008 . This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004 . Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming , dairy , fisheries and forestry . Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail , hawking goods , restaurants , load and transfer of goods , storage , picking and recycling trash , polishing shoes , domestic help , and other services . The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy , home - based enterprises , factories , mines , packaging salt , operating machinery , and such operations . Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents , in unpaid family work situations . Some children work as guides for tourists , sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants . Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas ( 70 % ) and informal urban sector ( 26 % ) . Contrary to popular beliefs , most child labourers are employed by their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy . Children who work for pay or in - kind compensation are usually found in rural settings , then urban centres . Less than 3 percent of child labour aged 5 -- 14 across the world work outside their household , or away from their parents . Child labour accounts for 22 % of the workforce in Asia , 32 % in Africa , 17 % in Latin America , 1 % in the US , Canada , Europe and other wealthy nations . The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries . Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5 -- 17 employed as child labour , and a total of over 65 million . Asia , with its larger population , has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million . Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density , but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too . A boy repairing a tire in Gambia . Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour . In some countries , government policy contributes to this difficulty . For example , the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as `` highly secret '' . China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour ; still , the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China , generally in agriculture and low - skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises . In 2014 , the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers . The report listed electronics , garments , toys and coal among other goods . Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide . The ten highest risk countries in 2012 , ranked in decreasing order , were : Myanmar , North Korea , Somalia , Sudan , DR Congo , Zimbabwe , Afghanistan , Burundi , Pakistan and Ethiopia . Of the major growth economies , Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest , India 27th , China 36th , Viet Nam 37th , Indonesia 46th , and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties , to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets . Causes of child labour Primary causes International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) suggests poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour . For impoverished households , income from a child 's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household . Income from working children , even if small , may be between 25 and 40 % of the household income . Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour , and Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion . Lack of meaningful alternatives , such as affordable schools and quality education , according to ILO , is another major factor driving children to harmful labour . Children work because they have nothing better to do . Many communities , particularly rural areas where between 60 -- 70 % of child labour is prevalent , do not possess adequate school facilities . Even when schools are sometimes available , they are too far away , difficult to reach , unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it . Young girl working on a loom in Aït Benhaddou , Morocco in May 2008 . Cultural causes In European history when child labour was common , as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world , certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it . Some view that work is good for the character - building and skill development of children . In many cultures , particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive , the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents ' footsteps ; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age . Similarly , in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling , and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services . Agriculture deploys 70 % of the world 's child labour . Above , child worker on a rice farm in Vietnam . Macroeconomic causes Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour . They focus their study on five Asian nations including India , Pakistan , Indonesia , Thailand and Philippines . They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five , but it is not a new problem . Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world , over most of human history . They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side . While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side , they suggest that the growth of low - paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side . Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market , sise of informal economy , inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour . Child labour by country Child labour in a quarry , Ecuador . Colonial empires Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950 . In Africa , colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin - ordered modes of production , that is hiring a household for work not just the adults . Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations , mines and domestic service industries . Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5 -- 14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft . A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents ' nor child 's approval to assign a child to labour , away from parents , at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master . Other schemes included ' earn - and - learn ' programs where children would work and thereby learn . Britain for example passed a law , the so - called Masters and Servants Act of 1899 , followed by Tax and Pass Law , to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa . These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government 's needs such as in farms and as picannins . Beyond laws , new taxes were imposed on colonies . One of these taxes was the Head Tax in the British and French colonial empires . The tax was imposed on everyone older than 8 years , in some colonies . To pay these taxes and cover living expenses , children in colonial households had to work . In southeast Asian colonies , such as Hong Kong , child labour such as the Mui Tsai ( 妹 仔 ) , was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities . The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with , `` it is a way to save these children from a worse fate . '' Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children , and in exchange provided religious education , not secular education . Elsewhere , the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so - called Breaches of Contract Act , stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers . Proposals to regulate child labour began as early as 1786 . Africa Child Labour in Africa Main article : Child labour in Africa Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa . Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm . Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors , leading to ongoing poverty . Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations , begging , and other sales such as boot shining . In total , there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest . Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee , there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round . What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area . Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors , washing cars , helping in construction sites , weaving clothing , and sometimes even working as exotic dancers . While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour , working with animals , and selling crops . Of all the child workers , the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers . To address the issue of child labour , the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959 . Yet due to poverty , lack of education and ignorance , the legal actions were not / are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa . Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child . Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations , these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour . Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic , child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development . Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business . In the end , there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour , and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit . With children playing an important role in the African economy , child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century . Australia From European settlement in 1788 , child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work . Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain . With a low population , agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries . Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws , and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain . From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsory schooling . Child labour laws in Australia differ from state to state . Generally , children are allowed to work at any age , but restrictions exist for children under 15 years of age . These restrictions apply to work hours and the type of work that children can perform . In all states , children are obliged to attend school until a minimum leaving age , 15 years of age in all states except Tasmania and Queensland where the leaving age is 17 . Brazil Child labour in Brazil , leaving after collecting recyclables from a landfill . Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonised on April 22 , 1500 by Pedro Álvares Cabral . Work that many children took part in was not always visible , legal , or paid . Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood . Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is , there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period . Due to this lack of documentation , it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century . The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits . Armando Dias , for example , died in November 1913 whilst still very young , a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked . Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis . In Brazil , the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934 , 1937 , and 1946 . Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80 's , the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988 . This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14 . Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in , such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment , or certain kinds of factory work . Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour , there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil . It was not until recently in the 80 's that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences . Brazilian census data ( PNAD , 1999 ) indicate that 2.55 million 10 - 14 year - olds were illegally holding jobs . They were joined by 3.7 million 15 - 17 year - olds and about 375,000 5 - 9 year - olds . Due to the raised age restriction of 14 , at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws . Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour , there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil . Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs , guns , and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence . This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs . Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers , there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country . Britain Many factors played a role in Britain 's long - term economic growth , such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age . Children who worked at an early age were often not forced ; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially . Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents , sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family . Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass - produced the once homemade goods . Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes , working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths . Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories , the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen . This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families ; while also transitioning to save for their own future families . Besides the obligation , many children had to help support their families financially ; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century . By the end of the eighteenth century , 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14 . Due to this substantial shift in available workers , and the development of the industrial revolution , children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home . Yet , even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles , there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production . With such a high percentage of children working , the rising of illiteracy , and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families . Due to this problematic trend , many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work . Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy , changes in the development of technology , raised wages , and continuous regulations on factory legislation . The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago . In 1966 , the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14 . But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments . They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour . India Working girl in India . Main article : Child labour in India In 2015 , the country of India is home to the largest number of children who are working illegally in various industrial industries . Agriculture in India is the largest sector where many children work at early ages to help support their family . Many of these children are forced to work at young ages due to many family factors such as unemployment , a large number of family members , poverty , and lack of parental education . This is often the major cause of the high rate of child labour in India . On 23 June 1757 , the English East India Company defeated Siraj - ud - Daula , the Nawab of Bengal , in the Battle of Plassey . The British thus became masters of east India ( Bengal , Bihar , Orissa ) -- a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture , industry and trade . This led to a large number of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods . Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay , and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments . Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights , they did not cause trouble or complain , and they were often more trustworthy . The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income . An eight - year - old boy making his livelihood by showing a playful monkey in a running train in India in 2011 . A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one - third of Asia 's child labour and one - fourth of the world 's child labour . Due to a large number of children being illegally employed , the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working , and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children . International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India , such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924 . This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years . These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act was put into place . This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14 , and from working in hazardous conditions . Due to the increase of regulations and legal restrictions on child labour , there has been a 64 percent decline in child labour from 1993 - 2005 . Although this is a great decrease in the country of India , there is still high numbers of children working in the rural areas of India . With 85 percent of the child labour occurring in rural areas , and 15 percent occurring in urban areas , there are still substantial areas of concern in the country of India . India has legislation since 1986 which allows work by children in non-hazardous industry . In 2013 , the Punjab and Haryana High Court gave a landmark order that directed that there shall be a total ban on the employment of children up to the age of 14 years , be it hazardous or non-hazardous industries . However , the Court ruled that a child can work with his or her family in family based trades / occupations , for the purpose of learning a new trade / craftsmanship or vocation . Ireland In post-colonial Ireland , the rate of child exploitation was extremely high as children were used as farm labourers once they were able to walk , these children were never paid for the labour that they carried out on the family farm . Children were wanted and desired in Ireland for the use of their labour on the family farm . Irish parents felt that it was the children 's duty to carry out chores on the family farm Japan Though banned in modern Japan , shonenko ( child labourers ) were a feature of the Imperial era until its end in 1945 . During World War 2 labour recruiting efforts targeted youths from Taiwan ( Formosa ) , then a Japanese territory , with promises of educational opportunity . Though the target of 25,000 recruits was never reached , over 8,400 Taiwanese youths aged 12 to 14 relocated to Japan to help manufacture the Mitsubishi J2M Raiden aircraft . The Netherlands Child labour existed in the Netherlands up to and through the Industrial Revolution . Laws governing child labour in factories were first passed in 1874 , but child labour on farms continued to be the norm up until the 20th century . Soviet Union and russia Although formally banned since 1922 , child labour was widespread in the Soviet Union , mostly in the form of mandatory , unpaid work by schoolchildren on Saturdays and holidays . The students were used as a cheap , unqualified workforce on kolhoz ( collective farms ) as well as in industry and forestry . The practice was formally called `` work education '' . From the 1950s on , the students were also used for unpaid work at schools , where they cleaned and performed repairs . This practice has continued in the Russian Federation , where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works . By law , this is only allowed as part of specialised occupational training and with the students ' and parents ' permission , but those provisions are widely ignored . In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their `` holiday work '' as well as their teacher who was supervising them . Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov 's income , cotton harvesting . In September , when school normally starts , the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work , where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect . This process is repeated in spring , when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded . In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way . Switzerland Main article : Child labour in Switzerland As in many other countries , child labour in Switzerland affected among the so - called Kaminfegerkinder ( `` chimney sweep children '' ) and children working p.e. in spinning mills , factories and in agriculture in 19th - century Switzerland , but also to the 1960s so - called Verdingkinder ( literally : `` contract children '' or `` indentured child laborers '' ) were children who were taken from their parents , often due to poverty or moral reasons -- usually mothers being unmarried , very poor citizens , of Gypsy -- Yeniche origin , so - called Kinder der Landstrasse , etc. -- and sent to live with new families , often poor farmers who needed cheap labour . There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities , thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children . In the 1930s 20 % of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15 . Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so , commonly tolerated by federal authorities , to the 1960s , not all of them of course , but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated , that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children , and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes . 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive . Therefore , the so - called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014 . In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started , and still have to be collected to October 2015 . Child labour laws and Initiatives Main article : Child labour laws See also : Legal working age Almost every country in the world has laws relating to and aimed at preventing child labour . International Labour Organisation has helped set international law , which most countries have signed on and ratified . According to ILO minimum age convention ( C138 ) of 1973 , child labour refers to any work performed by children under the age of 12 , non-light work done by children aged 12 -- 14 , and hazardous work done by children aged 15 -- 17 . Light work was defined , under this Convention , as any work that does not harm a child 's health and development , and that does not interfere with his or her attendance at school . This convention has been ratified by 135 countries . The United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990 , which was subsequently ratified by 193 countries . Article 32 of the convention addressed child labour , as follows : ... Parties recognise the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child 's education , or to be harmful to the child 's health or physical , mental , spiritual , moral or social development . Under Article 1 of the 1990 Convention , a child is defined as `` ... every human being below the age of eighteen years unless , under the law applicable to the child , a majority is attained earlier . '' Article 28 of this Convention requires States to , `` make primary education compulsory and available free to all . '' 195 countries are party to the Convention ; only two nations have not ratified the treaty , Somalia and the United States . In 1999 , ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 ( C182 ) , which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States . This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour , defined as all forms of slavery and slavery - like practices , such as child trafficking , debt bondage , and forced labour , including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict . The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography , child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking ; and in hazardous work . Both the Worst Forms Convention ( C182 ) and the Minimum Age Convention ( C138 ) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour . In addition to setting the international law , the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) in 1992 . This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour . Amongst the key initiative is the so - called time - bounded programme countries , where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking . The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things , universal primary school availability . The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries : Bangladesh , Brazil , China , Egypt , India , Indonesia , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , Democratic Republic of Congo , El Salvador , Nepal , Tanzania , Dominican Republic , Costa Rica , Philippines , Senegal , South Africa and Turkey . Targeted child labour campaigns were initiated by the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) in order to advocate for prevention and elimination of all forms of child labour . The global Music against Child Labour Initiative was launched in 2013 in order to involve socially excluded children in structured musical activity and education in efforts to help protect them from child labour . Exceptions granted The United States has passed a law that allows Amish children older than 14 to work in traditional wood enterprises with proper supervision . In 2004 , the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938 . The amendment allows certain children aged 14 -- 18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood . The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States . The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job . The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families , once they are passed eighth grade in school . Similarly , in 1996 , member countries of the European Union , per Directive 94 / 33 / EC , agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws . Under these rules , children of various ages may work in cultural , artistic , sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority . Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country . Additionally , the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work / training scheme . The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances . Nonetheless , many children under the age of 13 do work , even in the most developed countries of the EU . For instance , a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve - year - old kids had a job , the most common being babysitting . More laws vs. more freedom `` Very often , however , these state laws were not enforced ... Federal legislation was passed in 1916 and again in 1919 , but both laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court . Although the number of child workers declined dramatically during the 1920s and 1930s , it was not until the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 that federal regulation of child labor finally became a reality . '' -- Smithsonian , on child labour in early 20th century United States , Scholars disagree on the best legal course forward to address child labour . Some suggest the need for laws that place a blanket ban on any work by children less than 18 years old . Others suggest the current international laws are enough , and the need for more engaging approach to achieve the ultimate goals . Some scholars suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy , inhumane work and lower investment in human capital . Child labour , claim these activists , also leads to poor labour standards for adults , depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries , and dooms the third world economies to low - skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports . More children that work in poor countries , the fewer and worse - paid are the jobs for adults in these countries . In other words , there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less , everywhere in the world . Child labour in Bangladesh . Other scholars suggest that these arguments are flawed , ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good . According to them , child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty . If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive , informal economy , illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive . These will increase abuse of the children . In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia , Chad , Niger and Nepal - schools are not available , and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable . The alternatives for children who currently work , claim these studies , are worse : grinding subsistence farming , militia or prostitution . Child labour is not a choice , it is a necessity , the only option for survival . It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices . Nepali girls working in brick factory . These scholars suggest , from their studies of economic and social data , that early 20th - century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy , technology development and general prosperity . Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later . Edmonds suggests , even in contemporary times , the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth . These scholars suggest economic engagement , emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world . International legal actions , such as trade sanctions increase child labour . `` The Incredible Bread Machine '' , a book published by `` World Research , Inc . '' in 1974 , stated : Child labour was a particular target of early reformers . William Cooke Tatlor wrote at the time about these reformers who , witnessing children at work in the factories , thought to themselves : ' How much more delightful would have been the gambol of the free limbs on the hillside ; the sight of the green mead with its spangles of buttercups and daisies ; the song of the bird and the humming bee ... ' But for many of these children the factory system meant quite literally the only chance for survival . Today we overlook the fact that death from starvation and exposure was a common fate before the Industrial Revolution , for the pre-capitalist economy was barely able to support the population . Yes , children were working . Formerly they would have starved . It was only as goods were produced in greater abundance at a lower cost that men could support their families without sending their children to work . It was not the reformer or the politician that ended the grim necessity for child labour ; it was capitalism . Child labour incidents Cocoa production Main articles : Children in cocoa production and Harkin - Engel Protocol In 1998 , UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children -- many from surrounding countries . In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa -- the main ingredient in chocolate -- in West Africa . Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa . In 2001 , the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa , cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast , and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest . Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast , but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10 - year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees . The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away . Malian officials believed that 15,000 children , some as young as 11 years old , were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001 . These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries . Parents were told the children would find work and send money home , but once the children left home , they often worked in conditions resembling slavery . In other cases , children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves . In 2002 , the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby , which suggested they were trafficked , likely from neighboring Mali , Burkina Faso and Togo . The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking . The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as `` false and excessive '' and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas . Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children 's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored . In a BBC interview , the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate . In 2001 , a voluntary agreement called the Harkin - Engel Protocol , was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour , as defined by ILO 's Convention 182 , in West Africa . This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002 . The foundation claims it has , as of 2011 , active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana , reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry . Other organisations claim progress has been made , but the protocol 's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met . Mining in Africa Children engaged in diamond mining in Sierra Leone . In 2008 , Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo . The children are creuseurs , that is they dig the ore by hand , carry sacks of ores on their backs , and these are then purchased by these companies . Over 60 of Katanga 's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region 's minerals go to China . An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15 , or about 40 % of all miners , were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region . Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labour , and that it was being used in lithium - ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide . BBC , in 2012 , accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa . Glencore denied it used child labour , and said it has strict policy of not using child labour . The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly , placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter . Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010 ; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession . Small - scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world . This form of mining uses labour - intensive and low - tech methods . It is informal sector of the economy . Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines . In west Africa , in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining . Locally known as orpaillage , children as young as 6 years old work with their families . These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury , and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground , pulling up , carrying and crushing the ore . The poor work practices harm the long term health of children , as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers , ground water and lakes . Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana . For Mali , it is the second largest earner of its export revenue . For many poor families with children , it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income . Meatpacking In early August 2008 , Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors , a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement , had employed 57 minors , some as young as 14 , in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant . Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution , claiming that his department 's inquiry had discovered `` egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa 's child labour laws . '' Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations . Agriprocessors ' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010 . After a five - week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo , Iowa , on 7 June 2010 . Gap Working child in Ooty , India A 2007 report claimed some GAP products had been produced by child labourers . GAP acknowledged the problem and announced it is pulling the products from its shelf . The report found Gap had rigorous social audit systems since 2004 to eliminate child labour in its supply chain . However , the report concluded that the system was being abused by unscrupulous subcontractors . GAP 's policy , the report claimed , is that if it discovers child labour was used by its supplier in its branded clothes , the contractor must remove the child from the workplace , provide it with access to schooling and a wage , and guarantee the opportunity of work on reaching a legal working age . In 2007 , The New York Times reported that GAP , after the child labour discovery , created a $200,000 grant to improve working conditions in the supplier community . H&M and Zara In December 2009 , campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children . Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation ( EJF ) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh . It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan , where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields . The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a `` track and trace '' systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material . H&M said it `` does not accept '' child labour and `` seeks to avoid '' using Uzbek cotton , but admitted it did `` not have any reliable methods '' to ensure Uzbek cotton did not end up in any of its products . Inditex , the owner of Zara , said its code of conduct banned child labour . Silk weaving A 2003 Human Rights Watch report claimed children as young as five years old were employed and worked for up to 12 hours a day and six to seven days a week in silk industry . These children , HRW claimed , were bonded child labour in India , easy to find in Karnataka , Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu . In 2010 , a German news investigative report claimed that in silk weaving industry , non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) had found up to 10,000 children working in the 1,000 silk factories in 1998 . In other places , thousands of bonded child labour were present in 1994 . After UNICEF and NGOs got involved , after 2005 , child labour figure is drastically lower , with the total estimated to be fewer than a thousand child labourers . The released children were back in school , claims the report . Primark In 2008 , the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labour in the manufacture of clothing . In particular , a £ 4 hand - embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC 's Panorama programme . The programme asks consumers to ask themselves , `` Why am I only paying £ 4 for a hand embroidered top ? This item looks handmade . Who made it for such little cost ? '' , in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent . As a result of the BBC report , Royal Television Society awarded it a prize , and Primark took immediate action and fired three Indian suppliers in 2008 . Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years , concluding that BBC report was a fake . In 2011 , following an investigation by the BBC Trust 's Editorial Standards Committee , the BBC announced , `` Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence , the committee concluded that , on the balance of probabilities , it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic . '' BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage , and returned the television award for investigative reporting . Eliminating child labour Child labour in a coal mine , United States , c. 1912 . Photograph by Lewis Hine . Different forms of child labour in Central America , 1999 . Concerns have often been raised over the buying public 's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour . However , others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions , such as prostitution or agriculture . For example , a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US , an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh , leaving many to resort to jobs such as `` stone - crushing , street hustling , and prostitution '' , jobs that are `` more hazardous and exploitative than garment production '' . The study suggests that boycotts are `` blunt instruments with long - term consequences , that can actually harm rather than help the children involved . '' According to Milton Friedman , before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture . During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work . Over time , as real wages rose , parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined , both before and after legislation . Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre - and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went `` voluntarily and gladly '' to work in factories . British historian and socialist E.P. Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic work and participation in the wider ( waged ) labour market . Further , the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed . Social historian Hugh Cunningham , author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500 , notes that : `` Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that , just as child labour had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , so it would also , in a trickle - down fashion , in the rest of the world . Its failure to do that , and its re-emergence in the developed world , raise questions about its role in any economy , whether national or global . '' According to Thomas DeGregori , an economics professor at the University of Houston , in an article published by the Cato Institute , a libertarian think - tank operating in Washington D.C. , `` it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools . Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer , healthier lives . However , in poor countries like Bangladesh , working children are essential for survival in many families , as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century . So , while the struggle to end child labour is necessary , getting there often requires taking different routes -- and , sadly , there are many political obstacles . The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) , founded in 1992 , aims to eliminate child labour . It operates in 88 countries and is the largest program of its kind in the world . IPEC works with international and government agencies , NGOs , the media , and children and their families to end child labour and provide children with education and assistance . From 2008 to 2013 , the ILO operated a program through International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) entitled `` Combating Abusive Child Labour ( CACL - II ) '' . The project , funded by the European Union , contributed to the Government of Pakistan by providing alternative opportunities for vocational training and education to children withdrawn from the worst forms of child labour . Periodically , governments , employers ' and workers ' organisations have met in global conference to assess progress and remaining obstacles and to agree measures to eliminate the worst forms of child labour by 2016 : first in Oslo ( 1997 ) , secondly in The Hague ( 2010 ) ; the third Global Conference on Child Labour took place in Brasilia , 8010 October 2013 , and the fourth global conference is scheduled to be held in Buenos Aires , Argentina , 14 - 16 November 2017 . Statistics Number of children involved in ILO categories of work , by age and gender in 2002 All Children ( 2002 ) Economically Active Children Economically Active Children ( % ) Child Labour Child Labour ( % ) Children In Hazardous Work Children In Hazardous Work ( % ) Ages 5 -- 11 838,800,000 109,700,000 13.1 109,700,000 13.1 60,500,000 7.2 Ages 12 -- 14 360,600,000 101,100,000 28.0 76,000,000 21.1 50,800,000 14.1 Ages 5 -- 14 1,199,400,000 210,800,000 17.6 186,300,000 15.5 111,300,000 9.3 Ages 15 -- 17 332,100,000 140,900,000 42.4 59,200,000 17.8 59,200,000 17.8 Boys 786,600,000 184,100,000 23.4 132,200,000 16.8 95,700,000 12.2 Girls 744,900,000 167,600,000 22.5 113,300,000 15.2 74,800,000 10.5 Total 1,531,500,000 351,700,000 23.0 245,500,000 16.0 170,500,000 11.1 Potential positives of children working The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children . It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work . Domestic work is an example : all families but the rich must work at cleaning , cooking , caring , and more to maintain their homes . In most families in the world , this process extends to productive activities , especially herding and various types of agriculture , and to a variety of small family businesses . Where trading is a significant feature of social life , children can start trading in small items at an early age , often in the company of family members or of peers . Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up . Work can contribute to the well - being of children in a variety of ways ; children often choose to work to improve their lives , both in the short - and long - term . At the material level , children 's work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families ; and such income is especially important when the families are poor . Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty , sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment . Young people often enjoy their work , especially paid work , or when work involves the company of peers . Even when work is intensive and enforced , children often find ways to combine their work with play . While full - time work hinders schooling , empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part - time work and school . Sometimes even part - time work may hinder school attendance or performance . On the other hand , many poor children work for resources to attend school . Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work . Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home . In the modern world , school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children , often replacing participation in productive work . If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork , school may impede the learning of skills , such as agriculture , which will become necessary for future livelihood . See also Organised labour portal Lewis Hine used photography to help bring attention to child labour in America . He created this poster in 1914 with an appeal about child labour . Child abuse Child labour in Africa Child labour in Bangladesh Child labour in India Child migration Child prostitution Child slavery Child soldiers Child work in indigenous American cultures Children in cocoa production Children 's rights movement Concerned for Working Children Debt bondage Exploitation Guaranteed minimum income History of childhood Human trafficking International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour , IPEC International Research on Working Children Kinder der Landstrasse , Switzerland Labour law Legal working age London matchgirls strike of 1888 Newsboys strike of 1899 Rochdale sex trafficking gang Street children Sweatshop Trafficking of children Unfree labour International conventions and other instruments : Pilot project on Delivery of water to households far from sources of safe water ILO Forced Labour Convention , 1930 ( No. 29 ) ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention , 1957 ( No. 105 ) ILO Minimum Age Convention , 1973 ( No. 138 ) ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention , 1999 ( No. 182 ) Notes Jump up ^ Laura Del Col ( West Virginia University ) . `` The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth - Century England '' . victorianweb.org . 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Jump up ^ `` BBC 's Primark apology over ' fake ' child labour footage '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC to apologise over ' faked footage ' in Panorama report about Primark '' . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` BBC hands back RTS award for Panorama programme on Primark '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Some authors such as conservative Nobel economist Milton Friedman claim that child labour actually decreased during the industrial revolution . He argues that before the industrial revolution almost all children were working in agriculture ( ... ) '' Robert A. Schultz ( 2010 ) . Information Technology and the Ethics of Globalization : Transnational Issues and Implications . IGI Global Snippet . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60566 - 923 - 6 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hugh Cunningham , `` The Employment and Unemployment of Children in England c. 1680 -- 1851 . '' Past and Present . Feb. 1990 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 126.1. 115 Jump up ^ Murray Rothbard , Down With Primitivism : A Thorough Critique of Polanyi Ludwig Von Mises Institute , reprint of June 1961 article . Jump up ^ Hugh Cunningham , `` The decline of child labour : labour markets and family economies in Europe and North America since 1830 '' , Economic History Review , 2000 . Jump up ^ DeGregori , Thomas R. , `` Child Labour or Child Prostitution ? '' Cato Institute . Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` About the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ( IPEC ) ( IPEC ) '' . www.ilo.org . Jump up ^ `` Combating Abusive Child Labour II '' . 1 April 2008 . Jump up ^ ILO , III Global Conference on Child Labour - Brasilia , 8 - 10 October 2013 Jump up ^ ILO , IV Global Conference on the Sustained Eradication of Child Labour , Buenos Aires , 14 - 16 November 2017 , accessed 17 June 2017 Jump up ^ ILO ( 2002a ) , `` Every child counts : new global estimates on child labour '' , Geneva : International Labour Office . Jump up ^ For examples see Bourdillon et al pp 1 - 6 , 180 - 194 . Pp 195 - 200 offer an alternative and more effective approach to protecting working children . Jump up ^ Polak , Barbara ( 2012 ) , `` Bamana Peasants ' Children at Work : Deconstructing Stereotypes of Child Work '' , in Gerd Spittler and Michael Bourdillon , African Children at Work : Working and Learning in Growing Up for Life , Berlin : LIT Verlag Jump up ^ Invernizzi , Antonella ( 2003 ) . `` Street - Working Children and Adolescents in Lima : Work as an Agent of Socialization '' . Childhood. 10 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bourdillon , Michael ; Deborah Levison ; William Myers ; Ben White ( 2010 ) . Rights and Wrongs of Children 's Work . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Bourdillon , Michael ( 2013 ) . Asher Ben - Arieh , ed . `` Children 's Work '' in Handbook of Child - Well Being . Springer . Jump up ^ Hashim , Iman M. ; Dorte Thorsen ( 2011 ) . Child Migration in Africa . London : Zed Books . Jump up ^ Katz , Cindi ( 2004 ) . Growing Up Global : Economic Restructuring and Children 's Everyday Lives . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . Jump up ^ Call , Kathleen ; Jeylan T. Mortimer ( 2001 ) . Arenas of Comfort in Adolescence : A Study of Adjustment in Context . London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Jump up ^ Qvortrup , Jens ( 2001 ) , `` School - Work , Paid Work and the Changing Obligations of Childhood '' , in Mizen , Philip , Hidden Hands : International Perspectives on Children 's Work and Labour , London : Routledge . Jump up ^ White , Ben ( 2012 ) . `` Agriculture and the Generation Problem : Rural Youth , Employment , and the Future of Farming '' . IDS Bulletin . 43 ( 5 ) . References ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World . ( 2005 ) The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009 International Labour Office . ( 2005 ) . A global alliance against forced labour Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO / SAP - FL Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO / SAP - FL Eradication of forced labour - General Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention , 1930 ( No. 29 ) , and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention , 1957 ( No. 105 ) - ILO 2007 Forced Labour : Definition , Indicators and Measurement 2004 - ILO Stopping Forced Labour 2001 - ILO Further reading Baland , Jean - Marie and James A. Robinson ( 2000 ) ' Is child labour inefficient ? ' Journal of Political Economy 108 , 663 -- 679 Basu , Kaushik , and Homa Zarghamee ( 2009 ) ' Is product boycott a good idea for controlling child labour ? A theoretical investigation ' Journal of Development Economics 88 , 217 -- 220 Bhukuth , Augendra . `` Defining child labour : a controversial debate '' Development in Practice ( 2008 ) 18 , 385 -- 394 Emerson , Patrick M. , and André Portela Souza . `` Is Child Labour Harmful ? The Impact of Working Earlier in Life on Adult Earnings '' Economic Development and Cultural Change 59 : 345 -- 385 , January 2011 doi : 10.1086 / 657125 uses data from Brazil to show very strong negative effects -- boys who work before age 14 earn much less as adults Humbert , Franziska . The Challenge of Child Labour in International Law ( 2009 ) Humphries , Jane . Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution ( 2010 ) ILO , Investing in every child : An economic Study of the Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labour Mayer , Gerald . Child Labor in America : History , Policy , and Legislative Issues . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , 2013 . Ravallion , Martin , and Quentin Wodon ( 2000 ) ' Does child labour displace schooling ? Evidence on behavioural responses to an enrollment subsidy ' Economic Journal 110 , C158 - C175 History `` Child Employing Industries , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 35 , Mar. 1910 in JSTOR , articles by experts in 1910 Goldberg , Ellis . Trade , Reputation , and Child Labour in Twentieth - Century Egypt ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Grier , Beverly . Invisible Hands : Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe ( 2005 ) Hindman , Hugh D. Child Labour : An American History ( 2002 ) Humphries , Jane ; Horrell , Sara ( 1995 ) . `` ' The Exploitation of Little Children ' : Child Labour and the Family Economy in the Industrial Revolution '' . Explorations in Economic History . 32 : 485 -- 516 . doi : 10.1006 / exeh. 1995.1021 . Humphries , Jane . Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution ( Cambridge Studies in Economic History ) ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Kirby , Peter . Child Labour in Britain , 1750 - 1870 ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search McIntosh , Robert . Boys in the pits : Child labour in coal mines ( McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP , 2000 ) , Canadian mines Meerkerk , Elise van Naderveen ; Schmidt , Ariadne . `` Between Wage Labor and Vocation : Child Labor in Dutch Urban Industry , 1600 - 1800 , '' Journal of Social History ( 2008 ) 41 # 3 pp 717 -- 736 in Project MUSE Mofford , Juliet . Child Labour in America ( 1970 ) Tuttle , Carolyn . Hard At Work In Factories And Mines : The Economics Of Child Labour During The British Industrial Revolution ( 1999 ) External links Look up child labour in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Child labour . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Child labour Combating Child Labor -- Bureau of International Labor Affairs , U.S. Department of Labor A UNICEF web resource with tables of % children who work for a living , by country and gender Rare child labour photos from the U.S. Library of Congress History Place Photographs from 1908 -- 1912 International Research on Child Labour International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour International Labour Organisation ( UN ) World Day Against Child Labour 12 June Concerned for Working Children An India - based non-profit organisation working towards elimination of child labour The OneWorld guide to child labour The State of the World 's Children -- a UNICEF study `` United States Child Labour , 1908 -- 1920 : As Seen Through the Lens of Sociologist and Photographer Lewis W. Hine '' ( video ) Child Labour in Chile , 1880 -- 1950 download complete text , in spanish 12 to 12 community portal ILO sponsored website on the elimination of child labour The ILO Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour ( SAP - FL ) Every day against child labour by muvizz.com ( video ) Social and environmental accountability Ethics and principles Aarhus Convention Corporate accountability / behaviour / social responsibility Ethical banking Ethical code Extended producer responsibility Organizational ethics Organizational justice Principles for Responsible Investment Social responsibility Stakeholder theory Sullivan principles Transparency ( behavioral social ) UN Global Compact Social accounting Double bottom line Ethical Positioning Index Higg Index Impact assessment ( environmental equality social ) ISO 26000 Genuine progress indicator OHSAS 18001 Performance indicator SA8000 Social return on investment Whole - life cost Environmental accounting Carbon accounting Eco-Management and Audit Scheme Emission inventory Environmental full - cost accounting / impact assessment / management system / profit - and - loss account ISO 14000 ISO 14031 : 1999 Life - cycle assessment Pollutant release and transfer register Sustainability accounting / measurement / metrics and indices / standards and certification / supply chain Toxics Release Inventory Triple bottom line Reporting Global Reporting Initiative GxP guidelines Sustainability reporting Auditing Community - based monitoring Environmental ( certification ) Fair trade ( certification ) ISO 19011 Related Bangladesh Accord Benefit corporation Child labour Community interest company Conflict of interest Disasters Disinvestment Eco-labeling Environmental pricing reform Environmental , social and corporate governance Ethical consumerism Euthenics Health impact assessment Market governance mechanism Product certification Public participation Social enterprise Socially responsible investing Stakeholder ( engagement ) Supply chain management Environment portal Commons Organizations LCCN : sh85023444 GND : 4128152 - 4 BNF : cb119313534 ( data ) NDL : 00572258 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_labour&oldid=807581877 '' Categories : Childhood History of youth Child labour Children 's rights Labor rights Human trafficking Ethically disputed working conditions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from January 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Dutch - language external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latina മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 21 : 40 . 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2170594565088938498 | Hardy–Weinberg principle | Hardy -- Weinberg principle - wikipedia Hardy -- Weinberg principle Hardy -- Weinberg proportions for two alleles : the horizontal axis shows the two allele frequencies p and q and the vertical axis shows the expected genotype frequencies . Each line shows one of the three possible genotypes . The Hardy -- Weinberg principle , also known as the Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium , model , theorem , or law , states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences . These influences include mate choice , mutation , selection , genetic drift , gene flow , and meiotic drive . In the simplest case of a single locus with two alleles denoted A and a with frequencies f ( A ) = p and f ( a ) = q , respectively , the expected genotype frequencies under random mating are f ( AA ) = p for the AA homozygotes , f ( aa ) = q for the aa homozygotes , and f ( Aa ) = 2pq for the heterozygotes . In the absence of selection , mutation , genetic drift , or other forces , allele frequencies p and q are constant between generations , so equilibrium is reached . The principle is named after G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg , who first demonstrated it mathematically . Hardy 's paper was focused on debunking the then - commonly held view that a dominant allele would automatically tend to increase in frequency ; today , confusion between dominance and selection is less common . Today , tests for Hardy - Weinberg genotype frequencies are used primarily to test for population stratification and other forms of non-random mating . Contents ( hide ) 1 Derivation 2 Deviations from Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium 3 Sex linkage 4 Generalizations 4.1 Generalization for more than two alleles 4.2 Generalization for polyploidy 4.3 Complete generalization 5 Applications 5.1 Application to cases of complete dominance 6 Significance tests for deviation 6.1 Example χ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) test for deviation 6.2 Fisher 's exact test ( probability test ) 7 Inbreeding coefficient 8 History 8.1 Derivation of Hardy 's equations 8.2 Numerical example 9 Graphical representation 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Derivation ( edit ) Consider a population of monoecious diploids , where each organism produces male and female gametes at equal frequency , and has two alleles at each gene locus . Organisms reproduce by random union of gametes ( the `` gene pool '' population model ) . A locus in this population has two alleles , A and a , that occur with initial frequencies f ( A ) = p and f ( a ) = q , respectively . The allele frequencies at each generation are obtained by pooling together the alleles from each genotype of the same generation according to the expected contribution from the homozygote and heterozygote genotypes , which are 1 and 1 / 2 , respectively : f t ( A ) = f t ( AA ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( A ) ) ) = f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ( 1 ) f t ( a ) = f t ( aa ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( a ) ) ) = f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) Length of p , q corresponds to allele frequencies ( here p = 0.6 , q = 0.4 ) . Then area of rectangle represents genotype frequencies ( thus AA : Aa : aa = 0.36 : 0.48 : 0.16 ) . The different ways to form genotypes for the next generation can be shown in a Punnett square , where the proportion of each genotype is equal to the product of the row and column allele frequencies from the current generation . Table 1 : Punnett square for Hardy -- Weinberg Females A ( p ) a ( q ) Males A ( p ) AA ( p ) Aa ( pq ) a ( q ) Aa ( qp ) aa ( q ) The sum of the entries is p + 2pq + q = 1 , as the genotype frequencies must sum to one . Note again that as p + q = 1 , the binomial expansion of ( p + q ) = p + 2pq + q = 1 gives the same relationships . Summing the elements of the Punnett square or the binomial expansion , we obtain the expected genotype proportions among the offspring after a single generation : f 1 ( AA ) = p 2 = f 0 ( A ) 2 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) = f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \ text ( A ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) f 1 ( Aa ) = p q + q p = 2 p q = 2 f 0 ( A ) f 0 ( a ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) = pq + qp = 2pq = 2f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \ text ( A ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \ text ( a ) ) ) ) ( 4 ) f 1 ( aa ) = q 2 = f 0 ( a ) 2 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) = f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \ text ( a ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) These frequencies define the Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium . It should be mentioned that the genotype frequencies after the first generation need not equal the genotype frequencies from the initial generation , e.g. f ( AA ) ≠ f ( AA ) . However , the genotype frequencies for all future times will equal the Hardy -- Weinberg frequencies , e.g. f ( AA ) = f ( AA ) for t > 1 . This follows since the genotype frequencies of the next generation depend only on the allele frequencies of the current generation which , as calculated by equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , are preserved from the initial generation : f 1 ( A ) = f 1 ( AA ) + 1 2 f 1 ( Aa ) = p 2 + p q = p ( p + q ) = p = f 0 ( A ) f 1 ( a ) = f 1 ( aa ) + 1 2 f 1 ( Aa ) = q 2 + p q = q ( p + q ) = q = f 0 ( a ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( A ) ) ) & = f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) + pq = p ( p + q ) = p = f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \ text ( A ) ) ) \ \ f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( a ) ) ) & = f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( 1 ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) + pq = q ( p + q ) = q = f_ ( 0 ) ( ( \ text ( a ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For the more general case of dioecious diploids ( organisms are either male or female ) that reproduce by random mating of individuals , it is necessary to calculate the genotype frequencies from the nine possible matings between each parental genotype ( AA , Aa , and aa ) in either sex , weighted by the expected genotype contributions of each such mating . Equivalently , one considers the six unique diploid - diploid combinations : ( ( AA , AA ) , ( AA , Aa ) , ( AA , aa ) , ( Aa , Aa ) , ( Aa , aa ) , ( aa , aa ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) , ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) , ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) , ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) , ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) , ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) , ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) , ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) , ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) , ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) , ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) , ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) \ right ) ) and constructs a Punnett square for each , so as to calculate its contribution to the next generation 's genotypes . These contributions are weighted according to the probability of each diploid - diploid combination , which follows a multinomial distribution with k = 3 . For example , the probability of the mating combination ( AA , aa ) is 2 f ( AA ) f ( aa ) and it can only result in the Aa genotype : ( 0 , 1 , 0 ) . Overall , the resulting genotype frequencies are calculated as : ( f t + 1 ( AA ) , f t + 1 ( Aa ) , f t + 1 ( aa ) ) = = f t ( AA ) f t ( AA ) ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) + 2 f t ( AA ) f t ( Aa ) ( 1 2 , 1 2 , 0 ) + 2 f t ( AA ) f t ( aa ) ( 0 , 1 , 0 ) + f t ( Aa ) f t ( Aa ) ( 1 4 , 1 2 , 1 4 ) + 2 f t ( Aa ) f t ( aa ) ( 0 , 1 2 , 1 2 ) + f t ( aa ) f t ( aa ) ( 0 , 0 , 1 ) = ( ( f t ( AA ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ) 2 , 2 ( f t ( AA ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ) ( f t ( aa ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ) , ( f t ( aa ) + 1 2 f t ( Aa ) ) 2 ) = ( f t ( A ) 2 , 2 f t ( A ) f t ( a ) , f t ( a ) 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & \ left ( f_ ( t + 1 ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) , f_ ( t + 1 ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) , f_ ( t + 1 ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) \ right ) = \ \ & \ qquad = f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) \ left ( 1 , 0 , 0 \ right ) + 2f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) , ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) , 0 \ right ) + 2f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) \ left ( 0 , 1 , 0 \ right ) \ \ & \ qquad \ qquad + f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) , ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) , ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) + 2f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) \ left ( 0 , ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) , ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) + f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) \ left ( 0 , 0 , 1 \ right ) \ \ & \ qquad = \ left ( \ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) , 2 \ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) \ right ) \ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) \ right ) , \ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) + ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ \ & \ qquad = \ left ( f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( A ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) , 2f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( A ) ) ) f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( a ) ) ) , f_ ( t ) ( ( \ text ( a ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) As before , one can show that the allele frequencies at time t + 1 equal those at time t , and so , are constant in time . Similarly , the genotype frequencies depend only on the allele frequencies , and so , after time t = 1 are also constant in time . If in either monoecious or dioecious organisms , either the allele or genotype proportions are initially unequal in either sex , it can be shown that constant proportions are obtained after one generation of random mating . If dioecious organisms are heterogametic and the gene locus is located on the X chromosome , it can be shown that if the allele frequencies are initially unequal in the two sexes ( e.g. , XX females and XY males , as in humans ) , f ′ ( a ) in the heterogametic sex ' chases ' f ( a ) in the homogametic sex of the previous generation , until an equilibrium is reached at the weighted average of the two initial frequencies . Deviations from Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium ( edit ) The seven assumptions underlying Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium are as follows : organisms are diploid only sexual reproduction occurs generations are nonoverlapping mating is random population size is infinitely large allele frequencies are equal in the sexes there is no migration , mutation or selection Violations of the Hardy -- Weinberg assumptions can cause deviations from expectation . How this affects the population depends on the assumptions that are violated . Random mating . The HWP states the population will have the given genotypic frequencies ( called Hardy -- Weinberg proportions ) after a single generation of random mating within the population . When the random mating assumption is violated , the population will not have Hardy -- Weinberg proportions . A common cause of non-random mating is inbreeding , which causes an increase in homozygosity for all genes . If a population violates one of the following four assumptions , the population may continue to have Hardy -- Weinberg proportions each generation , but the allele frequencies will change over time . Selection , in general , causes allele frequencies to change , often quite rapidly . While directional selection eventually leads to the loss of all alleles except the favored one ( unless one allele is dominant , in which case recessive alleles can survive at low frequencies ) , some forms of selection , such as balancing selection , lead to equilibrium without loss of alleles . Mutation will have a very subtle effect on allele frequencies . Mutation rates are of the order 10 to 10 , and the change in allele frequency will be , at most , the same order . Recurrent mutation will maintain alleles in the population , even if there is strong selection against them . Migration genetically links two or more populations together . In general , allele frequencies will become more homogeneous among the populations . Some models for migration inherently include nonrandom mating ( Wahlund effect , for example ) . For those models , the Hardy -- Weinberg proportions will normally not be valid . Small population size can cause a random change in allele frequencies . This is due to a sampling effect , and is called genetic drift . Sampling effects are most important when the allele is present in a small number of copies . Sex linkage ( edit ) Where the A gene is sex linked , the heterogametic sex ( e.g. , mammalian males ; avian females ) have only one copy of the gene ( and are termed hemizygous ) , while the homogametic sex ( e.g. , human females ) have two copies . The genotype frequencies at equilibrium are p and q for the heterogametic sex but p , 2pq and q for the homogametic sex . For example , in humans red -- green colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait . In western European males , the trait affects about 1 in 12 , ( q = 0.083 ) whereas it affects about 1 in 200 females ( 0.005 , compared to q = 0.007 ) , very close to Hardy -- Weinberg proportions . If a population is brought together with males and females with a different allele frequency in each subpopulation ( males or females ) , the allele frequency of the male population in the next generation will follow that of the female population because each son receives its X chromosome from its mother . The population converges on equilibrium very quickly . Generalizations ( edit ) The simple derivation above can be generalized for more than two alleles and polyploidy . Generalization for more than two alleles ( edit ) Punnett square for three - allele case ( left ) and four - allele case ( right ) . White areas are homozygotes . Colored areas are heterozygotes . Consider an extra allele frequency , r . The two - allele case is the binomial expansion of ( p + q ) , and thus the three - allele case is the trinomial expansion of ( p + q + r ) . ( p + q + r ) 2 = p 2 + q 2 + r 2 + 2 p q + 2 p r + 2 q r ( \ displaystyle ( p + q + r ) ^ ( 2 ) = p ^ ( 2 ) + q ^ ( 2 ) + r ^ ( 2 ) + 2pq + 2pr + 2qr \ , ) More generally , consider the alleles A , ... , A given by the allele frequencies p to p ; ( p 1 + ⋯ + p n ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( p_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + p_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) giving for all homozygotes : f ( A i A i ) = p i 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( A_ ( i ) A_ ( i ) ) = p_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) and for all heterozygotes : f ( A i A j ) = 2 p i p j ( \ displaystyle f ( A_ ( i ) A_ ( j ) ) = 2p_ ( i ) p_ ( j ) \ , ) Generalization for polyploidy ( edit ) The Hardy -- Weinberg principle may also be generalized to polyploid systems , that is , for organisms that have more than two copies of each chromosome . Consider again only two alleles . The diploid case is the binomial expansion of : ( p + q ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( p + q ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) and therefore the polyploid case is the polynomial expansion of : ( p + q ) c ( \ displaystyle ( p + q ) ^ ( c ) \ , ) where c is the ploidy , for example with tetraploid ( c = 4 ) : Table 2 : Expected genotype frequencies for tetraploidy Genotype Frequency AAAA p 4 ( \ displaystyle p ^ ( 4 ) ) AAAa 4 p 3 q ( \ displaystyle 4p ^ ( 3 ) q ) AAaa 6 p 2 q 2 ( \ displaystyle 6p ^ ( 2 ) q ^ ( 2 ) ) Aaaa 4 p q 3 ( \ displaystyle 4pq ^ ( 3 ) ) aaaa q 4 ( \ displaystyle q ^ ( 4 ) ) Depending on whether the organism is a ' true ' tetraploid or an amphidiploid will determine how long it will take for the population to reach Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium . Complete generalization ( edit ) For n ( \ displaystyle n ) distinct alleles in c ( \ displaystyle c ) - ploids , the genotype frequencies in the Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium are given by individual terms in the multinomial expansion of ( p 1 + ⋯ + p n ) c ( \ displaystyle ( p_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + p_ ( n ) ) ^ ( c ) ) : ( p 1 + ⋯ + p n ) c = ∑ k 1 , ... , k n ∈ N : k 1 + ⋯ + k n = c ( c k 1 , ... , k n ) p 1 k 1 ⋯ p n k n ( \ displaystyle ( p_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + p_ ( n ) ) ^ ( c ) = \ sum _ ( k_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , k_ ( n ) \ \ in \ mathbb ( N ) : k_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + k_ ( n ) = c ) ( c \ choose k_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , k_ ( n ) ) p_ ( 1 ) ^ ( k_ ( 1 ) ) \ cdots p_ ( n ) ^ ( k_ ( n ) ) ) Applications ( edit ) The Hardy -- Weinberg principle may be applied in two ways , either a population is assumed to be in Hardy -- Weinberg proportions , in which the genotype frequencies can be calculated , or if the genotype frequencies of all three genotypes are known , they can be tested for deviations that are statistically significant . Application to cases of complete dominance ( edit ) Suppose that the phenotypes of AA and Aa are indistinguishable , i.e. , there is complete dominance . Assuming that the Hardy -- Weinberg principle applies to the population , then q ( \ displaystyle q ) can still be calculated from f ( aa ) : q = f ( aa ) ( \ displaystyle q = ( \ sqrt ( f ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) ) ) ) and p ( \ displaystyle p ) can be calculated from q ( \ displaystyle q ) . And thus an estimate of f ( AA ) and f ( Aa ) derived from p 2 ( \ displaystyle p ^ ( 2 ) ) and 2 p q ( \ displaystyle 2pq ) respectively . Note however , such a population can not be tested for equilibrium using the significance tests below because it is assumed a priori . Significance tests for deviation ( edit ) Testing deviation from the HWP is generally performed using Pearson 's chi - squared test , using the observed genotype frequencies obtained from the data and the expected genotype frequencies obtained using the HWP . For systems where there are large numbers of alleles , this may result in data with many empty possible genotypes and low genotype counts , because there are often not enough individuals present in the sample to adequately represent all genotype classes . If this is the case , then the asymptotic assumption of the chi - squared distribution , will no longer hold , and it may be necessary to use a form of Fisher 's exact test , which requires a computer to solve . More recently a number of MCMC methods of testing for deviations from HWP have been proposed ( Guo & Thompson , 1992 ; Wigginton et al. 2005 ) Example χ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) test for deviation ( edit ) This data is from E.B. Ford ( 1971 ) on the Scarlet tiger moth , for which the phenotypes of a sample of the population were recorded . Genotype - phenotype distinction is assumed to be negligibly small . The null hypothesis is that the population is in Hardy -- Weinberg proportions , and the alternative hypothesis is that the population is not in Hardy -- Weinberg proportions . Table 3 : Example Hardy -- Weinberg principle calculation Phenotype White - spotted ( AA ) Intermediate ( Aa ) Little spotting ( aa ) Total Number 1469 138 5 1612 From this , allele frequencies can be calculated : p = 2 × o b s ( AA ) + o b s ( Aa ) 2 × ( o b s ( AA ) + o b s ( Aa ) + o b s ( aa ) ) = 1469 × 2 + 138 2 × ( 1469 + 138 + 5 ) = 3076 3224 = 0.954 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) p& = ( 2 \ times \ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) + \ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) \ over 2 \ times ( \ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) + \ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) + \ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) ) ) \ \ \ \ & = ( 1469 \ times 2 + 138 \ over 2 \ times ( 1469 + 138 + 5 ) ) \ \ \ \ & = ( 3076 \ over 3224 ) \ \ \ \ & = 0.954 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and q = 1 − p = 1 − 0.954 = 0.046 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) q& = 1 - p \ \ & = 1 - 0.954 \ \ & = 0.046 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) So the Hardy -- Weinberg expectation is : E x p ( AA ) = p 2 n = 0.954 2 × 1612 = 1467.4 E x p ( Aa ) = 2 p q n = 2 × 0.954 × 0.046 × 1612 = 141.2 E x p ( aa ) = q 2 n = 0.046 2 × 1612 = 3.4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ mathrm ( Exp ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) & = p ^ ( 2 ) n = 0.954 ^ ( 2 ) \ times 1612 = 1467.4 \ \ \ mathrm ( Exp ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) & = 2pqn = 2 \ times 0.954 \ times 0.046 \ times 1612 = 141.2 \ \ \ mathrm ( Exp ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) & = q ^ ( 2 ) n = 0.046 ^ ( 2 ) \ times 1612 = 3.4 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Pearson 's chi - squared test states : χ 2 = ∑ ( O − E ) 2 E = ( 1469 − 1467.4 ) 2 1467.4 + ( 138 − 141.2 ) 2 141.2 + ( 5 − 3.4 ) 2 3.4 = 0.001 + 0.073 + 0.756 = 0.83 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ chi ^ ( 2 ) & = \ sum ( ( O-E ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over E ) \ \ & = ( ( 1469 - 1467.4 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over 1467.4 ) + ( ( 138 - 141.2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over 141.2 ) + ( ( 5 - 3.4 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over 3.4 ) \ \ & = 0.001 + 0.073 + 0.756 \ \ & = 0.83 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) There is 1 degree of freedom ( degrees of freedom for test for Hardy -- Weinberg proportions are # genotypes − # alleles ) . The 5 % significance level for 1 degree of freedom is 3.84 , and since the χ value is less than this , the null hypothesis that the population is in Hardy -- Weinberg frequencies is not rejected . Fisher 's exact test ( probability test ) ( edit ) Fisher 's exact test can be applied to testing for Hardy -- Weinberg proportions . Since the test is conditional on the allele frequencies , p and q , the problem can be viewed as testing for the proper number of heterozygotes . In this way , the hypothesis of Hardy -- Weinberg proportions is rejected if the number of heterozygotes is too large or too small . The conditional probabilities for the heterozygote , given the allele frequencies are given in Emigh ( 1980 ) as prob ( n 12 n 1 ) = ( n n 11 , n 12 , n 22 ) ( 2 n n 1 , n 2 ) 2 n 12 , ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( prob ) ( n_ ( 12 ) n_ ( 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ binom ( n ) ( n_ ( 11 ) , n_ ( 12 ) , n_ ( 22 ) ) ) ( \ binom ( 2n ) ( n_ ( 1 ) , n_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) 2 ^ ( n_ ( 12 ) ) , ) where n , n , n are the observed numbers of the three genotypes , AA , Aa , and aa , respectively , and n is the number of A alleles , where n 1 = 2 n 11 + n 12 ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) = 2n_ ( 11 ) + n_ ( 12 ) ) . An example Using one of the examples from Emigh ( 1980 ) , we can consider the case where n = 100 , and p = 0.34 . The possible observed heterozygotes and their exact significance level is given in Table 4 . Table 4 : Example of Fisher 's exact test for n = 100 , p = 0.34 . Number of heterozygotes Significance level 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 0.000 8 0.000 10 0.000 12 0.000 14 0.000 16 0.000 18 0.001 20 0.007 22 0.034 34 0.067 24 0.151 32 0.291 26 0.474 30 0.730 28 1.000 Using this table , one must look up the significance level of the test based on the observed number of heterozygotes . For example , if one observed 20 heterozygotes , the significance level for the test is 0.007 . As is typical for Fisher 's exact test for small samples , the gradation of significance levels is quite coarse . However , a table like this has to be created for every experiment , since the tables are dependent on both n and p . Inbreeding coefficient ( edit ) The inbreeding coefficient , F ( see also F - statistics ) , is one minus the observed frequency of heterozygotes over that expected from Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium . F = E ( f ( Aa ) ) − O ( f ( Aa ) ) E ( f ( Aa ) ) = 1 − O ( f ( Aa ) ) E ( f ( Aa ) ) , ( \ displaystyle F = ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( ( f ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) - \ operatorname ( O ) ( f ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( f ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) ) = 1 - ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( O ) ( f ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( f ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) ) ) , ) where the expected value from Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium is given by E ( f ( Aa ) ) = 2 p q ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( f ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) ) = 2pq ) For example , for Ford 's data above ; F = 1 − 138 141.2 = 0.023 . ( \ displaystyle F = 1 - ( 138 \ over 141.2 ) = 0.023 . ) For two alleles , the chi - squared goodness of fit test for Hardy -- Weinberg proportions is equivalent to the test for inbreeding , F = 0 . The inbreeding coefficient is unstable as the expected value approaches zero , and thus not useful for rare and very common alleles . For : E = 0 , O > 0 , F = − ∞ and E = 0 , O = 0 , F is undefined . History ( edit ) Mendelian genetics were rediscovered in 1900 . However , it remained somewhat controversial for several years as it was not then known how it could cause continuous characteristics . Udny Yule ( 1902 ) argued against Mendelism because he thought that dominant alleles would increase in the population . The American William E. Castle ( 1903 ) showed that without selection , the genotype frequencies would remain stable . Karl Pearson ( 1903 ) found one equilibrium position with values of p = q = 0.5 . Reginald Punnett , unable to counter Yule 's point , introduced the problem to G.H. Hardy , a British mathematician , with whom he played cricket . Hardy was a pure mathematician and held applied mathematics in some contempt ; his view of biologists ' use of mathematics comes across in his 1908 paper where he describes this as `` very simple '' : To the Editor of Science : I am reluctant to intrude in a discussion concerning matters of which I have no expert knowledge , and I should have expected the very simple point which I wish to make to have been familiar to biologists . However , some remarks of Mr. Udny Yule , to which Mr. R.C. Punnett has called my attention , suggest that it may still be worth making ... Suppose that Aa is a pair of Mendelian characters , A being dominant , and that in any given generation the number of pure dominants ( AA ) , heterozygotes ( Aa ) , and pure recessives ( aa ) are as p : 2q : r . Finally , suppose that the numbers are fairly large , so that mating may be regarded as random , that the sexes are evenly distributed among the three varieties , and that all are equally fertile . A little mathematics of the multiplication - table type is enough to show that in the next generation the numbers will be as ( p + q ) : 2 ( p + q ) ( q + r ) : ( q + r ) , or as p : 2q : r , say . The interesting question is : in what circumstances will this distribution be the same as that in the generation before ? It is easy to see that the condition for this is q = pr . And since q = p r , whatever the values of p , q , and r may be , the distribution will in any case continue unchanged after the second generation The principle was thus known as Hardy 's law in the English - speaking world until 1943 , when Curt Stern pointed out that it had first been formulated independently in 1908 by the German physician Wilhelm Weinberg . William Castle in 1903 also derived the ratios for the special case of equal allele frequencies , and it is sometimes ( but rarely ) called the Hardy -- Weinberg -- Castle Law . Derivation of Hardy 's equations ( edit ) Hardy 's statement begins with a recurrence relation for the frequencies p , 2q , and r . These recurrence relations follow from fundamental concepts in probability , specifically independence , and conditional probability . For example , consider the probability of an offspring from the generation t ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle t ) being homozygous dominant . Alleles are inherited independently from each parent . A dominant allele can be inherited from a homozygous dominant parent with probability 1 , or from a heterozygous parent with probability 0.5 . To represent this reasoning in an equation , let A t ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle A_ ( t ) ) represent inheritance of a dominant allele from a parent . Furthermore , let A A t − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle AA_ ( t - 1 ) ) and A a t − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle Aa_ ( t - 1 ) ) represent potential parental genotypes in the preceding generation . p t = P ( A t , A t ) = P ( A t ) 2 = ( P ( A t A A t − 1 ) P ( A A t − 1 ) + P ( A t A a t − 1 ) P ( A a t − 1 ) ) 2 = ( ( 1 ) p t − 1 + ( 0.5 ) 2 q t − 1 ) 2 = ( p t − 1 + q t − 1 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) p_ ( t ) & = P ( A_ ( t ) , A_ ( t ) ) = P ( A_ ( t ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ & = \ left ( P ( A_ ( t ) AA_ ( t - 1 ) ) P ( AA_ ( t - 1 ) ) + P ( A_ ( t ) Aa_ ( t - 1 ) ) P ( Aa_ ( t - 1 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ & = \ left ( ( 1 ) p_ ( t - 1 ) + ( 0.5 ) 2q_ ( t - 1 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ & = \ left ( p_ ( t - 1 ) + q_ ( t - 1 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The same reasoning , applied to the other genotypes yields the two remaining recurrence relations . Equilibrium occurs when each proportion is constant between subsequent generations . More formally , a population is at equilibrium at generation t ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle t ) when 0 = p t − p t − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle 0 = p_ ( t ) - p_ ( t - 1 ) ) , 0 = q t − q t − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle 0 = q_ ( t ) - q_ ( t - 1 ) ) , and 0 = r t − r t − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle 0 = r_ ( t ) - r_ ( t - 1 ) ) By solving these equations necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium to occur can be determined . Again , consider the frequency of homozygous dominant animals . Equilibrium implies 0 = p t − p t − 1 = p t − 1 2 + 2 p t − 1 q t − 1 + q t − 1 2 − p t − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 0& = p_ ( t ) - p_ ( t - 1 ) \ \ & = p_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2p_ ( t - 1 ) q_ ( t - 1 ) + q_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) - p_ ( t - 1 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) First consider the case , where p t − 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle p_ ( t - 1 ) = 0 ) , and note that it implies that q t − 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle q_ ( t - 1 ) = 0 ) and r t − 1 = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle r_ ( t - 1 ) = 1 ) . Now consider the remaining case , where p t − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle p_ ( t - 1 ) ) ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle 0 ) 0 = p t − 1 ( p t − 1 + 2 q t − 1 + q t − 1 2 / p t − 1 − 1 ) = q t − 1 2 / p t − 1 − r t − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 0& = p_ ( t - 1 ) ( p_ ( t - 1 ) + 2q_ ( t - 1 ) + q_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) / p_ ( t - 1 ) - 1 ) \ \ & = q_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) / p_ ( t - 1 ) - r_ ( t - 1 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Where the final equality holds because the allele proportions must sum to one . In both cases , q t − 1 2 = p t − 1 r t − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle q_ ( t - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = p_ ( t - 1 ) r_ ( t - 1 ) ) . It can be shown that the other two equilibrium conditions imply the same equation . Together , the solutions of the three equilibrium equations imply sufficiency of Hardy 's condition for equilibrium . Since the condition always holds for the second generation , all succeeding generations have the same proportions . Numerical example ( edit ) An example computation of the genotype distribution given by Hardy 's original equations is instructive . The phenotype distribution from Table 3 above will be used to compute Hardy 's initial genotype distribution . Note that the p and q values used by Hardy are not the same as those used above . sum = o b s ( AA ) + 2 × o b s ( Aa ) + o b s ( aa ) = 1469 + 2 × 138 + 5 = 1750 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ text ( sum ) ) & = ( \ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \ text ( AA ) ) ) + 2 \ times \ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \ text ( Aa ) ) ) + \ mathrm ( obs ) ( ( \ text ( aa ) ) ) ) = ( 1469 + 2 \ times 138 + 5 ) \ \ & = 1750 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) p = 1469 1750 = 0.83943 2 q = 2 × 138 1750 = 0.15771 r = 5 1750 = 0.00286 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) p& = ( 1469 \ over 1750 ) = 0.83943 \ \ 2q& = ( 2 \ times 138 \ over 1750 ) = 0.15771 \ \ r& = ( 5 \ over 1750 ) = 0.00286 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) As checks on the distribution , compute p + 2 q + r = 0.83943 + 0.15771 + 0.00286 = 1.00000 ( \ displaystyle p + 2q + r = 0.83943 + 0.15771 + 0.00286 = 1.00000 \ , ) and E 0 = q 2 − p r = 0.00382 . ( \ displaystyle E_ ( 0 ) = q ^ ( 2 ) - pr = 0.00382. \ , ) For the next generation , Hardy 's equations give q = 0.15771 2 = 0.07886 p 1 = ( p + q ) 2 = 0.84325 2 q 1 = 2 ( p + q ) ( q + r ) = 0.15007 r 1 = ( q + r ) 2 = 0.00668 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) q& = ( 0.15771 \ over 2 ) = 0.07886 \ \ \ \ p_ ( 1 ) & = ( p + q ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0.84325 \ \ 2q_ ( 1 ) & = 2 ( p + q ) ( q + r ) = 0.15007 \ \ r_ ( 1 ) & = ( q + r ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0.00668. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Again as checks on the distribution , compute p 1 + 2 q 1 + r 1 = 0.84325 + 0.15007 + 0.00668 = 1.00000 ( \ displaystyle p_ ( 1 ) + 2q_ ( 1 ) + r_ ( 1 ) = 0.84325 + 0.15007 + 0.00668 = 1.00000 \ , ) and E 1 = q 1 2 − p 1 r 1 = 0.00000 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( 1 ) = q_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) - p_ ( 1 ) r_ ( 1 ) = 0.00000 \ , ) which are the expected values . The reader may demonstrate that subsequent use of the second - generation values for a third generation will yield identical results . Graphical representation ( edit ) A de Finetti diagram representing a distribution of genotype frequencies It is possible to represent the distribution of genotype frequencies for a bi-allelic locus within a population graphically using a de Finetti diagram . This uses a triangular plot ( also known as trilinear , triaxial or ternary plot ) to represent the distribution of the three genotype frequencies in relation to each other . It differs from many other such plots in that the direction of one of the axes has been reversed . The curved line in the diagram is the Hardy -- Weinberg parabola and represents the state where alleles are in Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium . It is possible to represent the effects of natural selection and its effect on allele frequency on such graphs . The de Finetti diagram has been developed and used extensively by A.W.F. Edwards in his book Foundations of Mathematical Genetics . See also ( edit ) Regression toward the mean Multinomial distribution ( Hardy -- Weinberg is a trinomial distribution with probabilities ( θ 2 , 2 θ ( 1 − θ ) , ( 1 − θ ) 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ theta ^ ( 2 ) , 2 \ theta ( 1 - \ theta ) , ( 1 - \ theta ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Additive disequilibrium and z statistic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term frequency usually refers to a number or count , but in this context , it is synonymous with probability . Jump up ^ Carr , Dr. Steven M. `` Hardy - Weinberg in dioecious organisms '' . www.mun.ca . Jump up ^ Hartl DL , Clarke AG ( 2007 ) Principles of population genetics . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer ^ Jump up to : Emigh , Ted H. ( 1980 ) . `` A Comparison of Tests for Hardy -- Weinberg Equilibrium '' . Biometrics. 36 ( 4 ) : 627 -- 642 . doi : 10.2307 / 2556115 . JSTOR 2556115 . Jump up ^ Yule , 1902 Jump up ^ Castle , 1903 Jump up ^ Pearson , 1903 Jump up ^ Hardy , 1908 Jump up ^ Crow , James F. ( 1999 ) . `` Hardy , Weinberg and language impediments '' . Genetics . 152 ( 3 ) : 821 -- 825 . PMC 1460671 . PMID 10388804 . Jump up ^ Stern , Curt ( 1962 ) . `` Wilhelm Weinberg '' . Genetics . 47 : 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Cannings , C. ; Edwards , A.W.F. ( 1968 ) . `` Natural selection and the de Finetti diagram '' . Annals of Human Genetics . 31 : 421 -- 428 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.1968. tb00575. x . Jump up ^ See e.g. Ineichen & Batschelet 1975 Jump up ^ Edwards , 1977 Bibliography ( edit ) Castle , W.E. ( 1903 ) . `` The laws of Galton and Mendel and some laws governing race improvement by selection '' . Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 35 : 233 -- 242 . Crow , Jf ( Jul 1999 ) . `` Hardy , Weinberg and language impediments '' . Genetics . 152 ( 3 ) : 821 -- 5 . ISSN 0016 - 6731 . PMC 1460671 . PMID 10388804 . Edwards , A.W.F. 1977 . Foundations of Mathematical Genetics . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge ( 2nd ed. , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77544 - 2 Emigh , T.H. ( 1980 ) . `` A comparison of tests for Hardy -- Weinberg equilibrium '' . Biometrics. 36 ( 4 ) : 627 -- 642 . doi : 10.2307 / 2556115 . JSTOR 2556115 . Ford , E.B. ( 1971 ) . Ecological Genetics , London . Guo , Sw ; Thompson , Elizabeth A. ( Jun 1992 ) . `` Performing the exact test of Hardy -- Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles '' . Biometrics . Biometrics , Vol. 48 , No. 2 . 48 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 2532296 . ISSN 0006 - 341X . JSTOR 2532296 . PMID 1637966 . Hardy , G.H. ( Jul 1908 ) . `` Mendelian Proportions in a Mixed Population '' ( PDF ) . Science . 28 ( 706 ) : 49 -- 50 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 28.706. 49 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17779291 . Ineichen , Robert ; Batschelet , Eduard ( 1975 ) . `` Genetic selection and de Finetti diagrams '' . Journal of Mathematical Biology . 2 : 33 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00276014 . Masel , Joanna ( 2012 ) . `` Rethinking Hardy -- Weinberg and genetic drift in undergraduate biology '' . BioEssays. 34 ( 8 ) : 701 -- 10 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 201100178 . PMID 22576789 . Pearson , K. ( 1903 ) . `` Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution . XI . On the influence of natural selection on the variability and correlation of organs '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 200 ( 321 -- 330 ) : 1 -- 66 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1903.0001 . Stern , C. ( 1943 ) . `` The Hardy -- Weinberg law '' . Science . 97 ( 2510 ) : 137 -- 138 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 97.2510. 137 . JSTOR 1670409 . PMID 17788516 . Weinberg , W. ( 1908 ) . `` Über den Nachweis der Vererbung beim Menschen '' . Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg. 64 : 368 -- 382 . Wigginton , Je ; Cutler , Dj ; Abecasis , Gr ( May 2005 ) . `` A Note on Exact Tests of Hardy -- Weinberg Equilibrium '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 76 ( 5 ) : 887 -- 93 . doi : 10.1086 / 429864 . ISSN 0002 - 9297 . PMC 1199378 . PMID 15789306 . Yule , G.U. ( 1902 ) . `` Mendel 's laws and their probable relation to intra-racial heredity '' . New Phytol. 1 ( 193 -- 207 ) : 222 -- 238 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.1902. tb07336. x . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hardy -- Weinberg law . 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Haldane Sewall Wright Related topics Evolution Microevolution Evolutionary game theory Fitness landscape Genetic genealogy Quantitative genetics Index of evolutionary biology articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardy -- Weinberg_principle&oldid = 837257765 '' Categories : Population genetics Classical genetics Statistical genetics Sexual selection Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 17 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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-7207683267006548534 | Can't Get You Out of My Head | Ca n't Get You Out of My Head - Wikipedia Ca n't Get You Out of My Head `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' Single cover used for CD # 02 and digital releases of the song . Single by Kylie Minogue from the album Fever B - side `` Boy '' `` Rendezvous at Sunset '' Released 8 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 08 ) Format CD cassette Recorded Genre Dance - pop electropop synth - pop Length 3 : 50 5 : 59 ( Extended Mix ) Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Cathy Dennis Rob Davis Producer ( s ) Cathy Dennis Rob Davis Kylie Minogue singles chronology `` Your Disco Needs You '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( 2001 ) `` In Your Eyes '' ( 2002 ) Music video `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on YouTube `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a song recorded by Australian singer Kylie Minogue for her eighth studio album , titled Fever , which she released in 2001 . The song was released in Australia by Parlophone as the lead single from the album on 8 September 2001 . It was released on 17 September 2001 in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the single was released on 18 February 2002 . Jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a midtempo dance - pop song with elements of electropop and synthpop , which lyrically details its narrator 's obsession towards her lover . The song is famous for its `` la la la '' hook . In addition to acclaim from music critics , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' found commercial success on a large scale . It peaked at number one on the charts of Austria , Belgium , France , Germany , Italy , Poland , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and every other European country excluding Finland . It also topped the charts of Minogue 's native Australia as well as New Zealand . In the United States , the song peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Minogue 's biggest hit in the region since `` The Loco - Motion '' . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' reportedly reached number one in 40 countries across the globe . It was certified triple - platinum in Australia , double - platinum in the United Kingdom , and gold in the United States . It became Minogue 's first single to sell in excess of one million copies in the United Kingdom , where it also stands as the 28th best - selling single of the millennium . As of 2013 , the song was Minogue 's highest selling single and one of the best - selling singles of all time , with worldwide sales exceeding five million . The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Dawn Shadforth , and featured Minogue performing various dance routines in different futuristic backdrops . It became notable for the revealing hooded white jumpsuit Minogue wore during one of the scenes . The song has been performed by Minogue during all of her concert tours as of 2017 , with the exception of the Anti Tour . Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ranked on a number of decade - end lists compiled by magazines such as Rolling Stone , The Guardian , and NME . It is considered to be Minogue 's strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States and is said to have been the reason behind the success of its parent album Fever in the region . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is also recognized as Minogue 's signature song and was a defining point in her musical career . In 2012 , the song was re-recorded for inclusion in Minogue 's orchestral compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions . Contents 1 Background and recording 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 5.1 Development and synopsis 5.2 Legacy 6 Live performances 7 Legacy 7.1 Commercial impact 7.2 Cultural impact 8 Formats and track listings 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 9.4 All - time charts 10 Certifications 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background and Recording ( edit ) In 2000 , Minogue signed to the Parlophone Records label and released her seventh studio album , Light Years . The disco and Europop inspired album was a critical and commercial success , and was later certified four times - platinum in Minogue 's native country Australia for shipment of 280,000 units , and platinum in the United Kingdom for shipment of 300,000 units . `` Spinning Around '' was released as the lead single from the album , and it was a commercial success , attaining a platinum certification in Australia for shipment of 70,000 units , and a silver certification in the United Kingdom for shipment of 200,000 units . She promoted the album by embarking on the On a Night Like This tour . Minogue premiered `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by performing it during the tour , and soon after , discussion regarding the song `` quickly set online messageboards alight . '' `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was chosen as the lead single from Minogue 's eighth studio album , Fever , and it was released on 8 September 2001 by Parlophone in Australia , while in the United Kingdom and other European countries it was released on 17 September . My A&R at the time , Miles Leonard and Jamie Nelson , said , `` We 've got something . Come into the office . We 've got to play you something . '' So I went to the EMI office , and I had the same reaction you did , about 20 seconds in . I could n't even fathom what I was hearing . It just ... did something . I was beside myself . Then at the end of the song , panic set in . I was saying `` Are you sure we 've got this song ? Do n't tell me that we do n't ! Is it secured ? Can we have it ? '' And we did ! And that kick - started a whole different phase in my career . -- Minogue , about her reaction to hearing the demo of the song . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis . Dennis and Davis had been brought together by British artist manager Simon Fuller , who wanted the duo to come up with a song for British pop group S Club 7 . The song was recorded using Cubase music software , which Davis ran on his Mac computer . Davis began playing an acoustic guitar and ran a 125 beats per minute drum loop , on which Dennis , herself a singer who had enjoyed chart success in the United States , began singing the line `` I just ca n't get you out of my head '' in the key of D minor . After three and a half hours , the demo was recorded and the vocals were laid afterwards . Dennis called their recording setup for the song , `` the most primitive set - up you could imagine ! Different producers work in different ways . But it 's good to be reminded you do n't have to be reliant on equipment . A song is about melody and lyrics and being able to take something away in your memory that is going to haunt you . '' She also regarded their production as a `` very natural and fluid process , '' saying : `` We know how hard we work sometimes to write songs and then spend months picking them to pieces , but this was the easiest process , the chemicals were all happy and working together . '' But after Fuller heard the demo , he felt it was wrong for S Club 7 and rejected it ; English singer - songwriter Sophie Ellis - Bextor also turned down the offer to record it . Davis then met with Minogue 's A&R executive , Jamie Nelson . After hearing the demo cassette of the song , Nelson booked it for Minogue to record later that year . Nelson was impressed by the `` vibe '' of the song and felt it would please the `` danceheads . '' Although Davis was initially under the impression that the recording deal would be called off later , Minogue became enthusiastic to record the song after hearing 20 seconds of the demo . The whole song , including Minogue 's vocals , were recorded at Davis 's home studio in Surrey . The music , excluding the guitar part , was programmed using Korg Triton workstation via MIDI . Dennis later remarked : `` Even though Kylie was n't the first artist to be offered the song , I do n't believe it was meant to go to anyone other than Kylie , and I do n't believe anyone else would have done the incredible job she did with it , with the video , looking super-hot ! '' Composition ( edit ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' A 21 - second sample of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' containing the hook and part of the chorus of the song . The song is known for its `` la la la '' hook . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a `` robotic '' midtempo dance - pop song with influences of electropop and synth - pop , which has a tempo of 126 beats per minute . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , Minogue 's vocal range spans from C to D. Minogue chants a `` la la la '' hook in the song , which is often heralded as its most appealing part . BBC Radio 2 noted that the composition of the song is `` deceptively simple , but its veins run with the whole history of electronic music . '' They described the song 's bassline as `` pulsing , '' and recognised influences of English rock band New Order and German electronic music band Kraftwerk . The song does not follow the common verse - chorus structure and is instead composed of numerous `` misplaced sections . '' Dennis reasoned that these sections `` somehow work together '' as she and Davis `` did n't try to force any structure after the event . The seeds were watered and they very quickly sprouted into something bigger than any of us . '' Likewise , Davis commented : `` It breaks a few rules as it starts with a chorus and in comes the ' la 's ' -- that is what confused my publisher ( Fuller ) when he first heard it . '' Through the lyrics of the song , its singer expresses an obsession with an anonymous figure . Dorian Lynskey from The Guardian termed the song a `` mystery '' as Minogue never reveals the identity of her object of infatuation . The critic suggested that the person Minogue is referring to is either `` a partner , an evasive one - night stand or someone who does n't know she exists . '' Writing for the same newspaper , Everett True identified a `` darker element '' in the simple lyrics and felt this sentiment was echoed in Minogue 's restrained vocals . Further , True emphasised that while Minogue 's 1987 single `` I Should Be So Lucky '' had presented an optimistic romantic future , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' focuses on an `` unhealthy '' and potentially destructive obsession . He also noted that in the former song , Minogue played `` the wide - eyed ingénue with alacrity , '' but in the latter song she is aware of the harmful nature of her infatuation , calling it a `` desire that is wholly dependent on her own self - control . '' In late 2012 , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was re-recorded by Minogue for inclusion in her orchestral compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions . On the album , Minogue reworked 16 of her past songs with an orchestra , which , according to Nick Levine from BBC Music , `` re-imagine them without the disco glitz and vocal effects . '' The Abbey Road Sessions - version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' features a `` more dramatic , fully fleshed out '' musical arrangement , and follows a pizzicato playing technique , in which the strings of a string instrument are continuously plucked . Critical reception ( edit ) Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' during her 2009 North American For You , For Me Tour . The song received overwhelming critical acclaim , subsequently being cited as one of the greatest songs of the 2000s . Chris True from AllMusic picked the song as a highlight of Fever , commenting that it `` pulses and grooves like no other she 's ( Minogue 's ) recorded . '' Jason Thompson from PopMatters described Minogue 's vocals as a `` sexual come on '' and called the song `` trim and funky , certainly something that could n't miss anywhere . '' Dominique Leone from Pitchfork Media praised the commercial prospect of the song , saying that it `` exudes a catchiness that belies its inherent simplicity , so reassuring during an era when chart acts sound increasingly baroque and producers race to see who can ape electronic music trends first . '' Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly said that the song `` fully lives up to its title '' with `` every sound a hook , '' and compared it to the works of Andrea True . Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH labelled the song `` one of 2001 's best singles , '' saying that it `` predictably beat off lesser ' competition . ' '' In 2012 , The Guardian critic Everett True defined `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' as `` one of those rare moments in pop : sleek and chic and stylish and damnably danceable , but with a darker element hidden in plain sight . '' Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz felt that `` the metallic production would n't carry quite as much of its impact if Minogue had attempted to outshine it ; wisely , her voice operates alongside it , finding renewed power in its drive '' , concluding that `` almost 15 years after its release , it still sounds fresh , forward - thinking and alive '' . The Abbey Road Sessions -- version of the song received generally positive reviews . Tim Sendra from AllMusic felt that `` most interesting reboot '' in the album took place on `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head , '' saying that the `` insistent strings push the song along with a tightly coiled electricity that is impossible to resist . '' He also picked the song as a highlight on the album . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine chose the song as one of the `` standouts '' on the album , saying that its arrangement `` compensate for the lack of synthetic dance beats and vocal effects . '' Tania Zeine from ARIA Charts described the track as a `` powerful violin ballad with the accompaniment of a large orchestra throughout the remainder . '' Simon Price from The Independent said that while the original version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' would be `` impossible to improve on , '' the reworked version `` turns it into a pizzicato thriller score . '' Jude Rogers from The Quietus , however , felt that the song does not `` respond well to this ( orchestral ) treatment . '' Louis Vartel from the LGBT oriented website NewNownext , called it `` a pulsing march through the most hypnotic beat of the past 20 years ( ... ) Kylie 's American breakthrough still holds up as a cool , streamlined dance - floor magnet '' . He ranked the track on the second position of his list of the singer 's 48 greatest songs , in honor of her 48th birthday . John Russell , from LGBT magazine Queerty , concluded that `` even if ' La - La - La ' did n't make Kylie a household name in the States , at the very least it introduced her to a whole new generation of adoring American gays '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the simultaneous releases of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' and Victoria Beckham 's single `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' ( pictured ) became the focus of media attention , with the BBC deeming it the `` battle of the pop princesses . '' In Minogue 's native country , Australia , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' entered at number one on the Australian Singles Chart of 23 September 2001 , and remained at that position for four weeks . It spent a total of 12 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified triple - platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 210,000 units . In both the Dutch - speaking Flanders and French - speaking Wallonia regions of Belgium , the song peaked at number one on the Ultratop chart , spending a total of 22 and 24 weeks on the charts , respectively . In Belgium , the song was certified double - platinum for sales of 100,000 units . In France , the song entered the French Singles Chart at number 14 and peaked at number one , spending a total of 41 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique for sales of 500,000 units . As of August 2014 , the song was the 22nd best - selling single of the 21st century in France , with 542,000 units sold . In Germany , the song was number one for one week on the German Singles Chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the Federal Association of Music Industry for shipments of 500,000 units . In Ireland , the song entered at number one on the Ireland Singles Chart , spending a total of consecutive 19 weeks on the chart . In the United Kingdom , the single faced competition in a hugely - hyped chart battle with Victoria Beckham 's single `` Not Such an Innocent Girl . '' On the chart date of 29 September 2001 , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first week sales of 306,000 units , while `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' debuted at number six with first week sales of 35,000 units . It spent four weeks at number one , and a total of 25 weeks inside the top 40 on the chart . The song spent a record - breaking eight weeks at number one on the airplay chart of the country and became the first to garner 3000 radio plays in a single week . Subsequently , it became the most - played song of 2001 in the region . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments of 600,000 units in 2001 . The certification was upgraded to double - platinum in 2015 , denoting shipments of 1,200,000 units . In the United States , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Minogue 's best selling single in the region since her interpretation of `` The Loco - Motion . '' Additionally , the song peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , at number 23 on the Adult Top 40 chart , at number three on the Mainstream Top 40 chart , and number eight on the Hot 100 Airply chart . In this region , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 500,000 units . The single would be her first of eight songs to chart Billboard 's Hot Dance Airplay , peaking at number 32 in September 2003 . Music video ( edit ) Development and synopsis ( edit ) The white hooded jumpsuit sported by Minogue ( pictured ) was seen as a highlight of the video The accompanying music video for `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was directed by Dawn Shadforth , and featured dance routines choreographed by Michael Rooney . Early in Minogue 's career , her youthful look , slim figure , and her `` proportionally '' large mouth attracted comments from various critics , with British red top newspaper News of the World speculating that the singer could possibly be an alien . Later while discussing the video , Shadforth and music critic Paul Morley took this `` bizarre suggestion '' into consideration to comment on Minogue as a `` creative , experimental artist . '' Shadforth blocked some shots of the initial driving scene based upon similar shots of Shirley Manson piloting an airplane in her award - winning dogfight clip for Garbage 's `` Special . '' The video was released on 11 August 2001 . It begins with Minogue driving a De Tomaso Mangusta sports car on a futuristic bridge , while singing the `` la la la '' hook of the song . The next scene consists of a number of dance couples performing a dance routine dressed in black and white costumes ; they are soon joined by Minogue , who is seen wearing a white tracksuit . The setting changes to a room where Minogue is seen striking various poses sporting bright crimson lipstick and a hooded white jumpsuit with a neckline plunging down to her navel . The outfit was designed by London - based fashion designer Fee Doran , under the label of Mrs Jones . Minogue then performs a synchronised dance routine with several backup dancers , who are wearing red and black suits . As the video ends , she performs a similar routine on the top of a building during the night , this time wearing a lavender halter neck dress with ribbon tile trim . Various scenes in the video show Minogue 's face `` unusually '' close to the lens of the camera , thus it `` subtly distorts , yet remains glamorous . '' Shadforth felt the shot gave a `` sort of sense of intimacy and as you say a sort of strangeness , '' again drawing upon the suggestion of Minogue being an alien . Similarly , Morley opined that it was `` the side of Kylie that suddenly reveals itself as being experimental , she is prepared to push herself into positions and shapes that might not be conventionally attractive ( ... ) She becomes alien Kylie as well . '' Legacy ( edit ) At the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony , the music video was nominated for Best Dance Video , while Michael Rooney won the award for Best Choreography . The hooded white jumpsuit Minogue wore in the music video is often considered to be one of her most iconic looks , particularly due to its deep plunging neckline . British fashion designer and Minogue 's stylist William Baker described the choice of the outfit , saying it was `` it was pure but kind of slutty at the same time . '' The outfit was put on display at Kylie : The Exhibition , an exhibition that featured `` costumes and memorabilia collected over Kylie 's career , '' held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London , England , and at Kylie : an exhibition , a similar exhibition held at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney , Australia . It was also included in Minogue 's official fashion photography book , Kylie / Fashion , which was released on 19 November 2012 by Thames and Hudson to celebrate Minogue 's completion of 25 years in music . The music video served as an inspiration for Morley while writing his book Words and Music : the history of pop in the shape of a city . In the book , Morley `` turned the lonely drive she ( Minogue ) made in the song 's video towards a city ( ... ) into a fictional history of music , '' referring to the opening sequence of the music video . The critic takes a ride with Minogue through a city and encounters various musicians and artists like the ghost of Elvis Presley , and Madonna , Kraftwerk , and ( Ludwig ) Wittgenstein . Academics Diane Railton and Paul Weston , in their 2005 essay Naughty Girls and Red Blooded Women ( Representations of Female Heterosexuality in Music Video ) , contrasted the music video of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' with that of American singer Beyoncé 's 2003 single `` Baby Boy . '' Railton and Weston concluded that while both videos focus on two singers performing seductive dance routines , Minogue is presented in a calculated manner and `` is always provisional , restricted , and contingent , '' whereas Beyoncé displays a particular `` primitive , feral , uncontrolled and uncontrollable '' sexuality embodied by the black female body . The two felt that the videos were representative of the raced depictions of white and black women in colonial times and pop culture , respectively . Comedian John Bishop made a parody of the video which appeared in an episode of the ITV show The Nightly Show , which Bishop was guest presenting . The same video featured in the introduction video of Bishop 's 2017 tour `` Winging It '' . Live performances ( edit ) Minogue performing the song , as part of her Kiss Me Once Tour , on 2014 . On 2 August 2001 , Minogue performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at the BBC Radio 1 One Big Sunday show held at Leicester , in the United Kingdom , along with `` Spinning Around ; '' for the performance , she wore a black trilby hat , a sleeveless T - shirt upon which a picture of Marilyn Monroe had been printed , knee - length black boots , and trousers with open zips placed on both the thighs . She performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on 8 November 2001 at the MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony in 2001 . At the 2002 Brit Awards held on 20 February 2002 , Minogue performed a mash - up version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' and British band New Order 's 1983 song `` Blue Monday '' conceived by and also produced by Stuart Crichton . The mash - up was soon released as the B - side to `` Love at First Sight , '' the third single from the album Fever . The live performance of the mash - up ranked at number 40 on The Guardian 's list of `` 50 Key Events in the History of Dance Music '' in 2011 . The mashup was dubbed `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' during its inclusion as the B - side to `` Love at First Sight '' and as a remix on Minogue 's remix album Boombox . On 16 March 2002 , Minogue performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' along with `` In Your Eyes , '' the second single from Fever , on Saturday Night Live . On 4 June 2012 , she sang `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at the Diamond Jubilee Concert in front of the Buckingham Palace , held in honour of Elizabeth II 's completion of 60 years as Queen . Minogue wore a pearl - studded black jacket and hat for the performance . The dance troupe Flawless , who had been finalists on the British television talent show Britain 's Got Talent , served as Minogue 's backup dancers . More recently , Minogue has performed a version of the song remixed by Steve Anderson . She performed the version during her `` MasterCard Pricless Gig '' and other mini-concerts to promote her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once . It was performed during her seven - song set at the 2014 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony , as the final song of her performance . She also performed on the French TV show Le Grand Journal along with `` I Was Gonna Cancel . '' Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' has been performed by Minogue during all of her concert tours as of 2013 , with the exception of the Anti Tour in 2012 . In 2001 , the song was included in the setlist of Minogue 's On a Night Like This tour , which was launched to promote Light Years . According to Tim DiGravina from AllMusic , the performance was infused with an `` almost tangible passion and fire . '' The song was included in the encore segment of the KylieFever2002 tour , which was launched to promote Fever . In 2003 , Minogue performed the song on the one - night only concert Money Ca n't Buy , which concert was used to promote her ninth studio album , Body Language , and was held at major entertainment venue Hammersmith Apollo in London . During the performance , `` a visual flurry of quasi-Japanese symbols '' was projected onto large digital screens set behind the stage , and dancers wearing bondage costumes carried out a `` robotic '' dance routine . Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , 2011 . In 2005 , she performed the song on her Showgirl : The Greatest Hits Tour . But Minogue was unable to complete the tour , as she was diagnosed with early breast cancer and had to cancel the Australian leg of the tour . After undergoing treatment and recovery , Minogue resumed the concert tour in the form of Showgirl : The Homecoming Tour in 2007 , and she included `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on the setlist . In 2008 , she performed the song on the KylieX2008 tour , which was launched to promote her tenth studio album , X . The show was split into five acts ; `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was featured on the first act , titled `` Xlectro Static , '' in a mashup with the song `` Boombox . '' In 2009 , she performed the same version of the song on the For You , for Me tour , which was her first concert tour in North America . A more rock - oriented version of the song was performed during the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , which was launched to promote her eleventh studio album , Aphrodite . It was regarded as `` seemingly inspired by the crunch of Janet Jackson 's `` Black Cat . '' During the performance , male back - up dancers in `` S&M dog collars '' danced with female back - up dancers , who were dressed in red ballroom gowns . In 2012 , Minogue promoted The Abbey Road Sessions by performing on the BBC Proms in the Park at Hyde Park , London . During the event , she also sang the orchestral version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head . '' More recently , the Steve Anderson remix was performed on Minogue 's Kiss Me Once Tour and Kylie Summer 2015 Tour . It followed a performance of `` Sexercize '' in the fourth section , and an interlude dubbed the `` Sex Segue . '' She also performed this version during the 2015 Royal Albert Hall performance as part of her `` Kylie Christmas '' concert . Legacy ( edit ) Commercial impact ( edit ) Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' peaked at number one on the charts of every European country ( except Finland ) , Australia and New Zealand . The song reportedly reached number one in 40 countries worldwide , and as of 2013 , it has sold over seven million copies . In the United Kingdom , the total sales of the song are accumulated to be around 1.16 million units , thus making it the 75th best - selling single in the United Kingdom of all time . It is Minogue 's highest selling single as of 2013 and also one of the best - selling singles of all time . As of June 2015 , it is the 28th best - selling single of the millennium in the United Kingdom . The song is notable for being Minogue 's biggest and strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States , a region in which Minogue had previously managed to achieve little success . The commercial success of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' in the US is often considered to have piloted its parent album Fever to achieve similar success in the region . The album would later peak at number three on the Billboard 200 chart , and attain a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 1,000,000 units . Fever reportedly sold over six million copies worldwide , becoming Minogue 's highest selling album as of 2013 . Cultural impact ( edit ) Eventually , with the hugely successful `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head , '' Kylie would rattle the American pop psyche , reminding the rather insular scene that the bubbly girl who had first made waves with the 1987 cover of `` The Loco - Motion '' had developed into a stylish , experienced , and able pop performer with a clear agenda -- both musically and visually -- and the chops to match . -- Chris True , in his biography of Minogue at AllMusic . In 2011 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at number 45 on `` 100 Best Songs of the 2000s '' list , noting that Minogue had `` seduced the U.S. with this mirror - ball classic '' and that `` we 've been hearing it at the gym ever since . '' NME ranked the song at number 74 on their `` 100 Best Track of the Noughties '' list , saying it `` encapsulated everything enviable in a well - crafted song '' and heralding it as Minogue 's best single . In 2012 , Priya Elan from NME ranked the song at number four on his `` The Greatest Pop Songs in History '' list , saying : `` It was unlike any song I remember hearing before . '' In 2012 , The Guardian included the song in their list of `` The Best Number One Records , '' labelling it to be `` sleek , Arctic - blue minimalism , like an emotionally thwarted retelling of Donna Summer 's `` I Feel Love . '' In the same year , PRS for Music , a UK copyright collection society and performance rights organisation which collects royalties on behalf of songwriters and composers , named `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' the `` Most Popular Song of the Decade '' as it received the highest airplay and live covers in the 2000s ( decade ) . Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' during her KylieX Tour ( 2008 ) . In 2013 , a survey of 700 people was conducted as part of the Manchester Science Festival to find out which song they considered the `` catchiest , '' and `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' topped the poll . Lee Barron , in his essay The Seven Ages of Kylie Minogue : Postmodernism , Identity , and Performative Mimicry , noted that the song `` further established Minogue 's cultural and commercial relevance in the new millennium . '' He remarked that the song `` with its hypnotic ' la la la ' refrain and the deceptively uncomplicated , catchily repetitive beats and synth - sound , marked yet another clearly defined image transformation from the camp - infused Light Years to an emphasis upon a cool , machine - like sexuality , a trait clearly identifiable within the promotional video for ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head . ' '' Similarly , Everett True from The Guardian wrote that the song continued the `` change in the marketing and public perception of Kylie '' and her transition from the `` homely girl - next - door '' to `` a much more flirtatious , sophisticated persona '' that started with the release of `` Spinning Around '' in 2000 . True also felt that the success of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was one of the motivating factors behind `` manufactured '' pop music gaining a `` new postmodern respectability '' and marked a `` clear shift in attitude towards pop music among the ' serious ' rock critic fraternity : the idea that ( manufactured , female ) pop music might well be the equal of ( organic , male ) rock music after all , that each has their high points and their low . '' In 2011 , Minogue 's official website posted a special article marking the song 's 10th anniversary on 8 September , the release date of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' in Australia . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is recognised as Minogue 's signature song . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' garnered Minogue a number of awards . At the 2001 Top of the Pops Awards ceremony , the song won the award for `` Best Single . '' At the 2002 ARIA Music Awards ceremony , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' won the awards for `` Single of the Year '' and `` Highest Selling Single , '' and Minogue won the `` Outstanding Achievement Award . '' In 2002 , it won a Dutch Edison Award for `` Single of the Year . '' In the same year , Dennis and Davis won three awards at the 47th Ivor Novello Awards for their composition of the song ; they won the awards `` The Ivors Dance Award , '' `` Most Performed Work , '' and `` International Hit of the Year . '' At the inaugural Premios Oye ! in 2002 , the song received a nomination in the category of `` Song of the Year . '' In the 2007 episode of The Simpsons , `` Homerazzi '' , the track is heard playing in a celebrity - packed nightclub into which Homer storms . The track is also heard in the films Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , Hey Good Looking ! , Holy Motors , and 20,000 Days on Earth . The `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' mash - up is heard in the film Layer Cake , and New Order themselves sampled the song during their 2005 Coachella set as they performed `` Blue Monday '' . Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head is featured in the popular dancing game , Just Dance for the Nintendo Wii , it has yet to appear in Just Dance Unlimited or Just Dance Now Formats and track listings ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head : '' CD single # 1 `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' -- 3 : 50 `` Boy '' -- 3 : 47 `` Rendezvous at Sunset '' -- 3 : 23 CD single # 2 `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' -- 3 : 50 `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( K & M Mindprint Mix ) -- 6 : 34 `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( Plastika Mix ) -- 9 : 26 Digital download `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' -- 3 : 52 `` Boy '' -- 3 : 48 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Portugal ( Billboard ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 23 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 32 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 7 Dutch Top 40 French Singles Chart 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Irish Singles Chart 7 Italian Singles Chart New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 45 Romanian Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart Chart ( 2002 ) Position Austrian Singles Chart 50 French Singles Chart 36 Swiss Singles Chart 26 US Billboard Hot 100 45 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Country Position Australia 58 Germany 67 Netherlands 15 United Kingdom 7 All - time charts ( edit ) Country Position UK Singles Chart 72 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 40,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 918,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Platinum 20,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 South Africa Platinum 50,000 ^ Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,297,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 531,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://open.spotify.com/track/1bXYgyOLbtPUKqFcqrFlYY?si=NrGLDlbmRs-OGeDfH94USQ ^ Jump up to : True , Chris . `` Kylie Minogue -- Biography '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Years Ago On 8Th September 2001 ... '' Kylie.com . Parlophone Records . 8 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Kylie.com . Parlophone Records . Archived from the original on 27 February 2014 . 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If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry , Kylie Minogue , Cee Lo Green '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) The Complete Kylie , Simon Sheridan , Reynolds & Hearn Books ( February 2009 ) . ( 2nd ed . ) ISBN 1 - 905287 - 89 - 5 External links ( edit ) A page on `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at Kylie Minogue 's official website Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kylie Minogue songs Singles discography 1980s singles `` The Loco - Motion '' `` I Should Be So Lucky '' `` Got to Be Certain '' `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi '' `` Especially for You '' `` It 's No Secret '' `` Turn It into Love '' `` Hand on Your Heart '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Never Too Late '' 1990s singles `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` Better the Devil You Know '' `` Step Back in Time '' `` What Do I Have to Do '' `` Shocked '' `` Word Is Out '' `` If You Were with Me Now '' `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` Finer Feelings '' `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) '' `` Celebration '' `` Confide in Me '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Where Is the Feeling ? '' `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' `` Some Kind of Bliss '' `` Did It Again '' `` Breathe '' `` Cowboy Style '' 2000s singles `` Spinning Around '' `` On a Night Like This '' `` Kids '' `` Please Stay '' `` Your Disco Needs You '' `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Love at First Sight '' `` Come into My World '' `` Slow '' `` Red Blooded Woman '' `` Chocolate '' `` I Believe in You '' `` Giving You Up '' `` 2 Hearts '' `` Wow '' `` In My Arms '' `` All I See '' `` The One '' `` Lhuna '' 2010s singles `` All the Lovers '' `` Get Outta My Way '' `` Better than Today '' `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) '' `` Timebomb '' `` Flower '' `` Limpido '' `` Into the Blue '' `` I Was Gonna Cancel '' `` Crystallize '' `` Only You '' `` 100 Degrees '' `` Every Day 's Like Christmas '' `` At Christmas '' `` Wonderful Christmastime '' `` Dancing '' `` Stop Me from Falling '' `` Golden '' `` A Lifetime to Repair '' `` Music 's Too Sad Without You '' Featured singles `` Keep on Pumpin ' It '' `` GBI ( German Bold Italic ) '' `` Higher '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` The Other Boys '' Promotional singles `` I Guess I Like It Like That '' `` Too Far '' `` Butterfly '' `` Sometime Samurai '' `` Whistle '' `` Skirt '' `` Sexercize '' `` Golden Boy '' `` Beautiful '' `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' Other songs `` The Reflex '' `` The Real Thing '' `` Bury Me Deep in Love '' `` Love Is the Drug '' `` Speakerphone '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` Any Which Way '' `` Wonderful Life '' `` Aphrodite '' `` Black and White '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Christmas Wrapping '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Let It Snow '' `` Santa Baby '' `` Stay Another Day '' `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' `` Night Fever '' `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' `` Bette Davis Eyes '' ARIA Award for Single of the Year `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 ) `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 ) `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 ) `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 ) `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 ) `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 ) `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 ) `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 ) `` Brother '' by Matt Corby ( 2012 ) `` Resolution '' by Matt Corby ( 2013 ) `` She Looks So Perfect '' by 5 Seconds Of Summer ( 2014 ) `` Start Again '' by Conrad Sewell ( 2015 ) `` Youth '' by Troye Sivan ( 2016 ) `` Stranger '' by Peking Duk ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Get_You_Out_of_My_Head&oldid=866344544 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2002 singles 2001 songs ARIA Award - 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-5557629060539265225 | Aruna Asaf Ali | Aruna Asaf Ali - Wikipedia Aruna Asaf Ali This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aruna Asaf Ali Aruna Ganguly 16 July 1909 Kalka , Punjab , British India 29 July 1996 ( 1996 - 07 - 29 ) ( aged 87 ) New Delhi , India Nationality Indian Alma mater Sacred Heart Convent Occupation Teacher , socialist , independence activist , politician , newspaper publisher Political party Indian National Congress Communist Party of India Spouse ( s ) Asaf Ali ( m . 1928 ; d . 1953 ) Awards Bharat Ratna ( 1997 ) Aruna Asaf Ali ( 16 July 1909 -- 29 July 1996 ) , born Aruna Ganguly , was an Indian independence activist . She is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement , 1942 . After Independence , she remained active in politics , becoming Delhi 's first mayor in 1958 . In the 1960s , she successfully started a media publishing house . She received India 's highest civilian award , the Bharat Ratna , posthumously in 1997 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Freedom struggle : early days 3 Face of Quit India movement 4 Countdown to Independence 5 Post-Independence 6 Legacy 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Aruna Asaf Ali was born ( Aruna Ganguly ) on 16 July 1909 in Kalka , Punjab , British India ( now in Haryana , India ) into a Bengali Brahmo family . Her father Upendranath Ganguly hailed from Barisal district of Eastern Bengal ( now Bangladesh ) but settled in the United Province . He was a restaurant owner . Her mother Ambalika Devi was the daughter of Trailokyanath Sanyal , a renowned Brahmo leader who wrote many Brahmo hymns . Upendranath Ganguly 's younger brother Dhirendranath Ganguly ( DG ) was one of the earliest film directors . Another brother , Nagendranath , was a university professor who married Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore 's only surviving daughter Mira Devi . Aruna 's sister Purnima Banerjee was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India . Aruna was educated at Sacred Heart Convent in Lahore and then at All Saints ' College in Nainital . After her graduation , she worked as a teacher at the Gokhale Memorial School in Calcutta . She met Asaf Ali , a leader in the Congress party , in Allahabad . They got married in 1928 , despite parental opposition on grounds of religion and age ( he was a Muslim and her senior by more than 20 years ) . My father was no more when Asaf and I married in September 1928 . My paternal uncle Nagendranath Ganguly , a university professor who regarded himself as my guardian , said to relatives and friends that as far as he was concerned I was dead and he had performed my shraddh . -- Aruna Asaf Ali Freedom struggle : early days ( edit ) She was an active member of Congress Party after marrying Asaf Ali and participated in public processions during the Salt Satyagraha . She was arrested on the charge that she was a vagrant and hence not released in 1931 under the Gandhi - Irwin Pact which stipulated release of all political prisoners . Other women co-prisoners refused to leave the premises unless she was also released and gave in only after Mohandas K. Gandhi intervened . A public agitation secured her release . In 1932 , she was held prisoner at the Tihar Jail where she protested the indifferent treatment of political prisoners by launching a hunger strike . Her efforts resulted in an improvement of conditions in the Tihar Jail but she was moved to Ambala and was subjected to solitary confinement . She was politically not very active after her release , but at the ending of 1942 , she took part in the underground movement . She was active in it . Face of Quit India movement ( edit ) On 8 August 1942 , the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India resolution at the Bombay session . The government responded by arresting the major leaders and all members of the Congress Working Committee and thus tried to pre-empt the movement from success . Young Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the remainder of the session on 9 August and hoisted the Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan . This marked the commencement of the movement . The police fired upon the assembly at the session . Aruna was dubbed the Heroine of the 1942 movement for her bravery in the face of danger and was called Grand Old Lady of the Independence movement in her later years . Despite the absence of direct leadership , spontaneous protests and demonstrations were held all over the country , as an expression of the desire of India 's youth to achieve independence . Countdown to independence ( edit ) An arrest warrant was issued in her name but she went underground to evade the arrest and started an underground movement in the year 1942 . Her property was seized and sold . In the meanwhile , she also edited Inquilab , a monthly magazine of the Congress Party , along with Ram Manohar Lohia . In a 1944 issue , she exhorted youth to action by asking them to forget futile discussions about violence and non-violence and join the revolution . Leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali were described as `` the Political children of Gandhi but recent students of Karl Marx . '' The government announced a reward of 5,000 rupees for her capture . She fell ill and was for a period hiding in Dr. Joshi 's Hospital in Karol Bagh in Delhi . Mahatma Gandhi sent her a hand - written note to her to come out of hiding and surrender herself -- as her mission was accomplished and as she could utilize the reward amount for the Harijan cause . However , she came out of hiding only after the warrant against her was withdrawn in 1946 . She treasured the note from the Mahatma and it adorned her drawing room . However , she also faced criticism from Gandhi for her support of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny , a movement she saw as the single greatest unifying factor of Hindus and Muslims at a time that was the peak of the movement for Pakistan . Post-independence ( edit ) She was a member of the Congress Socialist Party , a caucus within the Congress Party for activists with socialist leanings . Disillusioned with the progress of the Congress Party on socialism she joined a new party , Socialist Party in 1948 . She , however , left that party along with Edatata Narayanan and they visited Moscow along with Rajani Palme Dutt . Both of them joined the Communist Party of India in the early 1950s . On the personal front , she was bereaved when Asaf Ali died in 1953 . In 1954 , she helped form the National Federation of Indian Women , the women 's wing of CPI but left the party in 1956 following Nikita Khrushchev 's disowning of Stalin . In 1958 , she was elected the first Mayor of Delhi . She was closely associated with social activists and secularists of her era like Krishna Menon , Vimla Kapoor , Guru Radha Kishan , Premsagar Gupta , Rajani Palme Joti , Sarla Sharma and Subhadra Joshi for social welfare and development in Delhi . She and Narayanan started Link publishing house and published a daily newspaper , Patriot and a weekly , Link the same year . The publications became prestigious due to the patronage of leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru , Krishna Menon and Biju Patnaik . Later she moved out of the publishing house due to internal politics , stunned by greed taking over the creed of her comrades . In 1964 , she rejoined the Congress Party but stopped taking part in active politics . Despite reservations about the emergency , she remained close to Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi . She died in New Delhi on 29 July 1996 , aged 87 . Legacy ( edit ) Aruna Asaf Ali was awarded International Lenin Peace Prize for the year 1964 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1991 . She was awarded India 's second highest civilian honour , the Padma Vibhushan in her lifetime in 1992 , and finally the highest civilian award , the Bharat Ratna , posthumously in 1997 . In 1998 , a stamp commemorating her was issued . Aruna Asaf Ali marg in New Delhi was named in her honour . All India Minorities Front distributes the Dr Aruna Asaf Ali Sadbhawana Award annually . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ G.N.S. Raghavan ( 1999 ) . Aruna Asaf Ali : A Compassionate Radical . National Book Trust . ISBN 9788123727622 . Jump up ^ Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson , ed. ( 1997 ) . Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521 - 59018 - 3 . Jump up ^ Radha Kumar ( 1993 ) . The History of Doing : An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women 's Rights and Feminism in India , 1800 - 1990 . Zubaan . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Verinder Grover ( 1993 ) . Great Women of Modern India : Aruna Asaf Ali . Deep & Deep Publications . ISBN 9788171004621 . Jump up ^ Singh , Kuldip ( 31 July 1996 ) . `` Obituary : Aruna Asaf Ali '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lenin Peace Prize '' . The Item. 14 August 1965 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` List of the recipients of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award '' . ICCR website . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards Directory ( 1954 - 2007 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) An Obituary of Mrs. Aruna Asaf Ali by Inder Malhotra in The Guardian A write - up on Aruna Asaf Ali Another write - up on Aruna Asaf Ali Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. 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Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. 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Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject BNF : cb13528825b ( data ) GND : 119260980 ISNI : 0000 0003 6850 4814 LCCN : n88123307 SUDOC : 069841527 VIAF : 111798973 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aruna_Asaf_Ali&oldid=856232082 '' Categories : 1909 births 1996 deaths Bengali politicians Indian independence activists from Delhi Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Lenin Peace Prize recipients Quit India Movement Brahmos People from Panchkula district Indian rebels Indian women in war Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs Mayors of Delhi Prisoners and detainees of British India Women mayors of places in India Jawaharlal Nehru Award laureates Women in war 1900 -- 1945 Women in Delhi politics Delhi politicians Indian people of World War II 20th - century Indian women politicians 20th - century Indian politicians Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi Women Indian independence activists Hidden categories : Use Indian English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Infobox person using alma mater Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 19 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the heroine of quit india movement | [
"On 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India resolution at the Bombay session. The government responded by arresting the major leaders and all members of the Congress Working Committee and thus tried to pre-empt the movement from success. Young Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the remainder of the session on 9 August and hoisted the Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan. This marked the commencement of the movement. The police fired upon the assembly at the session. Aruna was dubbed the Heroine of the 1942 movement for her bravery in the face of danger and was called Grand Old Lady of the Independence movement in her later years. Despite the absence of direct leadership, spontaneous protests and demonstrations were held all over the country, as an expression of the desire of India’s youth to achieve independence.\n"
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"Aruna Asaf Ali"
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6748795791491127138 | List of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002 TV series) episodes | List of He - Man and the Masters of the Universe ( 2002 TV series ) episodes - wikipedia List of He - Man and the Masters of the Universe ( 2002 TV series ) episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is a list of episodes from the television show He - Man and the Masters of the Universe ( 2002 TV series ) in order by production number . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes : production order 1.1 Season One : 2002 -- 2003 1.2 Season Two : 2003 -- 2004 2 External links Episodes : production order ( edit ) The following is a list of episodes of the television series . Season one : 2002 -- 2003 ( edit ) # Title Director Writer Original airdate 01 - 03 `` The Beginning '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan August 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 16 ) Keldor attacks the Hall of Wisdom and Captain Randor leads his forces to stop him . Years later , Skeletor emerges to attack Eternia . Prince Adam must visit Castle Grayskull and seek the Sorceress ' help to save his captured father . He - Man emerges to protect Eternia from the evil forces of Skeletor . 04 `` The Courage of Adam '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan September 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 20 ) Prince Adam realizes that as long as evil exists on Eternia , he will be called to defend his home as He - Man . 05 `` Sky War '' Gary Hartle Michael Reaves September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) Skeletor secretly instigates a war between the Bird People of Avion and the Bee People on Andreenos as part of a plot to defeat He - Man . 06 `` The Deep End '' Gary Hartle Brooks Wachtel October 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 04 ) He - Man must save Man - At - Arms from the belly of a sea beast threatening Castle Grayskull . 07 `` Lessons '' Gary Hartle Larry DiTillio October 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 11 ) After messing things up in the Royal Palace , Orko seeks the Sorceress ' help to return to his home dimension . 08 `` Siren 's Song '' Gary Hartle William Forrest Cluverius October 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 18 ) Ram Man is hypnotized by a beautiful Siren who plots to destroy the Masters 09 `` The Ties That Bind '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan October 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 25 ) Teela becomes curious about her past when she develops temporary telepathic powers . 10 `` Dragon 's Brood '' Gary Hartle Michael Edens & Mark Edward Edens November 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 01 ) Massive fire - breathing dragons threaten Eternia and Castle Grayskull . 11 `` Turnabout '' Gary Hartle Len Uhley November 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 15 ) Skeletor is punished by a magical belt that prevents him from being evil . 12 `` Mekaneck 's Lament '' Gary Hartle Erik & Lara Runnels November 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) While trying to acquire better powers , Mekaneck unwittingly sets a dangerous villain free . First appearance of Count Marzo . 13 `` Night of the Shadowbeasts '' Gary Hartle Michael Reaves November 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) Skeletor unleashes fierce nocturnal creatures to destroy Castle Grayskull . 14 `` Underworld '' Gary Hartle Steven Melching December 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 13 ) In Subternia ( Eternia 's underground ) , He - Man and King Randor must prevent Skeletor from attacking Castle Grayskull from below . 15 `` The Mystery of Anwat Gar '' Gary Hartle Kevin D. Campbell December 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 20 ) He - Man and Man - At - Arms journey to a mysterious island to prevent Skeletor from getting his hands on powerful ancient stones . First appearance of Sy - Klone . 16 `` The Monster Within '' Gary Hartle Larry DiTillio December 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 27 ) He - Man and Man - E-Faces battle dangerous bounty hunters in the Tar Swamp . First appearance of Two Bad . 17 `` Roboto 's Gambit '' Gary Hartle Michael Reaves March 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) A simple chess - playing robot helps the Masters battle an evil army of bone creatures . First appearance of Roboto . 18 `` Trust '' Gary Hartle William Forrest Cluverius March 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 08 ) Stratos must form an uneasy alliance with Trap Jaw to survive the perilous Ice Mountains . 19 `` Orko 's Garden '' Gary Hartle Len Uhley March 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 15 ) Orko unwittingly helps the villainous plant - like Evilseed take all of the Heroic Masters hostage . First appearance of Moss Man . 20 `` Buzz - Off 's Pride '' Gary Hartle Christy Marx & Randall Littlejohn March 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 22 ) Buzz - Off must battle vicious giants in order to defend both a peaceful village and his pride . 21 `` Snake Pit '' Gary Hartle Steven Melching March 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 29 ) The Heroic Masters enlist the help of the mysterious Zodak to prevent the Snake Men from escaping their ancient prison . First appearance of Kobra Khan , Rattlor , King Hiss , Zodak , and Webstor . 22 `` The Island '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan April 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 05 ) While visiting his mentor Dekker on a remote island , Man - At - Arms is captured by evil crab - like creatures . 23 `` The Sweet Smell of Victory '' Gary Hartle Kevin D. Campbell April 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 12 ) When a low - level crook tries to join Skeletor , an accident mutates him into a new Evil Warrior intent on destroying the Heroic Masters . First appearance of Stinkor . 24 `` Separation '' Gary Hartle Larry DiTillio April 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 19 ) He - Man must return three mystical objects to the far corners of Eternia to prevent the destruction of the entire planet . 25 `` The Council of Evil , Part 1 '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) The members of Skeletor 's newly formed Council of Evil are capturing the Heroic Masters one by one . 26 `` The Council of Evil , Part 2 '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan October 11 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 11 ) It 's up to Adam to stop the forces of evil that plague Eternia without his Power Sword . Season Two : 2003 -- 2004 ( edit ) # E# Title Director Writer Original airdate 27 `` The Last Stand '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan October 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 18 ) He - Man has to battle Skeletor , the Council of Evil , and the Evil Warriors to protect Castle Grayskull . 28 `` To Walk with Dragons '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan October 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 25 ) The Heroic Masters must thwart Skeletor 's attacking serpinataurs by enlisting the help of vicious red dragons 29 `` Out of the Past '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan November 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 01 ) Teela is drawn to a small village , where she gets further clues about her past . 30 `` Rise of the Snake Men , Part 1 '' Gary Hartle Steve Melching November 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 08 ) The Heroic Masters have to battle Skeletor 's forces while trying to prevent the dreaded Snake Men from getting free from their ancient prison . 31 `` Rise of the Snake Men , Part 2 '' Gary Hartle Steve Melching November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) Zodak joins forces with the Heroic Masters of the Universe to prevent the freed Snake Men from taking over Eternia . 32 6 `` The Price of Deceit '' Gary Hartle Larry DiTillio November 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 22 ) Skeletor seeks to punish Evil - Lyn for betraying him . 33 7 `` Of Machines and Men '' Gary Hartle Michael Halperin November 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 29 ) A mysterious force disables all technological power in Eternia , and Randor attempts to save Marlena . 34 8 `` Second Skin '' Gary Hartle Steve Melching December 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 06 ) It 's up to the Masters of the Universe to stop King Hiss from using a devastatingly powerful ancient artifact which can transform other beings into Snake Men . 35 9 `` The Power of Grayskull '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan December 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 13 ) The Sorceress tells Prince Adam of the great history behind the power of Grayskull after he is troubled by a strange dream . 36 10 `` Web of Evil '' Gary Hartle Kevin D. Campbell December 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 20 ) Webstor creates a spider army that threatens to take over Eternia . Meanwhile , Man - At - Arms has an encounter with his brother , Fisto whom he blames for deserting his post . 37 11 `` Rattle of the Snake '' Gary Hartle Steve Melching December 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 27 ) The Heroic Masters track King Hiss through Subternia to a long - lost Snake Temple , which holds the key to releasing a terrible power , the power to set an ancient evil free from its prison . 38 12 `` History '' Gary Hartle Larry DiTillio January 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 03 ) In her attempt to overthrow Skeletor , Evil - Lyn allies herself with Count Marzo to free Hordak from Despondos . 39 13 `` Awaken the Serpent '' Gary Hartle Dean Stefan January 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 10 ) Using the Medallion of Serpos , King Hiss transforms Snake Mountain into the mighty snake god , Serpos . External links ( edit ) He - Man and the Masters of the Universe at TV.com ( hide ) Masters of the Universe Television series He - Man and the Masters of the Universe ( 1983 - 85 ) episodes She - Ra : Princess of Power episodes characters The New Adventures of He - Man He - Man and the Masters of the Universe ( 2002 - 04 ) episodes Films The Secret of the Sword He - Man & She - Ra : A Christmas Special Masters of the Universe Characters Battle Cat Beast Man Bow Clawful Evil - Lyn Fearless Photog Gwildor King Grayskull He - Man Hordak Man - At - Arms Mosquitor Orko King Randor She - Ra Skeletor Sorceress of Castle Grayskull Swift Wind The Snake Men Teela Zodac Locations Castle Grayskull Eternia Miscellanea Comics 2012 DC comic He - Man / ThunderCats Mastering the Universe The Masters of the Universe Role Playing Game The Power Sword Princess of Power Roger Sweet Eternia Playset Video games The Power of He - Man The Arcade Game The Movie Super Adventure He - Man : Power of Grayskull He - Man : Defender of Grayskull He - Man : The Most Powerful Game in the Universe Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe_(2002_TV_series)_episodes&oldid=759833226 '' Categories : Lists of American animated television series episodes Masters of the Universe Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 January 2017 , at 11 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | he-man & the masters of the universe episode 12 | [] | [] |
-8503009175492474928 | Medical school | Medical school - wikipedia Medical school Jump to : navigation , search For trade associations for medical professionals , see Medical college . `` Med school '' redirects here . For the experimental music label , see Hospital Records . See also : Medical education and List of medical schools This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A medical school is a tertiary educational institution -- or part of such an institution -- that teaches medicine , and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons . Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS , MBChB , BMBS ) , Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) , or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( DO ) . Many medical schools offer additional degrees , such as a Doctor of Philosophy , Master 's degree , a physician assistant program , or other post-secondary education . Medical schools can also carry out medical research and operate teaching hospitals . Around the world , criteria , structure , teaching methodology , and nature of medical programs offered at medical schools vary considerably . Medical schools are often highly competitive , using standardized entrance examinations , as well as grade point average and leadership roles , to narrow the selection criteria for candidates . In most countries , the study of medicine is completed as an undergraduate degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework . However , an increasing number of places are emerging for graduate entrants who have completed an undergraduate degree including some required courses . In the United States and Canada , almost all medical degrees are second entry degrees , and require several years of previous study at the university level . Medical degrees are awarded to medical students after the completion of their degree program , which typically lasts five or more years for the undergraduate model and four years for the graduate model . Many modern medical schools integrate clinical education with basic sciences from the beginning of the curriculum ( e.g. ) . More traditional curricula are usually divided into preclinical and clinical blocks . In preclinical sciences , students study subjects such as biochemistry , genetics , pharmacology , pathology , anatomy , physiology and medical microbiology , among others . Subsequent clinical rotations usually include internal medicine , general surgery , pediatrics , psychiatry , and obstetrics and gynecology , among others . Although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree , a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority . Licensing may also require passing a test , undergoing a criminal background check , checking references , paying a fee , and undergoing several years of postgraduate training . Medical schools are regulated by each country and appear in the World Directory of Medical Schools which was formed by the merger of the AVICENNA Directory for medicine and the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 1.1 Ghana 1.2 Kenya 1.3 Nigeria 1.4 South Africa 1.5 Sudan 1.6 Tunisia 1.7 Uganda 1.8 Zimbabwe 2 Americas 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Bolivia 2.3 Brazil 2.4 Canada 2.5 Caribbean 2.6 Curaçao 2.7 Chile 2.8 Colombia 2.9 El Salvador 2.10 Guyana 2.11 Haiti 2.12 Panama 2.13 United States 2.14 Uruguay 2.15 Venezuela 3 Asia and Oceania 3.1 Australia 3.2 Bangladesh 3.3 Cambodia 3.4 Hong Kong 3.5 India 3.6 Indonesia 3.7 Iran 3.8 Israel 3.9 Japan 3.10 Jordan 3.11 Kyrgyzstan 3.12 Lebanon 3.13 Malaysia 3.14 Myanmar 3.15 Nepal 3.16 New Zealand 3.17 Pakistan 3.18 People 's Republic of China 3.19 Philippines 3.20 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 3.21 Saudi Arabia 3.22 Singapore 3.23 South Korea 3.24 Sri Lanka 3.25 Thailand 4 Europe 4.1 Albania 4.2 Austria 4.3 Belarus 4.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.5 Bulgaria 4.6 Croatia 4.7 Czech Republic 4.8 Denmark 4.9 Finland 4.10 France 4.11 Germany 4.12 Greece 4.13 Hungary 4.14 Iceland 4.15 Ireland 4.16 Italy 4.17 Lithuania 4.18 Netherlands and Belgium 4.19 Norway 4.20 Poland 4.21 Portugal 4.22 Romania 4.23 Russia 4.24 Sweden 4.25 Switzerland 4.26 Turkey 4.27 Ukraine 4.28 United Kingdom 5 Medical students 5.1 Bullying 5.2 Burnout and depression 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 External links Africa ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Africa By 2005 there were more than 100 medical schools across Africa , most of which had been established after 1970 . Ghana ( edit ) There are seven medical schools in Ghana : The University of Ghana Medical School in Accra , the KNUST School of Medical Sciences in Kumasi , University for Development Studies School of Medicine in Tamale , University of Cape Coast Medical School and the University of Allied Health Sciences in Ho , Volta Region , the leading private medical school in Ghana - the Accra College of Medicine , and Family Health Medical School another private medical school . Basic Medical education lasts 6 years in all the medical schools . Entry into these medical schools are highly competitive and it is usually based on successful completion of the Senior High School Examinations . The University of Ghana Medical School has however introduced a graduate entry medical program to admit students with mainly science - related degrees into a 4 - year medical school program . Students graduating from any of these medical schools get the MBChB degree and the title `` Dr '' . For the First 3 years Students are awarded BSc in the field of Medical science for University of Ghana medical school ; and Human biology for KNUST and UDS medical schools . The University of Ghana Medical School and KNUST School of Medical Sciences in Kumasi use the Tradition medical education model whiles University for Development Studies School of Medicine uses the Problem - based learning model . Medical graduates are then registered provisionally with the Medical and Dental Council ( MDC ) of Ghana as House Officers ( Interns ) . Upon completion of the mandatory 2 - year housemanship , these medical doctors are permanently registered with the MDC and can practice as medical officers ( General Practitioners ) anywhere in the country . The housemanship training is done only in hospitals accredited for such purposes by the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana Following the permanent registration with the medical and dental council , doctors can specialize in any of the various fields that is organized by either the West African college of Physicians and Surgeons or the Ghana College of Physician and Surgeons . Medical officers are also sometimes hired by the Ghana Health Service to work in the Districts / Rural areas as Primary Care Physicians . Kenya ( edit ) In Kenya , medical school is a faculty of a university . Medical education lasts for 5 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate ( MBChB ) degree . This is followed by a mandatory 12 - month full - time internship at an approved hospital after which one applies for registration with the Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board if they intend to practice medicine in the country . The first two years of medical school cover the basic medical ( preclinical ) sciences while the last four years are focused on the clinical sciences and internship . There are no medical school entry examinations or interviews and admission is based on students ' performance in the high school exit examination ( Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education - KCSE ) . Students who took the AS Level or the SAT can also apply but there is a very strict quota limiting the number of students that get accepted into public universities . This quota does not apply to private universities . There are four established public medical schools : University of Nairobi ( oldest , established 1967 ) Moi University in Eldoret ( established in the 1980s with major support from the Indiana University School of Medicine - USA , and with whom there remain significant ties ) Kenyatta University at Kahawa ( established 2004 ) Egerton University in Nakuru ( established in 2007 ) Jomo Kanyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Maseno University Both Nairobi and Moi Universities run post graduate medical training programs that run over 3 years and lead to the award of master of medicine , MMed , in the respective specialty . There has been progress made by the Aga Khan University in Karachi , Pakistan and the Aga Khan University Hospital ( AKUH ) in Nairobi towards the establishment of a Health Sciences University in Kenya with an associated medical school . AKUH in Nairobi , already offers post graduate MMed programmes . These are run over 4 years . Completion of formal specialty training in Kenya is followed by two years of supervised clinical work before one can apply for recognition as a specialist , in their respective field , by the medical board . Nigeria ( edit ) There are several medical schools in Nigeria . Entrance into these schools is highly competitive . Candidates graduating from high school must attain high scores on the West African Examination Council 's ( WAEC ) Senior School Certificate Exam ( SSCE / GCE ) and high scores in four subjects ( Physics , English , Chemistry , and Biology ) in the University Matriculation Examination ( UME ) . Students undergo rigorous training for 6 years and culminate with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS / MBChB ) . The undergraduate program is six years and one year of work experience in government hospitals . After medical school , graduates are mandated to spend one year of housemanship ( internship ) and one year of community service before they are eligible to be fully licensed by the Medical and Dental Council . South Africa ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in South Africa ; Healthcare in South Africa ; Category : Teaching hospitals in South Africa Related : Dental degree # South Africa There are eight medical schools in South Africa , each under the auspices of a public university . As the country is a former British colony , most of the institutions follow the British - based undergraduate method of instruction , admitting students directly from high school into a 6 or occasionally five - year program . Some universities such as the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and the University of Cape Town have started offering post-graduate medical degrees that run concurrently with their undergraduate programs . In this instance , a student having completed an appropriate undergraduate degree with basic sciences can enter into a four - year postgraduate program . South African medical schools award the MBChB degree , except the University of the Witwatersrand , which styles its degree MBBCh . Some universities allow students to earn an intercalated degree , completing a BSc ( Medical ) with an additional year of study after the second or third year of the MBChB . The University of Cape Town , in particular , has spearheaded a recent effort to increase the level of medical research training and exposure of medical students through an Intercalated Honours Programme , with the option to extend this to a PhD . Following successful completion of study , all South African medical graduates must complete a two - year internship as well as a further year of community service in order to register with the Health Professions Council and practice as a doctor in the country . Specialisation is usually a five - to seven - year training process ( depending on the specialty ) requiring registering as a medical registrar attached to an academic clinical department in a large teaching hospital with appropriate examinations . The specialist qualification may be conferred as a Fellowship by the independent Colleges of Medicine of South Africa ( CMSA ) , following British tradition , or as a Magisterial degree by the university ( usually the M Med , Master of Medicine , degree ) . The Medical schools and the CMSA also offer Higher Diplomas in many fields . Research degrees are the M. Med and Ph. D. or M.D. , depending on university . Medical students from all over the world come to South Africa to gain practical experience in the country 's many teaching hospitals and rural clinics . The language of instruction is English but a few indigenous languages are studied briefly . The University of the Free State has a parallel medium policy , meaning all English classes are also presented in Afrikaans , therefore students who choose to study in Afrikaans , do so separately from the English class . Sudan ( edit ) In Sudan , medical school is a faculty of a university . Medical school is usually 6 years , and by the end of the 6 years the students acquires a bachelor 's degree of Medicine and Surgery . Post graduating there is a mandatory one - year full - time internship at one of the university or Government Teaching hospitals , then a license is issued . During the first three years the curriculum is completed , and throughout the next three years it is repeated with practical training . Students with high grades are accepted for free in Government Universities . Students who score a grade less than the required would have to pay and must also acquire a still high grade . Students who take foreign examinations other than the Sudanese High School Examination are also accepted in Universities , students taking IGCSE / SATs and other Arabian countries . All medical students who want to be enrolled in internship program , should undergo registration under the Sudanese Medical Council . Tunisia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Tunisia , education is free for all Tunisian citizens and for foreigners who have scholarships . The oldest Medical school is a faculty of the University of Tunis . There are four medicine faculties situated in the major cities of Tunis , Sfax , Sousse and Monastir . Admission is bound to the success and score in the baccalaureate examination . Admission score threshold is very high , based on competition among all applicants throughout the nation . Medical school curriculum consists of five years . The first two years are medical theory , containing all basic sciences related to medicine , and the last three years consists of clinical issues related to all medical specialties . During these last three years , the student gets the status of `` Externe '' . The student has to attend at the university hospital every day , rotating around all wards . Every period is followed by a clinical exam regarding the student 's knowledge in that particular specialty . After those five years , there are two years on internship , in which the student is a physician but under the supervision of the chief doctor ; the student rotates over the major and most essential specialties during period of four months each . After that , student has the choice of either passing the residency national exam or extending his internship for another year , after which he gains the status of family physician . The residency program consists of four to five years in the specialty he qualifies , depending on his score in the national residency examination under the rule of highest score chooses first . Whether the student chooses to be a family doctor or a specialist , he has to make a doctorate thesis , which he will be defending in front of a jury , after which he gains his degree of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) . Uganda ( edit ) Main article : Medical school in Uganda As of April 2017 , there are nine accredited medical schools in Uganda . Training leading to the award of the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBChB ) lasts five years , if there are no re-takes . After graduating , a year of internship in a hospital designated for that purpose , under the supervision of a specialist in that discipline is required before an unrestricted license to practice medicine and surgery is granted by the Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council ( UMDPC ) . There is Postgraduate training such as the degree of Master of Medicine ( MMed ) which is a three - year programme , available at Makerere University School of Medicine in several disciplines . Makerere University School of Public Health , offers the degree of Master of Public Health ( MPH ) following a twenty - two ( 22 ) - month period of study , which includes field work . Zimbabwe ( edit ) In Zimbabwe there are three medical schools is offering Medical degrees . For undergrads , these are University of Zimbabwe - College of Health Sciences ( MBChB ) , National University of Science and Technology ( NUST ) Medical school ( MBBS ) and Midlands State University ( MSU ) ( MBChB ) . Only UZ is offering postgrad degrees in the Medical faculty . Training lasts 5 1 / 2 years . The curriculum is as follows : Part 1 ( 1 year ) -- Biochemistry , Communication Skills for Academic Purposes , Anatomy , Physiology and Behavioral Sciences . Professional exams are written in the first two and failure to attain a pass in Biochemistry warranties a repeat of first year . Part 2 ( 1 year ) -- Communication Skills for Professional Purposes , Anatomy , Physiology , Behavioral Sciences . Professional exams are written at the end of second year and failure to attain a passmark in any of the last three courses on the list warranties a repeat of the year . Communication Skills can be carried to the next year , but the student should pass the course before graduation . Part 3 ( 1.5 years ) -- Pathology ( Histopathology ) , Medical Microbiology , Chemical Pathology , Hematology , Forensic Pathology , Immunology and Toxicology . A professional exam is written at the end of the third year and the student has to pass to proceed . There are also surgery and medicine rotations during the year . Also , the students cover most of the basic Pharmacology during the third stage of the degrees . Part 4 ( 1 year ) -- Community Medicine , Psychiatry and Clinical Pharmacology Part 5 ( 1 year ) -- Medicine , Surgery , Obstetrics and Gynecology , Pediatrics Internship is 2 years duration , with the first year spent in medicine and surgery and the second year doing pediatrics , anesthesia / psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology . Thereafter one can apply for MMED at the university which last 4 -- 5 years depending on specialty . Currently no subspecialist education is available . Americas ( edit ) Medical student at a laboratory at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education , Mexico City . Argentina ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Argentina Medical degree programs in Argentina typically are six years long , with some universities opting for 7 year programs . Each one of the 3000 medical students who graduate each year in Argentina are required before graduation to dedicate a minimum of 8 months to community service without pay ; although in some provinces ( especially round the more developed south ) there are government - funded hospitals who pay for this work . Some universities have cultural exchange programmes that allow a medical student in their final year to serve their community time overseas . Upon graduation , one of the following degrees is obtained , according to the university : Doctor of Medicine , or both Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery . Public universities usually confer both degrees , and private universities bestow only Doctor of Medicine . In daily practice , however , there is no substantial difference between what a Doctor of Medicine or a Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery are allowed to do . When the degree is obtained , a record is created for that new doctor in the index of the National Ministry of Education ( Ministerio Nacional de Educación ) and the physician is given their corresponding medical practitioner 's ID , which is a number that identifies him and his academic achievements . In addition , there is a provincial ID , i.e. a number to identify doctors in the province they practise medicine in . Doctors wishing to pursue a speciality must take entrance exams at the public / private institution of their choice that offers them . It is easier for students in private Medical Schools to obtain a residency in a Private Hospital , especially when the university has its own hospital , as the university holds positions specifically for its graduates . Speciality courses last about two to five years , depending on the branch of medicine the physician has chosen . There is no legal limit for the number of specialities a doctor can learn , although most doctors choose to do one and then they sub-specialise for further job opportunities and less overall competition , along with higher wages . In Argentina there are public and private medical schools , however the prestige of the public institutions is undeniable and the private institutions do not normally appear in international rankings . A person who can afford to attend a private university , quite expensive for the average Argentinian , will choose that option over public education because of the smaller groups of students in each class and because of the lack of strictness in course evaluation . By law entrance into public institutions is open and tuition - free to all who have a high school diploma , and universities are expressly forbidden from restricting access with difficult entrance exams . Point in case , in 2016 La Universidad Nacional de la Plata was obligated by the governing bodies to stop forcing its students to write an entrance exam . As a result , that university experienced a major increase in the size of its student population . When it comes to educational quality , la Universidad de Buenos Aires , a public university , is widely recognised as the top medical school in the country . Bolivia ( edit ) In Bolivia , all medical schools are faculties within a university and offer a five - year M.D. equivalent . To acquire a license to exercise medical science from the government , all students must also complete 1 year and 3 months of internship . This consists of 3 months each of surgery , internal medicine , gynecology , pediatrics and public health . At least one of the internships must be done in a rural area of the country . After getting the degree and license , a doctor may take a post-graduate residency in order to acquire a specialty . Brazil ( edit ) The Brazilian medical schools follow the European model of a six - year curriculum , divided into three cycles of two years each . The first two years are called basic cycle ( ciclo básico ) . During this time students are instructed in the basic sciences ( anatomy , physiology , pharmacology , immunology etc . ) with activities integrated with the medical specialties , allowing the student an overview of the practical application of such content . After its completion , the students advance to the clinical cycle ( ciclo clinico ) . At this stage contacts with patients intensify and work with tests and diagnostics , putting into practice what was learned in the first two years . The last two are called cycle internship ( ciclo do internato ) . In this last step the students focus on clinical practice , through training in teaching hospitals and clinics . The teaching of this last step respecting an axis of increasing complexity , enabling students to make decisions and participate effectively in form and operative care under the direct supervision of faculty and qualified to act as teaching aids physicians . The performance of the internal develops redemption of ethical and humanistic dimensions of care , causing the student to recognize the values and principles that guide the physician - patient relationship . After six years of training , students graduate and are awarded the title of physician ( Médico ) allowing them to register with the Regional Council of Medicine ( Conselho Regional de Medicina ) . The recent graduate will be able to exercise the medical profession as a general practitioner and may apply to undertake postgraduate training . In 2012 , the Regional Council of Medicine of São Paulo ( Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo ) established that physicians who graduate from this year must pass a test to obtain professional registration . Passing the exam , however , is not linked to obtaining registration . It required only the presence of the candidate and the test performance . Already at the national level , pending in the Senate a bill creating the National Proficiency Examination in Medicine ( Exame Nacional de Proficiência em Medicina ) , which would make the race a prerequisite for the exercise of profession . Physicians who want to join a specialization program must undergo a new selection examination considered as competitive as that required to join a medical school . Works in health institutions under the guidance of medical professionals with high ethical and professional qualification . The specialization programs are divided into two categories : direct access and prerequisite . The specialties with direct access are those in which the doctor can enroll without having any prior expertise . Any physicians can apply to examinations for these specialties , regardless of time of training or prior experience . To apply to proprietary pre-requisite , the doctor should have already completed a specialty prior . The programs may range from 2 to 6 . In Brazil are currently recognized by the Federal Council of Medicine , the Brazilian Medical Association and the National Commission of Medical Residency 53 residency programs . Fully complied with , gives the title of resident physician specialist . Canada ( edit ) Toronto Faculty of Medicine Main article : Medical school in Canada See also : List of medical schools in Canada In 2013 , the Association of American Medical Colleges lists 17 accredited MD - granting medical schools in Canada . In Canada , a medical school is a faculty or school of a university that offers a three - or four - year Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. or M.D.C.M. ) degree . Generally , medical students begin their studies after receiving a bachelor 's degree in another field , often one of the biological sciences . However , admittance can still be granted during third and fourth year . Minimum requirements for admission vary by region from two to four years of post-secondary study . The Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publishes a detailed AFMC.ca , guide to admission requirements of Canadian faculties of medicine on a yearly basis . Admission offers are made by individual medical schools , generally on the basis of a personal statement , undergraduate record ( GPA ) , scores on the Medical College Admission Test ( MCAT ) , and interviews . Volunteer work is often an important criterion considered by admission committees . All four medical schools in Quebec and two Ontario schools ( University of Ottawa , Northern Ontario School of Medicine ) do not require the MCAT . McMaster requires that the MCAT be written , though they only look for particular scores ( 6 or better ) on the verbal reasoning portion of the test . The first half of the medical curriculum is dedicated mostly to teaching the basic sciences relevant to medicine . Teaching methods can include traditional lectures , problem - based learning , laboratory sessions , simulated patient sessions , and limited clinical experiences . The remainder of medical school is spent in clerkship . Clinical clerks participate in the day - to - day management of patients . They are supervised and taught during this clinical experience by residents and fully licensed staff physicians . Students enter into the Canadian Resident Matching Service , commonly abbreviated as CaRMS in the fall of their final year . Students rank their preferences of hospitals and specialties . A computerized matching system determines placement for residency positions . ' Match Day ' usually occurs in March , a few months before graduation . The length of post-graduate training varies with choice of specialty . During the final year of medical school , students complete part 1 of the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination ( MCCQE ) . Upon completion of the final year of medical school , students are awarded the degree of M.D. Students then begin training in the residency program designated to them by CaRMS . Part 2 of the MCCQE , an Objective Structured Clinical Examination , is taken following completion of twelve months of residency training . After both parts of the MCCQE are successfully completed , the resident becomes a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada . However , in order to practice independently , the resident must complete the residency program and take a board examination pertinent to his or her intended scope of practice . In the final year of residency training , residents take an exam administered by either the College of Family Physicians of Canada or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada , depending on whether they are seeking certification in family medicine or another specialty . Caribbean ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in the Caribbean In 2011 , the International Medical Education Directory listed 59 current medical schools in the Caribbean . 54 grant the MD degree , 3 grant the MBBS degree , and 2 grant either the MD or MBBS degree . 30 of the medical schools in the Caribbean are regional , which train students to practice in the country or region where the school is located . The remaining 29 Caribbean medical schools are known as offshore schools , which primarily train students from the United States and Canada who intend to return home for residency and clinical practice after graduation . At most offshore schools , basic sciences are completed in the Caribbean while clinical clerkships are completed at teaching hospitals in the United States . Several agencies may also accredit Caribbean medical schools , as listed in the FAIMER Directory of Organizations that Recognize / Accredit Medical Schools ( DORA ) . 25 of the 29 regional medical schools in the Caribbean are accredited , while 14 of the 30 offshore medical schools are accredited . Curaçao ( edit ) Curaçao currently ( 2015 ) , has 5 medical schools and one other medical university under construction . The majority are located within the city of Willemstad . All six medical schools on the island of Curaçao , only provide education in Basic Medical Science ( BMS ) which goes towards the degree of Medical Doctor or Doctor of Medicine ( 2016 ) . Presently , none of the medical schools offer other degrees ; such as MBBS or PhD ( 2016 ) . All students after completing their medical school 's Basic Medical Science program in Curaçao ; will then have to apply to either take USMLE Step Exams , The Canadian or UK Board Exams . A large percentage of these medical students who attend these medical schools in Curaçao are either from North America , Africa , Europe or Asia . Chile ( edit ) In Chile , there are 21 medical schools . Principal medical schools are Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in Santiago , Universidad de Chile , Universidad de Concepción and Universidad de Santiago de Chile . The pre-grade studies are distributed in 7 years , where the last 2 are the internship , that include at least surgery , internal medicine , gynecology and pediatrics . After getting the degree of Licenciate in Medicine ( General Medicine ) the M.D. must pass a medicine knowledge exam called National Unic Exam of Medical Knowledge ( EUNACOM `` Examen Único Nacional de Conocimientos de Medicina '' in Spanish ) and can take a direct specialty or work before in primary attention in order to gain access to a residency . Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia , there are 50 medical schools listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools , 27 of which have active programs and are currently registered and accredited as high - quality programs by the Colombian Ministry of Education . The main medical programs are offered by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Universidad del Rosario , Universidad El Bosque , Universidad de los Andes , Universidad del Valle , Universidad de Antioquia , and Universidad de la Sabana . Most programs require between 6 -- 7 years of study , and all offer a Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) degree . In some cases the school also allows for a second degree to be studied for at the same time ( this is chosen by the student , though most students end up needing to do alternate semesters between their degrees , and mostly in careers like microbiology or biomedical engineering ) . For example , the Universidad de los Andes has a program whereby the medical student could graduate with both an MD and a Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) degree , or an MD and a master 's degree in public health . Admission to medical school varies with the school , but is usually dependent on a combination of a general application to the university , an entrance exam , a personal statement or interview , and secondary ( high ) school performance mostly as reflected on the ICFES score ( the grade received on the state exam in the final year of secondary / high school ) . In most medical programs , the first two years deal with basic scientific courses ( cellular and molecular biology , chemistry , organic chemistry , mathematics , and physics ) , and the core medical sciences ( anatomy , embryology , histology , physiology , and biochemistry ) . The following year may change in how it is organized in different schools , but is usually organ system - based pathophysiology and therapeutics ( general and systems pathology , pharmacology , microbiology , parasitology , immunology , and medical genetics are also taught in this block ) . In the first two years , the programs also usually begin the courses in the epidemiology track ( which may or may not include biostatistics ) , a clinical skills track ( semiology and the clinical examination ) , a social medicine / public health track , and a medical ethics and communication skills track . Modes of training vary , but are usually based on lectures , simulations , standardized - patient sessions , problem - based learning sessions , seminars , and observational clinical experiences . By year three , most schools have begun the non-elective , clinical - rotation block with accompanying academic courses ( these include but are not limited to internal medicine , pediatrics , general surgery , anaesthesiology , orthopaedics , gynaecology and obstetrics , emergency medicine , neurology , psychiatry , oncology , urology , physical medicine and rehabilitation , ophthalmology , and otorhinolaryngology ) . Elective rotations are usually introduced in the fourth or fifth year , though as in the case of the non-elective rotations , the hospitals the medical students may be placed in or apply to for a given rotation depend entirely on the medical schools . This is important in terms of the medical training , given the particular distinction of patients , pathologies , procedures , and skills seen and learned in private vs. public hospitals in Colombia . Most schools , however , have placements in both types of hospitals for many specialties . The final year of medical school in Colombia is referred to as the internship year ( `` internado '' ) . The internship year is usually divided into two semesters . The first semester is made up of obligatory rotations that every student does though in different orders , and the medical intern serves in 5 - 7 different specialties , typically including internal medicine , paediatrics , general surgery , anaesthesiology , orthopaedics , gynaecology and obstetrics , and emergency medicine . The extent of the responsibilities of the intern varies with the hospital , as does the level of supervision and teaching , but generally , medical interns in Colombia extensively take , write , and review clinical histories , answer and discuss referrals with their seniors , do daily progress notes for the patients under their charge , participate in the service rounds , present and discuss patients at rounds , serve shifts , assist in surgical procedures , and assist in general administrative tasks . Sometimes , they are charged with ordering diagnostic testing , but , under Colombian law they can not prescribe medication as they are not graduate physicians . This , of course , are to be completed in addition to their academic responsibilities . The second semester is made up of elective rotations , which can be at home or abroad , in the form of clerkships or observerships . A final graduation requirement is to sit a standardized exam , the State Exam for Quality in Higher Education ( `` Examen de Estado de Calidad de la Educación Superior '' or ECAES , also known as SABER PRO ) specific to medicine , which tests , for example , knowledge in public health and primary care . After graduation , the physician is required to register with the Colombian Ministry of Health , in order to complete a year of obligatory social service ( `` servicio social obligatorio '' ) , after which they qualify for a professional license to practice general medicine and apply for a medical residency within Colombia . If , however , the student wishes to practice general medicine abroad or continue onto their postgraduate studies , for example , they can independently begin the appropriate application / equivalency process , without doing their obligatory social service . In this case they would not be licensed to practise medicine in Colombia and if they wish to do so , will have to register with the Ministry of Health . N.B. If the graduate physician gets accepted immediately into a residency within Colombia in internal medicine , paediatrics , family medicine , gynecology and obstetrics , general surgery or anaesthesiology , they are allowed to complete a 6 - month - long social service after their residency . In contrast with most countries , residencies in Colombia are NOT paid positions , since one applies for the program through the university offering the post , which requires a tuition . However , on 9th May , 2017 , legislation was formally introduced in Congress that would seek to regulate payment for medical residents , regulate their tuitions , and advocate for their vacation time and working hours . As in other countries , length of residency training depends upon the specialty chosen , and , following its completion , the physician may choose to apply for a fellowship ( subspecialty ) at home or abroad depending on the availability of their desired training programs , or practice in their specialty . El Salvador ( edit ) The Universidad de El Salvador ( University of El Salvador ) has a program of 8 years for students who want to study medicine . The first six years are organized in a two semesters fashion , the seventh year is used for a rotating internship through the mayor specialty areas in a 10 - week periods fashion ( psychiatry and public health share a period ) and the eighth year is designated for Social service in locations approved by the Ministry of Health ( usually as attending physician in Community Health Centers or non-profit organizations ) . The graduates receive the degree of MD and must register in the Public Health Superior Council ( CSSP ) to get the medical license and a registered national number that allows them to prescribe barbiturates and other controlled drugs . In order to attend further studies ( Surgery , Internal medicine , G / OB , Pediatrics , Psychiatry ) , the students in the year of Social service or graduates of any Salvadorian university must apply independently for the residency to the hospital of choice ; the preliminary selection process is based on the results of clinical knowledge tests , followed by psychiatric evaluations and interviews with the hospital medical and administrative staff . The basic residencies mentioned above commonly last 3 years ; at the last trimester of the third year , the residents can apply to the position of Chief of residents ( 1 year ) or follow further studies as resident ( 3 years ) of a specialty ( for example : orthopedic surgery , urology , neurology , endocrinology ... ) . No further studies are offered to the date ; therefore , specialist looking for training or practice in a specific area ( For example : a neurosurgeon looking for specialty in endovascular neurosurgery , spine surgery or pediatric neurosurgery ) must attend studies in other countries and apply for such positions independently . Guyana ( edit ) In Guyana the medical school is accredited by the National Accreditation Council of Guyana . The medical program ranges from 4 years to 6 years . Students are taught the basic sciences aspect of the program within the first 2 years of medical school . In the clinical sciences program , students are introduced to the hospital setting where they gain hands on training from the qualifying physicians and staff at the various teaching hospitals across Guyana . Texila American University American International School of Medicine University of Guyana Students graduating from the University of Guyana are not required to sit a board exams before practicing medicine in Guyana . Students graduating from the American International School of Medicine sit the USMLE , PLAB or CAMC exams . Haiti ( edit ) Medical schools in Haiti conduct training in French . The universities offering medical training in Haiti are the Université Notre Dame d'Haïti , Université Quisqueya , Université d'Etat d'Haïti and Université Lumière . The Université Notre Dame d'Haïti ( UNDH ) is a private Catholic university established by the Episcopal Conference of Haiti . According to the UNDH website , `` the UNDH is not just about academic degrees , it is mainly the formation of a new type of Haiti , which includes in its culture and moral values of the Gospel , essential for serious and honest people that the country needs today . '' The other two private schools offering medical degrees are Université Quisqueya and Université Lumière . The Université d'Etat d'Haïti is a public school . Attending medical school in Haiti may be less expensive than attending medical universities located in other parts of the world , but the impact of the country 's political unrest should be considered , as it affects the safety of both visitors and Haitians . Duration of basic medical degree course , including practical training : 6 years Title of degree awarded : Docteur en Médecine ( Doctor of Medicine ) Medical registration / license to practice : Registration is obligatory with the Ministère de la Santé publique et de la Population , Palais des Ministères , Port - au - Prince . The license to practice medicine is granted to medical graduates who have completed 1 year of social service . Those who have qualified abroad must have their degree validated by the Faculty of Medicine in Haiti . Foreigners require special authorization to practice . Panama ( edit ) The system of Medical education in Panama usually takes students from high school directly into Medical School for a 6 - year course , typically with a two years internship . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) United States ( edit ) Harvard Medical School Main article : Medical school in the United States See also : List of medical schools in the United States In 2012 , the Association of American Medical Colleges and American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine listed 141 accredited M.D. - granting and 30 accredited D.O. - granting medical schools in the United States . The Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( DO ) are graded to be equivalent to a Professional Doctorate . Admission to medical school in the United States is based mainly on a GPA , MCAT score , admissions essay , interview , clinical work experience , and volunteering activities , along with research and leadership roles in an applicant 's history . While obtaining an undergraduate degree is not an explicit requirement for a few medical schools , virtually all admitted students have earned at least a bachelor 's degree . A few medical schools offer pre-admittance to students directly from high school by linking a joint 3 - year accelerated undergraduate degree and a standard 4 - year medical degree with certain undergraduate universities , sometimes referred to as a `` 7 - year program '' , where the student receives a bachelor 's degree after their first year in medical school . As undergraduates , students must complete a series of prerequisites , consisting of biology , physics , and chemistry ( general chemistry and organic ) . Many medical schools have additional requirements including calculus , genetics , statistics , biochemistry , English , and / or humanities classes . In addition to meeting the pre-medical requirements , medical school applicants must take and report their scores on the MCAT , a standardized test that measures a student 's knowledge of the sciences and the English language . Some students apply for medical school following their third year of undergraduate education while others pursue advanced degrees or other careers prior to applying to medical school . In the nineteenth century , there were over four hundred medical schools in the United States . By 1910 , the number was reduced to one hundred and forty - eight medical schools and by 1930 the number totaled only seventy - six . Many early medical schools were criticized for not sufficiently preparing their students for medical professions , leading to the creation of the American Medical Association in 1847 for the purpose of self - regulation of the profession . Abraham Flexner ( who in 1910 released the Flexner report with the Carnegie Foundation ) , the Rockefeller Foundation , and the AMA are credited with laying the groundwork for what is now known as the modern medical curriculum . The restriction of the supply of physicians that resulted from the Flexner Report has been criticized by classical economists as one of the principal factors in the increased prices relative to quality observed in medicine over the past 100 years . The standard U.S. medical school curriculum is four years long . Traditionally , the first two years are composed mainly of classroom basic science education , while the final two years primarily include rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand . Today , clinical education is spread across all four years with the final year containing the most clinical rotation time . The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) has published mandatory rules , obliging on all inpatient and outpatient teaching settings , laying down the guidelines for what medical students in the United States may do , if they have not completed a clerkship or sub-internship . These rules apply to when they are in the clinical setting in school , not when they are , for example , helping staff events or in other non-formal educational settings , even if they are helping provide certain clinical services along with nurses and the supervising physicians - for example , certain basic screening procedures . In the formal clinical setting in school , they can only assist with certain patient evaluation and management tasks , after the vital signs , chief complaint and the history of present illness have been discerned , but prior to the physical examination : reviewing the patient 's signs and symptoms in each body system , and then reviewing the patient 's personal medical , genetic , family , educational / occupational , and psychosocial history . The student 's supervising physician ( or another physician with supervisory privileges if the original doctor is no longer available , for some reason ) must be in the room during the student 's work , and must conduct this same assessment of the patient before performing the actual physical examination , and after finishing and conferring with the student , will review his or her notes and opinion , editing or correcting them if necessary , and will also have his or her own professional notes ; both must then sign and date and I.D. the student 's notes and the medical record . They may observe , but not perform , physical examinations , surgeries , endoscopic or laparoscopic procedures , radiological or nuclear medicine procedures , oncology sessions , and obstetrics . The patient must give consent for their presence and participation in his or her care , even at a teaching facility . Depending on the time they have completed in school , their familiarity with the area of medicine and the procedure , and the presence of their supervisor , and any others needed , in the room or nearby , they may be allowed to conduct certain very minor tests associated with the physical examination , such as simple venipuncture blood draws , and electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms , for learning and experience purposes , especially when there is no intern or resident available . Upon successful completion of medical school , students are granted the title of Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. ) . Residency training , which is a supervised training period of three to seven years ( usually incorporating the 1st year internship ) typically completed for specific areas of specialty . Physicians who sub-specialize or who desire more supervised experience may complete a fellowship , which is an additional one to four years of supervised training in their area of expertise . Upon completion of medical school in the United States , students transition into residency programs through the National Resident Match Program ( NRMP ) . Each year , approximately 16,000 US medical school students participate in the residency match . An additional 18,000 independent applicants -- former graduates of U.S. medical schools , U.S. osteopathic medical schools , U.S. podiatry students , Canadian students , and graduates of foreign medical schools -- compete for the approximately 25,000 available residency positions . Unlike those in many other countries , US medical students typically finance their education with personal debt . In 1992 , the average debt of a medical doctor after residency was $25,000 . For the class of 2009 , the average debt of a medical student is $157,990 and 25.1 % of students had debt in excess of $200,000 ( prior to residency ) . For the past decade the cost of attendance has increased 5 - 6 % each year ( roughly 1.6 to 2.1 times inflation ) . Licensing of medical doctors in the United States is coordinated at the state level . Most states require that prospective licensees complete the following requirements : Graduation from an accredited medical school granting the degree of D.O. or M.D. United States and Canada schools must be accredited by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine or the Liaison Committee on Medical Education . Foreign medical school graduates generally must complete some training within the United States . Satisfactory completion of at least one year of an AOA - or ACGME - approved residency . Passing the United States Medical Licensing Examination or the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination ( USMLE , COMLEX , or simply `` the boards '' ) . USMLE and COMLEX both consist of four similar parts : Step or Level I is taken at the end of the second year of medical school and tests students ' mastery of the basic sciences as they apply to clinical medicine . Step II Clinical Knowledge ( CK ) or Level II Cognitive Evaluation ( CE ) is taken during the fourth year of medical school and tests students ' mastery of the management of ill patients . Step II Clinical Skills ( CS ) or Level II Performance Evaluation ( PE ) is taken during the fourth year of medical school and tests students ' mastery of clinical skills using a series of standardized patient encounters . Step or Level III is taken after the first year of a residency program and tests physicians ' ability to independently manage the care of patients . Uruguay ( edit ) The University of Montevideo in Uruguay is the oldest in Latin America , being public and free , co-governed by students , graduates and teachers . The progress of medical and biological sciences in the nineteenth century , the impact of the work of Claude Bernard ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Rudolf Virchow ( 1821 -- 1902 ) Robert Koch ( 1843 -- 1910 ) , Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 1895 ) and all the splendor of French medical schools , Vienna , Berlin and Edinburgh , was a stimulus for the creation of a medical school in the country . The basic medical school program lasts seven years . There is also a second medical school in the country , it is private and located in Punta del Este , Maldonado . Venezuela ( edit ) These are the universities with a medical school in Venezuela : Central University of Venezuela . University of the Andes ( Venezuela ) . University of Zulia . University of Carabobo . Universidad de Oriente . Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado . Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda . Universidad Nacional Experimental de Los Llanos Centrales Rómulo Gallegos . Bolivarian University of Venezuela . Asia and oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) See also : Medical education in Australia Historically , Australian medical schools have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS ) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) for their research training degree , analogous to the PhD , or for their honorary doctorates . Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s , under the previous Australian Qualifications Framework ( AQF ) they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor degrees together with other undergraduate programs . The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master 's ( Extended ) degrees which permits the use of the term ' Doctor ' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs . As a result , various Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature . With the introduction of the Master 's level MD , universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates . The University of Melbourne was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree , and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science ( DMedSc ) . Bangladesh ( edit ) See also : List of medical colleges in Bangladesh In Bangladesh , admission to medical colleges is organized by the Governing Body of University of Dhaka . A single admission test is held for government and private colleges . Due to the highly competitive nature of these exams , the total number of applicants across the country is around 78 times the number of students accepted . Admission is based on the entrance examination , as well as students ' individual academic records . The entrance examination consists carries a time limit of one hour . 100 marks are allocated based on objective questions , in which the mark allocation is distributed between a variety of subjects . Biology questions carry 30 marks , Chemistry carries 25 , Physics carries 20 , English carries 15 , and general knowledge carries 10 . Additionally , students ' previous SSC ( Secondary School Certificate ) and HSC ( Higher Secondary School Certificate ) scores each carry up to 100 marks towards the overall examination result . English students prepare themselves for the admission exam ahead of time . This is because as the GCSE and A-Level exams do not cover parts of the Bangladesh syllabus . The undergraduate program consists of five years study , followed by a one - year internship . The degrees granted are Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( M.B.B.S. ) . Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained in the form of Diplomas or Degrees ( MS or MD ) , M. Phil and FCPS ( Fellowship of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ) . The University of Dhaka launched a new BSc in `` Radiology and Imaging Technology , '' offering 30 students the opportunity to contribute towards their entrance exam grade . For students who have passed the HSC , this course contributes towards 25 % of the mark . The course contributes up to 75 % for Diploma - holding students . The duration of the course is four years ( plus 12 weeks for project submission ) . The course covers a variety of topics , including behavioural science , radiological ethics , imaging physics and general procedure . Cambodia ( edit ) After 6 years of general medical education ( a foundation year + 5 years ) , all students will graduate with Bachelor of Medical Sciences ( BMedSc ) បរិញ្ញាប័ត្រ វិទ្យាសាស្រ្ត វេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ . This degree does not allow graduates to work independently as Physician , but it is possible for those who wish to continue to master 's degrees in other fields relating to medical sciences such as Public Health , Epidemiology , Biomedical Science , Nutrition ... Medical graduates , who wish to be fully qualified as physicians or specialists must follow the rule as below : General Practitioner 's ( GP ) course is of 8 years ( BMedSc + 2 - year internship ) . Clinical rotation in the internship is modulated within 4 main disciplines ( general medicine , surgery , gynecology , pediatrics ). The medical degree awarded is Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) សញ្ញាប័ត្រ វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត ( equivalent to master 's degree ) . After graduating with BMedSc ; any students , who wishes to enter Resodency Training Programs , are required to sit for a rigorous and Entrance Exam . The duration of residency programs lasts from 3 to 4 years after BMedSc ( BMedSc + 3 -- 4 years of specialization ) . Once the graduates , after successfully defense their practicum thesis , are officially awarded the Degree of Specialized Doctor ( MD - with specialization ) សញ្ញាប័ត្រ វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត ឯកទេស `` Professional Doctorate '' . All Medical graduates must complete Thesis Defense and pass the National Exit Exam ប្រឡង ចេញ ថ្នាក់ ជាតិ ក្នុង វិស័យ សុខាភិបាល to become either GPs or Medical or Surgical Specialists . Hong Kong ( edit ) Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine held by HKU is among the oldest western medicine schools in Far East . Main article : Medical education in Hong Kong Hong Kong has only two comprehensive medical faculties , the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Medicine , Chinese University of Hong Kong , and they are also the sole two institutes offering medical and pharmacy programs . Other healthcare discipline programs ( like nursing ) are dispersed among some other universities which do not host a medical faculty . Prospective medical students enter either one of the two faculties of medicine available ( held by The University of Hong Kong and The Chinese University of Hong Kong ) from high schools . The medical program consists of 5 years for those who take the traditional Hong Kong 's Advanced Level Examination ( HKALE ) for admission , or 6 years for those who take the new syllabus Hong Kong 's Diploma of Secondary School Education Examination ( HKDSE ) . International students who take examinations other the two mentioned will be assessed by the schools to decide if they will take the 5 - year program or the 6 - year one . The competition of entering the medical undergraduate programs is cut - throat as the number of intake each year is very limited with a quota of 210 from each school ( 420 in total ) and candidates need to attain an excellent examination result and good performance in interview . The schools put a great emphasis on students ' languages ( both Chinese and English ) and communication skills as they need to communicate with other health care professionals and patients or their family in the future . During their studies at the medical schools , students need to accumulate enough clinical practicing hours in addition before their graduation . The education leads to a degree of Bachelor of medicine and Bachelor of surgery ( M.B. , B.S. by HKU or M.B. , Ch. B. by CUHK ) . After a 5 - or 6 - year degree , one year of internship follows in order to be eligible to practice in Hong Kong . Both HKU and CUHK provide a prestigious bachelor of pharmacy course that is popular among local and overseas students . Students of most other health care disciplines have a study duration of 4 years , except nursing programs which require 5 years . India ( edit ) Main article : Medical college in India See also : List of medical Colleges in India Tirunelveli Medical College , Tamil Nadu , India In India , admission to medical colleges is organized both by the central government CBSE as well as the state governments through tests known as entrance examination . Students who have successfully completed their 10 + 2 ( Physics , Chemistry and Biology Marks are considered and PCB is mandatory ) education ( higher secondary school ) can appear for the tests the same year . The All - India Pre Medical / Dental Test for filling up of 15 % of total MBBS seats in India , conducted by CBSE ( Central Board for Secondary Education ) in the month of April / May intakes about only 2,500 students out of a total applicants of over 600,000 . The Supreme Court Of India has mandated the necessity of entrance examination based upon multiple choice questions and negative marking for wrong answers with subsequent merit over 50 % for selection into MBBS as well as higher medical education . The entrance exams are highly competitive . The graduate program consists of three professionals consisting of 9 semesters , followed by one - year internship ( rotating housemanship ) . The degree granted is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( M.B.B.S. ) of five years and six months . The graduate degree of MBBS is divided into 3 professionals , with each professional ending with a professional exam conducted by the university ( a single university may have up to dozens of medical colleges offering various graduate / post-graduate / post-doctoral degrees ) . After clearing this the student moves into the next professional . Each professional exam consists of a theory exam and a practical exam conducted not only by the same college but also external examiners . The exams are tough and many students are unable to clear them , thereby prolonging their degree time . The first professional is for 1 year and includes preclinical subjects , anatomy , physiology and biochemistry . The second professional is for 1 and a half year and has subjects pathology , pharmacology , microbiology ( including immunology ) and forensic medicine . Clinical exposure starts in the second professional . The third professional is divided into two parts . Part 1 consists of ophthalmology , ENT , and PSM ( preventive and social medicine ) and part 2 consists of general - medicine ( including dermatology , psychiatry as short subjects ) , general surgery ( including radiology , anaesthesiology and orthopaedics as short subjects ) and pediatrics and gynaecology and obstetrics . This is followed by one - year of compulsory internship ( rotatory house - surgeonship ) . After internship , the degree of MBBS is awarded by the respective university . Some states have made rural service compulsory for a certain period of time after MBBS . Selection for higher medical education is through entrance examinations as mandated by the Supreme Court Of India . Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained as Post-graduate Diploma of two years residency or Doctoral Degree ( MS : Master of Surgery , or MD ) of three years of residency under the aegis of the Medical Council of India . 50 % of all MD / MS seats in India are filled up through `` All - India Post-Graduate Medical Entrance Examination conducted by AIIMS ( All - India Institute Of Medical Sciences ) under the supervision of the Directorate General Of Health Services . Theses / Dissertations are mandatory to be submitted and cleared by university along with examinations ( written and clinicals ) to obtain MD / MS degree . Further sub-speciality post-doctoral qualification ( DM - Doctorate of Medicine , or MCh - Magister of Chirurgery ) of three years of residency followed by university examinations may also be obtained . PG ( post-graduate ) qualification is equivalent to M.D. / M.S. , consisting of two / three - years residency after MBBS . A PG diploma may also be obtained through the National Board of Examinations ( NBE ) , which also offers three - years residency for sub-specialisation . All degrees by NBE are called DNB ( Diplomate of National Board ) . DNB 's are awarded only after clearance of theses / dissertations and examinations . DNBs equivalent to DM / MCh have to clear examinations mandatorily . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Indonesia A group of Indonesian medical students of Trisakti University trains with an obstetric mannequin . In Indonesia , high school graduates who want to enroll to public medical schools must have their names enlisted by their high school faculty in the `` SNMPTN Undangan '' program , arranged by Directorate General of Higher Education , Ministry of National Education . Depending on the high school accreditation , only the class ' top 10 % - 15 % will be considered for admissions . Fewer places are available through entrance exam conducted autonomously by each university . These exams are highly competitive for medicine , especially in prestigious institutions such as University of Indonesia in Jakarta , Airlangga University in Surabaya , and Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta . For private medical school , almost all places are offered through independently run admission tests . The standard Indonesian medical school curriculum is six years long . The four years undergraduate program is composed mainly of classroom education , continued with the last two years in professional program primarily includes rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand . If they pass undergraduate program they will have `` S. Ked '' ( Bachelor of Medicine ) in their title and if they finished the professional program and pass the national examination arranged by IDI ( Indonesian Medical Association ) they will become general physician and receive `` dr . ( doctor ) '' . Upon graduation , a physician planning to become a specialist in specific field of medicine must complete a residency , which is a supervised training with period of three to four years . A physician who sub-specializes or who desires more supervised experience may complete a fellowship , which is an additional one to three years of supervised training in his / her area of expertise Iran ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Iran General medicine education in Iran takes 7 to 7.5 years . Students enter the university after high school . Students study basic medical science ( such as anatomy , physiology , biochemistry , histology , biophysics , embryology , etc . ) for 2.5 years . At the end of this period they should pass a `` basic science '' exam . Those who passed the exam will move on to study physiopathology of different organs in the next 1.5 years . The organ - based learning approach emphasizes critical thinking and clinical application . In the next period of education students enter clinics and educational hospitals for two years . During this period , they will also learn practical skills such as history taking and physical examination . Students should then pass the `` pre-internship '' exam to enter the last 1.5 years of education in which medical students function as interns . During this period , medical students participate in all aspects of medical care of the patients and they take night calls . At the end of these 7.5 years students are awarded an M.D degree . M.D doctors can continue their educations through residency and fellowship . Israel ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Israel There are five university medical schools in Israel : the Technion in Haifa , Ben Gurion University in Be'er Sheva , Tel Aviv University , the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and the Medical school of the Bar - Ilan University in Ramat Gan . These all follow the European 6 - year model except Bar - Ilan University which has a four - year program similar to the US system . The Technion Medical School , Ben Gurion University , and Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine offer 4 - year MD programs for American Bachelor 's graduates who have taken the MCAT , interested in completing rigorous medical education in Israel before returning to the US or Canada . The entrance requirements of the various schools of medicine are very strict . Israeli students require a high school Baccalaureate average above 100 and psychometric examination grade over 700 . The demand for medical education is strong and growing and there is a lack of doctors in Israel . The degree of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) is legally considered to be equivalent to a Masters degree within the Israeli Educational System . Japan ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Japan In Japan , medical schools are faculties of universities and thus they are undergraduate programs that generally last for six years . Admission is based on an exam taken at the end of high school and an entrance exam at the university itself , which is the most competitive . Medical students study Liberal Arts and Science for the first 1 -- 2 years , which include Physics , Mathematics , Chemistry , and Foreign Languages together with 2 years long Basic Medicine ( Anatomy , Physiology , Pharmacology , Immunology ) , Clinical Medicine , Public health , and Forensics for the next two years . Medical students train in the University Hospital for the last two years . Clinical training is a part of the curriculum . Upon completion of the graduation examination , students are awarded an M.D. Medical graduates are titled as Doctor , as are Ph. D. holders . The University does have an MD / PhD program that enables Doctors of Medicine to become Ph. D. holders , as well . At the end , Medical students take the National Medical License examination and , if they pass it , become a Physician and register in the record in the Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare . The scope of this exam encompasses every aspect of medicine . Jordan ( edit ) The Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery ( MBBS ) degree is awarded in Jordan after completion of six years comprising three years of medical sciences and three clinical years . Currently , four state supported universities include a medical school and grant the degree , which are : Jordan University of Science and Technology in Irbid University of Jordan in Amman Mutah University in Al Karak Hashemite University in Zarqa Further information : Medical education in Jordan Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) In Kyrgyzstan , the Government university Kyrgyz State Medical Academy offers 6 years duration undergraduate ( bachelor 's degree ) program whereas the other institutions mostly private such as the International School of Medicine at the International University of Kyrgyzstan offers a five - year medical program , with a requisite for English knowledge , that is recognized by the World Health Organization , the General Medical Council , and UNESCO . The medical school is also partnered with the University of South Florida School of Medicine , the University of Heidelberg ( Germany ) , the Novosibirsk Medical University ( Russia ) , and the University of Sharjah ( UAE ) . Other medical schools located in Kyrgyzstan include the 5 years duration MD / MBBS undergraduate degree program at International University of Science and Business or Mezhdunarodnyy Universitet Nauki i Biznesa , Kyrgyzstan others are the Asian Medical Institute , Kyrgyzstan and the Medical Institute , Osh State University and so on . Lebanon ( edit ) In Lebanon , there are two programs of medical education followed : the American system ( 4 years ) and the European system ( 6 years ) . Programs are offered in English and French . Admission requirements to the American system requires a candidate to complete a bachelor 's degree along with specific pre-medical courses during the undergraduate years , and writing the MCAT examination . European programs usually requires a candidate to complete 1 year of general science followed by a selection exam by the end of the year . Schools following the American system ( M.D. degree ) are : American University of Beirut : located in Beirut and is the oldest medical school in Lebanon . Training will take place at the American University of Beirut Medical center ( AUBMC ) in Beirut . Lebanese American University ( LAU ) : LAU Medical school is located in Byblos and has a 10 - year affiliation with Partners Harvard Medical International . Training will take place at the University Medical center - Rizk Hospital ( UMC - RH ) located in Beirut . It is also affiliated with Clemenceau Medical Center and Rafik Hariri University Hospital . University of Balamand : located in Koura , north Lebanon . Training will take place at the Saint George University Medical center in Beirut . The language of instruction in all three is English . Schools following the European system ( MBBS degree ) are : Lebanese University : languages of instruction are French and English . Training will take place at the Rafik Hariri University Hospital located in Beirut . Saint Joseph University : language of instruction is French . Training will take place in Hôtel - Dieu de France hospital located in Beirut . Beirut Arab University : language of instruction is English . Training will take place at Hammoud Hospital UMC located in Sidon and Rafik Hariri University Hospital located in Beirut . Holy Spirit University of Kaslik : Located in Jounieh , languages of instruction are French and English . Training will take place at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours located in Byblos . Malaysia ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Malaysia In Malaysia , getting into medical school is regarded as difficult , due to high fees and a rigorous selection process . Some new medical schools do offer a foundation in medicine course before admission into a full - time medical programme . Most government , and some private medical schools offer M.D. , and others mostly offer MBBS degrees . Myanmar ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Myanmar Panorama view of Lanmadaw Campus There are * five medical institutions - UM 1 , UM 2 , DSMA , UM Mdy , and UM Mgy - in Myanmar . ( Now , there are six universities in total . UMTG , University of Medicine Taunggyi - launched since 2015 ) edited by # mm_ymb Myanmar medical schools are government - funded and require Myanmar citizenship for eligibility . No private medical school exists at this moment . In Myanmar , admission to medical colleges is organized under the Department of Health Science , which is the branch of Ministry of Health of Myanmar . ( Now , we have been using as `` Ministry of Health and Sport '' and it is official usage ) edited by # mm_ymb A student can join one of the Five ( * Now six ) medical universities of Myanmar if he gets the highest scores in the science combination of the matriculation examination . This exam is highly competitive . Entrance is solely based on this examination and academic records have very minor consequences on an application . The undergraduate program is five years plus one year for work experience in government hospitals . After medical school , Myanmar medical graduates are under contract to spend one year of internship and three years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for most residency positions . The degree granted is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( M.B.B.S. ) . Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained as a Degree ( M. Med . Sc ) and ( Dr.Med.Sc ) . Nepal ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Nepal In Nepal , medical studies start at undergraduate level . As of 2016 , there are twenty institutions recognised by the Nepal Medical Council . There are four main medical bodies in Nepal : Tribhuvan University ( own college : Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj , affiliated colleges : National Medical College , Janaki Medical College , Universal College of Medical Sciences , Gandaki Medical College , Chitwan Medical College , Kist Medical College , Nepal Army Institute of Health Science ) Kathmandu University ( own college : Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences ( KUSMS ) , Affiliated colleges : Manipal College of Medical Sciences , Kathmandu Medical College , Nepal Medical College , Nepalgunj Medical College , College of Medical Sciences , Nobel Medical College , Lumbini Medical College , Birat Medical College , Devdaha Medical College ) B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences . Patan Academy of Health Sciences New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in New Zealand Auckland School of Medicine Otago School of Medicine New Zealand medical programs are undergraduate - entry programs of six years duration . Students are considered for acceptance only after a year of undergraduate basic sciences or , as alternative , following the completion of a bachelor 's degree . There are two main medical schools in New Zealand : the University of Auckland and the University of Otago . Each of these has subsidiary medical schools such as Otago 's Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Auckland 's Waikato Clinical School . The first year of the medical degree is the basic sciences year , which comprises study in chemistry , biology , physics , and biochemistry as well as population health and behavioural sciences . The following two years are spent studying human organ systems and pathological processes in more detail as well as professional and communication development . Toward the end of the third year , students begin direct contact with patients in hospital settings . The clinical years begin fully at the beginning of year 4 , where students rotate through various areas of general clinical medicine with rotation times varying from between two and six weeks . Year 5 continues this pattern , focusing more on specialized areas of medicine and surgery . Final medical school exams ( exit exams ) are actually held at the end of year 5 , which is different from most other countries , where final exams are held near the very end of the medical degree . Final exams must be passed before the student is allowed to enter year 6 . The final year ( Year 6 ) of medical school is known as the `` Trainee Intern '' year , wherein a student is known as a `` Trainee Intern '' ( commonly referred to in the hospitals as a `` T.I. '' ) . Trainee interns repeat most rotations undertaken in years 4 and 5 but at a higher level of involvement and responsibility for patient care . Trainee interns receive a stipend grant from the New Zealand government ( not applicable for international students ) . At the current time , this is $ NZ 26,756 / year ( about $ US 18,500 ) . Trainee interns have responsibility under supervision for the care of about one - third the patient workload of a junior doctor . However , all prescriptions and most other orders ( e.g. , radiology requests and charting of IV fluids ) made by trainee interns must be countersigned by a registered doctor . New Zealand medical schools currently award the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBChB ) . Upon completion of the 6th year , students go on to become `` House Officers , '' also known as `` House Surgeons '' for 1 -- 2 years where they rotate through specialities in the first year and then begin to narrow down to what they 'd like to do for speciality training in the second year . After 2 years of house officer work they apply to get into a training scheme and start to train towards the speciality . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Medical school in Pakistan King Edward Medical University , fourth oldest medical school in South Asia In Pakistan a medical school is more often referred to as a medical college . A medical college is affiliated with a university as a department . There are however several medical universities and medical institutes with their own medical colleges . All medical colleges and universities are regulated by the respective provincial department of health . They however have to be recognized after meeting a set criteria by a central regulatory authority called Pakistan Medical and Dental Council ( PMDC ) in Islamabad . There are almost equal number of government and private medical colleges and universities , with their number exceeding 50 . Admission to a government medical college is highly competitive . Entrance into the medical colleges is based on merit under the guidelines of PMDC . Both the academic performance at the college ( high school , grades 11 - 12 ) level and an entrance test like MCAT are taken into consideration for the eligibility to enter most of the medical colleges . After successfully completing five years of academic and clinical training in the medical college and affiliated teaching hospitals the graduates are awarded a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS ) degree . The graduates are then eligible to apply for a medical license from the PMDC . A house job of one - year duration is mandatory in a teaching hospital after completing five years of academic and clinical training in the medical college . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in the People 's Republic of China Medical education is normally a five - year Bachelor degree , including one - year internship ( or clinical rotation , during which students are actively involved in patient care ) before the final degree is awarded . Clinical specialization usually involves a two - or three - year Master degree . Acceptance is based on the national entrance examination used for all universities . There are a few colleges that teach in English and accept foreign medical students . Some of those universities have increased their course duration to 6 years . The degree conferred is known as Bachelor of Clinical Medicine ( BCM ) . Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : List of medical schools in the Philippines and Medical education in the Philippines The Dominicans , under the Spanish Government , established the oldest medical school in the Philippines in 1871 , known as the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery ( at that time was one with the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy , also considered the oldest pharmacy school in the Philippines ) of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Intramuros , Manila . Medical education in the Philippines became widespread under the American administration . The Americans , led by the insular government 's Secretary of the Interior , Dean Worcester , built the University of the Philippines College of Medicine and Surgery in 1905 . By 1909 , nursing instruction was also begun at the Philippine Normal School . At present there are a number of medical schools in the Philippines , notable examples include the University of the Philippines College of Medicine , Our Lady of Fatima University , Far Eastern University -- Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation , Saint Louis University International School of Medicine , De La Salle Health Sciences Institute , University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila , UERMMMC College of Medicine , St. Luke 's College of Medicine -- William H. Quasha Memorial , Cebu Doctors ' University , Cebu Institute of Medicine , Mindanao State University College of Medicine , Cagayan State University College of Medicine in Tuguegarao , Southwestern University - Matias H. Aznar Memorial College of Medicine Inc. , West Visayas State University in Iloilo City , University of St. La Salle College of Medicine in Bacolod City , Davao Medical School Foundation in Davao City , Xavier University -- Ateneo de Cagayan , Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine in Cagayan de Oro , Ago medical educational center AMEC - BCCM in Legazpi , Bicol and University of Northern Philippines in Vigan . In 2007 , the Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health was established . It is the first medical school in the country to offer a double degree program leading to the degrees Doctor of Medicine and Masters in Business Administration . Any college graduate may apply for medical school given that they satisfy the requirements set by the institutions . There is also a test known as the National Medical Admission Test or NMAT . Scores are given on a percentile basis and a high ranking is a must to enter the top medical schools in the country . In most institutions , medical education lasts for four years . Basic subjects are taken up in the first and second years , while clinical sciences are studied in the second and third years . In their fourth year , students rotate in the various hospital departments , spending up to two months each in the fields of internal medicine , surgery , obstetrics and gynecology , and pediatrics , and several weeks in the other specialties . After this , students graduate with a Doctorate in Medicine and apply for postgraduate internship ( PGI ) in an accredited hospital of their choice . After PGI , the student is eligible to take the Medical Licensure Examination . Passing the examinations confers the right to practice medicine as well as to apply in a Residency Training Program . Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Taiwan The medical education in the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) is usually 7 years ( 6 - year learning plus 1 - year internship ) in duration , starting right after high schools . The first 2 years in the 7 - year system is composed of basic sciences and liberal art courses . Doctor - patient classes are emphasized , and most schools require compulsory amounts of volunteer hours . Clinical sciences are compressed into a two - year program in the 3rd and 4th years . The duration of clerkships and internships varies from school to school , but all of them end at the 7th grade . Taiwan 's medical education began in 1897 and is over 100 years old now . Students graduate with a Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) degree . Starting from the year 2013 , incoming students will have a 6 + 2 year curriculum , in which the first 6 years are oriented similarly as before and the last two years are Post Graduate Years ; this change aims to increase primary care capabilities of medical school graduates . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arabia medical education is free for all Saudi citizens . A medical student must pass an entrance examination and complete a 1 - year pre-medical course containing some basic medical subjects including : Biology , Organic Chemistry , Inorganic Chemistry , Physics , Medical Biostatistics , and English for medical uses . Passing this year is commonly considered as the most challenging . It offers an MBBS ( Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery ) degree . after one pre-medical course , five medical years and one training year . By 2010 , there are 24 medical schools in KSA - 21 nonprofit and three private medical schools the last college opened was Sulaiman AlRajhi Colleges with its partnership with Maastricht in the Netherlands . Singapore ( edit ) Currently , there are 3 medical schools in Singapore . 2 of them offers undergraduate ( 5 years degree ) and the other offers postgraduate ( 4 years ) entry . South Korea ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in South Korea Currently , there are 41 medical schools in South Korea . Medical programs in South Korea used to be direct - entry programs such as in the UK , taking six years to complete . However , most universities were going through a transition from direct - entry to a 4 + 4 year system , such as those found in the United States and Canada . Recently , about half of the universities are converting back to six years direct - entry program by 2015 , and almost all of the universities are converting it back by 2017 . Sri Lanka ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Sri Lanka There are eight medical schools in Sri Lanka that teach evidence based ( sometimes called `` western '' ) medicine . The oldest medical school is the Faculty of Medicine , University of Colombo , established as Ceylon Medical School in 1870 . There are medical faculties in Peradeniya , Kelaniya , Sri Jayawardanepura , Galle , Batticaloa , Jaffna and Rajarata as well . Kelaniya Medical Faculty initially started as the North Colombo Medical College ( NCMC ) , a private medical institution . It was one of the earliest private higher educational institutions ( 1980 ) . Heavy resistance by the medical professionals , university students and other professionals led to its nationalization and to its renaming as the Kelaniya Medical Faculty . Faculty of Health - Care Sciences is the faculty that offers MBBS together with other para-medical courses . It is an entity of the Eastern University - Sri Lanka . The Open International University for Complementary Medicines ( OIUCM ) , established under World Health Organization teaches various field of Medicines and related program of Environmental Sciences . despite having basic problems of training programme . Postgraduate Institute of Medicine ( PGIM ) is the only institution that provides specialist training of medical doctors . The Institute of Indigenous Medicine of the University of Colombo , the Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurvedhic Medicine Institute of the University of Kelaniya and the Faculty of Siddha Medicine , University of Jaffna teach Ayurvedha / Unani / Siddha Medicine . Thailand ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Thailand The first medical school in Thailand was established back in 1890 at Siriraj Hospital , which is now become Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University . Currently , there are 26 medical programs offered nationwide . Most of the Thai medical schools are government - funded and require Thai citizenship for eligibility . Two private medical schools exist at the moment . Some Thais choose to attend private medical schools or attend a medical school in a foreign country due to relatively few openings and extremely competitive entrance examination scores required for enrollment in public medical schools . The Thai medical education is a six - year system , consisting of 1 year in basic - science , 2 years in pre-clinical training , and 3 years for clinical training . Upon graduation , all medical students must pass national medical licensing examinations and a university - based comprehensive test . After medical school , newly graduated doctors are under contract to spend a year of internship and 2 years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for any other residency positions or specialized training , mostly in locations outside Bangkok . Students will receive Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) degree at the end of the process . This degree is equivalent to a master 's degree in Thailand . Europe ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2008 ) Albania ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Albania There are four Medical Schools ( Fakultete te Mjeksise ) in Albania : University of Tirana Faculty of Medicine Kristal University Faculty of Medicine WORLDWIDE University Faculty of Medicine Zonja e Keshillit te Mire These medical schools are usually affiliated with regional hospitals . The course of study lasts 6 years . Students are conferred degree Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) upon graduation . Austria ( edit ) Medical University of Vienna Sigmund Freud University Vienna , Medical School Medical University of Graz Medical University of Innsbruck Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg The Faculty of Medicine at the Johannes Kepler University Linz Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences ( Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften ) , Krems Belarus ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Belarus There are 4 Medical Schools ( Medical Universities ) in Belarus : Belarusian State Medical University , Minsk ( belarusian : Беларускі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт ; Russian : Белорусский государственный медицинский университет ) - which contains the famous Bosef Institute for AIDS Research . Gomel State Medical University ( belarusian : Гомельскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт ; Russian : Гомельский государственный медицинский университет ) Grodno State Medical University ( belarusian : Гродненскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт ; Russian : Гродненский государственный медицинский университет ) Vitebsk State Order of Peoples ' Friendship Medical University ( belarusian : Віцебскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт ; Russian : Витебский государственный ордена Дружбы народов медицинский университет ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina There are five Medical Schools ( Medicinski Fakultet ) in Bosnia and Herzegovina : University of Banja Luka School of Medicine University of Sarajevo Medical School University of Tuzla Medical School University of East Sarajevo Medical School ( Foca ) University of Mostar Medical School These medical schools are usually affiliated with regional hospitals . The course of study lasts 6 years or 12 semesters . Students are conferred degree Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) upon graduation . Admissions Entry to BH Medical Schools are very competitive due to limited places imposed by the government quota . Students are required to complete Secondary School Leaving Diploma ( Gimnazija - Gymnasium ( school ) or Medicinska skola matura / svedocanstvo / svjedodzba ) . Entrance examination is usually held in June / July . Combined score of Secondary School Diploma assessment ( on scale 1 - 5 , with 2 minimum passing grade and 5 maximum grade ) and entrance examination is taken into consideration . Usually , 5 in Chemistry , Biology , Mathematics , and Physics are required for entry to medicine . Curriculum Course structure is more traditional and divided in pre-clinical ( year 1 - 3 ) / clinical part ( year 3 - 6 ) and subject - based . Practical examinations are held throughout the degree ( Anatomy , Biochemistry , Pathology , Physiology practicals etc . ) . Dissection is part of all medical curricula in Bosnian and Herz . Medical Schools . Bulgaria ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Bulgaria In Bulgaria , a medical school is a type of college or a faculty of a university . The medium of instruction is officially in Bulgarian . A six - to one - year course in Bulgarian language is required prior to admittance to the medical program . For European candidates , an exam in Biology and Chemistry in Bulgarian is also required . While a number of Bulgarian medical schools have now started offering medical programmes in English , Bulgarian is still required during the clinical years . Students join medical school after completing high - school . Admission offers are made by individual medical schools . Bulgarian applicants have to pass entrance examinations in the subjects of Biology and Chemistry . The competitive result of every candidate is the based on their marks these exams plus their secondary - school certificate marks in the same subjects . Those applicants with the highest results achieved are classified for admission . The course of study is offered as a six - year program . The first 2 years are pre-clinical , the next 3 years are clinical training and the sixth year is the internship year , during which students work under supervision at the hospitals . During the sixth year , students have to appear for ' state exams ' in the 5 major subjects of Internal Medicine , Surgery , Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Social Medicine , and Pediatrics . Upon successful completion of the six years of study and the state exams the degree of ' Physician ' is conferred . For specialization , graduates have to appear for written tests and interviews to obtain a place in a specialization program . For specialization in general medicine , general practice lasts three years , cardiology lasts four years , internal medicine lasts five years , and general surgery lasts five years . Croatia ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Croatia In Croatia , there are four out of seven universities that offer a medical degree , the University of Zagreb ( offers medical studies in English ) , University of Rijeka , University of Split ( also offers medical studies in English ) , and the University of Osijek . The Medical schools are a faculties of those four universities . Medical students enroll into medical school after finishing secondary education , typically after a Gymnasium , or after a four - year nursing school , or any other high school lasting four years . During the application process , their high school grades , and the grades of their matriculation exam at the end of high school ( Matura ) and the score at the obligatory admission exam are taken into account , and the best students are enrolled . The course of study lasts 6 years or 12 semesters . During the first 3 years , students are engaged in pre-clinical courses ( Anatomy , Histology , Chemistry , Physics , Cell Biology , Genetics , Physiology , Biochemistry , Immunology , Pathologic Physiology And Anatomy , Pharmacology , Microbiology , etc . ) . Contact with patients begins at the third year . The remaining 3 years are composed of rotations at various departments , such as Internal Medicine , Neurology , Radiology , Dermatology , Psychiatry , Surgery , Pediatrics , Gynecology and Obstetrics , Anesthesiology , and others . During each academic year , students also enroll into two or three elective courses . After each rotation , the students take a total of about 60 exams . In the end , the students must pass a final multiple - choice exam comprising questions about clinical courses , after which they finally gain an MD , and the title of Doctor of Medicine , which they put after their name . Now the doctors must complete a one - year , supervised , paid internship in a hospital of their choice , after which they take the state ( license ) examination , which is an eight - part oral examination containing the eight most important clinical branches . After that , the doctors are eligible to practice medicine as general practitioners . Residencies are offered at various hospitals throughout Croatia , and at numerous medical specialities . Czech Republic ( edit ) Medical study in Czech Republic has a long tradition dating from the 14th century , with the first medical school starting at the First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague in 1348 , making it the 11th oldest in the world and highly prestigious . Students from all over the world are attracted to study medicine in Czech Republic because of the high standards of education provided . Most Czech Universities offer a 6 - year General Medicine program in Czech and in English separately for international students . The admission to medical studies in Czech Republic is based on the performance in high school diploma ( Biology , Chemistry and Physics ) , English proficiency and performance in the entrance exams . Entrance examination is conducted at the university and by some representative offices abroad . The entrance exams are competitive due to students from all over the world fighting to secure a place . After the entrance exams , successful candidates are further scrutinised by conducting interviews . Most of the international students studying medicine in the Czech Republic originate from USA , Canada , UK , Norway , Sweden , Germany , Israel , Malaysia and the Middle East . Most faculties of Medicine in Czech Republic have been approved by the U.S. Department of Education for participation in Federal Student Financial Aid Programs and is listed in the Directory of Postsecondary Institutions published by the U.S. Department of Education . The qualifications are also approved in Canada by the Canadian Ministry of Education and Training , and in the UK by the General Medical Council . Most medical schools are globally recognised and carry a good reputation . There are nine public government owned medical schools in the Czech Republic : First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague Second Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague Third Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine in Plzeň , Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacký University Olomouc Faculty of Medicine , University of Ostrava There is one military medical school , Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence . Denmark ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Denmark In Denmark , basic medical education is given in four universities : University of Copenhagen , Aarhus University , University of Southern Denmark and Aalborg University . The duration of basic medical education is six years and the course leads to the degree of Candidate of Medicine ( M.D. ) after swearing the Hippocratic Oath upon graduation . Medical school is usually followed by a year residency called clinical basic education ( Danish : Klinisk basisuddannelse or just KBU ) which upon completion grants the right to practices medicine without supervision . Finland ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Finland In Finland , basic medical education is given in five universities : Helsinki , Kuopio , Oulu , Tampere and Turku . Admission is regulated by an entrance examination . Studies involve an initial two - year preclinical period of mainly theoretical courses in anatomy , biochemistry , pharmacology etc . However , students have contact with patients from the beginning of their studies . The preclinical period is followed by a four - year clinical period , when students participate in the work of various hospitals and health care centres , learning necessary medical skills . Some Finnish universities have integrated clinical and preclinical subjects along the six - year course , diverging from the traditional program . A problem - based learning method is widely used , and inclusion of clinical cases in various courses and preclinical subjects is becoming common . All medical schools have research programs for students who wish to undertake scientific work . The duration of basic medical education is six years and the course leads to the degree of Licentiate of Medicine . France ( edit ) Main article : Medical school in France Medical studies in France are organized as follow : Right after graduating from High School with a Baccalaureat , any student can register at a university of medicine ( there are about 30 of them throughout the country ) . At the end of first year , an internal ranking examination takes place in each of these universities in order to implement the numerus clausus . First year consists mainly of theoretical classes such as biophysics and biochemistry , anatomy , ethics or histology . Passing first year is commonly considered as challenging and requires hard and continuous work . Each student can only try twice . For example , the Université René Descartes welcomes about 2000 students in first year and only 300 after numerus clausus . The second and third year are usually mainly quite theoretical although the teachings are often accompanied by placements in the field ( e.g. internships as nurses or in the emergency room , depending on the university ) . During 4th , 5th and 6th years , medical students get a special status called ' Externe ' ( In some universities , such as Pierre et Marie Curie , the ' Externe ' status is given starting in the 3rd year ) . They work as interns every morning at the hospital plus a few night shifts a month and study in the afternoon . Each internship lasts between 3 and 4 months and takes place in a different department . Med students get 5 weeks off a year . At the end of sixth year , they need to pass a national ranking exam , which will determine their specialty . Indeed , the first student gets to choose first , then the second , etcetera . Usually students work pretty hard during 5th and 6th years in order to train properly for the national ranking exam . During these years , actual practice at the hospital and some theoretical courses are meant to balance the training . Such externs ' average wage stands between 100 and 300 euros a month . After that ranking exams , students can start as residents in the specialty they have been able to pick . That is the point from which they also start getting paid . Towards the end of the medical program , French medical students are provided with more responsibilities and are required to defend a thesis . At the conclusion of the thesis defense , French medical students receive a State Diploma of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) or `` Diplôme d'Etat de Doctorat en Medecine for general medicine . For those who are in speciality training will also receive a Diploma of Specialized Studies ( DES = Diplôme d'Etudes Specialisees ) to mark their specialties . Some students may also receive a Diploma of Specialized Complementary Studies ( DESC ) = Diplôme d'Etudes Specialisees Complementaires . Germany ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Germany The University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine In Germany , admission to medical schools is currently administered jointly by the Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung ( SfH ) , a centralized federal organization , and the universities themselves . The most important criterion for admission is the Numerus clausus , the final GPA scored by the applicant on the Abitur ( highest secondary school diploma ) . However , in light of the recent gain in influence of medical schools in regards to applicant selection , additional criteria are being used to select students for admission . These criteria vary among medical faculties and the final Abitur GPA is always a core indicator and strongly influences admission . Admission remains highly competitive . A very small number of slots per semester are reserved for selected applicants which already hold a university degree ( Zweitstudium ) and for medical officer candidates ( Sanitätsoffizieranwärter ) . The first two years of medical school consist of the so - called pre-clinical classes . During this time , the students are instructed in the basic sciences ( e.g. physics , chemistry , biology , anatomy , physiology , biochemistry , etc . ) and must pass a federal medical exam ( Erster Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung ) , administered nationally . Upon completion , the students advance to the clinical stage , where they receive three years of training and education in the clinical subjects ( e.g. , internal medicine , surgery , obstetrics and gynecology , pediatrics , pharmacology , pathology , etc . ) . After these three years , they have to pass the second federal medical exam ( Zweiter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung ) before continuing with the sixth and final year . The last year of medical school consists of the so - called `` practical year '' ( Praktisches Jahr , PJ ) . Students are required to spend three four - month clerkships , two of them in a hospital ( internal medicine and surgery ) as well as one elective , which can be one of the other clinical subjects ( e.g. family medicine , anesthesiology , neurology , pediatrics , radiology etc . ) . After at least six years of medical school , the students graduate with a final federal medical exam ( Dritter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung ) . Graduates receive the license to practice medicine or dentistry and the professional title of physician ( Arzt ) or dentist ( Zahnarzt ) . The academic degrees Doctor of Medicine ( Dr. med . ) and Doctor of dental Medicine ( Dr. med . dent . ) are awarded if the graduate has , in addition , successfully completed a scientific study and dissertation . It is a doctoral degree and therefore different from the MD or DDS degrees in the U.S. , which as professional degrees are awarded after passing the final exams and do not require additional scientific work . Many medical students opt to perform their thesis during their studies at medical school , but only a fraction of them is able to finish the dissertation - process during their studies . The requirements for getting a Dr. med. degree across the board are not as hard as for the doctor in natural science ( Dr. rer . nat . ) . Therefore , many critics advocate to adopt a system similar to that of the Anglo - Saxon countries with an MD as a professional degree and a PhD showing additional scientific qualification . If physicians wish to open up a doctor 's office , they are required to further complete residency in order to fulfill the federal requirements of becoming Facharzt ( specialized in a certain field of medicine like internal medicine , surgery , pediatrics etc . ) . Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must complete both studies , medicine and dentistry , then afterwards specializing another 5 years . There are 36 medical faculties in Germany . Greece ( edit ) There are seven medical schools in Greece . The most prominent one of them is the University of Athens Medical School . The rest of them are in Patras , Thessaloniki , Ioannina , Larissa , Heraklion , and Alexandroupoli . The duration of the studies in Greece is 6 years . Hungary ( edit ) Hungary has four medical schools , in Budapest , Debrecen , Pécs and Szeged . Medical school takes six years to complete , of which the last year is a practical year . Students receive the degree dr . med . univ. or dr . for short , equivalent to the M.D. degree upon graduation . All Hungarian medical schools have programs fully taught in English . Iceland ( edit ) In Iceland , admission to medical school requires passing an organized test , controlled by the University of Iceland , which anyone with a gymnasium degree can take . Only the top 48 scores on the exam are granted admission each year . Medical school in Iceland takes 6 years to complete . Students receive a cand. med. degree upon graduation . Following this , Icelandic regulations require 12 months of clinical internship before granting a full medical license . This internship consists of internal medicine ( 4 months ) , surgery ( 2 months ) , family medicine ( 3 months ) and a three - month elective period . Upon receiving a license to practice , a physician can start specialist training , in Iceland or abroad . Ireland ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Ireland There are six medical schools in Ireland . They are at Trinity College Dublin , the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , University College Dublin , University College Cork , University of Limerick and the National University of Ireland , Galway ( the National University of Ireland is the degree - awarding institution for all except the University of Limerick and Trinity College ) . Training lasts four , five or six years , with the last two years in the affiliated teaching hospitals ( UCD - St. Vincents University Hospital , Mater Misericordiae University Hospital ) ( Trinity - St. James 's Hospital , Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating the National Children 's Hospital ) ( UCC - Cork University Hospital ) ( RCSI - Beaumont Hospital , Connolly Hospital , Waterford Regional Hospital ) . For Programmes that are six years in length , entry is based on secondary school qualifications . Programmes that are four years in length require previous university degrees . The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and the University of Limerick were the first medical institutions to offer Graduate Entry Medicine of four years in duration in the Ireland . This is now also offered in University College Dublin and University College Cork . The National University of Ireland , Galway also launched a graduate entry programme in 2010 . Medical education is regulated by the Irish Medical Council , the statutory body that is also responsible for maintaining a register of medical practitioners . After graduation with the degrees of BM BS ( Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ) or MB BCh BAO ( Medicinae Baccalaureus , Baccalaureus in Chirurgia , Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia ) , a doctor is required to spend one year as an intern under supervision before full registration is permitted . Graduates of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland also receive the traditional `` Licenciate of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians in Ireland '' ( LRCP&SI ) , which was awarded before the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland became an Affiliate of the National University of Ireland and thus was allowed grant degrees , under the Medical Practitioners Act ( 1978 ) . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , the contents of the medical school admission test is decided each year by the Ministry of Education , Universities and Research ( MIUR ) and consists of eighty questions divided in five categories : logics and `` general education '' ( `` cultura generale '' ) , mathematics , physics , chemistry , and biology . Results are expressed in a national ranking . As a general rule , all state - run medical schools in the country administer it on the same day , whereas all privately run medical schools administer it on another day , so that a candidate may take the test once for state - run schools and once for a private school of his or her choice , but no more . Some universities in Italy provide an international degree course in medicine taught entirely in English for both Italian and non-Italian students . A number of these medical schools are at public universities , and have relatively low tuition fees compared to the English - speaking world , because the cost of the medical education is subsidized by the state for both Italian and non-Italian students . These public medical schools include the International Medical School at the University of Milan , the University of Pavia , Rome `` La Sapienza '' , Rome `` Tor Vergata '' , Naples Federico II , the Second University of Naples , and the University of Bari . These universities require applicants to rank highly on the International Medical Admissions Test . Italy also has private or parochial , more expensive English - language medical schools such as Vita - Salute San Raffaele University and Humanitas University in Milan , and at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome campus . Medicine is one of the university faculties implementing numerus clausus ( `` numero chiuso '' ) : the overall number of medical students admitted every year is constant , as each medical school is assigned a maximum number of new admission per year by MIUR . Medical school lasts 6 years ( 12 semesters ) . Traditionally , the first three years are devoted to `` biological '' subjects ( physics , chemistry , biology , biochemistry , genetics , anatomy , physiology , immunology , pathophysiology , microbiology , and usually English language courses ) , whereas the later three years are devoted to `` clinical '' subjects . However , most schools are increasingly devoting the second semester of the third year to clinical subjects and earlier patient contact . In most schools , there are about 36 exams over the 6 - year cycle , as well as a number of compulsory rotations and elective activities . At the end of the cycle , students have to discuss a final thesis before a board of professors ; the subject of this thesis may be a review of academic literature or an experimental work , and usually takes more than a year to complete , with most students beginning an internato ( internship ) in the subject of their choice in their fifth or sixth year . The title awarded at the end of the discussion ceremony is that of `` Dottore Magistrale '' , styled in English as a Doctor of Medicine , which in accordance with the Bologna process is comparable with a master 's degree qualification or a US MD . After graduating , new doctors must complete a three - month , unpaid , supervised tirocinio post-lauream ( `` post-degree placement '' ) consisting of two months in their university hospital ( one month in a medical service and one in a surgical service ) as well as one month shadowing a general practitioner . After getting a statement of successful completion of each month from their supervisors , new doctors take the esame di stato ( `` state exame '' ) to obtain full license to practise medicine . They will then have to register with one of the branches of the Ordine dei Medici ( `` Order of Physicians '' ) , which are based in each of the Provinces of Italy . Registration makes new doctors legally able to practice medicine without supervision . They will then have to choose between various career paths , each usually requiring a specific admission exam : most either choose to train as general practitioner ( a 3 - year course run by each Region , including both general practice and rotation at non-university hospitals ) , or to enter a Scuola di Specializzazione ( `` specialty school '' ) at a university hospital 4 - year or 5 - year course . Lithuania ( edit ) Lithuania has two medical schools , in Kaunas - LSMU http://lsmuni.lt/ and Vilnius . Studies are of six years , of which the last year is a practical year . All Lithuanian medical schools have ams in English . Since 1990 , LSMU has been the Alma Mater of many international students and 550 full - time foreign students from 42 countries ( mainly Israel , Germany , Finland , Norway , Spain , Sweden , Lebanon , Poland , India , South Korea , Ireland and the United Kingdom ) are currently enrolled here . The Lithuanian University of Health Sciences ( LSMU ) is the largest university - type school in Lithuania preparing the health specialists . It unites the Veterinary Academy and the Medical Academy . LSMU traditions of studies and scientific work go back to the times of the Faculty of Medicine at Vytautas Magnus Universitythat was later turned into Kaunas Institute of Medicine . LSMU collaborates with more than 140 European , American and Asian universities for study and research purposes . The university is a member of numerous international organizations , such as the European University Association ( EUA ) , Association of Schools of Public Health in The European Region ( ASPHER ) , Association of Medical Schools in Europe ( AMSE ) , Association for Medical Education in Europe ( AMEE ) , Organisation for PhD Education in Biomedicine and Health Sciences in the European System ( ORPHEUS ) , European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education ( EAEVE ) , World Veterinary Association , and more . LSMU is also a member of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , where it fulfils the role of a collaboration centre for research and training in epidemiology , as well as for the prevention of cardiovascular and other chronic non-communicable diseases . The study programmes at LSMU meet university education standards applied in EU countries . Netherlands and Belgium ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Netherlands and List of medical schools in Belgium In the Netherlands and Belgium , medical students receive 6 years of university education prior to their graduation . In the Netherlands , students used to receive four years of preclinical training , followed by two years of clinical training ( co-assistentschappen , or co-schappen for short ) in hospitals . However , for a number of medical schools this has recently changed to three years of preclinical training , followed by three years of clinical training . At least one medical faculty , that of the Utrecht University , clinical training already begins in the third year of medical school . After 6 years , students graduate as basisartsen ( comparable to Doctors of Medicine ) . As a result of the Bologna process , medical students in the Netherlands now receive a bachelor 's degree after three years in medical school and a master 's degree upon graduation . Prospective students can apply for medical education directly after finishing the highest level of secondary school , vwo ; previous undergraduate education is not a precondition for admittance . The Belgian medical education is much more based on theoretical knowledge than the Dutch system . In the first 3 years , which are very theoretical and lead to a university bachelor degree , general scientific courses are taken such as chemistry , biophysics , physiology , biostatistics , anatomy , virology , etc . To enter the bachelor course in Flanders , prospective students have to pass an exam , as a result of the numerus clausus . In the French - speaking part of Belgium , only the best students that pass the first year of the bachelor course in medicine are admitted to the second and third year . After the bachelor courses , students are allowed to enter the ' master in medicine ' courses , which consist of 4 years of theoretical and clinical study . In general , the first 2 master years are very theoretical and teach the students in human pathology , diseases , pharmacology . The third year is a year full of internships in a wide range of specialities in different clinics . The seventh , final year serves as a kind of ' pre-specialization ' year in which the students are specifically trained in the specialty they wish to pursue after medical school . This contrasts with the Dutch approach , in which graduates are literally ' basic doctors ' ( basisartsen ) who have yet to decide on a specialty . Norway ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Norway Medical education in Norway begins with a six - to six - and - a-half - year undergraduate university program . Admission requires a very high GPA from secondary school - medicine consistently ranks as the most difficult university programme to be admitted to in Norway . Furthermore , certain high school subjects are required for admission ( chemistry , mathematics and physics ) . Upon completion , students are awarded a candidatus / candidata medicinae ( cand . med . ) degree ( corresponding to e.g. and MD in the USA ) and medical license . Those completing a research programme ( Forskerlinje ) get this added to their degree . Following this , it is required a minimum of 18 months of internship ( turnustjeneste ) before applying on a specialist training in Norway . The internship consist of 6 months of internal medicine , 6 months of surgery and 6 months family medicine . There are currently 43 recognized medical specialties in Norway . Poland ( edit ) See also : Category : Medical schools in Poland . Portugal ( edit ) Universidade do Minho , Braga Universidade do Algarve , Faro Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde , Covilhã Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto , Porto Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute , Porto Romania ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Romania In Romania , medical school is a department of a medical university , which typically includes Dentistry and Pharmacy departments as well . The name facultate is used for departments in their universities too , but the Medicine departments distinguish themselves by the length of studies ( 6 years ) , which grants to graduates a status equivalent to that of a Master in Science . The Medicine departments are also marked by reduced flexibility - in theory , a student in a regular university can take courses from different departments , like Chemistry and Geography ( although it usually does not happen , majors being clearly defined ) , while the medical universities do not have any extra offers for their students , due to their specialization . Admission to medical faculty is usually awarded by passing a Human Biology , Organic Chemistry and / or Physics test . The program lasts 6 years , with first 2 years being preclinical and last 4 years being mostly clinical . After these six years , one has to take the national licence exam ( which consists of mostly clinically oriented questions , but some questions also deal with basic sciences ) and has to write a thesis in any field he / she studied . Final award is Doctor - Medic ( titlu onorific ) ( shortened Dr . ) , which is not an academic degree ( similar to Germany ) . All graduates have to go through residency and specialization exams after that in order to practice , although older graduates had different requirements and training ( e.g. , clinical rotations similar to sub-internship ) and might still be able to practice Family Medicine / General Medicine . Russia ( edit ) See also : List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe § Russia Medical schools in Russia offer a 6 - year curriculum leading to award Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) `` Physician '' . Russian medical authorities reluctantly agrees with inclusion in list of international medical schools FAIMER - IMED . FAIMER ca n't include medical schools without cooperation from Russia . For example , Orel State University Medical Institute is n't included in this list . Sweden ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Sweden Medical education in Sweden begins with a five - and - a-half - year undergraduate university program leading to the degree `` Master of Science in Medicine '' ( Swedish : Läkarexamen ) . Following this , the National Board of Health and Welfare requires a minimum of 18 months of clinical internship ( Swedish : Allmäntjänstgöring ) before granting a medical license to be fully qualified as Medical Doctor ( MD ) . This internship consists of surgery ( 3 -- 6 months ) , internal medicine ( 3 -- 6 months ) , psychiatry ( three months ) and family medicine ( six months ) . Upon receiving a license to practice , a physician is able to apply for a post to start specialist training . There are currently 52 recognized medical specialties in Sweden . The specialist training has a duration of minimum five years , which upon completion grants formal qualification as a specialist . Switzerland ( edit ) See also : Healthcare in Switzerland There are five universities granting medical degrees in Switzerland ( plus the University of Fribourg and the ETH Zurich that provide the bachelor but not the master in medicine ) and five university hospitals : Faculty of Medicine of the University of Basel ( see also University Hospital of Basel ) Faculty of Medicine of the University of Bern ( see also University Hospital of Bern ) Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva ( see also University Hospital of Geneva ) Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the University of Lausanne ( see also University Hospital of Lausanne ) Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zürich ( see also University Hospital of Zürich ) Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology of the ETH Zurich Turkey ( edit ) All high school graduates who wish to pursue further education are required to take an MCQ exam . The exam covers most of the high school and secondary school curricula . A student who scores high enough gets a place in a faculty of his / her desire . Entrance to medical schools is extremely competitive , only very top scoring students are accepted to medical schools . Medical education takes six years , first three years being Pre-clinical years and the latter three being Clinical years . Right after graduation , graduates can either work as GPs or take another exam called TUS ( Medical Specialization Examination ) to do residency in a particular department of a particular hospital . Most of the medical schools in Turkey are state schools but the number of private schools is on the rise . MCQ exam ( YGS and LYS ) scores required to be accepted to private medical schools are lower compared to their public counterparts . The language of instruction is , in general , Turkish , but few universities also offer schools with English as the language of instruction . This makes Turkey a popular place to study medicine for students from nearby areas like the Balkans , the Middle East , and to a lesser extent North Africa . Ukraine ( edit ) Medical degrees in Ukraine were offered only in institutions called medical universities , which are separate from traditional universities . However , some medical schools are now associated with classical universities . These include : Ternopil State Medical University Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University Kharkiv National Medical University Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy Ivano - Frankivsk National Medical University Bukovinian State Medical University Zaporizhia State Medical University Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy Donetsk National Medical University Bogomolets National Medical University Of Ukraine Crimea State Medical University Luhansk State Medical University Odessa National Medical University National Pirogov Memorial Medical University School of Medicine of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University Medical Faculty of Sumy State University Medical Faculty of Uzhgorod University Medical Faculty of Dnipropetrovsk National University Kyiv Medical Institute of non traditional Medicine United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Medical school in the United Kingdom See also : List of medical schools in the United Kingdom Shepherd 's House , King 's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry at Guy 's Campus in London Due to the UK code for higher education , first degrees in medicine comprise an integrated programme of study and professional practice spanning several levels . While the final outcomes of the qualifications themselves typically meet the Expectations of the descriptor for higher education qualification at level 7 ( the UK master 's degree ) . These degrees may retain , for historical reasons , `` Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery '' and are abbreviated to MBChB or MBBS . There are currently 32 institutions that offer medical degrees in the United Kingdom . Completion of a medical degree in the UK results in the award of the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery . Admission requirements to the schools varies ; most insist on solid A-Levels / Highers , a good performance in an aptitude test such as the UKCAT , the BMAT or the GAMSAT , and usually an interview . As of 2008 the UK has approximately 8000 places for medical students . Methods of education range from courses that offer a problem - based learning approach ( alongside lectures etc . ) , and others having a more traditional pre-clinical / clinical structure . Others combine several approaches in an integrated approach . Following qualification , UK doctors enter a generalised two - year , competency - based `` foundation programme '' , gaining full GMC ( General Medical Council ) registration at the end of foundation year one , and applying for specialist training ( in medicine , surgery , general practice etc . ) after foundation year two . Many medical schools offer intercalated degree programmes to allow students to focus on an area of research outside their medical degree for a year . Some medical schools offer graduate entry programmes , which are four years long . The name refers to the fact that students on these courses already have a degree in another subject ( i.e. they are graduates ) . Due to the shorter length of the course , the timetable of these degrees are more intense and the holidays are shorter , compared to students on the 5 - year course . In terms of entrance requirements , the 4 - year degree restricts entry to those who already hold a first degree , and have previously worked in an area of healthcare . The first degree does n't necessarily have to be a BSc degree ( this is the criteria for some of the medical schools ) , whereas other medical schools specify that the prior degree has to be in a science subject . Competition for this course is fierce , with students having to also sit an entrance exam prior to being considered for an interview . Medical schools typically admit more students into undergraduate programmes than into graduate entry programmes . Medical career grades of the National Health Service Year Current ( Modernising Medical Careers ) Previous Foundation doctor ( FY1 and FY2 ) , 2 years Pre-registration house officer ( PRHO ) , 1 year Senior house officer ( SHO ) , minimum 2 years ; often more Specialty registrar , general practice ( GPST ) , 3 years Specialty registrar , hospital speciality ( SpR ) , minimum 6 years Specialist registrar , 4 -- 6 years GP registrar , 1 year 5 General practitioner , 4 years total time in training 6 -- 8 General practitioner , 5 years total time in training 9 Consultant , minimum 8 years total time in training Consultant , minimum 7 -- 9 years total time in training Optional Training is competency based , times shown are a minimum . Training may be extended by obtaining an Academic Clinical Fellowship for research or by dual certification in another speciality . Training may be extended by pursuing medical research ( usually 2 -- 3 years ) , usually with clinical duties as well Medical students ( edit ) A medical student checking blood pressure on an awareness drive A person accepted into a medical school and enrolled in an educational program in medicine , with the goal of becoming a medical doctor , is referred to as a medical student . Medical students are generally considered to be at the earliest stage of the medical career pathway . In some locations they are required to be registered with a government body . Medical students typically engage in both basic science and practical clinical coursework during their tenure in medical school . Course structure and length vary greatly among countries ( see above ) . Bullying ( edit ) Main article : Bullying in medicine Medical students , perhaps being vulnerable because of their relatively low status in health care settings , commonly experience verbal abuse , humiliation and harassment ( nonsexual or sexual ) . Discrimination based on gender and race is less common . Burnout and depression ( edit ) See also : Stress in medical students A meta - analysis in the American journal JAMA suggested depressive symptoms in 24 % to 29 % of all medical students and 25 % to 33 % of all resident physicians . Burnout in medical students , in addition , seems to be associated with increased likelihood of subsequent suicidal ideation . It has been estimated by a US study that approximately 14 % of medical students have symptoms of moderate to severe depression , and roughly 5 % have suicidal thoughts at some point during training . Internationally depression as well as distress in medical school is widely studied and gained more attention over the years . A recent study among German medical students at international universities displayed the significantly higher risk of depression symptoms being 2.4 times higher than the average population . 23.5 % of these German medical students showed clinically relevant depressive symptoms . In a South Korean study , 40 % of medical students appeared to have depression . Medical students with more severe depression also may be less likely to seek treatment , largely from fear that faculty members would view them as being unable to handle their responsibilities . Students who feel that they lack a social support system are 10 times more likely to be depressed compared with students that consider themselves to have good social support . Approximately 10 % experience suicidal ideation during medical school . Lemon and Stone hypothesised in what has become termed the ' Lemon Stone Hypothesis ' , that medical students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds increase in prevalence during times of national economic adversity . Their hypothesis was a formulation of Becker Maimans ' health belief model and Adaption theory . This hypothesis has to some extent been supported by a series of surveys . See also ( edit ) American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine ( AACOM ) American Medical College Application Service ( AMCAS ) American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine ( AACPM ) Bimaristan ( historical medical schools ) Flexner Report Graduate Australian Medical Schools Admissions Test ( GAMSAT ) ( Australia , Ireland , UK ) International medical graduate List of medical schools Medical College Admission Test ( MCAT ) ( United States , Canada ) Society of General Internal Medicine ( SGIM ) Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test ( UMAT ) ( Australia ) Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown , Menna ; Barnes , Jacob ; Silver , Katie ; Williams , Nicholas ; Newton , Philip M. ( 2015 ) . `` The Educational Impact of Exposure to Clinical Psychiatry Early in an Undergraduate Medical Curriculum '' . Academic Psychiatry . 40 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 281 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0358 - 1 . Jump up ^ Littlewood , S. ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` Early practical experience and the social responsiveness of clinical education : systematic review '' . BMJ. 331 ( 7513 ) : 387 -- 391 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 331.7513. 387 . Jump up ^ https://sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/sphcm/Centres_and_Units/SI_licensing_Report.pdf Jump up ^ `` Accreditation of medical education institutions . Report of a technical meeting. Schæffergården , Copenhagen , Denmark , 4 -- 6 October 2004 '' . WHO - WFME Task Force on Accreditation . p. 2 . ISBN 92 4 159273 7 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Accra College of Medicine , www.acm.edu.gh Jump up ^ Katz , Arieh A ; Futter , Merle ; Mayosi , Bongani M ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` The intercalated BSc ( Med ) Honours / MB ChB and integrated MB ChB / PhD tracks at the University of Cape Town : Models for a national medical student research training programme '' . South African Medical Journal . 104 ( 2 ) : 111 . doi : 10.7196 / SAMJ. 7639 . PMID 24893538 . Jump up ^ `` Resources '' . Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Healthtraining.org Archived 2010 - 05 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , MPH Degree Requirements at Makerere Jump up ^ Dillon , Alfredo . `` Prohíben el arancel y el examen de ingreso en las universidades '' . www.clarin.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings 2016 '' . Top Universities. 2016 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Suarez - Kurtz , Guilherme . `` A brief description of medical school curricula in Brazil '' ( PDF ) . Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ CaRMS - Operations - Future Matches Archived 2007 - 05 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Accreditation of International Medical Schools : An Update from FAIMER and CAAM - HP '' ( PDF ) . michigan.gov . Federation of State Medical Boards. 2009 - 06 - 18 . p. 32 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.how.com/about_4727555_haiti-medical-schools-training.html Jump up ^ `` Medical Schools '' . American Association of Medical Colleges . Archived from the original on 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine '' . AACOM . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` medicine as professional doctorate '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` MD as Professional Doctorate '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Educational System in the USA '' . Jump up ^ Ackerknecht , Erwin . A Short History of Medicine . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ https://mises.org/library/100-years-medical-robbery Jump up ^ Institute for Good Medicine at the Pennsylvania Medical Society Goodmedicine.org Archived 2012 - 08 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ AAMC.org Jump up ^ AAMC.org Archived 2010 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Additional areas for consideration for accredited education providers proposing implementation of a Masters Degree ( Extended ) level primary medical degree '' ( PDF ) . Australian Medical Council . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) '' . University of Melbourne . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.medicine.careers360.com/articles/aipmt-2014-617-lakh-apply-for-aipmt-55-girls-among-exam-takers Jump up ^ Medical Council of India : Home Page Jump up ^ Natboard.nic.in Jump up ^ `` About Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee Bar - Ilan University '' . Medicine.biu.ac.il . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Home Sackler Faculty of Medicine '' . Sacklermedicine.us. 2013 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Medical degrees in Israeli Educational System '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ IUK-ISM-KG.com Archived 2010 - 09 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IUK-ISM.MEGA.kg Archived 2010 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ International University of Science and Business or Mezhdunarodnyy Universitet Nauki i Biznesa Jump up ^ Asian Medical Institute Archived 2009 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medical Institute , Osh State University Jump up ^ `` Recognized Institution - Medical - college '' . Nepal Medical Council . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery - The University of Auckland '' . www.auckland.ac.nz . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` How the trainee intern year can ease the transition from undergraduate education to postgraduate practice - New Zealand Medical Journal '' . www.nzma.org.nz . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Trainee Intern Grant '' . Tertiary Education Commission . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Undergraduate study options - The University of Auckland '' . www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ MyTuition . `` A guide to studying medicine in NZ '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Medical Education in Taiwan Jump up ^ `` Directory of Medical Schools in Republic of Korea '' . Institute for International Medical Education . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ KMA.org , Korea Medical Association ( KMA ) website Jump up ^ Graduates from these medical schools revive Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery degree , ( MBBS ) , which takes a period of five to six years plus a residency period of one year for full registration . Due to the limited intake a large number of students go abroad to study medicine , these include commonwealth countries , as well as in recent years Bangladesh , Russia and China . However private medical schools are in the process of being established at present with the South Asian Institute of Technology and Medicine ( SAITM ) . Establishment of private medical schools have been opposed by the section of medical practitioners together with extremist student groups who does not willing to widening the access to medical education for the reasons best known to them . The total university undergraduate population in Sri Lanka is less than 27,000 , of which few hundred students are admitted to the local medical faculties , annually . Thousands who qualifies for higher education have no other option , but to go abroad for higher studies , including for medicine . Annually Sri Lankan parents are spending over 1bn USD to provide education to their children overseas . A well established system to regulate both private and public universities including the medical faculties is required to ensure the quality and relevance of the higher education system and thereby to enable both the public and private institutions to compete for excellence , as in the case of many other countries . This would be `` the option '' available for the authorities to consider , if Sri Lanka is aspiring to become a regional hub for education and a knowledge exporting country . The Higher Education Minister and the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) were criticized by the Government Medical Officers ' Association ( GMOA ) for offering degree awarding status to the South Asian Institute of Technology ( SAITM ) , while turning blind eye to three other medical degree awarding institutions , recently established by the state ; i.e. Rajarata , Eastern and the Defense university ( Fee levying ) , whose quality and standers are certainly not above or in par with to that of SITAM . The dabble standards adopted by the relevant authorities are detrimental to the founding principles of the free education of this country to provide equal access to education to all . It should be noted the fact that `` education is not a privilege of a few , but a right of all '' who want to have access to education at all levels . Jump up ^ `` GMOA Claims SAITM Is Sub-Standard The Sunday Leader '' . Thesundayleader.lk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ List of medical schools in Thailand Jump up ^ Medical University of Pleven - English Programme Euromedschool.com Archived 2010 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medical University of Varna - English Programme Euromedschool.com Archived 2010 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Titles in English '' . www.laeger.dk . Danish Medical Association . 5 February 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University and degree systems in France '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` University of Iceland - Faculty of Medicine '' . University of Iceland . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation 305 / 1997 , 13 . May . Regulation on granting medical and speciality training licenses '' . Icelandic Ministry of Health . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Education in Iceland '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Undergraduate Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Entry requirements - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland '' . www.rcsi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Entry Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Entry requirements - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland '' . www.rcsi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Entry Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Why RCSI Dublin ? - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland '' . www.rcsi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . www.medicalcouncil.ie . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` License to practice medicine in Sweden '' . Jump up ^ http://foreign.vnmu.edu.ua Jump up ^ The UK quality code for higher education Jump up ^ UK Medical Schools - www.ukmedicalschools.com Jump up ^ `` Study medicine - British Medical School Statistics '' . Study-medicine.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Internal-optimist.blogspot.com , A UK medical student blog . An example of the mix of science and clinical training in medical school , retrieved on January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coverdale JH , Balon R , Roberts LW Mistreatment of Trainees : Verbal Abuse and Other Bullying Behaviors Academic Psychiatry 33 : Pages 269 - 273 , July - August 2009 Archived 2010 - 07 - 07 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Rotenstein , Lisa S. ; Ramos , Marco A. ; Torre , Matthew ; Segal , J. Bradley ; Peluso , Michael J. ; Guille , Constance ; Sen , Srijan ; Mata , Douglas A. ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Prevalence of Depression , Depressive Symptoms , and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students : A Systematic Review and Meta - Analysis '' . JAMA. 316 ( 21 ) : 2214 -- 2236 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.17324 . ISSN 1538 - 3598 . PMID 27923088 . Jump up ^ Douglas A. Mata ; Marco A. Ramos ; Narinder Bansal ; Rida Khan ; Constance Guille ; Emanuele Di Angelantonio ; Srijan Sen ( 2015 ) . `` Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians : A Systematic Review and Meta - analysis '' . JAMA. 314 ( 22 ) : 2373 -- 2383 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2015.15845 . PMC 4866499 . PMID 26647259 . ^ Jump up to : Dyrbye LN , Thomas MR , Massie FS , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Burnout and suicidal ideation among US medical students '' . Ann Intern Med. 149 : 334 -- 341 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 149 - 5 - 200809020 - 00008 . ^ Jump up to : Schwenk TL , Davis L , Wimsatt LA ( 2010 ) . `` Depression , stigma , and suicidal ideation in medical students '' . JAMA. 304 : 1181 -- 1190 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2010.1300 . Jump up ^ Kamiar - K. Rueckert ( 2016 ) . Depression and Quality of Life in German Medical Students At Foreign Universities . RSU International Conference Health and Social Science . p. 168 . doi : 10.13140 / RG. 2.1. 3727.0008 . ^ Jump up to : Medscape Med Students > Depression in Med School : You 're Not Alone by Kelly Chi , in turn citing : Jeong Y , Kim JY , Ryu JS , Lee KE , Ha EH , Park H. The associations between social support , health - related behaviors , socioeconomic status and depression in medical students . Epidemiol Health . 2010 ; 32 : e2010009 . Jump up ^ Lemon TI , Stone BA Increase in medical students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds - a positive for health care ? Adv Med Educ Pract. 2013 ; 4 : 39 -- 41 . Published online 2013 March 21 . doi : 10.2147 / AMEP. S42814 PMC 3661266 External links ( edit ) Association of American Medical Colleges American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine American Medical Student Association Medical College Admission Test US News & World Report 2008 Medical School Research Rankings UK Clinical Aptitude Test The Medical Schools Council ( UK ) UK Application Process IFMSA Medicine Outline History Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Colorectal surgery Eye surgery General surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ( ENT ) Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Thoracic surgery Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internal medicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious disease Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics and gynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal -- fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Radiology Interventional radiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical pathology Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Clinical immunology Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Other specialties Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass - 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"Upon successful completion of medical school, students are granted the title of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.). Residency training, which is a supervised training period of three to seven years (usually incorporating the 1st year internship)typically completed for specific areas of specialty. Physicians who sub-specialize or who desire more supervised experience may complete a fellowship, which is an additional one to four years of supervised training in their area of expertise."
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-8377384989798267186 | X-ring chain | X-ring chain - Wikipedia X-ring chain Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into O - ring chain . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . Difference between X-ring and regular O - ring chains . The seals are red in color . The X-ring chain is a specialized type of sealed roller chain used to transfer mechanical power . Like the O - ring chain it is used in high performance motorcycles . It uses X-ring seal to keep lubricant ( usually grease ) in place . It has higher performance than non O - ring chain and less friction than O - ring chain which also increases reliability . It can last twice as long as the O - ring chain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Design 3 Maintanence 4 References 5 See also 6 External links Development ( edit ) The X-ring chain is developed from O - ring chain which in turn is developed from non O - ring chain . While the regular O - ring chain has high durability , it also has more friction ( compared to other types of roller chain ) due to distortion of the O - ring due to pressure from the inner and outer chain plates . This results in loss of power in the transmission . Therefore , X-ring chain was developed by replacing O - ring seal with X-ring seal which increased durability and greatly reduced friction . Design ( edit ) Like the O - ring chain it has sealing rings which keep the contaminant ( dirt ) out , and lubricant in between the pins and bushings . However , unlike O - ring chain , it has X shaped seal which does not increase surface area ( which is in contact with the chain plates ) when under pressure . Therefore the friction in X-ring chain does not increase much when pressure is applied by the chain plates . Maintanence ( edit ) Since X-ring chains are self lubricating ( Internally ) and have low friction , they are more durable and require less maintenance . However still , maintenance is required - especially on the outside of the X-rings , as they are very sensitive to damage . Special care must be taken in cleaning as they have complex construction and rubber rings can be damaged by solvent . Comparison between Standard roller chain , X-ring , and O - ring chain . Chain type Standard roller O - ring chain X-ring chain Lubrication Externally lubricated Self lubricating ( Internal ) Self lubricating ( Internal ) Durability Low High Very High Efficiency High Relatively low Very High Maintenance Frequent Less frequent , special care Least frequent , special care Stretching Regular Limited Limited Cost Relatively cheaper Relatively Expensive Relatively expensive References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` O Ring and X Ring Chains ¦ Motorcycle Chains ¦ Technical Help ¦ Bike Torque Racing '' . www.biketorqueracing.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` O - Ring vs. X-Ring and Patching Tires Ask the Geek '' . Sport Rider . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ AutoportalIndia . `` Type of Motorcycle Drive Chains / Articles / AutoPortal '' . autoportal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Drive Chains : O Ring / X Ring Vs Non-O Ring Standard Chains '' BikesMedia.in `` . www.bikesmedia.in . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . See also ( edit ) O - ring chain Roller chain Motorcycle transmission External links ( edit ) Understanding chain lubrication How it works - scottoiler.com O - ring vs X-ring chains - Youtube How to Clean and Lubricate a Motorcycle Chain - TheRideAdvice.com didchain.com Cleaning a Motorcycle Chain - webBikeWorld This motorcycle , scooter or moped - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X-ring_chain&oldid=803064543 '' Categories : Motorcycle transmissions Motorcycle stubs Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 06 : 40 . About Wikipedia | difference between an o ring and x ring chain | [] | [] |
2328609221587824394 | Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai | Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai - Wikipedia Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Show Poster Genre Drama Romance Crime Mystery Thriller Created by Dilip Jha Screenplay by Dilip Jha Ghanshyam Bhatt Dialogues Mohinder Pratap Singh Story by Dilip Jha Salil Sand Directed by Noel Smith Creative director ( s ) Uday Rakesh Berry Starring Namit Khanna Palak Jain Ankit Raj Vishal Malhotra Manish Chaudhary Anurag Arora Alka Amin Shahana Verma Theme music composer Rahul Jain Opening theme Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 109 ( as of 16 August 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Manoj Sharma Producer ( s ) Dilip Jha Archita Jha Nazim Sahir Hamid Production location ( s ) Delhi Cinematography Shanu Singh Rajput Pappu Singh Rajput Editor ( s ) Sameer Gandhi Camera setup Multi-camera Running time Approx. 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Bindu Productions SJ Studios Distributor Sony Pictures Network Release Original network SET India Original release 19 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) -- present External links Website Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai ( English : What is this , if not love ? ) is an Indian finite Television series . The series produced by Bindu Productions , premiered on 19 March 2018 , and broadcasts on SET India . The series stars Palak Jain and Namit Khanna in lead roles . The show is from the makers of Ek Duje Ke Vaaste . The show has received critical acclaim for its crisp story line and ensemble casts performance . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The show is set in Delhi , and revolves around Siddhant Sinha and Anushka Reddy . Anushka Reddy , daughter of Telugu industrialist Krishna Kanth `` KK '' Reddy returns home after spending 7 years in the US . Siddhant Sinha is a budding lawyer , belongs to middle class Brahmin family from Bihar , and is the son of lawyer Prabhakar Sinha who was KK 's legal advisor , right - hand man , confidante , and best friend . Siddhant and Anushka are childhood friends , who broke up 7 years prior due to misunderstandings . Siddhant 's father helps KK out of any disasters in both business and personal issues . Prabhakar owes KK , who helped him 18 years ago , and also values his friendship with KK . Siddhant joins his father at the Reddys ' company where Anushka has joined as the head of Human Resources . When an accident happens to KK 's rival company , said company 's owner , Sumit Goyal , insists it was sabotage done by KK 's company , in order to win back a certain deal KK lost . Though KK 's company is able to the clear the investigation , Prabhakar has a nagging theory that perhaps KK had something to do with the incident . Prabhakar dies while trying to investigate the details of the deal and the accident . Doctors confirm his death was due to sudden cardiac arrest caused by acid reflux . After Prabhakar 's death , Siddhant starts to work full time for KK 's son and Anushka 's twin brother , Karthik and tries to mend his relationship with Anushka . As they get closer , Siddhant also starts investigating his father 's death after finding a suspicious phone number from his father 's mobile phone call history . The number leads him to Dinesh Swamy , Vice President of Goyal 's aircraft company . He is shocked to discover that Swamy died exactly like Prabhakar shortly after Prabhakar 's death . Meanwhile , Anushka 's father is trying to convince her to marry . KK brings Nupur Srivastava as a prospective bride for Karthik . During Karthik 's wedding preparations , KK gets impressed by Nupur 's politician cousin , Vedant . KK asks Anushka to accept , but since she loves Siddhant , she does not want to . Siddhant also loves Anushka , but during investigation he was shocked to know that his father was murdered by his best friend KK by poisoning him via 25 years of KKR Corporation Book . So he decides it is best to keep Anushka out of the picture as he wants to take revenge to her father . Meanwhile , Karthik works closely with Purva , Siddhant 's sister , in KK 's company . Karthik starts to develop a physical attraction towards Purva but tries not to act upon it . Siddhant wishes to ruin KK and his business , therefore , he creates major misunderstandings between KK 's business partners often referred to as `` SHARK '' and creates rifts between KK 's family . Meanwhile , KK is finally seen admitting his involvement in Prabhakar 's death when he is by himself . Misunderstandings increase between Siddhant and Anushka , therefore , she decides to agree to marry Vedant . Siddhant on the other hand finds out that Vedant is only getting married to Anushka for money and power reasons for his career and does not love her . Siddhant decides he wants both his love and revenge , so on Anushka 's engagement day , he openly declares his love for Anushka . Although he is met with disapprovement , KK says that his happiness lies in Anushka and lets them get engaged . After the ceremony , Siddhant tells KK about how he knows KK is the reason behind Prabhakar 's death and that he will take revenge for that . Siddhant quits his job at Reddy Corporation and decides to go solo . He finds out that Reddy Corporation has been very sexist towards women and fires every woman who gets pregnant and asks for maternity leave . Siddhant finds over 300 cases such as this and decides to represent them all in court , pro bono In order to prevent Siddhant and Anushka from getting married , KK threatens Gayatri , Siddhant 's mother , to stop Siddhant from marrying Anushka . Despite his mother 's reluctance and KK 's planning , Siddhant and Anushka get married . As KK 's initial plan fails , he decides to go to Plan B , by framing Siddhant with the murder of Hira Sanyal , H of SHARK . Siddhant and Anushka finally get married , but she learns about how Siddhant believes KK killed Prabhakar . Siddhant and Anushka decide to not move their relationship forward until Siddhant is able to prove KK guilty . Meanwhile , Karthik and Purva start to talk more and get closer . One day , Nupur sees a suspicious message on Karthik 's phone , from Purva and starts to suspect them . Karthik and Nupur have an argument , in which he declares his love for Purva , and KK hears this . Purva and Karthik talk and Purva finds out the truth behind Prabhakar 's death . Purva also declares her feelings for Karthik . Karthik goes to declare his love for Purva to Sinha family . Siddhant beats Karthik and Gayatri slaps Purva . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Palak Jain as Anushka Siddhant Sinha Namit Khanna as Siddhant Sinha Recurring cast ( edit ) Manish Chaudhary as Krishna Kanth `` K.K. '' Reddy , Anushka 's father , ' K ' of ' SHARK ' Shahana Verma as Nita Reddy , Anushka 's mother Vishal Malhotra as Shrikant `` Anna '' Reddy , Anushka 's elder brother Suparna Krishna as Riddhi Nanda Reddy , Shrikant 's wife Ankit Raj as Kartik Reddy , Anushka 's twin brother Divya Sharma as Nupur Srivastava Reddy , Kartik 's wife Gagan Rajput as Sweety Singh , Siddhant 's assistant and friend Anurag Arora as Prabhakar Sinha , Siddhant 's father Alka Amin as Gayatri Sinha , Siddhant 's mother Amandeep Sidhu as Purva Sinha , Siddhant 's younger sister Reuben Israel as Sudhanshu Nanda , Riddhi 's father , ' S ' of ' SHARK ' Radha Bhatt as Heera Sanyal , ' H ' of ' SHARK ' Divyagaurav Rana as Young Siddhant Khushi Joshi as Young Anushka Dinesh Mohan as Sumit Goyal , K.K. 's business rival Akash Jaiswal as Vedant Srivastava , politician , Nupur 's cousin Guest stars ( edit ) Rahul Jain as himself , male singer of the title track Production ( edit ) The show is shot in New Delhi and Greater Noida . Soundtrack ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai '' Sanjeev Chaturvedi Rahul Jain Rahul Jain 3 : 55 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vishal Malhotra cast in Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai '' . The Times of India . Indo - Asian News Service . 9 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony TV Presents New - Age Love Story ' Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai ' '' . indiawest.com . R.M. VIJAYAKAR. 8 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.sakaltimes.com/art-culture/'makers-have-treated-show-film'-14921 Jump up ^ Singh , Debarati Palit ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` ' Makers have treated the show like a film ' '' . Sakal Times . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's Upcoming show Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai '' . setindia.com . SET India . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ India - West , R.M. VIJAYAKAR , Special to . `` Sony TV Presents New - Age Love Story ' Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai ' '' . India West . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Review : A simple tale of re-discovering love Jump up ^ Sony TV 's Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai gets a new time slot Jump up ^ Sony TV Presents New - Age Love Story ' Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai ' Jump up ^ Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Review : Namit Khanna 's screen presence and the dialogues will keep you hooked Jump up ^ Bepannaah to Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai : 5 shows that are going off air Jump up ^ ( http://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/personalities/story-ends-journey-doesnt-creative-director-uday-berry/2018/08/10 The ' story ' ends , but the ' journey ' does n't : Creative Director Uday Berry Jump up ^ `` Vishal Malhotra 's next series is Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai '' . Gulf News . Indo - Asian News Service . 10 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anurag Arora to make TV debut Yeh Pyaar Nahi Hai Toh Kya Hai ? '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 26 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's why Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai 's Namit Khanna quit modelling '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ SET India ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai - Title Song '' . Retrieved 20 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Pehchan Music ( 23 April 2018 ) . `` Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai - Full Title Song '' . Retrieved 20 May 2018 -- via YouTube . External links ( edit ) Official website Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy 10 Ka Dum Zindagi Ke Crossroads Drama Dil Hi Toh Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi Porus Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Pyaar_Nahi_Toh_Kya_Hai&oldid=857135950 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs 2010s Indian television miniseries Sony Entertainment Television series Television shows set in Delhi Hidden categories : Use Indian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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8790129499197933950 | Blood is thicker than water | Blood is thicker than water - wikipedia Blood is thicker than water hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( December 2014 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In modern society , the proverb `` blood is thicker than water '' is used to imply that family relationships are always more important than friends . Contents 1 History 2 Other interpretations 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The equivalent proverb in German ( originally : Blut ist dicker als Wasser ) , first appeared in a different form in the medieval German beast epic Reinhart Fuchs ( c. 1180 ; English : Reynard the Fox ) by Heinrich der Glîchezære . The 13th - century Heidelberg manuscript reads in part , `` ouch hoer ich sagen , das sippe blůt von wazzere niht verdirbet '' ( lines 265 - 266 ) . In English we read , `` I also hear it said , kin - blood is not spoiled by water . '' which may in part due to the high seas being tamed refer to distance not changing familial ties or duties . In 1412 , the English priest John Lydgate observed in Troy Book , `` For naturally blood will be of kind / Drawn - to blood , where he may it find . '' By 1670 , the modern version was included in John Ray 's collected Proverbs , and later appeared in Sir Walter Scott 's novel Guy Mannering ( 1815 ) : `` Weel -- Blud 's ( sic ) thicker than water -- she 's welcome to the cheeses . '' and in English reformer Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days ( 1857 ) . The phrase was first attested in the United States in the Journal of Athabasca Department ( 1821 ) . '' On June 25 , 1859 , U.S. Navy Commodore Josiah Tattnall , in command of the U.S. Squadron in Far Eastern waters , made this adage a part of U.S. history when explaining why he had given aid to the British squadron in an attack on Taku Forts at the mouth of the Pei Ho River , thereby abandoning the strict American policy of neutrality . Other interpretations ( edit ) Modern commentators , including authors Albert Jack and R. Richard Pustelniak , claim the original meaning of the expression was that the ties between people who 've made a blood covenant were stronger than ties formed by `` the water of the womb '' . However , no known historical sources support this . The use of the word `` blood '' to refer to kin or familial relations has roots dating back to Greek and Roman traditions . This usage of the term was common in the English - speaking world at least as early as the mid 1300s . Although not specifically related to the expression , H.C. Trumbull notes an interesting comparison of blood and milk in the Arab world : `` We , in the West , are accustomed to say that `` blood is thicker than water '' ; but the Arabs have the idea that blood is thicker than milk , than a mother 's milk . With them , any two children nourished at the same breast are called `` milk - brothers , '' or `` sucking brothers '' ; and the tie between such is very strong . ( ... ) But the Arabs hold that brothers in the covenant of blood are closer than brothers at a common breast ; that those who have tasted each other 's blood are in a surer covenant than those who have tasted the same milk together ; that `` blood - lickers , '' as the blood - brothers are sometimes called , are more truly one than `` milk - brothers , '' or `` sucking brothers '' ; that , indeed , blood is thicker than milk , as well as thicker than water . '' In Popular culture ( edit ) More recently , Aldous Huxley 's Ninth Philosopher 's Song ( 1920 ) approached the proverb differently , stating , `` Blood , as all men know , than water 's thicker / But water 's wider , thank the Lord , than blood . '' `` Blood is thicker than water '' is : the title of a series of mixtapes by Nu Jerzey Devil , The Game , Black Wall Street Records , Dipset and Lil Wayne , produced by DJ Haze . a mixtape by Fredo Santana and Chief Keef . a song title by Impaled Nazarene , off the 1994 album Suomi Finland Perkele . a song title by Black Label Society , off the album Shot to Hell . a book by W.A. Hoffman , now out of print . tattooed on the forearm of NBA player Trevor Ariza , dedicated to his little brother who fell out of a window when he was 6 years old . `` Thicker than water '' is : the name of a 1997 album and song by H O a tattoo that M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold had across his chest . the name of a tattoo studio at 181 Avenue B in New York City . the English translation of the name of a 2014 Swedish TV show , Tjockare än vatten . the 2000 documentary surf film directed by singer / songwriter Jack Johnson and his film school friend Chris Malloy . the title of the 8th episode of the American TV series Under the Dome . the title of the 1st episode of the American reality TV series The Real Housewives of New Jersey . the title of the 4th episode of the computer game `` The Walking Dead : A New Frontier '' See also ( edit ) Appeal to loyalty Loyalty Blood viscosity List of English - language idioms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Robert ( 1987 ) . The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins . New York : Facts on File , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 1012 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rogers , James T. ( 1985 ) . The Dictionary of Clichés . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 33814 - 3 . Jump up ^ Titelman , Gregory Y. ( 1996 ) . Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 44554 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jones , Charles Colcock ( 1878 ) . The Life and Services of Commodore Josiah Tattnall . Morning News Steam Printing House . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Jack , Albert ( 2005 ) , Shaggy Dogs and Black Sheep : The Origins of Even More Phrases We Use Every Day , Penguin Books Ltd ( UK ) , ISBN 978 - 0140515732 Jump up ^ Pustelniak , R. Richard ( 1994 ) , `` II . Terms '' , `` How Shall I Know ? '' - The Blood Covenant , retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Blood : Online Etymological Dictionary '' Jump up ^ Trumbull , H. Clay ( 1893 ) , The Blood Covenant - A Primitive Rite And Its Bearings On Scripture ( 2nd ed . ) , Philadelphia : John D. Wattles , p. 10 ff . Jump up ^ Flexner , Stuart & Doris ( 1993 ) . Wise Words and Wives ' Tales : The Origins , Meanings and Time - Honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings Olde and New . New York : Avon Books . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 76238 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Nu Jerzey Devil Mixtapes - LiveMixtapes.com : Get It LIVE ! '' . LiveMixtapes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Perspective Publishing - W.A. Hoffman '' . Alienperspective.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Wynette A. ( 2002 ) , Blood Is Thicker Than Water , Alien Perspective , ISBN 978 - 0972109802 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Needles and Sins Tattoo Blog Valentine 's Day NYC Tattoo Specials ! '' . Needlesandsins.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thicker Than Water '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Look up blood is thicker than water in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Blood is thicker than water '' on The Phrase Finder `` Thicker Than Water '' . TV Tropes . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_is_thicker_than_water&oldid=856497827 '' Categories : English proverbs Family Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from December 2014 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 17 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | expansion of idea on blood is thicker than water | [] | [] |
-7624613652347872977 | Herington, Kansas | Herington , Kansas - wikipedia Herington , Kansas Jump to : navigation , search Herington , Kansas City Aerial view of Herington ( 2013 ) Location within Dickinson County and Kansas KDOT map of Dickinson County ( legend ) Coordinates : 38 ° 40 ′ 16 '' N 96 ° 56 ′ 33 '' W / 38.67111 ° N 96.94250 ° W / 38.67111 ; - 96.94250 Coordinates : 38 ° 40 ′ 16 '' N 96 ° 56 ′ 33 '' W / 38.67111 ° N 96.94250 ° W / 38.67111 ; - 96.94250 Country United States State Kansas Counties Dickinson , Morris Area Total 5.09 sq mi ( 13.18 km ) Land 5.06 sq mi ( 13.11 km ) Water 0.03 sq mi ( 0.08 km ) Elevation 1,355 ft ( 413 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 2,526 Estimate ( 2016 ) 2,362 Density 500 / sq mi ( 190 / km ) Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP code 67449 Area code 785 FIPS code 20 - 31400 GNIS ID 476991 Website cityofherington.com Herington is a city in Dickinson and Morris counties in the U.S. state of Kansas . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 2,526 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.2 20th century 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 3.2 2000 census 4 Government 5 Education 5.1 Primary and secondary education 6 Infrastructure 6.1 Transportation 6.1. 1 Rail 6.1. 2 Air 6.2 Library 7 Notable people 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) 1915 Railroad Map of Dickinson County Herington was named after its founder , Monroe Davis Herington . His name at birth was Davis Monroe Herrington , but he later dropped the second `` r '' from his last name . The first post office in Herrington was established in February 1884 . In 1887 , Mr. Herington successfully got the Chicago , Kansas and Nebraska Railway to build through Herington . He gave the land and right - of - way for Herington to become a division point with shops , two round houses , freight house , bridge yards , telegraph office and many other buildings . He furnished the limestone for the freight house , and for a two story depot that was 28 by 66 feet ( 8.5 m × 20.1 m ) and later enlarged to 28 by 105 feet ( 8.5 m × 32.0 m ) . That same year , the Chicago , Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a main line from Topeka to Herington . Also in 1887 , the Chicago , Kansas and Nebraska Railway extended its main line from Herington to Pratt . This line is called the `` Golden State Limited '' . That same year , the Chicago , Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a branch line north - south from Herington to Caldwell . By 1893 , this branch line was incrementally built to Fort Worth , Texas . This line is called the `` OKT '' . The Chicago , Kansas and Nebraska Railway was foreclosed in 1891 and was taken over by Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railway , which shut down in 1980 and reorganized as Oklahoma , Kansas and Texas Railroad , merged in 1988 with Missouri Pacific Railroad , merged in 1997 with Union Pacific Railroad . Most locals still refer to this railroad as the `` Rock Island '' . 20th century ( edit ) The National Old Trails Road , also known as the Ocean - to - Ocean Highway , was established in 1912 , and was routed through Herington , Delavan , Council Grove . In World War II , Herington Army Airfield was built and was one of only two fields that processed heavy bombardment crews and equipment staging to the coasts for overseas duty . The field was later turned over to the City of Herington and is currently used as a municipal airport . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.09 square miles ( 13.18 km ) , of which , 5.06 square miles ( 13.11 km ) is land and 0.03 square miles ( 0.08 km ) is water . Cityscape ( edit ) Local attractions include : Herington Historical Museum . The Kansas Historical Marker of Dwight David Eisenhower is approximately 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) south on of Herington . In 2012 , the Eisnhower maker replaced the previous `` Father Juan De Padilla And Quivira '' marker . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1890 1,353 -- 1900 1,607 18.8 % 1910 3,273 103.7 % 1920 4,065 24.2 % 1930 4,519 11.2 % 1940 3,804 − 15.8 % 1950 3,775 − 0.8 % 1960 3,702 − 1.9 % 1970 3,165 − 14.5 % 1980 2,930 − 7.4 % 2,685 − 8.4 % 2000 2,563 − 4.5 % 2,526 − 1.4 % Est. 2016 2,362 − 6.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 2,526 people , 1,082 households , and 666 families residing in the city . The population density was 499.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 192.7 / km ) . There were 1,300 housing units at an average density of 256.9 per square mile ( 99.2 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 93.3 % White , 0.4 % African American , 0.9 % Native American , 0.5 % Asian , 0.2 % Pacific Islander , 1.7 % from other races , and 2.9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7 % of the population . There were 1,082 households of which 32.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.0 % were married couples living together , 12.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , 5.2 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 38.4 % were non-families. 33.5 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16.8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.89 . The median age in the city was 39.2 years . 25.1 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 7.8 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 22.8 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.4 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 19.9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 47.8 % male and 52.2 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 2,563 people , 1,126 households , and 669 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,206.9 people per square mile ( 466.8 / km2 ) . There were 1,305 housing units at an average density of 614.5 per square mile ( 237.7 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 95.8 % White , 0.6 % African American , 0.4 % Native American , 0.5 % Asian , < 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 1.6 % from other races , and 1.0 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.5 % of the population . There were 1,126 households out of which 26.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 47.2 % were married couples living together , 8.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 40.5 % were non-families. 36.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 19.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.88 . In the city , the population was spread out with 24.0 % under the age of 18 , 7.0 % from 18 to 24 , 25.0 % from 25 to 44 , 20.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 24.0 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 41 years . For every 100 females there were 88.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 83.7 males . The median income for a household in the city was $28,333 , and the median income for a family was $36,696 . Males had a median income of $28,359 versus $15,515 for females . The per capita income for the city was $16,526 . About 6.2 % of families and 8.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.0 % of those under age 18 and 7.6 % of those age 65 or over . Government ( edit ) The Herington government consists of a mayor and four council members . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary education ( edit ) Herington is part of Unified School District 487 . The high school is a member of T.E.E.N. , a shared video teaching network between five area high schools . School in Herington include : Herington High School . Herington Middle School . Herington Elementary School . Herington Little Railer Preschool . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Rail ( edit ) From its beginnings , Herington has been a hub for the Rock Island , the Cotton Belt Route , Southern Pacific , and currently Union Pacific Railroad . UP still uses this as its hub on its system to this day . Herington has also been served by the Rio Grande , Missouri Pacific , and the Oklahoma , Kansas and Texas Railroad . Air ( edit ) Airports include : Herington Regional Airport , FAA : HRU . ICAO : KHRU , located east of Herington . Library ( edit ) The Herington Public Library is a Carnegie library . Notable people ( edit ) See List of people from Dickinson County , Kansas Bruce P. Blake - Bishop of the United Methodist Church Brad Crandall - radio personality Louis Durant - racecar driver John Eastwood - World War II US Army Air Forces chaplain Emil Kapaun - Roman Catholic priest and Medal Of Honor recipient United States Army chaplain Terry Nichols - served in U.S. Army , accomplice in the Oklahoma City bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Calvin Wright - Idaho politician See also ( edit ) Kansas portal National Old Trails Road List of books about Dickinson County , Kansas List of books about Morris County , Kansas References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS ) details for Herington , Kansas ; United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) ; October 13 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Herington History Jump up ^ `` Kansas Post Offices , 1828 - 1961 ( archived ) '' . Kansas Historical Society . Archived from the original on 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herington History Jump up ^ Rock Island Rail History ^ Jump up to : Herington Service Summary Jump up ^ Kansas Historical Marker - Dwight David Eisenhower Jump up ^ Kansas Historical Marker - Father Juan De Padilla And Quivira Jump up ^ USD 487 Jump up ^ Kansas School District Boundary Map Archived 2011 - 07 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ T.E.E.N. video teaching network Jump up ^ Herington Regional Airport map Jump up ^ Herington Regional Airport information Jump up ^ Herington Public Library External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herington , Kansas . Official website Municipalities and communities of Dickinson County , Kansas , United States County seat : Abilene Cities Abilene Carlton Chapman Enterprise Herington ‡ Hope Manchester Solomon ‡ Woodbine CDPs Detroit Talmage Unincorporated communities Acme Buckeye Dillon Elmo Holland Industry ‡ Lyona Moonlight Navarre Pearl Shady Brook Stoney Sutphen Upland Townships Banner Buckeye Center Cheever Flora Fragrant Hill Garfield Grant Hayes Holland Hope Jefferson Liberty Lincoln Logan Lyon Newbern Noble Ridge Rinehart Sherman Union Wheatland Willowdale Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Morris County , Kansas , United States County seat : Council Grove Cities Council Grove Dunlap Dwight Herington ‡ Latimer Parkerville White City Wilsey Unincorporated communities Burdick Delavan Diamond Springs Skiddy Townships Cambria Overland Township 1 Township 2 Township 3 Township 4 Township 5 Township 6 Township 7 Township 8 Township 9 Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herington,_Kansas&oldid=786763750 '' Categories : Cities in Kansas Cities in Dickinson County , Kansas Cities in Morris County , Kansas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 13 : 36 . 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-1195168329156176575 | Lord of the Flies (1963 film) | Lord of the Flies ( 1963 film ) - wikipedia Lord of the Flies ( 1963 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Lord of the Flies . For the 1990 film , see Lord of the Flies ( 1990 film ) . For other uses , see Lord of the Flies ( disambiguation ) . Lord of the Flies Theatrical Release Poster Directed by Peter Brook Produced by Lewis M. Allen Written by Peter Brook Based on Lord of the Flies by William Golding Starring James Aubrey Tom Chapin Hugh Edwards Tom Gaman Music by Raymond Leppard Cinematography Tom Hollyman Edited by Peter Brook Gerald Feil Jean - Claude Lubtchansky Distributed by British Lion ( UK ) Continental Distributing ( US ) Release date May 1963 ( 1963 - 05 ) ( Cannes ) 13 August 1963 ( 1963 - 08 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $250,000 or £ 80,000 Lord of the Flies is a 1963 British film adaptation of William Golding 's novel of the same name about 30 schoolboys who are marooned on an island where they become savages . It was directed by Peter Brook and produced by Lewis M. Allen . The film was in production for much of 1961 , though the film was not released until 1963 . Golding himself supported the film . When Kenneth Tynan was a script editor for Ealing Studios he commissioned a script of Lord of the Flies from Nigel Kneale , but Ealing Studios closed in 1959 before it could be produced . The novel was adapted into a movie for a second time in 1990 . The 1963 film is generally more faithful to the novel than the 1990 adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Theme 4 Production 4.1 Filming 5 Song 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A group of British schoolboys , living in the midst of a war , are evacuated from England . Their airliner is shot down by briefly - glimpsed fighter planes and ditches near a remote island . The main character , Ralph , is seen walking through a tropical forest . He meets an intelligent and chubby boy , who reveals his school nickname was Piggy , but asks that Ralph not repeat that . The two go to the beach where they find a conch shell , which Ralph blows to rally the other survivors . As they emerge from the jungle , it becomes clear that no adults have escaped the crash . Singing is then heard and a small column of school choir boys , wearing dark cloaks and hats and led by a boy named Jack Merridew , walk toward their direction . The boys decide to appoint a chief . The vote goes to Ralph , not Jack . Initially , Ralph is able to steer the children ( all of whom are aged between about six and fourteen ) towards a reasonably civilized and co-operative society . Only the boy holding the conch is allowed to speak in turns during meetings or `` assemblies '' . The choir boys make wooden spears , creating the appearance that they are warriors within the group . Crucially , Jack has a knife , capable of killing an animal . The boys build shelters and start a signal fire using Piggy 's glasses . With no rescue in sight , the increasingly authoritarian and violence - prone Jack starts hunting and eventually finds a pig . Meanwhile , the fire , for which he and his `` hunters '' are responsible , goes out , losing their chance of being spotted from a passing airplane . Piggy chastises Jack , and Jack strikes him in retaliation , knocking his glasses off , and breaking one lens . Ralph is furious with Jack . Soon some of the children begin to talk of a beast that comes from the water . Jack , obsessed with this imagined threat , leaves the group to start a new tribe , one without rules , where the boys play and hunt all day . Soon , more follow until only a few , including Piggy , are left with Ralph . Events reach a crisis when a boy named Simon finds a sow 's head impaled on a stick , left by Jack as an offering to the Beast . He becomes hypnotized by the head , which has flies swarming all around it . Simon goes to what he believes to be the nest of the Beast and finds a dead pilot under a hanging parachute . Simon runs to Jack 's camp to tell them the truth , only to be killed in the darkness by the frenzied children who mistake him for the Beast . Piggy defends the group 's actions with a series of rationalizations and denials . The hunters raid the old group 's camp and steal Piggy 's glasses . Ralph goes to talk to the new group using the still - present power of the conch to get their attention . However , when Piggy takes the conch , they are not silent ( as their rules require ) but instead jeer . Roger , the cruel torturer and executioner of the tribe , pushes a boulder off a cliff and kills Piggy . Ralph hides in the jungle . Jack and his hunters set fires to smoke him out , and Ralph staggers across the smoke - covered island . Stumbling onto the beach , Ralph falls at the feet of a naval officer who stares in shock at the painted and spear - carrying savages that the children have become , before turning to his accompanying landing party . One of the youngest boys tries to tell the officer his name , but can not remember it . The last scene shows Ralph sobbing as flames spread across the island . Cast ( edit ) James Aubrey as Ralph Tom Chapin as Jack Hugh Edwards as Piggy Roger Elwin as Roger Tom Gaman as Simon David Surtees as Sam Simon Surtees as Eric Nicholas Hammond as Robert Roger Allan as Piers Kent Fletcher as Percival Richard Horne as Lance Timothy Horne as Leslie Andrew Horne as Matthew Peter Davy as Peter David Brujes as Donald Christopher Harris as Bill Alan Heaps as Neville Jonathan Heaps as Howard Burnes Hollyman as Douglas Peter Ksiezopolski as Francis Anthony Mcall - Judson as Maurice Malcolm Rodker as Harold David St. Clair as George Rene Sanfiorenzo Jr. as Charles Jeremy Scuse as Rowland John Stableford as Digby Nicholas Valkenburg as Rupert Patrick Valkenburg as Robin Edward Valencia as Frederick David Walsh as Percy John Walsh as Michael Jeremy Willis as Henry Erik Jordan as Head Clapper Boy Theme ( edit ) As with Golding 's book , the pessimistic theme of the film is that fear , hate and violence are inherent in the human condition -- even when innocent children are placed in seemingly idyllic isolation . The realisation of this is seen as being the cause of Ralph 's distress in the closing shots . Charles Silver , Curator in the Department of Film at MoMA , wrote that the film is `` about anarchy and how that thin veneer we wear of what we refer to as `` civilization '' is threatened by the attractive clarion call of bestiality and its accompanying hatred `` . Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) The parents of those chosen are reported to have been provided copies of the novel , from which a commentary had been physically removed ; those pages included describing the culmination of the hunt of a wild sow as an `` Œdipal wedding night '' . Brook noted that `` time was short ; we were lent the children by unexpectedly eager parents just for the duration of the summer holidays '' . The film was shot entirely in Puerto Rico at Aguadilla , El Yunque and on the island of Vieques . The boys in the cast were all non-professional , had mostly not read the book , and actual scripting was minimal ; scenes were filmed by explaining them to the boys , who then acted them out , with some of the dialogue improvised. . Life magazine journalist Robert Wallace visited them there and observed one of them amusing himself by feeding live lizards into the blades of a rotating fan . Wallace commented : `` One could almost hear William Golding , 4,000 miles away in England , chuckling into his beard . '' The 60 hours of film from the 1961 shoot was edited down to 4 hours , according to editor Gerald Feil . This was further edited down to a 100 - minute feature that was shown at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival ( 9 to 22 May ) , but the cuts necessitated that new audio transitions and some dialog changes be dubbed into the film more than a year after shooting . The voice of James Aubrey , who played Ralph , had dropped three octaves and was electronically manipulated to better approximate his earlier voice , but it is still significantly different . Tom Chapin , who played Jack , had lost his English accent and another boy 's voice was used to dub his parts . The U.S. distributor insisted the film be further edited to 90 minutes , so one fire scene and scenes developing the character Ralph were cut . The NYC premiere of the film was attended by some of the original cast members followed by a photo shoot in Times Square ( picture subsequently published in a Life Magazine article ) and a party at Sardi 's attended by others such as Zero Mostel . In 1996 , Peter Brook organised a reunion for the cast members for a documentary film called Time Flies . Brook was `` curious to know what the years had done to his cast , and what effect the isolated months of filming had had on their lives '' . Although none seemed damaged by their time working on the film , Simon Surtees , one of a pair of twin brothers who played Sam and Eric , `` put his finger unerringly on the ethical dilemma . The problem is that most of us are not trained artists , so I now believe Peter runs the risk of abandoning us to our fate , just as he did in 1961 , when he plucked us from our schools and our homes , put us on the island , then cast us back to live our lives as if nothing would ever change . '' Tom Gaman , who played Simon in Brook 's film , remembered that `` although I did n't think much about it at the time , in hindsight my death scene scares me . It was night , the spears -- those wooden stakes -- were quite real . We were excited , brandishing flaming sticks around a bonfire on the beach in a real storm . I really did emerge from the bushes into the center of a raging crowd , screamed in terror , was stabbed by boys with sharpened sticks , and staggered to the water '' . Song ( edit ) The song , heard throughout the film , of the boys singing is Kyrie Eleison which , translated from Greek , means `` Lord , have mercy '' . It is an expression used in a prayer of the Christian liturgy . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received acclaim from critics . Based on 18 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an overall approval rating of 100 % from critics , with an average score of 8.3 / 10 . However , it has a mixed to positive score from the audience , with 63 % . PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek III wrote `` The true surprise in Lord of the Flies is how little these child actors actually feel like ' child actors ' . With few exceptions , the acting rarely seems to be forced or flat . This practiced , well - honed craft aids Brook 's vision of a fly on the wall approach that pulls the viewer into each scene . '' Bosley Crowther wrote in The New York Times that `` the picture made from it by the writer - director Peter Brook is a curiously flat and fragmentary visualization of the original . It is loosely and jerkily constructed , in its first and middle phases , at least , and it has a strangely perfunctory , almost listless flow of narrative in most of its scenes '' . Accolades ( edit ) Peter Brook was nominated for the Golden Palm at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival . The film was named one of the Top Ten Films of the year in 1963 by the National Board of Review . Home media ( edit ) The Criterion Collection released it on DVD and Blu - ray Disc in America and Canada . Janus Films also released the DVD in the UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ De la Mare , Richard ; Hatton , Maurice ( 29 November 1962 ) . `` Peter Brook film director '' . The Guardian . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Robert Wallace , Life Magazine 25 October 1963 Jump up ^ Silver , Charles ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Peter Brook 's Lord of the Flies '' . MoMA . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Brook , Peter ( 1998 ) . Threads of time : a memoir ( Paperback . ed . ) . London : Methuen Drama . p. 129 . ISBN 0413733009 . Jump up ^ Michael , Brooke . `` Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) '' . www.screenonline.org.uk . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hollindale , Peter . `` A History of Savages '' . www.tes.co.uk . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hollindale , Peter . `` A History of Savages '' . www.tes.co.uk . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaman , Tom . `` Flies '' . www.forestdata.com . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Maçek III , J.C. ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` Have Mercy : ' Lord of the Flies ' '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . `` Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) Screen : Agitating Fable of Wild Boys : Savagery Is Depicted in ' Lord of the Flies ' '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Lord of the Flies '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Award Winners '' . www.nationalboardofreview.org . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lord of the Flies at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Lord of the Flies on IMDb Lord of the Flies at AllMovie Lord of the Flies at Rotten Tomatoes Criterion Collection essay by Peter Brook Time flies : A BBC2 TV documentary ( 1996 ) about the making of the 1963 movie , with interviews of Peter Brook and of the actors . Films directed by Peter Brook The Beggar 's Opera ( 1953 ) Seven Days ... Seven Nights ( 1960 ) Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) Marat / Sade ( 1967 ) King Lear ( 1971 ) Meetings with Remarkable Men ( 1979 ) The Mahabharata ( 1989 ) William Golding 's Lord of the Flies Films Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) Alkitrang dugo ( 1975 ) Lord of the Flies ( 1990 ) Other `` Lord of the Flies ( song ) Related `` Das Bus '' Exile VIAF : 119144648592107423604 GND : 4314209 - 6 BNF : cb12005794r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_the_Flies_(1963_film)&oldid=804214942 '' Categories : 1963 films English - language films 1960s drama films British films British drama films British coming - of - age films British Lion Films films Films directed by Peter Brook Adventure drama films British black - and - white films Films based on British novels Films shot in Puerto Rico Films set on uninhabited islands Dystopian films Survival films Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 49 . 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8831495047018488753 | Kuiper belt | Kuiper belt - Wikipedia Kuiper belt Jump to : navigation , search `` KBOs '' redirects here . See also KBOS ( disambiguation ) . Known objects in the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Neptune . ( Scale in AU ; epoch as of January 2015 . ) Sun Jupiter trojans Giant planets : J S U N Centaurs Kuiper belt Scattered disc Neptune trojans Distances but not sizes are to scale Source : Minor Planet Center , www.cfeps.net and others Types of distant minor planets Cis - Neptunian objects Centaurs Neptune trojans Trans - Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) Kuiper belt objects ( KBOs ) Classical KBOs ( cubewanos ) Resonant KBOs Plutinos ( 2 : 3 resonance ) Scattered disc objects ( SDOs ) Resonant SDOs Detached objects Sednoids Oort cloud objects ( ICO / OCOs ) Trans - Neptunian dwarf planets are called `` plutoids '' The Kuiper belt ( / ˈkaɪpər / or Dutch pronunciation : ( ' kœy̯pǝr ) ) , occasionally called the Edgeworth -- Kuiper belt , is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System , extending from the orbit of Neptune ( at 30 AU ) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun . It is similar to the asteroid belt , but is far larger -- 20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive . Like the asteroid belt , it consists mainly of small bodies or remnants from when the Solar System formed . While many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal , most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles ( termed `` ices '' ) , such as methane , ammonia and water . The Kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized dwarf planets : Pluto , Haumea and Makemake . Some of the Solar System 's moons , such as Neptune 's Triton and Saturn 's Phoebe , may have originated in the region . The Kuiper belt was named after Dutch - American astronomer Gerard Kuiper , though he did not predict its existence . In 1992 , 1992 QB was discovered , the first Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) since Pluto . Since its discovery , the number of known KBOs has increased to over a thousand , and more than 100,000 KBOs over 100 km ( 62 mi ) in diameter are thought to exist . The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the main repository for periodic comets , those with orbits lasting less than 200 years . Studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the belt is dynamically stable and that comets ' true place of origin is the scattered disc , a dynamically active zone created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago ; scattered disc objects such as Eris have extremely eccentric orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun . The Kuiper belt is distinct from the theoretical Oort cloud , which is a thousand times more distant and is mostly spherical . The objects within the Kuiper belt , together with the members of the scattered disc and any potential Hills cloud or Oort cloud objects , are collectively referred to as trans - Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) . Pluto is the largest and most massive member of the Kuiper belt , and the largest and the second-most - massive known TNO , surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc . Originally considered a planet , Pluto 's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 . It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs , known as `` plutinos '' , that share the same 2 : 3 resonance with Neptune . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Hypotheses 1.2 Discovery 1.3 Name 2 Structure 2.1 Classical belt 2.2 Resonances 2.3 Kuiper cliff 3 Origin 4 Composition 5 Mass and size distribution 6 Scattered objects 6.1 Triton 7 Largest KBOs 7.1 Pluto 7.2 Satellites 8 Exploration 9 Extrasolar Kuiper belts 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Bibliography 13 External links History ( edit ) After the discovery of Pluto in 1930 , many speculated that it might not be alone . The region now called the Kuiper belt was hypothesized in various forms for decades . It was only in 1992 that the first direct evidence for its existence was found . The number and variety of prior speculations on the nature of the Kuiper belt have led to continued uncertainty as to who deserves credit for first proposing it . Hypotheses ( edit ) The first astronomer to suggest the existence of a trans - Neptunian population was Frederick C. Leonard . Soon after Pluto 's discovery by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 , Leonard pondered whether it was `` not likely that in Pluto there has come to light the first of a series of ultra-Neptunian bodies , the remaining members of which still await discovery but which are destined eventually to be detected '' . That same year , astronomer Armin O. Leuschner suggested that Pluto `` may be one of many long - period planetary objects yet to be discovered . '' Astronomer Gerard Kuiper , after whom the Kuiper belt is named In 1943 , in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association , Kenneth Edgeworth hypothesized that , in the region beyond Neptune , the material within the primordial solar nebula was too widely spaced to condense into planets , and so rather condensed into a myriad of smaller bodies . From this he concluded that `` the outer region of the solar system , beyond the orbits of the planets , is occupied by a very large number of comparatively small bodies '' and that , from time to time , one of their number `` wanders from its own sphere and appears as an occasional visitor to the inner solar system '' , becoming a comet . In 1951 , in a paper in Astrophysics : A Topical Symposium , Gerard Kuiper speculated on a similar disc having formed early in the Solar System 's evolution , but he did not think that such a belt still existed today . Kuiper was operating on the assumption , common in his time , that Pluto was the size of Earth and had therefore scattered these bodies out toward the Oort cloud or out of the Solar System . Were Kuiper 's hypothesis correct , there would not be a Kuiper belt today . The hypothesis took many other forms in the following decades . In 1962 , physicist Al G.W. Cameron postulated the existence of `` a tremendous mass of small material on the outskirts of the solar system '' . In 1964 , Fred Whipple , who popularised the famous `` dirty snowball '' hypothesis for cometary structure , thought that a `` comet belt '' might be massive enough to cause the purported discrepancies in the orbit of Uranus that had sparked the search for Planet X , or , at the very least , massive enough to affect the orbits of known comets . Observation ruled out this hypothesis . In 1977 , Charles Kowal discovered 2060 Chiron , an icy planetoid with an orbit between Saturn and Uranus . He used a blink comparator , the same device that had allowed Clyde Tombaugh to discover Pluto nearly 50 years before . In 1992 , another object , 5145 Pholus , was discovered in a similar orbit . Today , an entire population of comet - like bodies , called the centaurs , is known to exist in the region between Jupiter and Neptune . The centaurs ' orbits are unstable and have dynamical lifetimes of a few million years . From the time of Chiron 's discovery in 1977 , astronomers have speculated that the centaurs therefore must be frequently replenished by some outer reservoir . Further evidence for the existence of the Kuiper belt later emerged from the study of comets . That comets have finite lifespans has been known for some time . As they approach the Sun , its heat causes their volatile surfaces to sublimate into space , gradually dispersing them . In order for comets to continue to be visible over the age of the Solar System , they must be replenished frequently . One such area of replenishment is the Oort cloud , a spherical swarm of comets extending beyond 50,000 AU from the Sun first hypothesised by Dutch astronomer Jan Oort in 1950 . The Oort cloud is thought to be the point of origin of long - period comets , which are those , like Hale -- Bopp , with orbits lasting thousands of years . There is another comet population , known as short - period or periodic comets , consisting of those comets that , like Halley 's Comet , have orbital periods of less than 200 years . By the 1970s , the rate at which short - period comets were being discovered was becoming increasingly inconsistent with their having emerged solely from the Oort cloud . For an Oort cloud object to become a short - period comet , it would first have to be captured by the giant planets . In a paper published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1980 , Uruguayan astronomer Julio Fernández stated that for every short - period comet to be sent into the inner Solar System from the Oort cloud , 600 would have to be ejected into interstellar space . He speculated that a comet belt from between 35 and 50 AU would be required to account for the observed number of comets . Following up on Fernández 's work , in 1988 the Canadian team of Martin Duncan , Tom Quinn and Scott Tremaine ran a number of computer simulations to determine if all observed comets could have arrived from the Oort cloud . They found that the Oort cloud could not account for all short - period comets , particularly as short - period comets are clustered near the plane of the Solar System , whereas Oort - cloud comets tend to arrive from any point in the sky . With a `` belt '' , as Fernández described it , added to the formulations , the simulations matched observations . Reportedly because the words `` Kuiper '' and `` comet belt '' appeared in the opening sentence of Fernández 's paper , Tremaine named this hypothetical region the `` Kuiper belt '' . Discovery ( edit ) The array of telescopes atop Mauna Kea , with which the Kuiper belt was discovered In 1987 , astronomer David Jewitt , then at MIT , became increasingly puzzled by `` the apparent emptiness of the outer Solar System '' . He encouraged then - graduate student Jane Luu to aid him in his endeavour to locate another object beyond Pluto 's orbit , because , as he told her , `` If we do n't , nobody will . '' Using telescopes at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile , Jewitt and Luu conducted their search in much the same way as Clyde Tombaugh and Charles Kowal had , with a blink comparator . Initially , examination of each pair of plates took about eight hours , but the process was sped up with the arrival of electronic charge - coupled devices or CCDs , which , though their field of view was narrower , were not only more efficient at collecting light ( they retained 90 % of the light that hit them , rather than the 10 % achieved by photographs ) but allowed the blinking process to be done virtually , on a computer screen . Today , CCDs form the basis for most astronomical detectors . In 1988 , Jewitt moved to the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Hawaii . Luu later joined him to work at the University of Hawaii 's 2.24 m telescope at Mauna Kea . Eventually , the field of view for CCDs had increased to 1024 by 1024 pixels , which allowed searches to be conducted far more rapidly . Finally , after five years of searching , Jewitt and Luu announced on August 30 , 1992 the `` Discovery of the candidate Kuiper belt object '' ( 15760 ) 1992 QB 1 . Six months later , they discovered a second object in the region , ( 181708 ) 1993 FW . Studies conducted since the trans - Neptunian region was first charted have shown that the region now called the Kuiper belt is not the point of origin of short - period comets , but that they instead derive from a linked population called the scattered disc . The scattered disc was created when Neptune migrated outward into the proto - Kuiper belt , which at the time was much closer to the Sun , and left in its wake a population of dynamically stable objects that could never be affected by its orbit ( the Kuiper belt proper ) , and a population whose perihelia are close enough that Neptune can still disturb them as it travels around the Sun ( the scattered disc ) . Because the scattered disc is dynamically active and the Kuiper belt relatively dynamically stable , the scattered disc is now seen as the most likely point of origin for periodic comets . Name ( edit ) Astronomers sometimes use the alternative name Edgeworth -- Kuiper belt to credit Edgeworth , and KBOs are occasionally referred to as EKOs . Brian G. Marsden claims that neither deserves true credit : `` Neither Edgeworth nor Kuiper wrote about anything remotely like what we are now seeing , but Fred Whipple did '' . David Jewitt comments : `` If anything ... Fernández most nearly deserves the credit for predicting the Kuiper Belt . '' KBOs are sometimes called `` kuiperoids '' , a name suggested by Clyde Tombaugh . The term `` trans - Neptunian object '' ( TNO ) is recommended for objects in the belt by several scientific groups because the term is less controversial than all others -- it is not an exact synonym though , as TNOs include all objects orbiting the Sun past the orbit of Neptune , not just those in the Kuiper belt . Structure ( edit ) Play media Dust in the Kuiper belt creates a faint infrared disc . At its fullest extent ( but excluding the scattered disc ) , including its outlying regions , the Kuiper belt stretches from roughly 30 to 55 AU . The main body of the belt is generally accepted to extend from the 2 : 3 mean - motion resonance ( see below ) at 39.5 AU to the 1 : 2 resonance at roughly 48 AU . The Kuiper belt is quite thick , with the main concentration extending as much as ten degrees outside the ecliptic plane and a more diffuse distribution of objects extending several times farther . Overall it more resembles a torus or doughnut than a belt . Its mean position is inclined to the ecliptic by 1.86 degrees . The presence of Neptune has a profound effect on the Kuiper belt 's structure due to orbital resonances . Over a timescale comparable to the age of the Solar System , Neptune 's gravity destabilises the orbits of any objects that happen to lie in certain regions , and either sends them into the inner Solar System or out into the scattered disc or interstellar space . This causes the Kuiper belt to have pronounced gaps in its current layout , similar to the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt . In the region between 40 and 42 AU , for instance , no objects can retain a stable orbit over such times , and any observed in that region must have migrated there relatively recently . Classical belt ( edit ) Main article : Classical Kuiper belt object Between the 2 : 3 and 1 : 2 resonances with Neptune , at approximately 42 -- 48 AU , the gravitational interactions with Neptune occur over an extended timescale , and objects can exist with their orbits essentially unaltered . This region is known as the classical Kuiper belt , and its members comprise roughly two thirds of KBOs observed to date . Because the first modern KBO discovered , ( 15760 ) 1992 QB 1 , is considered the prototype of this group , classical KBOs are often referred to as cubewanos ( `` Q-B - 1 - os '' ) . The guidelines established by the IAU demand that classical KBOs be given names of mythological beings associated with creation . The classical Kuiper belt appears to be a composite of two separate populations . The first , known as the `` dynamically cold '' population , has orbits much like the planets ; nearly circular , with an orbital eccentricity of less than 0.1 , and with relatively low inclinations up to about 10 ° ( they lie close to the plane of the Solar System rather than at an angle ) . The cold population also contain a concentration of objects , referred to as the kernel , with semi-major axes at 44 -- 44.5 AU . The second , the `` dynamically hot '' population , has orbits much more inclined to the ecliptic , by up to 30 ° . The two populations have been named this way not because of any major difference in temperature , but from analogy to particles in a gas , which increase their relative velocity as they become heated up . Not only are the two populations in different orbits , the cold population also differs in color and albedo , being redder and brighter , has a larger fraction of binary objects , has a different size distribution , and lacks very large objects . The difference in colors may be a reflection of different compositions , which suggests they formed in different regions . The hot population is proposed to have formed near Neptune 's original orbit and to have been scattered out during the migration of the giant planets . The cold population , on the other hand , has been proposed to have formed more or less in its current position because the loose binaries would be unlikely to survive encounters with Neptune . Although the Nice model appears to be able to at least partially explain a compositional difference , it has also been suggested the color difference may reflect differences in surface evolution . Resonances ( edit ) Main article : Resonant trans - Neptunian object Distribution of cubewanos ( blue ) , Resonant trans - Neptunian objects ( red ) , Sednoids ( yellow ) and scattered objects ( grey ) Orbit classification ( schematic of semi-major axes ) When an object 's orbital period is an exact ratio of Neptune 's ( a situation called a mean - motion resonance ) , then it can become locked in a synchronised motion with Neptune and avoid being perturbed away if their relative alignments are appropriate . If , for instance , an object orbits the Sun twice for every three Neptune orbits , and if it reaches perihelion with Neptune a quarter of an orbit away from it , then whenever it returns to perihelion , Neptune will always be in about the same relative position as it began , because it will have completed 1 ⁄ orbits in the same time . This is known as the 2 : 3 ( or 3 : 2 ) resonance , and it corresponds to a characteristic semi-major axis of about 39.4 AU . This 2 : 3 resonance is populated by about 200 known objects , including Pluto together with its moons . In recognition of this , the members of this family are known as plutinos . Many plutinos , including Pluto , have orbits that cross that of Neptune , though their resonance means they can never collide . Plutinos have high orbital eccentricities , suggesting that they are not native to their current positions but were instead thrown haphazardly into their orbits by the migrating Neptune . IAU guidelines dictate that all plutinos must , like Pluto , be named for underworld deities . The 1 : 2 resonance ( whose objects complete half an orbit for each of Neptune 's ) corresponds to semi-major axes of ~ 47.7 AU , and is sparsely populated . Its residents are sometimes referred to as twotinos . Other resonances also exist at 3 : 4 , 3 : 5 , 4 : 7 and 2 : 5 . Neptune has a number of trojan objects , which occupy its Lagrangian points , gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing it in its orbit . Neptune trojans are in a 1 : 1 mean - motion resonance with Neptune and often have very stable orbits . Additionally , there is a relative absence of objects with semi-major axes below 39 AU that can not apparently be explained by the present resonances . The currently accepted hypothesis for the cause of this is that as Neptune migrated outward , unstable orbital resonances moved gradually through this region , and thus any objects within it were swept up , or gravitationally ejected from it . Kuiper cliff ( edit ) Histogram of the semi-major axes of Kuiper belt objects with inclinations above and below 5 degrees . Spikes from the plutinos and the ' kernel ' are visible at 39 -- 40 AU and 44 AU . The 1 : 2 resonance appears to be an edge beyond which few objects are known . It is not clear whether it is actually the outer edge of the classical belt or just the beginning of a broad gap . Objects have been detected at the 2 : 5 resonance at roughly 55 AU , well outside the classical belt ; predictions of a large number of bodies in classical orbits between these resonances have not been verified through observation . Based on estimations of the primordial mass required to form Uranus and Neptune , as well as bodies as large as Pluto ( see below ) , earlier models of the Kuiper belt had suggested that the number of large objects would increase by a factor of two beyond 50 AU , so this sudden drastic falloff , known as the Kuiper cliff , was unexpected , and to date its cause is unknown . In 2003 , Bernstein , Trilling , et al. found evidence that the rapid decline in objects of 100 km or more in radius beyond 50 AU is real , and not due to observational bias . Possible explanations include that material at that distance was too scarce or too scattered to accrete into large objects , or that subsequent processes removed or destroyed those that did . Patryk Lykawka of Kobe University claimed that the gravitational attraction of an unseen large planetary object , perhaps the size of Earth or Mars , might be responsible . Origin ( edit ) Simulation showing outer planets and Kuiper belt : a ) before Jupiter / Saturn 1 : 2 resonance , b ) scattering of Kuiper belt objects into the Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune , c ) after ejection of Kuiper belt bodies by Jupiter The precise origins of the Kuiper belt and its complex structure are still unclear , and astronomers are awaiting the completion of several wide - field survey telescopes such as Pan-STARRS and the future LSST , which should reveal many currently unknown KBOs . These surveys will provide data that will help determine answers to these questions . The Kuiper belt is thought to consist of planetesimals , fragments from the original protoplanetary disc around the Sun that failed to fully coalesce into planets and instead formed into smaller bodies , the largest less than 3,000 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) in diameter . Studies of the crater counts on Pluto and Charon revealed a scarcity of small craters suggesting that such objects formed directly as sizeable objects in the range of tens of kilometers in diameter rather than being accreted from much smaller , roughly kilometer scale bodies . Hypothetical mechanisms for the formation of these larger bodies include the gravitational collapse of clouds of pebbles concentrated between eddies in a turbulent protoplanetary disk or in streaming instabilities . These collapsing clouds may fragment , forming binaries . Modern computer simulations show the Kuiper belt to have been strongly influenced by Jupiter and Neptune , and also suggest that neither Uranus nor Neptune could have formed in their present positions , because too little primordial matter existed at that range to produce objects of such high mass . Instead , these planets are estimated to have formed closer to Jupiter . Scattering of planetesimals early in the Solar System 's history would have led to migration of the orbits of the giant planets : Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune drifted outwards , whereas Jupiter drifted inwards . Eventually , the orbits shifted to the point where Jupiter and Saturn reached an exact 1 : 2 resonance ; Jupiter orbited the Sun twice for every one Saturn orbit . The gravitational repercussions of such a resonance ultimately destabilized the orbits of Uranus and Neptune , causing them to be scattered outward onto high - eccentricity orbits that crossed the primordial planetesimal disc . While Neptune 's orbit was highly eccentric , its mean - motion resonances overlapped and the orbits of the planetesimals evolved chaotically , allowing planetesimals to wander outward as far as Neptune 's 1 : 2 resonance to form a dynamically cold belt of low - inclination objects . Later , after its eccentricity decreased , Neptune 's orbit expanded outward toward its current position . Many planetesimals were captured into and remain in resonances during this migration , others evolved onto higher - inclination and lower - eccentricity orbits and escaped from the resonances onto stable orbits . Many more planetesimals were scattered inward , with small fractions being captured as Jupiter trojans , as irregular satellites orbiting the giant planets , and as outer belt asteroids . The remainder were scattered outward again by Jupiter and in most cases ejected from the Solar System reducing the primordial Kuiper belt population by 99 % or more . The original version of the currently most popular model , the `` Nice model '' , reproduces many characteristics of the Kuiper belt such as the `` cold '' and `` hot '' populations , resonant objects , and a scattered disc , but it still fails to account for some of the characteristics of their distributions . The model predicts a higher average eccentricity in classical KBO orbits than is observed ( 0.10 -- 0.13 versus 0.07 ) and its predicted inclination distribution contains too few high inclination objects . In addition , the frequency of binary objects in the cold belt , many of which are far apart and loosely bound , also poses a problem for the model . These are predicted to have been separated during encounters with Neptune , leading some to propose that the cold disc formed at its current location , representing the only truly local population of small bodies in the solar system . A recent modification of the Nice model has the Solar System begin with five giant planets , including an additional ice giant , in a chain of mean - motion resonances . About 400 million years after the formation of the Solar System the resonance chain is broken . Instead of being scattered into the disc , the ice giants first migrate outward several AU . This divergent migration eventually leads to a resonance crossing , destabilizing the orbits of the planets . The extra ice giant encounters Saturn and is scattered inward onto a Jupiter - crossing orbit and after a series of encounters is ejected from the Solar System . The remaining planets then continue their migration until the planetesimal disc is nearly depleted with small fractions remaining in various locations . As in the original Nice model , objects are captured into resonances with Neptune during its outward migration . Some remain in the resonances , others evolve onto higher - inclination , lower - eccentricity orbits , and are released onto stable orbits forming the dynamically hot classical belt . The hot belt 's inclination distribution can be reproduced if Neptune migrated from 24 AU to 30 AU on a 30 Myr timescale . When Neptune migrates to 28 AU , it has a gravitational encounter with the extra ice giant . Objects captured from the cold belt into the 1 : 2 mean - motion resonance with Neptune are left behind as a local concentration at 44 AU when this encounter causes Neptune 's semi-major axis to jump outward . The objects deposited in the cold belt include some loosely bound ' blue ' binaries originating from closer than the cold belt 's current location . If Neptune 's eccentricity remains small during this encounter , the chaotic evolution of orbits of the original Nice model is avoided and a primordial cold belt is preserved . In the later phases of Neptune 's migration , a slow sweeping of mean - motion resonances removes the higher - eccentricity objects from the cold belt , truncating its eccentricity distribution . Composition ( edit ) The infrared spectra of both Eris and Pluto , highlighting their common methane absorption lines Being distant from the Sun and major planets , Kuiper belt objects are thought to be relatively unaffected by the processes that have shaped and altered other Solar System objects ; thus , determining their composition would provide substantial information on the makeup of the earliest Solar System . Due to their small size and extreme distance from Earth , the chemical makeup of KBOs is very difficult to determine . The principal method by which astronomers determine the composition of a celestial object is spectroscopy . When an object 's light is broken into its component colors , an image akin to a rainbow is formed . This image is called a spectrum . Different substances absorb light at different wavelengths , and when the spectrum for a specific object is unravelled , dark lines ( called absorption lines ) appear where the substances within it have absorbed that particular wavelength of light . Every element or compound has its own unique spectroscopic signature , and by reading an object 's full spectral `` fingerprint '' , astronomers can determine its composition . Analysis indicates that Kuiper belt objects are composed of a mixture of rock and a variety of ices such as water , methane , and ammonia . The temperature of the belt is only about 50 K , so many compounds that would be gaseous closer to the Sun remain solid . The densities and rock -- ice fractions are known for only a small number of objects for which the diameters and the masses have been determined . The diameter can be determined by imaging with a high - resolution telescope such as the Hubble Space Telescope , by the timing of an occultation when an object passes in front of a star or , most commonly , by using the albedo of an object calculated from its infrared emissions . The masses are determined using the semi-major axes and periods of satellites , which are therefore known only for a few binary objects . The densities range from less than 0.4 to 2.6 g / cm . The least dense objects are thought to be largely composed of ice and have significant porosity . The densest objects are likely composed of rock with a thin crust of ice . There is a trend of low densities for small objects and high densities for the largest objects . One possible explanation for this trend is that ice was lost from the surface layers when differentiated objects collided to form the largest objects . Initially , detailed analysis of KBOs was impossible , and so astronomers were only able to determine the most basic facts about their makeup , primarily their color . These first data showed a broad range of colors among KBOs , ranging from neutral grey to deep red . This suggested that their surfaces were composed of a wide range of compounds , from dirty ices to hydrocarbons . This diversity was startling , as astronomers had expected KBOs to be uniformly dark , having lost most of the volatile ices from their surfaces to the effects of cosmic rays . Various solutions were suggested for this discrepancy , including resurfacing by impacts or outgassing . Jewitt and Luu 's spectral analysis of the known Kuiper belt objects in 2001 found that the variation in color was too extreme to be easily explained by random impacts . The radiation from the Sun is thought to have chemically altered methane on the surface of KBOs , producing products such as tholins . Makemake has been shown to possess a number of hydrocarbons derived from the radiation - processing of methane , including ethane , ethylene and acetylene . Although to date most KBOs still appear spectrally featureless due to their faintness , there have been a number of successes in determining their composition . In 1996 , Robert H. Brown et al. acquired spectroscopic data on the KBO 1993 SC , which revealed that its surface composition is markedly similar to that of Pluto , as well as Neptune 's moon Triton , with large amounts of methane ice . For the smaller objects , only colors and in some cases the albedos have been determined . These objects largely fall into two classes : gray with low albedos , or very red with higher albedos . The difference in colors and albedos is hypothesized to be due to the retention or the loss of hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) on the surface of these objects , with the surfaces of those that formed far enough from the Sun to retain H S being reddened due to irradiation . The largest KBOs , such as Pluto and Quaoar , have surfaces rich in volatile compounds such as methane , nitrogen and carbon monoxide ; the presence of these molecules is likely due to their moderate vapor pressure in the 30 -- 50 K temperature range of the Kuiper belt . This allows them to occasionally boil off their surfaces and then fall again as snow , whereas compounds with higher boiling points would remain solid . The relative abundances of these three compounds in the largest KBOs is directly related to their surface gravity and ambient temperature , which determines which they can retain . Water ice has been detected in several KBOs , including members of the Haumea family such as 1996 TO , mid-sized objects such as 38628 Huya and 20000 Varuna , and also on some small objects . The presence of crystalline ice on large and mid-sized objects , including 50000 Quaoar where ammonia hydrate has also been detected , may indicate past tectonic activity aided by melting point lowering due to the presence of ammonia . Mass and size distribution ( edit ) Illustration of the power law Despite its vast extent , the collective mass of the Kuiper belt is relatively low . The total mass is estimated to range between 1 / 25 and 1 / 10 the mass of the Earth . Conversely , models of the Solar System 's formation predict a collective mass for the Kuiper belt of 30 Earth masses . This missing > 99 % of the mass can hardly be dismissed , because it is required for the accretion of any KBOs larger than 100 km ( 62 mi ) in diameter . If the Kuiper belt had always had its current low density , these large objects simply could not have formed by the collision and mergers of smaller planetesimals . Moreover , the eccentricity and inclination of current orbits makes the encounters quite `` violent '' resulting in destruction rather than accretion . It appears that either the current residents of the Kuiper belt have been created closer to the Sun , or some mechanism dispersed the original mass . Neptune 's current influence is too weak to explain such a massive `` vacuuming '' , though the Nice model proposes that it could have been the cause of mass removal in the past . Although the question remains open , the conjectures vary from a passing star scenario to grinding of smaller objects , via collisions , into dust small enough to be affected by solar radiation . The extent of mass loss by collisional grinding is limited by the presence of loosely bound binaries in the cold disk , which are likely to be disrupted in collisions . Bright objects are rare compared with the dominant dim population , as expected from accretion models of origin , given that only some objects of a given size would have grown further . This relationship between N ( D ) ( the number of objects of diameter greater than D ) and D , referred to as brightness slope , has been confirmed by observations . The slope is inversely proportional to some power of the diameter D: d N d D ∝ D − q ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dN ) ( dD ) ) \ propto D ^ ( - q ) ) where the current measures give q = 4 ± 0.5 . This implies ( assuming q is not 1 ) that N ∝ D 1 − q + a constant . ( \ displaystyle N \ propto D ^ ( 1 - q ) + ( \ text ( a constant ) ) . ) ( The constant may be non-zero only if the power law does n't apply at high values of D . ) Less formally , if q is 4 , for example , there are 8 ( = 2 ) times more objects in the 100 -- 200 km range than in the 200 -- 400 km range , and for every object with a diameter between 1000 and 1010 km there should be around 1000 ( = 10 ) objects with diameter of 100 to 101 km . If q was 1 or less , the law would imply an infinite number and mass of large objects in the Kuiper belt . If 1 < q ≤ 4 there will be a finite number of objects greater than a given size , but the expected value of their combined mass would be infinite . If q is 4 or more , the law would imply an infinite mass of small objects . More accurate models find that the `` slope '' parameter q is in effect greater at large diameters and lesser at small diameters . It seems that Pluto is somewhat unexpectedly large , having several percent of the total mass of the Kuiper belt . It is not expected that anything larger than Pluto exists in the Kuiper belt , and in fact most of the brightest ( largest ) objects at inclinations less than 5 ° have probably been found . For most TNOs , only the absolute magnitude is actually known , the size is inferred assuming a given albedo ( not a safe assumption for larger objects ) . Recent research has revealed that the size distributions of the hot classical and cold classical objects have differing slopes . The slope for the hot objects is q = 5.3 at large diameters and q = 2.0 at small diameters with the change in slope at 110 km . The slope for the cold objects is q = 8.2 at large diameters and q = 2.9 at small diameters with a change in slope at 140 km . The size distributions of the scattering objects , the plutinos , and the Neptune trojans have slopes similar to the other dynamically hot populations , but may instead have a divot , a sharp decrease in the number of objects below a specific size . This divot is hypothesized to be due to either the collisional evolution of the population , or to be due to the population having formed with no objects below this size , with the smaller objects being fragments of the original objects . As of December 2009 , the smallest Kuiper belt object detected is 980 m across . It is too dim ( magnitude 35 ) to be seen by Hubble directly , but it was detected by Hubble 's star tracking system when it occulted a star . Scattered objects ( edit ) Comparison of the orbits of scattered disc objects ( black ) , classical KBOs ( blue ) , and 2 : 5 resonant objects ( green ) . Orbits of other KBOs are gray . ( Orbital axes have been aligned for comparison . ) Main articles : Scattered disc and Centaur ( minor planet ) The scattered disc is a sparsely populated region , overlapping with the Kuiper belt but extending to beyond 100 AU . Scattered disc objects ( SDOs ) have very elliptical orbits , often also very inclined to the ecliptic . Most models of Solar System formation show both KBOs and SDOs first forming in a primordial belt , with later gravitational interactions , particularly with Neptune , sending the objects outward , some into stable orbits ( the KBOs ) and some into unstable orbits , the scattered disc . Due to its unstable nature , the scattered disc is suspected to be the point of origin of many of the Solar System 's short - period comets . Their dynamic orbits occasionally force them into the inner Solar System , first becoming centaurs , and then short - period comets . According to the Minor Planet Center , which officially catalogues all trans - Neptunian objects , a KBO , strictly speaking , is any object that orbits exclusively within the defined Kuiper belt region regardless of origin or composition . Objects found outside the belt are classed as scattered objects . In some scientific circles the term `` Kuiper belt object '' has become synonymous with any icy minor planet native to the outer Solar System assumed to have been part of that initial class , even if its orbit during the bulk of Solar System history has been beyond the Kuiper belt ( e.g. in the scattered - disc region ) . They often describe scattered disc objects as `` scattered Kuiper belt objects '' . Eris , which is known to be more massive than Pluto , is often referred to as a KBO , but is technically an SDO . A consensus among astronomers as to the precise definition of the Kuiper belt has yet to be reached , and this issue remains unresolved . The centaurs , which are not normally considered part of the Kuiper belt , are also thought to be scattered objects , the only difference being that they were scattered inward , rather than outward . The Minor Planet Center groups the centaurs and the SDOs together as scattered objects . Triton ( edit ) Main article : Triton ( moon ) Neptune 's moon Triton During its period of migration , Neptune is thought to have captured a large KBO , Triton , which is the only large moon in the Solar System with a retrograde orbit ( it orbits opposite to Neptune 's rotation ) . This suggests that , unlike the large moons of Jupiter , Saturn and Uranus , which are thought to have coalesced from rotating discs of material around their young parent planets , Triton was a fully formed body that was captured from surrounding space . Gravitational capture of an object is not easy : it requires some mechanism to slow down the object enough to be caught by the larger object 's gravity . A possible explanation is that Triton was part of a binary when it encountered Neptune . ( Many KBOs are members of binaries . See below . ) Ejection of the other member of the binary by Neptune could then explain Triton 's capture . Triton is only 14 % larger than Pluto , and spectral analysis of both worlds shows that their surfaces are largely composed of similar materials , such as methane and carbon monoxide . All this points to the conclusion that Triton was once a KBO that was captured by Neptune during its outward migration . Largest KBOs ( edit ) See also : List of the brightest Kuiper belt objects Artistic comparison of Pluto , Eris , Makemake , Haumea , Sedna , 2002 MS , 2007 OR , Quaoar , Salacia , Orcus , and Earth along with the Moon . Since 2000 , a number of KBOs with diameters of between 500 and 1,500 km ( 932 mi ) , more than half that of Pluto ( diameter 2370 km ) , have been discovered . 50000 Quaoar , a classical KBO discovered in 2002 , is over 1,200 km across . Makemake and Haumea , both announced on July 29 , 2005 , are larger still . Other objects , such as 28978 Ixion ( discovered in 2001 ) and 20000 Varuna ( discovered in 2000 ) , measure roughly 500 km ( 311 mi ) across . Pluto ( edit ) Main article : Pluto The discovery of these large KBOs in orbits similar to Pluto 's led many to conclude that , aside from its relative size , Pluto was not particularly different from other members of the Kuiper belt . Not only are these objects similar to Pluto in size , but many also have satellites , and are of similar composition ( methane and carbon monoxide have been found both on Pluto and on the largest KBOs ) . Thus , just as Ceres was considered a planet before the discovery of its fellow asteroids , some began to suggest that Pluto might also be reclassified . The issue was brought to a head by the discovery of Eris , an object in the scattered disc far beyond the Kuiper belt , that is now known to be 27 % more massive than Pluto . ( Eris was originally thought to be larger than Pluto by volume , but the New Horizons mission found this not to be the case . ) In response , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) was forced to define what a planet is for the first time , and in so doing included in their definition that a planet must have `` cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit '' . As Pluto shares its orbit with many other sizable objects , it was deemed not to have cleared its orbit , and was thus reclassified from a planet to a dwarf planet , making it a member of the Kuiper belt . Although Pluto is currently the largest known KBO , there is at least one known larger object currently outside the Kuiper belt that probably originated in it : Neptune 's moon Triton ( which , as explained above , is probably a captured KBO ) . As of 2008 , only five objects in the Solar System ( Ceres , Eris , and the KBOs Pluto , Makemake and Haumea ) are listed as dwarf planets by the IAU . 90482 Orcus , 28978 Ixion and many other Kuiper - belt objects are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium ; most of them will probably qualify when more is known about them . Satellites ( edit ) The six largest TNOs ( Eris , Pluto , 2007 OR , Makemake , Haumea and Quaoar ) are all known to have satellites , and two have more than one . A higher percentage of the larger KBOs have satellites than the smaller objects in the Kuiper belt , suggesting that a different formation mechanism was responsible . There are also a high number of binaries ( two objects close enough in mass to be orbiting `` each other '' ) in the Kuiper belt . The most notable example is the Pluto -- Charon binary , but it is estimated that around 11 % of KBOs exist in binaries . Exploration ( edit ) Main article : New Horizons Kuiper belt object -- possible target of New Horizons spacecraft ( artist 's concept ) The KBO 2014 MU 69 ( green circles ) , the selected target for the New Horizons Kuiper belt object mission Diagram showing the location of 2014 MU 69 and trajectory for rendezvous On January 19 , 2006 , the first spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt , New Horizons , was launched , which flew by Pluto on July 14 , 2015 . Beyond the Pluto flyby , the mission 's goal was to locate and investigate other , farther objects in the Kuiper belt . On October 15 , 2014 , it was revealed that Hubble had uncovered three potential targets , provisionally designated PT1 ( `` potential target 1 '' ) , PT2 and PT3 by the New Horizons team . The objects ' diameters were estimated to be in the 30 -- 55 km range ; too small to be seen by ground telescopes , at distances from the Sun of 43 -- 44 AU , which would put the encounters in the 2018 -- 2019 period . The initial estimated probabilities that these objects were reachable within New Horizons ' fuel budget were 100 % , 7 % , and 97 % , respectively . All were members of the `` cold '' ( low - inclination , low - eccentricity ) classical Kuiper belt , and thus very different from Pluto . PT1 ( given the temporary designation `` 1110113Y '' on the HST web site ) , the most favorably situated object , was magnitude 26.8 , 30 -- 45 km in diameter , and will be encountered around January 2019 . Once sufficient orbital information was provided , the Minor Planet Center gave official designations to the three target KBOs : 2014 MU 69 ( PT1 ) , 2014 OS 393 ( PT2 ) , and 2014 PN 70 ( PT3 ) . By the fall of 2014 , a possible fourth target , 2014 MT 69 , had been eliminated by follow - up observations . PT2 was out of the running before the Pluto flyby . On August 26 , 2015 , the first target , 2014 MU 69 , was chosen . Course adjustment took place in late October and early November 2015 , leading to a flyby in January 2019 . On July 1 , 2016 , NASA approved additional funding for New Horizons to visit the object . On December 2 , 2015 , New Horizons detected 1994 JR 1 from 270 million kilometres ( 170 × 10 ^ mi ) away , and the photographs show the shape of the object and one or two details . Extrasolar Kuiper belts ( edit ) Main article : Debris disc Debris discs around the stars HD 139664 and HD 53143 -- black circle from camera hides star to display discs . By 2006 , astronomers had resolved dust discs thought to be Kuiper belt - like structures around nine stars other than the Sun . They appear to fall into two categories : wide belts , with radii of over 50 AU , and narrow belts ( tentatively like that of the Solar System ) with radii of between 20 and 30 AU and relatively sharp boundaries . Beyond this , 15 -- 20 % of solar - type stars have an observed infrared excess that is suggestive of massive Kuiper - belt - like structures . Most known debris discs around other stars are fairly young , but the two images on the right , taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in January 2006 , are old enough ( roughly 300 million years ) to have settled into stable configurations . The left image is a `` top view '' of a wide belt , and the right image is an `` edge view '' of a narrow belt . Computer simulations of dust in the Kuiper belt suggest that when it was younger , it may have resembled the narrow rings seen around younger stars . See also ( edit ) Book : Solar System List of possible dwarf planets List of trans - Neptunian objects Solar System portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The literature is inconsistent in the usage of the terms scattered disc and Kuiper belt . For some , they are distinct populations ; for others , the scattered disc is part of the Kuiper belt . 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The Astronomical Journal . 130 ( 2 ) : 1142 -- 1148 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510130 . Bibcode : 2006AJ ... 131.1142 S . doi : 10.1086 / 498715 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Wesley C. ; Brown , Michael E. ; Morbidelli , Alessandro ; Parker , Alex ; Batygin , Konstantin ( 2014 ) . `` The Absolute Magnitude Distribution of Kuiper Belt Objects '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 782 ( 2 ) : 100 . arXiv : 1401.2157 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 782 ... 100F . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 782 / 2 / 100 . Jump up ^ Levison , Harold F. ; Stern , S. Alan ( 2001 ) . `` On the Size Dependence of the Inclination Distribution of the Main Kuiper Belt '' . The Astronomical Journal . 121 ( 3 ) : 1730 -- 1735 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0011325 . 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Jump up ^ Michael Brooks ( 2007 ) . `` 13 Things that do not make sense '' . NewScientistSpace.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Govert Schilling ( 2008 ) . `` The mystery of Planet X '' . New Scientist . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pluto may have ammonia - fueled ice volcanoes '' . Astronomy Magazine . November 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cuzzi , Jeffrey N. ; Hogan , Robert C. ; Bottke , William F. ( 2010 ) . `` Towards initial mass functions for asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects '' . Icarus . 208 ( 2 ) : 518 -- 538 . arXiv : 1004.0270 . Bibcode : 2010Icar ... 208 ... 518C . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2010.03. 005 . Jump up ^ Johansen , A. ; Jacquet , E. ; Cuzzi , J.N. ; Morbidelli , A. ; Gounelle , M. ( 2015 ) . `` New Paradigms For Asteroid Formation '' . In Michel , P. ; DeMeo , F. ; Bottke , W. Asteroids IV . Space Science Series . University of Arizona Press . p. 471 . arXiv : 1505.02941 . Bibcode : 2015aste. book ... 471J . doi : 10.2458 / azu_uapress_9780816532131 - ch025 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 3213 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný , David ; Youdin , Andrew N. ; Richardson , Derek C. ( 2010 ) . `` Formation of Kuiper Belt Binaries by Gravitational Collapse '' . The Astronomical Journal . 140 ( 3 ) : 785 -- 793 . arXiv : 1007.1465 . Bibcode : 2010AJ ... 140 ... 785N . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 140 / 3 / 785 . Jump up ^ Hansen , K. ( June 7 , 2005 ) . `` Orbital shuffle for early solar system '' . Geotimes . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tsiganis , K. ; Gomes , R. ; Morbidelli , Alessandro ; Levison , Harold F. ( 2005 ) . `` Origin of the orbital architecture of the giant planets of the Solar System '' . Nature . 435 ( 7041 ) : 459 -- 461 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 435 ... 459T . doi : 10.1038 / nature03539 . PMID 15917800 . Jump up ^ Thommes , E.W. ; Duncan , M.J. ; Levison , Harold F. ( 2002 ) . `` The Formation of Uranus and Neptune among Jupiter and Saturn '' . The Astronomical Journal . 123 ( 5 ) : 2862 -- 2883 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0111290 . Bibcode : 2002AJ ... 123.2862 T . doi : 10.1086 / 339975 . Jump up ^ Parker , Alex H. ; Kavelaars , J.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Destruction of Binary Minor Planets During Neptune Scattering '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 722 ( 2 ) : L204 -- L208 . arXiv : 1009.3495 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 722L. 204P . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 722 / 2 / L204 . Jump up ^ Lovett , R. ( 2010 ) . `` Kuiper Belt may be born of collisions '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2010.522 . ^ Jump up to : Nesvorný , David ; Morbidelli , Alessandro ( 2012 ) . `` Statistical Study of the Early Solar System 's Instability with Four , Five , and Six Giant Planets '' . The Astronomical Journal . 144 ( 4 ) : 117 . arXiv : 1208.2957 . Bibcode : 2012AJ ... 144 ... 117N . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 144 / 4 / 117 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný , David ( 2015 ) . `` Evidence for Slow Migration of Neptune from the Inclination Distribution of Kuiper Belt Objects '' . The Astronomical Journal . 150 ( 3 ) : 73 . arXiv : 1504.06021 . Bibcode : 2015AJ ... 150 ... 73N . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 150 / 3 / 73 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný , David ( 2015 ) . `` Jumping Neptune Can Explain the Kuiper Belt Kernel '' . The Astronomical Journal . 150 ( 3 ) : 68 . arXiv : 1506.06019 . Bibcode : 2015AJ ... 150 ... 68N . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 150 / 3 / 68 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Wesley ; and 21 others ( 2017 ) . `` All planetesimals born near the Kuiper belt formed as binaries '' . Nature Astronomy . 1 : 0088 . arXiv : 1705.00683 . Bibcode : 2017NatAs ... 1E ... 88F . doi : 10.1038 / s41550 - 017 - 0088 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Schuyler ; Dawson , Rebekah I. ; Murray - Clay , Ruth A. ( 2012 ) . `` Neptune on Tiptoes : Dynamical Histories that Preserve the Cold Classical Kuiper Belt '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 746 ( 2 ) : 171 . arXiv : 1112.1954 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 746 ... 171W . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 746 / 2 / 171 . Jump up ^ Morbidelli , A. ; Gaspar , H.S. ; Nesvorny , D. ( 2014 ) . `` Origin of the peculiar eccentricity distribution of the inner cold Kuiper belt '' . Icarus . 232 : 81 -- 87 . arXiv : 1312.7536 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 232 ... 81M . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2013.12. 023 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Michael E. ( 2012 ) . `` The Compositions of Kuiper Belt Objects '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 40 ( 1 ) : 467 -- 494 . arXiv : 1112.2764 . Bibcode : 2012AREPS ... 40 ... 467B . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - earth - 042711 - 105352 . ^ Jump up to : David C. Jewitt & Jane Luu ( 2004 ) . `` Crystalline water ice on the Kuiper belt object ( 50000 ) Quaoar '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Jewitt ( 2004 ) . `` Surfaces of Kuiper Belt Objects '' . University of Hawaii . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jewitt , David ; Luu , Jane ( 1998 ) . `` Optical - Infrared Spectral Diversity in the Kuiper Belt '' . The Astronomical Journal . 115 ( 4 ) : 1667 -- 1670 . Bibcode : 1998AJ ... 115.1667 J . doi : 10.1086 / 300299 . Jump up ^ Davies p. 118 Jump up ^ Jewitt , David C. ; Luu , Jane X . ( 2001 ) . `` Colors and Spectra of Kuiper Belt Objects '' . The Astronomical Journal . 122 ( 4 ) : 2099 -- 2114 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0107277 . Bibcode : 2001AJ ... 122.2099 J . doi : 10.1086 / 323304 . Jump up ^ Brown , R.H. ; Cruikshank , DP ; Pendleton , Y ; Veeder , GJ ( 1997 ) . `` Surface Composition of Kuiper Belt Object 1993SC '' . Science . 276 ( 5314 ) : 937 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1997Sci ... 276 ... 937B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 276.5314. 937 . PMID 9163038 . Jump up ^ Wong , Ian ; Brown , Michael E. `` The bimodal color distribution of small Kuiper Belt objects '' . The Astronomical Journal . 153 : 145 . arXiv : 1702.02615 . Bibcode : 2017AJ ... 153 ... 145W . doi : 10.3847 / 1538 - 3881 / aa60c3 . Jump up ^ Brown , Michael E. ; Blake , Geoffrey A. ; Kessler , Jacqueline E. ( 2000 ) . `` Near - Infrared Spectroscopy of the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2000 EB173 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 543 ( 2 ) : L163 . Bibcode : 2000ApJ ... 543L. 163B . doi : 10.1086 / 317277 . Jump up ^ Licandro ; Oliva ; Di MArtino ( 2001 ) . `` NICS - TNG infrared spectroscopy of trans - neptunian objects 2000 EB173 and 2000 WR106 '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 373 ( 3 ) : L29 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0105434 . Bibcode : 2001A&A ... 373L ... 29L . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20010758 . Jump up ^ Gladman , Brett ; et al. ( August 2001 ) . `` The structure of the Kuiper belt '' . Astronomical Journal . 122 ( 2 ) : 1051 -- 1066 . Bibcode : 2001AJ ... 122.1051 G . doi : 10.1086 / 322080 . Jump up ^ Nesvorný , David ; Vokrouhlický , David ; Bottke , William F. ; Noll , Keith ; Levison , Harold F. ( 2011 ) . `` Observed Binary Fraction Sets Limits on the Extent of Collisional Grinding in the Kuiper Belt '' . The Astronomical Journal . 141 ( 5 ) : 159 . arXiv : 1102.5706 . Bibcode : 2011AJ ... 141 ... 159N . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 141 / 5 / 159 . Jump up ^ Shankman , C. ; Kavelaars , J.J. ; Gladman , B.J. ; Alexandersen , M. ; Kaib , N. ; Petit , J. - M. ; Bannister , M.T. ; Chen , Y. - T. ; Gwyn , S. ; Jakubik , M. ; Volk , K. ( 2016 ) . `` OSSOS. II . A Sharp Transition in the Absolute Magnitude Distribution of the Kuiper Belt 's Scattering Population '' . The Astronomical Journal . 150 ( 2 ) : 31 . arXiv : 1511.02896 . Bibcode : 2016AJ ... 151 ... 31S . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 6256 / 151 / 2 / 31 . Jump up ^ Alexandersen , Mike ; Gladman , Brett ; Kavelaars , J.J. ; Petit , Jean - Marc ; Gwyn , Stephen ; Shankman , Cork ( 2014 ) . `` A carefully characterised and tracked Trans - Neptunian survey , the size - distribution of the Plutinos and the number of Neptunian Trojans '' : ( page needed ) . arXiv : 1411.7953 ( astro - ph. EP ) . Bibcode : 2014arXiv1411. 7953A . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Finds Smallest Kuiper Belt Object Ever Seen '' . HubbleSite . December 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` List Of Centaurs and Scattered - Disk Objects '' . IAU : Minor Planet Center . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Jewitt ( 2005 ) . `` The 1000 km Scale KBOs '' . University of Hawaii . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Craig B. Agnor & Douglas P. Hamilton ( 2006 ) . `` Neptune 's capture of its moon Triton in a binary - planet gravitational encounter '' ( PDF ) . Nature . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Encrenaz , Thérèse ; Kallenbach , R. ; Owen , T. ; Sotin , C. ( 2004 ) . TRITON , PLUTO , CENTAURS , AND TRANS - NEPTUNIAN BODIES . NASA Ames Research Center . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3362 - 9 . Retrieved June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mike Brown ( 2007 ) . `` Dysnomia , the moon of Eris '' . Caltech . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution B5 and B6 '' ( PDF ) . International Astronomical Union . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ixion '' . eightplanets.net . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Stansberry ; Will Grundy ; Mike Brown ; Dale Cruikshank ; John Spencer ; David Trilling ; Jean - Luc Margot ( 2007 ) . `` Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects : Constraints from Spitzer Space Telescope '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 0702538 . Jump up ^ `` IAU Draft Definition of Planet '' . IAU . 2006 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , M.E. ; Van Dam , M.A. ; Bouchez , A.H. ; Le Mignant , D. ; Campbell , R.D. ; Chin , J.C.Y. ; Conrad , A. ; Hartman , S.K. ; Johansson , E.M. ; Lafon , R.E. ; Rabinowitz , D.L. Rabinowitz ; Stomski , P.J. , Jr. ; Summers , D.M. ; Trujillo , C.A. ; Wizinowich , P.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 639 ( 1 ) : L43 -- L46 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510029 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 639L ... 43B . doi : 10.1086 / 501524 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Agnor , C.B. ; Hamilton , D.P. ( 2006 ) . `` Neptune 's capture of its moon Triton in a binary - planet gravitational encounter '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 441 ( 7090 ) : 192 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 192A . doi : 10.1038 / nature04792 . PMID 16688170 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Dwayne ; Villard , Ray ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` RELEASE 14 - 281 NASA 's Hubble Telescope Finds Potential Kuiper Belt Targets for New Horizons Pluto Mission '' . NASA . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Frontiers Program : New Horizons Science Objectives '' . NASA - New Frontiers Program . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lakdawalla , Emily ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Finally ! New Horizons has a second target '' . Planetary Society blog . Planetary Society . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Hubble Telescope Finds Potential Kuiper Belt Targets for New Horizons Pluto Mission '' . press release . Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory . October 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Hubble Telescope Spots Post-Pluto Targets for New Horizons Probe '' . Space.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buie , Marc ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` New Horizons HST KBO Search Results : Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Space Telescope Science Institute . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble to Proceed with Full Search for New Horizons Targets '' . HubbleSite news release . Space Telescope Science Institute . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stromberg , Joseph ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` NASA 's New Horizons probe was visiting Pluto -- and just sent back its first color photos '' . Vox . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corey S. Powell ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Stern on Pluto 's Wonders , New Horizons ' Lost Twin , and That Whole `` Dwarf Planet '' Thing `` . Discover . Jump up ^ `` Orbits and Accessibility of Potential New Horizons KBO Encounter Targets '' ( PDF ) . USRA - Houston . 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Mika ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` New Horizons Locks Onto Next Target : Let 's Explore the Kuiper Belt ! '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dwayne Brown / Laurie Cantillo ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` New Horizons Receives Mission Extension to Kuiper Belt , Dawn to Remain at Ceres '' . NASA . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New Horizons ' catches a wandering Kuiper Belt Object not far off spacedaily.com Laurel MD ( SPX ) . December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kalas , Paul ; Graham , James R. ; Clampin , Mark C. ; Fitzgerald , Michael P. ( 2006 ) . `` First Scattered Light Images of Debris Disks around HD 53143 and HD 139664 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 637 : L57 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0601488 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 637L ... 57K . doi : 10.1086 / 500305 . Jump up ^ Trilling , D.E. ; Bryden , G. ; Beichman , C.A. ; Rieke , G.H. ; Su , K.Y.L. ; Stansberry , J.A. ; Blaylock , M. ; Stapelfeldt , K.R. ; Beeman , J.W. ; Haller , E.E. ( February 2008 ) . `` Debris Disks around Sun - like Stars '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 674 ( 2 ) : 1086 -- 1105 . arXiv : 0710.5498 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 674.1086 T . doi : 10.1086 / 525514 . Jump up ^ `` Dusty Planetary Disks Around Two Nearby Stars Resemble Our Kuiper Belt '' . 2006 . Retrieved July 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kuchner , M.J. ; Stark , C.C. ( 2010 ) . `` Collisional Grooming Models of the Kuiper Belt Dust Cloud '' . The Astronomical Journal . 140 ( 4 ) : 1007 -- 1019 . arXiv : 1008.0904 . Bibcode : 2010AJ ... 140.1007 K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 140 / 4 / 1007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Randall , Lisa ( 2015 ) . Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs . New York : Ecco / HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 232847 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kuiper belt . Dave Jewitt 's page @ UCLA The belt 's name List of short period comets by family Kuiper Belt Profile by NASA 's Solar System Exploration The Kuiper Belt Electronic Newsletter Wm . Robert Johnston 's TNO page Minor Planet Center : Plot of the Outer Solar System , illustrating Kuiper gap Website of the International Astronomical Union ( debating the status of TNOs ) XXVIth General Assembly 2006 nature.com article : diagram displaying inner solar system , Kuiper Belt , and Oort Cloud , taken from Alan Stern , S. ( 2003 ) . `` The evolution of comets in the Oort cloud and Kuiper belt '' . Nature . 424 ( 6949 ) : 639 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01725 . PMID 12904784 . SPACE.com : Discovery Hints at a Quadrillion Space Rocks Beyond Neptune ( Sara Goudarzi ) August 15 , 2006 06 : 13 am ET The Outer Solar System Astronomy Cast episode No. 64 , includes full transcript . The Kuiper belt at 365daysofastronomy.org Nine Planets ' webpage on the Edgeworth - Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud List of TNOS Small Solar System bodies Minor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near - Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Damocloid Neptune trojan Trans - Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley - type Hyperbolic Long - period Lost Main - belt Near - parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Meteoroids Dwarf planets Asteroid belt IAU : Ceres No longer rounded and therefore not dwarf planets ( Former candidates : Pallas Vesta Hygiea ) Centaurs Possibly : Chariklo Chiron Centaurs ( extended ) Possibly : 1995 SN 55 ( lost ) Ceto 2010 TY 53 Plutinos IAU : Pluto Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : Orcus Ixion 2003 AZ 2004 UX Huya Possibly : 2003 UZ 2003 VS 2002 VR 2004 PF 2002 XV 93 2007 JH 43 2001 QF 298 Twotinos Possibly : 2002 WC Other resonances / unknown resonances : IAU : Haumea Possibly : 2002 XW 1999 DE 1999 KR 2001 YH 2011 GM 27 2010 VK 201 2013 FZ 27 2014 UM 33 1999 CD 158 Cubewanos : IAU : Makemake Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : 2002 MS Salacia Quaoar Varuna Varda 2004 GV 2002 AW 2002 TX 2005 RR 2003 OP 2005 RN Possibly : Chaos Altjira Sila - Nunam 2002 UX 2007 JJ 2005 UQ 2004 TY 2003 QW 1998 SN 2002 KX Praamzius 2004 NT 2010 FX 86 2002 CY 248 2010 VR 11 Rhadamanthus Scattered disc IAU : Eris Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : 2007 OR 1996 TL 2001 UR 2005 RM Possibly : 2002 TC 2004 XA 2005 QU 2006 QH 181 2007 UK 2010 EK 139 2010 KZ 39 2010 RE 64 2010 RF 43 2010 TJ 2013 FY 27 2008 OG 19 1996 GQ 2012 HH 1999 CC 2010 VZ 98 Area uncertain Captured satellites that were once dwarf planets : Triton ( captured by Neptune ) Phoebe ( captured by Saturn , and no longer rounded ) Possibly : 2011 FW 62 ( lost ) 2000 YW V774104 Detached objects Possibly : 2004 XR 190 2010 GB 174 2008 ST 291 1995 TL 2005 TB 2003 QX 113 2003 FY 2004 VN 112 2000 CR Sednoids Objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : Sedna Possibly : 2012 VP 113 See also : Charon Vanth Dysnomia Hiʻiaka Mesoplanet Planemo List of trans - Neptunian objects List of possible dwarf planets List of Solar System objects List of Solar System objects by size The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons 1 Terrestrial ( Moon ) Other near - Earth objects 2 Martian Phobos Deimos 69 Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 62 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 27 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 14 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 5 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx 2 Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka 1 Makemakean ( S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 ) 1 Eridian ( Dysnomia ) Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . 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3550449100581790467 | Cave of the Patriarchs | Cave of the Patriarchs - wikipedia Cave of the Patriarchs Jump to : navigation , search Cave of the Patriarchs or Ibrahimi Mosque Hebrew : מערת המכפלה ; Arabic : الحرم الإبراهيمي Southern view Shown within the West Bank Alternate name Sanctuary of Abraham or Cave of Machpelah Location Hebron Region West Bank 31 ° 31 ′ 29 '' N 35 ° 06 ′ 39 '' E / 31.524744 ° N 35.110726 ° E / 31.524744 ; 35.110726 Type tomb , mosque , synagogue History Cultures Ayyubid , Hebrew , Byzantine , Crusaders The Cave of the Patriarchs , also called the Cave of Machpelah ( Hebrew : מערת המכפלה , Me'arat ha - Makhpela ( help info ) , trans . `` cave of the double tombs '' ) and known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque ( Arabic : الحرم الإبراهيمي , al - Haram al - Ibrahimi ( help info ) ) , is a series of subterranean chambers located in the heart of the old city of Hebron ( Al - Khalil ) in the Hebron Hills . According to tradition that has been associated with the Holy Books Torah , Bible and Quran , the cave and adjoining field were purchased by Abraham as a burial plot . The site of the Cave of the Patriarchs is located beneath a Saladin - era mosque , which had been converted from a large rectangular Herodian - era Judean structure . Dating back over 2,000 years , the monumental Herodian compound is believed to be the oldest continuously used intact prayer structure in the world , and is the oldest major building in the world that still fulfills its original function . The Hebrew name of the complex reflects the very old tradition of the double tombs of Abraham and Sarah , Isaac and Rebecca , Jacob and Leah , considered the Patriarchs and Matriarchs of the Jewish people . The only Jewish matriarch missing is Rachel , biblically described as buried at Rachel 's Tomb near Bethlehem . The Arabic name of the complex reflects the prominence given to Abraham , revered by Muslims as a Quranic prophet and patriarch through Ishmael . Outside biblical and Quranic sources there are a number of legends and traditions associated with the cave . In Acts 7 : 16 of the Christian Bible the cave of the Patriarchs is located in Shechem ( Latin : Neapolis ; Arabic : Nablus ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical origin 2 History 2.1 Hellenistic Judaism 2.2 Byzantine Christian Period 2.3 Arab period 2.4 Crusader period 2.5 Ayyubid period 2.6 Mamluk period 2.7 Ottoman period 2.8 Israeli control 3 Structure 3.1 The building 3.2 The caves 4 Legends and traditions 4.1 Judaism 4.2 Islam 4.3 Christianity 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biblical origin Woodcut by Gustave Doré depicting the burial of Sarah in the cave According to the Book of Genesis 23 : 1 -- 20 , Sarah , the wife of Abraham , `` died in Kiryat - arba ; the same is Hebron in the land of Canaan '' . Abraham the Hebrew ( Avraham Ha - Ivri ) was tending to business elsewhere when she died , at the age of 127 years , and he `` came to mourn for Sarah , and to weep for her . '' ( Genesis 23 : 2 ) After a while , he stood up and spoke to the `` sons of Heth '' and requested they give him a possession as a `` burying place '' , and they offered him his `` choice '' of their sepulchres . And then in verse 7 he again `` stood up '' to speak to them . Abraham then requested that Ephron the Hittite , the son of Zohar , give him the cave of Machpelah , in the end of his field , `` for as much money as it is worth '' . ( verse 9 ) After Ephron confirmed that he would give the cave , in verse 11 , Abraham further requested that he give him the field for money , in verse 13 . Ephron agreed and named a price . Genesis 23 : 16 ¶ And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron ; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver , which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth , four hundred shekels of silver , current money with the merchant . ( 17 ) And the field of Ephron , which was in Machpelah , which was before Mamre , the field , and the cave which was therein , and all the trees that were in the field , that were in all the borders round about , were made sure ( 18 ) Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence of the children of Heth , before all that went in at the gate of his city . The burial of Sarah is the first account of a burial in the Bible , and this is the first commercial transaction mentioned . The next burial in the cave of Machpelah is that of Abraham , who lived `` an hundred threescore and fifteen years '' -- 100 years unto the birth of Isaac , and threescore ( 60 ) more years unto the births of Esau and Jacob , with whom he spent his last 15 years . The title deed to the cave was part of the property of Abraham that passed to his son Isaac in Genesis 25 : 5 -- 6 . Genesis 25 : 9 And his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah , in the field of Ephron the son of Zohar the Hittite , which is before Mamre ; ( 10 ) The field which Abraham purchased of the sons of Heth : there was Abraham buried , and Sarah his wife . Isaac was 180 years old when he died , and his sons Esau and Jacob buried him . ( Genesis 35 : 28 -- 29 ) As noted above , Isaac was 60 when they were born , so they were 120 years old here , which is 10 years before Jacob , at the age of 130 , stood before Pharaoh in Genesis 47 : 9 . Jacob died later at the age of 147 years . ( Genesis 47 : 28 ) There is no mention of how or when Isaac 's wife Rebecca died , but she is included in the list of those that had been buried in Machpelah in Jacob 's final words to the children of Israel : Genesis 49 : 29 And he charged them , and said unto them , I am to be gathered unto my people : bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite , ( 30 ) In the cave that is in the field of Machpelah , which is before Mamre , in the land of Canaan , which Abraham bought with the field of Ephron the Hittite for a possession of a buryingplace. ( 31 ) There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife ; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife ; and there I buried Leah. ( 32 ) The purchase of the field and of the cave that is therein was from the children of Heth. ( 33 ) And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons , he gathered up his feet into the bed , and yielded up the ghost , and was gathered unto his people . In the final chapter of Genesis , Joseph had his physicians embalm his father , before they removed him from Egypt to be buried in the cave of the field of Machpelah . ( Genesis 50 : 1 -- 14 ) When Joseph died in the last verse , he was also embalmed . He was buried much later in Shechem ( Joshua 24 : 32 ) after the children of Israel came into the promised land . In Acts 7 : 16 , Stephen claims that the cave of the Patriarchs is located in Shechem . History Tomb of Isaac , c. 1911 Hellenistic Judaism To commemorate the site for his Jewish subjects , Herod the Great built a large , rectangular enclosure over the caves , the only fully surviving Herodian structure from the period of Hellenistic Judaism . Herod 's building , with 6 - foot - thick stone walls made from stones that were at least 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) tall and sometimes reach a length of 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) , did not have a roof . Archæologists are not certain where the original entrance to the enclosure was located , or even if there was one . Byzantine Christian period Until the era of the Byzantine Empire , the interior of the enclosure remained exposed to the sky . Under Byzantine rule , a simple basilica was constructed at the southeastern end and the enclosure was roofed everywhere except at the centre . The Piacenza Pilgrim ( c. 570 ) noted in his pilgrimage account that Jews and Christians shared possession of the site . Arab period In 614 , the Sasanid Persians conquered the area and destroyed the castle , leaving only ruins ; but in 637 , the area came under the control of the Arab Muslims and the building was reconstructed as a roofed mosque . During the 10th century , an entrance was pierced through the north - eastern wall , some way above the external ground level , and steps from the north and from the east were built up to it ( one set of steps for entering , the other for leaving ) . A building known as the qal'ah ( قلعة i.e. castle ) was also constructed near the middle of the southwestern side . Its purpose is unknown but one historic account claims that it marked the spot where Joseph was buried ( see Joseph 's tomb ) , the area having been excavated by a Muslim caliph , under the influence of a local tradition regarding Joseph 's tomb . Some archaeologists believe that the original entrance to Herod 's structure was in the location of the qal'ah and that the northeastern entrance was created so that the kalah could be built by the former entrance . Crusader period In 1100 , after the area was captured by the Crusaders , the enclosure once again became a church and Muslims were no longer permitted to enter . During this period , the area was given a new gabled roof , clerestory windows and vaulting . In the year 1113 during the reign of Baldwin II of Jerusalem , according to Ali of Herat ( writing in 1173 ) , a certain part over the cave of Abraham had given way , and `` a number of Franks had made their entrance therein '' . And they discovered `` ( the bodies ) of Abraham , Isaac and Jacob '' , `` their shrouds having fallen to pieces , lying propped up against a wall ... Then the King , after providing new shrouds , caused the place to be closed once more '' . Similar information is given in Ibn al Athir 's Chronicle under the year 1119 ; `` In this year was opened the tomb of Abraham , and those of his two sons Isaac and Jacob ... Many people saw the Patriarch . Their limbs had nowise been disturbed , and beside them were placed lamps of gold and of silver . '' The Damascene nobleman and historian Ibn al - Qalanisi in his chronicle also alludes at this time to the discovery of relics purported to be those of Abraham , Isaac and Jacob , a discovery that excited eager curiosity among all three communities in the southern Levant , Muslim , Jewish , and Christian . Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule , in 1166 Maimonides visited Hebron and wrote , `` On Sunday , 9 Marheshvan ( 17 October ) , I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the tombs of my ancestors in the Cave . On that day , I stood in the cave and prayed , praise be to God , ( in gratitude ) for everything . '' In 1170 , Benjamin of Tudela visited the city , which he called by its Frankish name , St. Abram de Bron . He reported : `` Here that there is the great church called St. Abram , and this was a Jewish place of worship at the time of the Mohammedan rule , but the Gentiles have erected there six tombs , respectively called those of Abraham and Sarah , Isaac and Rebekah , Jacob and Leah . The custodians tell the pilgrims that these are the tombs of the Patriarchs , for which information the pilgrims give them money . If a Jew comes , however , and gives a special reward , the custodian of the cave opens unto him a gate of iron , which was constructed by our forefathers , and then he is able to descend below by means of steps , holding a lighted candle in his hand . He then reaches a cave , in which nothing is to be found , and a cave beyond , which is likewise empty , but when he reaches the third cave behold there are six sepulchres , those of Abraham , Isaac and Jacob , respectively facing those of Sarah , Rebekah and Leah , upon which the names of the three Patriarchs and their wives are inscribed in Hebrew characters . The cave is filled with barrels containing bones of people , which are taken there as to a sacred place . At the end of the field of the Machpelah stands Abraham 's house with a spring in front of it '' . Ayyubid period Muslims pray , in January 2014 In 1188 Saladin conquered the area , reconverting the enclosure to a mosque but allowing Christians to continue worshipping there . Saladin also added a minaret at each corner -- two of which still survive -- and the minbar . Samuel ben Samson visited the cave in 1210 ; he says that the visitor must descend by twenty - four steps in a passageway so narrow that the rock touches him on either hand . Mamluk period Between 1318 and 1320 , the Mamluk , the governor of Gaza , a province that included Hebron , Sanjar al - Jawli ordered the construction of the Amir Jawli Mosque within the Haram enclosure to enlarge the prayer space and accommodate worshipers . In the late 14th century , under the Mamluks , two additional entrances were pierced into the western end of the south western side and the kalah was extended upwards to the level of the rest of the enclosure . A cenotaph in memory of Joseph was created in the upper level of the kalah so that visitors to the enclosure would not need to leave and travel round the outside just to pay respects . The Mamluks also built the northwestern staircase and the six cenotaphs ( for Isaac , Rebecca , Jacob , Leah , Abraham , and Sarah , respectively ) , distributed evenly throughout the enclosure . The Mamluks forbade Jews from entering the site , allowing them only as close as the fifth step on a staircase at the southeast , but after some time this was increased to the seventh step . Ottoman period During the Ottoman period , the dilapidated state of the patriarchs ' tombs was restored to a semblance of sumptuous dignity . Ali Bey , one of the few foreigners to gain access , reported in 1807 that , ' all the sepulchres of the patriarchs are covered with rich carpets of green silk , magnificently embroidered with gold ; those of the wives are red , embroidered in like manner . The sultans of Constantinople furnish these carpets , which are renewed from time to time . Ali Bey counted nine , one over the other , upon the sepulchre of Abraham . ' Israeli control Cave of the Patriarchs , 2010 After the Six - Day War in 1967 , in which Israel gained control of Hebron , the first Jew who entered the Cave of Machpelah for about 700 years , was the Chief Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces , Major general Rabbi Shlomo Goren . `` About 700 years ago , the Muslim Mamelukes conquered Hebron , declared the structure a mosque and forbade entry to Jews , who were not allowed past the seventh step on a staircase outside the building . '' Following the 1929 Hebron massacre , this restricted access was even more restricted by British Mandate authorities . After Israeli statehood in 1948 and the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank , no Jews were allowed anywhere in the territory . Following the Israeli occupation of Hebron in the Six - Day War , the area came under Jewish authority for the first time in 2,000 years and the 700 - year - long restriction limiting Jews to the seventh step outside was lifted . Jews immediately began re-settling in the city after the Six - Day War . The first subsequent Jewish wedding ceremony took place on August 7 , 1968 . In 1968 , a special arrangement was made to accommodate Jewish services on the Jewish New Year and Day of Atonement . This led to a hand - grenade being thrown on the stairway leading to the tomb on October 9 ; 47 Israelis were injured , 8 seriously . On November 4 , a large explosion went off near the gate to the compound and 6 people , Jews and Arabs , were wounded . On Yom Kippur eve , October 3 , 1976 , an Arab mob destroyed several Torah scrolls and prayer books at the tomb . In May 1980 , an attack on Jewish worshippers returning from prayers at the tomb left 6 dead and 17 wounded . Tensions would later increase as the Israeli government signed the Oslo Accords in September 1993 , which gave limited autonomy to the PLO in the West Bank city of Jericho and the Gaza Strip . The city of Hebron and the rest of the major Palestinian population centers in the West Bank were not included in the initial agreement . The Cave of the Patriarchs massacre committed by Baruch Goldstein , an Israeli - American settler in February 1994 , left 29 Palestinian Muslims dead and scores injured . The resulting riots resulted in a further 35 deaths . Jewish bride praying at the site before her wedding , 2010 The increased sensitivity of the site meant that in 1996 the Wye River Accords , part of the Arab - Israeli peace process , included a temporary status agreement for the site restricting access for both Jews and Muslims . As part of this agreement , the waqf ( Islamic charitable trust ) controls 81 % of the building . This includes the whole of the southeastern section , which lies above the only known entrance to the caves and possibly over the entirety of the caves themselves . In consequence , Jews are not permitted to visit the Cenotaphs of Isaac or Rebecca , which lie entirely within the southeastern section , except for 10 days a year that hold special significance in Judaism . One of these days is the Shabbat Chayei Sarah , when the Torah portion concerning the death of Sarah and the purchase by Abraham of the land in which the caves are situated , is read . The Israeli authorities do not allow Jewish religious authorities the right to maintain the site and allow only the waqf to do so . Tourists are permitted to enter the site . Security at the site has increased since the Intifada ; the Israel Defense Forces surround the site with soldiers and control access to the shrines . Israeli forces also subject locals to checkpoints and bar all non-Jews from stepping foot on some of the main roads to the complex and ban Palestinian vehicles from many of the roads in the area . On February 21 , 2010 , Israel announced that it would include the site in a national heritage site protection and rehabilitation plan . The announcement sparked protests from the UN , Arab governments and the United States . A subsequent UNESCO vote in October aimed to affirm that the `` al - Haram al - Ibrahimi / Tomb of the Patriarchs in al - Khalil / Hebron '' was `` an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Israeli authorities have placed restrictions on calling the faithful to prayer by the muezzin of the Ibrahimi mosque . The order was enforced 61 times in October 2014 , and 52 times in December of that year . This was following numerous complaints by the Jewish residents who claim that the calls violate legal decibel limits . In December 2009 Israeli authorities banned Jewish music played at the cave following similar complaints from the Arab residents . On 6 November 2015 , 2 Israelis were shot and injured in a Palestinian shooting attack at the site . Structure The building The rectangular stone enclosure lies on a northwest - southeast axis , and is divided into two sections by a wall running between the northwestern three fifths , and the southeastern two fifths . The northwestern section is roofed on three sides , the central area and north eastern side being open to the sky ; the southeastern section is fully roofed , the roof being supported by four columns evenly distributed through the section . Nearly the entire building itself was built by King Herod and it remains the only Herodian building surviving today virtually intact . Cenotaph of Abraham In the northwestern section are four cenotaphs , each housed in a separate octagonal room , those dedicated to Jacob and Leah being on the northwest , and those to Abraham and Sarah on the southeast . A corridor runs between the cenotaphs on the northwest , and another between those on the southeast . A third corridor runs the length of the southwestern side , through which access to the cenotaphs , and to the southeastern section , can be gained . An entrance to the enclosure exists on the southwestern side , entering this third corridor ; a mosque outside this entrance must be passed through to gain access . At the center of the northeastern side , there is another entrance , which enters the roofed area on the southeastern side of the northwestern section and through which access can also be gained to the southeastern ( fully roofed ) section . This entrance is approached on the outside by a corridor which leads from a long staircase running most of the length of the northwestern side . The southeastern section , which functions primarily as a mosque , contains two cenotaphs , symmetrically placed , near the center , dedicated to Isaac and Rebecca . Between them , in the southeastern wall , is a mihrab . The cenotaphs have a distinctive red and white horizontal striped pattern to their stonework but are usually covered by decorative cloth . Under the present arrangements , Jews are restricted to entering by the southwestern side , and limited to the southwestern corridor and the corridors that run between the cenotaphs , while Muslims may enter only by the northeastern side but are allowed free rein of the remainder of the enclosure . The caves The stone canopy above the more visible known entrance to the caves The caves under the enclosure are not themselves generally accessible ; the waqf have historically prevented access to the actual tombs out of respect for the dead . Only two entrances are known to exist , the most visible of which is located to the immediate southeast of Abraham 's cenotaph on the inside of the southeastern section . This entrance is a narrow shaft covered by a decorative grate , which itself is covered by an elaborate dome . The other entrance is located to the southeast , near the mihrab , and is sealed by a large stone , and usually covered by prayer mats ; this is very close to the location of the seventh step on the outside of the enclosure , beyond which the Mamelukes forbade Jews from approaching . When the enclosure was controlled by crusaders , access was occasionally possible . One account , by Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela dating from 1163 CE , states that after passing through an iron door , and descending , the caves would be encountered . According to Benjamin of Tudela , there was a sequence of three caves , the first two of which were empty ; in the third cave were six tombs , arranged to be opposite to one another . These caves had been rediscovered only in 1119 CE by a monk named Arnoul , after an unnamed monk at prayer `` noticed a draught '' in the area near the present location of the mihrab and , with other `` brethren '' , removed the flagstones and found a room lined with Herodian masonry . Arnoul , still searching for the source of the draught , hammered on the cave walls until he heard a hollow sound , pulled down the masonry in that area , and discovered a narrow passage . The narrow passage , which subsequently became known as the serdab ( Arabic for passage ) , was similarly lined with masonry , but partly blocked up . Having unblocked the passage , Arnoul discovered a large round room with plastered walls . In the floor of the room , he found a square stone slightly different from the others and , upon removing it , found the first of the caves . The caves were filled with dust . After removing the dust , Arnoul found bones ; believing the bones to be those of the biblical Patriarchs , Arnoul washed them in wine and stacked them neatly . Arnoul carved inscriptions on the cave walls describing whose bones he believed them to be . The more visible known entrance to the caves . This passage to the caves was sealed at some time after Saladin had recaptured the area , though the roof of the circular room was pierced , and a decorative grate was placed over it . In 1967 , after the Six - Day War , the area fell into the hands of the Israel Defense Forces , and Moshe Dayan , the Defence Minister , who was an amateur archaeologist , attempted to regain access to the tombs . Ignorant of the serdab entrance , Dayan concentrated his attention on the shaft visible below the decorative grate and had the idea of sending someone thin enough to fit through the shaft and down into the chamber below . Dayan eventually found a slim 12 - year - old girl named Michal to assist and sent her into the chamber with a camera . Michal explored the round chamber , but failed to find the square stone in the floor that led to the caves . Michal did , however , explore the passage and find steps leading up to the surface , though the exit was blocked by a large stone ( this is the entrance near the mihrab ) . According to the report of her findings , which Michal gave to Dayan after having been lifted back through the shaft , there are 16 steps leading down into the passage , which is 1 cubit wide , 17.37 metres ( 57.0 ft ) and 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) high . In the round chamber , which is 12 metres ( 39 ft ) below the entrance to the shaft , there are three stone slabs , the middle of which contains a partial inscription of Sura 2 , verse 255 , from the Quran , the famous Ayatul Kursi , Verse of the Throne . In 1981 Seev Jevin , the former director of the Israel Antiquities Authority , entered the passage after a group of Jewish settlers from Hebron had entered the chamber via the entrance near the mihrab and discovered the square stone in the round chamber that concealed the cave entrance . The reports state that after entering the first cave , which seemed to Jevin to be empty , he found a passage leading to a second oval chamber , smaller than the first , which contained shards of pottery and a wine jug . Legends and traditions Tomb of Abraham According to Jewish traditions found in the Hebrew Bible which are also accepted by Muslims , entombed within the Cave of the Patriarchs are the patriarchs Abraham , Isaac , and Jacob as well as three matriarchs , Sarah , Rebecca , and Leah . Judaism In Judaism , the Tomb of the Patriarchs is the second most sacred site in the world , after the Temple Mount . The Book of Genesis relates that Abraham specifically purchased the land as a burial plot from Ephron the Hittite , making it one of two purchases by Abraham of real estate in the Land of Canaan , the Promised Land . According to Genesis , three biblical couples are buried there : Abraham and Sarah ( Genesis 23 : 1 -- 20 ; Genesis 49 : 31 ) Isaac and Rebekah ( Genesis 35 : 29 ; Genesis 49 : 31 ) Jacob and Leah ( Genesis 49 : 28 -- 33 ; Genesis 50 : 4 -- 5 ; Genesis 50 : 12 -- 13 ) Jacob 's other wife , Rachel , was buried `` in the way to Ephrath , which is Bethlehem . '' ( Genesis 35 : 19 -- 20 ) There is a Jewish tradition , that besides the three biblical couples mentioned above , that Adam and Eve were buried there also , ( Zohar , Ruth 96 ) , supported by the simple wording of Gen. 23 : 2 , which refers to `` Kiryat Arba ... Hevron . '' Arba means four . Rashi to Gen. 23 : 2 lists the four couples chronologically , starting with Adam and Eve . Another Jewish tradition tells that when Jacob was brought to be buried in the cave , Esau prevented the burial claiming he had the right to be buried in the cave ; after some negotiation Naphtali was sent to Egypt to retrieve the document stating Esau sold his part in the cave to Jacob . As this was going on Hushim , the son of Dan who was hard of hearing , did not understand what was going on , and why his grandfather was not being buried , so he asked for an explanation ; after being given one he became angry and said : `` Is my grandfather to lie there in contempt until Naphtali returns from the land of Egypt ? '' He then took a club and killed Esau , and Esau 's head rolled into the cave . This means that the head of Esau is also buried in the cave . Some Jewish sources record the selling of Esau 's right to be buried in the cave -- according to a commentary on the `` Book of Exodus '' , Jacob gave all his possessions to acquire a tomb in the Cave of the Patriarchs . He put a large pile of gold and silver before Esau and asked , `` My brother , do you prefer your portion of this cave , or all this gold and silver ? '' Esau 's selling to Jacob his right to be buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs is also recorded in Sefer HaYashar . An early Jewish text , the Genesis Rabba , states that this site is one of three that enemies of Judaism can not taunt the Jews by saying `` you have stolen them , '' as it was purchased `` for its full price '' by Abraham . The minbar at the Ibrahimi Mosque According to the Midrash , the Patriarchs were buried in the cave because the cave is the threshold to the Garden of Eden . The Patriarchs are said not to be dead but `` sleeping '' . They rise to beg mercy for their children throughout the generations . According to the Zohar , this tomb is the gateway through which souls enter into Gan Eden , heaven . There are Hebrew prayers of supplication for marriage on the walls of the Sarah cenotaph . Islam The enclosure is known to Muslims as the Ibrahimi Mosque , as Abraham is a revered prophet of Islam who , according to the Quran , built a sacred house or sanctuary - the exact location is not known . After the conquest of the city by Umar , this holy place was `` simply taken over from the Jewish tradition '' by the new rulers ; the Herodian enclosure was converted into a mosque and placed under the control of a waqf . The waqf continues to maintain most of the site , though the Israeli military controls access to the site . According to some Islamic sources it is also the tomb of Joseph . Though the Bible has Joseph buried in Shechem ( the present - day Palestinian city of Nablus ) , Jewish aggadic tradition conserved the idea that he wished to be interred at Hebron , and the Islamic version may reflect this . The Jewish apocryphal book , The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs , also states that this is the burial place of Jacob 's twelve sons . Christianity The book of Acts 7 : 15 - 16 , in the New Testament , relates a tradition that Jacob and his sons were buried in Shechem . According to New Testament commentator Albert Barnes , this belief was supported by fourth - century theologian and historian Jerome . The book of Joshua 24 : 32 relates the burial site of Joseph in similar terms . See also Burial places of founders of world religions List of World Heritage Sites in Palestine The Cave ( opera ) Tomb of the Matriarchs References ^ Jump up to : Nancy Miller ( May -- June 1985 ) . `` Patriarchal Burial Site Explored for First Time in 700 Years '' . Biblical Archaeology Society . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/machpelah.html Jump up ^ Gen. 35 : 19 - 20 Jump up ^ `` Cave of Machpelah '' . Jewish Virtual Library . What became of Jacob 's two concubines , `` Bilhah , Rachel 's handmaid '' , and `` Zilpah , Leah 's handmaid '' ( Genesis 35 : 25 -- 26 ) is not known . Jump up ^ Singer , Tovia ( Rabbi ) ( March 31 , 2014 ) . Let 's Get Biblical ! : Why does n't Judaism Accept the Christian Messiah ? Volume 1 ( 4th ed . ) . RNBN Publishers . pp. 234 -- 235 . ISBN 978 - 0996091305 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Acts 7 : 16 see Age of Abraham Jump up ^ Sarah is the only woman in the Hebrew Bible whose full age is given . Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary `` Burial '' Jump up ^ Genesis 25 : 26 Hebrews 11 : 9 Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary `` Machpelah '' Jump up ^ Singer , Tovia ( Rabbi ) ( 31 March 2014 ) . Let 's Get Biblical ! : Why does n't Judaism Accept the Christian Messiah ? Volume 1 ( 4th ed . ) . RNBN Publishers . pp. 234 -- 235 . ISBN 978 - 0996091305 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Miller ( May -- June 1985 ) . `` Patriarchal Burial Site Explored for First Time in 700 Years '' . Biblical Archaeology Society . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Avni , Gideon ( 2014 ) . `` Prologue : Four Eyewitness Accounts versus ' Arguments in Stone ' '' . The Byzantine - Islamic Transition in Palestine : An Archaeological Approach . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199684335 . Jump up ^ Mann , Sylvia ( January 1 , 1983 ) . `` This is Israel : pictorial guide & souvenir '' . Palphot Ltd. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Le Strange 1890 , pp. 317 -- 8 = p. 317 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Kohler 1896 , pp. 447ff . Jump up ^ Runciman & 1965 ( b ) , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Kraemer 2001 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ `` Itinerary , '' ed . Asher , pp. 40 -- 42 , Hebr . Jump up ^ `` Pal . Explor . Fund , '' Quarterly Statement , 1882 , p. 212 ) . Jump up ^ Dandis , Wala . History of Hebron . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Conder 1830 , p. 198 . The source was a manuscript , The Travels of Ali Bey , vol. ii , pp. 232 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cave of Machpelah Tomb of the Patriarchs '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , Haggai ( 2008 ) . Keneged Kol HaSikuim ( Against All Odds ) ( in Hebrew ) ( 1st ed . ) . Sifriat Netzaim . Jump up ^ Esther Rosalind Cohen ( 1985 ) . Human rights in the Israeli - occupied territories , 1967 -- 1982 . Manchester University Press ND . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 1726 - 1 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dishon ( January 1973 ) . Middle East Record 1968 . John Wiley and Sons . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 21611 - 8 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mati Alon ( 2003 ) . The Unavoidable Surgery . Trafford Publishing . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 1004 - 7 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ervin Birnbaum ( 1990 ) . In the shadow of the struggle . Gefen Publishing House Ltd. p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 965 - 229 - 037 - 3 . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William Quandt , Peace Process3rd edition , ( Brookings Institution and University of California Press , 2005 ) : 321 -- 329 . Jump up ^ `` Separation policy in Hebron : Military renews segregation on main street ; wide part -- for Jews , narrow , rough side passage -- for Palestinians '' . Jump up ^ `` Israel to include West Bank shrines in heritage plan '' . Reuters . February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US slams Israel over designating heritage sites '' . Haaretz . February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO 's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories '' . unesco.org . October 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Loudspeaker war ' in Hebron '' . Jump up ^ ' Israel banned call to prayer at Ibrahimi mosque 52 times in December , ' Ma'an News Agency 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Three Israelis wounded , two seriously , in two Hebron area shooting attacks '' . Jerusalem Post . 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Herod : King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans By Peter Richardson P : 61 Jump up ^ The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible By Bruce Manning Metzger , Michael David Coogan P : 99 Jump up ^ http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/hebron-tombs-of-the-patriarchs Jump up ^ `` a floorplan '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Jump up ^ ( author ) ( 1884 ) . The Sunday at Home , Volume 31 . Religious Tract Society . Note : English translation based on a paper by Count Riant , `` L'Invention de la Sépulture des Patriarches Abraham , Isaac et Jacob à Hébron , le 25 juin 1119 , '' issued by the Société de l'Orient Latin , 1883 . Jump up ^ `` photograph of Michal descending through the grated shaft '' . Jump up ^ Joseph Free and Howard F. Vos ( 1992 ) Archaeology and Bible History Zondervan , ISBN 0 - 310 - 47961 - 4 p 62 Jump up ^ Der Spiegel , 52 / 2008 Title Story : Abraham , page 104 Jump up ^ These are some of the biblical Jewish sources : `` Genesis '' 23 : 9 ( Sarah ) , 25 : 9 ( Abraham ) , 35 : 29 ( Isaac ) Gen : 49 : 31 ( Abraham , Sarah , Isaac , Rebecca , Leah ) , ( Gen : 50 : 13 ) Jump up ^ Although this Islamic belief does not seem to be recorded in the Quran , it is to be found in Ibn Kathir 's 14th century Quranic commentary Stories of the Prophet Jump up ^ `` . '' . frontpagemag.org . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Atenebris Adsole ( December 25 , 2002 ) . `` Talmud Bavli , Sotah 13A '' . Come-and-hear.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shemot Rabbah '' 31 : 17 Jump up ^ Sefer Hayashar Chapter 27 p. 77b Jump up ^ Genesis Rabba 79.7 : `` And he bought the parcel of ground , where he had spread his tent ... for a hundred pieces of money . '' Rav Yudan son of Shimon said : ' This is one of the three places where the non-Jews can not deceive the Jewish People by saying that they stole it from them , and these are the places : Ma'arat HaMachpela , the Temple and Joseph 's burial place . Ma'arat HaMachpela because it is written : ' And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron ; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver , ' ( Genesis , 23 : 16 ) ; the Temple because it is written : ' So David gave to Ornan for the place , ' ( I Chronicles , 21 : 26 ) ; and Joseph 's burial place because it is written : ' And he bought the parcel of ground ... Jacob bought Shechem . ' ( Genesis , 33 : 19 ) . '' See also : Kook , Abraham Isaac , Moadei Hare'iya , pp. 413 -- 415 . Jump up ^ Zohar 127a Jump up ^ Hastings , Adrian , `` Holy lands and their political consequences '' , Nations and Nationalism , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , pages 29 -- 54 , January 2003 . Jump up ^ Shalom Goldman , ' The Wiles of Women / the Wiles of Men : Joseph and Potiphar 's Wife in Ancient Near Eastern , Jewish , and Islamic Folklore , SUNY Press , 1995 pp. 126 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs ( R.H. Charles ) '' . Earlychristianwritings.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Albert ( 1949 reprint ) , Barnes Notes -- Acts ( Grand Rapids , MI : Baker ) , p. 124 . External links Cave of the Patriarchs The Cave of Machpelah Tomb of the Patriarch Jewish Virtual Library Tombs of the Patriarchs Article and Photos Sacred Destinations Demands for Equal Rights for the Jewish People at Ma'arat HaMachpela Hebron.org.il Aerial Photograph Google Maps Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Machpelah '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Bible Land Library Photos and Diagram of Underground at Caves of Machpela Holy sites in Judaism Temple in Jerusalem Foundation Stone Holy of Holies Temple Mount Western Wall Tombs of biblical figures Israel Benjamin David Matriarchs West Bank Joseph Patriarchs Rachel Samuel Other countries Esther and Mordechai Holy Land Land of Israel Application of religious law Four Holy Cities Jerusalem Holiness Hebron Safed Tiberias Religious sites in the Palestinian Authority Ancient synagogue ( Gaza ) Burqin Church Church of the Nativity Mosque of Omar ( Bethlehem ) Cave of the Patriarchs Joseph 's Tomb Jacob 's Well Al - Khadra Mosque Great Mosque of Nablus An - Nasr Mosque Tomb of Lazarus ( al - Eizariya ) St. Lazarus Roman Catholic Church Tomb of Joshua Great Mosque of Gaza Monastery of the Temptation Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue Mount Gerizim Mount Ebal The Cave of the Patriarchs rests in Area H2 of the West Bank , hence access to the site is controlled by Israel . Mosques in Palestine West Bank Bilal ibn Rabah Mosque Fatima Khatun Mosque Great Mosque of Nablus Al - Hamadiyya Mosque Hanbali Mosque Jamal Abdel Nasser Mosque Al - Khadra Mosque Ibrahimi Mosque Al - Jawali Mosque Nabi Yahya Mosque an - Nasr Mosque Al - Nurayn Mosque Mosque of Omar Sheikh Ali al - Bakka Mosque Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque Gaza Strip Aybaki Mosque Great Mosque of Gaza Ibn Marwan Mosque Ibn Uthman Mosque Katib al - Wilaya Mosque Mahkamah Mosque Sayed al - Hashim Mosque Al - Shamah Mosque Umm al - Nasr Mosque East Jerusalem Abdeen Mosque Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Marwani Mosque Mosque of Omar Note : East Jerusalem is under de facto Israeli control , though claimed by Palestinians Category : Mosques in Palestine Islam in Palestine Mosques by country Caves in Palestine Palestine Patriarchs cave Shuqba cave Judea and Samaria Cave of Letters Qumran caves Note : Judea and Samaria area is jurisdicted by Israel , but is claimed by Palestine Caves of Palestine * Caves by country Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Lucifer Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of Ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - 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691522627202029675 | Post–World War II economic expansion | Post -- World War II economic expansion - wikipedia Post -- World War II economic expansion Jump to : navigation , search In the United States and several other countries , the boom was manifested in suburban development and urban sprawl , aided by automobile ownership . The post -- World War II economic expansion , also known as the postwar economic boom , the long boom , and the Golden Age of Capitalism , was a period of strong economic growth beginning after World War II and ending with the 1973 -- 75 recession . The United States , Soviet Union , Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth , together with full employment . Contrary to early predictions , this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war , such as Japan ( Japanese post-war economic miracle ) , West Germany and Austria ( Wirtschaftswunder ) , France ( Trente Glorieuses ) , Italy ( Italian economic miracle ) , Greece ( Greek economic miracle ) , Taiwan ( Taiwan Miracle ) and South Korea ( Miracle of the Han River ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Timeline 3 Global economic climate 4 Causes 4.1 Productivity 4.1. 1 New products and services 4.2 Economic aftermath of war 4.3 Keynesian economics 4.3. 1 Infrastructure spending 4.3. 2 Military spending 4.4 Financial repression 4.5 Wealth redistribution 4.6 Low oil prices 4.7 International cooperation 4.7. 1 Institutional arrangements 4.7. 1.1 US Council of Economic Advisers 5 Specific countries 5.1 Belgium 5.2 France 5.3 Italy 5.4 Japan 5.5 Soviet Union 5.6 Sweden 5.7 United Kingdom 5.8 United States 5.9 West Germany 6 Effects 7 Decline 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Further reading Terminology ( edit ) In academic literature , the period is frequently referred to as the post -- World War II economic boom , though this term can refer to much shorter booms in particular markets . It is also known as the Long Boom , though this term is generic and can refer to other periods . The golden age of Capitalism is a common name for this period in both academic and economics books . The term is also used in other contexts . In older sources and occasionally in contemporary ones , Golden age of Capitalism can refer to the period of the Second Industrial Revolution from approximately 1870 to 1914 , which also saw rapid economic expansion . Yet another name for the quarter century following the end of World War II is the Age of Marx , though the Soviet Union 's economic statistics were not reliable during this period . Timeline ( edit ) Economist Roger Middleton states that economic historians generally agree on 1950 as the start date for the golden age , while Robert Skidelsky states 1951 is the most recognized start date . Both Skidelsky and Middleton have 1973 as the generally recognized end date , though sometimes the golden age is considered to have ended as early as 1970 . This long term business cycle ended with a number of events in the early 1970s : the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system in 1971 the growing international trade in manufactured goods , such as automobiles and electronics the 1973 oil crisis , the 1973 -- 1974 stock market crash , the ensuing 1973 -- 75 recession , and May Day 1975 the deregulation of fixed fees for trading stocks and market based commissions While this is the global period , specific countries experienced business expansions for different periods ; in Taiwan , the Taiwan Miracle lasted into the late 1990s , for instance , while in France the period is referred to as Trente Glorieuses ( 30 glorious ( years ) ) and is considered to extend for the 30 - year period from 1945 to 1975 . Global economic climate ( edit ) In the United States , unemployment fluctuated during the 1950s , but dropped steadily during the 1960s . OECD members enjoyed real GDP growth averaging over 4 % per year in the 1950s , and nearly 5 % per year in the 1960s , compared with 3 % in the 1970s and 2 % in the 1980s . Skidelsky devotes ten pages of his 2009 book Keynes : The Return of the Master to a comparison of the golden age to what he calls the Washington Consensus period , which he dates as spanning 1980 -- 2009 ( 1973 -- 1980 being a transitional period ) : Metric Golden Age Washington Consensus Average global growth 4.8 % 3.2 % Unemployment ( US ) 4.8 % 6.1 % Unemployment ( France ) 1.2 % 9.5 % Unemployment ( Germany ) 3.1 % 7.5 % Unemployment ( Great Britain ) 1.6 % 7.4 % Skidelsky suggests the high global growth during the golden age was especially impressive as during that period Japan was the only major Asian economy enjoying high growth ( Taiwan and South Korea at the time being small economies ) . It was not until later that the world had the exceptional growth of China raising the global average . Skidelsky also reports that inequality was generally decreasing during the golden age , whereas since the Washington Consensus was formed it has been increasing . Globally , the golden age was a time of unusual financial stability , with crises far less frequent and intense than before or after . Martin Wolf reports that between 1945 -- 71 ( 27 years ) the world saw only 38 financial crises , whereas from 1973 -- 97 ( 24 years ) there were 139 . Causes ( edit ) Allied war bonds matured during these years , transferring cash from governments to private households . Productivity ( edit ) See also : Agricultural productivity High productivity growth from before the war continued after the war and until the early 1970s . Manufacturing was aided by automation technologies such as feedback controllers , which appeared in the late 1930s were a fast - growing area of investment following the war . Wholesale and retail trade benefited from new highway systems , distribution warehouses , and material handling equipment such as forklifts and intermodal containers . Oil displaced coal in many applications , particularly in locomotives and ships . In agriculture , the post WW II period saw the widespread introduction of the following : Chemical fertilizers Tractors Combine harvesters High - yielding variety Pesticides New products and services ( edit ) Industries that were created or expanded during the post war period included television , commercial aviation and particularly in the US , computer technology . Economic aftermath of War ( edit ) Economists employing Marxian economic analysis and Crisis theory argue that the period of prosperity was a temporary phase in capitalist development fueled by a revival of capital stock , large pools of labor and raw materials , and technological innovation emerging from the end of the Second World War and the scale of defeats of the international working class . This era of prosperity helped prop up the perspective that the crises and business cycles inherent to capitalism could be solved through macroeconomic Keynesian policies , when in actuality the fundamental instabilities of capitalism had not been resolved . Keynesian economics ( edit ) Many Western governments funded large infrastructure projects during this period . Here the redevelopment of Norrmalm and the Stockholm Metro , Sweden . Keynesian economists argue that the post war expansion was caused by adoption of Keynesian economic policies . Naomi Klein has argued the high growth enjoyed by Europe and America was the result of Keynesian economic policies and in the case of rapidly rising prosperity that this post war period saw in parts of South America , by the influence of developmentalist economics led by Raúl Prebisch . Infrastructure spending ( edit ) One of Eisenhower 's enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956 . He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War . It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war , hence the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers . Military spending ( edit ) Another explanation for this period is the theory of the permanent war economy , which suggests that the large spending on the military helped stabilize the global economy ; this has also been referred to as `` Military Keynesianism '' . Financial repression ( edit ) This period also saw financial repression -- low nominal interest rates and low or negative real interest rates ( nominal rates lower than inflation plus taxation ) , via government policy -- resulting respectively in debt servicing costs being low ( low nominal rates ) and in liquidation of existing debt ( via inflation and taxation ) . This allowed countries ( such as the US and UK ) to both deal with their existing government debt level and reduce the level of debt without needing to direct a high portion of government spending to debt service . Wealth redistribution ( edit ) Historical federal marginal tax rates for income for the lowest and highest income earners in the US Real income in the United States by percentile , normalized to 2007 costs . All social classes grew wealthier during the 1950s and 1960s , but the lower percentiles have only seen marginal improvement since then . Much property was destroyed in war . In the inter-war period , the Great Depression also caused investments to lose value . During both World Wars , progressive taxation and capital levies were introduced , with the generally - stated aim of distributing the sacrifices required by the war more evenly . While tax rates dipped between the wars , they did not return to pre-war levels . Top tax rates increased dramatically , in some cases tenfold . This had a significant effect on both income and wealth distributions . Such policies were commonly referred to as the `` conscription of income '' and `` conscription of wealth '' . `` a fundamental objection to the government 's policy of conscription is that it conscripts human life only , and that it does not attempt to conscript wealth ... '' -- Liberal party election platform , autumn 1917 , Canada The Economist opposed capital levies , but supported `` direct taxation heavy enough to amount to rationing of citizens ' incomes '' . Rationing of goods was also widely used , with the aim of distributing scarce resources efficiently . Rationing was widely done with ration stamps , a second currency that entitled the bearer to buy ( with regular money ) a certain amount of a certain sort of good ( for instance , two ounces of meat , or a certain amount of clothing or fuel ) . Price controls were also used ( for instance , the price of restaurant meals was capped ) . In the post-war period , progressive taxation persisted . Inheritance taxes also had an effect . Rationing in the United Kingdom lasted until 1954 . Allied war bonds matured during the post-war years , transferring cash from governments to private households . Low oil prices ( edit ) The real oil price was low during the post-war decades , with this ending in the 1973 oil crisis . In the 1940s , the price of oil was about $17 , rising to just over $20 during the Korean War ( 1951 -- 1953 ) . During the Vietnam War ( 1950s -- 1970s ) the price of oil slowly declined to under $20 . During the Arab oil embargo of 1973 -- the first oil shock -- the price of oil rapidly rose to double in price . International cooperation ( edit ) Poster for the Marshall Plan See also : Aftermath of World War II Among the causes can be mentioned the rapid normalization of political relations between former Axis powers and the western Allies . After the war , the major powers were determined not to repeat the mistakes of the Great Depression , some of which were ascribed to post -- World War I policy errors . The Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of Europe is most credited for reconciliation , though the immediate post-war situations was more complicated . In 1948 the Marshall Plan pumped over $12 billion to rebuild and modernize Western Europe . The European Coal and Steel Community formed the foundation of what was to become the European Union in later years . Institutional arrangements ( edit ) Institutional economists point to the international institutions established in the post-war period . Structurally , the victorious Allies established the United Nations and the Bretton Woods monetary system , international institutions designed to promote stability . This was achieved through a number of policies , including promoting free trade , instituting the Marshall Plan , and the use of Keynesian economics . US Council of economic Advisers ( edit ) In the United States , the Employment Act of 1946 set the goals of achieving full employment , full production , and stable prices . It also created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues . In its first 7 years the CEA made five technical advances in policy making : The replacement of a `` cyclical model '' of the economy by a `` growth model , '' The setting of quantitative targets for the economy , Use of the theories of fiscal drag and full - employment budget , Recognition of the need for greater flexibility in taxation , and Replacement of the notion of unemployment as a structural problem by a realization of low aggregate demand . Specific countries ( edit ) The economies of the United States , Japan , West Germany , France , and Italy did particularly well . Japan and West Germany caught up to and exceeded the GDP of the United Kingdom during these years , even as the UK itself was experiencing the greatest absolute prosperity in its history . In France , this period is often looked back to with nostalgia as the Trente Glorieuses , or `` Glorious Thirty '' , while the economies of West Germany and Austria were characterized by Wirtschaftswunder ( economic miracle ) , and in Italy it is called Miracolo economico ( economic miracle ) . Most developing countries also did well in this period . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgian economic miracle Belgium experienced a brief but very rapid economic recovery in the aftermath of World War II . The comparatively light damage sustained by Belgium 's heavy industry during the German occupation and the Europe - wide need for the country 's traditional exports ( steel and coal , textiles , and railway infrastructure ) meant that Belgium became the first European country to regain its pre-war level of output in 1947 . Economic growth in the period was accompanied by low inflation and sharp increases in real living standards . However , lack of capital investment meant that Belgium 's heavy industry was ill - equipped to compete with other European industries in the 1950s . This contributed to the start of deindustrialisation in Wallonia and the emergence of regional economic disparities . France ( edit ) Main article : Trente Glorieuses Between 1947 and 1973 , France went through a boom period ( 5 % growth per year on average ) dubbed by Jean Fourastié Trente Glorieuses - the title of a book published in 1979 . The economic growth occurred mainly due to productivity gains and to an increase in the number of working hours . Indeed , the working population grew very slowly , the `` baby boom '' being offset by the extension of the time dedicated to study . Productivity gains came from catching up with the United States . In 1950 , the average income in France was 55 % of that of an American ; it reached 80 % in 1973 . Among the `` major '' nations , only Japan had faster growth in this era than France . The extended period of transformation and modernization also involved an increasing internationalization of the French economy . France by the 1980s had become a leading world economic power and the world 's fourth - largest exporter of manufactured products . It became Europe 's largest agricultural producer and exporter , accounting for more than 10 percent of world trade in such goods by the 1980s . The service sector grew rapidly and became the largest sector , generating a large foreign - trade surplus , chiefly from the earnings from tourism . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Italian economic miracle The Italian economy experienced very variable growth . In the 1950s and early 1960s the Italian economy boomed , with record high growth - rates , including 6.4 % in 1959 , 5.8 % in 1960 , 6.8 % in 1961 , and 6.1 % in 1962 . This rapid and sustained growth was due to the ambitions of several Italian businesspeople , the opening of new industries ( helped by the discovery of hydrocarbons , made for iron and steel , in the Po valley ) , re-construction and the modernisation of most Italian cities , such as Milan , Rome and Turin , and the aid given to the country after World War II ( notably through the Marshall Plan ) . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japanese economic miracle A transistor radio made by Sanyo in 1959 . Japan manufactured much of the world 's consumer electronics during this period . After 1950 Japan 's economy recovered from the war damage and began to boom , with the fastest growth rates in the world . Given a boost by the Korean War , in which it acted as a major supplier to the UN force , Japan 's economy embarked on a prolonged period of extremely rapid growth , led by the manufacturing sectors . Japan emerged as a significant power in many economic spheres , including steel working , car manufacturing and the manufacturing of electronics . Japan rapidly caught up with the West in foreign trade , GNP , and general quality of life . The high economic growth and political tranquility of the mid to late 1960s were slowed by the quadrupling of oil prices in 1973 . Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum , Japan experienced its first recession since World War II . Another serious problem was Japan 's growing trade surplus , which reached record heights . The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance , demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States . Soviet Union ( edit ) In the 1950s the Soviet Union , having reconstructed the ruins left by the war , experienced a decade of prosperous , undisturbed , and rapid economic growth , with significant technological achievements most notably the first earth satellite . The nation ranked in the top 15 most prosperous countries . However , the growth slowed and ended by 1960 , as the Khrushchev regime poured resources into large military and space projects , and the civilian sector languished . While every other major nation greatly expanded its service sector , that sector in the Soviet Union ( medicine , for example ) was given low priority . Following Khrushchev 's ouster , and the appointment of a collective leadership led by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin , the economy was revitalised . The economy continued to grow apace during the mid-to - late 1960s , during the Eighth Five - Year Plan . However , economic growth began to falter during the early to mid-1970s , beginning the Era of Stagnation . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Record years Sweden emerged almost unharmed from World War II , and experienced tremendous economic growth until the early 1970s , as Social Democratic Prime Minister Tage Erlander held his office from 1946 to 1969 . Sweden used to be a country of emigrants until the 1930s , but the demand for labor spurred immigration to Sweden , especially from Finland and countries like Greece , Italy and Yugoslavia . Urbanization was fast , and housing shortage in urban areas was imminent until the Million Programme was launched in the 1960s . United Kingdom ( edit ) The national debt of the United Kingdom was at a record high percentage of the GDP as the war ended , but was largely repaid by 1975 . A 1957 speech by UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan captures what the golden age felt like , even before the brightest years which were to come in the 1960s . `` Let us be frank about it : most of our people have never had it so good . Go round the country , go to the industrial towns , go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime -- nor indeed in the history of this country . '' Unemployment figures show that unemployment was significantly lower during the Golden Age than before or after : Epoch Date range Percentage of British labour force unemployed . Pre-Golden Age 1921 -- 1938 13.4 Golden Age 1950 -- 1969 1.6 Post-Golden Age 1970 -- 1993 6.7 In addition to superior economic performance , other social indexes were higher in the golden age ; for example the proportion of Britain 's population saying they are `` very happy '' has fallen from 52 % in 1957 to just 36 % in 2005 . United States ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the United States § Postwar prosperity : 1945 -- 1973 See also : Economic stagnation § End of stagnation in the U.S. after the Great Depression The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was one of the greatest eras of economic expansion in world history . In the US , Gross Domestic Product increased from $228 billion in 1945 to just under $1.7 trillion in 1975 . By 1975 , the US economy represented some 35 % of the entire world industrial output , and the US economy was over 3 times larger than that of Japan , the next largest economy . $200 billion in war bonds matured , and the G.I. Bill financed a well - educated work force . The middle class swelled , as did GDP and productivity . The US underwent its own golden age of economic growth . This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes , which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period -- labor union membership peaked during the 1950s . Much of the growth came from the movement of low - income farm workers into better - paying jobs in the towns and cities -- a process largely completed by 1960 . Libertarian historian Burton W. Folsom Jr. argues that under the leadership of Senator Walter George , Congress ended most economic controls , cut taxes , slashed spending , and expected entrepreneurs to create the jobs needed for the returning soldiers . The predicted postwar depression never happened and the economy , grew rapidly as unemployment stabilized at 3.9 percent . West Germany ( edit ) Main article : Wirtschaftswunder Assembly of the Volkswagen Beetle in West Germany West Germany , under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and economic minister Ludwig Ehrhard , saw prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s . Journalists dubbed it the Wirtschaftswunder or `` Economic Miracle '' . Industrial production doubled from 1950 to 1957 , and gross national product grew at a rate of 9 or 10 % per year , providing the engine for economic growth of all of Western Europe . Labor union 's support of the new policies , postponed wage increases , minimized strikes , supported technological modernization , and a policy of co-determination ( Mitbestimmung ) , which involved a satisfactory grievance resolution system and required the representation of workers on the boards of large corporations , all contributed to such a prolonged economic growth . The recovery was accelerated by the currency reform of June 1948 , US gifts of $1.4 billion Marshall Plan aid , the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices , and the opening of the global market . West Germany gained legitimacy and respect , as it shed the horrible reputation Germany had gained under the Nazis . West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation ; it joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1958 . Effects ( edit ) The increased free time of adolescents caused the rise of youth subcultures such as Mods . The post-war economic boom had many social , cultural , and political effects ( not least of which was the demographic bulge termed the baby boom ) . Movements and phenomena associated with this period include the height of the Cold War , postmodernism , decolonisation , a marked increase in consumerism , the welfare state , the space race , the Non-Aligned Movement , import substitution , counterculture of the 1960s , opposition to the Vietnam War , the Civil Rights Movement , the sexual revolution , the beginning of second - wave feminism , and a nuclear arms race . In the United States , the middle - class began a mass migration away from the cities and towards the suburbs . Thus , it can be summed up as a period of prosperity in which most people could enjoy a job for life , a house and a family . In the West , there emerged a near - complete consensus against strong ideology and a belief that technocratic and scientific solutions could be found to most of humanity 's problems , a view advanced by US President John F. Kennedy in 1962 . This optimism was symbolized through such events as the 1964 New York World 's Fair , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society programs , which aimed at eliminating poverty in the United States . Decline ( edit ) The sharp rise in oil prices ( due to the 1973 oil crisis ) hastened the transition to the post-industrial economy , and a multitude of social problems began to emerge . During the 1970s steel crisis , demand for steel declined , and the Western world faced competition from newly industrialized countries . This was especially harsh for mining and steel districts such as the North American Rust Belt and the West German Ruhr area . See also ( edit ) Post-war consensus , in Britain Four Asian Tigers Mexican miracle Spanish miracle Nixon shock Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 Jump up ^ Desai , Meghnad ( 2002 ) . Marx 's Revenge : The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism , . Verso . p. 216 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 429 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ball , Terence ; Bellamy , Richard Paul ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge history of twentieth - century political thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 429 - 4 . Jump up ^ Middleton , Roger ( 2000 ) . The British Economy Since 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 68483 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Skidelsky , Robert ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The Return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 , 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Marglin , Stephen A. ; Schor , Juliet B . The Golden Age of Capitalism . Clarendon Press . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Martin ( 2009 ) . `` 3 '' . Fixing Global Finance . Yale University Press . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Field , Alexander J. ( 2011 ) . A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bjork , Gordon J. ( 1999 ) . The Way It Worked and Why It Wo n't : Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth . Westport , CT ; London : Praeger . pp. 2 , 67 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96532 - 5 . Jump up ^ Grübler , Arnulf ( 1990 ) . The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures : Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport ( PDF ) . Heidelberg and New York : Physica - Verlag . p. 87 < Fig. 3.1. 5 > Jump up ^ Yaffe , David ; Bullock , Paul ( 1979 ) . `` Inflation , the Crisis and the Post-War Boom '' . Revolutionary Communist No. 3 / 4 ( Second Edition ) , November 1979 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Panitch , Leo ; Miliband , Ralph ( 1992 ) . `` The New World Order and the Socialist Agenda '' . The Socialist Register . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Naomi ( 2008 ) . The Shock Doctrine . Penguin . p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` The cracks are showing '' . The Economist . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Liquidation of Government Debt , Reinhart , Carmen M. & Sbrancia , M. Belen Jump up ^ `` U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History , 1913 -- 2011 '' . Tax Foundation . 9 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.stanford.edu/group/scheve-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ScheveStasavage_IO_2010.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/War/londonRation.html Jump up ^ https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/8-facts-about-clothes-rationing-in-britain-during-the-second-world-war Jump up ^ Salant , Walter S. `` Some Intellectual Contributions of the Truman Council of Economic Advisers to Policy - Making , '' History of Political Economy , 1973 , Vol. 5 Issue 1 , pp 36 -- 49 Jump up ^ P. Sicsic , and C. Wyplosz . `` France : 1945 - 92 . '' in Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 , edited by N. Crafts and G. Toniolo . ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Andrea Boltho , `` Economic Policy in France and Italy since the War : Different Stances , Different Outcomes ? , '' Journal of Economic Issues 35 # 3 ( 2001 ) pp 713 + online Jump up ^ Vera Zamagni , Vera , The economic history of Italy 1860 - 1990 ( Oxford University Press , 1993 ) Jump up ^ Giangiacomo Nardozzi , `` The Italian '' Economic Miracle `` . Rivista di storia economica ( 2003 ) 19 $2 pp : 139 - 180 , in English . Jump up ^ James L. McClain , Japan : A Modern History ( 2002 ) pp 562 - 98 Jump up ^ Hans Brinckmann , and Ysbrand Rogge . Showa Japan : The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Gur Ofer , The service sector in Soviet economic growth ( 1973 ) p. 21 online ^ Jump up to : Sandle , Mark ; Bacon , Edwin ( 2002 ) . Brezhnev Reconsidered . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 79463 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brown , Archie ( 2009 ) . The Rise & Fall of Communism . Bodley Head . p. 403 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84595 - 067 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 : Britons ' have never had it so good ' '' . BBC . 1957 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sloman , John ( 2004 ) . Economics . Penguin . p. 811 . Jump up ^ Mark Easton ( 2006 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Britain 's happiness in decline '' . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nigel Healey , ed. , Britain 's Economic Miracle : Myth or Reality ? ( 1992 ) excerpt Jump up ^ Countries GDP 1975 : GDP annual comparison , CountryEconomy.com Jump up ^ French , Michael . US Economic History Since 1945 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Burton W. Folsom ; Anita Folsom ( 2011 ) . FDR Goes to War : How Expanded Executive Power , Spiraling National Debt , and Restricted Civil Liberties Shaped Wartime America . Simon and Schuster . p. 311 . Jump up ^ James Ciment ( 2015 ) . Postwar America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History . Routledge . p. 419 . Jump up ^ Jurgen Weber , Germany , 1945 - 1990 ( Central European University Press , 2004 ) pp. 37 - 60 Jump up ^ Friedrich Fürstenberg , `` West German Experience with Industrial Democracy , '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 431 , ( May , 1977 ) , pp. 44 -- 53 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Detlef Junker , ed. , The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War , 1945 - 1968 ( Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) vol 1 : 291 - 309 Further reading ( edit ) Brinckmann , Hans , and Ysbrand Rogge . Showa Japan : The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2008 ) Bullock , Paul and Yaffe , David ( 1975 ) Inflation , the Crisis and the Post-War Boom RC 3 / 4 November 1975 , RCG Crafts , N. and G. Toniolo , eds . Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) Cairncross , Frances ; Cairncross , Alec ( 1994 ) , The Legacy of the Golden Age : 1960s and Their Economic Consequences , Routledge Marglin , Stephen A. ; Schor , Juliet B. ( 1992 ) , The Golden Age of Capitalism : Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 828741 - 4 Webber , Michael John ; Rigby , David L. ( 1996 ) , The golden age illusion : rethinking postwar capitalism Yarrow , Andrew L. `` The big postwar story : Abundance and the rise of economic journalism . 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-7988713833528865178 | Three 6 Mafia | Three 6 Mafia - wikipedia Three 6 Mafia Jump to : navigation , search Three 6 Mafia Background information Also known as Triple 6 Mafia Backyard Posse Tear Da Club Up Thugs 666 Mafia Da Mafia 6ix Origin Memphis , Tennessee , U.S. Genres Hip hop crunk gangsta rap horrorcore memphis rap Years active 1991 -- present Labels Hypnotize Minds Columbia Members DJ Paul Crunchy Black Past members Gangsta Boo Lord Infamous ( deceased ) Koopsta Knicca ( deceased ) Juicy J Three 6 Mafia ( also rendered as Da Mafia 6ix ) is a hip - hop group formed in 1991 in Memphis , Tennessee . Their style has been variously described as horrorcore , crunk and gangsta rap . In 2006 the group won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 78th Academy Awards for their song `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' from the movie Hustle & Flow . The group released their debut album Mystic Stylez in 1995 through Prophet Entertainment , a record label they created but have since relinquished control of . Their musical style -- which initially featured dark , menacing beats with equally gritty lyrics -- has since moved to a less dark style . The group has also had numerous lineup changes , and now ( due to contract disputes ) performs under the group name of Da Mafia 6ix . Two of their albums are RIAA - rated platinum : When the Smoke Clears : Sixty 6 , Sixty 1 ( 2000 ) and Most Known Unknown ( 2005 ) , the latter featured their well - known single `` Stay Fly '' , which is said to have kick - started their rise to fame and the mainstream . The group 's worldwide album sales stand at 5.5 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Beginning ( 1991 - 2005 ) 1.2 Academy Award ( 2006 ) 1.3 Events after Academy Award win ( 2006 - 2012 ) 1.4 Da Mafia 6ix ( 2013 - present ) 2 Members 2.1 Current members 2.2 Former members 2.3 Timeline 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Collaborative albums 3.3 Soundtrack albums 4 Filmography 4.1 Feature films 4.2 Television series 4.3 DVDs 4.4 Original television series 5 Video games 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The beginning ( 1991 - 2005 ) ( edit ) The group started in 1991 in Memphis with DJ Paul ( Paul Beauregard ) , Juicy J ( Jordan Houston ) , and Lord Infamous ( Ricky Dunigan . ) The original name for the dark hip hop group was `` Backyard Posse '' . The group formed through the release of numerous EPs from their own record company with Nick Scarfo , Prophet Entertainment , which were sold around Memphis and the Mid-South . Later DJ Paul and Juicy J formed their own label , Hypnotize Minds Records . During their early career , they also propelled the careers of several other rappers . Eventually added before the release of Mystic Stylez , rappers Koopsta Knicca ( Robert Cooper ) , Gangsta Boo ( Lola Mitchell ) , and Crunchy Black ( Darnell Carlton ) joined the group . Many artists over the years ended up leaving the label over money disputes . The group expanded and helped start the careers of notable Mafia affiliates , including Project Pat , Frayser Boy , La Chat , Lil Wyte , T - Rock , Gangsta Blac , Kingpin Skinny Pimp , M.C. Mack , Scan Man , Chrome Korleone , BoogieMane & Al Kapone among others . The production acumen of Juicy and Paul also brought about a number of side projects such as Tear da Club Up Thugs , which released one album , CrazyNDaLazDayz , Hypnotize Camp Posse and Da Headbussaz as well as independent label ventures . At this point in the group 's evolution , having signed to a major label ( SONY ) , group leaders DJ Paul and Juicy J began extending their brand . They started by releasing solo albums by their label affiliates such as , Can It Be ? by Gangsta Blac , Ghetty Green , Murderers & Robbers , Mista Do n't Play : Everythangs Workin ' and Layin ' da Smack Down by Project Pat , Doubt Me Now , Phinally Phamous , The One and Only and The Bad Influence by Lil Wyte , Angel Dust by Indo G , Gone On That Bay & Me Being Me by Frayser Boy , and compilation - styled albums such as collections of tracks from earlier years ( Underground Vol. 1 : ( 1991 - 1994 ) , Underground Vol. 2 : Club Memphis & Underground Vol. 3 : Kings of Memphis among other projects ) . Three Six Mafia also originally coined the term `` Crunk '' as a description of their sound . Academy Award ( 2006 ) ( edit ) In 2006 , Three 6 Mafia became the first hip - hop group to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song with `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' ( which they co-wrote with Frayser Boy ) as one of the theme songs for Hustle & Flow . They were also the first hip - hop artists to ever perform at the ceremony , which they did with Hustle & Flow actress Taraji P. Henson reprising her chorus . It was the second hip - hop song ( and the first crunk / Dirty South song ) to win an Oscar , after Eminem 's `` Lose Yourself '' in 2002 from his film 8 Mile , and only one other hip - hop song since then has won an Oscar -- Common and John Legend 's `` Glory '' ( from Selma ) in 2015 . Right before presenter Queen Latifah announced that they had won , she chuckled and sang the refrain from the song . The energy from Houston , Carlton , Coleman , and Beauregard 's presence and acceptance speech was infectious , causing that year 's Oscar host Jon Stewart to quip `` How come they 're the most excited people here tonight ? Why is that ? They 're thrilled ! They 're thrilled ! ... That 's how you accept an Oscar ! '' Events after Academy Award win ( 2006 - 2012 ) ( edit ) On June 7 , 2006 , Sony announced the departure of original Triple 6 Mafia member Crunchy Black . He stated his reason for departing was to make a solo album that DJ Paul and Juicy J had allegedly put off for years , with most of the material being used for `` Most Known Unknown '' . Crunchy also complained he was being financially cheated by Paul and Juicy . Thereafter Three 6 Mafia consisted just of remaining members DJ Paul and Juicy J . The two producers of the group had their own reality show , Adventures in Hollyhood , on MTV . The show focused on the pair balancing fun and studio work after their Oscar win . Associate rappers Project Pat & Lil Wyte along with hometown friends Big Triece & Computer co-starred . The show premiered on April 5 , 2007 on MTV & was not renewed for a second season . Three 6 Mafia was also featured on Justin Timberlake 's `` Chop Me Up '' from his 2006 album FutureSex / LoveSounds . After leaving Three 6 Mafia a number of years prior , Lord Infamous was featured on DJ Paul 's second solo album Scale - A-Ton , which was released on May 5 , 2009 . Lord Infamous was featured on 8 tracks . Juicy J 's second solo album Hustle Till I Die was released on June 16 , 2009 . The album featured his brother and frequent collaborator Project Pat and other rappers such as V - Slash , Gucci Mane , Webbie and Gorilla Zoe . Three 6 Mafia released their ninth studio album Last 2 Walk on June 24 , 2008 , after multiple delays . The album featured collaborations with Project Pat , Lil Wyte , Akon , Good Charlotte , Lyfe Jennings and UGK . After a number of mixtapes , DJ Paul released his third solo studio album A Person of Interest on October 22 , 2012 . He announced that the album is a mix of gangsta rap and crunk music , with it also incorporating influences from dubstep and electronic dance music . The album featured past collaborators Lil Wyte and Gucci Mane , and also came with a bonus DVD including a self - titled short movie , music videos and behind the scenes footage . On November 26 , 2013 , DJ Paul released Volume 16 : The Original Masters , a remaster of his 1994 mixtape 4 Da Summer of ' 94 , on iTunes . From 2009 through 2012 , Juicy J moved completely away from Three 6 Mafia to focus on his solo career . During this time he released a number of solo mixtapes such as Rubba Band Business and Blue Dream & Lean . He also frequently collaborated with rapper Wiz Khalifa , appearing on a number of his mixtapes . In December 2011 , Juicy J confirmed that he was the newest member of Wiz Khalifa 's Taylor Gang imprint -- as an A&R and one - third owner of the imprint . After releasing a series of singles , including the chart topping `` Bandz a Make Her Dance '' which features 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne , Juicy J released his third solo studio album Stay Trippy under Taylor Gang Records , Kemosabe Records and Columbia Records on August 27 , 2013 . Juicy J has since stated that he would still `` love to '' participate in a Three 6 Mafia album in the future . In 2011 , DJ Paul and Juicy J starred in VH1 's cooking show Famous Food together with seven other celebrities and eventually won first place . In an interview , published in July 2011 DJ Paul cleared up some controversy from the show , involving Ashley Dupre best known from the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal . Da Mafia 6ix ( 2013 - present ) ( edit ) In 2013 , it was announced that five of the six original members of Three 6 Mafia -- DJ Paul , Crunchy Black , Koopsta Knicca , Lord Infamous and Gangsta Boo -- were reuniting as Da Mafia 6ix , with plans to release an album which was scheduled for a March 2014 release . Recording began in Las Vegas in late 2013 . On November 12 , 2013 , Da Mafia 6ix released their first mixtape 6iX Commandments . The tape was almost entirely produced by DJ Paul and featured Yelawolf , 8Ball & MJG , Krayzie Bone , Bizzy Bone , SpaceGhostPurrp and HCP affiliates Lil Wyte , Skinny Pimp and La Chat , among others . Juicy J and Project Pat also appeared as surprise guests on the posse song `` Body Parts '' , being credited just as `` & more '' in the track listing . The mixtape was supported by the lead single `` Go Hard '' featuring Yelawolf . The mixtape also received a retail release and debuted at number 34 on the US Billboard Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart . The group is managed by DJ Paul 's management team , TBA Worldwide . On December 21 , 2013 , founding group member Lord Infamous died of a heart attack in his sleep at his mother 's home in Memphis , Tennessee . Gangsta Boo would also leave the group in May 2014 . DJ Paul explained it saying , `` It was what we thought was going to be best for everybody . It just happened . Nobody forced nobody . It was a gut feeling . '' The reunited group 's album , Watch What U Wish ... , was released on March 17 , 2015 . On October 9 , 2015 , group member Koopsta Knicca died of a brain aneurysm . On June 26 , 2016 it was announced that Juicy J would be rejoining Three 6 Mafia at the 2016 Gathering Of The Juggalos . Members ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) DJ Paul ( 1991 - current ) Juicy J ( 1991 - 2011 , 2013 - 2014 ) Crunchy Black ( 1995 - 2006 , 2013 - current ) Former members ( edit ) Lord Infamous ( 1991 -- 2005 , 2013 ; died 2013 ) Koopsta Knicca ( 1994 -- 2000 , 2013 -- 2015 ; died 2015 ) Gangsta Boo ( 1995 -- 2006 , 2013 -- 2014 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Three 6 Mafia discography Studio albums ( edit ) Mystic Stylez ( 1995 ) Chapter 1 : The End ( 1996 ) Chapter 2 : World Domination ( 1997 ) CrazyNDaLazDayz ( 1999 ) When the Smoke Clears : Sixty 6 , Sixty 1 ( 2000 ) Da Unbreakables ( 2003 ) Most Known Unknown ( 2005 ) Last 2 Walk ( 2008 ) Watch What U Wish ... ( 2015 ) Collaborative albums ( edit ) Dat 's How It Happen to 'M ( with Da Headbussaz ) ( 2002 ) Reindeer Games ( with The Killjoy Club ) ( 2002 ) Soundtrack albums ( edit ) Choices : The Album ( 2001 ) Choices II : The Setup ( 2005 ) Filmography ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Choices : The Movie ( 2001 ) Choices II : The Setup ( 2005 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) `` It 's Hard Out Here For a Pimp '' is the official song to the movie . Jackass 2 ( 2006 ) They made an appearance within the movie , where they paid Dave England $200 to eat horse dung . Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) -- `` It 's a Fight '' is on the official soundtrack to the movie . Jackass 2.5 ( 2007 ) The Campaign ( 2012 ) `` Azz and Tittiez '' Clean Up Men ( 2005 ) Television series ( edit ) Jackass ( 2002 ) Wildboyz Deep South ( Ep. 307 ) ( 2005 ) Flavor of Love ( 2006 ) MTV 's Jamie Kennedy 's Blowin ' Up ( 2006 ) -- episode was banned due to controversy after the first time it aired The Simple Life ( 2006 ) Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip ( 2006 ) -- episode : `` Pilot '' -- musical guest on the fictional sketch comedy show within Studio 60 WWE Friday Night SmackDown ( 2006 ) -- performed Some Bodies Gonna Get It ( a song they made for WWE Wrestler Mark Henry from the album WWE Wreckless Intent ) live when Mark Henry wrestled Chris Benoit in May 2006 , Henry continues to use the song as his entrance music Entourage ( 2006 ) -- in the episode entitled `` What about Bob ? '' My Super Sweet 16 ( 2006 ) Three 6 Mafia was the musical performance at the party 1 vs. 100 ( 2006 ) Criss Angel Mindfreak ( 2006 ) -- episode : `` Celebrity Séance '' Wrestling Society X ( 2007 ) -- episode # 2 Rob & Big ( 2006 ) -- Three 6 Mafia rapped at a party on episode 1 of season 1 Wild ' n Out ( 2007 ) -- Spring Break edition Mind of Mencia ( 2007 ) -- Season 3 , Episode 2 Adventures in Hollyhood ( 2007 ) Beauty and the east side west ( 2007 ) episode 2 DJ Paul and Juicy J are judges in a rapping contest between the geeks Numb3rs ( 2008 ) Juicy J and DJ Paul perform `` Lolli Lolli ( Pop That Body ) '' on the CBS drama Punk 'd ( 2006 ) Juicy J sets up DJ Paul The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson ( 2008 ) Juicy J and DJ Paul perform `` Lolli Lolli ( Pop That Body ) '' The Andy Milonakis Show ( 2007 ) Paris Hilton 's My New BFF ( season 2 ) ( 2009 ) episode : `` Learn From Your Mistakes '' Three 6 Mafia interviewed Paris Hilton 's Potential BFF 's The Mo'Nique Show ( 2010 ) Three 6 Mafia performs `` It 's Hard Out Here For A Pimp '' Los Twiins ( 2010 ) Episode 04 DVDs ( edit ) Choices : The Movie ( 2001 ) Choices II : The Setup ( 2005 ) Clean Up Men ( 2005 ) Ultimate Video Collection ( 2006 ) Original television series ( edit ) Adventures in Hollyhood ( 2007 ) Three 6 Mafia 's Adventures in Spring Break ( 2007 ) Famous Food ( 2011 ) Video games ( edit ) Saint 's Row -- `` Who I Iz '' NFL Street -- `` Who Gives a Fuck Where You From ( Radio Edit ) '' Fight Night Round 4 -- `` Shove It ( Three 6 Mafia Remix ) '' ( Santogold featuring Project Pat ) WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 , WWE ' 12 , WWE ' 13 , WWE 2K14 , WWE 2K15 , WWE 2K16 , WWE 2K17 and WWE 2K18 for Mark Henry 's theme music -- `` Some Bodies Gonna Get It '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Awards Work Result 2006 Academy Awards Best Original Song `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Won BET Awards Best Group Three 6 Mafia Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Hip - Hop Video `` Stay Fly '' Nominated MTV2 Award Nominated 2007 BET Awards Best Group Three 6 Mafia Nominated 2008 American Music Awards Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop Band , Duo or Group Three 6 Mafia Won 2009 BET Awards Best Group Three 6 Mafia Nominated International Dance Music Awards Best Hip Hop Dance Track `` Feel It '' Nominated 2012 Memphis Music Hall of Fame Inductee Three 6 Mafia Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Reunion Of Three 6 Mafia Members Juicy J , DJ Paul & Crunchy Black Only A Possibility '' . Hipopdx.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three 6 Mafia Wins Oscar '' . xxxlmag.com . Jump up ^ Oscar telecast , Jan. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` why crunchy black left 3 6 mafia million dollar question finaly ( sic ) answered for fans '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Adventures in Hollyhood ( TV Series ) '' . MTV . 2007 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` FutureSex / LoveSounds : Justin Timberlake : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hustle Till I Die : Juicy J : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` 30 Inches ( Feat . Gucci Mane & Project Pat ) ( Explicit ) : Juicy J : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hustle Till I Die ( Feat . V Slash ) ( Explicit ) : Juicy J : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ugh Ugh Ugh ( Feat . Weebie & Project Pat ) ( Explicit ) : Juicy J : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Juicy J : Trippy Nonstop '' . SPIN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Juicy J Says He Would `` Love To '' Participate In A Three 6 Mafia Album In The Future `` . HipHopDX. 31 August 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Staub and DJ Paul Named Winners of VH1 ′ s Famous Food ! '' . Reality Tea . September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three 6 Mafia VH1 Famous Foods Juicy J '' . TalkoftheTown411.com . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Paul Announces Da Mafia 6ix Album Info '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Three 6 Mafia ! Da Mafia 6ix ! New Mixtape ' 6ix Commandments ' '' . LiveMixtapes . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Da Mafia 6ix ' Go Hard ' With Yelawolf ( and Not Juicy J ) '' . Spin . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Diep , Eric . `` DJ Paul Confirms Lord Infamous Died At His Mother 's House '' . XXL Magazine . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Paul Reveals Gangsta Boo 's Departure From Da Mafia 6ix '' . HipHopDX. 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Arena Music '' . Arena.com . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Three 6 Mafia 's Koopsta Knicca Has Died News '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website Three 6 Mafia on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three 6 Mafia . 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3684007182420387163 | One Hundred and One Dalmatians | One Hundred and One Dalmatians - wikipedia One Hundred and One Dalmatians Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1961 animated film . For other uses , see 101 Dalmatians . One Hundred and One Dalmatians Original theatrical release poster Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Hamilton Luske Clyde Geronimi Produced by Walt Disney Story by Bill Peet Based on The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith Starring Rod Taylor Cate Bauer Betty Lou Gerson Ben Wright Lisa Davis Martha Wentworth Music by George Bruns Edited by Roy M. Brewer , Jr . Donald Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date January 25 , 1961 ( 1961 - 01 - 25 ) Running time 79 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.6 million Box office $215.8 million One Hundred and One Dalmatians , often abbreviated as 101 Dalmatians , is a 1961 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney and based on the 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith . The 17th Disney animated feature film , the film tells the story of a litter of dalmatian puppies who are kidnapped by the villainous Cruella de Vil ( Betty Lou Gerson ) , who wants to use their fur to make into coats . Their parents , Pongo and Perdita , ( Rod Taylor and Cate Bauer respectively ) set out to save their children from Cruella , all the while rescuing 84 additional puppies that were bought in pet shops , bringing the total of dalmatians to 101 . Originally released to theaters on January 25 , 1961 , by Buena Vista Distribution , One Hundred and One Dalmatians was a box office success , pulling the studio out of the financial slump caused by Sleeping Beauty , a costlier production released two years prior . Aside from its box office revenue , its commercial success was due to the employment of inexpensive animation techniques -- such as using xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels -- that kept production costs down . It was reissued to cinemas four times in 1969 , 1979 , 1985 and 1991 . The 1991 reissue was the twentieth highest earning film of the year for domestic earnings . It was remade into a live action film in 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 Art direction 3.2. 2 Live - action reference 3.2. 3 Character animation 3.3 Casting 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home video 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Legacy 5.3. 1 Remake 5.3. 2 TV series 5.3. 3 Sequel 5.3. 4 Live - action spin - off 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Songwriter Roger Radcliffe lives in a bachelor flat in London , along with his dalmatian , Pongo . Bored with bachelor life , Pongo decides to find a wife for Roger and a mate for himself . While watching various female dog - human pairs out the window , he spots the perfect one , a woman named Anita and her female dalmatian , Perdita . He quickly gets Roger out of the house and drags him through the park to arrange a meeting . He and Anita fall in love and get married . Later , Perdita gives birth to a litter of fifteen puppies . That same night , they are visited by Cruella De Vil , a wealthy former schoolmate of Anita 's . She offers to buy the entire litter , but Roger says they are not for sale . A few weeks later , she hires her henchmen , Jasper and Horace , to steal them . When Scotland Yard is unable to find them , Pongo and Perdita use the `` Twilight bark '' , a canine gossip line , to ask for help from the other dogs in London . Colonel , an old sheepdog , along with his compatriots Captain , a gray horse , and Sergeant Tibbs , a tabby cat , find the puppies in a place called Hell Hall ( Cruella 's abandoned and dilapidated family estate , also known as The De Vil Place ) , along with many other dalmatian puppies that she had bought from various dog stores . When Tibbs learns they are going to be made into dog - skin fur coats , Colonel quickly sends word back to London . Upon receiving the message , Pongo and Perdita leave town to retrieve their puppies . Winter has come , and they have to cross the Stour River which is running fast and laden with slabs of broken ice . Meanwhile , Tibbs overhears Cruella ordering Jasper and Horace to kill the puppies that night out of fear the police will soon find them . In response , Tibbs attempts to rescue them while Jasper and Horace are preoccupied watching television , but they finish their show and come for them before he can get them out of the house . Pongo and Perdita break in and confront Jasper and Horace just as they are about to kill the puppies . While the adult dogs attack them , Colonel and Tibbs guide the puppies from the house . After a happy reunion with their own puppies , Pongo and Perdita realize there are dozens of others with them , 99 altogether including their own . Shocked at Cruella 's plans , they decide to adopt all of them , certain that Roger and Anita would never reject them . They begin making their way back to London through deep snow ; all open water is frozen solid . Other animals help them along the way . Cruella , Jasper , and Horace chase them . In one town , they cover themselves with soot so they appear to be labrador retrievers , then pile inside a moving van bound for London . As it is leaving , melting snow clears off the soot and Cruella sees them . In a rage , she follows the van in her car and rams it , but Jasper and Horace , who try to cut it off from above , end up crashing into her . Both vehicles are smashed to smithereens and fall into a deep ravine ; and battered , bruised and stranded , Cruella and her henchmen are defeated at last . Cruella yells in frustration as the van drives away but Jasper finally gets the courage to tell her to shut up . Back in London , Roger and Anita are attempting to celebrate Christmas and his first big hit , a song about Cruella , but they miss their canine friends . Suddenly , barking is heard outside and , after their nanny opens the door , the house is filled with dogs . After wiping away the rest of the soot , they are delighted to realize their companions have returned home . After counting 84 extra puppies , they decide to use the money from the song to buy a large house in the country so they can keep all 101 dalmatians . Voice cast Role Actor Voice Singer Pongo Rod Taylor Perdita Cate Bauer Cruella De Vil Mary Wickes Betty Lou Gerson Roger Radcliffe Ben Wright Bill Lee Anita Radcliffe Helene Stanley Lisa Davis Nanny / Queenie / Lucy Martha Wentworth Horace / Inspector Craven Frederick Worlock Jasper / Colonel J. Pat O'Malley Captain Thurl Ravenscroft Sergeant Tibbs the Cat David Frankham Rolly Barbara Baird Patch Mickey Maga Penny Sandra Abbott Lucky Mimi Gibson Towser Tudor Owen Danny George Pelling Princess Queenie Leonard Rover Barbara Luddy Duchess Marjorie Bennett Spotty Rickie Sorenson Collie / Quizmaster Tom Conway Mrs. Birdwell Betty Lou Gerson Car Mechanic Paul Wexler Truck Driver Basil Ruysdael Dirty Dawson Paul Frees TV Commercial Singer Lucille Bliss Production Story development Dodie Smith wrote the book The Hundred and One Dalmatians in 1956 . When Walt Disney read it in 1957 , it immediately grabbed his attention , and he promptly acquired the rights . Smith had always secretly hoped that Disney would make it into a film . Disney assigned Bill Peet to write the story , which he did , marking the first time that the story for a Disney animated film was written by a single person . Writing in his autobiography , Peet was tasked by Disney to write a detailed screenplay first before storyboarding . Because Peet never learned to use a typewriter , he wrote the initial draft by hand on large yellow tablets . He condensed elements of the original book while enlarging others , some of which included eliminating Cruella 's husband and cat , as well compressing the two surrogate mother dogs into one character , Perdita . He also retained a scene in which Pongo and Perdita exchange wedding vows in unison with their owners , by which the censor board warned that it might offend certain religious audiences if the animals repeated the exact words of a solemn religious ceremony . The scene was reworked to be less religious with Roger and Anita dressed in formal clothes . Two months later , Peet completed the manuscript and had it typed it , in which Walt said the script was `` great stuff '' and commissioned him to begin storyboarding . Additionally , Peet was charged with the recording of the voice - over process . Although Disney had not been as involved in the production of the animated films as frequently as in previous years , nevertheless he was always present at story meetings . When Peet sent Dodie Smith some drawings of the characters , she wrote back saying that he had actually improved her story and that the designs looked better than the illustrations in the book . Animation Art direction After Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) disappointed at the box - office , there was some talk of closing down the animation department at the Disney studio . During the production of it , Disney told animator Eric Larson : `` I do n't think we can continue , it 's too expensive '' . Despite this , he still had deep feelings towards animation because he had built the company upon it . Ub Iwerks , in charge of special processes at the studio , had been experimenting with Xerox photography to aid in animation . By 1959 , he had modified a Xerox camera to transfer drawings by animators directly to animation cels , eliminating the inking process , thus saving time and money while preserving the spontaneity of the penciled elements . However , because of its limitations , the camera was unable to deviate from a black scratchy outline and lacked the fine lavish quality of hand inking . Disney would first use the Xerox process for a thorn forest in Sleeping Beauty , and the first production to make full use of the process was Goliath II . For One Hundred and One Dalmatians , one of the benefits of the process was that it was a great help towards animating the spotted dogs . According to Chuck Jones , Disney was able to complete the film for about half of what it would have cost if they had had to animate all the dogs and spots . Ken Anderson proposed the use of the Xerox on Dalmatians to Walt , whom by then disenchanted with animation , replied `` Ah , yeah , yeah , you can fool around all you want to . '' For the stylized art direction , Anderson took inspiration from British cartoonist Ronald Searle , whom once advised him to use a Mont Blanc pen and Indian ink for his artwork . In addition to the character animation , Anderson also sought to use Xerography on `` the background painting because I was going to apply the same technique to the whole picture . '' Along with color stylist Walt Peregoy , the two had the line drawings be printed on a separate animation cel before being laid over the background , which gave the appearance similar to the Xeroxed animation . Disney disliked the artistic look of the film and felt he was losing the `` fantasy '' element of his animated films . In a meeting with Anderson and the animation staff concerning future films , Walt said , `` We 're never gon na have one of those goddamned things '' referring to Dalmatians and its technique , and stated , `` Ken 's never going to be an art director again . '' Ken Anderson took this to heart , but Walt eventually forgave him on his final trip to the studio in late 1966 . As Anderson recalled in an interview : He looked very sick , I said `` Gee it 's great to see you Walt '' , and he said `` You know that thing you did on Dalmatians '' . He did n't say anything else , but he just gave me this look and I knew that all was forgiven and in his opinion maybe what I did on Dalmatians was n't so bad . That was the last time I ever saw him . Then , a few weeks later , I learned he was gone . Live - action reference As with the previous Disney films , actors provided live - action reference in order to determine what would work before the animation process begun . Actress Helene Stanley performed the live - action reference for the character of Anita . She did the same work for the characters of Cinderella and Princess Aurora in Sleeping Beauty . Meanwhile , Mary Wickes provided the live - action reference for Cruella de Vil . Character animation Marc Davis was the sole animator on Cruella De Vil . During production , Davis claimed her character was partly inspired by Bette Davis ( no relation ) , Rosalind Russell , and Tallulah Bankhead . He took further influence from her voice actress , Betty Lou Gerson , with whom he added her cheekbones to the character . He later complimented `` ( t ) hat ( her ) voice was the greatest thing I 've ever had a chance to work with . A voice like Betty Lou 's gives you something to do . You get a performance going there , and if you do n't take advantage of it , you 're off your rocker . '' While her hair coloring originated from the illustrations in the novel , Davis found its disheveled style by looking `` through old magazines for hairdos from 1940 till now . '' Her coat was exaggerated to match her over-sized personality , and the lining was red because `` there 's a devil image involved . '' Casting Before starring in high - profile roles such as The Birds and The Time Machine , Australian actor Rod Taylor had extensive radio experience , and was cast as Pongo . The filmmakers deliberately cast dogs with deeper voices than their human owners so they had more power . Walt Disney originally had Lisa Davis read for the role of Cruella De Vil , but she did not think that she was right for the part , and wanted to try reading the role of Anita . Disney agreed with her after the two of them read the script for a second time . Betty Lou Gerson , who was previously the narrator for Cinderella , auditioned for the role of Cruella De Vil in front of Marc Davis and sequence director Wolfgang Reitherman , and landed it . While searching for the right accent of the character , Gerson landed on a `` phony theatrical voice , someone who 's set sail from New York but has n't quite reached England . '' During the recording process , she was thought to be imitating Talluhah Bankhead . However , Gerson disputed , `` Well , I did n't intentionally imitate her ... I was raised in Birmingham , Ala. , and Tallulah was from Jasper , Ala . We both had phony English accents on top of our Southern accents and a great deal of flair . So our voices came out that way . '' In addition to voicing Mrs. Birdwell , Gerson finished recording in fourteen days . Music Unlike many Disney animated features , the film features only three songs , with just one , `` Cruella De Vil '' , playing a big part in it . The other two are `` Kanine Krunchies Jingle '' ( sung by Lucille Bliss , who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney 's 1950 film Cinderella ) , and `` Dalmatian Plantation '' in which only two lines are sung by Roger at its closure . Songwriter Mel Leven had , in fact , written several additional songs for it including `` Do n't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor '' , a cockney chant , meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion , and `` March of the One Hundred and One '' , which the dogs were meant to sing after escaping Cruella by van . Different , longer versions of `` Kanine Krunchies Jingle '' and `` Dalmatian Plantation '' appear on the Disneyland Records read - along album based on the film . Release One Hundred and One Dalmatians was first released in theaters on January 25 , 1961 . The film was re-released theatrically in 1969 , 1979 , 1985 , and 1991 . Home video Τhe film was released on VHS on April 10 , 1992 , as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series . By June 1992 , it had sold 11.1 million copies . At the time , it was the sixth best - selling video of all time . It was re-released on March 9 , 1999 , as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . Due to technical issues , it was never released on Laserdisc and was delayed numerous times before its release on DVD . The film was re-released on VHS , and for the first time on DVD , on December 1999 , as a Walt Disney Limited Issue for a limited sixty - day time period before going into moratorium . A two - disc Platinum Edition DVD was released on March 4 , 2008 . It was released on Blu - ray Disc in the United Kingdom on September 3 , 2012 . A Blu - ray Diamond Edition of it was released in North America on February 10 , 2015 . Reception Box Office On its initial release , the film grossed $6.2 million in domestic rentals . It was also the most popular film of the year in France , with admissions of 14,705,526 . The film grossed $14 million during its initial run . The film was re-released in 1969 , where it earned $15 million . In its 1979 theatrical re-release , it grossed $19 million , and in 1985 , the film grossed $32 million . During its fourth re-release in 1991 , it grossed $60.8 million . The film 's total domestic lifetime gross is $145 million , and its total worldwide gross is $215 million . Adjusted for inflation , and incorporating subsequent releases , the film has a lifetime gross of $888,264,400 . Critical reaction In its initial release , the film received critical acclaim from critics , many of whom hailed it as the studio 's best release since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and the closest to a real `` Disney '' film in many years . Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote , `` While the story moves steadily toward a stark , melodramatic `` chase '' climax , it remains enclosed in a typical Disney frame of warm family love , human and canine . '' However , he later opined that the `` ( s ) ongs are scarce , too . A few more would have braced the final starkness . '' Variety claimed that `` While not as indelibly enchanting or inspired as some of the studio 's most unforgettable animated endeavors , this is nonetheless a painstaking creative effort . '' Time praised the film as `` the wittiest , most charming , least pretentious cartoon feature Walt Disney has ever made . '' Contemporary reviews have remained positive . Reviewing the film during its 1991 re-release , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , while giving the film three stars out of four , asserted that `` it 's an uneven film , with moments of inspiration in a fairly conventional tale of kidnapping and rescue . This is not one of the great Disney classics - it 's not in the same league with Snow White or Pinocchio - but it 's passable fun , and will entertain its target family audiences . '' Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel , in his 1991 review , also gave the film three stars out of four . Ralph Novak of People wrote `` What it lacks in romantic extravagance and plush spectacle , this 1961 Disney film makes up for in quiet charm and subtlety . In fact , if any movie with dogs , cats and horses who talk can be said to belong in the realm of realistic drama , this is it . '' In 2011 , Craig Berman of MSNBC ranked it and its 1996 remake as two of the worst children 's films of all time saying , `` The plot itself is a bit nutty . Making a coat out of dogs ? Who does that ? But worse than Cruella de Vil 's fashion sense is the fact that your children will definitely start asking for a dalmatian of their own for their next birthday '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported the film received an approval rating of 98 % based on 30 reviews with an average score of 7.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With plenty of pooches and a memorable villain ( Cruella De Vil ) , this is one of Disney 's most enduring , entertaining animated films . '' American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Cruella De Vil -- No. 39 Villain AFI 's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Animated Film Legacy Remake In the years since the original release of the film , Disney has taken the property in various directions . The earliest of these endeavors was the live - action remake , 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) . Starring Glenn Close as Cruella De Vil , none of the animals talked in this version . Its success in theaters led to 102 Dalmatians , released on November 22 , 2000 . Tv series After the first live - action version of the film , a cartoon called 101 Dalmatians : The Series was launched . The designs of the characters were stylized further to allow for economic animation and to appeal to contemporary trends . Sequel 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure , the official sequel to the original animated film , was released direct - to - video on January 21 , 2003 . Live - action spin - off Disney has announced that another live - action film is in development , but it will focus on the origin of Cruella de Vil . Emma Stone is set to play Cruella and Alex Timbers is in negotiations to direct the film . See also Disney portal Cartoon portal Film in the United States portal 1960s portal List of American films of 1961 Second weekend in box office performance § Second - weekend increase References Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( April 22 , 1994 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original ( 2nd ed . ) . Disney Editions . p. 295 . ISBN 978 - 0786860272 . ^ Jump up to : `` 101 Dalmatians '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gebert , , Michael ( 1996 ) . The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 668 - 05308 - 9 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' 101 Dalmatians ' was just the hit a flagging Disney needed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Domestic Grosses # 1 -- 50 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . www.allmovie.com . ^ Jump up to : Sincerely Yours , Walt Disney ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Bonus feature ) . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Peet , Bill ( 1989 ) . Bill Peet : An Autobiography . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 163 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0395689820 . ^ Jump up to : Barrier , Michael ( April 8 , 1999 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 566 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 802079 - 0 . Jump up ^ Koeing , David ( January 28 , 2001 ) . Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks . Bonaventure Press . ISBN 978 - 0964060517 . ^ Jump up to : Redefining the Line : The Making of One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Bonus feature ) . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 1973 ) . `` Chapter 10 : Limited Animation '' . The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom ( 1st ed . ) . Harry N. Abrams . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 0810990074 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Chuck Jones '' . Michaelbarrier.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Canemaker , John ( 1996 ) . Before the Animation Begins : The Art and Lives of Disney Inspirational Sketch Artists . Hyperion Books . p. 177 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0786861521 . Jump up ^ Norman , Floyd ( 2013 ) . `` Animated Life : A Lifetime of tips , tricks , techniques and stories from a Disney Legend '' . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0240818054 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Walt Peregoy , ' 101 Dalmatians ' Color Stylist , RIP '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella Character History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Frank ; Johnston , Ollie ( 1981 ) . The Illusion of Life : Disney Animation . Abbeville Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0786860708 . Jump up ^ Maupin , Elizabethn ( July 24 , 1991 ) . `` Return Of The Dalmatians '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canemaker , John ( 2001 ) . Walt Disney 's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation . Disney Editions . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0786864966 . Jump up ^ Vagg , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Rod Taylor : An Aussie in Hollywood . Bear Manor Media . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1593935115 . Jump up ^ Braun , Amy ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` UltimateDisney. com 's Interview with Lisa Davis , the voice and model for 101 Dalmatians ' Anita Radcliff '' . DVDizzy . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rhetts , Joanne ( December 26 , 1985 ) . `` ' 101 Dalmatians ' : A Classic On All Counts Evil - hearted Cruella The First Name In Nasty '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnhaum , Jane ( August 23 , 1991 ) . `` Cruella De Vil 's voice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( July 20 , 1991 ) . `` Betty Lou Gerson 's Phony Accent Was a Natural for Cruella De Vil '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrbar , Greg ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) . `` 101 Dalmatians on Records '' . Cartoon Research . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard ( August 5 , 1991 ) . `` 30 - Year - Old Film Is a Surprise Hit In Its 4th Re-Release '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( January 17 , 1992 ) . `` Digital Cassette Becomes the Talk of the Town '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Kathryn ( June 12 , 1992 ) . `` A Nose for Profit : ' Pinocchio ' Release to Test Truth of Video Sales Theory '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Going To The Dogs : ' 101 Dalmatians ' To Tube '' . New York Daily News . March 13 , 1996 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Debut Nine Classic Animated Titles on DVD for a Limited Time to Celebrate the Millennium . '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : TheFreeLibrary . Business Wire . August 17 , 1999 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2006 ) . Walt Disney : The Triumph of the American Imagination . Vintage Books . p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 0679757474 . Jump up ^ `` Box office for 1961 '' . Box Office Story . ^ Jump up to : Darnton , Nina ( January 2 , 1987 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Yearly Box Office for G Rated Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Box Office : Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc . Walt Disney : Hollywood 's Dark Prince . Birch Lane Press . p. 255 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1559721745 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Howard ( February 11 , 1961 ) . `` Disney Film About Dogs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' One Hundred and One Dalmatians ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Pupcorn '' . Time . February 17 , 1961 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` 101 Dalmatians '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` ' Boyz N The Hood ' Visits L.a. 's Mean Streets '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novak , Ralph ( July 29 , 1991 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : 101 Dalmatians '' . People . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Someone save Bambi 's mom ! Worst kid films '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Afi.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure - Special Edition DVD Review Retrieved August 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kit , Boris ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Preps Live - Action Cruella De Vil Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Puts A Slew Of Dates On Hold For ' Jungle Book 2 ' , ' Maleficent 2 ' , ' Dumbo ' , ' Cruella ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Cruella with Emma Stone set for the title role and Kelly Marcel writing Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Cruella ' Finds Director '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : One Hundred and One Dalmatians Official website One Hundred and One Dalmatians at AllMovie One Hundred and One Dalmatians on IMDb One Hundred and One Dalmatians at the TCM Movie Database One Hundred and One Dalmatians at Rotten Tomatoes Links to related articles ( hide ) Dodie Smith 's The Hundred and One Dalmatians Books The Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1956 ) The Starlight Barking ( 1967 ) Animated films One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) Live - action films 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Video games Disney 's Animated Storybook : 101 Dalmatians ( 1997 ) 101 Dalmatians : Escape from DeVil Manor ( 1997 ) 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue ( 2000 ) Miscellaneous One Hundred and One Dalmatians franchise 101 Dalmatians : The Series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Broadway musical Soundtrack Cruella de Vil Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Features One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) Shorts and featurettes The Truth About Mother Goose ( 1957 ) Goliath II ( 1960 ) Aquamania ( 1961 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians&oldid=801839636 '' Categories : 1961 films English - language films 1961 animated films 1960s adventure films 1960s American animated films 1960s comedy - drama films 1960s crime drama films 1960s criminal comedy films 101 Dalmatians films American adventure comedy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated films American comedy - drama films American crime drama films American criminal comedy films Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated films about dogs Animated films based on novels Children 's comedy - drama films Films about families Films based on British novels Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Films produced by Walt Disney Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in London Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 05 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did disney's 101 dalmations come out | [
"Originally released to theaters on January 25, 1961, by Buena Vista Distribution,[3] One Hundred and One Dalmatians was a box office success, pulling the studio out of the financial slump caused by Sleeping Beauty, a costlier production released two years prior.[4] Aside from its box office revenue, its commercial success was due to the employment of inexpensive animation techniques—such as using xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels—that kept production costs down. It was reissued to cinemas four times in 1969, 1979, 1985 and 1991. The 1991 reissue was the twentieth highest earning film of the year for domestic earnings. It was remade into a live action film in 1996.[5]"
] | [
"January 25, 1961"
] |
-5986264329424335308 | Smoking in the United States military | Smoking in the United States military - wikipedia Smoking in the United States military OSS camp , Ceylon , 1945 . Invasion of Normandy on `` D - Day , 6 June 1944 . `` No Smoking '' sign on the ramp . Smoking in the United States military has been observed in previous wars , but smoking 's close association with the United States military started in World War I when tobacco companies began to target military personnel through the distribution of cigarettes to servicemen and the eventual inclusion of cigarettes into rations . Although the military has attempted to implement tobacco control initiatives , the association between smoking and military personnel has persisted to the present day as smoking rates remain high , despite declines in civilian rates . Such high rates have led to questions about the effect of smoking from the apparent health risks to troop readiness and training costs . Contents 1 Smoking in the US military from 1918 to 1975 2 Attempts at tobacco control initiatives 2.1 Tobacco industry 's response 3 Present - day smoking in the US military 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Smoking in the US military from 1918 to 1975 ( edit ) Wounded soldiers at Omaha Beach on D - Day With the entrance of the United States into World War I in 1918 , cigarette use increased dramatically among United States military personnel as they were targeted by tobacco companies which touted cigarettes as a way for soldiers to psychologically escape from their current circumstances , boosting overall troop morale . Cigarettes became so integrated into life on the battlefield that these symbols of pleasure and comfort were also used as a form of currency . Although cigarettes had been regarded as a physical and moral hazard by early anti-tobacco movements around this time , by 1918 , previously anti-cigarette organizations and the military began supporting efforts to distribute cigarettes to troops . The New York Times garnered support for these efforts by stating that cigarettes `` lighten ( ed ) the inevitable hardships of war '' , and another popular periodical described cigarettes as the `` last and only solace of the wounded . '' With the rise of World War II , tobacco companies continued to foster this culture of wartime smoking by sending free cigarettes to troops and supporting the inclusion of cigarettes into the soldiers ' rations . Advertisements also encouraged citizens back home to support the troops by sending cigarettes . In 1965 , first during the U.S. Army 's Basic Training Course & later in Pre-Airborne Infantry Training , while being allowed a break from P.T. , or during a long march , it was commonplace for a Drill Sergeant to say `` smoke ' em if you got ' em , do pushups if you do n't '' . Non-smoking soldiers would quickly `` bum '' a cigarette from a friend & they too would soon be smokers . Despite mounting evidence in the 1950s of the adverse health effects of smoking and tobacco use , the military continued to include cigarettes in rations until 1975 . Attempts at tobacco Control initiatives ( edit ) `` Prevent '' course booklet , participant workbook September 2003 , including tobacco issues . With the scientific data about the health risks of smoking and information about the effect of smoking on troop readiness , in 1975 , the United States Department of Defense discontinued the inclusion of cigarettes in K - rations and C - rations . By 1978 , the Department of Defense had implemented basic smoking regulations , including the designation of smoking and nonsmoking areas . In 1985 , the Department of Defense conducted a study that revealed that smoking rates of military personnel ( 47 % ) were significantly higher than that of US civilians ( 30 % ) and concluded that smoking had a negative effect on troop readiness . The report also cited an estimated tobacco - related healthcare costs as high as $209.9 million , and recommended potential methods to curb smoking in the military , including the elimination of tobacco products from stores , raising tobacco prices to civilian levels , and the implementation of an educational program to discourage smoking . In 1986 , the DoD Directive 1010.10 was issued by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger , who announced , `` an intense anti-smoking campaign ... at all levels of all Services . '' It established a policy on smoking and other health risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption . The policy banned the use of tobacco during basic training , increased the number of designated nonsmoking areas , and prohibited health care providers from smoking on duty . The goal of the policy was to reduce all tobacco use rates to below that of civilians , and to reduce personnel and active duty rates from 52 % to 25 % by 1990 . In 1992 , the DeCA Directive 40 - 13 policy prohibited commissaries and exchanges from participating with promotions by tobacco manufacturers directed specifically at military personnel , and required commissaries to stock cigarettes in the back . In 1993 , the USS Theodore Roosevelt ( CVN - 71 ) became the first smoke - free Navy ship . By 1994 , the Department of Defense had implemented Directive 1010.15 which banned smoking in workplaces , designated outdoor smoking areas , and created the precursor of an education program that sought to distribute information to new personnel on the health effects of smoking and to encourage smokers to quit . Executive Order 13508 in 1997 banned smoking in all government - owned , rented , or leased interior spaces , but the Department of Defense approved a three - year phase - in period for their facilities and eventually implemented the ban on December 7 , 2002 . Despite these attempts , by 1988 , the smoking rate had only decreased to 42 % and far exceeded the rate of civilians . And although prevalence did decrease to 29.9 % from 1980 to 1998 , it has increased since then and appears to still be increasing . Tobacco industry 's response ( edit ) Vietnam War , 1969 . Realizing the opportunities of a worldwide military market due to the young demographics of military personnel and the smoking initiation associated with new recruits , the Tobacco Institute , which served as the tobacco industry 's lobbying organization , and Philip Morris perceived these new tobacco control initiatives as a threat and conceived strategies to circumvent the government policies . Another incentive for the tobacco industry to protect its military market was the recognized phenomenon that consumer product preferences developed during years serving in the military would later translate into civilian market profits as service members left the military or retired . After the implementation of Directive 1010.10 in 1986 , the Tobacco Institute and Philip Morris immediately began seeking the support of tobacco - friendly politicians against the policy , citing that the policy would have a negative impact on military recruitment , retention , and morale . Furthermore , letters sent to Secretary of Defense Weinberger from politicians invoked rhetoric about the infringement of `` personal rights '' and `` an individual 's right to smoke . '' Such political lobbying helped to limit the implementation and the further extension of Directive 1010.10 . Although the Department of Defense had discontinued the practice of free distribution of cigarettes during wartime , tobacco companies began campaigns during the Gulf War ( 1990 - 1991 ) to distribute free cigarettes to soldiers stationed in Saudi Arabia , but would eventually be rebuffed by the Department of Defense . Regardless , Philip Morris then began a campaign of sales through direct mail , and extended promotions to deployed troops that included the delivery of branded goods such as playing cards and cup cozies . Curiously enough , the military actually assisted the tobacco companies in delivering shipments to military stores in Saudi Arabia at government expense . Another controversy arose when it was discovered that RJ Reynolds had placed their company name on the front and a Camel advertisement on the back of donated magazines from Operation Desert News , a civilian project to bring magazines to the troops . In spite of the initial rejection by the Department of Defense due to the advertisement , constant pressure from RJ Reynolds and politicians allowed the magazines to be delivered with the advertisement at government expense , violating military policy that forbade tobacco - branded promotions directed at military personnel . In addition , Philip Morris focused on promoting the Marlboro brand with the goal of fostering corporate good will by initiating the `` Marlboro holiday voice card '' program . Held on 10 military bases , they invited family of deployed personnel to record a message for onto a chip inserted into a greeting card , and later allowed bases to extend the recording of such messages to the public . Despite being in violation of Department of Defense policy concerning tobacco - branded programs directed at military personnel , Philip Morris had received permission to carry out the program from the Defense Logistics Agency , the Morale , Welfare and Recreation headquarters of the services , and base commanders . Furthermore , after troops were withdrawn from the conflict in 1991 , tobacco companies sponsored `` Welcome Home '' events for returning troops featuring extensive brand promotion . Although the Department of Defense had enacted policies to reduce tobacco use amongst personnel , the successful efforts of tobacco companies as well as the cultural factors of smoking in the military have produced a mixed message of tobacco promotion and reduction to military personnel . Present - day smoking in the US military ( edit ) Naval Health Clinic , Hawaii , 2010 . Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay Medical Clinic , 2010 . In 2005 , the smoking rate of military personnel was found to be 32.2 % , compared to the civilian rate of 21 % . The higher smoking rate suggests that certain aspects of military may foster smoking . These factors include peer influence , combat stress , boredom , and easy access to cheap tobacco products . Another factor that may lead to increased tobacco use is deployment . One study found that among nonsmokers , smoking initiation was observed in 1.3 % of nondeployed personnel while 2.3 % were observed in deployed personnel . Among past smokers , resumption of smoking occurred in 28.7 % of non deployed personnel and 39.4 % of deployed personnel , while smoking increased 44 % among the former and 57 % among the latter . US troops in Iraq and Afghanistan have been reported to smoke at twice the rate of other Americans . Even after leaving the service , many veterans continue to smoke as the prevalence of smoking among veterans has been reported to be 27 % during 2003 to 2007 , and military smoking is strongly associated with increased lifelong cigarette consumption . Such high levels of smoking have led to significant costs to the Department of Defense . The costs of smoking among US military health care system beneficiaries have been estimated to be more than $900 million per year in 1995 , with $584 million in direct health care costs and $346 million in lost productivity among active duty personnel . Suicide , which accounts for 13 % of fatalities in the military , has also been tied to smoking , as the risk of suicide among military men was found to increase significantly with the number of cigarettes smoked daily . Smoking also affects training costs as smokers are more likely to be discharged during training , and are associated with $18 million per year in excess training costs for the US Air Force , and over $130 million per year for all service branches . Note that the figures regarding smoking and suicide and manpower losses during training may represent more of a symptomatic relationship than a causative one . Many discharges during basic training result from a series of minor infractions , punished administratively as opposed to by courts - martial , which are seen as an indicator that the trainee can not or will not adjust to military life , rather than any single incident or serious violation of regulations . With smoking now prohibited in basic training , being caught smoking , and perhaps even being caught in the possession of cigarettes , is such an offense which smokers are obviously at risk for while non smokers are not . Regarding suicide , the figures showing increased rates of smoking and resumption of smoking among those deployed indicates that smoking may be a reaction to and indicator or increased stress , and a person who is potentially suicidal would obviously be under a more than typical degree of stress , so increased smoking may be an indicator of that excessive stress rather than a cause for increased risk of suicide . Also , a higher rate of smoking among those discharged during training may also be indicative of individuals for whom training is more than normally stressful , and such persons would likely experience more difficulty in successfully completing training than one who is not unusually ( compared to his / her peers ) stressed by it . In 2008 unauthorized smoking and improper storage of chemicals caused major damage to USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) . The Department of Defense hoped to lower rates of tobacco use to 12 % by the end of 2010 . To achieve their goal , Pentagon health experts have begun to urge the Defense Secretary Robert Gates to ban the use of tobacco by troops and end its sale on military property . The Navy implemented a ban on smoking in submarines by the end of 2010 -- highlighting one of the last loopholes in the indoor smoking ban imposed in 1994 . See also ( edit ) U.S. government and smoking cessation Smoking and Health : Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the United States Operation Sandblast References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brandt , Allan M. 2007 . The Cigarette Century : The Rise , Fall , and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America . New York : Basic Books , pp. 50 -- 53 ^ Jump up to : Goodman , J. ( Ed . ) . ( 2005 ) . Tobacco history and culture : An encyclopedia . Detroit : Scribner 's . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Elizabeth A. ; Malone , Ruth E. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Everywhere the Soldier Will Be ' : Wartime Tobacco Promotion in the US Military '' . American Journal of Public Health . 99 : 1595 -- 1602 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2008.152983 . PMC 2724442 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stahl , R . '' ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Anne M. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The Cigarette Manufacturers ' Efforts to Promote Tobacco to the U.S. Military '' . Military Medicine . 170 : 874 -- 880 . ^ Jump up to : Arvey , Sarah R. ; Malone , Ruth E. ( 2008 ) . `` Advance and Retreat : Tobacco Control Policy in the U.S. Military '' . Military Medicine . 173 : 985 -- 991 . doi : 10.7205 / milmed. 173.10. 985 . PMC 2794241 . Jump up ^ Offen , Naphtali ; Arvey , Sarah R. ; Smith , Elizabeth A. ; Malone , Ruth E. ( March 2011 ) . `` Forcing the Navy to Sell Cigarettes on Ships : How the Tobacco Industry and Politicians Torpedoed Navy Tobacco Control '' . American Journal of Public Health . 101 ( 3 ) : 404 -- 411 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2010.196329 . PMC 3036696 . PMID 21233435 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Jenenne P. ; Pederson , Linda L. ( 2008 ) . `` Military tobacco use : A synthesis of the literature on prevalence , factors related to use , and cessation interventions '' . Nicotine & Tobacco Research . 10 : 775 -- 790 . doi : 10.1080 / 14622200802027123 . Jump up ^ Smith , Besa ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Cigarette Smoking and Military Deployment '' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 35 : 539 -- 546 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2008.07. 009 . Jump up ^ Kirby , A. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Smoking in help - seeking veterans with PTSD returning from Afghanistan and Iraq '' . Addict Behav. 33 : 1448 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. addbeh. 2008.05. 007 . PMC 2556875 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , David W ( 2010 ) . `` Smoking prevalence among US veterans '' . J Gen Int Med. 25 : 147 -- 149 . doi : 10.1007 / s11606 - 009 - 1160 - 0 . PMC 2837499 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Cigarette Smoking and Suicide : A Prospective Study of 300,000 Male Activeduty Army Soldiers '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 151 : 1060 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Klesges Robert , C ; Haddock , Keith C. ; Chang , Cyril F. ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The association of smoking and the cost of military training '' . Tobacco Control . 10 : 43 -- 47 . doi : 10.1136 / tc. 10.1. 43 . Jump up ^ `` USS George Washington Investigation Complete , Senior Leadership Relieved '' . www.navy.mil . Commander Naval Air Forces Public Affairs . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoroya , Greg ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Ban on tobacco urged in military '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bynum , Russ ( 2010 - 04 - 28 ) . `` No butts about it : Navy subs to ban smoking '' . msnbc . Associated Press . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smoking in the United States military . Defense.gov News Article : Report Urges Timeline for Tobacco - free Military . WASHINGTON , July 10 , 2009 . United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Africa Central European Indo - Pacific Northern Southern Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia England United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_in_the_United_States_military&oldid=855922124 '' Categories : Military life Mental health in the United States Health policy in the United States United States military policies Smoking in the United States American military personnel Tobacco and the military Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they stop putting cigarettes in rations | [
"With the scientific data about the health risks of smoking and information about the effect of smoking on troop readiness, in 1975, the United States Department of Defense discontinued the inclusion of cigarettes in K-rations and C-rations. By 1978, the Department of Defense had implemented basic smoking regulations, including the designation of smoking and nonsmoking areas.[5] In 1985, the Department of Defense conducted a study that revealed that smoking rates of military personnel (47%) were significantly higher than that of US civilians (30%) and concluded that smoking had a negative effect on troop readiness.[6] The report also cited an estimated tobacco-related healthcare costs as high as $209.9 million, and recommended potential methods to curb smoking in the military, including the elimination of tobacco products from stores, raising tobacco prices to civilian levels, and the implementation of an educational program to discourage smoking.[5][6] In 1986, the DoD Directive 1010.10 was issued by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who announced, \"an intense anti-smoking campaign…at all levels of all Services.\" [6] It established a policy on smoking and other health risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption. The policy banned the use of tobacco during basic training, increased the number of designated nonsmoking areas, and prohibited health care providers from smoking on duty. The goal of the policy was to reduce all tobacco use rates to below that of civilians, and to reduce personnel and active duty rates from 52% to 25% by 1990.[6] In 1992, the DeCA Directive 40-13 policy prohibited commissaries and exchanges from participating with promotions by tobacco manufacturers directed specifically at military personnel, and required commissaries to stock cigarettes in the back. In 1993, the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) became the first smoke-free Navy ship.[7] By 1994, the Department of Defense had implemented Directive 1010.15 which banned smoking in workplaces, designated outdoor smoking areas, and created the precursor of an education program that sought to distribute information to new personnel on the health effects of smoking and to encourage smokers to quit. Executive Order 13508 in 1997 banned smoking in all government-owned, rented, or leased interior spaces, but the Department of Defense approved a three-year phase-in period for their facilities and eventually implemented the ban on December 7, 2002.[5] Despite these attempts, by 1988, the smoking rate had only decreased to 42% and far exceeded the rate of civilians.[6] And although prevalence did decrease to 29.9% from 1980 to 1998, it has increased since then and appears to still be increasing.[3]\n"
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"1975"
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-4031612885024006979 | Reese's Peanut Butter Cups | Reese 's peanut butter Cups - wikipedia Reese 's peanut butter Cups Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Product type Confectionery Owner The Hershey Company ( H.B. Reese Candy Company ) Country United States Introduced 1928 Markets Worldwide Tagline Reese 's ... perfect Website www.reeses.com Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups are a popular American candy consisting of a milk , white , or dark chocolate cup filled with peanut butter , marketed by The Hershey Company . They were created in 1928 by H.B. Reese , a former dairy farmer and shipping foreman for Milton S. Hershey . Reese was inspired by Hershey and left dairy farming to start his own candy business . Contents ( hide ) 1 The H.B. Reese Candy Company 2 Variations 3 Other Reese 's products 3.1 Holiday editions 3.2 Licensed foods 4 Marketing and advertising 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The H.B. Reese candy Company ( edit ) The Harry Burnett Reese Candy Co. was established in the basement of Reese 's house in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Reese had originally worked at a Hershey dairy farm , and from the start he used Hershey Chocolate in his confections . Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups were his most popular candy , and Reese eventually discontinued his other lines . Reese died on May 16 , 1956 , passing the company to his six sons , Robert , John , Ed , Ralph , Harry , and Charles Richard Reese . On July 2 , 1963 , the Reese brothers merged the H.B. Reese Candy Company with the Hershey Chocolate Corporation in a tax - free stock - for - stock merger with the six Reese brothers receiving 666,316 Hershey common shares , valued in 1963 at $23.5 million . In 2017 , after 54 years of stock splits , those original shares now represent sixteen million Hershey common shares valued in excess of $1.7 billion , paying $42 million in annual cash dividends . The H.B. Reese Candy Company is maintained as a subsidiary of Hershey because the Reese plant workforce is not unionized , unlike the main Hershey plant . As of September 20 , 2012 , Reese 's is the best - selling candy brand in the United States with sales of $2.603 billion , and is the fourth - best - selling candy brand globally with sales of $2.679 billion -- only $76 million ( 2.8 % ) of its sales are from outside the United States market . Additionally , the H.B. Reese Candy Company manufactures the Kit Kat in the United States , which had 2012 U.S. sales of $948 million . Variations ( edit ) A trio of different sized cups . Starting from the left : mini , regular and big cup . Hershey 's produces `` limited editions '' of the candy that have included : Big Cups : an oversized version of the traditional cup ( also available in white chocolate , with peanuts , mixed nuts , and with a combination of nuts and caramel , and most recently , with Reese 's Pieces inside ) Caramel : the traditional cup with an added layer of caramel filling Chocolate Lovers : a thicker chocolate cup with a thinner layer of peanut butter Crunchy Cookie Cup : a layered cup with crushed chocolate cookies and peanut butter filling ( discontinued in 1999 , but was brought back in 2008 as a limited edition . In 2017 , Reese 's announced to relaunch a new version . ) Crunchy : a traditional cup with crunchy peanut butter , as opposed to the smooth peanut butter in the original Dark Chocolate : peanut butter filling in a dark chocolate cup Double Chocolate : chocolate fudge filling instead of peanut butter . Limited edition . Double Crunch : a traditional cup with peanut filling similar to a Snickers bar , released in the fourth - quarter of 2010 Fudge : a thicker , darker chocolate cup with peanut butter filling Half - Pound Cup : a single cup weighing 226g ; released in Canada in 2011 Hazelnut Cream : hazelnut cream instead of the standard peanut butter filling Honey Roasted : a traditional cup substituting honey roasted peanut butter Inside Out : chocolate filling in a peanut butter cup ( a reversal of the traditional version ) Marshmallow : the traditional cup with an added layer of marshmallow filling Miniatures : bite - size versions available year - round in bags . These chocolates come wrapped in black paper and gold foil . Minis : Unwrapped Mini Cups Peanut Butter & Banana Creme : a layered cup with a top chocolate layer , bottom banana creme layer , and peanut butter filling ; released in tribute to Elvis Presley . It was available in standard , Big Cups and Miniatures sizes Peanut Butter Lovers : a layered cup with top peanut butter layer , thin chocolate layer and peanut butter filling White Chocolate : peanut butter filling in a white chocolate cup `` World 's Largest '' : World 's largest cups weighing in at 8 oz each . Other Reese 's products ( edit ) Other candy products of the Reese 's division of Hershey include : 100 Calorie Peanut Butter Wafer Bars Chips Ahoy With Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Reese 's Bar : a chocolate bar with squares of chocolate with a peanut butter filling Reese 's Brownies Reese 's Cookies Reese 's Crunchy Cookie Cups Reese 's Cremes Reese 's Crispy Crunchy Bar Reese 's Fast Break Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Minis . Reese 's Mini 's Reese 's No Bake Bars Reese 's NutRageous Reese 's Oreos Reese 's Peanut Butter Bars ( with either chocolate or fudge coating ) Reese 's Peanut Butter Bites Reese 's Pieces with Nuts Reese 's Pieces Reese 's Pieces Cup Reese 's Puffs Cereal Reese 's Select Cluster Reese 's Snack Barz Reese 's Two Packs Reese 's Whipps Reese 's Swoops Reese 's Sticks Selecta Ice Cream With Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups ( sold in only in the Philippines ) Sweet ' n ' Salty Bar Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups ( sold in Philippines only ) Breyer 's ice cream with Reese 's flavor and chocolate and peanut butter pieces . In September 2007 , Hershey 's began producing a new Reese 's bar called Reese 's Whipps . Featuring peanut butter - flavored nougat with a chocolate coating , it has been likened to a peanut butter - flavored 3 Musketeers candy bar owned by Mars , Incorporated . Hershey also produces several `` pantry '' items under the Reese 's brand , such as Reese 's peanut butter chips ( analogous to chocolate chips for baking ) , Reese 's premier baking pieces ( tiny cup - shaped pieces of chocolate filled with peanut - butter , also for baking ) , Reese 's jarred peanut butter , and Reese 's toppings ( including peanut butter syrup , peanut butter and chocolate topping , and Reese 's Magic Shell ) and sprinkles for ice cream . For the July 2008 release of the Batman feature film The Dark Knight , Reese 's released two limited time products : blue and black Reese 's Pieces with Batman 's likeness on the packaging , and Reese 's peanut butter - filled chocolate Batman logos which were sold individually and roughly the size of two Reese 's cups combined . The fact that Reese Sticks digressed from the normal Reese 's naming pattern was pointed out by Paul Lukas in his zine Beer Frame . As Lukas noted , even though the official name was Reese Sticks , most people he casually surveyed pronounced it unknowingly as Reese 's Sticks . In 2009 , Hershey 's changed the name officially to Reese 's Sticks . Holiday editions ( edit ) During the seasons when retailers offer holiday - themed candies , Reese 's Peanut Butter candies are available in various shapes that still offer the standard confection theme of the traditional Reese 's cup ( peanut butter contained in a chocolate shell ) . They are sold in a 6 - pack packaging configuration but are usually available individually . Although exterior packaging is altered to reflect the theme of the representative holiday , the actual holiday itself is never presented . Reese 's Peanut Butter Hearts Available mainly during January and February , these are heart - shaped confections representing Valentine 's Day . At various retailers , an individually - packaged , larger heart is available as well . These are packaged in all - red exterior packaging . Reese 's Peanut Butter Eggs Available mainly during March and April , these are egg - shaped confections representing Easter . Exterior packaging is usually yellow and orange ( milk chocolate ) , white and orange ( white chocolate ) , or dark brown and orange ( fudge - flavored chocolate ) . This is the only holiday - themed item available in three various chocolate varieties . A larger , individually - packaged Easter Bunny Reese 's peanut butter item , known as Reester Bunny , is available as well . Also , Reese 's Pieces are offered in Pastel Eggs . Reese 's Peanut Butter Pumpkins Available mainly during September and October , these are pumpkin - shaped confections representing Halloween . The packaging is standard Reese 's orange with a jack - o - lantern picture and the word `` Pumpkins '' prominently displayed . Reese 's Peanut Butter Ghosts Available mainly during September and October , these are ghost - shaped confections representing Halloween . The packaging is Halloween themed with the word scary on it . The ghost replaces the letter `` a '' in the word scary . First released in 2016 . Reese 's Peanut Butter Christmas Trees Available mainly during November and December , these are evergreen tree - shaped confections representing Christmas . At various retailers these may be available in standard milk chocolate or white . Initially , the packaging was green , white , and orange , but has been changed to a winter scene with a snow - covered ground and a snowman with a central large orange evergreen tree - shape in the center of the package . Another product offered is Reese 's Peanut Butter Bells , which offers miniature Reese 's cups in a Christmas bell shape . A third product is a milk chocolate - covered Reese 's Snowman , wrapped in a snowman foil . The peanut butter snowman is three times larger than the peanut butter tree , egg or pumpkin . In December 2005 , it was noted that some of the holiday shaped Reese 's candies ( such as the Bells ) contain gluten , unlike the standard peanut butter cups . In November 2015 , consumers criticized the product via Twitter for bearing too vague a resemblance to a Christmas tree . Licensed foods ( edit ) Hershey licenses the Reese 's brand ( name , logo , etc . ) to various companies for the production of other products beyond the traditional realm of candy . For example , General Mills produces Reese 's Puffs , a brand of peanut butter and chocolate flavored breakfast cereal . Several companies , including Breyers , Baskin - Robbins , and Dairy Queen , produce various licensed Reese 's ice cream products . Marketing and advertising ( edit ) The Reese 's logo In the United States , Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups typically come in packs of 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 or 20 in distinctive orange packaging , set on thin but rigid paperboard trays . The `` Classic '' two - pack is a 0.75 oz . cup since 2001 ( originally a 0.9 oz . size , reduced to 0.8 oz. in 1991 ) , the `` King Size '' four - pack introduced in the early 1980s is a 0.7 oz . cup ( originally a 0.8 oz . cup until 1991 ) and the `` Lunch '' eight - pack is a 0.55 oz . cup . `` Large Size '' packs of three 0.7 oz . cups , as well as bags containing 0.6 oz . cups , are also available . The `` mini '' cups come in various bag sizes and foil colors for seasonal themes like red , gold and green for the Christmas holiday season . In Canada , where they are packaged as Reese Peanut Butter Cups ( except Reese 's pieces ) , but still widely referred to by their American name , they come in a standard pack of three 0.55 oz . cups or the king - size variation with four cups . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , they were originally available only in two - packs , though are now only available in three - packs , imported from Canada . In 2008 Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups were made available in Europe by Hydro Texaco and 7 - Eleven . In Australia , Reese 's products can be found in many specialty candy stores , as well as from American stores such as Costco . In the 1970s and 1980s , a series of commercials were run for Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups featuring situations in which two people , one eating peanut butter and one eating chocolate , collided . One person would exclaim , `` You got your peanut butter on my chocolate ! '' and the other would exclaim , `` You got your chocolate in my peanut butter ! '' . They would then sample the mixture and remark on the great taste , tying in with the slogan `` Two great tastes that taste great together . '' In the 1990s , the product 's slogan was : `` There 's no wrong way to eat a Reese 's . '' The current slogan , introduced in the mid-2000s , is : `` Perfect '' . Reese 's was an associate sponsor of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series drivers Mark Martin ( 1994 ) , and Kevin Harvick ( 2007 -- 2010 ) . Criticism ( edit ) Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups are made with the controversial ingredient PGPR ( Polyglycerol polyricinoleate , E476 , a.k.a. Palsgaard 4150 ) , which is used as a replacement for cocoa butter . The FDA has determined it to be `` safe for humans as long as you restrict your intake to 7.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight . See also ( edit ) List of peanut dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.thehersheycompany.com/en_us/products.html?i=1;q=cups;q1=REESE%27S;sp_c=1000;sp_cs=UTF-8;sp_k=c_CorporateProducts;sp_s=PLBrand;sp_t=Corporate-US;view=xml;x1=PLBrand Jump up ^ `` Hershey Community Archives '' . Hersheyarchives.org. 2011 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The 1963 Reese / Hershey Merger Closing Agenda '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers Surging to Top of Global Candy Race '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Reese 's product listing '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Sha Spence ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Reese 's Launches New Peanut Butter Cups Filled with Crunchy Chocolate Bits '' . People . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest REESE 'S Peanut Butter Cups '' . Jump up ^ Bob Sassone ( 17 November 2007 ) . `` Pop Food : Reese 's Whipps '' . Youtube . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special Edition The Dark Knight Reese 's and Kit Kat Fly Into Stores to Celebrate Debut of the Highly Anticipated New Batman Film '' . Hershey 's . 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special Edition The Dark Knight Reese 's and Kit Kat Fly Into Stores to Celebrate Debut of the Highly Anticipated New Batman Film '' . PR Newswire. 10 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas ' article regarding Reese Sticks '' . Core77.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Reese 's Seasonal Products '' . hersheys.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Are you a Cadbury Crème or Reese 's Peanut Butter Egg ? Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 9 Jump up ^ Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups : World 's Largest at Yahoo Voices Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 9 Jump up ^ Gluten indicated at celiac.com Jump up ^ Cox , Dan ( 27 November 2015 ) . `` Seriously , people are upset this year 's Reese 's Peanut Butter Christmas Trees do n't look enough like Christmas trees '' . Inquistr . Retrieved 28 Nov 2015 . Jump up ^ `` REESE 'S Peanut Butter Cups '' . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturers overlook cocoa butter savings '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups . Official website Reese 's Facebook Page Reese 's Seasonal Products Reese brands at Hershey Canada The Hershey Company http://www.hersheys.com/reeses/products.aspx#/REESE'S-Peanut-Butter-Cups ( hide ) The Hershey Company Milton S. Hershey Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company Entertainment Group Hersheypark ZooAmerica North American Wildlife Park Giant Center Hersheypark Stadium Hershey Bears Hersheypark Arena Hershey Theatre Hershey Nursery Hershey Laundry & Dry Cleaning Resorts Group The Hotel Hershey Hershey Lodge The Spa At The Hotel Hershey MeltSpa by Hershey Hershey Country Club Hersheypark Camping Resort The Hershey Company Chocolate - based products 5th Avenue Air Delight Almond Joy Bar None Bliss Brookside Cadbury Creme Egg 3 Cadbury Dairy Milk 3 Cherry Blossom Cookies ' n ' Creme Cookies ' n ' Mint Dagoba Glosette Heath bar Hershey bar Hershey - ets Hershey 's Drops Hershey 's Kisses Hershey 's Kissables Hershey 's Miniatures Hershey 's S'mores Hershey 's Special Dark Kit Kat 2 Krackel Milk Duds Mini Eggs 3 Mounds Mr. Goodbar NutRageous Oh Henry ! 1 Rally Reese 's Crispy Crunchy Bar Reese 's Fast Break Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Reese 's Pieces Reese 's Sticks Reese 's Whipps Rolo 2 Scharffen Berger Skor Snack Barz Swoops Symphony Take 5 ( Max 5 ) United States military chocolate Whatchamacallit Whoppers York Peppermint Pattie Other products Bubble Yum Good & Plenty Good & Fruity Ice Breakers Jolly Rancher Koolerz Lancaster Soft Crèmes PayDay Twizzlers Zagnut ZERO Italics indicates discontinued products Hershey Trust Company Milton Hershey School Trust Hershey Cemetery Trust The M.S. Hershey Foundation Trust The Hershey Story Hershey Gardens Hershey Theatre Hershey Community Archives Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hershey , PA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reese%27s_Peanut_Butter_Cups&oldid=800326773 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1928 American brands Brand name confectionery The Hershey Company brands Peanut butter Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did reese's peanut butter cups first come out | [
"Reese's Peanut Butter Cups are a popular American candy consisting of a milk, white, or dark chocolate cup filled with peanut butter, marketed by The Hershey Company. They were created in 1928 by H. B. Reese, a former dairy farmer and shipping foreman for Milton S. Hershey. Reese was inspired by Hershey and left dairy farming to start his own candy business."
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"1928"
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-8542654674736712013 | Test cricket | Test cricket - wikipedia Test cricket Jump to : navigation , search ICC Test Championship Rank Team Matches Points Rating India 44 5,313 121 South Africa 39 4,484 115 Australia 40 4,174 104 New Zealand 35 3,489 100 5 England 49 4,829 99 6 Sri Lanka 46 4,374 95 7 Pakistan 34 2,988 88 8 West Indies 36 2,606 72 9 Bangladesh 26 1,833 71 10 Zimbabwe 14 12 Reference : ICC Rankings , 10 February 2018 `` Matches '' is no. matches + no. series played in the 12 -- 24 months since the May before last , plus half the number in the 24 months before that . A Test match between South Africa and England in January 2005 . The two men wearing black trousers are the umpires . Test cricket is played in traditional white clothes and usually with a red ball -- a pink ball in Day / Night Tests . Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket and is considered its highest standard . Test matches are played between national representative teams with `` Test status '' , as determined and conferred by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . The two teams of 11 players play a four - innings match , which may last up to five days ( or longer in some historical cases ) . It is generally considered the most complete examination of teams ' playing ability and endurance . The name Test stems from the long , gruelling match being both mentally and physically testing . The first officially recognised Test match took place on 15 -- 19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , where Australia won by 45 runs . A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne on 12 -- 17 March 1977 , in which Australia beat England by 45 runs -- the same margin as that first Test . In October 2012 , the ICC recast the playing conditions for Test matches , permitting day / night Test matches . The first day / night game took place between Australia and New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , on 27 November -- 1 December 2015 . Part of a series on Cricket Forms of Cricket ( hide ) Test cricket One Day International Twenty20 International First - class cricket Limited overs cricket List A cricket Twenty20 Club cricket History ( hide ) History of cricket History of cricket to 1725 History of cricket ( 1726 -- 1763 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Test status 2 Test cricket playing teams 3 Conduct of the game 3.1 Playing time 3.2 Play 4 Competitions 5 Early history 6 Perpetual trophies 7 See also 8 Notes & References 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 8.3 Bibliography 9 External links Test status ( edit ) Test matches are the highest level of cricket , although , statistically , their data forms part of first - class cricket . Matches are played between national representative teams with `` Test status '' , as determined by the International Cricket Council . As of June 2017 , twelve national teams have Test status , the most recently promoted being Afghanistan and Ireland on 22 June 2017 . Zimbabwe 's Test status was voluntarily suspended , because of poor performances between 2006 and 2011 ; it returned to competition in August 2011 . In January 2014 , during an ICC meeting in Dubai , the pathway for new potential Test nations was laid out with the winners of the next round of the ICC Intercontinental Cup playing a 5 - day match against the bottom ranked Test nation . If the Associate team defeats the Test nation , then they could be added as the new Test country and granted full membership . A list of matches , defined as `` Tests '' , was first drawn up by Australian Clarence Moody in the mid-1890s . Representative matches played by simultaneous England touring sides of 1891 -- 92 ( in Australia and South Africa ) and 1929 -- 30 ( in the West Indies and New Zealand ) are deemed to have `` Test status '' . In 1970 , a series of five `` Test matches '' was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI . These matches , originally scheduled between England and South Africa , were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket because of their government 's policy of apartheid . Although initially given Test status ( and included as Test matches in some record books , including Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ) , this was later withdrawn and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations ( although the geographically and demographically small countries of the West Indies have since 1928 been permitted to field a coalition side ) . Despite this , in 2005 , the ICC ruled that the six - day Super Series match that took place in October 2005 , between Australia and a World XI , was an official Test match . Some cricket writers and statisticians , including Bill Frindall , ignored the ICC 's ruling and excluded the 2005 match from their records . The series of `` Test matches '' played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971 / 72 do not have Test status . The commercial `` Supertests '' organised by Kerry Packer as part of his World Series Cricket enterprise and played between `` WSC Australia '' , `` WSC World XI '' and `` WSC West Indies '' from 1977 to 1979 have never been regarded as official Test matches . Test cricket playing teams ( edit ) There are currently twelve Test - playing men 's teams . The teams all represent individual , independent nations , except for England , the West Indies , and Ireland . Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council . Teams that do not have Test status can play in the ICC Intercontinental Cup , specifically designed to allow non-Test teams to play under conditions similar to Tests . The teams are listed below with the date of each team 's Test debut : Order Team First Test match Number of matches before first win Notes Australia 15 March 1877 vs. England 0 England 15 March 1877 vs. Australia Originally represented all of Britain , but now officially represents England and Wales . South Africa 12 March 1889 vs. England 11 Did not participate in international cricket between 10 March 1970 and 10 November 1991 after the International Cricket Conference suspended South Africa in response to the South African Government 's policy of apartheid . West Indies 23 June 1928 vs. England 5 Consists of players from 10 Caribbean nations and 5 dependencies . 5 New Zealand 10 January 1930 vs. England 42 6 India 25 June 1932 vs. England 24 Before partition of India in 1947 , included territory that now forms Pakistan and Bangladesh . 7 Pakistan 16 October 1952 vs. India Before Bangladeshi independence in 1971 , included territory that is now Bangladesh . 8 Sri Lanka 17 February 1982 vs. England 13 9 Zimbabwe 18 October 1992 vs. India 10 Voluntarily suspended from Test cricket from 10 June 2004 until 6 January 2005 , and from 18 January 2006 until 3 August 2011 . 10 Bangladesh 10 November 2000 vs. India 34 11 Ireland 11 May 2018 vs. Pakistan N / A The team represents all of Ireland . 12 Afghanistan 14 June 2018 vs. India N / A In May 2016 , the ICC announced that it is contemplating the idea of two tiers in Test match cricket . ICC hopes that this will help them draw more crowd and generate more revenue from the matches played between top tier teams . Promotion and relegation could be introduced into Test cricket as early as 2019 . This will give opportunities to more countries to play Test cricket . On 7 September 2016 , the ICC withdrew the proposal for a two - tier system . In October 2016 , ICC started contemplating a different kind of Two - Tier system for Test match cricket . This structure will be similar to that of North American professional sports , featuring two conferences of six teams each . Each team will play against all teams in their conference over a period of two years , with a Test Championship play - off between the top nations of both conferences at the end of the defined period . In the ICC 's annual conference held on 22 June 2017 , Afghanistan and Ireland were awarded Test status to become the 11th and 12th full members of the International Cricket Council . Ireland are scheduled to play their first Test against Pakistan in May 2018 . Afghanistan are scheduled to play their first Test against India in June 2018 . Conduct of the game ( edit ) Playing time ( edit ) See also : Playing time ( cricket ) A standard day of Test cricket consists of three sessions of two hours each , the breaks between sessions being 40 minutes for lunch and 20 minutes for tea . However the times of sessions and intervals may be altered in certain circumstances : if bad weather or a change of innings occurs close to a scheduled break , the break may be taken immediately ; if there has been a loss of playing time , for example because of bad weather , the session times may be adjusted to make up the lost time ; if the batting side is nine wickets down at the scheduled tea break , then the interval may be delayed until either 30 minutes has elapsed or the team is all out ; the final session may be extended by up to 30 minutes if 90 or more overs have not been bowled in that day 's play ( subject to any reduction for adverse weather ) ; the final session may be extended by 30 minutes ( except on the 5th day ) if the umpires believe the result can be decided within that time . Today , Test matches are scheduled to be played across five consecutive days . However , in the early days of Test cricket , matches were played for three or four days . Four - day Test matches were last played in 1973 , between New Zealand and Pakistan . Until the 1980s , it was usual to include a ' rest day , ' often a Sunday . There have also been ' Timeless Tests ' , which did not end after a predetermined maximum time . In 2005 , Australia played a match scheduled for six days against a World XI , which the ICC sanctioned as an official Test match , though the match reached a conclusion on the fourth day . In October 2017 , the ICC approved a request for a four - day Test match , between South Africa and Zimbabwe , which started on 26 December 2017 and ended on the second day , 27 December . The ICC will trial the four - day Test format until the 2019 Cricket World Cup . There have been attempts by the ICC , the sport 's governing body , to introduce day - night Test matches . In 2012 , The International Cricket Council passed playing conditions that allowed for the staging of day - night Test matches . The first day - night Test took place during New Zealand 's tour to Australia in November 2015 . Play ( edit ) Further information : Cricket § Rules and game - play Test cricket is played in innings ( the word denotes both the singular and the plural ) . In each innings , one team bats and the other bowls ( or fields ) . Ordinarily four innings are played in a Test match , and each team bats twice and bowls twice . Before the start of play on the first day , the two team captains and the match referee toss a coin ; the captain who wins the toss decides whether his team will bat or bowl first . In the following scenarios , the team that bats first is referred to as Team A and their opponents as Team B . Usually the teams will alternate at the completion of each innings . Thus , Team A will bat ( and Team B will bowl ) until its innings ends , and then Team B will bat and Team A will bowl . When Team B 's innings ends , Team A begin their second innings , and this is followed by Team B 's second innings . The winning team is the one that scores more runs in their two innings . A team 's innings ends in one of the following ways : The team is `` all out '' . This typically occurs when a team has lost ten wickets ( ten of the eleven batsmen having been dismissed ) and are `` bowled out '' . It may occasionally occur with the loss of fewer wickets if one or more batsmen are unavailable to bat ( through injury , for example ) . The team 's captain declares the innings closed , usually because they believe they have enough runs . A declaration before the innings starts is called an innings forfeiture . The team batting fourth score the required number of runs to win . The prescribed time for the match expires . If , at the completion of its first innings , Team B 's first innings total is 200 or more fewer than Team A 's , the captain of Team A may ( but is not required to ) order Team B to have their second innings next . This is called enforcing the follow on In this case , the usual order of the third and fourth innings is reversed : Team A will bat in the fourth innings . It is rare for a team forced to follow on to win the match . In Test cricket it has only happened three times , although over 285 follow - ons have been enforced : Australia was the losing team on each occasion , twice to England , in 1894 and in 1981 , and once to India in 2001 . If the whole of the first day 's play of a Test match has been lost because of bad weather or other reasons like bad light , then Team A may enforce the follow on if Team B 's first innings total is 150 or more fewer than Team A 's . During the 2nd Test between England and New Zealand at Headingley in 2013 , England batted first after the first day was lost because of rain . New Zealand , batting second , scored 180 runs fewer than England , meaning England could have enforced the follow on , though chose not to . This is similar to four - day first - class cricket , where the follow on can be enforced if the difference is 150 runs or fewer . If the Test is 2 days or fewer then the `` follow - on '' value is 100 runs . After 80 overs , the captain of the bowling side may take a new ball , although this is not required. The captain will usually take the new ball : being harder and smoother than an old ball , a new ball generally favours faster bowlers who can make it bounce more variably . The roughened , softer surface of an old ball can be more conducive to spin bowlers , or those using reverse swing . The captain may delay the decision to take the new ball if he wishes to continue with his spinners ( because the pitch favours spin ) . After a new ball has been taken , should an innings last a further 80 overs , then the captain will have the option to take another new ball . A Test match may end in one of six results : All four innings are complete . The team batting fourth are all out before overtaking the other team , usually before matching the other team 's score . The team that batted third are the winners by a margin equal to the difference in the aggregate runs scored by the two teams ( for example , `` Team A won by 95 runs '' ) . Very rarely ( in over 2,000 Test matches played , it has only happened twice ) the scores can end level , resulting in a tie . The team batting in the fourth innings overtakes the opposing team 's run total . The match ends , and the team batting fourth is the winner by a margin equal to the number of wickets still to fall in the innings ( for example , `` Team B won by five wickets '' ) . The third innings concludes with the team that batted twice still trailing the team that batted once . The match ends without playing a fourth innings . The team that batted only once is the winner by a margin equal to `` an innings '' plus the difference in aggregate run totals of the teams ( for example , `` Team B won by an innings and 26 runs '' ) . Time for the match expires without a result being reached . This usually occurs at the end of the last day of the match . The result is a draw : there is no winner , no matter how superior the position of one of the sides . Rain causing a loss of playing time is a common factor in drawn matches , although matches may be drawn even without interference from the weather : usually as a result of poor time management or an intentional effort on the part of one team to avoid losing . The match is abandoned because the ground is declared unfit for play . This has occurred three times , resulting each time in a draw being declared : England v Australia at Headingley , Leeds , 1975 ( vandalism ) ; West Indies v England at Sabina Park , Kingston , Jamaica , 1998 ( dangerous ground ) ; West Indies v England at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , Antigua , 2009 ( dangerous ground ) . The match is awarded through a forfeiture . If a team refuses to take the field of play , the umpires may award the match to the opposing team . This has only happened once in Test cricket , in the 2006 Fourth Test between England and Pakistan . Competitions ( edit ) Test cricket is almost always played as a series of matches between two countries , with all matches in the series taking place in the same country ( the host ) . Often there is a perpetual trophy that is awarded to the winner , the most famous of which is the Ashes contested between England and Australia . There have been two exceptions to the bilateral nature of Test cricket : the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a three - way competition between England , Australia and South Africa ( hosted by England ) , and the Asian Test Championship , an event held in 1998 -- 99 and 2001 -- 02 . The number of matches in Test series has varied from one to seven . Up until the early 1990s , Test series between international teams were organised between the two national cricket organisations with umpires provided by the home team . With the entry of more countries into Test cricket , and a wish by the ICC to maintain public interest in Tests in the face of the popularity of one - day cricket , a rotation system was introduced that sees all ten Test teams playing each other over a six - year cycle , and an official ranking system ( with a trophy held by the highest - ranked team ) . In this system , umpires are provided by the ICC . An elite panel of eleven umpires has been established , and the panel is supplemented by an additional International Panel that includes three umpires named by each Test - playing country . The elite umpires officiate almost all Test matches , usually not Tests involving their home country . Early history ( edit ) Main articles : History of cricket , History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883 , History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889 , and History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900 Sides designated as `` England '' began to play in the late 18th century , but these teams were not truly representative . Early international cricket was disrupted by the French Revolution and the American Civil War . The earliest international cricket match was between USA and Canada , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . This has never been officially considered a `` Test match '' . Tours of national English sides abroad took place , particularly to the USA , Australia and New Zealand . The Australian Aborigines team became the first organised overseas cricketers to tour England in 1868 . Two rival English tours of Australia were proposed in the early months of 1877 , with James Lillywhite campaigning for a professional tour and Fred Grace for an amateur one . Grace 's tour fell through and it was Lillywhite 's team that toured New Zealand and Australia in 1876 -- 77 . Two matches against a combined Australian XI were later classified as the first official Test matches . The first match was won by Australia , by 45 runs , and the second by England . After reciprocal tours established a pattern of international cricket , The Ashes was established as an ongoing competition during the Australian tour of England in 1882 . Surprisingly beaten , a mock obituary of English cricket was published in the Sporting Times the following day : the phrase `` The body shall be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia '' prompted the subsequent creation of the Ashes urn . The series of 1884 -- 85 was the first to be held over five matches : Shaw , writing in 1901 , considered the side to be `` the best ever to have left England '' . South Africa became the third team to play Test cricket in 1888 -- 89 , when they hosted a tour by an under - strength England side . Perpetual trophies ( edit ) The following are the perpetual trophies in Test Cricket . Name of trophy Team 1 Team 2 First contested Remarks The Ashes England Australia 1882 -- 83 Anthony De Mello Trophy India England 1951 For series played in India Frank Worrell Trophy West Indies Australia 1960 -- 61 Wisden Trophy West Indies England 1963 Trans - Tasman Trophy New Zealand Australia 1985 -- 86 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy India Australia 1996 -- 97 Southern Cross Trophy Australia Zimbabwe 1999 -- 2000 Sir Vivian Richards Trophy West Indies South Africa 2000 -- 01 Clive Lloyd Trophy West Indies Zimbabwe Basil D'Oliveira Trophy South Africa England 2004 -- 05 Pataudi Trophy India England 2007 For series played in England Warne -- Muralidaran Trophy Sri Lanka Australia 2007 -- 08 Freedom Trophy India South Africa 2015 -- 16 Sobers -- Tissera Trophy West Indies Sri Lanka 2015 -- 16 Ganguly -- Durjoy Trophy India Bangladesh 2017 See also ( edit ) Cricket portal Toss ( cricket ) ICC Test Championship List of Test cricket grounds List of Test cricket records List of Test cricketers One Day International Twenty20 International Notes & references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anguilla , Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , British Virgin Islands , Dominica , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Montserrat , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Sint Maarten , Trinidad and Tobago and U.S. Virgin Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` Test cricket : Does the oldest form of the game have a future ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Gilchrist 's Cowdrey Lecture , 2009 '' . ESPN CricInfo. 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lifeless pitches should not be accepted , The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Knight 's return to proving ground , Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Gilchrist 's Cowdrey Lecture , 2009 , ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Rundell , Michael ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of Cricket . London : A&C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 7915 - 1 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Australia v England 1st Test 1876 / 1877 -- ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ Australia v England Centenary Test -- ESPNcricinfo . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC paves way for Day - Night Tests '' . Wisden India . 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` First day - night Test for Adelaide Oval '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council '' . BBC News . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Zimbabwe Cricket Side Resume International Test Play After Six Year Break -- Voice of America . Jump up ^ `` Ireland and Scotland to get Test chance as ICC approves play - off '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ICC planning two Test divisions amid major overhaul '' . ESPNcricinfo. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two - tier proposal shelved at ICC meeting '' . ESPNcricinfo. 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball - style conference structure proposed for Tests '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland confirm Pakistan as first Test opponents '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Confirmed as Ireland 's First Test Opponents '' . Cricket Ireland . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan to play debut Test v India in Bengaluru in June '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Cricket -- Law 15.8 '' . Lords.org . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Standard Test Match Playing Conditions ( '' Playing Conditions `` ) cl 16.1. 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playing Conditions cl 16.2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cremer senses opportunity in shorter contest '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test , ODI leagues approved by ICC Board '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa to play Zimbabwe in inaugural four - day Test '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lord 's could host first day night Test in May 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LAW 13 - INNINGS '' . Lords.org . Retrieved 22 Dec 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law 14 -- The follow - on '' . MCC . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HowSTAT ! Winning after Following - On '' . Howstat.com . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test : England v New Zealand at Leeds , May 24 -- 28 , 2013 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Law 4 -- The ball '' . MCC . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : 19 August '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test : West Indies v England at Kingston , Jan 29 -- Feb 2 , 1998 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test : West Indies v England at North Sound , Feb 13 -- 17 , 2009 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Law 16 -- The result '' . MCC . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England awarded abandoned Oval Test ' win ' '' . The Guardian . London . 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test abandoned after ball dispute '' . BBC News . 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v England , Seventh Test , 1970 -- 71 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajesh , S. ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Neutral umpires '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ United States of America v Canada 1844 -- ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` India - England series played for Anthony De Mello trophy : BCCI '' . 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Cross Trophy , 1999 / 00 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Test trophy to be named after Clive Lloyd '' . 28 July 2001 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Bangladesh 2016 Test series to be named Ganguly - Durjoy Trophy '' . 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ground Rules -- A Celebration of Test Cricket , Barney Spender & David Gower , Dakini Books Ltd ( Nov 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 9537032 - 6 - 6 The Wisden Book of Test Cricket , Sir Donald Bradman ( Foreword ) , Bill Frindall ( Editor ) , Headline Book Publishing ( 1995 ) , ISBN 0 - 7472 - 1118 - 3 Marylebone Cricket Club ( 2003 ) , The Laws of Cricket . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . International Cricket Council ( 2008 ) , Standard Test Match Playing Conditions . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . 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3552062232167320226 | How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song) | How Deep Is Your Love ( Bee Gees song ) - wikipedia How Deep Is Your Love ( Bee Gees song ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Single by Bee Gees from the album Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track B - side `` Ca n't Keep a Good Man Down '' ( live ) Released September 1977 Format 7 '' Recorded 1977 at Château d'Hérouville ( Hérouville , France ) Genre Pop R&B Length 4 : 05 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Bee Gees Producer ( s ) Bee Gees Albhy Galuten Karl Richardson Bee Gees singles chronology `` Edge of the Universe '' ( 1977 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 1977 ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( 1977 ) `` Edge of the Universe '' ( 1977 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 1977 ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( 1977 ) Audio sample file help Saturday Night Fever track listing 17 tracks Side one `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Night Fever '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Side two `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` Manhattan Skyline '' `` Calypso Breakdown '' Side three `` Night on Disco Mountain '' `` Open Sesame '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' `` Boogie Shoes '' Side four `` Salsation '' `` K - Jee '' `` Disco Inferno '' Music video `` How Deep Is Your Love on YouTube `` How Deep Is Your Love '' is a pop ballad written and recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977 and released as a single in September of that year . It was ultimately used as part of the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever . It was a number three hit in the United Kingdom and Australia . In the United States , it topped the Billboard Hot 100 on 24 December 1977 ( becoming the first of six consecutive US number - one hits ) , ended the 10 - week reign of Debby Boone 's `` You Light Up My Life '' and stayed in the Top 10 for a then - record 17 weeks . The single spent six weeks atop the US adult contemporary chart . It is listed at number 22 on the 55th anniversary edition of Billboard 's All Time Top 100 . Alongside `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Night Fever '' , it is one of the group 's three tracks on the list . The song was covered by Take That for their 1996 Greatest Hits album , reaching number - one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ranked number 375 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In a British TV special shown in December 2011 , it was voted `` The Nation 's Favourite Bee Gees Song '' by ITV viewers . The song set a record by accumulating 33 weeks in one chart run . It was originally intended for Yvonne Elliman , but she later recorded `` If I Ca n't Have You '' instead . During the Bee Gees ' 2001 Billboard magazine interview , Barry reportedly said that `` How Deep Is Your Love '' was his favorite Bee Gees song . Besides Saturday Night Fever , the song has also been featured in other films such as Donnie Brasco , Ready to Rumble , Forever Fever , Tongan Ninja , Anger Management , Adam 's Apples , Disco , Sex and the City , A Dog 's Purpose and Baywatch , and in television shows such as Get a Life , Ballykissangel , Marienhof , You Are the One , Two Faces , Nip / Tuck , Millennium , The Simpsons , and Parenthood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and recording 2 Release and critical reception 2.1 1983 lawsuit 3 Personnel 4 Notable cover versions 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 All - time charts 5.4 Sales and certifications 6 Take That version 6.1 Music video 6.2 Personnel 6.3 Track listing 6.4 Weekly charts 6.5 Year - end charts 6.6 Decade - end charts 6.7 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Composition and recording ( edit ) Following mixing for Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live , they began recording songs for what was to be the follow - up studio album to 1976 's Children of the World . Then the call came from Robert Stigwood requesting songs for a movie he was producing . The Bee Gees obliged and gave him five songs , one of which was `` How Deep Is Your Love '' . This track was written mainly by Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb . Barry worked out the melody with keyboard player Blue Weaver , though he is not credited officially as a songwriter here . Co-producer Albhy Galuten later admits the contribution of Weaver on this track , `` One song where Blue ( Weaver ) had a tremendous amount of input . There was a lot of things from his personality . That 's one where his contribution was quite significant , not in a songwriting sense , though when you play piano , it 's almost like writing the song . Blue had a lot of influence in the piano structure of that song '' . Weaver tells his story behind this track : `` One morning , it was just myself and Barry in the studio . He said , ' Play the most beautiful chord you know ' , and I just played , what happened was , I 'd throw chords at him and he 'd say , ' No , not that chord ' , and I 'd keep moving around and he 'd say , ' Yeah , that 's a nice one ' and we 'd go from there . Then I 'd play another thing - sometimes , I 'd be following the melody line that he already had and sometimes I 'd most probably lead him somewhere else by doing what I did . I think Robin came in at some point . Albhy also came in at one point and I was playing an inversion of a chord , and he said , ' Oh no , I do n't think it should be that inversion , it should be this ' , and so we changed it to that , but by the time Albhy had come in , the song was sort of there . A demo was made at Le Château d'Hérouville in France , with the additional recording done at Criteria Studios when they got back to Miami . As Weaver says , `` We started work about 12 o'clock maybe one o'clock in the morning , and that demo was done at about three or four o'clock in the morning . Albhy played piano on the demo , I 'd drunk too much or gone to bed or something . Then I woke up the next morning and listened to that , and then put some strings on it and that was it . Then we actually recorded it for real in Criteria . The chords and everything stayed the same , the only thing that changes from that demo is that when we got to Criteria , I worked out the electric piano part which became the basis of the song . It was the sound of the piano that makes the feel of that song . '' Despite Weaver 's absence on the first demo of the song as he fell asleep , Galuten claimed , `` Even though I did the demo because he was n't there , there were a lot of things from his personality ( on ' How Deep Is Your Love ' ) '' . On the song 's lyrics , Barry revealed : `` A lot of the textures you hear in the song were added on later . We did n't change any lyrics , mind you , but the way we recorded it was a little different than the way we wrote in the terms of construction . A little different for the better , I think , the title ' How Deep Is Your Love ' we thought was perfect because of all the connotations involved in that sentence , and that was simply it '' . There was some talk of Yvonne Elliman recording `` How Deep Is Your Love , '' but , according to Barry , their manager Robert Stigwood said , `` You 've got to do this song yourself , you should not give it to anybody '' . Release and critical reception ( edit ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' was released as a single in September 1977 everywhere except in the UK , where it was released on 14 October 1977 . By the time Children of the World was recorded , it was pretty much established that Barry was now the primary vocalist of the group , mostly being falsetto leads with the occasional natural breathy voice . Even most of the backing vocals were done by Barry , such that Robin and Maurice are barely heard in the mix , even though they are there . Despite this , Robin sings the melody for the chorus and audibly sings various ad libs during this song . Two music videos were made for this song . In one , the brothers are singing while an image of a woman shows throughout the video . Barry Gibb had his beard shaven off in this video , as in the `` Night Fever '' video . A second video was later made in which the brothers sing while passing by a stream of rainbow lights . In this video Barry Gibb is bearded . On the Cashbox charts on the week February 4 , 1978 , when it was at # 13 , the soundtrack 's second single `` Stayin ' Alive '' was at # 1 with `` Night Fever '' debuted at # 71 on the same week . When `` How Deep Is Your Love '' became a UK # 3 , Barry exclaimed : `` You have no idea what a thrill it is to have a Top Five single in England . With all the new wave and punk rock out , I would have thought something like ' How Deep Is Your Love ' would n't have a chance . We always kept going forward and we 're getting stronger every day '' . The song won Best Pop Performance by a Group at the 20th Grammy Awards which were held on 23 February 1978 . The song also received a nomination for Best Original Song at the 35th Golden Globe awards held on 28 January 1978 . The award went to `` You Light Up My Life '' by Kasey Cisyk . At the time of both award ceremonies , the song was still in the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . 1983 lawsuit ( edit ) Main article : Selle v. Gibb In 1983 , the Bee Gees were sued by a Chicago songwriter , Ronald Selle , who claimed that the Gibb brothers stole melodic material from one of his songs , `` Let It End '' , and used it in `` How Deep Is Your Love '' . At trial , the jury returned a finding for Selle . The Bee Gees attorney immediately asked for judgment notwithstanding the verdict . The basis for the motion was that Selle had failed to show , as was required by the law , that the Bee Gees had prior access to his song . Even Selle had admitted that he 'd sent out his demo tape to only a few recording companies , none of whom did business with the Bee Gees . Selle also admitted that there were some similarities between his song and several Bee Gee compositions that predated his song by several years , as well as similarities with the Beatles song `` From Me to You '' written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney ( under Lennon - McCartney ) The judge ruled in favour of the Bee Gees . Selle appealed the ruling , but it was upheld by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals which agreed that Selle had not proven his case . Personnel ( edit ) Bee Gees Barry Gibb -- vocals Robin Gibb -- vocals Maurice Gibb -- vocals , bass guitar Additional personnel Blue Weaver -- electric piano , synthesizers Alan Kendall -- guitar Dennis Byron -- drums Notable cover versions ( edit ) In 2017 , PJ Morton released a cover version on his album `` Gumbo . '' In 2010 , smooth jazz artist Jaared released a cover version on his album `` Manhattan Nights . '' The 2007 the bird and the bee version , which features Australian pop star Sia as a backing vocalist . The 1996 Take That version ( discussed below ) . In 1995 Portrait released their version as a single . In 1993 , Luther Vandross released a version as Medley How Deep Is Your Love / It 's Takes a Fool which in turn was an Intro to the Album 's final song , `` Never Let Me Go '' which was the album 's name . When John Frusciante was a member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers he used to play live covers of the song . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1977 -- 78 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Brazil Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Chile Finland France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 21 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Sweden UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box US Radio & Records US Record World Year Chart Peak position 2012 France ( SNEP ) 85 Year - end charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1977 ) Rank UK 19 Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Australia 17 Canada 53 US Billboard Hot 100 6 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 -- 2013 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 22 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 75,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 846,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 963,471 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Take that version ( edit ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' UK CD 1 single Single by Take That from the album Greatest Hits Released 26 February 1996 Format Cassette , CD single Recorded 1995 Genre Pop Length 3 : 40 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Barry , Robin & Maurice Gibb Producer ( s ) Take That , Chris Porter Take That singles chronology `` Never Forget '' ( 1995 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 1996 ) `` Patience '' ( 2006 ) `` Never Forget '' ( 1995 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 1996 ) `` Patience '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` How Deep Is Your Love '' on YouTube Take That 's version was released as a single from their Greatest Hits compilation in 1996 . The single went on to become what was to be the band 's final UK number one until their 2006 comeback single `` Patience '' a decade later . The song stayed at number one in the UK charts for three weeks . The single sold 671,000 copies and has received a Platinum sales status certification in the UK . The song also topped the charts in Denmark , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Latvia and Spain . Music video ( edit ) The music video saw the four members of the band tied to chairs and in a basement . A blonde woman with heavy mascara ( actress and model Paula Hamilton ) walks into the basement and circles the four members individually pulling their hair . She then puts them all into her van and drives down the motorway . She stops by a reservoir and has the four members placed on the edge , she points at each member before grabbing Gary 's rope and pushes him back still holding on . Her fingers slip through the rope and he falls backwards into the reservoir , still tied to the chair . She initially looks shocked but then smirks . Personnel ( edit ) Gary Barlow -- lead vocals , backing vocals Jason Orange -- backing vocals Howard Donald -- backing vocals Mark Owen -- backing vocals Track listing ( edit ) UK Cassette single ( 74321 35591 5 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- 3 : 41 `` Never Forget '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 7 : 38 UK CD single no . 1 ( 74321 35559 2 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- 3 : 41 `` Every Guy '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 5 : 36 `` Lady Tonight '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 4 : 13 `` Sunday To Saturday '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 3 : 48 UK CD single no . 2 ( 74321 35560 2 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- 3 : 41 `` Back for Good '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 7 : 06 `` Babe '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 6 : 10 `` Never Forget '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 7 : 38 EU CD single no . 1 ( 74321 35243 2 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- 3 : 41 `` Back For Good '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 7 : 06 EU CD single no . 2 ( 74321 35244 2 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- 3 : 41 `` Back for Good '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 7 : 06 `` Every Guy '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 5 : 36 Japanese CD single ( BVCP - 2406 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- 3 : 41 `` Every Guy '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 5 : 36 `` Babe '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 6 : 10 `` Back for Good '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 7 : 06 UK 7 '' vinyl -- jukebox release only ( 74321 35632 2 ) `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- 3 : 41 `` Never Forget '' ( live from Earl 's Court & Manchester Nynex ) -- 7 : 38 Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) 80 Chile ( IFPI ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Media Control ) 7 Iceland ( Tonlist ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) Latvia ( EHR ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Poland ( Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry ) 32 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 100 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 44 Belgian ( Walonia ) Singles Chart 35 Dutch Singles Chart 51 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 14 German Singles Chart 66 Italian Singles Chart 23 Norwegian Singles Chart ( Russetid Period ) 14 Spanish Singles Chart 16 Swiss Singles Chart 30 UK Singles Chart 12 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position UK Singles Chart 84 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 591 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ITV '' . ITV.com . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` '' How Deep Is Your Love '' - Bee Gees `` . superseventies.com . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees : 35 Years of Music '' . Billboard : 27 . March 24 , 2001 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Melinda Bilyeu ; Hector Cook ; Andrew Môn Hughes . The Bee Gees . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gibb Songs : 1977 '' . Columbia.edu. 20 December 1976 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love ( UK issue ) '' . 45cat . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Bee Gees -- How deep is your love ( Alternate Version ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees -- How Deep Is Your Love ( Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Cashbox Top 100 Singles '' . Cashbox Archives . February 4 , 1978 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 741 F. 2d 896 : Ronald H. Selle , Plaintiff - appellant , v. Barry Gibb , et al. , Defendants - appellants , andronald H. Selle , Plaintiff - appellee , v. Barry Gibb , et al. , Defendants - appellants : : US Court of Appeals Cases : : Justia '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Selle v. Gibb and the forensic analysis of plagiarism '' . M. Fletcher Reynolds . Jump up ^ CUDAHY . `` SELLE v. GIBB , 741 F. 2d 896 ( 7th Cir. 1984 ) ( LOISLAW ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait - How Deep Is Your Love '' . Discogs . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - Part 3 '' ( PDF ) . brothersgibb.org . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Chart '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love '' . officialcharts.de . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Charts '' . Irish Charts . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love '' . dutchcharts.com . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK Charts '' . The Official Charts Company UK . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cashbox Top 100 Singles '' . Cashbox Magazine . December 17 , 1977 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Record World Singles '' . Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on 3 August 2005 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - How Deep Is Your Love '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Nigel ; Scaping , Peter , eds. ( 1978 ) . `` Top 100 Singles in 1977 '' . BPI Year Book 1978 ( 3rd ed . ) . London , England : The British Phonographic Industry Ltd . pp. 216 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 01 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Bee Gees -- How Deep Is Your Love '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` French certifications -- Bee Gees -- How Deep Is Your Love '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Select BEE GEES and click OK Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bee Gees -- How Deep Is Your Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter How Deep Is Your Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bee Gees -- How Deep Is Your Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Hung Medien '' . Swisscharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LAS DIEZ QUE MÁS SUENAN EN AMÉRICA -- Archivo -- Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1.990 '' . eltiempo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` P3 - Tjeklisten '' . Dr.dk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World -- Eurochart Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 6 April 1996 . p. 79 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo : Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Helsinki : Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava , 2006 . ISBN 9789511210535 . page : 280 Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tonlist Top 40 '' . DV . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Take That '' . Swisscharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Italian Singles Chart '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Take That - Progress '' . Musicchartheaven.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` M - 1 TOP 40 '' . M-1.fm . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Take That -- BACK FOR GOOD -- Lista Przebojów Trójki -- Polskie Radio Online '' . Lp3.polskieradio.pl. 19 May 1995 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` UK Chart Stats '' . Chartstats.com. 15 June 1996 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Single Chart '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ VG - lista . `` Norwegian Charts '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive - 1990s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom Jump up ^ `` How Deep Is Your Love '' . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Take That -- How Deep Is Your Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter How Deep Is Your Love in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` You Light Up My Life '' by Debby Boone Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Bee Gees version ) 26 November 1977 -- 31 December 1977 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel Preceded by `` Do n't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue '' by Crystal Gayle Cash Box number - one single ( Bee Gees version ) 17 December 1977 -- 7 January 1978 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Baby Come Back '' by Player Preceded by `` Do n't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue '' by Crystal Gayle Canadian RPM number - one single ( Bee Gees version ) 24 December 1977 -- 28 January 1978 ( eight weeks ) Succeeded by `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' by Rod Stewart Preceded by `` You Light Up My Life '' by Debby Boone Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Bee Gees version ) 24 December 1977 -- 7 January 1978 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Baby Come Back '' by Player Preceded by `` Ti amo '' by Umberto Tozzi `` Magnolias Forever '' by Claude François French SNEP number - one single ( Bee Gees version ) 17 March 1978 ( one week ) 21 April 1978 -- 26 May 1978 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` We Will Rock You '' / `` We Are the Champions '' by Queen `` It 's a Heartache '' by Bonnie Tyler Preceded by `` Spaceman '' by Babylon Zoo Danish number - one hits ( Take That version ) 11 April 1996 -- 18 April 1996 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` One of Us '' by Joan Osborne Preceded by `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' by Oasis Irish IRMA number - one single ( Take That version ) 24 February 1996 -- 9 March 1996 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Aon Focal Eile '' by Richie Kavanagh Preceded by `` One of Us '' by Joan Osborne Israel Singles Chart ( Take That version ) 20 February 1996 -- 20 March 1996 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hallo Spaceboy '' by David Bowie featuring Pet Shop Boys Preceded by `` Children '' by Robert Miles Italian Singles Chart number - one single ( Take That version ) 23 March 1996 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` La terra dei cachi '' by `` Elio e le Storie Tese & Orchestra Spettacolo Casadei '' Preceded by `` Do U Still ? '' by East 17 Latvian Singles Chart ( Take That version ) 10 March 1996 -- 28 April 1996 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Get Down ( You 're the One for Me ) '' by Backstreet Boys Preceded by `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' by Oasis Scottish Singles Chart ( Take That version ) 3 March 1996 -- 17 March 1996 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Children '' by Robert Miles Preceded by `` Jesus to a Child '' by George Michael Spanish Singles Chart number - one single ( Take That version ) 25 March 1996 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Jesus to a Child '' by George Michael Preceded by `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' by Oasis UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Take That version ) 9 March 1996 -- 23 March 1996 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Firestarter '' by Prodigy Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Side one `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Night Fever '' `` More Than a Woman '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( Yvonne Elliman ) Side two `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' ( Walter Murphy ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( Tavares ) `` Manhattan Skyline '' ( David Shire ) `` Calypso Breakdown '' ( Ralph MacDonald ) Side three `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( David Shire ) `` Open Sesame '' ( Kool & the Gang ) `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` Boogie Shoes '' ( KC and the Sunshine Band ) Side four `` Salsation '' ( David Shire ) `` K - Jee '' ( MFSB ) `` Disco Inferno '' ( The Trammps ) Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 2 Years On Tour Trafalgar Tour Mr. Natural Tour Main Course Tour Children of the World Tour Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour High Civilization World Tour One Night Only World Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten Book Bee Gees singles discography 1960s 1963 `` The Battle of the Blue and the Grey '' / `` The Three Kisses of Love '' `` Timber ! '' / `` Take Hold of That Star '' 1964 `` Peace of Mind '' / `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Claustrophobia '' / `` Could It Be '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' / `` ( Theme From ) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters '' 1965 `` Every Day I Have to Cry '' / `` You Would n't Know '' `` Wine and Women '' / `` Follow the Wind '' `` I Was A Lover , A Leader of Men '' / `` And the Children Laughing '' 1966 `` I Want Home '' / `` Cherry Red '' `` Monday 's Rain '' / `` All of My Life '' `` Spicks and Specks '' / `` I Am the World '' 1967 `` Born a Man '' / `` Big Chance '' `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' / `` I Ca n't See Nobody '' `` To Love Somebody '' / `` Close Another Door '' `` Holiday '' / `` Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You '' `` Massachusetts '' / `` Barker of the UFO '' `` World '' / `` Sir Geoffrey Saved the World '' 1968 `` Words '' / `` Sinking Ships '' `` Jumbo '' / `` The Singer Sang His Song '' `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' / `` Kitty Can '' `` I Started a Joke '' / `` Kilburn Towers '' 1969 `` First of May '' / `` Lamplight '' `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' / `` Sun in My Morning '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' / `` The Lord '' 1970s 1970 `` If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else '' / `` Sweetheart '' ( US ) `` I.O.I.O. '' / `` Sweetheart '' `` Lonely Days '' / `` Man for All Seasons '' 1971 `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' / `` Country Woman '' `` Do n't Wanna Live Inside Myself '' / `` Walking Back to Waterloo '' 1972 `` My World '' / `` On Time '' `` Run to Me '' / `` Road to Alaska '' `` Alive '' / Paper Mache , Cabbages and Kings '' 1973 `` Saw a New Morning '' / `` My Life Has Been a Song '' `` Would n't I Be Someone '' / `` Elisa '' `` Mr. Natural '' / `` It Does n't Matter Much to Me '' `` Throw a Penny '' / `` I Ca n't Let You Go '' `` Charade '' / `` Heavy Breathing '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' / `` Wind of Change '' `` Nights on Broadway '' / `` Edge of the Universe '' 1976 `` Fanny ( Be Tender with My Love ) '' / `` Country Lanes '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' / `` Subway '' `` Love So Right '' / `` You Stepped Into My Life '' 1977 `` Boogie Child '' / `` Lovers '' `` Edge of the Universe ( live ) '' / `` Words ( live ) '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' / `` Ca n't Keep a Good Man Down '' ( live ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' / `` If I Ca n't Have You '' 1978 `` Night Fever '' / `` Down the Road ( live ) '' `` Too Much Heaven '' / `` Rest Your Love on Me '' 1979 `` Tragedy '' / `` Until '' `` Love You Inside Out '' / `` I 'm Satisfied '' 1980s 1981 `` He 's a Liar '' `` Living Eyes '' / `` I Still Love You '' `` The Woman in You '' / `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Someone Belonging to Someone '' / `` I Love You Too Much '' ( instrumental ) `` You Win Again '' / `` Backtafunk '' `` E.S.P. '' / `` Overnight '' `` Ordinary Lives '' / `` Wing and a Prayer '' `` One '' / `` Flesh and Blood '' 1990s `` Bodyguard '' / `` Will You Ever Let Me '' 1991 `` Secret Love '' / `` Party with No Name '' `` When He 's Gone '' / `` True Confessions '' `` The Only Love '' / `` You Win Again '' ( live ) `` Happy Ever After '' / `` Evolution '' `` Paying the Price of Love '' / `` My Destiny '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' / `` Decadance '' `` How to Fall in Love , Part 1 '' / `` Fallen Angel '' `` Kiss of Life '' / `` 855 - 7019 '' `` Alone '' / `` Rings Around the Moon '' `` I Could Not Love You More '' / `` Love Never Dies '' ( EUR ) `` Still Waters ( Run Deep ) '' / `` Love Never Dies '' 2000s `` This Is Where I Came In '' / `` Just in Case '' Other countries 1968 `` And the Sun Will Shine '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( France ) 1970 `` Let There Be Love '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( Netherlands ) 1971 `` When the Swallows Fly '' / `` Give Your Best '' ( Netherlands ) `` Morning of my Life '' / `` To Love Somebody '' 1972 `` Israel '' / `` Dearest '' ( Netherlands ) `` Sea of Smiling Faces '' / `` Please Do n't Turn Out the Lights '' 1977 `` Children of the World '' / `` Boogie Child '' ( Australia ) `` Crazy for Your Love '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' `` Angela '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' ( Germany , Netherlands ) Demis Roussos Discography Studio albums On the Greek Side of My Mind ( a.k.a. Fire and Ice ) Forever and Ever My Only Fascination Auf Wiedersehn Souvenirs Happy to Be ... Die Nacht und der Wein The Roussos Phenomenon ( EP ) Kyrila -- Insel der Träume The Demis Roussos Magic Demis Roussos Man of the World Attitudes Reflection The Story of Demis Roussos Time Compilations Greatest Hits Golden Hits Life & Love Insel der Zärtlichkeit -- Demis Roussos und seine 20 Welterfolge The Phenomenon 1968 -- 1998 ( a.k.a. Forever and Ever -- 40 Greatest Hits ) Forever and Ever -- Definitive Collection Collected Singles `` We Shall Dance '' `` My Reason '' `` Goodbye , My Love , Goodbye '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Velvet Mornings '' `` My Friend the Wind '' `` Schönes Mädchen aus Arcadia '' `` Someday Somewhere '' `` My Only Fascination '' `` Auf Wiedersehn '' `` With You '' `` Manuela '' `` Schön wie Mona Lisa ( Wenn ich ein Maler wär ' ) '' `` From Souvenirs to Souvenirs '' `` Perdoname '' `` Vagabund der Liebe '' `` Happy to Be on an Island in the Sun '' `` Die Bouzouki , die Nacht und der Wein '' `` Ca n't Say How Much I Love You '' `` When Forever Has Gone '' `` Because '' `` Kyrila '' `` Ainsi soit - il '' `` That Once in a Lifetime '' `` L.O.V.E. Got a Hold of Me '' `` Lost in Love '' `` Follow Me '' `` Love Me Tender '' `` Summerwine '' `` Quand je t'aime '' `` Rain and Tears '' `` It 's Five O'Clock '' `` On écrit sur les murs '' Related topics Aphrodite 's Child Vangelis Blade Runner soundtrack Take That Gary Barlow Howard Donald Mark Owen Jason Orange Robbie Williams Studio albums Take That & Party ( 1992 ) Everything Changes ( 1993 ) Nobody Else ( 1995 ) Beautiful World ( 2006 ) The Circus ( 2008 ) Progress ( 2010 ) III ( 2014 ) Wonderland ( 2017 ) Other albums The Greatest Day -- Take That Present : The Circus Live ( 2009 ) Progressed ( 2011 ) Progress Live ( 2011 ) Compilation albums Take That : Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) The Best of Take That ( 2001 ) Forever ... Greatest Hits ( 2002 ) Never Forget -- The Ultimate Collection ( 2005 ) The Platinum Collection ( 2006 ) Singles `` Do What U Like '' `` Promises '' `` Once You 've Tasted Love '' `` It Only Takes a Minute '' `` I Found Heaven '' `` A Million Love Songs '' `` Could It Be Magic '' `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You '' `` Pray '' `` Relight My Fire '' `` Babe '' `` Everything Changes '' `` Love Ai n't Here Anymore '' `` Sure '' `` Back for Good '' `` Never Forget '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Patience '' `` Shine '' `` I 'd Wait for Life '' `` Reach Out '' `` Rule the World '' `` Greatest Day '' `` Up All Night '' `` The Garden '' `` Said It All '' `` Hold Up a Light '' `` The Flood '' `` Kidz '' `` Happy Now '' `` Love Love '' `` When We Were Young '' `` These Days '' `` Let in the Sun '' `` Higher Than Higher '' `` Hey Boy '' `` Cry '' `` Giants '' Tours Party Tour Everything Changes Tour Pops Tour Nobody Else Tour The Ultimate Tour Beautiful World Tour 2007 Take That Present : The Circus Live Progress Live Take That Live Wonderland Live Television Take That : For the Record Take That 's Countdown to Midnight Musical theatre Never Forget : The Musical The Band Related articles Discography Songs Nigel Martin - Smith John Shanks Stuart Price SingStar Take That Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Deep_Is_Your_Love_(Bee_Gees_song)&oldid=838345186 '' Categories : 1977 singles 1996 singles 2004 singles Bee Gees songs Demis Roussos songs Take That songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Italy Songs from Saturday Night Fever Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers Songs written by Barry Gibb Songs written by Maurice Gibb Songs written by Robin Gibb RSO Records singles Polydor Records singles Pop ballads Songs involved in plagiarism controversies 1977 songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 12 : 39 . 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2605532980424478415 | Jump in the Fire | Jump in the Fire - wikipedia Jump in the Fire Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jump into the Fire . `` Jump in the Fire '' Single by Metallica from the album Kill ' Em All B - side `` Phantom Lord '' ( Live ) `` Seek & Destroy '' ( Live ) Released January 20 , 1984 Format Cassette vinyl Recorded May 10 -- 27 , 1983 at Music America Studios , Rochester , New York Genre Thrash metal Length 4 : 40 Label Megaforce Songwriter ( s ) James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Dave Mustaine Producer ( s ) Paul Curcio Johny Zazula Metallica singles chronology `` Whiplash '' ( 1983 ) `` Jump in the Fire '' ( 1984 ) `` Creeping Death '' ( 1984 ) `` Whiplash '' ( 1983 ) `` Jump in the Fire '' ( 1984 ) `` Creeping Death '' ( 1984 ) Audio sample file help `` Jump in the Fire '' is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica . It was released as the second and final single from their debut album , Kill ' Em All . The single was accompanied by fake live performances of `` Phantom Lord '' and `` Seek & Destroy '' which were alternate studio recordings with sounds of a crowd overdubbed in . Alongside `` Hit the Lights '' and `` No Remorse '' , `` Jump in the Fire '' is one of Metallica 's first original songs , having been included on Ron McGovney 's ' 82 Garage demo , an unreleased recording . The original lyrics and content , which dealt with sex , were written by Dave Mustaine in his former band Panic at the age of 16 . The original version that Mustaine introduced to Hetfield and Ulrich upon joining Metallica was raw . The three worked together on refining the song and the final outcome is what is heard on the demo . However , much like the events surrounding `` The Four Horsemen '' , new lyrics were written by James Hetfield upon Mustaine 's departure from Metallica . The new lyrics revolve around people being damned to Hell and therefore `` jumping in the fire . '' Lars Ulrich claims that they had written the song to sound like `` Run to the Hills '' by Iron Maiden , which was popular at the time . Current live performances since 2004 are in D standard tuning , as opposed to the E standard tuning of earlier live performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commemoration 2 Track listing 3 References 4 External links Commemoration ( edit ) The single sleeve artwork depicts a red - skinned demonic creature basking in flames . This artwork copies the Demon off the cover of Graham Mastertons ' 1978 novel , The Devils of D - Day ( Sphere , 1979 edition ) , painted by Les Edwards . In 2009 , a collectible action figure of this character was released by MediCom Toy Inc . With an original retail price of $99.99 , the approximately 12 - inch ( 30.48 cm ) tall figure is limited to 1,000 pieces and sold as an online exclusive . Track listing ( edit ) International Single No . Title Length 1 . `` Creeping Death '' 6 : 39 2 . `` Am I Evil ? '' 7 : 52 3 . `` Blitzkrieg '' 3 : 37 4 . `` Jump in the Fire '' 4 : 41 5 . `` Seek and Destroy '' 7 : 05 6 . `` Phantom Lord '' 4 : 52 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.cduniverse.com/lyrics.asp?id=10898809 Jump up ^ Interview with Lars Ulrich on YouTube Jump up ^ Jump in the Fire Action Figure Archived July 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Metallica.com ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 9 - 14 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` BLABBERMOUTH.NET - METALLICA : ' Jump In The Fire ' Creature Available Now '' . Blabbermouth.net . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Original work by Les Edwards used for the artwork of the single `` Jump in the Fire '' `` Jump in the Fire '' lyrics Metallica James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Kirk Hammett Robert Trujillo Ron McGovney Dave Mustaine Cliff Burton Jason Newsted Bob Rock Studio albums Kill ' Em All Ride the Lightning Master of Puppets ... And Justice for All Metallica Load Reload St. Anger Death Magnetic Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct Cover albums Garage Inc . Collaboration projects Lulu Extended plays The $5.98 E.P. : Garage Days Re-Revisited Beyond Magnetic Live albums S&M Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México Live at Grimey 's The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Through the Never Box sets The Good , the Bad & the Live Live Shit : Binge & Purge Limited - Edition Vinyl Box Set The Metallica Collection Singles `` Whiplash '' `` Jump in the Fire '' `` Creeping Death '' `` Master of Puppets '' `` Harvester of Sorrow '' `` Eye of the Beholder '' `` One '' `` Enter Sandman '' `` The Unforgiven '' `` Nothing Else Matters '' `` Wherever I May Roam '' `` Sad but True '' `` Until It Sleeps '' `` Hero of the Day '' `` Mama Said '' `` King Nothing '' `` The Memory Remains '' `` The Unforgiven II '' `` Fuel '' `` Turn the Page '' `` Whiskey in the Jar '' `` Die , Die My Darling '' `` Nothing Else Matters ' 99 '' `` No Leaf Clover '' `` I Disappear '' `` St. Anger '' `` Frantic '' `` The Unnamed Feeling '' `` Some Kind of Monster '' `` The Day That Never Comes '' `` All Nightmare Long '' `` Broken , Beat & Scarred '' `` The View '' `` Lords of Summer '' `` Hardwired '' `` Moth into Flame '' `` Atlas , Rise ! '' `` Now That We 're Dead '' `` Spit Out the Bone '' Promotional singles `` Fade to Black '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Do n't Tread on Me '' `` Ai n't My Bitch '' `` Bleeding Me '' `` Better than You '' `` My Apocalypse '' `` Cyanide '' `` The Judas Kiss '' Other songs `` Seek & Destroy '' `` Am I Evil ? '' `` Blitzkrieg '' `` Breadfan '' `` The God That Failed '' `` Astronomy '' `` Tuesday 's Gone '' `` Last Caress / Green Hell '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' `` So What ? '' `` Overkill '' `` The Unforgiven III '' Video albums Cliff ' Em All 2 of One A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica Cunning Stunts S&M The Videos 1989 -- 2004 Français Pour une Nuit Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Quebec Magnetic Metallica Through the Never Tours Kill ' Em All Tour Ride the Lightning Tour Damage , Inc . Tour Monsters of Rock Tour 1987 Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 Damaged Justice Tour Wherever We May Roam Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Nowhere Else to Roam Tour Shit Hits the Sheds Tour Poor Touring Me Poor Re-Touring Me Tour Garage Remains the Same Tour M2K Mini Tour Summer Sanitarium Tour Madly in Anger with the World Tour Escape from the Studio ' 06 Sick of the Studio ' 07 2008 European Vacation Tour World Magnetic Tour 2012 European Black Album Tour The Full Arsenal Tour By Request Tour Lords of Summer Tour WorldWired Tour Related articles Awards Discography Demos Songs recorded Songs performed live Apocalyptica Beatallica Big Mick Orion Music + More Echobrain Exodus Flotsam and Jetsam Megadeth Newsted Metallica v. Napster , Inc . A Tribute to the Four Horsemen The Blackest Album : An Industrial Tribute to Metallica Johnny Got His Gun Damage Incorporated Guitar Hero : Metallica Songs Metallic Assault : A Tribute to Metallica Metallic Attack : The Ultimate Tribute Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jump_in_the_Fire&oldid=803488200 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1984 singles Metallica songs Songs written by Dave Mustaine Songs written by James Hetfield Songs written by Lars Ulrich Megaforce Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Español Français Italiano ქართული Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 20 : 55 . About Wikipedia | metallica jump in the fire album song list | [] | [] |
1141594309401749013 | IPv6 | IPv6 - Wikipedia IPv6 Parts of this article ( those related to RFC 8200 and RFC 8201 ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2017 ) Internet protocol suite Application layer BGP DHCP DNS FTP HTTP IMAP LDAP MGCP MQTT NNTP NTP POP ONC / RPC RTP RTSP RIP SIP SMTP SNMP SSH Telnet TLS / SSL XMPP more ... Transport layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP more ... Internet layer IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP ICMPv6 ECN IGMP IPsec more ... Link layer ARP NDP OSPF Tunnels L2TP PPP MAC Ethernet DSL ISDN FDDI more ... Internet Protocol version 6 ( IPv6 ) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol ( IP ) , the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet . IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) to deal with the long - anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion . IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4 . IPv6 became a Draft Standard in December 1998 , and became an Internet Standard on 14 July 2017 . Devices on the Internet are assigned a unique IP address for identification and location definition . With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercialization in the 1990s , it became evident that far more addresses would be needed to connect devices than the IPv4 address space had available . By 1998 , the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) had formalized the successor protocol . IPv6 uses a 128 - bit address , theoretically allowing 2 , or approximately 7038340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 × 10 addresses . The actual number is slightly smaller , as multiple ranges are reserved for special use or completely excluded from use . The total number of possible IPv6 addresses is more than 7028790000000000000 ♠ 7.9 × 10 times as many as IPv4 , which uses 32 - bit addresses and provides approximately 4.3 billion addresses . The two protocols are not designed to be interoperable , complicating the transition to IPv6 . However , several IPv6 transition mechanisms have been devised to permit communication between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts . IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing space . In particular , it permits hierarchical address allocation methods that facilitate route aggregation across the Internet , and thus limit the expansion of routing tables . The use of multicast addressing is expanded and simplified , and provides additional optimization for the delivery of services . Device mobility , security , and configuration aspects have been considered in the design of the protocol . IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits with the groups being separated by colons , for example 2001 : 0db8 : 0000 : 0042 : 0000 : 8a2e : 0370 : 7334 , but methods to abbreviate this full notation exist . Contents 1 Main features 2 Motivation and origin 2.1 IPv4 2.2 Working - group proposals 3 Comparison with IPv4 3.1 Larger address space 3.2 Multicasting 3.3 Stateless address autoconfiguration ( SLAAC ) 3.4 SLAAC privacy extensions 3.5 IPsec 3.6 Simplified processing by routers 3.7 Mobility 3.8 Extension headers 3.8. 1 Jumbograms 4 IPv6 Packet format 5 Addressing 5.1 Address representation 5.2 Address uniqueness 5.3 Link - local address 5.4 Global addressing 6 IPv6 in the Domain Name System 7 Transition mechanisms 7.1 Dual - stack IP implementation 7.2 ISP customers with public facing IPv6 7.3 Tunneling 7.3. 1 IPv4 - mapped IPv6 addresses 8 IPv6 readiness 8.1 Application Software 8.2 Hardware and embedded systems 8.3 Shadow networks 9 Security 10 Deployment 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Main features ( edit ) Decomposition of the IPv6 address representation into its binary form IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet - switched internetworking and provides end - to - end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks , closely adhering to the design principles developed in the previous version of the protocol , Internet Protocol Version 4 ( IPv4 ) . IPv6 was first formally described in Internet standard document RFC 1883 , published in December 1995 . That RFC was obsoleted and replaced by RFC 2460 , published in December 1998 . In July 2017 this specification was obsoleted and replaced by RFC 8200 . In addition to offering more addresses , IPv6 also implements features not present in IPv4 . It simplifies aspects of address assignment ( stateless address autoconfiguration ) , network renumbering , and router announcements when changing network connectivity providers . It simplifies processing of packets in routers by placing the responsibility for packet fragmentation into the end points . The IPv6 subnet size is standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from link layer addressing information ( MAC address ) . Network security was a design requirement of the IPv6 architecture , and included the original specification of IPsec . IPv6 does not specify interoperability features with IPv4 , but essentially creates a parallel , independent network . Exchanging traffic between the two networks requires translator gateways employing one of several transition mechanisms , such as NAT64 , or a tunneling protocol like 6to4 , 6in4 , or Teredo . Motivation and origin ( edit ) IPv4 ( edit ) Decomposition of the quad - dotted IPv4 address representation to its binary value Internet Protocol Version 4 ( IPv4 ) was the first publicly used version of the Internet Protocol . IPv4 was developed as a research project by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , a United States Department of Defense agency , before becoming the foundation for the Internet and the World Wide Web . It is currently described by IETF publication RFC 791 ( September 1981 ) , which replaced an earlier definition ( RFC 760 , January 1980 ) . IPv4 included an addressing system that used numerical identifiers consisting of 32 bits . These addresses are typically displayed in quad - dotted notation as decimal values of four octets , each in the range 0 to 255 , or 8 bits per number . Thus , IPv4 provides an addressing capability of 2 or approximately 4.3 billion addresses . Address exhaustion was not initially a concern in IPv4 as this version was originally presumed to be a test of DARPA 's networking concepts . During the first decade of operation of the Internet , it became apparent that methods had to be developed to conserve address space . In the early 1990s , even after the redesign of the addressing system using a classless network model , it became clear that this would not suffice to prevent IPv4 address exhaustion , and that further changes to the Internet infrastructure were needed . The last unassigned top - level address blocks of 16 million IPv4 addresses were allocated in February 2011 by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) to the five regional Internet registries ( RIRs ) . However , each RIR still has available address pools and is expected to continue with standard address allocation policies until one / 8 Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) block remains . After that , only blocks of 1024 addresses ( / 22 ) will be provided from the RIRs to a local Internet registry ( LIR ) . As of September 2015 , all of Asia - Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , the Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE_NCC ) , Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre ( LACNIC ) , and American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) have reached this stage . This leaves African Network Information Center ( AFRINIC ) as the sole regional internet registry that is still using the normal protocol for distributing IPv4 addresses . Working - group proposals ( edit ) By the beginning of 1992 , several proposals appeared for an expanded Internet addressing system and by the end of 1992 the IETF announced a call for white papers . In September 1993 , the IETF created a temporary , ad - hoc IP Next Generation ( IPng ) area to deal specifically with such issues . The new area was led by Allison Mankin and Scott Bradner , and had a directorate with 15 engineers from diverse backgrounds for direction - setting and preliminary document review : The working - group members were J. Allard ( Microsoft ) , Steve Bellovin ( AT&T ) , Jim Bound ( Digital Equipment Corporation ) , Ross Callon ( Wellfleet ) , Brian Carpenter ( CERN ) , Dave Clark ( MIT ) , John Curran ( NEARNET ) , Steve Deering ( Xerox ) , Dino Farinacci ( Cisco ) , Paul Francis ( NTT ) , Eric Fleischmann ( Boeing ) , Mark Knopper ( Ameritech ) , Greg Minshall ( Novell ) , Rob Ullmann ( Lotus ) , and Lixia Zhang ( Xerox ) . The Internet Engineering Task Force adopted the IPng model on 25 July 1994 , with the formation of several IPng working groups . By 1996 , a series of RFCs was released defining Internet Protocol version 6 ( IPv6 ) , starting with RFC 1883 . ( Version 5 was used by the experimental Internet Stream Protocol . ) It is widely expected that the Internet will use IPv4 alongside IPv6 for the foreseeable future . Direct communication between the IPv4 and IPv6 network protocols is not possible ; therefore , intermediary trans - protocol systems are needed as a communication conduit between IPv4 and IPv6 whether on a single device or among network nodes . Comparison with IPv4 ( edit ) On the Internet , data is transmitted in the form of network packets . IPv6 specifies a new packet format , designed to minimize packet header processing by routers . Because the headers of IPv4 packets and IPv6 packets are significantly different , the two protocols are not interoperable . However , in most respects , IPv6 is an extension of IPv4 . Most transport and application - layer protocols need little or no change to operate over IPv6 ; exceptions are application protocols that embed Internet - layer addresses , such as File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) and Network Time Protocol ( NTP ) , where the new address format may cause conflicts with existing protocol syntax . Larger address space ( edit ) The main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is its larger address space . The length of an IPv6 address is 128 bits , compared with 32 bits in IPv4 . The address space therefore has 2 or approximately 7038340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 × 10 addresses . In addition , the IPv4 address space is poorly allocated ; in 2011 , approximately 14 % of all available addresses were utilized . While these numbers are large , it was not the intent of the designers of the IPv6 address space to assure geographical saturation with usable addresses . Rather , the longer addresses simplify allocation of addresses , enable efficient route aggregation , and allow implementation of special addressing features . In IPv4 , complex Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) methods were developed to make the best use of the small address space . The standard size of a subnet in IPv6 is 2 addresses , the square of the size of the entire IPv4 address space . Thus , actual address space utilization rates will be small in IPv6 , but network management and routing efficiency are improved by the large subnet space and hierarchical route aggregation . Renumbering an existing network for a new connectivity provider with different routing prefixes is a major effort with IPv4 . With IPv6 , however , changing the prefix announced by a few routers can in principle renumber an entire network , since the host identifiers ( the least - significant 64 bits of an address ) can be independently self - configured by a host . Multicasting ( edit ) Multicasting , the transmission of a packet to multiple destinations in a single send operation , is part of the base specification in IPv6 . In IPv4 this is an optional although commonly implemented feature . IPv6 multicast addressing shares common features and protocols with IPv4 multicast , but also provides changes and improvements by eliminating the need for certain protocols . IPv6 does not implement traditional IP broadcast , i.e. the transmission of a packet to all hosts on the attached link using a special broadcast address , and therefore does not define broadcast addresses . In IPv6 , the same result is achieved by sending a packet to the link - local all nodes multicast group at address ff02 : : 1 , which is analogous to IPv4 multicasting to address 224.0. 0.1 . IPv6 also provides for new multicast implementations , including embedding rendezvous point addresses in an IPv6 multicast group address , which simplifies the deployment of inter-domain solutions . In IPv4 it is very difficult for an organization to get even one globally routable multicast group assignment , and the implementation of inter-domain solutions is arcane . Unicast address assignments by a local Internet registry for IPv6 have at least a 64 - bit routing prefix , yielding the smallest subnet size available in IPv6 ( also 64 bits ) . With such an assignment it is possible to embed the unicast address prefix into the IPv6 multicast address format , while still providing a 32 - bit block , the least significant bits of the address , or approximately 4.2 billion multicast group identifiers . Thus each user of an IPv6 subnet automatically has available a set of globally routable source - specific multicast groups for multicast applications . Stateless address autoconfiguration ( SLAAC ) ( edit ) See also : IPv6 address § Stateless address autoconfiguration IPv6 hosts can configure themselves automatically when connected to an IPv6 network using the Neighbor Discovery Protocol via Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 ( ICMPv6 ) router discovery messages . When first connected to a network , a host sends a link - local router solicitation multicast request for its configuration parameters ; routers respond to such a request with a router advertisement packet that contains Internet Layer configuration parameters . Routers present a special case of requirements for address configuration , as they often are sources of autoconfiguration information , such as router and prefix advertisements . Stateless configuration of routers can be achieved with a special router renumbering protocol . If IPv6 stateless address auto - configuration is unsuitable , IPv6 just like IPv4 allows for stateful configuration with the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 ( DHCPv6 ) or manual static configuration of hosts . SLAAC privacy extensions ( edit ) Like IPv4 , IPv6 supports globally unique IP addresses . The design of IPv6 intended to re-emphasize the end - to - end principle of network design that was originally conceived during the establishment of the early Internet . In this approach each device on the network has a unique address globally reachable directly from any other location on the Internet . A unique IP address can potentially be used to track the network activity of a device . Moreover , when using IPv6 address auto - configuration , the Interface Identifier ( MAC address ) of a network card is used to make its public IPv6 interface identifier unique , exposing the type of hardware used and providing a unique handle for a user 's online activity . Autoconfiguration on the basis of the network card MAC address is therefore a particular privacy concern for mobile devices , such as laptops , because when they access the Internet from different local area networks , their MAC based interface identifier would always stay the same . Thus the MAC address based interface identifier can be used to track the movement and usage of a particular mobile device . When IPv6 was developed in the mid-90s , the Internet was not accessed by a large number of mobile devices and privacy was not the priority it has become today . To address these privacy concerns , the SLAAC protocol was updated with mechanisms that were termed `` Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6 '' , codified in RFC 4941 . This allows for the IPv6 address interface identifier to be generated randomly . If the same interface identifier is generated for two devices in the same local area network , the Duplicate Address Detection ( DAD ) function of the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol ( NDP ) will resolve the situation . The SLAAC privacy extension also implements a time out , which is configurable , so that the IPv6 interface addresses will be discarded and a new interface identifier is generated . Typically the time out is configured to 24 hours . So IPv6 autoconfiguration will generate and set a new IPv6 host address every day . As of late 2014 the SLAAC privacy extensions functionality was implemented by the following operating systems : all Microsoft Windows after Windows XP , all versions of Mac OS X from 10.7 onward , all versions of iOS since 4.3 , all versions of Android since 4.0 ( Ice Cream Sandwich ) . The privacy extension is now enabled by default in Windows ( since XP SP1 ) , OS X ( since 10.7 ) , and iOS ( since version 4.3 ) . Some Linux distributions have enabled privacy extensions as well . IPsec ( edit ) Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) was originally developed for IPv6 , but found widespread deployment first in IPv4 , for which it was re-engineered . IPsec was a mandatory part of all IPv6 protocol implementations , and Internet Key Exchange was recommended . But with RFC 6434 the inclusion of IPsec in IPv6 implementations was downgraded to a recommendation because it was considered impractical to require full IPsec implementation for all types of devices that may use IPv6 . However , as of RFC 4301 IPv6 protocol implementations that do implement IPsec need to implement IKEv2 and need to support a minimum set of cryptographic algorithms . This requirement will help to make IPsec implementations more interoperable between devices from different vendors . The IPsec Authentication Header ( AH ) and the Encapsulating Security Payload header ( ESP ) are implemented as IPv6 extension headers . Simplified processing by routers ( edit ) The packet header in IPv6 is simpler than the IPv4 header . Many rarely used fields have been moved to optional header extensions . With the simplified IPv6 packet header the process of packet forwarding by routers has been simplified . Although IPv6 packet headers are at least twice the size of IPv4 packet headers , packet processing by routers is generally more efficient , because less processing is required in routers due to the headers being aligned to match common word sizes . Moreover , an IPv6 header does not include a checksum . The IPv4 header checksum is calculated for the IPv4 header , and has to be recalculated by routers every time the time to live ( called hop limit in the IPv6 protocol ) is reduced by one . The absence of a checksum in the IPv6 header furthers the end - to - end principle of Internet design , which envisioned that most processing in the network occurs in the leaf nodes . Integrity protection for the data that is encapsulated in the IPv6 packet is assumed to be assured by both the link layer or error detection in higher - layer protocols , namely the Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) and the User Datagram Protocol ( UDP ) on the transport layer . Thus , while IPv4 allowed UDP datagram headers to have no checksum ( indicated by 0 in the header field ) , IPv6 requires a checksum in UDP headers . IPv6 routers do not perform IP fragmentation . IPv6 hosts are required to either perform path MTU discovery , perform end - to - end fragmentation , or to send packets no larger than the default Maximum transmission unit ( MTU ) , which is 1280 octets . Mobility ( edit ) Unlike mobile IPv4 , mobile IPv6 avoids triangular routing and is therefore as efficient as native IPv6 . IPv6 routers may also allow entire subnets to move to a new router connection point without renumbering . Extension headers ( edit ) The IPv6 packet header has a minimum size of 40 octets ( 320 bits ) . Options are implemented as extensions . This provides the opportunity to extend the protocol in the future without affecting the core packet structure . However , a study in 2015 indicated that some network operators dropped IPv6 packets with extension headers when they traversed transit autonomous systems . Jumbograms ( edit ) IPv4 limits packets to 65,535 ( 2 − 1 ) octets of payload . An IPv6 node can optionally handle packets over this limit , referred to as jumbograms , which can be as large as 4,294,967,295 ( 2 − 1 ) octets . The use of jumbograms may improve performance over high - MTU links . The use of jumbograms is indicated by the Jumbo Payload Option extension header . IPv6 packet format ( edit ) Main article : IPv6 packet IPv6 packet header An IPv6 packet has two parts : a header and payload . The header consists of a fixed portion with minimal functionality required for all packets and may be followed by optional extensions to implement special features . The fixed header occupies the first 40 octets ( 320 bits ) of the IPv6 packet . It contains the source and destination addresses , traffic classification options , a hop counter , and the type of the optional extension or payload which follows the header . This Next Header field tells the receiver how to interpret the data which follows the header . If the packet contains options , this field contains the option type of the next option . The `` Next Header '' field of the last option , points to the upper - layer protocol that is carried in the packet 's payload . Extension headers carry options that are used for special treatment of a packet in the network , e.g. , for routing , fragmentation , and for security using the IPsec framework . Without special options , a payload must be less than 64 KB . With a Jumbo Payload option ( in a Hop - By - Hop Options extension header ) , the payload must be less than 4 GB . Unlike with IPv4 , routers never fragment a packet . Hosts are expected to use Path MTU Discovery to make their packets small enough to reach the destination without needing to be fragmented . See IPv6 packet fragmentation . Addressing ( edit ) Main article : IPv6 address IPv6 addresses have 128 bits . The design of the IPv6 address space implements a very different design philosophy than in IPv4 , in which subnetting was used to improve the efficiency of utilization of the small address space . In IPv6 , the address space is deemed large enough for the foreseeable future , and a local area subnet always uses 64 bits for the host portion of the address , designated as the interface identifier , while the most - significant 64 bits are used as the routing prefix . The identifier is only unique within the subnet to which a host is connected . IPv6 has a mechanism for automatic address detection , so that address autoconfiguration always produces unique assignments . Address representation ( edit ) The 128 bits of an IPv6 address are represented in 8 groups of 16 bits each . Each group is written as four hexadecimal digits ( sometimes called hextets ) and the groups are separated by colons ( : ) . An example of this representation is 2001 : 0db8 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : ff00 : 0042 : 8329 . For convenience , an IPv6 address may be abbreviated to shorter notations by application of the following rules . One or more leading zeroes from any groups of hexadecimal digits are removed ; this is usually done to either all or none of the leading zeroes . For example , the group 0042 is converted to 42 . Consecutive sections of zeroes are replaced with a double colon ( : : ) . The double colon may only be used once in an address , as multiple use would render the address indeterminate . RFC 5952 recommends that a double colon not be used to denote an omitted single section of zeroes . An example of application of these rules : Initial address : 2001 : 0db8 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : ff00 : 0042 : 8329 After removing all leading zeroes in each group : 2001 : db8 : 0 : 0 : 0 : ff00 : 42 : 8329 After omitting consecutive sections of zeroes : 2001 : db8 : : ff00 : 42 : 8329 The loopback address , 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001 , may be abbreviated to : : 1 by using both rules . As an IPv6 address may have more than one representation , the IETF has issued a proposed standard for representing them in text . Address uniqueness ( edit ) Hosts verify the uniqueness of addresses assigned by sending a neighbor solicitation message asking for the Link Layer address of the IP address . If any other host is using that address , it responds . However , MAC addresses are designed to be unique on each network card which minimizes chances of duplication . The host first determines if the network is connected to any routers at all , because if not , then all nodes are reachable using the link - local address that already is assigned to the host . The host will send out a Router Solicitation message to the all - routers multicast group with its link - local address as source . If there is no answer after a predetermined number of attempts , the host concludes that no routers are connected . If it does get a response from a router , there will be network information inside that is needed to create a globally unique address . There are also two flag bits that tell the host whether it should use DHCP to get further information and addresses : The Manage bit , that indicates whether or not the host should use DHCP to obtain additional addresses The Other bit , that indicates whether or not the host should obtain other information through DHCP . The other information consists of one or more prefix information options for the subnets that the host is attached to , a lifetime for the prefix , and two flags : On - link : If this flag is set , the host will treat all addresses on the specific subnet as being on - link , and send packets directly to them instead of sending them to a router for the duration of the given lifetime . Address : This is the flag that tells the host to actually create a global address . Link - local address ( edit ) All interfaces of IPv6 hosts require a link - local address . A link - local address is derived from the MAC address of the interface and the prefix fe80 : : / 10 . The process involves filling the address space with prefix bits left - justified to the most - significant bit , and filling the MAC address in EUI - 64 format into the least - significant bits . If any bits remain to be filled between the two parts , those are set to zero . The uniqueness of the address on the subnet is tested with the Duplicate Address Detection ( DAD ) method . Global addressing ( edit ) The assignment procedure for global addresses is similar to local address construction . The prefix is supplied from router advertisements on the network . Multiple prefix announcements cause multiple addresses to be configured . Stateless address autoconfiguration ( SLAAC ) requires a / 64 address block , as defined in RFC 4291 . Local Internet registries are assigned at least / 32 blocks , which they divide among subordinate networks . The initial recommendation stated assignment of a / 48 subnet to end - consumer sites ( RFC 3177 ) . This was replaced by RFC 6177 , which `` recommends giving home sites significantly more than a single / 64 , but does not recommend that every home site be given a / 48 either '' . / 56 s are specifically considered . It remains to be seen if ISPs will honor this recommendation . For example , during initial trials , Comcast customers were given a single / 64 network . IPv6 addresses are classified by three types of networking methodologies : unicast addresses identify each network interface , anycast addresses identify a group of interfaces , usually at different locations of which the nearest one is automatically selected , and multicast addresses are used to deliver one packet to many interfaces . The broadcast method is not implemented in IPv6 . Each IPv6 address has a scope , which specifies in which part of the network it is valid and unique . Some addresses are unique only on the local ( sub - ) network . Others are globally unique . Some IPv6 addresses are reserved for special purposes , such as loopback , 6to4 tunneling , and Teredo tunneling , as outlined in RFC 5156 . Also , some address ranges are considered special , such as link - local addresses for use on the local link only , Unique local addresses ( ULA ) , as described in RFC 4193 , and solicited - node multicast addresses used in the Neighbor Discovery Protocol . IPv6 in the domain name system ( edit ) In the Domain Name System , hostnames are mapped to IPv6 addresses by AAAA resource records , so - called quad - A records . For reverse resolution , the IETF reserved the domain ip6.arpa , where the name space is hierarchically divided by the 1 - digit hexadecimal representation of nibble units ( 4 bits ) of the IPv6 address . This scheme is defined in RFC 3596 . At the design stage of the IPv6 DNS architecture , the AAAA scheme faced a rival proposal . This alternate approach , designed to facilitate network renumbering , uses A6 records for the forward lookup and a number of other innovations such as bit - string labels and DNAME records . It is defined in RFC 2874 and its references ( with further discussion of the pros and cons of both schemes in RFC 3364 ) , but has been deprecated to experimental status ( RFC 3363 ) . Transition mechanisms ( edit ) IPv6 is not foreseen to supplant IPv4 instantaneously . Both protocols will continue to operate simultaneously for some time . Therefore , IPv6 transition mechanisms are needed to enable IPv6 hosts to reach IPv4 services and to allow isolated IPv6 hosts and networks to reach each other over IPv4 infrastructure . According to Silvia Hagen a dual - stack implementation of the IPv4 and IPv6 on devices is the easiest way to migrate to IPv6 . Many other transition mechanisms use tunneling to encapsulate IPv6 traffic within IPv4 networks . This is an imperfect solution , which reduces the maximum transmission unit ( MTU ) of a link and therefore complicates Path MTU Discovery , and may increase latency . Dual - stack IP implementation ( edit ) Dual - stack IP implementations provide complete IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks in the same network node on top of the common physical layer implementation , such as Ethernet . This permits dual - stack hosts to participate in IPv6 and IPv4 networks simultaneously . The method is defined in RFC 4213 . A device with dual - stack implementation has an IPv4 and IPv6 address , and can communicate with other nodes in the LAN or the Internet using either IPv4 or IPv6 . The Domain Name System ( DNS ) protocol is used by both IP implementations to resolve fully qualified domain names ( FQDN ) and IP addresses , but dual stack requires that the resolving DNS server can resolve both types of addresses . Such a dual stack DNS server would hold IPv4 addresses in the A records , and IPv6 addresses in the AAAA records . Depending on the destination that is to be resolved , a DNS name server may return an IPv4 or IPv6 IP address , or both . A default address selection mechanism , or preferred protocol , needs to be configured either on hosts or the DNS server . The IETF has published Happy Eyeballs to assist dual stack applications , so that they can connect using both IPv4 and IPv6 , but prefer an IPv6 connection if it is available . Dual - stack also needs to be implemented on routers , so that they can forward IPv6 packets using the IPv6 versions of routing protocols . When dual stack networks protocols are in place the application layer can be migrated to IPv6 . However , outdated DNS server implementations do n't support IPv6 . While dual - stack is supported by major operating system and network device vendors , legacy networking hardware and servers do n't support IPv6 . Various versions of Internet applications , such as the File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) , do n't support IPv6 . ISP customers with public facing IPv6 ( edit ) Internet service providers ( ISPs ) are increasingly providing their business and private customers with public facing IPv6 global unicast addresses . However , if in the local area network ( LAN ) IPv4 is still used , and the ISP can only provide a public facing IPv6 , the IPv4 LAN addresses are translated into the public facing IPv6 address using NAT64 , a network address translation ( NAT ) mechanism . Some ISPs can not provide their customers with a public facing IPv4 and IPv6 , thus supporting dual stack , because some ISPs have run out of IPv4 addresses that are globally routable . Meanwhile , ISP customers are still trying to reach web servers and other destinations that have an IPv4 address . IPv6 addresses are in the process of being allocated all over the world . A significant percentage of ISPs in all Regional Internet Registry ( RIR ) zones have already obtained IPv6 address space . This includes many of the world 's major ISPs and mobile network operators , such as Verizon Wireless , StarHub Cable , Chubu Telecommunications , Kabel Deutschland , Swisscom , T - Mobile , Internode and Telefonica . While there are still some ISPs that only allocate their DSL customers an IPv4 , many ISPs allocate their customers only an IPv6 or dual stack IPv4 and IPv6 . ISPs report the share of IPv6 traffic from customers over their network to be anything between 20 % and 40 % , but by mid-2017 IPv6 traffic still only accounted for a fraction of total traffic at several large Internet exchange points ( IXPs ) . AMS - IX reported it to be 2 % and SeattleIX reported 7 % . A 2017 survey found that many DSL customers that were served by a dual stack ISP did not request DNS servers to resolve fully qualified domain names into IPv6 addresses . The survey also found that the majority of traffic from IPv6 - ready webserver resources were still requested and served over IPv4 , mostly due to ISP customers that did not use the dual stack facility provided by their ISP and to a lesser extent due to customers of IPv4 - only ISPs . Tunneling ( edit ) The technical basis for tunneling , or encapsulating IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets , is outlined in RFC 4213 . When the Internet backbone was IPv4 only one of the frequently used tunneling protocols was 6to4 . Teredo tunneling was also frequently used for integrating IPv6 LANs with the IPv4 Internet backbone . Teredo is outlined in RFC 4380 and allows IPv6 local area networks to tunnel over IPv4 networks , by encapsulating IPv6 packets within UDP . The Teredo relay is an IPv6 router that mediates between a Teredo server and the native IPv6 network . It was expected that 6to4 and Teredo would be widely deployed until ISP networks would switch to native IPv6 , but by 2014 Google Statistics showed that the use of both mechanisms had dropped to almost 0 . IPv4 - mapped IPv6 addresses ( edit ) Hybrid dual - stack IPv6 / IPv4 implementations recognize a special class of addresses , the IPv4 - mapped IPv6 addresses . These addresses consist of an 80 - bit prefix of zeros , the next 16 bits are ones , and the remaining , least - significant 32 bits contain the IPv4 address . These addresses are typically written with a 96 - bit prefix in the standard IPv6 format , and the remaining 32 bits written in the customary dot - decimal notation of IPv4 . For example , : : ffff : 192.0. 2.128 represents the IPv4 address 192.0. 2.128 . A deprecated format for IPv4 - compatible IPv6 addresses is : : 192.0. 2.128 . Because of the significant internal differences between IPv4 and IPv6 , some of the lower - level functionality available to programmers in the IPv6 stack does not work the same when used with IPv4 - mapped addresses . Some common IPv6 stacks do not implement the IPv4 - mapped address feature , either because the IPv6 and IPv4 stacks are separate implementations ( e.g. , Microsoft Windows 2000 , XP , and Server 2003 ) , or because of security concerns ( OpenBSD ) . On these operating systems , a program must open a separate socket for each IP protocol it uses . On some systems , e.g. , the Linux kernel , NetBSD , and FreeBSD , this feature is controlled by the socket option IPV6_V6ONLY , as specified in RFC 3493 . IPv6 readiness ( edit ) Compatibility with IPv6 networking is mainly a software or firmware issue . However , much of the older hardware that could in principle be upgraded is likely to be replaced instead . In 2010 , the American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) suggested that all Internet servers be prepared to serve IPv6 - only clients by January 2012 . Application software ( edit ) Host software may have only IPv4 or only IPv6 networking software , or it may support dual - stack , or hybrid dual - stack operation . All personal computers and smartphones running recent major operating system versions support IPv6 . Many popular applications with networking capabilities are compliant . Some software transitioning mechanisms are outlined in RFC 4038 , RFC 3493 , and RFC 3542 . Hardware and embedded systems ( edit ) The CableLabs consortium published the 160 Mbit / s DOCSIS 3.0 IPv6 - ready specification for cable modems in August 2006 . DOCSIS 2.0 was updated as DOCSIS 2.0 + IPv6 to provide IPv6 support , which may be available with a firmware upgrade . Shadow networks ( edit ) The addition of nodes having IPv6 enabled by default by the software manufacturer , may result in the inadvertent creation of shadow networks , causing IPv6 traffic flowing into networks having only IPv4 security management in place . This may also occur with operating system upgrades , when the newer operating system enables IPv6 by default , while the older one did not . Failing to update the security infrastructure to accommodate IPv6 can lead to IPv6 traffic bypassing it . Shadow networks have occurred on business networks in which enterprises are replacing Windows XP systems that do not have an IPv6 stack enabled by default , with Windows 7 systems , that do . Some IPv6 stack implementors have therefore recommended disabling IPv4 mapped addresses and instead using a dual - stack network where supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 is necessary . Security ( edit ) Research has shown that the use of fragmentation can be leveraged to evade network security controls , similar to IPv4 . As a result , RFC 7112 requires that the first fragment of an IPv6 packet contains the entire IPv6 header chain , such that some very pathological fragmentation cases are forbidden . Additionally , as a result of research on the evasion of RA - Guard in RFC 7113 , RFC 6980 has deprecated the use of fragmentation with Neighbor Discovery , and discouraged the use of fragmentation with Secure Neighbor Discovery ( SEND ) . Deployment ( edit ) Main article : IPv6 deployment The 1993 introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) in the routing and IP address allocation for the Internet , and the extensive use of network address translation ( NAT ) , delayed IPv4 address exhaustion . The final phase of exhaustion started on 3 February 2011 . However , despite a decade long development and implementation history as a Standards Track protocol , general worldwide deployment of IPv6 is increasing slowly . As of September 2013 , about 4 % of domain names and 16.2 % of the networks on the Internet had IPv6 protocol support . IPv6 has been implemented on all major operating systems in use in commercial , business , and home consumer environments . Since 2008 , the domain name system can be used in IPv6 . IPv6 was first used in a major world event during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games , the largest showcase of IPv6 technology since the inception of IPv6 . Some governments including the Federal government of the United States and China have issued guidelines and requirements for IPv6 capability . In 2009 , Verizon mandated IPv6 operation , and reduced IPv4 to an optional capability , for LTE cellular hardware . As of June 2012 , T - Mobile USA also supports external IPv6 access . As of 2014 , IPv4 still carried more than 99 % of worldwide Internet traffic . The Internet exchange in Amsterdam and Seattle are the only large exchanges that publicly show IPv6 traffic statistics , which as of April 2018 are tracking at about 2.2 % and 10.7 % , growing at about 0.5 % and 4.9 % per year , respectively . As of 21 July 2018 , the percentage of users reaching Google services with IPv6 reached 24.1 % for the first time , growing at about 4.0 % per year . This growth is down from 7.2 % per year between July 2016 and July 2017 . As of April 2018 about 27 % of Alexa Top 1000 web servers support IPv6 . See also ( edit ) Internet portal DHCPv6 China Next Generation Internet Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems Comparison of IPv6 support in common applications DoD IPv6 product certification Happy Eyeballs List of IPv6 tunnel brokers University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ New Zealand IPv6 Task Force . `` FAQs '' . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Aftab ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` RFC 8200 -- IPv6 has been standardized '' . Internet Society . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ S. Deering ; R. Hinden ( December 1995 ) , Internet Protocol , Version 6 ( IPv6 ) Specification , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , RFC 1883 ^ Jump up to : S. Deering ; R. Hinden ( December 1998 ) , Internet Protocol , Version 6 ( IPv6 ) Specification , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , RFC 2460 Obsoletes RFC 1883 . Jump up ^ S. Deering ; R. Hinden ( July 2017 ) , Internet Protocol , Version 6 ( IPv6 ) Specification , Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , ISSN 2070 - 1721 , RFC 8200 Obsoletes RFC 2460 . Jump up ^ Google IPv6 Conference 2008 : What will the IPv6 Internet look like ? . Event occurs at 13 : 35 . ^ Jump up to : Bradner , S. ; Mankin , A. ( January 1995 ) . The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol . IETF . doi : 10.17487 / RFC1752 . RFC 1752 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1752 . Jump up ^ Rashid , Fahmida . `` IPv4 Address Exhaustion Not Instant Cause for Concern with IPv6 in Wings '' . eWeek . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Mark . `` Europe hits old internet address limits '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Huston , Geoff . `` IPV4 Address Report '' . Jump up ^ Bradner , S. ; Mankin , A. ( December 1993 ) . `` IP : Next Generation ( IPng ) White Paper Solicitation '' . RFC 1550 . Jump up ^ `` History of the IPng Effort '' . Sun . Jump up ^ `` The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol -- Appendix B '' . RFC 1752 . ^ Jump up to : Partridge , C. ; Kastenholz , F. ( December 1994 ) . `` Technical Criteria for Choosing IP The Next Generation ( IPng ) '' . RFC 1726 . Jump up ^ `` Moving to IPv6 : Now for the hard part ( FAQ ) '' . Deep Tech . CNET News . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , P. ; Berkowitz , H. ( January 1997 ) . `` Network Renumbering Overview : Why would I want it and what is it anyway ? '' . RFC 2071 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , H. ( January 1997 ) . `` Router Renumbering Guide '' . RFC 2072 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , S. ; Narten , T. ; Jinmei , T. ( September 2007 ) . `` IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration '' . RFC 4862 . Jump up ^ RFC 1112 , Host extensions for IP multicasting , S. Deering ( August 1989 ) Jump up ^ RFC 3956 , Embedding the Rendezvous Point ( RP ) Address in an IPv6 Multicast Address , P. Savola , B. Haberman ( November 2004 ) Jump up ^ RFC 2908 , The Internet Multicast Address Allocation Architecture , D. Thaler , M. Handley , D. Estrin ( September 2000 ) Jump up ^ RFC 3306 , Unicast - Prefix - based IPv6 Multicast Addresses , B. Haberman , D. Thaler ( August 2002 ) Jump up ^ RFC 2894 , Router Renumbering for IPv6 , M. Crawford , August 2000 . Jump up ^ T. Narten , R. Draves & S. Krishnan ( September 2007 ) . `` Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6 '' . www.ietf.org . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ T. Narten , R. Draves & S. Krishnan ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Privacy Extensions for IPv6 SLAAC '' . www.internetsociety.org . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Overview of the Advanced Networking Pack for Windows XP , Revision : 8.14 Jump up ^ IPv6 : Privacy Extensions einschalten , Reiko Kaps , 13 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` Comment # 61 : Bug # 176125 : Bugs : `` procps '' package : Ubuntu `` . Bugs.launchpad.net . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Silvia Hagen ( 2014 ) . IPv6 Essentials : Integrating IPv6 Into Your IPv4 Network . O'Reilly Media . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4493 - 3526 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Domain Names IPv6 '' . www.historyofdomainnames.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ RFC 3963 , Network Mobility ( NEMO ) Basic Protocol Support , V. Devarapalli , R. Wakikawa , A. Petrescu , P. Thubert ( January 2005 ) Jump up ^ Gont , F. ; Linkova , J. ; Chown , T. ; Liu , S. ( October 2015 ) . `` Observations on the Dropping of Packets with IPv6 Extension Headers in the Real World '' . draft - ietf - v6ops - ipv6 - ehs - in - real - world - 01 . Jump up ^ RFC 2675 , IPv6 Jumbograms , D. Borman , S. Deering , R. Hinden ( August 1999 ) Jump up ^ RFC 4291 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : RFC 3315 , R. Droms , J. Bound , B. Volz , T. Lemon , C. Perkins , and M. Carney , Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 ( DHCPv6 ) , July 2003 ( Proposed Standard ) Jump up ^ Graziani , Rick ( 2012 ) . IPv6 Fundamentals : A Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6 . Cisco Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 303347 - 2 . Jump up ^ Coffeen , Tom ( 2014 ) . IPv6 Address Planning : Designing an Address Plan for the Future . O'Reilly Media . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4919 - 0326 - 1 . Jump up ^ S. Kawamura ( August 2010 ) . `` A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation '' . section 4.2. 2 . RFC 5952 . Jump up ^ S. Kawamura ( August 2010 ) . `` A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation '' . RFC 5952 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Narten , T. ( August 1999 ) . `` Neighbor discovery and stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6 '' . IEEE Internet Computing. 3 ( 4 ) : 54 -- 62 . doi : 10.1109 / 4236.780961 . Jump up ^ S. Thomson ( September 2007 ) . `` IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration '' . section 5.5. 1 . RFC 4862 . Jump up ^ T. Narten ( September 2007 ) . `` Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 ( IPv6 ) '' . section 6.3. 7 . RFC 4861 . Jump up ^ S. Thomson ; T. Narten ; T. Jinmei ( September 2007 ) . `` IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration '' . RFC 4862 . Jump up ^ `` IPv6 Address Allocation and Assignment Policy '' . RIPE NCC. 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast Activates First Users With IPv6 Native Dual Stack Over DOCSIS '' . Comcast.com . Comcast . 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IPv6 Transition Mechanism / Tunneling Comparison '' . Sixxs.net . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Silvia Hagen ( 2014 ) . IPv6 Essentials : Integrating IPv6 Into Your IPv4 Network . O'Reilly Media , Inc . pp. 222 -- 223 . ISBN 9781449335267 . Jump up ^ `` Advisory Guidelines for 6to4 Deployment '' . IETF . RFC 6343 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` IPv6 : Dual stack where you can ; tunnel where you must '' . www.networkworld.com. 5 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers '' . IETF . RFC 4213 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Silvia Hagen ( 2014 ) . IPv6 Essentials : Integrating IPv6 Into Your IPv4 Network . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 222 . ISBN 9781449335267 . ^ Jump up to : Steven J. Vaughan - Nichols ( 14 October 2010 ) . `` Five ways for IPv6 and IPv4 to peacefully co-exist '' . www.zdnet.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Juniper TechLibrary ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Understanding Dual Stacking of IPv4 and IPv6 Unicast Addresses '' . www.juniper.net . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IPv6 '' . www.nro.net . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Enric Pujol . `` What stops IPv6 traffic in a dual - stack ISP ? '' . www.apnic.net . Retrieved 13 Jun 2017 . Jump up ^ Silvia Hagen ( 2014 ) . IPv6 Essentials : Integrating IPv6 Into Your IPv4 Network . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 33 . ISBN 9781449335267 . Jump up ^ `` IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture '' . IETF . February 2006 . RFC 4291 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ inet6 ( 4 ) -- OpenBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual Jump up ^ `` Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6 '' . IETF . February 2003 . p. 22 . RFC 3493 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Web sites must support IPv6 by 2012 , expert warns '' . Network World . 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DOCSIS 2.0 Interface '' . Cablemodem.com. 29 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RMV6TF.org '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Robert ( April 5 , 2012 ) , Shadow Networks : an Unintended IPv6 Side Effect , retrieved March 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ Cicileo , Guillermo ; Gagliano , Roque ; O'Flaherty , Christian ; et al. ( October 2009 ) . IPv6 For All : A Guide for IPv6 Usage and Application in Different Environments ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jun - ichiro itojun Hagino ( October 2003 ) . `` IPv4 - Mapped Addresses on the Wire Considered Harmful '' . Jump up ^ `` IPv4 Address Report '' . Potaroo.net . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Leber ( 2 October 2010 ) . `` Global IPv6 Deployment Progress Report '' . Hurricane Electric . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing2008.cn leaps to next - generation Net '' ( Press release ) . The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. 30 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Das , Kaushik ( 2008 ) . `` IPv6 and the 2008 Beijing Olympics '' . IPv6.com . Retrieved 15 August 2008 . As thousands of engineers , technologists have worked for a significant time to perfect this ( IPv6 ) technology , there is no doubt , this technology brings considerable promises but this is for the first time that it will showcase its strength when in use for such a mega-event . Jump up ^ Derek Morr ( 9 June 2009 ) . `` Verizon Mandates IPv6 Support for Next - Gen Cell Phones '' . CircleID . Jump up ^ theipv6guy ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` T - Mobile USA Launches External IPv6 '' . T - Mobile . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ van Beijnum , Iljitsch . `` IPv6 adoption starting to add up to real numbers : 0.6 percent '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ David Frost ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Ipv6 traffic volumes going backwards '' . iTWire . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Graphs www.seattleix.net '' . www.seattleix.net . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam Internet Exchange Ether Type '' . ams-ix.net . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` IPv6 '' . Google Statistics . Google . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Measurements World IPv6 Launch '' . www.worldipv6launch.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about IPv6 IPv6 in the Linux Kernel by Rami Rosen . Free Pool of IPv4 Address Space Depleted An Introduction and Statistics about IPV6 Internet Protocol version 6 General IPv6 IPv6 address IPv6 packet Mobile IPv6 Deployment IPv6 deployment World IPv6 Day and World IPv6 Launch Day Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems List of IPv6 tunnel brokers IPv4 to IPv6 topics IPv4 address exhaustion IPv6 transition mechanism Related protocols DHCPv6 ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol Multicast Listener Discovery Secure Neighbor Discovery Multicast router discovery Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation GND : 4462513 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPv6&oldid=854232774 '' Categories : IPv6 Internet layer protocols Internet Protocol Network layer protocols Computer - related introductions in 1996 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using RFC magic links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from September 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 21 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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-2153091449714847563 | A Million Ways to Die in the West | A Million Ways to Die in the West - wikipedia A Million Ways to Die in the West A Million Ways to Die in the West Theatrical release poster Directed by Seth MacFarlane Produced by Seth MacFarlane Scott Stuber Jason Clark Written by Seth MacFarlane Alec Sulkin Wellesley Wild Starring Seth MacFarlane Charlize Theron Amanda Seyfried Neil Patrick Harris Giovanni Ribisi Sarah Silverman Liam Neeson Narrated by Rex Linn Music by Joel McNeely Cinematography Michael Barrett Edited by Jeff Freeman Production company Media Rights Capital Fuzzy Door Productions Bluegrass Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $87.2 million A Million Ways to Die in the West is a 2014 American western comedy film directed by Seth MacFarlane , who wrote the screenplay with Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild . The film features an ensemble cast including MacFarlane , Charlize Theron , Amanda Seyfried , Neil Patrick Harris , Giovanni Ribisi , Sarah Silverman and Liam Neeson . The film follows Albert Stark ( MacFarlane ) who feels certain that the western frontier is trying to kill him while coping from his break - up with his girlfriend . However , a pistol - packing woman named Anna ( Theron ) rides into town and helps Albert find his inner courage . Then Stark must put his newfound bravery to the test when Anna 's outlaw husband arrives with plans to plant him in an unmarked grave . Development for A Million Ways to Die in the West began while MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild were watching western movies during the development of Ted . Casting was done between December 2012 and March 2013 . Filming began on May 6 , 2013 , in various locations in New Mexico including Alburquerque and Santa Fe , and it concluded on August 9 that year . Joel McNeely composed the score and Media Rights Capital , Fuzzy Door Productions , and Bluegrass Films produced the film . The film was released on May 30 , 2014 , in the United States , and distributed worldwide by Universal Pictures . The film received mixed reviews from critics , with criticism directed toward the film 's length and MacFarlane 's performance . The film was number three at the box office during its opening weekend and grossed over $87 million worldwide against a budget of $40 million . It was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 7 , 2014 , and earned more than $15 million in home media sales . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cameos 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Box office 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1882 , in the town of Old Stump , Arizona , a cowardly sheep farmer named Albert Stark ( Seth MacFarlane ) is dumped by his girlfriend Louise ( Amanda Seyfried ) as a result of his withdrawal from a gunfight . He prepares to leave for San Francisco , believing that the frontier offers nothing for him . Meanwhile , infamous outlaw Clinch Leatherwood ( Liam Neeson ) robs and kills an old prospector ( Matt Clark ) for a gold nugget . He orders his right - hand man Lewis ( Evan Jones ) to escort his wife Anna ( Charlize Theron ) to Old Stump to lie low while he continues his banditry . Lewis and Anna arrive in Old Stump under the guise of two siblings intending to build a farm , but Lewis is arrested after shooting the Pastor 's ( John Aylward ) son ( Dylan Kenin ) in a saloon . During the ensuing fight , Albert saves Anna from being crushed to death by two of the brawlers , and the two become close friends . They attend a county fair where Louise 's new boyfriend , the haughty Foy ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , challenges Albert to a shooting contest . Albert is defeated , but Anna steps in and defeats Foy . Foy mocks Albert , who angrily challenges Foy to a duel in a week 's time . Anna then spends the week teaching Albert how to shoot . During a barn dance the night before the duel , Anna slips Foy a Mickey . After leaving the dance , Albert and Anna kiss before heading home . Upon breaking out of jail and murdering the sheriff , Lewis witnesses the kiss and reports it to Clinch . On the day of the duel , Foy arrives late and goes into convulsions from the laxative he had unknowingly drunk . Albert , who has decided that Louise is not worth fighting for , once again forfeits the duel . He retires to the saloon , but Clinch arrives and demands to know who kissed his wife . When no one comes forward , Clinch shoots a nearby cowboy ( Ryan Reynolds ) . He reveals that Anna is his wife and threatens to continue killing unless his wife 's lover duels him at noon the next day . Clinch later forces Anna to reveal Albert 's name and then prepares to have sex with her , but she knocks him unconscious and escapes . Anna returns to Albert 's farm , where he angrily shouts at her for lying to him . Clinch pursues Anna to the farm ; Albert helps her escape , then escapes himself . While fleeing , he is captured by a tribe of Apache Indians , who threaten to burn him alive . The Indians spare him when he reveals that he can speak their language . They give him a bowl of peyote , which sends him flashing back to his birth and through painful events of his childhood before making him realize that he loves Anna . Meanwhile , Clinch recaptures Anna in town , in front of Edward 's ( Giovanni Ribisi ) house . Albert returns to Old Stump and confronts Clinch . He wounds Clinch with a bullet poisoned with rattlesnake venom before his own gun is shot out of his hand , but he manages to stall until Clinch fatally succumbs to the poison . Louise attempts to win back Albert , but he rejects her and instead happily enters a relationship with Anna . Albert also receives a bounty for killing Clinch and uses the money to buy more sheep . Later at the Fair , the proprietor of a racially charged shooting game called `` Runaway Slave '' asks who would like to take a shot . Django ( Jamie Foxx ) steps up and shoots the man while commenting that `` people die at the fair '' . Cast ( edit ) Seth Macfarlane as Albert Stark , a sheepherder . Mike Salazar as 6 - year - old Albert Charlize Theron as Anna Barnes - Leatherwood , Clinch Leatherwood 's wife who befriends Albert . Liam Neeson as Clinch Leatherwood , an infamous outlaw and Anna 's husband . Giovanni Ribisi as Edward , Albert 's best friend and Ruth 's boyfriend Neil Patrick Harris as Foy , an Old Stump inhabitant and Louise 's current boyfriend . Sarah Silverman as Ruth , Edward 's girlfriend and a prostitute . Amanda Seyfried as Louise , Albert 's ex-girlfriend . Christopher Hagen as George Stark , Albert 's cantankerous father . Wes Studi as Cochise Rex Linn as Sheriff / Narrator Alex Borstein as Millie , a madam at a local brothel which Ruth works at . Ralph Garman as Dan John Aylward as Pastor Wilson Amick Byram as Marcus Thornton Evan Jones as Lewis , an outlaw and Clinch Leatherwood 's right - hand man . Dylan Kenin as Pastor 's Son , the son of a pastor who is killed by Lewis in the bar . Cameos ( edit ) Jamie Foxx ( uncredited ) as Django Freeman , he appears where he shoots the owner of the `` Runaway Slave '' game . The scene featuring him was added after audiences in test screenings reacted poorly to the shooting gallery at the fair which features cartoon images of black slaves as targets . Ryan Reynolds ( uncredited ) as cowboy killed in bar Tait Fletcher as Cowboy # 1 Gilbert Gottfried as Abraham Lincoln , he was seen during Albert 's drug trip . Mike Henry as smiling man in photograph Dennis Haskins as snake oil salesman John Michael Higgins as Dandy # 1 Christopher Lloyd as Doc Brown Bill Maher as comic Ewan McGregor as a cowboy who laughed with Foy at Albert 's expense at the fair . Alec Sulkin as guy at fair Rupert Boneham as guy in bar fight Kaley Cuoco ( uncredited , unrated version only ) as a woman that Albert tries to pick up in a store . Patrick Stewart ( uncredited voice ) as a sheep with long legs that was seen in Albert 's drug trip . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West originated as an inside joke between MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild , while they were watching Hang ' Em High . The joke evolved into `` riffing on the idea of how dull , depressing , and dangerous it must have been to live in the Wild West . '' MacFarlane , a lifelong fan of westerns , began researching the topic , using Jeff Guinn 's nonfiction novel , The Last Gunfight : The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral -- And How It Changed the American West as an `` invaluable resource , '' and basis for many of the ways of dying in the film . Various aspects of the film were inspired by real westerns . The decision to make Albert a sheep herder was inspired by Montana ( 1950 ) and his average , non-confrontational demeanor by 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 1957 ) . Other westerns that inspired MacFarlane and the crew during writing included Oklahoma ! ( 1955 ) , The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) , and El Dorado ( 1966 ) . The film was first announced on December 3 , 2012 , marking MacFarlane 's second foray into live - action directing , after 2012 's Ted . Casting ( edit ) On January 30 , 2013 , it was announced that Charlize Theron had joined the film . Theron later revealed that she `` begged '' for her role , as she wanted the opportunity to work in comedy . On February 11 , it was announced Amanda Seyfried had joined the film . On March 6 , it was announced Liam Neeson and Giovanni Ribisi had joined the film . Neeson , who nearly always suppresses his Irish accent when acting , agreed to play the part of Clinch only on the condition that he could use his Irish accent . In an interview on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , Neeson remarked that he made this demand because an episode of MacFarlane 's Family Guy had previously made a joke out of the juxtaposition of Neeson playing a cowboy with an Irish accent . On March 18 , it was announced that Sarah Silverman was cast to play a prostitute in the film . On May 10 , it was announced that the film would be co-financed by Media Rights Capital and Fuzzy Door Productions , along with Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Studios . On May 11 , 2013 , it was announced that Neil Patrick Harris had joined the film . On May 29 , 2013 , MacFarlane announced that Bill Maher had joined the cast . On February 21 , 2014 , he announced that Gilbert Gottfried had also joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on May 6 , 2013 . Filming locations included various areas in and around Albuquerque , New Mexico , also including the Santa Fe Studio in Santa Fe . Principal photography ended on August 9 , 2013 . The film shoot was difficult , as the cast and crew navigated rough weather : `` everything from hailstorms to blistering heat to arctic winds and torrential rainstorms . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West Soundtrack album by Joel McNeely Released May 27 , 2014 Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 41 : 20 Label Back Lot Music Joel McNeely film scores chronology The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) The score was composed by Joel McNeely . The soundtrack was released by Back Lot Music on May 27 , 2014 . The theme song `` A Million Ways to Die '' is performed by Alan Jackson . It was released as a single on April 29 , 2014 . A portion of the Back to the Future theme by Alan Silvestri is used during Christopher Lloyd 's cameo . Track listing All music composed by Joel McNeely , except as noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` A Million Ways to Die '' ( performed by Alan Jackson ) 2 : 27 2 . `` Main Title '' 2 : 33 3 . `` Missing Louise '' 2 : 08 4 . `` Old Stump '' 0 : 45 5 . `` Saloon Brawl '' 1 : 50 6 . `` Rattlesnake Ridge '' 1 : 28 7 . `` People Die at the Fair '' 2 : 11 8 . `` The Shooting Lesson '' 2 : 16 9 . `` The Barn Dance '' 2 : 29 10 . `` If You 've Only Got a Moustache '' ( composed by Stephen Foster , performed by Amick Byram ) 1 : 31 11 . `` Anna and Albert '' 4 : 19 12 . `` Clinch Hunts Albert '' 3 : 41 13 . `` Racing the Train '' 2 : 21 14 . `` Captured by Cochise '' 2 : 07 15 . `` Albert Takes a Trip '' 2 : 24 16 . `` The Showdown '' 2 : 20 17 . `` Sheep to the Horizon '' 2 : 00 18 . `` End Title Suite '' 2 : 30 Total length : 41 : 20 Release ( edit ) On May 16 , 2014 , the film had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles . The film was later released nationwide on May 30 , 2014 . The film was produced by Media Rights Capital , Fuzzy Door Productions , and Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Pictures . Marketing ( edit ) On January 27 , 2014 , MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film 's script , which was released on March 4 , 2014 . An audio - book version was also made available , narrated by Jonathan Frakes . MacFarlane wrote the book on weekends during shooting for the film , partially due to boredom . Box Office ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West grossed $43.1 million in North America and $43.3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $86.4 million , against its $40 million budget . The film grossed $16.8 million in its opening weekend , finishing in third place at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maleficent and the previous weekend 's opener X-Men : Days of Future Past . This was below expectations of $26 million . In its second weekend , the film dropped to number five , grossing an additional $7.3 million . In its third weekend , the film dropped to number eight , grossing $3.2 million . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number 11 , grossing $1.6 million . Home Media ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West was released via DVD and Blu - ray on October 7 , 2014 . The Blu - ray release contains an unrated version ( 135 minutes ) , along with the original theatrical cut ( 116 minutes ) . In the United States , the film has grossed $8,336,420 from DVD sales and $6,739,162 from Blu - ray sales , making a total of $15,075,582 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 33 % rating based on 192 reviews , with an average score of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` While it offers a few laughs and boasts a talented cast , Seth MacFarlane 's overlong , aimless A Million Ways to Die in the West is a disappointingly scattershot affair . '' Another review aggregation website , Metacritic , gave a score of 44 out of 100 , based on reviews from 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale ; opening weekend demographics were 55 % male and 72 % over 25 years of age . Claudia Puig 's review in USA Today was largely positive , writing , `` A Western with a contemporary sensibility and dialogue that sounds markedly modern , A Million Ways to Die in the West is quintessential MacFarlane , at once silly and witty , juvenile and clever . '' Stephen Holden 's review in The New York Times was mainly neutral , calling the film `` a live - action spinoff of ( Family Guy ) , with different characters . '' `` While the whole thing feels weirdly miscalculated to me , A Million Ways to Die in the West tweaks the formula just enough , delivers a few laughs and keeps the guest stars coming , '' wrote Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir . Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film amusing , calling it `` another example of MacFarlane 's ability to mix poop jokes with romance , foul language with sweet sentiment , offensive humor with boyish charm . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes commended MacFarlane 's decision to make an unconventional western comedy , but summarized the film as `` just ambitious enough for that to be genuinely disappointing . '' Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post was mixed , deeming the film a `` broad , wildly hit - or - miss satire , '' remarking that he found few of the jokes in the film funny . `` Spiritually , it 's closer to a mid-range crowd - pleaser such as City Slickers than Blazing Saddles , too enamoured of genre convention to reach for the comic dynamite , '' wrote Mike McCahill at The Guardian . Much of the film 's criticism was directed towards its writing , running time , and MacFarlane 's debut live - action performance . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune criticized MacFarlane 's acting and direction as : `` A failure of craft . He ca n't direct action , or even handle scenery well . He ca n't set up a visual joke properly without resorting to head - butting and bone - crunching , and he does n't know how , or when , to move his camera . He 's not good enough as a romantic lead to anchor a picture . '' Richard Corliss of Time called the film a `` sagebrush comedy whose visual grandeur and appealing actors get polluted by some astonishingly lazy writing . '' Scott Foundas of Variety found the film `` overlong and uninspired , '' criticizing the film 's `` lazy writing , '' and MacFarlane 's `` surprisingly bland '' comic performance . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film one star , commenting , `` There are enough laughs scattered throughout A Million Ways to Die in the West that while you 're watching it , the movie seems like a passable comedy . By the time you get home , though , you can barely remember the jokes . '' John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film 's running time : `` Though the film is hardly laugh - free , its uneven jokes appear to have breezed through a very forgiving editing process . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal too found the film 's length `` exhausting , '' noting , `` Some of it sputters , settling for smiles instead of laughs , and much of it flounders while the slapdash script searches ( ... ) for ever more common denominators in toilet humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Ref People 's Choice Award January 7 , 2015 Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Charlize Theron Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Award February 19 , 2015 Best Original Score for a Comedy Film Joel McNeely Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards February 21 , 2015 Worst Actor Seth MacFarlane Nominated Worst Actress Charlize Theron Nominated Worst Director Seth MacFarlane Nominated Worst Screen Combo Seth MacFarlane and Charlize Theron Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Maleficent ' Set to Curse ' Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' Trailer Has a Whole Lot of Death '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liam Neeson & Giovanni Ribisi Join ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quinlan , Erin ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris taps ' stache of talent in ' Million Ways to Die ' '' . Today . ^ Jump up to : `` Rex Linn Joins Seth MacFarlane 's ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Studi to Be Second American Indian Inducted into ' Hall of Great Western Performers ' '' . Indian Country Today Media Network . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Maybelle ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ELLE reviews A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Elle . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Million Ways to Die in the West '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . May 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SethMacFarlane : Great day of filming with the hilarious Gilbert Gottfried @ RealGilbert on # AMillionWays '' . Twitter . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Shows Off Fifty Shades of Grey , Lucy , A Million Ways to Die in the West and More at CinemaCon '' . IGN . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ billmaher brought the laughs today in A Million Ways To Die In The West '' . Twitter . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Cheney ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane on ' Million Ways to Die ' and Taking Projects That ' Terrify ' Him '' . Variety . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ A Million Ways to Die in the West Biographies ^ Jump up to : David Fear ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Cowboy Flicks That Shaped Seth MacFarlane '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 1210 ) : 18 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Finds A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . ComingSoon.net . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlize Theron Eyes A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . ComingSoon.net . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlize Theron ' begged ' for a part in comedy western ' A Million Ways To Die In The West ' '' . The Independent . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amanda Seyfried Finds A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . ComingSoon.net . February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Ribisi and Liam Neeson Find A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . ComingSoon.net . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chan , Anna ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Liam Neeson admits he blushed reading ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' script '' . Today . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Silverman Eyes A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . ComingSoon.net . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universal and MRC Board Seth MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fox , Jesse David ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Joins Seth MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 5 / 13 / 13 : Melissa McCarthy Co-Directing ' Tammy ' For New Line Cinema ... ' Low Down , ' Ghosts of the Pacific ' '' . Studio System News . May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisel , Angela ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` The New Mexico Film Office Announces `` A MILLION WAYS TO DIE IN THE WEST '' to film in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Film Office . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Filming A Million Ways to Die in the West . Fun being in a climate where you have to drink 9,000 glasses of water a day or you drop dead '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Star - studded N.M. offers TV series , movies new incentives '' . ABQjournal . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Last day of filming on A Million Ways to Die in the West -- thanks to a cast and crew as talented as they are tireless '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's galloping theme song for ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' : Hear the Alan Jackson tune -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Taylor , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' gets summer 2014 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane , Charlize Theron find common ground in ' West ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` First Look at Seth MacFarlane 's ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' Revealed ( Photo ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Media Rights Capital . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott . `` Sarah Silverman for MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` For anyone who still reads '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Writes His First Novel '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Random House . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast : ' Maleficent ' Set to Reign On Final Weekend of May '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Universal is expecting low $20 millions Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 6 - 8 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 13 - 15 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 20 - 22 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in The West -- Summary '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Million Ways to Die in the West Reviews '' . CBS Interactive Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Maleficent ' likely to curse ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . both be hampered by mixed reviews from critics Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Flixster Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( June 1 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Maleficent ' Casts Box Office Spell , ' Million Ways ' Dies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die ' ( laughing ) in the West '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Holden ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` A Frontier Farce From the Guy Behind ' Family Guy ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew O'Hehir ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` '' A Million Ways to Die in the West `` : How Seth MacFarlane became the new Adam Sandler '' . Salon . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rafer Guzman ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' review : Crass but funny '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Seth MacFarlane 's ' A Million Ways To Die In The West ' Shoots Blanks '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' movie review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike McCahill ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` A Million Ways to Die in the West review -- more City Slickers than Blazing Saddles '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' 1 / 2 star '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` REVIEW : A Million Ways to Die in the West , but Few Ways to Laugh '' . Time . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rene Rodriguez ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John DeFore ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Morgensternn ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' We Are the Best ! ' : Delicious Discord in the Key of Life '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Alyssa ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence , Shailene Woodley and Robert Downey Jr . Among People 's Choice Nominees , Plus Find Out Who 's Hosting ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA : the International Film Music Critics Association '' IFMCA Winners 2014 `` . Filmmusiccritics.org . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAZZIES ® Celebrate 35 Years of Worst Achievements in Film with Inclusive Nominee List ... and New `` Redeemer '' Award `` . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Million Ways to Die in the West A Million Ways to Die in the West at Universal Studios website A Million Ways to Die in the West on IMDb A Million Ways to Die in the West at Box Office Mojo A Million Ways to Die in the West at Rotten Tomatoes Template : Mfetacritic film Seth MacFarlane Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; 2005 -- present ) American Dad ! ( 2005 -- present ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) The Orville ( 2017 -- present ) Films directed Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words ( 2011 ) Holiday for Swing ( 2014 ) No One Ever Tells You ( 2015 ) In Full Swing ( 2017 ) Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy Night of the Hurricane Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) Studio albums No One Ever Tells You ( 2015 ) In Full Swing ( 2017 ) Night of the Hurricane Films produced by Scott Stuber The Break - Up ( 2006 ) You , Me and Dupree ( 2006 ) The Kingdom ( 2007 ) Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins ( 2008 ) Role Models ( 2008 ) Love Happens ( 2009 ) Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Repo Men ( 2010 ) Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) Your Highness ( 2011 ) Safe House ( 2012 ) Battleship ( 2012 ) Ted ( 2012 ) Admission ( 2013 ) 47 Ronin ( 2013 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 ) Central Intelligence ( 2016 ) Office Christmas Party ( 2016 ) Patriots Day ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Million_Ways_to_Die_in_the_West&oldid=853403398 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s Western ( genre ) films American films American comedy films American Western ( genre ) films American satirical films Films directed by Seth MacFarlane Films set in Arizona Films set in 1882 Films shot in New Mexico Western ( genre ) comedy films Fuzzy Door Productions films Media Rights Capital films Universal Pictures films Films scored by Joel McNeely Films produced by Scott Stuber Slapstick films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 15 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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1059046741881352543 | The Jungle Book (2016 film) | The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Disney 's 2016 film . For Warner Bros ' upcoming film , see Mowgli ( film ) . For other films and related topics , see The Jungle Book ( franchise ) . The Jungle Book Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor Screenplay by Justin Marks Based on Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling Starring Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi Narrated by Ben Kingsley Music by John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns ) Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $966.6 million The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film , directed and co-produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken . Favreau , Marks and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 36th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming and visual effects 3.3 Sound 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other Countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack . One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village . En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo and Mowgli agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out . Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village . Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a giant ape named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone . Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire . In the aftermath , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Neel Sethi , the actor who portrayed Mowgli Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father Voice cast ( edit ) Bill Murray as Baloo , a Sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a Black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli . Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . Christopher Walken as King Louie , a giant ape who rules the Bandar - log . Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . Sara Arrington as an antelope Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves . Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices . Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) `` The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this , it just felt like it would n't have the magic that the 1967 film had had . There was a dreamlike quality to it . There was a surreal quality to it . It was a high - water mark for character animation and to me , that 's what I remember about it . And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that ... But what ( Alan ) Horn said was : Look at the technology . Look at Life of Pi , Avatar . Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you ? Let 's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit . '' -- Jon Favreau on approaching the film 's technical intent . Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action remake of The Jungle Book was in development on July 9 , 2013 , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film , and the studio 's third overall after the 1967 animated musical . Jon Favreau was later confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated musical version . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a movie with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a Gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film 's release . The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence . Filming and visual effects ( edit ) Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in key frame computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts . Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect . Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film . Sound ( edit ) Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney , himself , had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits . Music ( edit ) The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Debney Released April 15 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans Genre Orchestral , swing jazz Length 74 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer John Debney John Debney chronology The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016 Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36 2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55 3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27 4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16 5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40 6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46 7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28 8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06 9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21 10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31 11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59 12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26 13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52 14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35 15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03 16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15 17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37 19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52 20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27 21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41 22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16 23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02 24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01 Total length : 74 : 17 Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina . Release ( edit ) Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney , Australia The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia , and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . Disney India commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai , '' overseen by the song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a huge financial success and a surprise hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016 . United States and Canada ( edit ) Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth - biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second - biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second - biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening - weekend gross , respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second - biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross . Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth - smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth - biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third - weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Outside the US and Canada , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend . In India , it scored the second - biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second - biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth - highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions . In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there . It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline.com noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) . Critical response ( edit ) The vocal performances of Bill Murray ( left ) , Idris Elba ( middle ) , and Ben Kingsley ( right ) were particularly praised . The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % , based on 293 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Ninety - seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B. It got As from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age , and also for the over-50 audience . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three - and - a-half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . '' The film 's visual effects and 3D photography received acclaim , with comparisons being made to the likes of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also garnered a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times . The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Sequel ( edit ) Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role of Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back - to - back with a live - action remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' , ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' To Ignite Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McMarry ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' to Rule Box Office Kingdom With $70 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Says ' The Jungle Book ' Will Be His ' Avatar , ' Reveals New Images '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawal , Sugandha ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau breathes new life to Kipling classic ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Marks To Adapt Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Reboot At Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jon Favreau in Talks to Direct ' Jungle Book ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rainey , James ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Jon Favreau Combined CGI and One Real Boy to Remake ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Idris Elba to Voice Man - Eating Tiger in Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scarlett Johansson , Lupita Nyong'o in Talks for Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Favreau Breaks Down Disney 's Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Teaser : From the Digital Toolbox to the ' Bear Necessities ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau on the Subtle SFX Beauty of The Jungle Book and Casting Lupita Nyong'o '' . New York . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Inside The Jungle Book 's king - sized change to King Louie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How Jon Favreau Juggled Walt Disney 's Legacy and Digital Effects That Go Beyond ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Finds its Mowgli in Newcomer Neel Sethi '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew . `` 9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book , According to Jon Favreau '' . Disney Insider . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` CGI power ! ' The Jungle Book ' was shot entirely in downtown L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Human Mowgli is at the heart of ' Jungle Book ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Virtual Production for ' Jungle Book ' Detailed During HPA Tech Retreat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How They Pulled Off the Oscar - Bound VFX Hybrid '' . Indiewire . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasound Returns in 2016 with the Jungle Book '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score Jon Favreau 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau brings CG realism to ' The Jungle Book ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release The Jungle Book Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes Release Date of ' Jungle Book : Origins ' '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Switches Places With ' Finest Hours , ' Pushed to Spring 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Wild With $101 M To $103.6 M ; ' Barbershop ' Cuts $20 M+ ; ' Criminal ' In Cooler -- Box Office Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fatema Etemadi ; Maya Anderma ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Premiere : Hollywood Reflects on a Disney Classic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : 5 reasons you should watch Jon Favreau film with your kids this weekend '' . The Indian Express . April 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Rapoza ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What Indians Are Really Saying About Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Irrfan Khan On Why ' The Jungle Book ' Has Resonated in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Jungle Book remake branded ' too scary for kids ' by Indian censor '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ondvdreleases.com/2590-the-jungle-book.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Jungle Book Blu - ray and Digital HD Details '' . Comingsoon.net . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book , ' ' Me Before You ' Debut at Top of Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Notches Second Week Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moviegoers Flocking To Superhero Films , Talking Animal Toons And Almost Nothing Else '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Rules With A Mighty $103 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Jungle Book '' to Cross $800 M Mark Globally `` . The Walt Disney Company . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Passes $500 M Overseas On Way To $800 M WW , To Top ' Deadpool ' In UK '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Roars to $900 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 6 ' The Jungle Book ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' expected to swing past $70 million in box office debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' and ' Barbershop 3 ' Seek Strong Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Earns Huge $32.4 M For $90 - 95M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings to Stellar $4.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Overcomes PG Stigma , Wowing Audiences of All Ages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Scores Huge $103.6 M U.S. Debut , Climbs to $291 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Captivates Moviegoers and Captures Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Opens with Massive $103 Million , Global Cume Tops $290 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Ends First Week With $130 M U.S. , Tops $400 M Worldwide Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Still A Box Office Bestseller With $60.8 M , ' Huntsman ' Trips With $20.1 M -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Tops With Huge $60 M Weekend , ' Batman V Superman ' Passes ' Iron Man ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Repeats , ' Huntsman ' Falls On His Axe and ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Tops $200 M U.S. In Just 12 Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' King Again , Reigns On Newcomer Parade : ' Keanu ' , ' Mother 's Day ' & ' Ratchet & Clank ' -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Snags Record - Low Third Weekend Plunge For A $100 M+ Opener '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looks to Become Fourth $200 + Million Opener '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Civil War ' B.O. Slowed By Moms , But Still 5th - Best Opening Of All - Time With $178 M -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens to Mighty $181.8 M in U.S. , Hits $678.4 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Hits $828 M , ' Mother 's Day ' Crumbles Again '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Swings With $57.1 M Overseas Through Thursday -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Jumps To $138.6 M ; Passing $300 M WW Today , ' Batman v Superman ' At $829 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Rocks India 's Box Office With Second Best Debut Ever For A Hollywood Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Nears $800 M Worldwide , ' Jungle Book ' And ' Huntsman ' Open Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Indian Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Second Highest Hollywood Opening Ever in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Swings to $57 Million at International Box Office , Breaks Big Record in India '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Back - End Profits In Prospect For Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney India Getting Out of Bollywood Production ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Revenue in India Rises 10 Percent , Boosted by Dubbed Versions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Disney Hopes ' Jungle ' will Rumble Box Office '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings In China To $12 Million Opening Day , 250 % Better Than ' Zootopia ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Will Join The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Flouts Bad Weather In China For $20 Million Saturday , Huge 72 % Fri - Sat Jump '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney ' Jungle Book ' China Date Follows ' Zootopia ' Hit , Leads Shanghai Park '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Swings $50 Million Opening for Disney '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Goes Bananas With $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` China Goes Wild For ' Jungle Book ' With $50 Million Debut Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Holds Ahead of ' Huntsman , ' ' Sassy Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book ahead of the pack in UK while Mirren eyes a hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America unseats Jungle Book at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men gang up on an exhausted Captain America at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Opens at No. 4 with $2.4 M ; ' Secret Life of Pets ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Goes To The Mat ; Will Wrestling Drama Break Bollywood Bank ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney Goes Wild '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` THE JUNGLE BOOK '' . RogerEbert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Early Buzz : Critics Go Wild for Disney 's 3D Remake '' . / Film . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is a ' Jaw - Dropper ' and ' Technical Marvel , ' Critics Say '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` What Critics Are Saying About ' The Jungle Book , ' ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' and ' Criminal ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Forget about your worries , this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense -- review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : ' Babe ' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book review -- spectacular revival of Disney 's family favourite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney 's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Nashawaty ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : It all looks real as boy meets talking animals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travis ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` In ' The Jungle Book , ' Disney Builds a Better Reboot '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Recycled ' Jungle Book ' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Cath ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is A Towering Visual Achievement '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Sarah ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' movie review round - up : What critics have to say about Neel Sethi - starrer '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasquinha , Reagan Gavin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Sankhayan ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : The law of the jungle prevails '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review : Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli '' . India Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langer , Shalini ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review , four stars '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balapurwala , Tasneem ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' review : A visual and aural treat ! '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/ Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Maleficent 2 ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies ; Confirms ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Film portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Official website The Jungle Book on IMDb The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes The Jungle Book at Metacritic Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` The White Seal '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Films directed by Jon Favreau Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)&oldid=826521139 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films Annie Award winners Disney film remakes The Jungle Book ( franchise ) Films about animals Films about bears Films about elephants Films about orphans Films about snakes Films about tigers Films scored by John Debney Films directed by Jon Favreau Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hypnosis Films set in 1893 Films set in forests Films set in India Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award IMAX films Jungle adventure films The Jungle Book films Performance capture in film Walt Disney Pictures films Wolves in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with deprecated parameters Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does christopher walken play in the jungle book | [
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-3396383146559016417 | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series) | I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the current season , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Genre Reality television Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Based on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Presented by Chris Brown Julia Morris Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 118 ( as of 1 March , 2018 ) Production Location ( s ) Kruger National Park , in South Africa Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Australia Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 1 February 2015 -- present External links Website Production website I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( occasionally shortened to I 'm a Celebrity ) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name . The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries . The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity . The series is set in Kruger National Park , South Africa , and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown . On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on 31 January 2016 . The second season was accompanied by the companion series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! . It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series , hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman . On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts , which premiered on 29 January 2017 . A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Tucker trials 1.2 Celebrity chest challenges 1.3 Secret mission 1.4 Mystery box 2 Production 2.1 Broadcast 2.2 The fallout zone 2.3 Public voting 3 Series overview 4 Series results 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Lawsuit 8 See also 9 References Format ( edit ) The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle . During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events . The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing , in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation . While in the jungle , some of the contestants ( generally voted by the viewing public ) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp . These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone . Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle , based on viewer votes . In addition , if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase `` I 'm a celebrity get me out of here ! '' . However , it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced . Throughout the show , additional contestants ( called `` intruders '' ) enter the competition ; and beginning with season two , some contestants are only included temporarily ( i.e. having a guest appearance ) . In the end , a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series , who is given the title of `` King and / or Queen of the Jungle '' . Tucker trials ( edit ) The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food . These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities . The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial , with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates . Celebrity chest challenges ( edit ) Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp . Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp . However , to win the luxury item in the chest , the campmates must correctly answer a question . If they fail to answer correctly , the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won . The luxury item is `` donated '' by a celebrity from the outside . Secret mission ( edit ) This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their ' missions ' , they are rewarded . Mystery box ( edit ) A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite , each time containing a different gift for the contestants . Production ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm , with a weekly eviction show on Sunday ( except for the first week , where the celebrities arrive in the ' jungle ' ) . All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio . The program is live to AEDT States ( New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory ) , in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones . The Fallout Zone ( edit ) In addition to the television broadcast , for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten 's website and mobile app , titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ . The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show . The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran `` The Butcher '' Flannery , also known as `` The C - Word '' . On 8 and 12 March 2015 , producer Dominic `` The Domin8or '' Sullivan filled in during Flannery 's absence . The duo interact with viewers through Twitter , using the hashtag # FOZ . Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20 - minute shot of a waterfall and , on 16 February 2015 , a 15 - minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up . On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery 's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes . The show 's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac . The show did not return for the second season . Public voting ( edit ) Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite . Viewers can either vote via SMS ( by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010 ) or vote via Social Media ( namely Facebook or Twitter ) by using the celebrity 's hashtag ( # celeb ( name ) ) . Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account . For tucker trial voting , viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete . For eviction voting , viewers vote for a celebrity to stay . Voting closes at approximately 7 : 30pm AEDT for Sunday 's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days . Prior to the premiere of the second season , it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season . SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting . This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base ( who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base ) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia . However , this decision was later reversed , allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals . Series overview ( edit ) Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Season Presenters Start date End date Days in camp Campmates Honour places Winner Second place Third place Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 12 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 15 Series results ( edit ) Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Late arrival Evicted Withdrew Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 1 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Freddie Flintoff England cricketer 17 45 Winner Barry Hall Former AFL forward 45 Runner - up Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 45 Third Place Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 42 Evicted 11th Joel Creasey Comedian 41 Evicted 10th Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 39 Evicted 7th Tyson Mayr Model 38 Evicted 6th Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 31 Evicted 5th Lauren Brant Hi - 5 singer 24 Evicted 4th Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 17 Evicted 3rd Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 10 Evicted 1st Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 2 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Brendan Fevola AFL full - forward 45 Winner Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 45 Runner - up Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 45 Third Place Anthony Callea Singer - songwriter 42 Evicted 9th Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 41 Evicted 8th Havana Brown DJ 40 Evicted 7th Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 39 Evicted 6th Val Lehman Prisoner actress 38 Evicted 5th Dean Geyer Glee actor 31 Evicted 4th Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 24 Evicted 3rd Akmal Saleh Comedian 17 Evicted 2nd Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 10 Evicted 1st Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 3 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Casey Donovan Singer - songwriter ( Australian Idol Winner ) 46 Winner Dane Swan AFL Legend 46 Runner - Up Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 46 Third Place Nazeem Hussain Comedian 45 Evicted 11th Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 42 Evicted 10th Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 41 Evicted 9th Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 40 Evicted 8th Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 38 Evicted 6th Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 35 Evicted 4th Tziporah Malkah Former Model 31 Evicted 3rd Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 24 Evicted 2nd Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 17 Evicted 1st Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Paul Burrell Former Royal servant 17 Josh Gibson AFL Player Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star Danny Green Boxer 7 Simone Holtznagel Model Shannon Noll Singer Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian Vicky Pattison Reality TV star 17 Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd Kerry Armstrong Actress 23 Evicted 2nd Tiffany Darwish Singer 16 Evicted 1st Anthony Mundine Boxer 12 Withdrew Bernard Tomic Tennis Player Withdrew Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiere Finale Source Premiere date Premiere viewers ( Opening Night ) Rank Premiere viewers ( Welcome to the Jungle ) Rank Finale date Finale viewers ( Grand final ) Rank Finale viewers ( Winner announced ) Rank 31 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.199 1.136 5 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 0.999 8 1.144 31 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.324 1.081 5 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 0.719 8 0.858 6 32 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 31 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.274 1.108 5 12 March 2018 TBC TBC TBC TBC Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result Refs . 2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 Best Reality Program I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated Lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2017 , Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia , however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity heads to Oz '' . C21 Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gusmaroli , Danielle ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity I 'm out Of Here ! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kruger Welcomes I 'm A Celebrity '' . CallSheet. 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out ? '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Renewed : I 'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Returning : I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 'm A Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! Is Back In 2017 '' . Ten Play . Channel Ten . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reines , Ros ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm SO glad I turned down I 'm A Celebrity ... even though it paid ' $30 k per week ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Contract clause ' penalty ' for Celebrities who quit TEN 's jungle '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Mark Waugh into TEN 's jungle ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity to switch - up viewer voting this year '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` TEN U-turn on voting promise for I 'm A Celebrity '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Sunday 1 February 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Sunday 15 March 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Sunday 31 January 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Sunday 13 March 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Sunday 29 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 13 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Sunday 28 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Logie Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 April 2017 ) . `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia ) Seasons Winners Freddie Flintoff Brendan Fevola Casey Donovan Related articles I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... 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Shark Tank Eleven Bondi Ink Tattoo Arena The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of Sydney Fox8 Australia 's Next Top Model The Recruit A&E Aussie Pickers Demolition Man Pawn Stars Australia Lifestyle Food The Great Australian Bake Off All Australian reality series Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Star Family Feud ( since 2016 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Offspring ( 2010 -- 2014 , since 2016 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=828234662 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2010s Australian television series 2015 Australian television series debuts Australian reality television series I 'm a Celebrity ... 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-7452229785799393207 | Hispaniola | Hispaniola - wikipedia Hispaniola Jump to : navigation , search `` San Domingo '' , `` Haiti ( island ) '' , and `` Hayti ( island ) '' redirect here . For other uses , see San Domingo ( disambiguation ) , Haiti ( disambiguation ) , and Hayti ( disambiguation ) . Hispaniola La Española ( Spanish ) View from Hispaniola Geography Location Caribbean Coordinates 19 ° N 71 ° W / 19 ° N 71 ° W / 19 ; - 71 Coordinates : 19 ° N 71 ° W / 19 ° N 71 ° W / 19 ; - 71 Archipelago Greater Antilles Area 76,192 km ( 29,418 sq mi ) Area rank 22nd Coastline 3,059 km ( 1,900.8 mi ) Highest elevation 3,175 m ( 10,417 ft ) Highest point Pico Duarte Administration Dominican Republic Largest settlement Santo Domingo Haiti Largest settlement Port - au - Prince Demographics Population 21,396,000 ( 2014 ) Pop . density 280.8 / km ( 727.3 / sq mi ) Hispaniola ( Spanish : La Española ; Latin : Hispaniola ; Taíno : Haiti / Quisqueya ) is the 22nd - largest island in the world , located in the Caribbean island group , the Greater Antilles . It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba , and the most populous island in the Caribbean ; the eleventh most populous island in the world . The 76,192 - square - kilometre ( 29,418 sq mi ) island is divided between two sovereign nations , the Spanish - speaking Dominican Republic ( 48,445 km , 18,705 sq mi ) , and French - speaking Haiti ( 27,750 km , 10,710 sq mi ) . The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin , which is shared between France ( Saint - Martin ) and the Netherlands ( Sint Maarten ) . Hispaniola is the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages in 1492 and 1493 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Post-Columbian 2 Geography 2.1 Fauna 2.2 Flora 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Ethnic composition 4 Economics 5 Precious metals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Early map of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , c. 1639 . See also : Colony of Santo Domingo , Colony of Saint - Domingue , History of Haiti , and History of the Dominican Republic Etymology ( edit ) The island was called by various names by its native people , the Taíno Amerindians . No known Taíno texts survive , hence , historical evidence for those names comes to us through three historians : the Italian Pietro Martyr d'Anghiera , and the Spaniards Bartolomé de las Casas and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo . Fernández de Oviedo and de las Casas both recorded that the island was called Haiti ( `` Mountainous Land '' ) by the Taíno . D'Anghiera added another name , Quizqueia ( supposedly `` Mother of all Lands '' ) , but later research shows that the word does not seem to derive from the original Arawak Taíno language . ( Quisqueya is today mostly used in the Dominican Republic . ) Although the Taínos ' use of Haiti is verified , and the name was used by all three historians , evidence suggests that it probably was not the Taíno name of the whole island , but only for a region ( now known as Los Haitises ) in the northeastern section of the present - day Dominican Republic . When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492 , he named it Insula Hispana in Latin and La Isla Española in Spanish , with both meaning `` the Spanish island '' . De las Casas shortened the name to `` Española '' , and when d'Anghiera detailed his account of the island in Latin , he rendered its name as Hispaniola . In the oldest documented map of the island , created by Andrés de Morales , Los Haitises is labeled Montes de Haití ( `` Haiti Mountains '' ) , and de las Casas apparently named the whole island Haiti on the basis of that particular region , as d'Anghiera states that the name of one part was given to the whole island . Due to Taíno , Spanish and French influences on the island , historically the whole island was often referred to as Haiti , Hayti , Santo Domingo , St. Domingue , or San Domingo . The colonial terms Saint - Domingue and Santo Domingo are sometimes still applied to the whole island , though these names refer , respectively , to the colonies that became Haiti and the Dominican Republic . Since Anghiera 's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written , the name `` Hispaniola '' became the most frequently used term in English - speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works . In 1918 , the United States occupation government , led by Harry Shepard Knapp , obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island , and recommended the use of that name to the National Geographic Society . The name Haïti was adopted by Haitian revolutionary Jean - Jacques Dessalines in 1804 , as the official name of independent Saint - Domingue , as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors . It was also adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo , as the Republic of Spanish Haiti , a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by Haiti in February 1822 . Post-columbian ( edit ) Columbus landing on Hispaniola Christopher Columbus inadvertently landed on the island during his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492 , where his flagship , the Santa Maria , sank after running aground on December 25 . A contingent of men were left at an outpost christened La Navidad , on the north coast of present - day Haiti . On his return the following year , following the destruction of La Navidad by the local population , Columbus quickly established a second compound farther east in present - day Dominican Republic , La Isabela . The island was inhabited by the Taíno , one of the indigenous Arawak peoples . The Taino were at first tolerant of Columbus and his crew , and helped him to construct La Navidad on what is now Môle - Saint - Nicolas , Haiti , in December 1492 . European colonization of the island began in earnest the following year , when 1,300 men arrived from Spain under the watch of Bartolomeo Columbus . In 1496 the town of Nueva Isabela was founded . After being destroyed by a hurricane , it was rebuilt on the opposite side of the Ozama River and called Santo Domingo . It is the oldest permanent European settlement in the Americas . Chiefdoms of Hispaniola Several 16th century writers estimated the 1492 population of Hispaniola at over 1 million people . Twentieth - century estimates of the figure range from 60,000 to 8,000,000 , but center around the 500,000 to 1,000,000 range . Harsh enslavement by Spanish colonists , redirection of food supplies and labor towards the colonists , had a devastating impact on both mortality and fertility over the first quarter century . Colonial administrators and Dominican and Hyeronimite priests observed that the search for gold and agrarian enslavement through the encomienda system were depressing population . Demographic data from two provinces in 1514 shows a low birth rate consistent with a 3.5 % annual population decline . Just 14,000 Taínos survived in 1517 . In 1503 the colony began to import African slaves , believing them more capable of performing physical labor . The first documented outbreak of smallpox , previously an Eastern hemisphere disease , on Hispaniola occurred in December 1518 among enslaved African miners . Some scholars speculate that European diseases arrived before this date , but there is no compelling evidence for an outbreak . The natives had no immunity to European diseases , including smallpox . By May 1519 , as many as one - third of the remaining Taínos had died . Christopher Columbus brought sugar cane on his second voyage to the island . Molasses was the chief product . Diego Colon 's plantation had 40 African slaves in 1522 . By 1526 , 19 mills were in operation from Azua to Santo Domingo . In 1574 , a census taken of the Greater Antilles reported 1,000 Spaniards and 12,000 African slaves on Hispaniola . As Spain conquered new regions on the mainland of the Americas ( Spanish Main ) , its interest in Hispaniola waned , and the colony 's population grew slowly . By the early 17th century , the island and its smaller neighbors ( notably Tortuga ) became regular stopping points for Caribbean pirates . In 1606 , the government of Philip III ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo , to avoid interaction with pirates . Rather than secure the island , his action meant that French , English and Dutch pirates established their own bases on the abandoned north and west coasts of the island . French map of Hispaniola by Nicolas de Fer In 1665 , French colonization of the island was officially recognized by King Louis XIV . The French colony was given the name Saint - Domingue . In the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick , Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France . Saint - Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles , '' it became the richest and most prosperous colony in the West Indies , with a system of human enslavement used to grow and harvest sugar cane , during a time when demand for sugar was high in Europe . Slavery kept prices low and profit was maximized at the expense of human lives . It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe . With the treaty of Peace of Basel , revolutionary France emerged as a major European power . In the second 1795 Treaty of Basel ( July 22 ) , Spain ceded the eastern two - thirds of the island of Hispaniola , later to become the Dominican Republic . French settlers had begun to colonize some areas in the Spanish side of the territory . European colonists often died young due to tropical fevers , as well as from violent slave resistance in the late eighteenth century . When the French Revolution abolished slavery in the colonies on February 4 , 1794 , it was a European first , and when Napoleon reimposed slavery in 1802 it led to a major upheaval by the emancipated black slaves . Thousands of the French troops sent by Napoleon to reestablish slavery succumbed to yellow fever during the summer months , and more than half of the French army died because of disease . After the French removed the surviving 7,000 troops in late 1803 , the leaders of the revolution declared western Hispaniola the new nation of independent Haiti in early 1804 . France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo . In 1805 , Haitian troops of General Henri Christophe tried to conquer all of Hispaniola . They invaded Santo Domingo and sacked the towns of Santiago de los Caballeros and Moca , killing most of their residents , but news of a French fleet sailing towards Haiti forced General Christophe to return to Haiti , leaving the eastern Spanish side of the island in French hands . In 1808 , following Napoleon 's invasion of Spain , the criollos of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule and , with the aid of the United Kingdom ( Spain 's ally ) returned Santo Domingo to Spanish control . Fearing the influence of a society that had successfully fought and won against their enslavers , the United States and European powers refused to recognize Haiti , the second republic in the western hemisphere . France demanded a high payment for compensation to slaveholders who lost their property , and Haiti was saddled with unmanageable debt for decades . It became one of the poorest countries in the Americas , while the Dominican Republic gradually has developed into the largest economy of Central America and the Caribbean . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Haiti and Geography of the Dominican Republic Topographic map of Hispaniola Hispaniola is the second - largest island in the Caribbean ( after Cuba ) , with an area of 76,192 square kilometers ( 29,418 sq mi ) , 48,440 square kilometers ( 18,700 sq mi ) of which is under the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern portion and 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,710 sq mi ) under the sovereignty of Haiti occupying the western portion . The island of Cuba lies 80 kilometers ( 50 mi ) to the northwest across the Windward Passage ; to the southwest lies Jamaica , separated by the Jamaica Channel . Puerto Rico lies east of Hispaniola across the Mona Passage . The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands lie to the north . Its westernmost point is known as Cap Carcasse . Cuba , Hispaniola , Jamaica , and Puerto Rico are collectively known as the Greater Antilles . The island has five major mountain ranges : The Central Range , known in the Dominican Republic as the Cordillera Central , spans the central part of the island , extending from the south coast of the Dominican Republic into northwestern Haiti , where it is known as the Massif du Nord . This mountain range boasts the highest peak in the Antilles , Pico Duarte at 3,098 meters ( 10,164 ft ) above sea level . The Cordillera Septentrional runs parallel to the Central Range across the northern end of the Dominican Republic , extending into the Atlantic Ocean as the Samaná Peninsula . The Cordillera Central and Cordillera Septentrional are separated by the lowlands of the Cibao Valley and the Atlantic coastal plains , which extend westward into Haiti as the Plaine du Nord ( Northern Plain ) . The lowest of the ranges is the Cordillera Oriental , in the eastern part of the country . The Sierra de Neiba rises in the southwest of the Dominican Republic , and continues northwest into Haiti , parallel to the Cordillera Central , as the Montagnes Noires , Chaîne des Matheux and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau . The Plateau Central lies between the Massif du Nord and the Montagnes Noires , and the Plaine de l'Artibonite lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux , opening westward toward the Gulf of Gonâve , the largest gulf of the Antilles . The southern range begins in the southwestern most Dominican Republic as the Sierra de Bahoruco , and extends west into Haiti as the Massif de la Selle and the Massif de la Hotte , which form the mountainous spine of Haiti 's southern peninsula . Pic de la Selle is the highest peak in the southern range , the third highest peak in the Antilles and consequently the highest point in Haiti , at 2,680 meters ( 8,790 ft ) above sea level . A depression runs parallel to the southern range , between the southern range and the Chaîne des Matheux - Sierra de Neiba . It is known as the Plaine du Cul - de-Sac in Haiti , and Haiti 's capital Port - au - Prince lies at its western end . The depression is home to a chain of salt lakes , including Lake Azuei in Haiti and Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . The island has four distinct ecoregions . The Hispaniolan moist forests ecoregion covers approximately 50 % of the island , especially the northern and eastern portions , predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters ( 6,900 ft ) elevation . The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20 % of the island , lying in the rain shadow of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the Cibao valley in the center - north of the island . The Hispaniolan pine forests occupy the mountainous 15 % of the island , above 850 metres ( 2,790 ft ) elevation . The flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of Lake Azuei and Trou Caïman in Haiti and the nearby Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . Fauna ( edit ) There are many bird species in Hispaniola , and the island 's amphibian species are also diverse . Flora ( edit ) The island has four distinct ecoregions . The Hispaniolan moist forests ecoregion covers approximately 50 % of the island , especially the northern and eastern portions , predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters ( 6,900 ft ) elevation . The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20 % of the island , lying in the rain shadow of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the Cibao valley in the center - north of the island . The Hispaniolan pine forests occupy the mountainous 15 % of the island , above 850 metres ( 2,790 ft ) elevation . The flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of Lake Azuei and Trou Caïman in Haiti and the nearby Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . Satellite image depicting the border between Haiti ( left ) and the Dominican Republic ( right ) In Haiti , deforestation has long been cited by scientists as a source of ecological crisis ; the timber industry dates back to French colonial rule . Haiti has seen a dramatic reduction of forests due to the excessive and increasing use of charcoal as fuel for cooking . Recent in - depth studies of satellite imagery and environmental analysis regarding forest classification conclude an accurate estimate of approximately 30 % tree cover , a stark decrease in the 60 % forest cover in 1925 . Despite recent in - depth studies , the notoriously unsubstantiated 2 % forest cover estimate has been widely circulated in media and in discourse concerning the country . Despite the drastic underestimation of Haiti 's forest cover , the country has been significantly deforested over the last 50 years , resulting in the desertification of portions of the Haitian territory . In the Dominican Republic the forest cover has increased . In 2003 the Dominican forest cover had been reduced to 32 % of the territory , but in 2011 the trend towards reducing reverts to increase forest cover by eight percentage points to stand at nearly 40 % of territory . The success of the Dominican forest growth is due to several Dominican government policies and private organizations for the purpose , and a strong educational campaign that has resulted in increased awareness on the Dominican people of the importance of forests for their welfare and in other forms of life on the island . Climate ( edit ) Cordillera Central , Dominican Republic Owing to its mountainous topography , Hispaniola 's climate shows considerable variation over short distances , and is the most varied of all the Antilles . Except in the Northern Hemisphere summer season , the predominant winds over Hispaniola are the northeast trade winds . As in Jamaica and Cuba , these winds deposit their moisture on the northern mountains , and create a distinct rain shadow on the southern coast , where some areas receive as little as 400 millimetres ( 16 in ) of rainfall , and have semi-arid climates . Annual rainfall under 600 millimetres ( 24 in ) also occurs on the southern coast of Haiti 's northwest peninsula and in the central Azúa region of the Plaine du Cul - de-Sac . In these regions , moreover , there is generally little rainfall outside hurricane season from August to October , and droughts are by no means uncommon when hurricanes do not come . Les Cayes , Sud , Haiti On the northern coast , in contrast , rainfall may peak between December and February , though some rain falls in all months of the year . Annual amounts typically range from 1,700 to 2,000 millimetres ( 67 to 79 in ) on the northern coastal lowlands ; there is probably much more in the Cordillera Septentrional , though no data exist . The interior of Hispaniola , along with the southeastern coast centred around Santo Domingo , typically receives around 1,400 millimetres ( 55 in ) per year , with a distinct wet season from May to October . Usually , this wet season has two peaks : one around May , the other around the hurricane season . In the interior highlands , rainfall is much greater , around 3,100 millimetres ( 120 in ) per year , but with a similar pattern to that observed in the central lowlands . As is usual for tropical islands , variations of temperature are much less marked than rainfall variations , and depend only on altitude . Lowland Hispaniola is generally oppressively hot and humid , with temperatures averaging 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) . with high humidity during the daytime , and around 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) at night . At higher altitudes , temperatures fall steadily , so that frosts occur during the dry season on the highest peaks , where maxima are no higher than 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . Demographics ( edit ) The Dominican Republic is a Hispanophone nation of approximately 10 million people . Spanish is spoken by all Dominicans as a primary language . Roman Catholicism is the official and dominant religion . Haiti is a Francophone nation of roughly 10 million people . Although French is spoken as a primary language by the educated and wealthy minority , virtually the entire population speaks Haitian Creole , one of several French - derived creole languages . Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion , practiced by more than half the population , although in some cases in combination with Haitian Vodou faith . Another 25 % of the populace belong to Protestant churches . Haiti emerged as the first Black republic in the world . Ethnic composition ( edit ) The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73 % mixed ( African / European ) , 16 % white and 11 % black . The ethnic composition of Haiti is estimated to be 95 % black , 5 % white and mixed . Economics ( edit ) The island has the largest economy in the Greater Antilles , however most of the economic development is found in the Dominican Republic , the Dominican economy being nearly 800 % larger than the Haitian economy . The estimated annual per capita income is US $1,300 in Haiti and US $8,200 in Dominican Republic . The divergence between the level of economic development between Haiti and Dominican Republic makes its border the higher contrast of all western land borders and is evident that the Dominican Republic has one of the highest migration issues in the Americas . Geologic map of Hispaniola . Mzb are Mesozoic amphibolites and associated metasedimentary rocks , Ki are Cretaceous plutons , Kv are Cretaceous volcanic rocks , uK are Upper Cretaceous marine strata , Ku are Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks , K are Cretaceous marine strata , IT are Eocene and / or Paleocene marine strata , uT are Post-Eocene marine strata , T are Tertiary marine strata , V are volcanic rocks , and Q are Quaternary alluvium . The black triangles indicate the Late Eocene Hatillo Thrust fault . Precious metals ( edit ) Christopher Columbus , noting `` the land and trees resembled those of Spain , and that the sailors caught in their nets many fish like those of Spain ... named it Espanola on Sunday , December 9th . '' One of the first inhabitants he came across on this island was `` a girl wearing only a gold nose plug . '' Columbus later learned that the `` land of gold was farther east . '' Soon the Tainos were trading pieces of gold for hawk 's bells with their cacique declaring the gold came from Cibao . Traveling further east from Navidad , Columbus came across the Yaque del Norte River , which he named Rio de Oro because its `` sands abound in gold dust . '' On Columbus ' return during his second voyage he learned it was the cacique Caonabo , `` lord of the mines '' , who had massacred his settlement at Navidad . While Columbus established a new settlement at La Isabela on Jan. 1494 , he sent Alonso de Ojeda and 15 men to search for the `` mines of Cibao . '' After a six - day journey , Ojeda came across an area `` very rich in gold '' , in which the `` Indians took gold out of a brook ... and many other streams in that province . '' Columbus himself visited the mines of Cibao on 12 March 1494 . He constructed the Fort of Santo Tomas , present day Janico , with Captain Pedro Margarit in command of 56 men . On 24 March 1495 , Columbus with his ally Guacanagarix , embarked on a war of revenge against Caonabo , capturing him and his family while `` killing many Indians and capturing others . '' Afterwards , `` every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to pay a large hawk 's bell of gold dust . '' Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay discovered large gold nuggets on the lower Haina River in 1496 . These San Cristobal mines were later known as the Minas Viejas mines . Then , in 1499 , the first major discovery of gold was made in the cordillera central , which led to a mining boom . By 1501 , Columbus ' cousin Giovanni Colombo , had discovered gold near Buenaventura , the deposits were later known as Minas Nuevas . Two major mining areas resulted , one along San Cristobal - Buenaventura , and another in Cibao within the La Vega - Cotuy - Bonao triangle , while Santiago de los Caballeros , Concepcion , and Bonao became mining towns . The gold rush of 1500 -- 1508 ensued . Ferdinand `` ordered gold from the richest mines reserved for the Crown . '' Thus , Ovando expropriated the gold mines of Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay in 1504 , as pit mines became royal mines , though placers were open to private prospectors . Furthermore , Ferdinand wanted the `` best Indians '' working his royal mines , and kept 967 in the San Cristobal mining area supervised by salaried miners . Under Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres ' governorship , the Indians were made to work in the gold mines , `` where they were grossly overworked , mistreated , and underfed , '' according to Pons . By 1503 , the Spanish Crown legalized the distribution of Indians to work the mines as part of the encomienda system . According to Pons , `` Once the Indians entered the mines , hunger and disease literally wiped them out . '' By 1508 the Indian population of about 400,000 was reduced to 60,000 , and by 1514 , only 26,334 remained . About half were located in the mining towns of Concepcion , Santiago , Santo Domingo , and Buenaventura . The repartimiento of 1514 accelerated emigration of the Spanish colonists , coupled with the exhaustion of the mines . In 1516 , a smallpox epidemic killed an additional 8,000 , of the remaining 11,000 Indians , in one month . By 1519 , according to Pons , `` Both the gold economy and the Indian population became extinct at the same time . '' However , writing in 1860 , Courtney observed , the island is `` one immense gold field '' , of which the early Spaniards had `` scarcely began to be developed . '' Additionally , `` The gold is still found in the Cibao regions as of old . '' By 1919 , Condit and Ross noted `` the greater part of the Republic is covered by concessions granted by the government for mining minerals of diverse sorts . '' Besides gold , these minerals included silver , manganese , copper , magnetite , iron and nickel . Mining operations in 2016 have taken advantage of the volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits ( VMS ) around Maimón . To the northeast , the Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine was operated by state - owned Rosario Dominicana from 1975 until 1991 . In 2009 , Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation , formed by Barrick Gold and Goldcorp , started open - pit mining operations of the Monte Negro and Moore oxide deposits . The mined ore is processed with gold cyanidation . Pyrite and sphalerite are the main sulfide minerals found in the 120 m thick volcanic conglomerates and agglomerates , which constitute the world 's second largest sulphidation gold deposit . Between Bonao and Maimon , Falconbridge Dominicana has been mining nickel laterites since 1971 . The Cerro de Maimon copper / gold open - pit mine southeast of Maimon has been operated by Perilya since 2006 . Copper is extracted from the sulfide ores , while gold and silver are extracted from both the sulfide and the oxide ores . Processing is via froth flotation and cyanidation . The ore is located in the VMS Early Cretaceous Maimon Formation . Goethite enriched with gold and silver is found in the 30 m thick oxide cap . Below that cap is a supergene zone containing pyrite , chalcopyrite , and sphalerite . Below the supergene zone is found the unaltered massive sulphide mineralization . See also ( edit ) Casa de Contratación Dominican Republic -- Haiti relations Geography of the Dominican Republic Geography of Haiti List of divided islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Highest Elevation , CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ Haiti & The Dominican Republic IMF population estimates . ^ Jump up to : Anglería , Pedro Mártir de ( 1949 ) . Décadas del Nuevo Mundo , Tercera Década , Libro VII ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Editorial Bajel . ^ Jump up to : Las Casas , Fray Bartolomé de ( 1966 ) . Apologética Histórica Sumaria ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : UNAM . 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Plagues and Poxes : The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease . Demos Medical Publishing . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 1 - 888799 - 79 - X . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Jared M. and Robinson , James A. ( 2011 ) Natural Experiments of History . pp. 126 -- 128 . ISBN 9780674060197 Jump up ^ Central America and Caribbean : Dominican Republic , CIA World Factbook ^ Jump up to : Bowin , Carl ( 1975 ) . Nairn , Alan ; Stehli , Francis , eds . The Geology of Hispaniola , in The Ocean Basins and Margins . New York : Springer Science + Business Media , LLC . p. 503 . ISBN 9781468485370 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti is Covered with Trees '' . EnviroSociety . Tarter , Andrew . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , M.R. , ed. ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` One of the Most Repeated Facts about Haiti is a Lie '' . Vice News . Jump up ^ FUNGLODE -- República Dominicana aumenta su cobertura boscosa a 39.7 % ^ Jump up to : Alpert , Leo ( 1941 ) . `` The Areal Distribution of Mean Annual Rainfall Over the Island of Hispaniola '' . Monthly Weather Review . 69 ( 7 ) : 201 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1941 ) 069 < 0201 : TADOMA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Camberlin , Pierre ( 2010 ) . `` More variable tropical climates have a slower demographic growth '' ( PDF ) . Climate Research . 41 : 157 . doi : 10.3354 / cr00856 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Haitians Heroes '' ( PDF ) . Palmbeachschools.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bello , Marisol ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Hispaniola comparison '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ IMF -- PIB per cápita ( PPA ) República Dominicana / Haití ^ Jump up to : Columbus , Ferdinand ( 1959 ) . The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand . New Brunswick : Rutgers , The State University . pp. 76 -- 77 , 83 , 87 . Jump up ^ Pons , Frank ( 1995 ) . The Dominican Republic , A National History . New Rochelle : Hispaniola Books . pp. 33 -- 37 . ISBN 1885509014 . Jump up ^ Courtney , W.S. ( 1860 ) . The Gold Fields of St. Domingo . New York : Anson P. Norton . pp. 123 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Condit , D. Dale ; Ross , Clyde P. ( 1921 ) . Economic Geology , Chapter X , in A Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic . Washington : United States Geological Survey . p. 228 . Jump up ^ `` Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine , Dominican Republic '' . mining-technology.com . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro de Maimon '' . Perilya.com . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hispaniola . Look up hispaniola in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hispaniola . Google maps Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico from 1639 Champlin , Jr. , John D. ( 1880 ) . `` Hayti '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 9th ed . ) . The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake at the Library of Congress contains primary materials on Hispaniola . 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"Hispaniola is the second-largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba), with an area of 76,192 square kilometers (29,418 sq mi), 48,440 square kilometers (18,700 sq mi)[27] of which is under the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern portion and 27,750 square kilometers (10,710 sq mi)[6] under the sovereignty of Haiti occupying the western portion."
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-3303256450416041649 | The Star-Spangled Banner | The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner Jump to : navigation , search `` Star - Spangled Banner '' redirects here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 3 , 1931 ; 87 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 03 ) Audio sample `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instrumental file help `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the then 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , with 15 stars and 15 stripes , known as the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of 19 semitones , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the British national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Modern history 2.1 Performances 2.2 200th anniversary celebrations 2.3 Adaptations 3 Lyrics 3.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 3.1. 1 Alternative lyrics 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call to remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's lyrics ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music ( edit ) Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . National anthem ( edit ) Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Modern history ( edit ) Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations ( edit ) The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations ( edit ) See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward , she attempted a gesture of ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . Lyrics ( edit ) O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics ( edit ) In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics ( edit ) In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . References in film , television , literature ( edit ) Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law ( edit ) Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1931 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 , the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute ( edit ) Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 - meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , in response to police brutality in America , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call to remove the National anthem ( edit ) In November 2017 , the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star - Spangled Banner as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NAACP president said : `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stanza of the anthem , which is rarely sung and few know , contains the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations ( edit ) As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media ( edit ) The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also ( edit ) In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My country ' tis of thee ( Song Collection ) '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service , Fort McHenry National Monument , and Historic Shrine . Retrieved February 2008 . Archived April 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` When the Warrior Returns - Key '' . Potw.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin ( 1988 ) . The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 . pp. 288 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clague ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' critics miss the point '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know : The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery '' . Theintercept.com. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Is the National Anthem Racist ? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : The Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links ( edit ) `` New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had a complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio ( edit ) The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( U.S. ) Cook Islands ( N.Z. ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( U.S. ) Hawaii ( U.S. ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( N.Z. ) Northern Mariana Islands ( U.S. ) Pitcairn Islands ( U.K. ) Tokelau ( N.Z. ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( U.S. ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park VIAF : 186293289 LCCN : n50081577 GND : 4756592 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=835669657 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Songs based on poems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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4185514036992192322 | Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In. Women | Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 in . Women - wikipedia Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 in . Women National Lampoon 's Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In . Women Film poster Written by Julie Brown Charlie Coffey Directed by Julie Brown Richard Wenk Starring Julie Brown Peter DeLuise Anne De Salvo Stanley DeSantis Eric `` Sparky '' Edwards Khrystyne Haje John Robert Hoffman Sam McMurray Stella Stevens Adam Storke Theme music composer Christopher Tyng Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Running time 82 min . Release Original network Showtime Original release August 21 , 1994 National Lampoon 's Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In . Women is a 1994 Showtime television film that parodies two sensational news stories from the 1990s : The Tonya Harding - Nancy Kerrigan incident , and the John and Lorena Bobbitt incident . The movie is presented as a double feature , with Julie Brown starring in both segments . The title is a takeoff of Attack of the 50 Foot Woman . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Tonya : The Battle of Wounded Knee 1.2 He Never Gave Me Orgasm : The Lenora Babbitt Story 1.3 Animated sequences 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The movie is presented as two parts of a double feature , the titles being Tonya : The Battle of Wounded Knee and He Never Gave Me Orgasm : The Lenora Babbitt Story . Tonya : the Battle of Wounded Knee ( edit ) Figure skater Tonya Hardly ( Brown ) , desperate to win the gold medal in the Olympics , tries to eliminate competitor Nancy Cardigan ( Khrystyne Haje ) by hiring someone to injure her ; although she only suffers a small bruise . The news story is so tragic and heart - rending that all of Tonya 's co-conspirators turn themselves in and finger her . Sailing above the scandal , she goes on to compete at the 1994 Winter Olympics , but is undone by her lack of talent and undersized panties . He Never Gave Me Orgasm : the Lenora Babbitt story ( edit ) Lenora Babbitt ( Brown ) , having been recently pardoned for her crimes , tells Dick Langley ( Sam McMurray ) about the events that had led up to her arrest : She had cut off the penis of her drunken husband , Juan Wayne Babbitt ( Adam Storke ) , because he could n't satisfy her sexually . After it was devoured by a dog , Dr. Kelloc ( Stanley DeSantis ) was able to transplant one from a deceased biker . However , Lenora learns that the biker 's widow ( Anne De Salvo ) now has `` visitation rights '' to it ; thus , when she and Juan perform a re-enactment of the incident on TV , she actually cuts off his new one . He ends up becoming a transsexual , saying on talk shows that he now understands how hard it is to be a woman . Animated sequences ( edit ) The movie includes animated sequences in which Tonya and Lenora are watching the picture at a drive - in theater . They arrive together in a car at the beginning , Tonya cheers after the first feature , and the two grinning women drive off at the end . Notes ( edit ) This TV - movie was promoted on the cover of the September / October 1994 issue of National Lampoon magazine . In 2008 , Julie Brown was given permission by Showtime to issue this movie on DVD ( Showtime had previously only issued it on VHS ) and currently sells copies on her eBay and website stores . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In . Women on IMDb Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In . Women at AllMovie National Lampoon 's Attack of the 5 ' 2 '' Women at Movies.TVGuide.com National Lampoon Productions from National Lampoon magazine ( 1970 -- 1998 ) J2 Communications ( 1991 -- 2002 ) National Lampoon , Inc. 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Women Favorite Deadly Sins Dad 's Week Off The Don 's Analyst Men in White Golf Punks Thanksgiving Family Reunion Professor Pepper 's School of Good Stuff Direct to video Last Resort Dorm Daze 2 : College @ Sea Pledge This ! TV : The Movie Electric Apricot : Quest for Festeroo Films about the magazine National Lampoon : Drunk Stoned Brilliant Dead A Futile and Stupid Gesture Television Delta House National Lampoon 's Funny Money Related links Deteriorata Dick Ballantine The Harvard Lampoon O.C. and Stiggs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack_of_the_5_Ft._2_In._Women&oldid=767620912 '' Categories : 1994 television films National Lampoon films Parody films Films directed by Richard Wenk English - language films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2017 , at 00 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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6845327356144817385 | Mescalero | Mescalero - wikipedia Mescalero Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Native American tribe . For other uses , see Mescalero ( disambiguation ) . Mescalero Apache Mescalero Apache Tribal Administrative Offices and Community Center in Mescalero , New Mexico Total population 5,130 Regions with significant populations Languages Mescalero , English , Spanish Religion Indigenous Religion , mescalero Related ethnic groups Western Apache , San Carlos Apache , White Mountain Apache , Navajo Mescalero or Mescalero Apache is an Apache tribe of Southern Athabaskan Native Americans . The tribe is federally recognized as the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation , located in south central New Mexico . In the nineteenth century , the Mescalero opened their reservation to other Apache bands , such as the Mimbreno and the Chiricahua , many of whom had been imprisoned in Florida . The Lipan Apache also joined the reservation . Their descendants are enrolled in the Mescalero Apache Tribe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reservation 2 Tribal government 3 Culture and language 4 Origin of name 5 Tribal territory 6 Bands 7 Notable Mescalero 7.1 Historical chiefs and headmen 7.2 Other notable Mescalero 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Reservation ( edit ) Two Mescalero women , with tipis and ramada ( to the left ) . Originally established on May 27 , 1873 , by Executive Order of President Ulysses S. Grant , the reservation was first located near Fort Stanton . The present reservation was established in 1883 . It has a land area of 1,862.463 km2 ( 719.101 sq mi ) , almost entirely in Otero County . The 463,000 - acre reservation lies on the eastern flank of the Sacramento Mountains and borders the Lincoln National Forest . A small unpopulated section is in Lincoln County just southwest of Ruidoso . U.S. Route 70 is the major highway through the reservation . The tribe has an economy based largely on ranching and tourism . The mountains and foothills are forested with pines ; resource and commercial development is managed carefully by the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council . The Mescalero Apache developed a cultural center near the tribal headquarters on U.S. Route 70 in the reservation 's largest community of Mescalero . On display are tribal artifacts and important historical information . The tribe also operates another , larger museum on the western flank of the Sacramento Mountains in Dog Canyon , south of Alamogordo . The tribe developed and owns the Inn of the Mountain Gods Resort and Casino ( `` IMG '' ) within Lincoln National Forest . As part of the IMG operation , the tribe also owns and manages Ski Apache under contract as a concession with the US Forest Service . It is the southernmost major ski area in North America . In January 2012 , Ski Apache celebrated its 50th anniversary . The ski area is situated adjacent to the massive peak of Sierra Blanca a 12,003 - foot ( 3,659 m ) mountain . It is the southernmost alpine peak in the Continental United States and is part of the Sacramento Mountains . Using the EPA 's Level III Ecoregion System , derived from Omernik , this mountain is included in the `` Arizona / New Mexico Mountains , '' which is south of the `` Southern Rocky Mountains '' of northern New Mexico . Sierra Blanca peak , located on the reservation , is sacred ground for the Mescalero Apache Tribe . They do not allow access without a permit . Tribal government ( edit ) The Mescalero Apache Tribe holds elections for the office of president every two years . The eight Tribal Council members also are elected for two years . Election for the Council is held every year , when one half of the members are up for reelection . The reservation had a population of 3,156 according to the 2000 census . In 1959 , the tribe elected Virginia Klinekole as its first woman president . She later was elected to the Tribal Council , serving on it until 1986 . The tribe repeatedly re-elected Wendell Chino as president ; he served a total of 43 years , until his death on November 4 , 1998 . Soon after Chino 's death , the late Sara Misquez was elected as president . Chino 's son , Mark Chino , also has been elected and served as president . New officers have served in the 21st century . On January 11 , 2008 Carleton Naiche - Palmer was sworn in as the new president of the Mescalero Apache tribe . From 2014 to 2018 , Danny Breuninger was President of the Mescalero Apache Tribe . Currently serving in the Office of President is Arthur `` Butch '' Blazer . Gabe Aguilar has been Vice President of the Mescalero Apache Tribe since 2014 . Culture and language ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : section . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2010 ) The Mescalero language is a Southern Athabaskan language which is a subfamily of the Athabaskan and Dené -- Yeniseian families . Mescalero is part of the southwestern branch of this subfamily ; it is very closely related to Chiricahua , and more distantly related to Western Apache . These are considered the three dialects of Apachean . Although Navajo is a related Southern Athabaskan language , its language and culture are considered distinct from those of the Apache . The Mescalero Apache were primarily a nomadic mountain people . They traveled east on the arid plains to hunt the buffalo and south into the desert for gathering Mescal Agave . Spanish colonists associated them with this plant and named them Mescalero Apache . The Mescalero Apache , along with the other Apache groups , lived by traditional hunting and gathering . If conditions were poor , they raided other tribes , and Spanish , Mexican and American settlers to survive . Origin of name ( edit ) The Mescalero 's autonym , or name for themselves , is Shis - Inday ( `` People of the Mountain Forests '' ) or Mashgalénde ( `` People close to the mountains '' ) . The Navajo , another Athabascan - speaking tribe , call the Mescalero Naashgalí Dineʼé . Like other Apache peoples they often identify simply as Inday / Indee ( `` The People '' ) . Neighboring Apache bands called the Mescalero Nadahéndé ( `` People of the Mescal '' ) , because the mescal agave ( Agave parryi ) was a staple food source for them . In times of need and hunger , they depended on stored mescal for survival . Since 1550 Spanish colonists referred to them as the Mescalero . Mescalero Apache bands were often referred to by European colonists and settlers by different names , some related to their geographic territory . They were recorded in documents by a wide number of names : Apaches de Cuartelejo , Apaches del Río Grande , Apachi , Faraones , Mezcaleros , Natage ( more correctly , one of the Lipan Apache subdivisions , along with the Nahizan ) , Natahene , Querechos , Teyas , Tularosa Apaches , and Vaqueros . They were also distinguished as Sierra Blanca Apaches , Sacramento Mountains Apaches , Guadalupe Mountains Apaches , Limpia Mountains Apaches . according to their homelands in northern or southern Mescalero territory . Tribal territory ( edit ) Originally the different Mescalero bands and local groups ranged in an area between the Rio Grande in the west and the eastern and southern edge of the Llano Estacado and the southern Texas Panhandle in Texas in the east ; from present - day Santa Fe in the northwest and the Texas Panhandle in the northeast , down to the Big Bend of Texas and what became the Mexican provinces of Chihuahua and Coahuila to the south . The diverse landscape of this area has high mountains up to 12,000 feet , as well as watered and sheltered valleys , surrounded by arid semi-deserts and deserts , deep canyons and open plains . The Mescalero Apache Reservation is located at geographical coordinates 33 ° 10 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W / 33.17833 ° N 105.61222 ° W / 33.17833 ; - 105.61222 . Since each band of Mescalero had the right to use the resources of deer and plants of the neighboring groups , the different bands felt at home in any area of their wide tribal territory . The Mescalero bands often ranged widely for hunting , gathering , warring and raiding . They called their home Indeislun Nakah ( `` people , forming a group , when they are there , '' `` place where people get together '' ) . When many Mescalero bands were displaced by the enemy Comanche from the Southern Plains in northern and central Texas between 1700 -- 1750 , they took refuge in the mountains of New Mexico , western Texas , and Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico . Some southern Mescalero bands , together with Lipan , lived in the Bolsón de Mapimí , moving between the Nazas River , the Conchos River and the Rio Grande to the north . Bands ( edit ) Mescalero painted boy ; photo entitled Long Walk of the Navajo . After being defeated by United States military forces , most of the Navajo were marched over 350 - mile ( 560 km ) during the winter of 1864 and incarcerated at Bosque Redondo , New Mexico with the Mescalero Apache . Natahéndé / Nadahéndé ( Spanish rendering - translteration - as Natages , pronounced Na - ta - hay , `` Mescal People '' ; lived between Rio Grande and Pecos River in central New Mexico , with local groups traveling on the southern and western edge of the Llano Estacado onto the southern Texas Panhandle ) Guhlkahéndé / Guułgahénde ( Spanish rendering as Cuelcajenne , `` People of the Plains '' ; lived east of the mountains and the Pecos River , on the High Plains from the Texas Panhandle to the Pecos Valley , between Amarillo , Tucumcari , Lubbock and the Llano Estacado , along the Sandia and Tijeras Mountains westward to Santa Fe , from Nogal Canyon to the north to Las Vegas , from the Organ Mountains eastwards to El Paso . In Oklahoma ( Indian Territory ) they developed kinship ties by marriage with the Comanche . ) Dzithinahndé / Tsilnihéndé ( Spanish rendering as Chilpaines , `` Mountain Ridge Band People '' , lived in the mountains west and south of the Pecos River , extending in northern Chihuahua and Coahuila of present - day Mexico . ) Ch'laandé / Tslahahéndé ( `` Antelope Band People '' ; lived west of the Pecos west to the Rio Grande in the mountains of central and south New Mexico and the Tularosa Basin . ) Nit'ahéndé / Niit'ahénde ( `` People Who Live Against the Mountains '' , `` Earth Crevine ( Deer ) People '' ; lived in the Sacramento Mountains in New Mexico and the Guadalupe Mountains in western Texas . ) Tsehitcihéndé ( `` People of Hook Nose '' , several bands , who lived in the Guadalupe Mountains , the adjacent Plains of Texas and in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua of Mexico . ) Tsebekinéndé ( `` Rock House People '' , often called by Spanish and Americans Aguas Nuevas or Norteños , have been based around the Nuevo Casas Grandes in Chihuahua , migrating north toward the Sacramento Mountains and south to Agua Nueva 60 miles north of Chihuahua City , also on both sides of the Rio Grande between El Paso and Ojinaga , Chihuahua ; some local groups lived in the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains ) Tahuundé / Tá'huú'ndé ( `` Mountains Extending into the River People '' , lived on both sides of the Pecos River in southern New Mexico and into southwestern Texas ) Tuintsundé / Túntsande ( `` Big Water People '' , once the Tú sis Ndé band of the Lipan Apache , who lived in south central Texas and in northern Coahuila , camping together with several bands of the Mescalero on the Plains for hunting and raiding ; they merged with the Mescalero , forming a Mescalero band ) Tuetinini / Tú'é'dinénde ( `` No Water People '' , `` Tough People of the Desert '' , once the Tú é diné Ndé band of the Lipan Apache , who had territory in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua ; they eventually merged with some southern Mescalero bands ) The Natahéndé had had a considerable influence on the decision - making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century , especially on the Tindi Ndé , Tcha shka - ózhäye , Tú é diné Ndé and Tú sis Ndé . To fight their common enemy , the Comanche , and to protect the northeastern and eastern border of the Apacheria against the Comancheria , the Mescalero ( Natahéndé and Guhlkahéndé ) on the Plains joined forces with their Lipan kin ( Cuelcahen Ndé , Te'l kóndahä , Ndáwe qóhä and Shá i ` a Nde ) to the east and south of them . In August 1912 , by an act of the U.S. Congress , the surviving members of the Chiricahua tribe were released from their prisoner - of - war status . They were given the choice to remain at Fort Sill , Oklahoma , where they had been imprisoned since ? , or to relocate to the Mescalero Apache reservation . One hundred and eighty - three elected to go to New Mexico , while seventy - eight remained in Oklahoma . Their descendants still reside in both places . Notable Mescalero ( edit ) Historical chiefs and headmen ( edit ) Gorgonia , Sierrablanca Mescalero medicine man Gorgonio , northern Mescalero medicine - man , aide to old Barranquito and , later , to Santana . Gómez , southern Mescalero chief who led a large band of five local groups with about 400 warriors . His band lived in the Big Bend Country and the Trans - Pecos on both sides of the Rio Grande ; his stronghold was in the Limpia Mountains , later named Davis Mountains . When Governor Trias offered 1,000 pesos for his scalp , Gómez offered an equal amount for any Mexican or American scalp . His segundos - or war chiefs - were Cigarito , Chinonero , Simón Porode , and Simón Manuel . Cigarito , leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans - Pecos ; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero Chief Gómez , 1840s - 1860s Chinonero , leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans - Pecos ; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez , 1840s - 1860s ) Simón Porode , leader of a local group in West - Texas ; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez . In 1850 he and Simón Manuel contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace , but were likely overruled by Gómez , 1840s - 1860s . Simón Manuel , leader of a local group in West - Texas ; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez . In 1850 he and leader Simón Porode contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace , but were likely overruled by Gómez , 1840s - 1860s ) Marco ( also known as Marcus ) southern Mescalero chief who led a band of about 600 people , including about 200 warriors - presumably Tsehitcihéndé or Niit'ahénde . They lived in the Big Bend Country , ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the Guadalupe Mountains toward east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains . He was reported to have led frequent raids and attacks of parties on the San Antonio road and in the settlement near El Paso . He wished to join the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band , but their request was refused , because they were considered a Texas Mescalero band ; active in the 1840s - 1860s . Espejo ( `` looking - glass '' ) , southern Mescalero chief led a large band , presumably Tsebekinéndé , with several local groups under his segundos ( or war chiefs ) Nicolás and Antonio . They ranged between Limpia Canyon , Horsehead Crossing on the Pecos and east of the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains onto the surrounding desert lowlands of the Trans - Pecos in West Texas , from the 1840s - late 1860s . Nicolás , leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains , segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo , 1840s - 1860s . Antonio , leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains , segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo , 1840s - 1860s . Mateo leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé ( often called by Spanish and Americans Aguas Nuevas or Norteños ) , stayed together with Verancia in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the Sacramento Mountains and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid , since they were considered `` troublesome . '' , 1840s - 1860s Verancia , said to be a son of Gomez , leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé , stayed together with Mateo in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the Sacramento Mountains and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid , since they were considered `` troublesome . '' , 1840s - 1860s ) Barranquito ( also known as Palanquito ) , most influential chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band , which ranged between the Sierra Blanca Mountains east toward the Pecos River , probably the most important Mescalero chief in the early 1800s , when he died in 1857 , his three sons and / or nephews Santana , Cadete and Roman succeeded him Santana ( also known as Santa Ana ) , ca . 1810 - † 1876 , son and successor of Barranquito , since about 1830 ' had been a local group leader of great authority of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band , since the death of Barranquito Santana seem to have had the most influence within the northern Mescalero bands , but avoided the spotlight and was hardly known by the whites , in his later years he became the most steadfast friend of the whites , until his death of pneumonia or smallpox Cadete ( also known as Cadette - `` Volunteer '' , in Apache : Gian - na - tah ( `` Always Ready '' ) , also known as Zhee - es - not - son , Zhee Ah Nat Tsa ) , a son and successor of Barranquito . After Santana he was the most prominent and powerful chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band , was more diplomatic than Santana and was a spokesman for the northern Mescalero bands . After the outbreak from Bosque Redondo on November 3 , 1863 , he had fled with his band toward the Staked Plains , trading stolen cattle and horses from Mexico directly or via the Comanchero to Comanche . He was murdered in 1872 while on a peace mission and returning from Tularosa . Roman Grande , a son and successor of Barranquito , serving as chief of a local group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band . Less important than Santana and Cadete , he followed the lead of his brother Santana ; died during an epidemic in 1885 . Josecito ( also known as José Cito ) , after Barranquito and Santana , the most prominent leader of some local groups of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band . In April 1852 he signed a treaty with Calhoun representing the US , together with the minor leader of another group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero and Chacon , leader of the Jicarilla Apache . Nautzili ( also known as Natzili , Nautzile , Nodzilla - `` buffalo '' ) , chief of the Guhlkahéndé and southern Lipan splinter groups living in northern Mexico , moved to reservation in 1876 . In 1879 he had assumed leadership of most of the Mescalero reservation bands ( including the Lipan ) and persuaded many warriors not to join the Tchihende chief Victorio in Victorio 's War . San Juan ( Chief of maybe the Nit'ahéndé or Tsehitcihéndé band ) , his band ranged along the Rio Bonito , Rio Hondo and in the Capitan Mountains with the Sacramento Mountains - the area where Fort Stanton was built - , had alliances with eastern Mescalero bands , Lipan Apache bands as well as some Comanche bands ; after Santana and Cadete were gone , chief San Juan and Nautzili took over the leadership of the Mescaleros on the reservation , but , unlike Nautzili , San Juan left the reservation in spring 1880 , after Caballero 's outbreak , during `` Victorio 's war '' ; his son Peso would become the last Mescalero chief Caballero ( Ca - bal - le - so , eventually to be identified with Kutbhalla or Kutu - hala ) , war chief and later principal chief of the bands of the Sacramento Mountains during the decades 1860s and 1870s , likely married to a daughter of the Chihenne Chief Mangas Coloradas , close ally and long - time friend of the great Mimbreño chief Victorio ( and likely his brother - in - law as Mangas Coloradas ' son - in - law ) ; in March 1880 he left Tularosa and joined Victorio , fighting alongside with him their last battles , but , according to some reports , he was killed in a trouble between the chiefs before the Tres Castillos massacre on oct. 14 1880 ) Alsate ( also known as Arzate , Arzatti , also known as Pedro Muzquiz , ca . * 1820 - † 1881 / 1882 ) , last Chief of the Chisos Apaches ( also Chinati or Rio Grande Apaches , a Mescalero band in the Limpia Mountains ( also known as Davis Mountains ) , Chisos Mountains and Chinati Mountains in the Big Bend area , the Sierra del Carmen of Coahuila and Sierra Alamos in Chihuahua north of the Bolsón de Mapimí , born to a Mescalero woman and a member by blood of the influential Muzquiz family , captured with his band in 1878 at San Carlos de Chihuahua and deported to Mexico City to be jailed in `` la Acordada '' , succeeded in escaping with his people in December 1879 and came back to the Big Bend ; was caught again at San Carlos de Chihuahua in 1880 and executed together with his segundos ( or war chiefs ) Colorado and Zorillo at Ojinaga , opposite Presidio del Norte , Texas , his people were sold into slavery in Mexico , ca . 1860 - 1882 ) Colorado ( `` Red '' , likely `` Avispa Colorada '' `` Red Wasp '' ) leader of a local group of Chisos , or maybe Lipan , Apaches in the border region of Coahuila , Chihuahua and West - Texas , segundo and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate , was caught and executed together with Alsate and Zorillo at Ojinaga , opposite Presidio del Norte , Texas , late 1860s - 1882 Zorillo ( likely `` Zorrillo '' `` Little Fox '' ) ) leader of a local group of Chisos Apaches in the border region of Coahuila , Chihuahua and West - Texas , segundo and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate , was caught and executed together with Alsate and Colorado at Ojinaga , opposite Presidio del Norte , Texas , late 1860s - 1882 Carnoviste , hostile southern Mescalero chief , his band - presumably Tsehitcihéndé or Niit'ahénde - lived in the Big Bend Country , ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the Guadalupe Mountains towards east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains , was reported to have committed frequent `` depredations '' on the San Antonio road and to have kidnapped Hermann - soon adopted in the tribe - and Willie Lehmann near Fort Mason in May 1870 ; in 1874 he promoted a council of Mescalero , Mimbreño and Lipan Apache chiefs , and Victorio succeeded in persuading the council to send peace messengers to the Comanches and Kiowas ; he was killed by a medicine man of his band in the spring 1876 Peso , ca . * 1849 - † 1929 , was born in the Guadalupe Mountains near present - day Carlsbad as son of chief San Juan and his wife Nagoo - nah - go , his band - maybe Nit'ahéndé or Tsehitcihéndé - joined Nautzili 's band of Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains , from time to time he also joined the Tu'sis Nde band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico under Chief Magoosh , he was an expert tracker and served as Apache Scout in the campaigns against Geronimo , in the late 1800s he , together with his brother Sin Miedo ( Sans Peur , Without Fear ) and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation - Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs , Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon and Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers Sin Miedo ( `` Without Fear '' = `` Sans Peur '' ) , brother of chief Peso and son of chief San Juan , his band - maybe Nit'ahéndé or Tsehitcihéndé - were close allies of the eastern Mescalero band named Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains and of the Tu'sis Nde band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico ; together with his brothers Peso , Crook Neck , and leaders as Shanta Boy and Big Mouth he served as Apache Scout in the campaign against Geronimo , the war leader and shaman of the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendhe Apaches ; he , together with his brother Peso and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation - Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs , Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers , and Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon Muchacho Negro ( `` Black Boy '' ) , local group leader of warriors , joined the Chihenne Chief Victorio , about 1860 , died 1930 . Other notable Mescalero ( edit ) Gouyen ( ca . 1857 - 1903 ) , female warrior Michael Horse , actor , painter Wendell Chino , former tribal president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe for 43 years Virginia Klinekole , first female tribal president Sara Misquez , former tribal president Inés Talamantez , ethnographer and theologian See also ( edit ) Lincoln National Forest List of Indian reservations in the United States Mescalero , New Mexico Mescalero language Winnetou Mescalero Escarpment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Banks , Phyllis ( 2002 ) . `` Bent and Mescalero -- home of the Mescalero Apache '' . southernnewmexico.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` National Geodetic Survey of Sierra Blanca '' Jump up ^ `` Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States '' ( PDF ) . BLM.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellany , Feb. 9 , 1959 '' , Time Magazine , February 1959 , accessed 1 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obituary of Virginia Shanta Klinekole '' , LaGrone Funeral Chapel of Ruidoso Website , accessed 1 August 2011 Jump up ^ Stallings , Dianne ( 2008 - 01 - 17 ) . `` New Mescalero Apache tribal officers take oaths '' . Alamogordo Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Languages of the World Jump up ^ Navajo Clans Jump up ^ Debo p. 447 - 8 Jump up ^ James L. Haley : Apaches : A History and Culture Portrait ( 1981 / paperback 1997 ) , University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2978 - 5 Jump up ^ Mescalero Apache History in the Southwest Jump up ^ ( J.P. Dunn : Massacres of the Mountains , Volume II : A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West : v. II , 2001 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58218 - 204 - 9 ) Jump up ^ Chinati derives from the Apache word ch'íná'itíh , which means gate or mountain pass Jump up ^ Luis López Elizondo and Franklin W. Daugherty , `` Documentos de la genealogía y la vida de Alsate , Jefe de los Apaches de los Chisos '' , Relaciones XXIII ( 92 ) 2002 , ISSN 0185 - 3929 ( pdf ) ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ ( Dan L. Thrapp : Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography , Volume 1 : A-F , University of Nebraska Press ( August 1 , 1991 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9418 - 9 , p 18 - 19 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography : Wendell Chino References ( edit ) Debo , Angie , Geronimo : The Man , His Time , His Place , Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press ( 1976 ) , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1828 - 8 Farrer , Claire R. Thunder Rides a Black Horse : Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present . Waveland Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 897 - 4 New York Times , February 6 , 2005 , section 5 , pp. 7 , 14 . United States Census Bureau . Mescalero Reservation , New Mexico Bibliography ( edit ) St. Joseph 's Catholic Church , Mescalero , New Mexico ca . 1975 Mountain Spirit Dancers painted on altar Castetter , Edward F. ; & Opler , Morris E. ( 1936 ) . The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache : The use of plants for foods , beverages and narcotics . Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest , ( Vol. 3 ) ; Biological series ( Vol. 4 , No. 5 ) ; Bulletin , University of New Mexico , whole , ( No. 297 ) . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . Debo , Angie , Geronimo : The Man , His Time , His Place , Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press ( 1976 ) , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1828 - 8 Hoijer , Harry ; & Opler , Morris E. ( 1938 ) . Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts . The University of Chicago publications in anthropology ; Linguistic series . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ( Reprinted 1964 by Chicago : University of Chicago Press ; in 1970 by Chicago : University of Chicago Press ; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York : AMS Press , ISBN 0 - 404 - 15783 - 1 ) . Opler , Morris E. ( 1933 ) . An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship . Unpublished doctoral dissertation , University of Chicago . Opler , Morris E. ( 1935 ) . The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches . American Anthropologist , 37 ( 1 ) , 65 -- 70 . Opler , Morris E. ( 1936 ) . The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan - speaking tribes . American Anthropologist , 38 ( 4 ) , 620 -- 633 . Sonnichsen , C.L. ( 1972 ) The Mescalero Apaches ( The Civilization of the American Indian Series ) , Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press ( 1972 ) , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1615 - 3 Seymour , Deni J. ( 2002 ) Conquest and Concealment : After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss . Conservation Division , Directorate of Environment , Fort Bliss . Lone Mountain Report 525 / 528 . This document can be obtained by contacting [email protected] . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2003 ) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution . Conservation Division , Directorate of Environment , Fort Bliss . Lone Mountain Report 560 - 003 . This document can be obtained by contacting [email protected] . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2003 ) The Cerro Rojo Complex : A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache . Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001 . Geo - Marine , El Paso . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2004 ) A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería : Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site . Plains Anthropologist 49 ( 190 ) : 153 - 192 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2004 ) Before the Spanish Chronicles : Early Apache in the Southern Southwest , pp. 120 -- 142 . In `` Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North America 's Rocky Mountains . '' Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference , Estes Park , Colorado , edited by Robert H. Brunswig and William B. Butler . Department of Anthropology , University of Northern Colorado , Greeley . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2007 ) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies : An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest . In Texas and Points West : Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick , edited by Regge N. Wiseman , Thomas C. O'Laughlin , and Cordelia T. Snow , pp. 117 -- 134 . Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33 . Archaeological Society of New Mexico , Albuquerque . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2007 ) Apache , Spanish , and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss . Conservation Division , Directorate of Environment , Fort Bliss . Lone Mountain Report 560 - 005 . With Tim Church Seymour , Deni J. ( 2007 ) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam - Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 ( December 2007 ) : 1 - 7 . ( This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans . ) Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland : A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area . Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest : Culture , Ethnicity , and Migration in Arizona 's Safford Basin , pp. 121 -- 162 , edited by David E. Purcell , Cambridge Scholars Press , New York . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) A Pledge of Peace : Evidence of the Cochise - Howard Treaty Campsite . Historical Archaeology 42 ( 4 ) : 154 - 179 . With George Robertson . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) Apache Plain and Other Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest . In `` Serendipity : Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien , '' edited by R.N. Wiseman , T.C O'Laughlin , C.T. Snow and C. Travis , pp 163 -- 186 . Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34 . Archaeological Society of New Mexico , Albuquerque . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) Surfing Behind The Wave : A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To `` A Ranchería In the Gran Apachería . '' Plains Anthropologist 53 ( 206 ) : 241 - 262 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) Pre-Differentiation Athapaskans ( Proto - Apache ) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest . Chapter in edited volume under preparation . Also paper in the symposium : The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest : Implications for Migration , organized and chaired by Deni Seymour , Society for American Archaeology , Vancouver . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola . New Mexico Historical Review 84 ( 3 ) : 399 - 435 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) Distinctive Places , Suitable Spaces : Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use . International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13 ( 3 ) : 255 - 281 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) Nineteenth - Century Apache Wickiups : Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People . Antiquity 83 ( 319 ) : 157 - 164 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations : Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo . American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139 ( 3 ) : 281 - 283 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) The Cerro Rojo Site ( LA 37188 ) -- A Large Mountain - Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico . Digital History Project . New Mexico Office of the State Historian . http://www.newmexicohistory.org/ Select : Place , Communities , Click on ' Cerro Rojo ' on the map ( orange square - dot NE of EL Paso , East of Las Cruces and Dona Ana ) . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2010 ) Cycles Of Renewal , Transportable Assets : Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape . Accepted at Plains Anthropologist . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2010 ) Contextual Incongruities , Statistical Outliers , and Anomalies : Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events . American Antiquity . ( Winter , in press ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mescalero . Mescalero Apache Reservation Information ( hide ) Indian reservations and Pueblos in New Mexico Reservations Acoma Jicarilla Mescalero Navajo Alamo Ramah Tohajiilee Santa Clara Ute Mountain Zuni Pueblos Acoma Cochiti Isleta Jemez Kewa Laguna Nambe Ohkay Owingeh Picuris Pojoaque Sandia San Felipe San Ildefonso Santa Ana Santa Clara Taos Tesuque Zia Zuni Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&oldid=828989838 '' Categories : Mescalero Apache Apache tribes Native American tribes in New Mexico Populated places in Otero County , New Mexico Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with Spanish - language external links Pages using deprecated image syntax `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Articles to be expanded from October 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Авар تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 23 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where have the mescalero apache settled in new mexico | [
"Mescalero or Mescalero Apache is an Apache tribe of Southern Athabaskan Native Americans. The tribe is federally recognized as the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation, located in south central New Mexico."
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"Mescalero Apache Reservation"
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1102174096072537818 | Visa policy of Saint Lucia | Visa policy of Saint Lucia - wikipedia Visa policy of Saint Lucia Saint Lucia entry stamp Visitors to Saint Lucia must obtain a visa unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries or countries that can obtain a visa on arrival . All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months . Cruise ship passengers visiting Saint Lucia for one day are exempted from obtaining visas . Saint Lucia signed a mutual visa - waiver agreement with the European Union on 28 May 2015 with immediate effect on provisional basis and which was ratified on 15 December 2015 . This agreement allows all citizens of states that are contracting parties to the Schengen Agreement to stay without a visa for a maximum period of 90 days in any 180 - day period . Nationals of OECS countries and France can enter with a national ID card instead of a passport . Contents 1 Visa policy map 2 Visa exemption 3 Visa on arrival 4 See also 5 References Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Saint Lucia Visa exemption ( edit ) Citizens of the following countries and territories can visit Saint Lucia without a visa : Freedom of movement Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 90 in any 180 - days All European Union citizens ( Except Ireland and the United Kingdom ) Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland 60 days United Arab Emirates 6 weeks Andorra Anguilla Argentina Aruba Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Cayman Islands Chile China Costa Rica Cuba Curacao Fiji Georgia Gibraltar Guernsey Guyana Hong Kong Ireland Isle of Man Israel Jamaica Japan Jersey Kiribati South Korea Kuwait Lesotho Malawi Maldives Marshall Islands Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Monaco Montenegro Montserrat Namibia Nauru New Zealand Panama Russia Saba Samoa San Marino Seychelles Sint Eustatius Solomon Islands South Africa Suriname Swaziland Taiwan Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vanuatu Zambia 15 days Singapore National ID cards from OECS countries and France are accepted instead of passports . Visa on arrival ( edit ) Citizens of the following 50 countries and territories can obtain a visa on arrival valid for 6 weeks : American Samoa Benin Bhutan Bolivia Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Comoros Cote d'Ivoire Djibouti Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Honduras India Kenya Kyrgyzstan Macao Madagascar Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mongolia Mozambique Nicaragua Palau Palestine Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Sudan Thailand Timor - Leste Togo Uganda Vietnam Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saint Lucia . Visa requirements for Saint Lucia citizens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ EU signs visa waiver agreements with 7 ACP countries Jump up ^ Agreement between the European Union and Saint Lucia on the short - stay visa waiver Jump up ^ Saint Lucia visa requirements Jump up ^ EU signs visa waiver agreements with 7 ACP countries Jump up ^ Saint Lucia Removes Visa Requirement for Chinese , Keeps it for Venezuelans Jump up ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . 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Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . 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Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Saint_Lucia&oldid=851459779 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Foreign relations of Saint Lucia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 12 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | do you require a visa for st lucia | [] | [] |
5097581815146665191 | Globe Life Field | Globe Life Field - Wikipedia Globe Life Field Globe Life Field Construction site in 2017 . The AT&T Stadium is visible in the background . Location Arlington , Texas , U.S. Coordinates 32 ° 44 ′ 50.5 '' N 97 ° 5 ′ 3 '' W / 32.747361 ° N 97.08417 ° W / 32.747361 ; - 97.08417 Coordinates : 32 ° 44 ′ 50.5 '' N 97 ° 5 ′ 3 '' W / 32.747361 ° N 97.08417 ° W / 32.747361 ; - 97.08417 Owner City of Arlington Operator Texas Rangers Capacity 40,000 Construction Broke ground September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Construction cost $ 1.1 billion Architect HKS , Inc . VLK Architects Structural engineer Walter P Moore Services engineer M -- E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Manhattan Construction Company Tenants Texas Rangers ( MLB ) ( 2020 -- ) planned Globe Life Field is a baseball park under construction in Arlington , Texas . It will serve as the home of the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball . Globe Life and Accident Insurance Company , a subsidiary of McKinney , Texas - based Torchmark Corporation , owns the naming rights for the facility through 2048 . The new ballpark is going to be constructed across the street just south of Globe Life Park . On May 20 , 2016 , the Rangers announced that they would vacate Globe Life Park in Arlington . The new stadium will be constructed in a public / private partnership and have a retractable roof . The ballpark was approved on the following Election Day . HKS , Inc. was announced as the architect on January 5 , 2017 . The Rangers cited weather as the reason attendances at Globe Life Park are lower than in other baseball stadiums in major metropolitan areas , since it is prone to high temperatures and rain delays . Therefore , the Rangers are proposing their new ballpark be constructed with a roof . Unlike its predecessors , the new stadium 's center - field will face northeast , instead of southeast . In 2008 , the NFL 's Dallas Cowboys managed to move to a retractable roof stadium due to the frequent hot weather in the Metroplex . The venue opened in time for the 2009 season . The preliminary 3D renderings and artwork of the new stadium show the design to be very similar to the looks and layout of Minute Maid Park , the Houston Astros ' stadium . Final designs have not been unveiled as of August 2017 . A new shopping mall , as well as a Loews Hotel , and a ballpark village are planned to go along with the new stadium . The Rangers have also planned to make Globe Life Park in Arlington part of the Texas Live ! complex . The plans to build the stadium have generated a mixed reaction . The new stadium will mean a more comfortable environment to watch baseball but will extend existing taxes used to pay for AT&T Stadium . According to The Dallas Morning News , `` The deal calls for the city to issue $500 million in bonds to help pay for the stadium . A half - cent of sales tax , 2 percent hotel occupancy tax and 5 percent car rental tax would pay off those bonds over an estimated 30 years . Voters also approved a ticket tax of up to 10 percent and parking tax of up to $3 at the new stadium . That money would be used for some of the Rangers ' portion of the debt , which was criticized by the opposition campaign . '' See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball stadiums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/rangers/ballpark/globe-life-field/information ^ Jump up to : Brumfield , Loyd ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Rangers Unveil First Renderings of New Globe Life Field , Set to Break Ground Next Week '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , T.R. ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Rangers Tab HKS to Design New Ballpark '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Globe Life Field '' . VLK Architects . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Unveil More Globe Life Field Design Plans , With Emphasis On Natural Light '' . SportsBusiness Daily . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Facilties '' . JMEG Electrical Contractors , Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Construction Company to build new multi-purpose ballpark for Texas Rangers '' ( Press release ) . Manhattan Construction Company . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosier , Jeff ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers New Stadium Plans Unveiled ; Find Out What It Will Cost and Timeline for Its Construction '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reichard , Kevin ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Globe Life Retains Rangers Ballpark Naming Rights '' . Ballpark Digest . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers , Arlington Announce New Ballpark '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Raise the Roof : Rangers ' New Ballpark Approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Globe Life Field '' . Ballparks of Baseball . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys , Stadium Info '' . = stadiums of Pro Football . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ballpark Renderings '' . Texas Live . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things to Know About the New Rangers Ballpark , Including Where It Will Be and How Much It Will Cost '' . The Dallas Morning News . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official Site Texas Rangers Established in 1961 Formerly the Washington Senators Based in Arlington , Texas ( Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex ) Franchise Expansion draft History ( as Washington Senators ) Seasons Team records No - hitters Awards winners and league leaders Broadcasters Owners and executives Managers Players First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium Arlington Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Globe Life Field Spring training Pompano Beach Municipal Stadium Ranger Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture and lore Continental League Captain ( mascot ) Ten Cent Beer Night Kenny Rogers ' perfect game 2012 AL Wild Card Game 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker 2015 ALDS Game 5 Rivalries Houston Astros Key personnel Owners : Ray Davis & Bob R. Simpson General Manager : Jon Daniels Manager : Jeff Banister Team Captain : Adrián Beltré Texas Rangers Hall of Fame Buddy Bell Juan González Rusty Greer Tom Grieve Toby Harrah Mark Holtz Charlie Hough Ferguson Jenkins Eric Nadel Johnny Oates Iván Rodríguez Kenny Rogers Jeff Russell Nolan Ryan Tom Schieffer Rubén Sierra Jim Sundberg Tom Vandergriff John Wetteland Michael Young Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2012 American League West Division titles ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2011 2015 2016 American League championships ( 2 ) 2011 Minor league affiliates AAA : Round Rock Express AA : Frisco RoughRiders A Adv. : Down East Wood Ducks A : Hickory Crawdads Short A : Spokane Indians Rookie : AZL Rangers DSL Rangers 1 DSL Rangers 2 Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Preceded by Globe Life Park in Arlington Home of the Texas Rangers 2020 -- ( tentative ) Succeeded by N / A This article about a baseball venue in Texas is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globe_Life_Field&oldid=854066209 '' Categories : Major League Baseball venues Retractable - roof stadiums in the United States Sports venues in Arlington , Texas Stadiums under construction in the United States Texas Rangers stadiums Texas baseball venue stubs Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where is the new texas rangers stadium being built | [
"Globe Life Field is a baseball park under construction in Arlington, Texas. It will serve as the home of the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball.[8] Globe Life and Accident Insurance Company, a subsidiary of McKinney, Texas-based Torchmark Corporation, owns the naming rights for the facility through 2048.[9] The new ballpark is going to be constructed across the street just south of Globe Life Park.\n"
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"Arlington"
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3933761389451636624 | Calvin Johnson | Calvin Johnson - wikipedia Calvin Johnson Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see Calvin Johnson ( disambiguation ) . Calvin Johnson Johnson at Detroit Lions training camp in 2012 No. 81 Position : Wide receiver Date of birth : ( 1985 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Place of birth : Newnan , Georgia Height : 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Weight : 237 lb ( 108 kg ) Career information High school : Tyrone ( GA ) Sandy Creek College : Georgia Tech NFL Draft : 2007 / Round : 1 / Pick : 2 Career history Detroit Lions ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Career highlights and awards 6 × Pro Bowl ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 3 × First - team All - Pro ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Second - team All - Pro ( 2010 ) 2 × NFL receiving yards leader ( 2011 , 2012 ) NFL receptions leader ( 2012 ) NFL receiving touchdowns leader ( 2008 ) NFL record 1,964 receiving yards in a season Fred Biletnikoff Award ( 2006 ) ACC Player of the Year ( 2006 ) 2 × First - team All - American ( 2005 , 2006 ) 3 × First - team All - ACC ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Career NFL statistics Receptions : 731 Receiving yards : 11,619 Yards per reception : 15.9 Receiving touchdowns : 83 Player stats at NFL.com Calvin Johnson Jr. ( born September 29 , 1985 ) is a former American football wide receiver . He was drafted by the Detroit Lions of the National Football League , second overall in the 2007 NFL Draft , and played for the Lions for all of his professional career . He previously played college football at Georgia Tech , where he was twice recognized as an All - American . On March 14 , 2012 , Johnson signed an eight - year , US $132 million contract extension with the Lions , one of the largest sports contracts ever . Johnson had a rare combination of size ( 6 ft 5 in and 239 lbs ) , catching ability , speed ( 40 - yard dash in 4.35 seconds ) , strength , leaping ability , and body control . His nickname , `` Megatron '' , a Transformers character , was given to him by Lions teammate Roy Williams , and the name caught on with fans . On December 22 , 2012 , Johnson broke Jerry Rice 's single - season record for receiving yards , which had previously been 1,848 , and finished the 2012 season with 1,964 yards , an average of almost 123 yards per game . In that same game versus the Atlanta Falcons , Johnson also set the NFL records for consecutive 100 - yard games ( 8 ) and consecutive games with 10 or more receptions ( 4 ) . He tied Michael Irvin 's record for most 100 - yard games in a season with 11 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 2.1 2004 season 2.2 2005 season 2.3 2006 season 2.4 College record 2.5 College awards and honors 2.6 Academic activities 2.7 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Detroit Lions 3.1. 1 2007 season 3.1. 2 2008 season 3.1. 3 2009 season 3.1. 4 2010 season 3.1. 5 2011 season 3.1. 6 2012 season 3.1. 7 2013 season 3.1. 8 2014 season 3.1. 9 2015 season 3.2 Retirement 4 NFL career statistics and records 4.1 NFL records 4.2 Lions franchise records 5 Dancing with the Stars 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Early years ( edit ) Johnson was born to Calvin and Arica Johnson on September 29 , 1985 in Newnan , Georgia . Johnson was 6 feet tall in middle school , and 6 feet 4 inches in 10th grade . He attended Sandy Creek High School in Tyrone , Georgia and was a student , a letterman in football , and a baseball standout . In football , he was a three - year starter as a wide receiver for the Patriots football team . As a sophomore , he made 34 receptions for 646 yards and 10 touchdowns . As a junior , Johnson caught 40 passes for 736 yards and eight touchdowns . His # 81 was retired on October 22 , 2010 . Johnson was rated among the nation 's top 10 wide receivers and top 100 players by virtually every recruiting analyst . He was tabbed the No. 4 wide receiver and No. 15 player in the nation by TheInsiders.com , and named to the Super Southern 100 by the Atlanta Journal - Constitution , the Rivals 100 by Rivals.com , TheInsiders.com Hot 100 , the SuperPrep All - America 275 , and the Prep Star Top 100 Dream Team . Johnson was also rated as the best player in Georgia , No. 12 in the Southeast and No. 37 in the nation by Rivals.com , the No. 7 wide receiver in the nation by SuperPrep , and first - team all - state selection ( Class AAAA ) by the Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Finally , he was tabbed to the AJC 's preseason Super 11 . By the time he was a junior , he was ranked as within the top 10 wide receivers and the top 100 players in the nation by almost every writer . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight 40 Commit date Calvin Johnson WR Tyrone , Georgia Sandy Creek HS 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 213 lb ( 97 kg ) 4.27 Jan 12 , 2004 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 3 ( WR ) ; 34 ( school ) Rivals : 6 ( WR ) ; 37 ( national ) ; 3 ( GA ) ; 50 ( school ) ‡ Refers to 40 yard dash Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height , weight and 40 time . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` 2004 Georgia Tech Football Commitment List '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . `` 2004 Georgia Tech College Football Team Recruiting Prospects '' . Scout.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . `` 2004 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . College career ( edit ) Calvin Johnson catching a pass for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Johnson attended the Georgia Institute of Technology , where he played for head coach Chan Gailey 's Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team from 2004 to 2006 . Despite Georgia Tech being interested in his playing both football and baseball , Johnson 's mother refused to allow Johnson to play both sports after determining that the year - round athletic schedule would be too demanding . In his career at Georgia Tech wearing # 21 , Johnson made a case for being the greatest Georgia Tech player of all time . Johnson had 178 receptions in his career , good for 2,927 yards and 28 touchdowns . He ranks first in school history in career receiving yards , second in receptions , first in touchdown receptions , and first in career 100 - yard receiving games with 13 . 2004 season ( edit ) As a freshman in 2004 , Johnson was a first - team All - Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) selection . Johnson was the Jackets ' leading receiver with 48 catches for 837 yards and seven scores , which were Georgia Tech freshman records . Johnson ended his freshman campaign against Syracuse University in the Champs Sports Bowl , where he recorded a touchdown . 2005 season ( edit ) 2005 was Johnson 's sophomore year , when he earned first - team All - American honors . He also earned All - ACC honors for the second straight year and was semifinalist for the Fred Biletnikoff Award . He led Tech with 54 catches for 888 yards and six scores . 2006 season ( edit ) Johnson entered his 2006 junior season in the running for the Biletnikoff Award and Heisman Trophy . Although Johnson finished tenth in the Heisman voting , he won the Biletnikoff as the best college wide receiver . Johnson was honored as the ACC Player of the Year , was a first - team All - ACC selection for the third consecutive year , and was recognized as a unanimous first - team All - American . Johnson tallied 1,202 yards on 76 catches . Johnson 's 15 touchdowns in 2006 was a new Georgia Tech single - season record . Against the West Virginia Mountaineers in the Toyota Gator Bowl , Johnson had nine catches for 186 yards and two touchdowns , albeit in a losing effort . College record ( edit ) Georgia Tech - Receiving yards for a career -- 2,927 College awards and honors ( edit ) Calvin Johnson 's Fred Biletnikoff Award First - team Freshman All - American 2004 All - American 2005 and 2006 First - Team All - Atlantic Coast Conference , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 ACC Rookie of the Year , 2004 ACC Player of the Year , 2006 Four - time ACC Rookie of the Week Biletnikoff Award , 2006 Paul Warfield Trophy , 2006 10th place in 2006 Heisman Vote -- 43 total votes ( 76 rec , 1,202 yds , 15.8 avg , 15 TD ) Academic activities ( edit ) During the summer of 2006 , Johnson , who majored in management with a background in building construction , was given the option of working on either constructing environmentally friendly luxury condos , or a project building solar latrines to improve sanitation in Bolivia . Johnson chose the latter , as he wanted to help the less fortunate . The `` solar latrines '' use the sun 's rays to safely transform bacteria - laden waste into fertilizer . Statistics ( edit ) Season Receiving Rushing Year Team GP Rec Yds Avg TD Att Yds Avg TD GTECH 12 48 837 17.4 7 10 3.3 2005 GTECH 12 54 908 16.4 6 0 0 0.0 0 2006 GTECH 14 76 1,202 15.8 15 7 30 4.3 0 Career 38 178 2,927 16.4 28 10 40 4.0 Professional career ( edit ) Calvin Johnson in his Detroit Lions training uniform Johnson was SI. com 's Midseason 2007 NFL Draft Projection # 1 pick , though Johnson had stated that he intended to earn his degree from Georgia Tech . On January 8 , 2007 , Johnson declared himself eligible for the NFL Draft , bypassing his senior season at Georgia Tech . He was regarded as the best athlete to come out of the draft and was the # 1 player on most draft boards . Johnson was said by ESPN to be able to be productive as a rookie , much like receiver Randy Moss was as a rookie . In a mid-February workout with speed and conditioning coach Mark Pearsall , Johnson clocked a 4.33 - second 40 - yard dash , recorded an 11 - foot standing broad jump , and had a vertical leap of 43 inches . Johnson surprised many when he weighed in at 239 pounds at the combine , 12 pounds more than expected , although he claims that this season he played `` at about 235 and I got up to 238 '' and that his weight was not a problem . Johnson had told the media that he would not run the 40 - yard dash at the combine but would wait until his March 15 workout at Georgia Tech . Johnson ran a 4.35 and wowed scouts with his jump drill results , his receiving skills , and his 11 ft 7 in ( 3.53 m ) broad jump , which is `` best broad jump I can ever remember an NFL prospect having , '' according to Gil Brandt . Johnson is the only player 6 - foot - 5 or taller , regardless of position , to run a 40 - yard dash in under 4.40 seconds at the combine since 2006 . Johnson was selected by the Detroit Lions in the first round as the second pick overall in the 2007 NFL Draft . This is the highest a Georgia Tech Yellow Jacket has ever been drafted . The Lions were expected to trade Johnson , most likely to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , but the team announced that they were keeping him . The next day , the Detroit Tigers invited him to throw out the ceremonial first pitch . Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 239 lb ( 108 kg ) 4.35 s 1.52 s 2.53 s 42.5 in ( 1.08 m ) 11 ft 7 in ( 3.53 m ) 41 All from NFL Combine , except vertical and broad jump ( which are from Georgia Tech pro day ) . Detroit Lions ( edit ) 2007 season ( edit ) See also : 2007 Detroit Lions season Johnson attended Reebok 's NFL Rookie Premiere in Los Angeles . The Lions , being told by the league that Johnson would have to skip the minicamp to attend , rescheduled the camp to accommodate Johnson . On August 3 , 2007 , Johnson signed a six - year deal with the Detroit Lions after holding out for eight days , and passed his physical in time to be on the field for the start of that morning 's practice . He was represented by agent James `` Bus '' Cook . The contract was worth up to US $ 64 million , with $ in guaranteed money , making Johnson the highest - paid player in Lions history ( since passed by quarterback Matthew Stafford and defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh ) and the highest - paid receiver ( in guaranteed money ) in the NFL . Although he did not start the game , Johnson had an impressive NFL debut on Sunday , September 9 , 2007 , catching four passes for 70 yards and his first career touchdown in Detroit 's 36 -- 21 win over the Oakland Raiders . He sustained a lower back injury after making a catch over two Philadelphia Eagles defenders on September 23 , 2007 . He scored his first NFL rushing touchdown against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 21 , 2007 on a 32 - yard reverse play . Fellow teammate and wide receiver Roy Williams nicknamed Johnson `` Megatron '' , due to his large hands being similar to that of the towering Decepticon . The nickname caught on well with fans . Williams later changed the nickname to `` Bolt '' after Jamaican sprinting phenom Usain Bolt , comparing the two athletes ' similar height and running abilities . Johnson finished the 2007 season with 756 yards and 5 total touchdowns . In 2008 , Johnson said he could `` still feel '' the lower - back injury that bothered him throughout his rookie season . Johnson took five weeks off after the 2007 season and was taking part in the Lions ' offseason program . `` I know it 's there but it does n't hurt , '' he said . Johnson revealed that he needed Vicodin to play through the final three months of the 2007 season . He needed the medication to help him play with a bone bruise in his back . `` I was on meds the rest of the season , '' he said . `` I was taking Vicodin twice a game just to get through the game . I stayed hurt the whole season , probably because I was trying to come back too soon . '' Johnson averaged 15.8 yards on 48 catches in the 2007 season . 2008 season ( edit ) See also : 2008 Detroit Lions season Johnson and the Lions faced the Atlanta Falcons on the road on September 7 , 2008 , in the season opener at the Georgia Dome . As the official starting wide receiver behind Roy Williams , Johnson led the team in receptions and yards , collecting 7 catches for 107 yards , which included one 38 - yard catch - and - run in the Lions ' 34 -- 21 loss . During Week 2 versus the Green Bay Packers , he had two key touchdowns late in the game , which sparked a large comeback , though the Lions eventually lost the game , 48 -- 25 . Both touchdowns catches included a run after the catch ( the first catch going for 38 yards and the second going for 47 yards , both over the middle ) displaying Johnson 's speed and breakaway ability . He ended the game with 6 receptions for 129 yards and 2 touchdowns . In the following two games , losses to San Francisco and Chicago , Johnson failed to score a touchdown or gain over 50 yards receiving . However , against the Minnesota Vikings , Johnson had 4 receptions for 85 yards and his third touchdown of the season . On October 14 before the Week 6 trade deadline , Roy Williams was traded to the Dallas Cowboys for a first , a 3rd and a 7th - round pick in the 2009 NFL Draft , making Johnson the Lions ' starting wide receiver and the last big threat on the offense . In his first game without Roy Williams alongside him in the week 7 game against the Houston Texans , Johnson caught only two passes , totaling 154 yards receiving ; the first pass did not come until quarterback Dan Orlovsky threw a pass up for grabs at the end of the first half which Johnson caught for 58 yards and the second pass came on a 96 - yard touchdown catch - and - run . With Williams gone and starting quarterback Jon Kitna lost to injury for the season , the Texans defense had little to do to stop the Lions ' offense but shut down Johnson , winning the game 28 -- 21 . Johnson set a career - high for receptions in a game during the Week - 9 match - up against the Lions ' division rivals , the Chicago Bears , with 8 receptions that garnered 94 yards and one touchdown , but still lost the game 27 -- 23 . During Week 10 , formerly retired All - Pro quarterback Daunte Culpepper was signed to a one - year contract with the Lions in hopes to spur the offense and earned the starting job for the next two games . Johnson ended his first game with Culpepper at quarterback with 2 receptions for 92 yards in a 38 -- 14 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars . In Johnson 's 4th game with Culpepper , he had 5 catches for 66 yards . During the Week 14 match - up against the division rival Minnesota Vikings , Johnson passed the 1,000 - yard receiving mark for the first time in his career after collecting 3 catches for 84 yards and one touchdown , ending the week with 1,055 yards receiving and 9 touchdowns on the season . Johnson and the 2008 Detroit Lions finished the first ever 0 -- 16 season in NFL history after a 31 -- 21 loss to the Green Bay Packers in week 17 . Despite the Lions ' failures and the fact that five different quarterbacks played during the year , Johnson finished as one of the strongest wide receivers statistically for the 2008 season , finishing fifth in receiving yards ( 1,331 ) and 7th in receiving yards per game ( 83.2 ) , and leading the league in receiving touchdowns ( 12 ) , despite the fact that the entire Lions team only passed for 18 touchdowns . However , Johnson missed the Pro Bowl , with most experts attributing the snub to the Lions ' dismal winless season ( he was named an alternate instead ) . 2009 season ( edit ) See also : 2009 Detroit Lions season After 2008 , Detroit 's front office and coaching personnel were essentially overhauled by the team ownership . Matt Millen , the team 's incumbent general manager and CEO since 2001 , was terminated on September 28 , 2008 . His replacement , Martin Mayhew , ultimately terminated head coach Rod Marinelli in the off - season . Marinelli was replaced by Jim Schwartz , then defensive coordinator of the Tennessee Titans . Schwartz ultimately revamped the entire Detroit offensive ( and defensive ) philosophies -- hiring Scott Linehan and Gunther Cunningham , respectively . Detroit held the first pick in the 2009 NFL Draft , and selected quarterback Matthew Stafford out of the University of Georgia . Stafford was named the team 's starting quarterback out of training camp , but he battled various injuries throughout the season . Much of the 2008 Detroit roster was released by the new regime , and the 2009 team was viewed as somewhat of a work - in - progress , but Johnson still finished the 2009 season with 67 receptions , 984 yards , and five touchdowns , while missing two games . 2010 season ( edit ) See also : 2010 Detroit Lions season Calvin Johnson on January 1 , 2012 playing against the Green Bay Packers In the season opener against the Chicago Bears , Johnson caught a pass with 31 seconds left in regulation in the end zone for what looked like a game - winning touchdown . However , referee Gene Steratore ruled the catch incomplete , saying that Johnson had not maintained possession of the ball through the entire process of the catch . The Lions lost the game by a score of 19 -- 14 . Johnson amassed 77 receptions for 1,120 yards and 12 touchdowns during the 2010 season . He was selected to the first Pro Bowl of his career . Following the 2010 season , Johnson was the recipient of the Lions / Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association / Pro Football Writers Association ( Detroit Chapter ) Media - Friendly Good Guy Award . 2011 season ( edit ) See also : 2011 Detroit Lions season In 2011 , Johnson had his second best statistical season of his NFL career , reaching a career - high 1,681 receiving yards and 16 touchdowns . In Week 4 against the Dallas Cowboys , Johnson helped rally the Lions from a 24 - point deficit to a 34 -- 30 victory by catching two touchdown passes in the fourth quarter , including a famous catch in which Johnson beat the Cowboys ' triple coverage in the end zone . This performance gave Johnson eight touchdown receptions through the first four games of the season and tied Cris Carter for most consecutive games with multiple touchdown receptions with four . In a Week 17 game against the Green Bay Packers , Johnson had a then career - best 244 receiving yards in a 45 -- 41 loss . Johnson and the Lions clinched a playoff spot for the first time since 1999 , and the first time in Johnson 's career , after a 38 -- 10 beating of the San Diego Chargers on Christmas Eve . However , Detroit would ultimately lose on the road against the Packers the following week on New Year 's Day and would find themselves on the road again in a 2012 NFC Wild Card game against the heavily favored New Orleans Saints in the playoff bracket . Always tough to play against at the Superdome , the Saints wore down the Detroit defense and New Orleans would go on to a win by a score of 45 -- 28 . In the game , Johnson caught 12 passes for 211 receiving yards and two touchdowns -- breaking Detroit 's playoff record of 150 receiving yards in a playoff game previously held by Brett Perriman and Leonard Thompson . 2012 season ( edit ) See also : 2012 Detroit Lions season On March 14 , 2012 , Johnson signed an eight - year extension worth US $132 million with the Detroit Lions , with US $60 million guaranteed , making Johnson the highest - paid receiver in the league . Johnson beat out 42 other players and eliminated quarterback Cam Newton to win the Madden NFL 13 cover athlete on April 25 , 2012 , on SportsNation . From Weeks 9 -- 16 , he recorded consecutive games with 125 receiving yards or more , which broke the NFL record previously held by Pat Studstill . On December 22 , 2012 against the Atlanta Falcons , Johnson broke Jerry Rice 's single - season receiving yards record of 1,848 yards . Johnson was also named a starter for the NFC in the Pro Bowl played in Honolulu , Hawaii . Johnson finished with 72 yards against Chicago in week 17 , missing out on 2,000 by just 36 yards . Johnson finished the season leading the league in receptions ( 122 ) and receiving yards ( 1,964 ) . Johnson is the only player in the Super Bowl era ( since 1967 ) to average 120 yards per game in a season when he averaged 122.8 yards per game in 2012 . 2013 season ( edit ) See also : 2013 Detroit Lions season On October 27 , 2013 , in a 31 -- 30 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Johnson caught 14 of 16 passes thrown in his direction ; he finished the game with 329 receiving yards and one touchdown . In addition to breaking the Lions ' franchise record of 302 receiving yards set by Cloyce Box on December 3 , 1950 , it was the highest receiving yardage ever in a regulation - length game and the second - highest overall single - game yardage in NFL history , behind Flipper Anderson 's 336 - yard performance in a 1989 overtime win ( Anderson accumulated 40 of those yards in overtime ) . In this same game , Calvin also tied Lance Alworth for the most career games with at least 200 yards receiving ( 5 ) . In a Week 10 game against the Chicago Bears , Johnson had two touchdown receptions . The second one gave him the Lions all - time record for touchdown catches ( 63 ) , breaking the old mark previously held by Herman Moore . Johnson was named to the 2014 Pro Bowl , but an injury forced him to withdraw . 2014 season ( edit ) See also : 2014 Detroit Lions season Johnson playing against the Green Bay Packers in 2014 . On November 27 , 2014 , in the annual Thanksgiving Day game against the Chicago Bears , Johnson became the fastest player to reach 10,000 receiving yards in NFL history , eclipsing the mark in the second quarter of his 115th game . He was named to his fifth Pro Bowl in a row , the most by any Lion since Barry Sanders was named to 10 straight Pro Bowls . 2015 season ( edit ) See also : 2015 Detroit Lions season Much like Week 1 in Chicago five years back , in Week 4 at Seattle , Johnson was involved in another controversial play . This time , late in the fourth quarter , Seahawks safety Kam Chancellor punched the ball out of Johnson 's hands while he was trying to score a late go - ahead touchdown . Linebacker K.J. Wright then batted the ball out of the end zone for a touchback . The NFL later admitted the referees should have penalized Wright for illegal batting . The Seahawks won the game by a score of 13 -- 10 . In Week 5 against Arizona , Johnson caught his 671st career pass , breaking Herman Moore 's franchise record . However , the Lions were the victims of a 42 -- 17 loss to the Cardinals . In Week 6 , Johnson caught six passes for 166 yards in an overtime victory over Chicago . This gave the Lions their first victory of the season after an 0 -- 5 start . In Week 12 , against Philadelphia , Johnson caught eight passes for 93 yards and three touchdowns to help lead the Lions to their third straight victory and lift their record to 4 -- 7 . In Week 8 against the Kansas City Chiefs in the NFL International Series on November 1 , 2015 , Johnson became the fastest player to reach 11,000 receiving yards in NFL history , in his 127th game . Johnson finished the season with 88 receptions for 1,214 yards ( 13.8 average ) , and nine touchdowns , reaching 1,000 - yards receiving for the sixth consecutive year , and seventh time in nine years . Johnson was named to the Pro Bowl for the sixth consecutive year , however declined to attend . His 1,214 yards in the 2015 season are the most ever in a player 's final season in the NFL , while his 88 receptions are the second most in a player 's final season , trailing Sterling Sharpe 's 94 receptions in the 1994 season . Retirement ( edit ) On March 8 , 2016 , Johnson announced his retirement from the NFL after nine seasons . His 11,619 receiving yards rank third in a player 's first nine seasons , trailing only Torry Holt ( 11,864 ) and Jerry Rice ( 11,776 ) . Since Johnson was drafted by the Lions with the second overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft , no player has more receiving yards , receiving touchdowns , and 100 - yard games ( 46 ) than Johnson through the 2015 season . Among those who have played in 100 career games in NFL history , no player has averaged more receiving yards per game than Johnson . Johnson 's average of 86.1 receiving yards per game is 8.7 yards better than the next - closest player on that list , Torry Holt . His 5,137 receiving yards from 2011 to 2013 are the most by any player over a three - year stretch in NFL history . NFL career statistics and records ( edit ) Legend Led the league NFL record Bold Career high Year Team Games Receiving Rushing Fumbles GS Tgt Rec Yds Avg TD Lng Att Yds Avg Lng TD Fum Lost 2007 DET 15 10 93 48 756 15.8 49 52 13.0 32T 0 2008 DET 16 16 150 78 1,331 17.1 12 96T − 1 − 0.3 7 0 2009 DET 14 14 137 67 984 14.7 5 75T 7 73 10.4 19 0 DET 15 15 137 77 1,120 14.5 12 87T 32 8.0 15 0 0 2011 DET 16 16 158 96 1,681 17.5 16 73T 11 11.0 11 0 2012 DET 16 16 204 122 1,964 16.1 5 53 0 0 0.0 0 0 2013 DET 14 14 156 84 1,492 17.8 12 87 0 0 0.0 0 0 2014 DET 13 13 128 71 1,077 15.2 8 67T 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 2015 DET 16 16 149 88 1,214 13.8 9 57 0 0 0.0 0 0 Career 135 130 1,312 731 11,619 15.9 83 96T 19 167 8.8 32T 14 10 NFL records ( edit ) Most receiving yards in a single season : 1,964 yards ( 2012 ) Seasons with 1,600 yards receiving ( 2 , tied with Marvin Harrison , Torry Holt , and Antonio Brown ) Most consecutive games with at least 100 receiving yards ( 8 ) Most consecutive games with at least 10 receptions ( 4 ) Most 100 receiving yard games in a single season ( 11 , tied with Michael Irvin ) Most receiving yards in a five - game span ( 861 yards ) Most receiving yards in a six - game span ( 962 yards ) Fastest to 10,000 NFL receiving yards ( 115 games ) Fastest to 11,000 NFL receiving yards ( 127 games ) Lions franchise records ( edit ) Most receiving touchdowns in a single season : 16 ( 2011 ) Most receiving touchdowns , career : 83 Most receiving yards , career : 11,619 Most receptions in a single game : ( 14 , 10 / 27 / 2013 vs. Dallas , tied with Herman Moore ) Most receptions , career : 731 Most seasons with 10 + receiving touchdowns : 4 Most career 70 + yard receptions : 8 Most games with multiple touchdowns in one half : 12 Most receiving yards in a single game in regulation ( 329 ) . Johnson 's 329 receiving yards are the 2nd most overall in NFL history behind Flipper Anderson ( 336 ) . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) On August 30 , 2016 , Johnson was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Lindsay Arnold . He finished in third place to James Hinchcliffe and Laurie Hernandez . Week Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` That 's What I Like '' 7 6 6 7 No elimination Foxtrot / `` As Days Go By '' 7 7 7 7 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` It 's a Woman 's World '' 8 8 8 8 Safe ( Immunity ) Charleston / `` Bella Donna Twist '' 8 -- 7 8 Safe 5 Jazz / `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' 8 -- 8 8 No elimination 6 Argentine Tango / `` Hotel California '' 9 10 9 9 Last to be called safe 7 Jive / `` Good Golly , Miss Molly '' Team Freestyle / `` The Skye Boat Song '' 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 Safe 8 Quickstep / `` Dr. Bones '' Jive Dance Off / `` The Purple People Eater '' 10 No -- Extra 10 Points 10 Awarded Safe 9 Waltz / `` Memory '' Team - Up Dance ( Paso Doble ) / `` No Good '' 9 9 9 9 10 10 9 9 Safe 10 Semifinals Tango / `` Seven Nation Army '' Trio Salsa / `` Limbo '' 8 10 -- -- 9 10 9 10 Last to be called safe 11 Finals Viennese Waltz / `` I Am Your Man '' Freestyle / `` Please Mr. Postman '' & `` I Want You Back '' Jive & Quickstep Fusion / `` Tutti Frutti '' 8 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 Third Place Score given by guest judge Pitbull . Score given by guest judge Idina Menzel Personal life ( edit ) Johnson became engaged to long time girlfriend Brittney McNorton in March 2015 . They were married in June 2016 . The couple currently reside in Atlanta . He has a son from a previous relationship . Johnson is a Christian . Johnson has a tattoo of the crucifixion of Jesus on his left arm and a Christian cross on his right arm . Johnson was part of a weekly Bible study group with other Lions players . Johnson funded a film called Real Love . The film is `` a coming - of - age story about a girl trying to stay true to her virginity and her religion '' and `` ... a message ( Johnson ) wants to get out there . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson signs $132 M deal '' . ESPN . 2012 - 03 - 14 . 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Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ GHSF Daily ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Sandy Creek to retire Calvin Johnson 's number '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( April 26 , 2007 ) . `` Johnson Has No Baggage and a Seat in First Class '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnson to Enter NFL Draft '' . RamblinWreck.com. 2007 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ACC Leaders '' . NCAASports.com . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Finder , Chuck ( 2006 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Gator Bowl : Georgia Tech receiver is tops '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kiper , Mel ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . `` West Virginia vs. Georgia Tech : ESPN 's Take '' . ESPN . 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Pride of Detroit . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2008 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Slaton , Daniels combine for 4 TDs as Texans hold off Lions '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Duncan , Chris ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Texans ' Johnson leads Houston past winless Detroit '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Win Completes Lions Winless Season '' . WBAY. 2008 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Samuelsen , Jamie ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Lions ' Pro Bowl snub is n't all that surprising '' . Detroit Free Press . freep.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seligman , Andrew ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Bears escape Lions , but not without controversy '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Pro Bowl rosters '' . NFL.com. 2010 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lions stay unbeaten as turnovers , Calvin Johnson - fueled rally bury Cowboys '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2011 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Stafford leads 4th quarter rally as Lions take down Raiders '' . ESPN . 2011 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lions bounce Chargers in romp to clinch 1st playoff berth since 1999 '' . ESPN . 2011 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson wins Madden vote '' . ESPN . 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson sets single - season receiving yards record '' . National Football League . 2012 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Pro Bowl rosters : AFC , NFC '' . Jump up ^ Trister , Noah ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Bears Beat Lions 26 - 24 But Miss Playoffs '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Reviewing Bears season by the numbers '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Johnson retires from the National Football League '' . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michael ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Johnson 's massive day lifts the Lions '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Megatron breaks 300 yards as Lions rally for stunning win '' . CBS Sports . 2013 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Megatron sets Lions TD mark ; Detroit controls NFC North cbssports.com wire reports , 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiederer , Dan ( 2014 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Bears receiver Jeffery gets Pro Bowl invite '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Trister , Noah ( 2014 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Johnson shines in Detroit 's 34 - 17 win over Chicago '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Michael ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Calvin Johnson hits 11,000 receiving yards in record time in bad offense '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meinke , Kyle ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Lions WR Calvin Johnson reaches 1,000 yards receiving for sixth straight season '' . MLive . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Twentyman , Tim ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Two Lions named to 2016 Pro Bowl '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Birkett , Dave ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Detroit Lions ' Calvin Johnson is retiring and is ' at peace with it ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` The 10 craziest stats from Calvin Johnson 's illustrious career '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falcons clinch NFC 's No. 1 seed ; Calvin Johnson breaks receiving record '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2012 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson breaks record '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2012 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Calvin Johnson : 117 yards down , 65 to go '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson breaks NFL record for consecutive 100 - yard games '' . Profootballtalk. 2012 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson has the most receiving yards in a 5 game span ever '' . NFL Draft Diamonds . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eli Manning returns to San Diego , jeering ensues '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Lions Receiving Single - Season Register '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detroit Lions Receiving Records '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Michael ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Calvin Johnson sets two franchise records '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Calvin Johnson has historical game for Detroit Lions '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Niyo , John ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Calvin Johnson proves once again there 's no other receiver like him '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Lions WR Calvin Johnson is getting married Saturday '' . Jump up ^ `` SUNDAY 'S BEST : THE MOST INTERESTING TATTOOS IN SPORTS ! PART 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Strength in Numbers : Calvin Johnson '' . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson , Detroit Lions '' . Jump up ^ `` The Drain Catcher '' . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Johnson Funding Pro-Abstinence Movie ' Real Love ' for Message , Not Profit ( Photo ) '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calvin Johnson . Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN CBS Sports Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Detroit Lions bio Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets bio Records Preceded by Jerry Rice NFL single - season receiving record 2012 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Calvin Johnson , Jr. -- awards and honors Fred Biletnikoff Award winners 1994 : Engram 1995 : Glenn 1996 : Harris 1997 : Moss 1998 : Edwards 1999 : Walters 2000 : Bryant 2001 : Reed 2002 : Rogers 2003 : Fitzgerald 2004 : Edwards 2005 : Hass 2006 : Johnson 2007 : Crabtree 2008 : Crabtree 2009 : Tate 2010 : Blackmon 2011 : Blackmon 2012 : Lee 2013 : Cooks 2014 : Cooper 2015 : Coleman 2016 : Westbrook 2006 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Troy Smith RB / AP Darren McFadden RB Steve Slaton WR Calvin Johnson WR Dwayne Jarrett TE Zach Miller OL Sam Baker OL Justin Blalock OL Jake Long OL Joe Thomas C Dan Mozes Defense DL Gaines Adams DL Justin Hickman DL Quinn Pitcock DL LaMarr Woodley LB James Laurinaitis LB Patrick Willis LB Paul Posluszny DB Leon Hall DB Daymeion Hughes DB LaRon Landry DB Reggie Nelson DB Eric Weddle Special teams P Daniel Sepulveda PK Justin Medlock KR DeSean Jackson 2007 NFL draft first - round selections JaMarcus Russell Calvin Johnson Joe Thomas Gaines Adams Levi Brown LaRon Landry Adrian Peterson Jamaal Anderson Ted Ginn Jr . Amobi Okoye Patrick Willis Marshawn Lynch Adam Carriker Darrelle Revis Lawrence Timmons Justin Harrell Jarvis Moss Leon Hall Michael Griffin Aaron Ross Reggie Nelson Brady Quinn Dwayne Bowe Brandon Meriweather Jon Beason Anthony Spencer Robert Meachem Joe Staley Ben Grubbs Craig Davis Greg Olsen Anthony Gonzalez Detroit Lions first - round draft picks Wagner Cardwell Wojciechowicz Pingel Nave Thomason Westfall Sinkwich Graham Szymanski Dellastatious G. Davis Tittle Rauch Hart Watson Sewell Chapman Middleton Cassady Glass Karras Pietrosante Robinson Hadl D. Sanders Beathard Nowatzke Farr Landry McCullouch Owens Bell Orvis Price O'Neil Boden Hunter Gaines Bradley Dorney B. Sims Nichols J. Williams J. Jones Lewis L. Brown Long R. Rogers Blades B. Sanders Ware Moore Porcher Morton Elliss R. Brown Hartings Westbrook Fair Claiborne Gibson McDougle Backus Harrington C. Rogers R. Williams K. Jones M. Williams E. Sims Johnson Cherilus Stafford Pettigrew Suh Best Fairley Reiff Ansah Ebron Tomlinson Decker J. Davis Detroit Lions 2007 NFL draft selections Calvin Johnson Drew Stanton Ikaika Alama - Francis Gerald Alexander A.J. Davis Manuel Ramírez Johnny Baldwin Ramzee Robinson 2011 AP NFL All - Pro First Team Offense : QB Aaron Rodgers RB LeSean McCoy RB Maurice Jones - Drew FB Vonta Leach WR Calvin Johnson WR Wes Welker TE Rob Gronkowski OT Joe Thomas OT Jason Peters G Jahri Evans G Carl Nicks C Maurkice Pouncey Defense : DE Jared Allen DE Jason Pierre - Paul DT Haloti Ngata DT Justin Smith OLB Terrell Suggs OLB DeMarcus Ware ILB Patrick Willis ILB ( tie ) NaVorro Bowman ILB ( tie ) Derrick Johnson CB Darrelle Revis CB Charles Woodson FS Eric Weddle SS Troy Polamalu Special teams : P Andy Lee PK David Akers KR Patrick Peterson ST Matthew Slater 2012 AP NFL All - Pro First Team Offense : QB Peyton Manning RB Adrian Peterson RB Marshawn Lynch FB Vonta Leach WR Calvin Johnson WR Brandon Marshall TE Tony Gonzalez OT Duane Brown OT Ryan Clady G Mike Iupati G Jahri Evans C Max Unger Defense : DE J.J. Watt DE Cameron Wake DT Geno Atkins DT Vince Wilfork OLB Von Miller OLB Aldon Smith ILB Patrick Willis ILB NaVorro Bowman CB Richard Sherman CB Charles Tillman FS Earl Thomas SS Dashon Goldson Special teams : P Andy Lee PK Blair Walsh KR Jacoby Jones ST Matthew Slater 2013 AP NFL All - Pro First Team Offense : QB Peyton Manning RB LeSean McCoy RB Jamaal Charles FB Mike Tolbert WR Calvin Johnson WR Josh Gordon TE Jimmy Graham OT Joe Thomas OT Jason Peters G Louis Vasquez G Evan Mathis C Ryan Kalil Defense : DE J.J. Watt DE Robert Quinn DT Gerald McCoy DT Ndamukong Suh OLB Robert Mathis OLB Lavonte David ILB Luke Kuechly ILB NaVorro Bowman CB Richard Sherman CB Patrick Peterson FS Earl Thomas SS Eric Berry Special Teams : P Johnny Hekker PK Justin Tucker KR Cordarrelle Patterson NFL annual receiving yards leaders 1932 : Flaherty 1933 : Moss 1934 : Ebding 1935 : Malone 1936 : Hutson 1937 : Tinsley 1938 : Hutson 1939 : Hutson 1940 : Looney 1941 : Hutson 1942 : Hutson 1943 : Hutson 1944 : Hutson 1945 : Benton 1946 : Benton 1947 : Kutner 1948 : Kutner 1949 : Mann 1950 : Fears 1951 : Hirsch 1952 : Howton 1953 : Pihos 1954 : Boyd 1955 : Pihos 1956 : Howton 1957 : Berry 1958 : Shofner 1959 : Berry 1960 : Berry 1961 : McDonald 1962 : Mitchell 1963 : Mitchell 1964 : Morris 1965 : Parks 1966 : Studstill 1967 : Hawkins 1968 : R. Jefferson 1969 : Jackson 1970 : Washington 1971 : Taylor 1972 : Jackson 1973 : Carmichael 1974 : Branch 1975 : Burrough 1976 : Carr 1977 : Pearson 1978 : Walker 1979 : Largent 1980 : J. Jefferson 1981 : Jenkins 1982 : Chandler 1983 : Quick 1984 : Green 1985 : Largent 1986 : Rice 1987 : J. Smith 1988 : Ellard 1989 : Rice 1990 : Rice 1991 : Irvin 1992 : Sharpe 1993 : Rice 1994 : Rice 1995 : Rice 1996 : Bruce 1997 : Moore 1998 : Freeman 1999 : Harrison 2000 : Holt 2001 : Boston 2002 : Harrison 2003 : Holt 2004 : Muhammad 2005 : S. Smith 2006 : Ch . Johnson 2007 : Wayne 2008 : A. Johnson 2009 : A. Johnson 2010 : Lloyd 2011 : Ca . Johnson 2012 : Ca . Johnson 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Brown 2015 : Jones 2016 : Hilton NFL annual receiving touchdowns leaders 1932 : Flaherty 1933 : Burnett , Caddel , Johnsos , Karr , Kelly , McNally & Richards 1934 : Hewitt 1935 : Hutson & Karr 1936 : Hutson 1937 : Hutson 1938 : Hutson 1939 : Benton 1940 : Hutson 1941 : Hutson 1942 : Hutson 1943 : Hutson 1944 : Hutson 1945 : Liebel 1946 : Dewell 1947 : Kavanaugh 1948 : Kutner 1949 : Fears , Kavanaugh & Taylor 1950 : Shaw 1951 : Hirsch 1952 : Box 1953 : Pihos & Wilson 1954 : Hill 1955 : Hill 1956 : Howton 1957 : Mutschelller 1958 : Berry & McDonald 1959 : Berry 1960 : Randle 1961 : McDonald 1962 : Clarke 1963 : Barr & Collins 1964 : Mitchell , Morris & Pope 1965 : Hayes & Parks 1966 : Hayes 1967 : H. Jones 1968 : Warfield 1969 : Rentzel 1970 : Gordon 1971 : Warfield 1972 : Washington 1973 : H. Jackson 1974 : Branch 1975 : Gray & Swann 1976 : Branch 1977 : Moore 1978 : Jefferson 1979 : Morgan 1980 : Jefferson 1981 : Jenkins & Watson 1982 : Chandler 1983 : Green 1984 : Clayton 1985 : Turner 1986 : Rice 1987 : Rice 1988 : Clayton 1989 : Rice 1990 : Rice 1991 : Rice 1992 : Sharpe 1993 : Rice & Rison 1994 : Sharpe 1995 : Carter & Pickens 1996 : M. Jackson & Martin 1997 : Carter 1998 : Moss 1999 : Carter 2000 : Moss 2001 : Owens 2002 : Owens 2003 : Moss 2004 : Muhammad 2005 : Harrison & Smith 2006 : Owens 2007 : Moss 2008 : Fitzgerald & Johnson 2009 : Davis , Fitzgerald & Moss 2010 : Bowe 2011 : Gronkowski 2012 : J. Jones 2013 : Graham 2014 : Bryant 2015 : Baldwin , Marshall & Robinson 2016 : Nelson American football portal Biography portal VIAF : 229067824 LCCN : n2012003117 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Johnson&oldid=808577003 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people African - American players of American football All - American college football players American football wide receivers Detroit Lions players Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players National Conference Pro Bowl players People from Newnan , Georgia People from Tyrone , Georgia Players of American football from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with dead external links from August 2017 NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | though he has retired as a professional football receiver | [] | [] |
-6248825132543108483 | List of Stanley Cup champions | List of Stanley Cup champions - wikipedia List of Stanley Cup champions This article is about the winning teams . For players who have played on winning teams , see Stanley Cup winning players . The Stanley Cup The Stanley Cup is a trophy awarded annually to the playoff champion club of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ice hockey league . It was donated by the Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892 , and is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America . Inscribed the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the trophy was first awarded to Canada 's amateur ice hockey clubs who won the trophy as the result of challenge games and league play . Professional clubs came to dominate the competition in the early years of the twentieth century , and in 1913 the two major professional ice hockey organizations , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) ( forerunner of the NHL ) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , reached a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other in an annual series for the Stanley Cup . After a series of league mergers and folds , it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 , though it was nominally still subject to external challenge . After 1947 , the Cup became the de jure NHL championship prize . From 1914 to the end of the 2018 season , the trophy has been won 100 times . 24 teams have won the cup , 19 of which are still active in the NHL . Prior to that , the challenge cup was held by nine teams . The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times and made the finals an additional ten times . There were two years when the Stanley Cup was not awarded : 1919 , because of the Spanish flu epidemic , and 2005 , because of the NHL lockout . Contents 1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 2 NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) 3 NHL champions ( since 1927 ) 4 Appearances 4.1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 4.2 Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) 4.2. 1 Active teams 4.2. 2 Defunct teams 5 See also 6 References 6.1 General 6.2 Specific 7 External links Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) The first Challenge Cup champions : Montreal Hockey Club See also : List of Stanley Cup challenge games The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada prior to 1893 . From 1887 to 1893 , the league did not play a round - robin format , but rather challenges between teams of the association that year , with the winner of the series being the ' interim ' champion , with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year . The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going , but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy . If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship , it would then inherit the Cup , without a challenge . The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904 , when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league , the CAHL . The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa , instead of the CAHL league champion . During the challenge cup period , none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions ; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title . A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first - place in their leagues at the end of the regular season . Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and / or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees . In 1912 , Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team 's regular season . In 1908 , the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada 's amateurs , as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy . This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins , including successful victories and defenses in challenges , and league championships for the challenge era . Date Winning team Coach Losing team Playoff format Score Winning goal March 17 , 1893 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) 1893 AHAC champions , no challengers March 22 , 1894 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Ottawa HC ( AHAC ) Single - elimination ( 1894 AHAC championship playoff ) 3 -- 1 Billy Barlow ( 9 : 00 , third qtr ) March 9 , 1895 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1895 AHAC Champion March 9 , 1895 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 5 -- 1 February 14 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Single - elimination 2 -- 0 Jack Armytage ( 10 : 00 , first half ) February 29 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) 1896 MHA champion December 30 , 1896 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 5 Ernie McLea ( 28 : 00 , second half ) March 6 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1897 AHAC Champion December 27 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Ottawa Capitals ( CCHA ) Single - elimination 15 -- 2 March 5 , 1898 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Frank Richardson - playing 1898 AHAC Champion February 15 -- 18 , 1899 Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Frank Richardson - Playing Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Two - game total goals 5 -- 3 Robert MacDougall ( second half ) March 4 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1899 CAHL Champion March 14 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 2 Harry Trihey February 12 -- 15 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Harry Trihey ( second half ) March 7 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Halifax Crescents ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 ( 10 -- 2 , 11 -- 0 ) March 10 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1900 CAHL Champion January 29 -- 31 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Dan Bain ( 4 : 00 , OT ) February 19 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Winnipeg HC ( MHA ) Single - elimination ( 1901 MHA championship ) 4 -- 3 January 21 -- 23 , 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Toronto Wellingtons ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Fred Scanlon ( 9 : 00 , second half ) March 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) 1902 MHA Champion March 13 -- 17 , 1902 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Clarence McKerrow Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Jack Marshall ( first half ) January 29 -- 31 , February 2 -- 4 , 1903 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Desse Browne Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Tom Phillips March 7 -- 10 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Two - game total goals ( 1903 CAHL championship playoff ) 9 -- 1 Suddy Gilmour ( 4 : 34 , first half , second game ) March 12 -- 14 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Rat Portage Thistles ( MNWHA ) Two - game total goals 10 -- 4 Frank McGee ( 8 : 20 , first half ) December 30 , 1903 , January 1 -- 4 , 1904 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Winnipeg Rowing Club ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee ( 11 : 00 , second half ) February 23 -- 25 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Toronto Marlboros ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Arthur Moore ( 9 : 38 , first half ) March 2 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Montreal Wanderers ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals March 9 -- 11 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Brandon Wheat Cities ( MNWHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 18 : 00 , first half ) January 13 -- 16 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Dawson City Nuggets Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harry Westwick ( 12 : 15 , first half ) March 3 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing 1905 FAHL Champion March 7 -- 9 -- 11 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Rat Portage Thistles ( MHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee February 27 -- 28 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Queen 's University ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harvey Pulford ( 10 : 00 , second half ) March 6 -- 8 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Smiths Falls HC ( FAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 17 : 45 , first half ) March 14 -- 17 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1906 ECAHA championship playoff ) 12 -- 10 Lester Patrick December 27 -- 29 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing New Glasgow Cubs ( MaHL ) Two - game total goals 17 -- 5 January 21 -- 23 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Roxy Beaudro March 16 -- 18 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Brandon Wheat Cities ( MPHL ) Best - of - three ( 1907 MPHL championship ) 2 -- 0 Fred Whitcroft ( 19 : 00 , first half ) March 23 -- 25 , 1907 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Lester Patrick ( capt . ) Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson January 9 -- 13 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Ottawa Victorias ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals 22 -- 4 Frank Glass ( 25 : 00 , first half , first game ) March 7 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) 1908 ECAHA Champions March 10 -- 12 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Winnipeg Maple Leafs ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 8 March 14 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Toronto ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 6 -- 4 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson December 28 -- 30 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 13 -- 10 Walter Smaill ( 33 : 45 , second half , second game ) March 6 , 1909 Ottawa HC ( ECHA ) Pete Green 1909 ECHA champions January 5 -- 7 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( CHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Two - game total goals 15 -- 4 Hamby Shore ( 10 : 10 , first half , first game ) January 18 -- 20 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 21 -- 11 Bruce Stuart ( 23 : 45 , first half ) March 9 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) 1910 NHA Champion March 12 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) Berlin Dutchmen ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 3 Harry Hyland ( 22 : 00 , first half ) March 10 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green 1911 NHA Champions March 13 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 5 : 00 , third ) March 16 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Port Arthur Bearcats ( New Ontario Hockey League ) Single - elimination 13 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 4 : 30 , second ) March 5 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan 1912 NHA Champions March 11 -- 13 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan Moncton Victorias ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Joe Malone ( 18 : 00 , first ) March 5 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) 1913 NHA Champions March 8 -- 10 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) Sydney Millionaires ( MaPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 5 Tommy Smith ( 3 : 10 , second , first game ) March 7 -- 11 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1914 NHA championship playoff ) 6 -- 2 Scotty Davidson ( 2 : 00 , third , second game ) March 14 -- 17 -- 19 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Victoria Aristocrats ( PCHA ) Best - of - five 3 -- 0 Harry Cameron ( 7 : 00 , third ) Notes ^ A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895 , the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen 's University . As a compromise , the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match , the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions . The Montreals eventually won the game , 5 -- 1 , and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup . ^ B. Intended to be a best - of - three series , Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game . ^ C. The January 31 ( a Saturday ) game was tied 2 -- 2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on Sunday . The game was played on February 2 ( a Monday ) and the January 31 game was considered to be void . ^ D. For most of 1904 , the Ottawa Hockey Club was not affiliated with any league . ^ E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute . After game one ended tied at the end of regulation , 5 -- 5 , the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee , and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa . ^ F. During the series , it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge . A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17 , stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west , as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees . However , on March 18 , Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding . PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge because he had expected Emmett Quinn , president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner , whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored . In any case , all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted . Sources Coleman , Charles L. ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup , vol. 1 , 1893 -- 1926 inc . Sherbrooke , Quebec : Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Limited . Montreal Gazette Ottawa Citizen Ottawa Journal Winnipeg Tribune NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Several days after the Victoria Aristocrats -- Toronto Hockey Club series , Stanley Cup trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA , PCHA , and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup . '' Maritime league did not challenge for cup in 1914 , and folded after 1915 season . The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year , with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules . The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement , because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada , the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy . After the New Westminster Royal moved to Portland in the summer of 1914 becoming the Portland Rosebuds , an American - based team , the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada , but now for the best team in the world . In March 1916 , the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final . In 1917 , the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup . After that season , the NHA was suspended and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place . In 1919 , the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1 , marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded . The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922 , with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions , with the third having a bye directly to the final . In 1924 , the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL . With the loss of the PCHA , the championship reverted to a single series . After their win in 1925 , the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup . For the 1925 -- 26 season the WCHL was renamed the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) . With the Victoria Cougars ' loss in 1926 , it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1915 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Frank Patrick - playing 3 -- 0 Ottawa Senators ( NHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Frank Shaughnessy ( mgr . ) Barney Stanley ( 5 : 30 , second ) 1916 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing 3 -- 2 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Edward Savage ( mgr . ) George Prodgers ( 17 : 20 , third ) 1917 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pete Muldoon 3 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing Bernie Morris ( 7 : 55 , first ) 1918 Toronto Arenas ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Dick Carroll 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Frank Patrick - playing Corb Denneny ( 10 : 30 , third ) 1919 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) vs. Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) -- Series cancelled after the fifth game because of the flu epidemic -- Stanley Cup not awarded 1920 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Green 3 -- 2 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Muldoon Jack Darragh ( 5 : 00 , third ) 1921 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Pete Green 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Frank Patrick - playing Jack Darragh ( 9 : 40 , second ) 1922 Toronto St. Pats ( NHL ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) George O'Donoghue 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Frank Patrick - playing Babe Dye ( 4 : 20 , first ) 1923 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pete Green 2 -- 0 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ken McKenzine Punch Broadbent ( 11 : 23 , first ) 1924 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 4 , 2 -- 1 ) Léo Dandurand 2 -- 0 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Eddie Oatman - playing Howie Morenz ( 4 : 55 , first ) 1925 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 5 , 2 -- 2 ) Léo Dandurand Gizzy Hart ( 2 : 35 , second ) 1926 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gerard 3 -- 1 Victoria Cougars ( WHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Nels Stewart ( 2 : 50 , second ) NHL champions ( since 1927 ) ( edit ) The WHL folded in 1926 , and its assets were bought by the NHL . This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup . Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges , but from that year forward , no non-NHL team has played for it , leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P.D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL , allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup . A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley 's conditions in the 1947 agreement . The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating , as was the case in the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Since 1927 , the league 's playoff format , deciding which teams advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , has changed multiple times . In some systems that were previously used , playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference . From 1942 to 1967 , the Cup was competed for by the league 's six teams , also known as the Original Six . After the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Stanley Cup was competed for by the winners of each conference . Since 1982 , the Finals have been played between the league 's conference playoff champions . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1927 Ottawa Senators ( C ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Dave Gill 2 -- 0 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Art Ross Cy Denneny ( 7 : 30 , second ) 1928 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick - playing 3 -- 2 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gerard Frank Boucher ( 3 : 35 , third ) 1929 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Cy Denneny - playing 2 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Bill Carson ( 18 : 02 , third ) 1930 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 2 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Art Ross Howie Morenz ( 1 : 00 , second ) 1931 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 7 , 4 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 3 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Johnny Gagnon ( 9 : 59 , second ) 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick Ace Bailey ( 15 : 07 , third ) 1933 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Bill Cook ( 7 : 34 , OT ) 1934 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jack Adams Mush March ( 10 : 05 , second OT ) 1935 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 2 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin Baldy Northcott ( 16 : 18 , second ) 1936 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Pete Kelly ( 9 : 45 , third ) 1937 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 2 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Lester Patrick Marty Barry ( 19 : 22 , first ) 1938 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Bill Stewart 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Carl Voss ( 16 : 45 , second ) 1939 Boston Bruins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Art Ross 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Roy Conacher ( 17 : 54 , second ) 1940 New York Rangers ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Frank Boucher 4 -- 2 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Bryan Hextall ( 2 : 07 , OT ) 1941 Boston Bruins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Cooney Weiland 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Jack Adams Bobby Bauer ( 8 : 43 , second ) 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Jack Adams Pete Langelle ( 9 : 48 , third ) 1943 Detroit Red Wings ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Jack Adams 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Art Ross Joe Carveth ( 12 : 09 , first ) 1944 Montreal Canadiens ( 8 , 5 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 0 Chicago Black Hawks ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Paul Thompson Toe Blake ( 9 : 12 , OT ) 1945 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Jack Adams Babe Pratt ( 12 : 14 , third ) 1946 Montreal Canadiens ( 9 , 6 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dit Clapper Toe Blake ( 11 : 06 , third ) 1947 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 10 , 6 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Ted Kennedy ( 14 : 39 , third ) 1948 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Tommy Ivan Harry Watson ( 11 : 13 , first ) 1949 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 14 , 8 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan Cal Gardner ( 19 : 45 , second ) 1950 Detroit Red Wings ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 New York Rangers ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lynn Patrick Pete Babando ( 8 : 31 , second OT ) 1951 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Joe Primeau 4 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( 11 , 6 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Bill Barilko ( 2 : 53 , OT ) 1952 Detroit Red Wings ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 0 Montreal Canadiens ( 12 , 6 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Metro Prystai ( 6 : 50 , first ) 1953 Montreal Canadiens ( 13 , 7 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Lynn Patrick Elmer Lach ( 1 : 22 , OT ) 1954 Detroit Red Wings ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 14 , 7 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Tony Leswick ( 4 : 20 , OT ) 1955 Detroit Red Wings ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Jimmy Skinner 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 15 , 7 -- 7 ) Dick Irvin Gordie Howe ( 19 : 49 , second ) 1956 Montreal Canadiens ( 16 , 8 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 14 , 7 -- 7 ) Jimmy Skinner Maurice Richard ( 15 : 08 , second ) 1957 Montreal Canadiens ( 17 , 9 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Milt Schmidt Dickie Moore ( 0 : 14 , second ) 1958 Montreal Canadiens ( 18 , 10 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Milt Schmidt Bernie Geoffrion ( 19 : 26 , second ) 1959 Montreal Canadiens ( 19 , 11 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) Punch Imlach Marcel Bonin ( 9 : 55 , second ) 1960 Montreal Canadiens ( 20 , 12 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 17 , 9 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Jean Beliveau ( 8 : 16 , first ) 1961 Chicago Black Hawks ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Rudy Pilous 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 15 , 7 -- 8 ) Sid Abel Ab McDonald ( 18 : 49 , second ) 1962 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 18 , 10 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Rudy Pilous Dick Duff ( 14 : 14 , third ) 1963 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Sid Abel Eddie Shack ( 13 : 28 , third ) 1964 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 20 , 12 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 17 , 7 -- 10 ) Sid Abel Andy Bathgate ( 3 : 04 , first ) 1965 Montreal Canadiens ( 21 , 13 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Billy Reay Jean Beliveau ( 0 : 14 , first ) 1966 Montreal Canadiens ( 22 , 14 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 18 , 7 -- 11 ) Sid Abel Henri Richard ( 2 : 20 , OT ) 1967 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 21 , 13 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 23 , 14 -- 8 ) Toe Blake Jim Pappin ( 19 : 24 , second ) 1968 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 24 , 15 -- 8 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Scotty Bowman J.C. Tremblay ( 11 : 40 , third ) 1969 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 25 , 16 -- 8 ) Claude Ruel 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Scotty Bowman John Ferguson ( 3 : 02 , third ) 1970 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Harry Sinden 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Scotty Bowman Bobby Orr ( 0 : 40 , OT ) 1971 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 26 , 17 -- 8 ) Al MacNeil 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Reay Henri Richard ( 2 : 34 , third ) 1972 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Tom Johnson 4 -- 2 New York Rangers ( E ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Emile Francis Bobby Orr ( 11 : 18 , first ) 1973 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 27 , 18 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Billy Reay Yvan Cournoyer ( 8 : 13 , third ) Philadelphia Flyers ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Bep Guidolin Rick MacLeish ( 14 : 48 , first ) Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Floyd Smith Bob Kelly ( 0 : 11 , third ) 1976 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 28 , 19 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Fred Shero Guy Lafleur ( 14 : 18 , third ) 1977 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 29 , 20 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Don Cherry Jacques Lemaire ( 4 : 32 , OT ) 1978 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 30 , 21 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Don Cherry Mario Tremblay ( 9 : 20 , first ) 1979 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 31 , 22 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( CC ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Fred Shero Jacques Lemaire ( 1 : 02 , second ) 1980 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Bob Nystrom ( 7 : 11 , OT ) 1981 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 1 Minnesota North Stars ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sonmor Wayne Merrick ( 5 : 37 , first ) 1982 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Vancouver Canucks ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Roger Neilson Mike Bossy ( 5 : 00 , second ) New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sather Mike Bossy ( 12 : 39 , first ) 1984 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Al Arbour Ken Linseman ( 0 : 38 , second ) 1985 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mike Keenan Paul Coffey ( 17 : 57 , first ) 1986 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 32 , 23 -- 8 ) Jean Perron 4 -- 1 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bob Johnson Bobby Smith ( 10 : 30 , third ) Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 3 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Mike Keenan Jari Kurri ( 14 : 59 , second ) 1988 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Terry O'Reilly Wayne Gretzky ( 9 : 44 , second ) 1989 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Terry Crisp 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 33 , 23 -- 9 ) Pat Burns Doug Gilmour ( 11 : 02 , third ) 1990 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Muckler 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Mike Milbury Craig Simpson ( 9 : 31 , second ) 1991 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Bob Johnson 4 -- 2 Minnesota North Stars ( CC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bob Gainey Ulf Samuelsson ( 2 : 00 , first ) 1992 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Chicago Blackhawks ( CC ) ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Mike Keenan Ron Francis ( 7 : 59 , third ) 1993 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 34 , 24 -- 9 ) Jacques Demers 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Kings ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Barry Melrose Kirk Muller ( 3 : 51 , second ) 1994 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Mike Keenan 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Mark Messier ( 13 : 29 , second ) 1995 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jacques Lemaire 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman Neal Broten ( 7 : 56 , second ) Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Marc Crawford 4 -- 0 Florida Panthers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Doug MacLean Uwe Krupp ( 4 : 31 , third OT ) 1997 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 20 , 8 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Terry Murray Darren McCarty ( 13 : 02 , second ) 1998 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 21 , 9 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Washington Capitals ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ron Wilson Martin Lapointe ( 2 : 26 , second ) 1999 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ken Hitchcock 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Lindy Ruff Brett Hull ( 14 : 51 , third OT ) 2000 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Larry Robinson 4 -- 2 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Ken Hitchcock Jason Arnott ( 8 : 20 , second OT ) 2001 Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Bob Hartley 4 -- 3 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Larry Robinson Alex Tanguay ( 4 : 57 , second ) 2002 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 22 , 10 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Paul Maurice Brendan Shanahan ( 14 : 04 , second ) 2003 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pat Burns 4 -- 3 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Babcock Michael Rupp ( 2 : 22 , second ) Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Tortorella 4 -- 3 Calgary Flames ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Darryl Sutter Ruslan Fedotenko ( 14 : 38 , second ) 2005 Season cancelled due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . 2006 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette 4 -- 3 Edmonton Oilers ( WC ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Craig MacTavish Frantisek Kaberle ( 4 : 18 , second ) 2007 Anaheim Ducks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Randy Carlyle 4 -- 1 Ottawa Senators ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bryan Murray Travis Moen ( 15 : 44 , second ) 2008 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Mike Babcock 4 -- 2 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Michel Therrien Henrik Zetterberg ( 7 : 36 , third ) 2009 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dan Bylsma 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Babcock Maxime Talbot ( 10 : 07 , second ) Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Peter Laviolette Patrick Kane ( 4 : 06 , OT ) 2011 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Claude Julien 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Alain Vigneault Patrice Bergeron ( 14 : 37 , first ) 2012 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 2 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Peter DeBoer Jeff Carter ( 12 : 45 , first ) 2013 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 19 , 6 -- 13 ) Claude Julien Dave Bolland ( 19 : 01 , third ) 2014 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Alain Vigneault Alec Martinez ( 14 : 43 , second OT ) 2015 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 13 , 6 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jon Cooper Duncan Keith ( 17 : 13 , second ) 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan 4 -- 2 San Jose Sharks ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter DeBoer Kris Letang ( 7 : 46 , second ) 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan 4 -- 2 Nashville Predators ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette Patric Hornqvist ( 18 : 25 , third ) 2018 Washington Capitals ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Barry Trotz 4 -- 1 Vegas Golden Knights ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gerard Gallant Lars Eller ( 12 : 23 , third ) Appearances ( edit ) Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Legend : SC = successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( win ) ; UC = unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( loss ) ; Years in bold denote a Stanley Cup win . Team SC UC Total Win % Appearances Ottawa HC 17 19 . 895 1894 , 1903 ( 2 ) , 1904 ( 4 ) , 1905 ( 3 ) , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1906 , 1909 , 1910 ( 2 ) , 1911 ( 3 ) Montreal Wanderers 10 12 . 833 1904 , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1907 , 1907 , 1908 ( 5 ) , 1910 ( 2 ) Winnipeg Victorias 6 5 11 . 545 1896 ( 2 ) , 1896 , 1899 , 1900 , 1901 ( 2 ) , 1902 ( 2 ) , 1902 , 1903 Montreal Victorias 6 8 . 750 1895 , 1896 , 1896 , 1897 ( 2 ) , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 Montreal Shamrocks 5 6 . 833 1899 ( 2 ) , 1900 ( 3 ) , 1901 Montreal HC 5 0 5 1.000 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1902 , 1903 Quebec Bulldogs 0 1.000 1912 ( 2 ) , 1913 ( 2 ) Rat Portage / Kenora Thistles 5 . 400 1903 , 1905 , 1907 ( 2 ) , 1907 Toronto Blueshirts 0 1.000 1914 ( 2 ) Queen 's University 0 . 000 1895 , 1899 , 1906 Brandon Wheat Cities 0 . 000 1904 , 1907 Edmonton HC 0 . 000 1908 , 1910 Galt HC 0 . 000 1910 , 1911 Winnipeg Maple Leafs 0 . 000 1901 , 1908 The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once : Berlin Dutchmen ( 1910 ) , Dawson City Nuggets ( 1905 ) , Halifax Crescents ( 1900 ) , Moncton Victorias ( 1912 ) , Montreal Canadiens ( 1914 ) , New Glasgow Cubs ( 1906 ) , Ottawa Capitals ( 1897 ) , Ottawa Victorias ( 1908 ) , Port Arthur Bearcats ( 1911 ) , Smiths Falls ( 1906 ) , Sydney Millionaires ( 1913 ) , Toronto Marlboros ( 1904 ) , Toronto Professionals ( 1908 ) , Toronto Wellingtons ( 1902 ) , Victoria Aristocrats ( 1914 ) , Winnipeg Rowing Club ( 1904 ) . Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) ( edit ) Active teams ( edit ) Unless marked otherwise , teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup . A bolded year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Apps Team Wins Losses Win % Years of appearance ( in Stanley Cup Finals ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Montreal Canadiens 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 . 727 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1925 , 1930 , 1931 , 1944 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Detroit Red Wings 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 458 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 . 619 1918 , 1922 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1945 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1967 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Boston Bruins 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 316 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1988 , 1990 , 2011 , 2013 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Blackhawks 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 462 1931 , 1934 , 1938 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1971 , 1973 , 1992 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Rangers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 364 1928 , 1929 , 1932 , 1933 , 1937 , 1940 , 1950 , 1972 , 1979 , 1994 , 2014 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Philadelphia Flyers 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 . 250 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1985 , 1987 , 1997 , 2010 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Edmonton Oilers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 714 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 2006 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pittsburgh Penguins 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 833 1991 , 1992 , 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Islanders 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 800 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Jersey Devils 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 600 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Dallas Stars 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 250 1981 , 1991 , 1999 , 2000 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Los Angeles Kings 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 667 1993 , 2012 , 2014 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Calgary Flames 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 333 1986 , 1989 , 2004 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 St. Louis Blues 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1968 , 1969 , 1970 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Vancouver Canucks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1982 , 1994 , 2011 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Colorado Avalanche 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 1.000 1996 , 2001 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Washington Capitals 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 1998 , 2018 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Carolina Hurricanes 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2002 , 2006 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Anaheim Ducks 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2003 , 2007 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Tampa Bay Lightning 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2004 , 2015 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffalo Sabres 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 000 1975 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Florida Panthers 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Ottawa Senators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2007 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 San Jose Sharks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Nashville Predators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2017 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Vegas Golden Knights 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2018 Four active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance . Two of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions : Columbus Blue Jackets ( 17 seasons , 4 playoffs ) Minnesota Wild ( 17 seasons , 9 playoffs , 1 division title ) The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location : Atlanta Thrashers ( 11 seasons , 1 playoff , 1 division title ) / Winnipeg Jets ( 7 seasons , 2 playoffs ) Winnipeg Jets ( original team ) ( 17 seasons , 11 playoffs ) / Phoenix - Arizona Coyotes ( 21 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 division title ) Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never appeared in the Finals in their former locations : Quebec Nordiques ( 16 seasons , 9 playoffs , 2 division titles ) -- won 2 Stanley Cups as Colorado Avalanche Kansas City Scouts ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) / Colorado Rockies ( 6 seasons , 1 playoff ) -- won 3 Stanley Cups as New Jersey Devils Oakland Seals - California Golden Seals ( 9 seasons , 2 playoffs ) / Cleveland Barons ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) -- merged with Minnesota North Stars who lost twice in the Finals then won the Stanley Cup once as Dallas Stars Atlanta Flames ( 8 seasons , 6 playoffs ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Calgary Flames Hartford Whalers ( 18 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 division title ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Carolina Hurricanes Defunct teams ( edit ) Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league ( s ) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup . A bold year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Years of Appearance 5 Ottawa Senators ( NHA / NHL ) . 800 1915 , 1920 , 1921 , 1923 , 1927 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA / WCHL ) . 250 1915 , 1918 , 1921 , 1922 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) . 667 1926 , 1928 , 1935 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) . 500 1917 , 1919 , 1920 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL / WHL ) . 500 1925 , 1926 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) 0 . 000 1916 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1923 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1924 Notes The Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans appearance totals include the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals that ended with a no - decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic . It is not considered an official series win or loss by either team . The franchise known today as the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club ( later engraved on the Stanley Cup as the Toronto Arenas in 1947 ) , and in 1922 as the Toronto St. Patricks . The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986 -- 87 season . The Dallas Stars totals include two series losses as the Minnesota North Stars . The Anaheim Ducks totals include one series loss as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . The modern Ottawa Senators ( 1992 -- present ) are the namesake of the original Senators ( 1883 -- 1934 ) . See also ( edit ) Book : Stanley Cup Book : Stanley Cup finals Stanley Cup winning players NHL Conference Finals List of NHL franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup - winning goals '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` STC List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . LegendsofHockey.net . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup Playoffs -- Winners and Finalists Since 1893 '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Coleman , Charles ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 1 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1966 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 2 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1969 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 3 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Diamond , Dan ; Zweig , Eric ; Duplacey , James ( 2003 ) . The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book . Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4 . Holzman , Morey ( 2002 ) . Deceptions and Doublecross . Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 413 - 2 . McCarthy , Dave , ed. ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book / 2009 . Dan Diamond Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Podnieks , Andre ( 2004 ) . Lord Stanley 's Cup . Hockey Hall of Fame . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Fun Facts '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Quebec Bulldogs 1911 -- 12 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Champions of the World '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 15 , 1896 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Men Win '' . Ottawa Journal . February 15 , 1896 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` After the puck '' . The Globe . March 2 , 1896 . p. 06 . Jump up ^ `` Victorias Always Win '' . The Globe and Mail . February 20 , 1901 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Goes To Kenora Thistles '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 19 , 1907 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Vics Lost First Stanley Cup Game to Wanderers '' . Ottawa Citizen . January 10 , 1908 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton 7 -- 6 '' . The Montreal Gazette . December 31 , 1908 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawas Smothered Galt in Stanley Cup Match '' . The Ottawa Citizen . January 6 , 1910 . p. 9 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Not in Quebec 's Class '' . The Montreal Gazette . March 9 , 1913 . p. 14 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Win Championship of NHA From Canadiens '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 12 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Beat Victoria 2 to 1 -- Roughest Game of Year '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 20 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1964 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug , After All is Said '' . Saskatoon Phoenix . March 18 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Tempest In a Teapot '' . Montreal Daily Mail . March 19 , 1914 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Muddle Cleared Up '' . Toronto Globe and Mail . March 19 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup '' . Toronto World . March 25 , 1914 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Holzman2002 . The Toronto NHL franchise ( not using any nickname ) was operated by the Toronto Arena Company , but only became a legal entity in the fall of 1918 as the Toronto Arena Hockey Club . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup '' . TSN . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup '' . ESPN . April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holzman 2002 . External links ( edit ) List of winners of the Stanley Cup List of winning rosters of the Stanley Cup Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Champions Finals Conference Finals Challenge games List of playoff series Conn Smythe Trophy Game seven 1910s 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Category : Stanley Cup playoffs Ice hockey portal National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - 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-7282109206318160773 | Ian McKellen | Ian McKellen - wikipedia Ian McKellen Sir Ian McKellen CH CBE McKellen in 2013 Ian Murray McKellen ( 1939 - 05 - 25 ) 25 May 1939 ( age 79 ) Burnley , Lancashire , England Alma mater St Catharine 's College , Cambridge Occupation Actor Years active 1959 -- present Partner ( s ) Brian Taylor ( 1964 -- 1972 ) Sean Mathias ( 1978 -- 1988 ) Website Official website McKellen ( Antonio Salieri ) alongside Jane Seymour ( Constanze Mozart ) in Amadeus , c. 1981 Sir Ian Murray McKellen CH CBE ( born 25 May 1939 ) is an English actor . He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards , a Tony Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a BIF Award , two Saturn Awards , four Drama Desk Awards , and two Critics ' Choice Awards . He has also received two Oscar nominations , four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations . McKellen 's career spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction . The BBC states that his `` performances have guaranteed him a place in the canon of English stage and film actors '' . A recipient of every major theatrical award in the UK , McKellen is regarded as a British cultural icon . He started his professional career in 1961 at the Belgrade Theatre as a member of their highly regarded repertory company . In 1965 , McKellen made his first West End appearance . In 1969 , he was invited to join the Prospect Theatre Company to play the lead parts in Shakespeare 's Richard II and Marlowe 's Edward II , and he firmly established himself as one of the country 's foremost classical actors . In the 1970s , McKellen became a stalwart of the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre of Great Britain . He achieved worldwide fame for his film roles , including the titular King in Richard III ( 1995 ) , James Whale in Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) , Magneto in the X-Men films , and Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies . McKellen was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1979 Birthday Honours , was knighted in the 1991 New Year Honours for services to the performing arts , and made a Companion of Honour for services to drama and to equality in the 2008 New Year Honours . He has been openly gay since 1988 , and continues to be a champion for LGBT social movements worldwide . He was awarded Freedom of the City of London in October 2014 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Theatre 2.2 Popular success 3 Personal life 4 LGBT activism 4.1 LGBT rights campaigning 4.2 Charity work 4.3 Other work 5 Selected credits 5.1 Stage , filmography , awards and nominations 5.2 Music 5.3 Audiobooks 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early life ( edit ) McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley , Lancashire , the son of Margery Lois ( née Sutcliffe ) and Denis Murray McKellen , a civil engineer . He was their second child , with a sister , Jean , five years his senior . Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 , his family moved to Wigan . They lived there until Ian was twelve years old , before relocating to Bolton in 1951 , after his father had been promoted . The experience of living through the war as a young child had a lasting impact on him , and he later said that `` only after peace resumed ... did I realise that war was n't normal . '' When an interviewer remarked that he seemed quite calm in the aftermath of 11 September attacks , McKellen said : `` Well , darling , you forget -- I slept under a steel plate until I was four years old . '' . McKellen 's father was a civil engineer and lay preacher , and was of Protestant Irish and Scottish descent . Both of McKellen 's grandfathers were preachers , and his great - great - grandfather , James McKellen , was a `` strict , evangelical Protestant minister '' in Ballymena , County Antrim . His home environment was strongly Christian , but non-orthodox . `` My upbringing was of low nonconformist Christians who felt that you led the Christian life in part by behaving in a Christian manner to everybody you met . '' When he was 12 , his mother died of breast cancer ; his father died when he was 24 . After his coming out as gay to his stepmother , Gladys McKellen , who was a member of the Religious Society of Friends , he said , `` Not only was she not fazed , but as a member of a society which declared its indifference to people 's sexuality years back , I think she was just glad for my sake that I was n't lying anymore . '' His great - great - grandfather Robert J. Lowes was an activist and campaigner in the ultimately successful campaign for a Saturday half - holiday in Manchester , the forerunner to the modern five - day work week , thus making Lowes a `` grandfather of the modern weekend '' . McKellen attended Bolton School ( Boys ' Division ) , of which he is still a supporter , attending regularly to talk to pupils . McKellen 's acting career started at Bolton Little Theatre , of which he is now the patron . An early fascination with the theatre was encouraged by his parents , who took him on a family outing to Peter Pan at the Opera House in Manchester when he was three . When he was nine , his main Christmas present was a fold - away wood and bakelite Victorian theatre from Pollocks Toy Theatres , with cardboard scenery and wires to push on the cut - outs of Cinderella and of Laurence Olivier 's Hamlet . His sister took him to his first Shakespeare play , Twelfth Night , by the amateurs of Wigan 's Little Theatre , shortly followed by their Macbeth and Wigan High School for Girls ' production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , with music by Mendelssohn , with the role of Bottom played by Jean McKellen , who continued to act , direct , and produce amateur theatre until her death . In 1958 , McKellen , at the age of 18 , won a scholarship to St Catharine 's College , Cambridge , where he read English literature . He has since been made an Honorary Fellow of the College . While at Cambridge , McKellen was a member of the Marlowe Society , where he appeared in 23 plays over the course of 3 years . At that young age he was already giving performances that have since become legendary such as his Justice Shallow in Henry IV alongside Trevor Nunn and Derek Jacobi ( March 1959 ) , Cymbeline ( as Posthumus , opposite Margaret Drabble as Imogen ) and Doctor Faustus . During this period McKellen had already been directed by Peter Hall , John Barton and Dadie Rylands , all of whom would have a huge impact on McKellen 's future career . Career ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) McKellen with actors Billy Crudup and Patrick Stewart on 24 September 2013 for a press junket at Sardi 's restaurant for Waiting for Godot and No Man 's Land McKellen made his first professional appearance in 1961 at the Belgrade Theatre , as Roper in A Man for All Seasons , although an audio recording of the Marlowe Society 's Cymbeline had gone on commercial sale as part of the Argo Shakespeare series . After four years in regional repertory theatres he made his first West End appearance , in A Scent of Flowers , regarded as a `` notable success '' . In 1965 he was a member of Laurence Olivier 's National Theatre Company at the Old Vic , which led to roles at the Chichester Festival . With the Prospect Theatre Company , McKellen made his breakthrough performances of Richard II ( directed by Richard Cottrell ) and Marlowe 's Edward II ( directed by Toby Robertson ) at the Edinburgh festival in 1969 , the latter causing a storm of protest over the enactment of the homosexual Edward 's lurid death . In the 1970s and 1980s McKellen became a well - known figure in British theatre , performing frequently at the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre , where he played several leading Shakespearean roles , including the title role in Macbeth ( which he had first played for Trevor Nunn in a `` gripping ... out of the ordinary '' production , with Judi Dench , at Stratford in 1976 ) , and Iago in Othello , in award - winning productions directed by Nunn . Both of these productions were adapted into television films , also directed by Nunn . In 2007 he returned to the Royal Shakespeare Company , in productions of King Lear and The Seagull , both directed by Trevor Nunn . In 2009 he appeared in a very popular revival of Waiting for Godot at London 's Haymarket Theatre , directed by Sean Mathias , and playing opposite Patrick Stewart . He is Patron of English Touring Theatre and also President and Patron of the Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain , an association of amateur theatre organisations throughout the UK . In late August 2012 , he took part in the opening ceremony of the London Paralympics , portraying Prospero from The Tempest . In October 2017 , McKellen played King Lear at Chichester Festival Theatre , a role which he said was likely to be his `` last big Shakespearean part '' . He will perform the play at the Duke of York 's Theatre in London 's West End during the summer of 2018 . Popular success ( edit ) McKellen had taken film roles throughout his career -- beginning in 1969 with his role of George Matthews in A Touch of Love , and his first leading role was in 1980 as D.H. Lawrence in Priest of Love , but it was not until the 1990s that he became more widely recognised in this medium after several roles in blockbuster Hollywood films . In 1993 he had a supporting role as a South African tycoon in the critically acclaimed Six Degrees of Separation , in which he starred with Stockard Channing , Donald Sutherland , and Will Smith . In the same year , he appeared in minor roles in the television miniseries Tales of the City , based on the novel by his friend Armistead Maupin , and the film Last Action Hero , in which he briefly played Death opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger and Charles Dance . Later in 1993 , McKellen appeared in the television film And the Band Played On about the discovery of the AIDS virus for which McKellen won a CableACE Award for Supporting Actor in a Movie or Miniseries and was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . In 1995 , he played the title role in Richard III , which transported the setting into an alternative 1930s in which England is ruled by fascists . The film was a critical success . McKellen co-produced and co-wrote the film , adapting the play for the screen based on a stage production of Shakespeare 's play directed by Richard Eyre for the Royal National Theatre in which McKellen had appeared . As executive producer he returned his £ 50,000 fee to complete the filming of the final battle . In his review of the film , The Washington Post film critic Hal Hinson called McKellen 's performance a `` lethally flamboyant incarnation '' and said his `` florid mastery ... dominates everything '' . His performance in the title role garnered BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor and won the European Film Award for Best Actor . His screenplay was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . McKellen at the premiere of The Return of the King in Wellington , New Zealand , 1 December 2003 He appeared in the modestly acclaimed film Apt Pupil , which was directed by Bryan Singer and based on a story by Stephen King . McKellen portrayed a fugitive Nazi officer living under a false name in the US who is befriended by a curious teenager ( Brad Renfro ) who threatens to expose him unless he tells his story in detail . He was subsequently nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the 1998 film Gods and Monsters , wherein he played James Whale , the director of Show Boat ( 1936 ) and Frankenstein . In 1999 McKellen was cast , again under the direction of Bryan Singer , to play the comic book supervillain Magneto in the 2000 film X-Men and its sequels X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) and X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) . He later made a short appearance as an older Magneto in 2014 's X-Men : Days of Future Past , sharing the role with Michael Fassbender , who played a younger version of the character in 2011 's X-Men : First Class . While filming the first X-Men film in 1999 , McKellen was cast as the wizard Gandalf in Peter Jackson 's three - film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings ( consisting of The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) ) . He received honors from the Screen Actors Guild for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the same role . He provided the voice of Gandalf for several video game adaptations of the Lord of the Rings films , then reprised the role on screen in Jackson 's film adaptation of The Hobbit , which was released in three parts from 2012 to 2014 . On 16 March 2002 , he hosted Saturday Night Live . In 2003 , McKellen made a guest appearance as himself on the American cartoon show The Simpsons in a special British - themed episode entitled `` The Regina Monologues '' , along with the then UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and author J.K. Rowling . In April and May 2005 , he played the role of Mel Hutchwright in Granada Television 's long running British soap opera , Coronation Street , fulfilling a lifelong ambition . He narrated Richard Bell 's film Eighteen as a grandfather who leaves his World War II memoirs on audio - cassette for his teenage grandson . McKellen has appeared in limited release films , such as Emile ( which was shot in three weeks following the X2 shoot ) , Neverwas and Asylum . He appeared as Sir Leigh Teabing in The Da Vinci Code . During a 17 May 2006 interview on The Today Show with the Da Vinci Code cast and director , Matt Lauer posed a question to the group about how they would have felt if the film had borne a prominent disclaimer that it is a work of fiction , as some religious groups wanted . McKellen responded , `` I 've often thought the Bible should have a disclaimer in the front saying ' This is fiction . ' I mean , walking on water ? It takes ... an act of faith . And I have faith in this movie -- not that it 's true , not that it 's factual , but that it 's a jolly good story . '' He continued , `` And I think audiences are clever enough and bright enough to separate out fact and fiction , and discuss the thing when they 've seen it '' . McKellen appeared in the 2006 BBC series of Ricky Gervais ' comedy series Extras , where he played himself directing Gervais ' character Andy Millman in a play about gay lovers . McKellen received a 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor - Comedy Series nomination for his performance . In 2009 he portrayed Number Two in The Prisoner , a remake of the 1967 cult series The Prisoner . In 2013 , McKellen co-starred in the ITV sitcom Vicious as Freddie Thornhill , alongside Derek Jacobi . The series revolves around an elderly gay couple who have been together for 50 years . On 23 August 2013 the show was renewed for a six - episode second series which began airing in June 2015 . In November 2013 , McKellen appeared in the Doctor Who 50th anniversary comedy homage The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot . In October 2015 , McKellen appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins ' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood 's The Dresser , alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson . In 2017 , McKellen voiced Cogsworth , the Beast 's loyal majordomo , who was turned into a pendulum clock , in a live - action adaptation of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast . Personal life ( edit ) McKellen and his first partner , Brian Taylor , a history teacher from Bolton , began their relationship in 1964 . Their relationship lasted for eight years , ending in 1972 . They lived in London , where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor . For over a decade , he has lived in a five - storey Victorian conversion in Narrow Street , Limehouse . In 1978 he met his second partner , Sean Mathias , at the Edinburgh Festival . This relationship lasted until 1988 , and according to Mathias , was tempestuous , with conflicts over McKellen 's success in acting versus Mathias 's somewhat less - successful career . Mathias later directed McKellen in Waiting for Godot at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in 2009 . The pair entered into a business partnership with Evgeny Lebedev , purchasing the lease on The Grapes public house in Narrow Street . McKellen is an atheist . In the late 1980s , McKellen lost his appetite for meat except for fish , and has since followed a mainly pescetarian diet . In 2001 , Ian McKellen received the Artist Citizen of the World Award ( France ) . He has a tattoo of the Elvish number nine , written using J.R. R Tolkien 's Constructed script of Tengwar , on his shoulder in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of `` The Fellowship '' ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Sean Bean , Dominic Monaghan and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys - Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2006 . In 2012 , McKellen stated on his blog that `` There is no cause for alarm . I am examined regularly and the cancer is contained . I 've not needed any treatment . '' He became an ordained minister of the Universal Life Church in early 2013 in order to preside over the marriage of his friend and X-Men co-star Patrick Stewart to the singer Sunny Ozell . McKellen was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by Cambridge University on 18 June 2014 . He was made a Freeman of the city of London on Thursday 30 October 2014 . The ceremony took place at Guildhall in London . McKellen was nominated by London 's Lord Mayor Fiona Woolf , who said he was chosen as he was an `` exceptional actor '' and `` tireless campaigner for equality '' . He is also a Fellow of St Catherine 's College , Oxford . LGBT activism ( edit ) LGBT rights campaigning ( edit ) McKellen at Manchester Pride 2010 While McKellen had made his sexual orientation known to fellow actors early on in his stage career , it was not until 1988 that he came out to the general public , in a programme on BBC Radio . The context that prompted McKellen 's decision -- overriding any concerns about a possible negative effect on his career -- was that the controversial Section 28 of the Local Government Bill , known simply as Section 28 , was then under consideration in the British Parliament . Section 28 proposed prohibiting local authorities from promoting homosexuality `` ... as a kind of pretended family relationship '' . McKellen became active in fighting the proposed law , and , during a BBC Radio 3 programme where he debated Section 28 with the conservative journalist Peregrine Worsthorne , declared himself gay . McKellen has stated that he was influenced in his decision by the advice and support of his friends , among them noted gay author Armistead Maupin . In a 1998 interview that discusses the 29th anniversary of the Stonewall riots , McKellen commented , I have many regrets about not having come out earlier , but one of them might be that I did n't engage myself in the politicking . He has said of this period : My own participating in that campaign was a focus for people ( to ) take comfort that if Ian McKellen was on board for this , perhaps it would be all right for other people to be as well , gay and straight . Section 28 was , however , enacted and remained on the statute books until 2000 in Scotland and 2003 in England and Wales . Section 28 never applied in Northern Ireland . In 2003 , during an appearance on Have I Got News For You , McKellen claimed when he visited Michael Howard , then Environment Secretary ( responsible for local government ) , in 1988 to lobby against Section 28 , Howard refused to change his position but did ask him to leave an autograph for his children . McKellen agreed , but wrote , `` Fuck off , I 'm gay . '' McKellen described Howard 's junior ministers , Conservatives David Wilshire and Dame Jill Knight , who were the architects of Section 28 , as the ' ugly sisters ' of a political pantomime . McKellen at Europride 2003 in Manchester McKellen has continued to be very active in LGBT rights efforts . In a statement on his website regarding his activism , the actor commented that : I have been reluctant to lobby on other issues I most care about -- nuclear weapons ( against ) , religion ( atheist ) , capital punishment ( anti ) , AIDS ( fund - raiser ) because I never want to be forever spouting , diluting the impact of addressing my most urgent concern ; legal and social equality for gay people worldwide . McKellen is a co-founder of Stonewall , an LGBT rights lobby group in the United Kingdom , named after the Stonewall riots . McKellen is also patron of LGBT History Month , Pride London , Oxford Pride , GAY - GLOS , The Lesbian & Gay Foundation , and FFLAG where he appears in their video `` Parents Talking '' . In 1994 , at the closing ceremony of the Gay Games , he briefly took the stage to address the crowd , saying , `` I 'm Sir Ian McKellen , but you can call me Serena '' : This nickname , given to him by Stephen Fry , had been circulating within the gay community since McKellen 's knighthood was conferred . In 2002 , he was the Celebrity Grand Marshal of the San Francisco Pride Parade and he attended the Academy Awards with his then - boyfriend , New Zealander Nick Cuthell . In 2006 , McKellen spoke at the pre-launch of the 2007 LGBT History Month in the UK , lending his support to the organisation and its founder , Sue Sanders . In 2007 , he became a patron of The Albert Kennedy Trust , an organisation that provides support to young , homeless and troubled LGBT people . In 2006 , he became a patron of Oxford Pride , stating : I send my love to all members of Oxford Pride , their sponsors and supporters , of which I am proud to be one ... Onlookers can be impressed by our confidence and determination to be ourselves and gay people , of whatever age , can be comforted by the occasion to take the first steps towards coming out and leaving the closet forever behind . McKellen has taken his activism internationally , and caused a major stir in Singapore , where he was invited to do an interview on a morning show and shocked the interviewer by asking if they could recommend him a gay bar ; the programme immediately ended . In December 2008 , he was named in Out 's annual Out 100 list . In 2010 , McKellen extended his support for Liverpool 's Homotopia festival in which a group of gay and lesbian Merseyside teenagers helped to produce an anti-homophobia campaign pack for schools and youth centres across the city . In May 2011 , he called Sergey Sobyanin , Moscow 's mayor , a `` coward '' for refusing to allow gay parades in the city . In 2014 , he was named in the top 10 on the World Pride Power list . Charity work ( edit ) In April 2010 , along with actors Brian Cox and Eleanor Bron , McKellen appeared in a series of TV advertisements to support Age UK , the charity recently formed from the merger of Age Concern and Help the Aged . All three actors gave their time free of charge . A cricket fan since childhood , McKellen umpired in March 2011 for a charity cricket match in New Zealand to support earthquake victims of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake . McKellen is an honorary board member for the New York and Washington , DC based organization Only Make Believe . Only Make Believe creates and performs interactive plays in children 's hospitals and care facilities . He was honoured by the organisation in 2012 and hosted their annual Make Believe on Broadway Gala in November 2013 . He garnered publicity for the organisation by stripping down to his Lord of the Rings underwear on stage . McKellen also has a history of supporting individual theatres . While in New Zealand filming The Hobbit in 2012 , he announced a special New Zealand tour `` Shakespeare , Tolkien , and You ! '' , with proceeds going to help save the Isaac Theatre Royal , which suffered extensive damage during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake . McKellen said he opted to help save the building as it was the last theatre he played in New Zealand ( Waiting for Godot in 2010 ) and the locals ' love for it made it a place worth supporting . In July 2017 , he performed a new one - man show for a week at Park Theatre ( London ) , donating the proceeds to the theatre . Other work ( edit ) A friend of Ian Charleson and an admirer of his work , McKellen contributed an entire chapter to For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . A recording of McKellen 's voice is heard before performances at the Royal Festival Hall , reminding patrons to ensure their mobile phones and watch alarms are switched off and to keep coughing to a minimum . He also took part in the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London as Prospero from Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Selected credits ( edit ) Stage , filmography , awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : Ian McKellen , roles and awards The hands of McKellen on a 1999 Gods and Monsters plaque in London 's Leicester Square Music ( edit ) In 1987 , McKellen appeared reciting Shakespeare while rock group The Fleshtones improvised behind him on Andy Warhol 's Fifteen Minutes which ran on MTV . Vampire in the music video `` Heart '' by Pet Shop Boys The man who 's `` falling out of reach '' in the music video `` Falling Out of Reach '' by Guillemots Appears on the Scissor Sisters track `` Invisible Light '' from their 2010 album `` Night Work '' , reciting a passage regarding the `` Invisible Light '' of the title . Appeared as himself alongside George Ezra in the latter 's music video for `` Listen to the Man '' . Whilst Ezra is singing his song , McKellen joins in and lip - syncs Ezra 's voice . Audiobooks ( edit ) Audiobook narrator of Michelle Paver 's series Wolf Brother , Spirit Walker , Soul Eater , Outcast , Oath Breaker , and Ghost Hunter , as well as a version of Homer 's Odyssey . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1208 ) . Time Inc. 25 May 2012 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Jackson , George ( 4 February 2013 ) . `` Nesbitt does the honours as fellow actor McKellen gets Ulster degree '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . McKellen is recognised as one of the greatest living actors . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen receives award from University of Ulster '' . BBC News . BBC . 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ( O ) ne of the greatest actors on stage and screen ( ... ) Sir Ian 's performances have guaranteed him a place in the canon of English stage and film actors Jump up ^ `` British Actor Ian Mckellen in China for Shakespeare on Film '' . British Council . 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty of the very best of British '' . The Telegraph . 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No. 47888 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 26 June 1979 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` No. 52382 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 28 December 1990 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen '' . Cinema.com . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 58557 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 29 December 2007 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen receives Freedom of the City award for gay rights activism '' . The Independent . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2006 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian McKellen From the Beginning '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pierless Youth '' . The Sunday Times Magazine . 2 January 1977 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( 14 November 2009 ) . `` Full Interview with McKellen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen featured article '' . TheGenealogist . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen : an unofficial biography , Mark Barratt , Virgin Books , 2005 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen traces roots to Ballymena '' . UTV . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Bruce C. ( 11 December 2001 ) . `` The Knight 's Crusade '' . The Advocate . pp. 36 -- 38 , 40 -- 45 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , Stephen ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` McKellen about his stepmother '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 15 January 2017 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen 's great - great - grandfather helped invent the weekend '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Old Boltonians '' . Bolton School . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton Little Theatre '' . Bolton Little Theatre . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nick ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Panto 's grandest Dame '' . Evening Standard . London . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ J.W. Braun , The Lord of the Films ( ECW Press , 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Inside the Actors Studio . Bravo . 8 December 2002 . No. 5 , season 9 ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , Simon ( 2008 ) . Stratfordians . Oxford , England : Editions Albert Creed . pp. 338 -- 343 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9559830 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Marlowe Chronology '' . Cambridge University Marlowe Dramatic Society . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Drabble , Margaret ( 1993 ) . `` Stratford revisited '' . In Novy , Marianne . Cross-cultural performances : differences in women 's re-visions of Shakespeare . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06323 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steven , Alasdair ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Obituary : Toby Robertson , OBE , theatre director '' . The Scotsman . The Scotsman . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Terri ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` McKellen & Stewart Wait in Haymarket Godot '' . Whatsonstage.com . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` McKellen and Stewart Deliver a ' Godot ' With a Difference '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain '' . Littletheatreguild.org . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC News -- Paralympics : Games opening promises ' journey of discovery ' '' . BBC News . 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen says King Lear is his ' last big Shakespeare part ' '' . BBC News . 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen to play King Lear in London 's West End this summer '' . LondonTheatre.co.uk. 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Willmott , Phil ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Do n't miss Sir Ian McKellen as King Lear '' . LondonBoxOffice.co.uk . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cosmopolitan -- `` Ian McKellen bursts into film '' -- May 1981 Jump up ^ `` Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen '' . Emmy Award . n.d . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard III ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notes '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Empire , May 2006 Jump up ^ `` A Rich ' Richard III ' Rules '' . The Washington Post . 19 January 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stewart & Ian McKellen Join ' X-Men : Days of Future Past ' '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 's '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Hobbit ' scoop : Ian McKellen and Andy Serkis on board '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Salpeter interviews Ian McKellen about Emile '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Ian McKellen Unable to Suspend Disbelief While Reading the Bible. `` '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Us Weekly . 17 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Benji ( 11 April 2010 ) . `` The Prisoner : remake of a 1960s TV classic '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Vicious '' . ITV Press Centre . ITV . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vicious ' renewed for second series by ITV , ' Job Lot ' moving to ITV2 '' . Digital Spy. 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot '' , BBC programmes , retrieved 26 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen : ' Working with Anthony Hopkins was bliss ' -- BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk. 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 10 April 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen profile at Tiscali '' . Tiscali Film and TV . Archived from the original on 17 February 2005 . Retrieved 11 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen '' . The Times . London . 27 August 2005 . Retrieved 10 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Grapes History '' , thegrapes.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Famous atheists and their beliefs '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Correspondence with Ian McKellen -- Vegetarianism from Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Artist winners Prize Citizen of the World '' Archived 18 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Institut Citoyen du Cinéma Jump up ^ `` The stars of The Lord of the Rings trilogy reach their journey 's end '' . SciFi.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Noah , Sherna ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen speaks of prostate cancer shock '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Gwynedd , Myrddin ( 14 December 2012 ) . `` Ian McKellen clarifies prostate cancer reports '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN New Zealand . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stewart 's Wedding and Ian McKellen - TIME.com '' . TIME.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Blum , Haley ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` Patrick Stewart weds girlfriend ; Ian McKellen officiates '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary degrees 2014 '' . Cambridge University Alumni News . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen receives Freedom of the City of London '' . cityoflondon.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Emeritus Fellows Jump up ^ An archived recording of the programme is online : `` Third Ear : Section 28 '' , BBC Radio 3 , 27 January 1988 Jump up ^ `` When gay became a four - letter word '' . BBC . 20 January 2000 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Ear : Section 28 '' , BBC Radio 3 , 27 January 1988 Jump up ^ Mendelsohn , Scott , `` Ian McKellen '' , BOMB Magazine . Fall 1998 . Retrieved on ( 18 July 2012 . ) Jump up ^ 10 things we did n't know this time last week . BBC News . 14 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ' Section 28 ' '' . Ian McKellen Official Website. 1 July 1988 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Activism '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian McKellen becomes the Albert Kennedy Trust 's new patron '' . The Albert Kennedy Trust . 5 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` LGBT History Month 2007 PreLaunch '' . LGBT History Month . 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Aim High '' . the Lesbian & Gay Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Toby . `` Home '' . fflag.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` SF Pride 2002 San Francisco Ian McKellen '' . www.mckellen.com . n.d . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian becomes gay pride patron '' . BBC News . 10 May 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Chrys ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` Ian McKellen 's gay comment causes a stir on Singaporean TV '' . GMax.co.za . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen . '' Out . December 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Ian McKellen backs Liverpool anti-homophobia effort '' . Pink News . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Advocate.com Editors . `` McKellen Calls Moscow Mayor a Coward News '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` World Pride Power List 2014 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 19 April 2010 ) . `` Hollywood actors star in Age UK ad '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket : ' Fill the Basin ' teams named '' . The New Zealand Herald . 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood vs Wellywood fills The Basin '' . New Zealand.com . Tourism New Zealand . 14 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Panoptic Artifex -- Christopher Baima & Greg Sweet ( 15 September 2013 ) . `` Honorary Board '' . Only Make Believe . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen Makes Magic ... Through Charity '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kornowski , Liat ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Ian McKellen Strips To His Undies at the Only Make Believe Gala '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ RadioLIVE . `` Sir Ian McKellen on fundraising for the Isaac Theatre Royal '' . MediaWorks . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Ian McKellen at Park Theatre review : the secret of his success is not lofty knightliness but spry mateyness '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen , Alan Bates , Hugh Hudson , et al . For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . London : Constable and Company , 1990 . pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` How to deal with the very worst concert nuisances '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Pritchard ( July 2010 ) . `` Verdi , La traviata : Soloists , chorus and orchestra of the Royal Opera House . Conductor : Yves Abel . Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , 8.7. 2010 '' . MusicWeb International . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen by Andy Warhol ( 1928 -- 1987 ) '' . Christie 's . n.d . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Mckellen in Heart Album '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Mckellen reads ' Falling Out of Reach ' '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dan ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Scissor Sisters collaborate with Ian McKellen : Lord of the Rings actor appears on final track of Scissor Sisters ' long - awaited third album , Night Work '' . The Observer . London . Jump up ^ Graham , Daniella ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen totally outshines George Ezra in Listen to the Man video '' . Metro . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Chronicles of Ancient Darkness '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Spirit Walker '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Soul Eater '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Outcast '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reads Oath Breaker '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reads Ghost Hunter '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reading The Odyssey '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Sources ( edit ) Biography portal North West England portal LGBT portal Shakespeare portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal Radio portal Barratt , Mark ( 2006 ) . Ian McKellen : An Unofficial Biography . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1074 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ian McKellen . The papers of Sir Ian McKellen , actor are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department . Ian McKellen at the Internet Broadway Database Ian McKellen on IMDb Ian McKellen at Box Office Mojo Ian McKellen at the BFI 's Screenonline Biography of Sir Ian McKellen , CH , CBE , Debrett 's Awards for Ian McKellen Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production Hank Azaria / Ming - Na ( 1998 ) Eli Marienthal ( 1999 ) Tim Allen / Joan Cusack ( 2000 ) Eddie Murphy / Eartha Kitt ( 2001 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2002 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2003 ) Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Peter Sallis ( 2005 ) Ian McKellen ( 2006 ) Ian Holm ( 2007 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2008 ) Jennifer Cody ( 2009 ) Jay Baruchel ( 2010 ) Bill Nighy ( 2011 ) Alan Tudyk ( 2012 ) Josh Gad ( 2013 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2014 ) Phyllis Smith ( 2015 ) Jason Bateman / Auliʻi Cravalho ( 2016 ) Anthony Gonzalez ( 2017 ) BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film Ray Winstone ( 1998 ) Ian McKellen ( 1999 ) Daniel Craig ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) James Nesbitt ( 2002 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2003 ) Phil Davis ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Tony Curran ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Tom Hardy ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Dave Johns ( 2016 ) Josh O'Connor ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance Ian McKellen ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Eric Bogosian ( 1986 ) Barbara Cook ( 1987 ) -- ( 1988 ) -- ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1991 ) Patrick Stewart ( 1992 ) Anna Deavere Smith ( 1993 ) Anna Deavere Smith ( 1994 ) James Lecesne ( 1995 ) Mary Louise Wilson ( 1996 ) Fiona Shaw ( 1997 ) John Leguizamo ( 1998 ) David Hare ( 1999 ) Dame Edna Everage ( 2000 ) Pamela Gien ( 2001 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2002 ) Tovah Feldshuh ( 2003 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2004 ) Billy Crystal ( 2005 ) Antony Sher ( 2006 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2007 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 2008 ) Lorenzo Pisoni ( 2009 ) Jim Brochu ( 2010 ) John Leguizamo ( 2011 ) Cillian Murphy ( 2012 ) Michael Urie ( 2013 ) John Douglas Thompson ( 2014 ) Benjamin Scheuer ( 2015 ) Jesse Tyler Ferguson ( 2016 ) Ed Dixon ( 2017 ) Billy Crudup ( 2018 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play Anthony Hopkins ( 1975 ) John Wood ( 1976 ) Al Pacino ( 1977 ) Barnard Hughes ( 1978 ) Philip Anglim ( 1979 ) John Rubinstein ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1982 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 1983 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1984 ) John Lithgow ( 1985 ) Ed Harris ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) Ron Silver ( 1988 ) Philip Bosco ( 1989 ) Nathan Lane ( 1990 ) Ron Rifkin ( 1991 ) Brian Bedford ( 1992 ) Ron Leibman ( 1993 ) Brian Bedford ( 1994 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1995 ) Frank Langella ( 1996 ) David Morse / Christopher Plummer ( 1997 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 1998 ) Brian Dennehy ( 1999 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2000 ) Richard Easton ( 2001 ) Alan Bates ( 2002 ) Eddie Izzard ( 2003 ) Kevin Kline ( 2004 ) Brían F. O'Byrne ( 2005 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2006 ) Frank Langella ( 2007 ) Mark Rylance ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2010 ) Bobby Cannavale ( 2011 ) James Corden ( 2012 ) Tracy Letts ( 2013 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2014 ) Alex Sharp ( 2015 ) Frank Langella ( 2016 ) Kevin Kline ( 2017 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2018 ) Drama League 's Distinguished Performance Award Katharine Cornell ( 1935 ) Helen Hayes ( 1936 ) Maurice Evans ( 1937 ) Cedric Hardwicke ( 1938 ) Raymond Massey ( 1939 ) Paul Muni ( 1940 ) Paul Lukas ( 1941 ) Judith Evelyn ( 1942 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1943 ) Lynn Fontanne ( 1944 ) Mady Christians ( 1945 ) Louis Calhern ( 1946 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1947 ) Judith Anderson ( 1948 ) Robert Morley ( 1949 ) Grace George ( 1950 ) Claude Rains ( 1951 ) Julie Harris ( 1952 ) Shirley Booth ( 1953 ) Josephine Hull ( 1954 ) Viveca Lindfors ( 1955 ) David Wayne ( 1956 ) Eli Wallach ( 1957 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1958 ) Cyril Ritchard ( 1959 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1960 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Charles Boyer ( 1963 ) Alec Guinness ( 1964 ) John Gielgud ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1967 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1968 ) Alec McCowen ( 1969 ) James Stewart ( 1970 ) Anthony Quayle ( 1971 ) Eileen Atkins / Claire Bloom ( 1972 ) Alan Bates ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Wood ( 1975 ) Eva Le Gallienne ( 1976 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1977 ) Frank Langella ( 1978 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1979 ) Roy Scheider ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Milo O'Shea ( 1982 ) Edward Herrmann / Kate Nelligan ( 1983 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1984 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) John Lithgow ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Stockard Channing ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Stephen Rea ( 1993 ) Sam Waterston ( 1994 ) Cherry Jones ( 1995 ) Uta Hagen ( 1996 ) Charles Durning / Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 1998 ) Kathleen Chalfant ( 1999 ) Eileen Heckart ( 2000 ) Mary - Louise Parker / Gary Sinise ( 2001 ) Liam Neeson ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2006 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Alfred Molina ( 2010 ) Mark Rylance ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Nathan Lane ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chita Rivera ( 2015 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) Glenda Jackson ( 2018 ) European Film Award for Best Actor Max von Sydow ( 1988 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1989 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 1990 ) Michel Bouquet ( 1991 ) Matti Pellonpää ( 1992 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 1993 ) Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1997 ) Roberto Benigni ( 1998 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1999 ) Sergi López ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Sergio Castellitto ( 2002 ) Daniel Brühl ( 2003 ) Javier Bardem ( 2004 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 2005 ) Ulrich Mühe ( 2006 ) Sasson Gabai ( 2007 ) Toni Servillo ( 2008 ) Tahar Rahim ( 2009 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2010 ) Colin Firth ( 2011 ) Jean - Louis Trintignant ( 2012 ) Toni Servillo ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Michael Caine ( 2015 ) Peter Simonischek ( 2016 ) Claes Bang ( 2017 ) Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor Richard Burton ( 1955 ) Paul Scofield ( 1956 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1957 ) Michael Redgrave ( 1958 ) Eric Porter ( 1959 ) Alec Guinness ( 1960 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Michael Redgrave ( 1963 ) Nicol Williamson ( 1964 ) Ian Holm ( 1965 ) Albert Finney ( 1966 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1967 ) Alec McCowen ( 1968 ) Nicol Williamson ( 1969 ) John Gielgud ( 1970 ) Alan Bates ( 1971 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1972 ) Alec McCowen ( 1973 ) John Wood ( 1974 ) John Gielgud ( 1975 ) Albert Finney ( 1976 ) Donald Sinden ( 1977 ) Alan Howard ( 1978 ) Warren Mitchell ( 1979 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1980 ) Alan Howard ( 1981 ) Alec McCowen ( 1982 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1983 ) Ian McKellen ( 1984 ) Antony Sher ( 1985 ) Albert Finney ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) Eric Porter ( 1988 ) Ian McKellen ( 1989 ) Richard Harris ( 1990 ) John Wood ( 1991 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1992 ) Ian Holm ( 1993 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1994 ) Michael Gambon ( 1995 ) Paul Scofield ( 1996 ) Ian Holm ( 1997 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1998 ) Stephen Dillane ( 1999 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2000 ) Alex Jennings ( 2001 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2002 ) Michael Sheen ( 2003 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2004 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2005 ) Rufus Sewell ( 2006 ) Patrick Stewart ( 2007 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2008 ) Mark Rylance ( 2009 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2010 ) Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller ( 2011 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2012 ) Adrian Lester and Rory Kinnear ( 2013 ) Tom Hiddleston ( 2014 ) James McAvoy ( 2015 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2016 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film James Brolin ( 1970 ) Edward Asner ( 1971 ) James Brolin ( 1972 ) McLean Stevenson ( 1973 ) Harvey Korman ( 1974 ) Edward Asner / Tim Conway ( 1975 ) Edward Asner ( 1976 ) Norman Fell ( 1978 ) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback ( 1979 ) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback ( 1980 ) John Hillerman ( 1981 ) Lionel Stander ( 1982 ) Richard Kiley ( 1983 ) Paul Le Mat ( 1984 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1985 ) Jan Niklas ( 1986 ) Rutger Hauer ( 1987 ) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud ( 1988 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1989 ) Charles Durning ( 1990 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. ( 1991 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1992 ) Beau Bridges ( 1993 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1994 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1995 ) Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) George C. Scott ( 1997 ) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck ( 1998 ) Peter Fonda ( 1999 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2000 ) Stanley Tucci ( 2001 ) Donald Sutherland ( 2002 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 2003 ) William Shatner ( 2004 ) Paul Newman ( 2005 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2006 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2007 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2008 ) John Lithgow ( 2009 ) Chris Colfer ( 2010 ) Peter Dinklage ( 2011 ) Ed Harris ( 2012 ) Jon Voight ( 2013 ) Matt Bomer ( 2014 ) Christian Slater ( 2015 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2016 ) Alexander Skarsgård ( 2017 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead M. Emmet Walsh ( 1985 ) James Woods ( 1986 ) Dennis Quaid ( 1987 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1988 ) Matt Dillon ( 1989 ) Danny Glover ( 1990 ) River Phoenix ( 1991 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1992 ) Jeff Bridges ( 1993 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1994 ) Sean Penn ( 1995 ) William H. Macy ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1999 ) Javier Bardem ( 2000 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2001 ) Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) James Franco ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) John Hawkes ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor Antony Sher ( 1985 ) Albert Finney ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) Oliver Ford Davies ( 1989 / 1990 ) Ian McKellen ( 1991 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1992 ) Robert Stephens ( 1993 ) Mark Rylance ( 1994 ) David Bamber ( 1995 ) Alex Jennings ( 1996 ) Antony Sher ( 1997 ) Ian Holm ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Henry Goodman ( 2000 ) Conleth Hill ( 2001 ) Roger Allam ( 2002 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2003 ) Matthew Kelly ( 2004 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2005 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2006 ) Rufus Sewell ( 2007 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2008 ) Derek Jacobi ( 2009 ) Mark Rylance ( 2010 ) Roger Allam ( 2011 ) Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller ( 2012 ) Luke Treadaway ( 2013 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2014 ) Mark Strong ( 2015 ) Kenneth Cranham ( 2016 ) Jamie Parker ( 2017 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2018 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a New Play Paul Copley ( 1976 ) Michael Bryant ( 1977 ) Tom Conti ( 1978 ) Ian McKellen ( 1979 ) Roger Rees ( 1980 ) Trevor Eve ( 1981 ) Ian McDiarmid ( 1982 ) Jack Shepherd ( 1983 ) Brian Cox ( 1984 ) David Haig ( 1988 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a Revival Alan Howard ( 1976 ) Ian McKellen ( 1977 ) Alan Howard ( 1978 ) Warren Mitchell ( 1979 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1980 ) Daniel Massey ( 1981 ) Stephen Moore ( 1982 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1983 ) Ian McKellen ( 1984 ) Brian Cox ( 1988 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Comedy Performance Penelope Keith ( 1976 ) Denis Quilley ( 1977 ) Ian McKellen ( 1978 ) Barry Humphries ( 1979 ) Beryl Reid ( 1980 ) Rowan Atkinson ( 1981 ) Geoffrey Hutchings ( 1982 ) Griff Rhys Jones ( 1983 ) Maureen Lipman ( 1984 ) Michael Gambon ( 1985 ) Bill Fraser ( 1986 ) John Woodvine ( 1987 ) Alex Jennings ( 1988 ) Michael Gambon ( 1989 / 1990 ) Alan Cumming ( 1991 ) Desmond Barrit ( 1992 ) Simon Cadell ( 1993 ) Griff Rhys Jones ( 1994 ) Niall Buggy ( 1995 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actor of the Year Alan Rickman ( 1991 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1994 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1995 ) Ewan McGregor / Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) Robert Carlyle ( 1997 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 1998 ) Jeremy Northam ( 1999 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2000 ) Paul Bettany ( 2001 ) Hugh Grant ( 2002 ) Paul Bettany ( 2003 ) Daniel Craig ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Toby Jones ( 2006 ) James McAvoy ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Daniel Kaluuya ( 2017 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Al Pacino ( 1975 ) Robert De Niro ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) F. 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-3496358888911083054 | Balloon | Balloon - wikipedia Balloon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Balloon ( disambiguation ) . Balloons are given for special occasions , such as birthdays or holidays , and are often used as party décor . A balloon is a flexible bag that can be inflated with a fluid , such as helium , hydrogen , nitrous oxide , oxygen , air or water . Modern day balloons are made from materials such as rubber , latex , polychloroprene , or a nylon fabric , and can come in many colors . Some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders , such as the pig bladder . Some balloons are used for decorative purposes or entertaining purposes , while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology , medical treatment , military defense , or transportation . A balloon 's properties , including its low density and low cost , have led to a wide range of applications . The rubber balloon was invented by Michael Faraday in 1824 , during experiments with various gases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 1.1 Decoration or entertainment 1.1. 1 Modelling and use in art 1.1. 2 Drops and releases 1.1. 3 Publicity use 1.1. 4 Water balloons 1.1. 5 Solar balloons 1.1. 6 Balloon rockets 1.2 Flying machines 1.3 Medicine 2 Safety and environmental concerns 3 Physics 3.1 Air pressure 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Applications ( edit ) See also : List of balloon uses Decoration or entertainment ( edit ) Main article : Toy balloon Balloon Decorating Decorations made of balloons with a combination of stacking and twisting techniques showcasing the deco - twisting style . Balloons are used for decorating birthday parties , weddings , corporate functions , school events , and for other festive gatherings . The artists who use the round balloons to build are called `` stackers '' and the artists who use pencil balloons to build are called `` twisters . '' Most commonly associated with helium balloon decor , more recently balloon decorators have been moving towards the creation of air - filled balloon decorations due to the non-renewable natural resource of helium limited in supply . The most common types of balloon decor include arches , columns , centerpieces , balloon drops , sculptures , and balloon bouquets . With the increased aptitude for balloon twisting as well as balloon stacking , the rise of the deco - twister manifests itself as the combination of stacking techniques as well as twisting techniques to create unique and interesting balloon decor option . Decorative rainbow colored arches made of party balloons used at the gay pride parade in São Paulo , Brazil . Party balloons are mostly made of a natural latex tapped from rubber trees , and can be filled with air , helium , water , or any other suitable liquid or gas . The rubber 's elasticity makes the volume adjustable . Twisting balloons can be used to create decor centerpieces for events and to create a more unique look than can be provided by foil balloons . Often the term `` Party Balloon '' will refer to a twisting balloon or pencil balloon . These balloons are manipulated to create shapes and figures for parties and events , typically along with entertainment . Filling the balloon with air can be done with the mouth , a manual or electric inflater ( such as a hand pump ) , or with a source of compressed gas . When rubber or plastic balloons are filled with helium so that they float , they typically retain their buoyancy for only a day or so , sometimes longer . The enclosed helium atoms escape through small pores in the latex which are larger than the helium atoms . Balloons filled with air usually hold their size and shape much longer , sometimes for up to a week . Even a perfect rubber balloon eventually loses gas to the outside . The process by which a substance or solute migrates from a region of high concentration , through a barrier or membrane , to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion . The inside of balloons can be treated with a special gel ( for instance , the polymer solution sold under the `` Hi Float '' brand ) which coats the inside of the balloon to reduce the helium leakage , thus increasing float time to a week or longer . Animal - shaped balloons Beginning in the late 1970s , some more expensive ( and longer - lasting ) foil balloons made of thin , unstretchable , less permeable metallised films such as Mylar ( BoPET ) started being produced . These balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with color pictures and patterns for gifts and parties . The most important attribute of metallised nylon for balloons is its lightweight , increasing buoyancy and its ability to keep the helium gas from escaping for several weeks . Foil balloons have been criticized for interfering with power lines . Modelling and use in art ( edit ) Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures ( see balloon modelling ) . The balloons used for sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber so that they can be twisted and tied without bursting . Since the pressure required to inflate a balloon is inversely proportional to the diameter of the balloon , these tiny tubular balloons are extremely hard to inflate initially . A pump is usually used to inflate these balloons . Decorators may use helium balloons to create balloon sculptures . Usually the round shape of the balloon restricts these to simple arches or walls , but on occasion more ambitious `` sculptures '' have been attempted . It is also common to use balloons as table decorations for celebratory events . Balloons can sometimes be modeled to form shapes of animals . Table decorations normally appear with three or five balloons on each bouquet . Ribbon is curled and added with a weight to keep the balloons from floating away . Drops and releases ( edit ) Party balloons in Italy A decorative use for balloons is in balloon drops . In a balloon drop , a plastic bag or net filled with air - inflated balloons is suspended from a fixed height . Once released , the balloons fall onto their target area below . Balloon drops are commonly performed at New Year 's Eve celebrations and at political rallies and conventions , but may also be performed at celebrations , including graduations and weddings . For decades , people have also celebrated with balloon releases . This practice has been discouraged by the balloon industry , as it has posed problematic for the environment and cities . In recent years , legislation , such as the California Balloon Law , has been enacted to enforce consumers and retailers to tether helium - filled foil ( BoPET ) balloons with a balloon weight . This ensures that the helium - filled balloons do not float into the atmosphere , which is both potentially injurious to animals , the environment , and power lines . Many states now have banned balloon releases , and organizations such as Balloons Blow have been created to educate people about the environmental issues . It is becoming more common for balloons to be filled with air instead of helium , as air - filled balloons will not release into the atmosphere or deplete the earthly helium supply . There are numerous party games and school - related activities that can use air - filled balloons as opposed to helium balloons . When age - appropriate , these activities often include the added fun of blowing the balloons up . In many events , the balloons will contain prizes , and party - goers can pop the balloons to retrieve the items inside . Publicity use ( edit ) Balloons are used for publicity at major events . Screen printing processes can be used to print designs and company logos onto the balloons . Custom built printers inflate the balloon and apply ink with elastic qualities through a silk screen template . In January 2008 , the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York organized a display of 4,200 red balloons outside the United Nations Headquarters . Also in the 1950s at the start of the Cold War , activists in Western Europe uses balloons for propaganda purposes that would float east over Eastern Europe , which would release newspapers and pamphlets . Today , South Korean activists are using the same balloon method to get information to those in North Korea . Paolo Scannavino set the record of 11 for the most giant balloons entered in 2 minutes . Water balloons ( edit ) Main article : Water balloon Water balloons are thin , small rubber balloons filled with a liquid , usually water , instead of a gas , and intended to be easily broken . They are usually used by children , who throw them at each other , trying to get each other wet , as a game , competition , or practical joke . By forcing water out the open end of a water balloon , it is possible to use it as a makeshift water gun . Solar balloons ( edit ) Main article : Solar balloon Solar balloons are thin , large balloons filled with air that is heated by the sun in order to decrease its density to obtain lift . Balloon rockets ( edit ) Main article : Balloon rocket Balloons are often deliberately released , creating a so - called balloon rocket . Balloon rockets work because the elastic balloons contract on the air within them , and so when the mouth of the balloon is opened , the gas within the balloon is expelled out , and due to Newton 's third law of motion , the balloon is propelled forward . This is the same way that a rocket works . Flying machines ( edit ) Hot air balloons , San Diego , California Main article : Balloon ( aeronautics ) Balloons filled with hot air or a buoyant gas have been used as flying machines since the 18th century . The earliest flights were made with hot air balloons using air heated with a flame , or hydrogen as the lifting gas . Later , coal gas and later still helium were used . An unpowered balloon travels with the wind . A balloon which has an engine to propel it is called a dirigible balloon or airship . Medicine ( edit ) Angioplasty is a surgical procedure in which very small balloons are inserted into blocked or partially blocked blood vessels near the heart . Once in place , the balloon is inflated to clear or compress arterial plaque , and to stretch the walls of the vessel , thus preventing myocardial infarction . A small stent can be inserted at the angioplasty site to keep the vessel open after the balloon 's removal . Balloon catheters are catheters that have balloons at their tip to keep them from slipping out . For example , the balloon of a Foley catheter is inflated when the catheter is inserted into the urinary bladder and secures its position . Insertion of balloons subsequently filled with air or liquid can be used to stop bleeding in hollow internal organs such as stomach or uterus . Safety and environmental concerns ( edit ) Main article : Marine debris An illustration of the degradation of the latex polymer in aquatic environments There has been some environmental concern over metallised nylon balloons , as they do not biodegrade or shred as rubber balloons do . Release of these types of balloons into the atmosphere is considered harmful to the environment . This type of balloon can also conduct electricity on its surface and released foil balloons can become entangled in power lines and cause power outages . Released balloons can land anywhere , including on nature reserves or other areas where they pose a serious hazard to animals through ingestion or entanglement . Because of the harm to wildlife and the effect of litter on the environment , some jurisdictions even legislate to control mass balloon releases . Legislation proposed in Maryland , US , was named after Inky , a pygmy sperm whale who needed six operations after swallowing debris , the largest piece of which was a mylar balloon . To date , there is no documentary evidence to suggest that the death of any sea mammal has been attributed to foil balloons as a sole cause . In the United Kingdom , foil balloons sold at major theme parks and zoos have balloon weights attached to help prevent accidental release into the environment . Anthony Andrady says that releases of latex balloons that descend into the sea pose a serious ingestion and / or entanglement hazard to marine animals because balloons exposed floating in seawater deteriorate much more slowly than those exposed in air . Balloon manufacturers will often state that a latex balloon is perfectly safe to release into the environment as it is made from a natural substance and will biodegrade over time . However , a latex balloon can take up to a year to degrade if it lands in the sea and during this time it is possible for a marine animal to ingest the balloon and die from slow starvation if its digestive system is blocked . NABAS ( National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers ) , an organisation that styles itself `` The Balloon and Party Professionals Association '' and represents the UK balloon industry , publishes guidelines for people holding balloon releases . When balloons eventually return to the ground , they begin the degradation process . Latex balloons are the most used because of their ability to biodegrade . The problem with this is that it can take at least 4 weeks to show substantial degradation of the polymer in the environment , and around 6 months in aquatic environments . This issue can have an effect on the wildlife on both land and in aquatic systems because animals will confuse deflated balloons as food , nesting material , or simply something to play with . When that happens , it can lead to negative effects for the animals . For example , a bird will use a deflated balloon as a component for its nest . When the eggs hatch , they will get tangled in the balloon and that can lead to death . Another environmental problem with latex balloons is not the effects the balloons have on the environment once they are decomposed , but when they are being made . When latex is being produced , it produces greenhouse gases , such as CO , CH , N O . This is becoming an increasing problem , especially in Thailand which is responsible for 35 % of the worlds natural rubber production . Physics ( edit ) Air pressure ( edit ) Main article : Atmospheric pressure Contemporary illustration of the first flight by Professor Jacques Charles , December 1 , 1783 Once inflated with regular , atmospheric air , the air inside the balloon will have a greater air pressure than the original atmospheric air pressure . Air pressure , technically , is a measurement of the amount of collisions against a surface at any time . In the case of balloon , it 's supposed to measure how many particles at any in any given time space collide with the wall of the balloon and bounce off . However , since this is near impossible to measure , air pressure seems to be easier described as density . The similarity comes from the idea that when there are more molecules in the same space , more of them will be heading towards a collision course with the wall . The first concept of air pressure within a balloon that is necessary to know is that air pressures `` try '' to even out . With all the bouncing against the balloon wall ( both interior and exterior ) there will be a certain amount of expansion / contraction . As air pressure itself is a description of the total forces against an object , each of these forces , on the outside of the balloon , causes the balloon to contract a tiny bit , while the inside forces cause the balloon to expand . With this knowledge , one would immediately assume that a balloon with high air pressure inside would expand based on the high amount of internal forces , and vice versa . This would make the inside and outside air pressures equal . However , balloons have a certain elasticity to them that needs to be taken into account . The act of stretching a balloon fills it with potential energy . When it is released , the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and the balloon snaps back into its original position , though perhaps a little stretched out . When a balloon is filled with air , the balloon is being stretched . While the elasticity of the balloon causes tension that would have the balloon collapse , it is also being pushed back out by the constant bouncing of the internal air molecules . The internal air has to exert force not only to counteract the external air to keep the air pressures `` even '' , but it also has to counteract the natural contraction of the balloon . Therefore , it requires more air pressure ( or force ) than the air outside the balloon wall . Because of this , when helium balloons are left and they float higher , as atmospheric pressure decreases , the air inside it exerts more pressure than outside it so the balloon pops from tension . In some cases , the helium leaks out from pores and the balloon deflates , falling down . See also ( edit ) Aerobot Balloon - carried light effect Flogo List of inflatable manufactured goods Pig Balloon Pneumatic bladder Radiosonde Rockoon Speech balloon Tethered balloon Two - balloon experiment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swain , Heather ( 2010 ) . Make These Toys : 101 Clever Creations Using Everyday Items . Penguin Publishing Group . pp. 15 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 18873 - 6 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metallic balloons spark controversy '' Archived July 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Los Angeles Times . April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New bill to ban certain balloons '' Archived June 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... ABC . April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Balloons Blow , Do n't Let Them Go ! Archived November 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , balloonsblow.org Jump up ^ Sela , Neta ( January 24 , 2008 ) 4,200 balloons released in NY to protest Qassam fire Archived June 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Ynet News . Jump up ^ `` Target Satellite Europe . '' Archived November 27 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Popular Mechanics , April 1956 , pp. 110 -- 112 . Jump up ^ 2013 Guinness Book of World Records Limited . Craig Glenday. 2013 . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908843 - 15 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman Jones , Andrew . `` Scientific Explanation : Why the Rocket Balloon Works '' . How to Create a Rocket Balloon . About : Physics . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berger , Alan ( May 30 , 2006 ) . `` Angioplasty '' . Medical Encyclopedia . MedlinePlus . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary . `` History of the Catheter -- Balloon Catheter -- Thomas Fogarty '' . About : Inventors . About . Retrieved April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haroutunian , Atineh ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Mylar Balloons Spark Power Outages '' . Glendalewaterandpower.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MARP Sponsors Inky Legislation '' . National Aquarium in Baltimore . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Legislation regulating the release of balloons '' . Clean Virginia Waterways . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2006 . Retrieved December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Are sea mammals at risk ? '' . The Balloon Council . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Policy Statement '' . Balloon Supply & Distribution Ltd . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrady , A.L. ( August 6 , 2000 ) . `` Plastics and Their Impacts in the Marine Environment '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the International Marine Debris Conference on Derelict Fishing Gear and the Ocean Environment . Hawaii : Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary . p. 140 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NABAS : The Balloon Association '' . NABAS ( National Association of Balloon Artists and Suppliers ) . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Conduct '' ( PDF ) . NABAS . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , S ; Sinclair , CJ ; Bradley , EL ; Boxall , AB ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Effects of environmental conditions on latex degradation in aquatic systems '' . The Science of the total environment . 447 : 225 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2012.12. 067 . PMID 23384646 . Jump up ^ Andrady , Anthony ( Feb 11 , 2015 ) . Plastics and Environmental Sustainability . John Wiley & Sons . p. 303 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ King , Rachael ( July 5 , 2008 ) . `` Old balloons causing woes for wildlife , despite law - Latex , ribbons fall to earth after whimsical flights in sky '' . New Haven Register . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jawjit , Warit ; Kroeze , Carolien ; Rattanapan , Suwat ( March 2010 ) . `` Greenhouse gas emissions from rubber industry in Thailand '' . Journal of Cleaner Production . 18 ( 5 ) : 403 -- 411 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jclepro. 2009.12. 003 . Jump up ^ Serway , Raymond , Chris Vuille , and Jerry Faughn ( 2008 ) . College Physics , Volume 10 . Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ `` Balloons . '' Reach Out Michigan . N.p. , n.d. Web . November 30 , 2010 . Why are balloons stretchy ? Archived November 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) `` Stories Behind Everyday Things '' ; New York : Reader 's Digest , 1980 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balloons . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Balloon . Stratospheric balloons , history and present Historical recompilation project on the use of stratospheric balloons in the scientific research , the military field and the aerospace activity National trade association for the UK balloon industry Balloon and Party Industry alliance for the UK and European Balloon and Party industry National trade association for the Australasian balloon industry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balloon&oldid=832267626 '' Categories : Party equipment Balloons Inflatable manufactured goods Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cymraeg Eesti Ελληνικά فارسی Français Gàidhlig गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Simple English Slovenščina Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe 粵語 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 22 : 10 . 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4018638282774437064 | M*A*S*H (TV series) | M * a * S * H ( TV series ) - wikipedia M * a * S * H ( TV series ) This article is about the television series . For information on the franchise as a whole , see M * A * S * H . M * A * S * H Title screen Genre War Comedy - drama Dark comedy Based on M * A * S * H : A Novel About Three Army Doctors by Richard Hooker Developed by Larry Gelbart Starring Alan Alda Wayne Rogers McLean Stevenson Loretta Swit Larry Linville Gary Burghoff Mike Farrell Harry Morgan Jamie Farr William Christopher David Ogden Stiers Theme music composer Johnny Mandel ( written for the film ) Opening theme `` Suicide Is Painless '' Ending theme `` Suicide Is Painless '' ( big band version ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 256 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Larry Gelbart ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Gene Reynolds ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Burt Metcalfe ( seasons 6 -- 11 ) Production location ( s ) Los Angeles County , California ( Century City , Malibu Creek State Park ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 30 minutes with commercials , except `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' ( 2 hours with commercials ) Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network CBS Original release September 17 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 17 ) -- February 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 28 ) Chronology Followed by AfterM * A * S * H W * A * L * T * E * R Related shows Trapper John , M.D. External links Website M * A * S * H is an American war comedy - drama television series that aired on CBS from 1972 to 1983 . It was developed by Larry Gelbart , adapted from the 1970 feature film M * A * S * H , which , in turn , was based on Richard Hooker 's 1968 novel MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors . The series , which was produced with 20th Century Fox Television for CBS , follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the `` 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital '' in Uijeongbu , South Korea , during the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) . The show 's title sequence features an instrumental - only version of `` Suicide Is Painless '' , the original film 's theme song . The show was created after an attempt to film the original book 's sequel , M * A * S * H Goes to Maine , failed . The television series is the best - known of the M * A * S * H works , and one of the highest - rated shows in US television history . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main cast 2.1. 1 Main character timeline 2.1. 2 Cast pictures 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Set location 3.3 Smithsonian exhibit 3.4 Content 3.5 Vehicles 3.6 Laugh track 4 Episodes 4.1 Episode list 4.2 Final episode : `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' 5 International broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and recognition 6.2 Season ratings 6.3 Awards 7 Home media 8 Spinoffs and specials 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) M * A * S * H aired weekly on CBS , with most episodes being a half - hour ( 25 minutes ) in length . The series is usually categorized as a situation comedy , though it has also been described as a `` dark comedy '' or a `` dramedy '' because of the often dramatic subject matter . The show is an ensemble piece revolving around key personnel in a United States Army Mobile Army Surgical Hospital ( MASH ) in the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) . ( The asterisks in the name are not part of military nomenclature and were creatively introduced in the novel and used in only the posters for the movie version , not the actual movie . ) The `` 4077th MASH '' was one of several surgical units in Korea . While the show is traditionally viewed as a comedy , many episodes had a more serious tone . Airing on network prime time while the Vietnam War was still going on , the show was forced to walk the fine line of commenting on that war while at the same time not seeming to protest it . For this reason , the show 's discourse , under the cover of comedy , often questioned , mocked , and grappled with America 's role in the Cold War . Episodes were both plot - and character - driven , with several narrated by one of the show 's characters as the contents of a letter home . The show 's tone could move from silly to sobering from one episode to the next , with dramatic tension often occurring between the civilian draftees of 4077th -- Hawkeye , Trapper John , and B.J. Hunnicutt , for example -- who are forced to leave their homes to tend the wounded and dying of the war , and the `` regular Army '' characters , such as Margaret Houlihan and Colonel Potter , who tend to represent patriotism and duty ( though Houlihan and Potter could also represent the other perspective at times ) . Other characters , such as Col. Blake , Maj . Winchester , and Cpl . Klinger , help demonstrate various American civilian attitudes toward army life , while guest characters played by such actors as Eldon Quick , Herb Voland , Mary Wickes , and Tim O'Connor also help further the show 's discussion of America 's place as Cold War warmaker and peacemaker . Characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Main article : List of M * A * S * H characters See also : List of M * A * S * H cast members M * A * S * H maintained a relatively constant ensemble cast , with four characters -- Hawkeye , Father Mulcahy , Margaret Houlihan , and Maxwell Klinger -- on the show for all 11 seasons . Several other main characters departed or joined the program during its run , and numerous guest actors and recurring characters were used . The writers found creating so many names difficult , and used names from elsewhere ; for example , characters on the seventh season were named after the 1978 Los Angeles Dodgers . Note : Character appearances include double - length episodes as two appearances , making 260 in total . Character Actor / actress Rank Role Appearances Hawkeye Pierce Alan Alda Captain Chief surgeon 251 Margaret `` Hot Lips '' Houlihan Penopscott Loretta Swit Major Head nurse , temporary adjutant 243 Max Klinger ( Recurring seasons 1 -- 3 , regular 4 -- 11 ) Jamie Farr Corporal , later sergeant Corpsman , later company clerk 219 Father John Patrick Francis Mulcahy ( recurring seasons 1 -- 4 , regular 5 -- 11 ) George Morgan ( pilot episode ) , replaced by William Christopher First lieutenant , later captain Chaplain 218 Trapper John McIntyre ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Wayne Rogers Captain Surgeon 72 + 1 uncredited voiceover ( `` Welcome to Korea '' ) Henry Blake ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) McLean Stevenson Lieutenant colonel Commanding officer , surgeon 70 Frank Burns ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Larry Linville Major , later lieutenant colonel ( off - screen ) Surgeon , executive officer temporary commanding officer ( following the discharge of Henry Blake ) 118 Radar O'Reilly ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Gary Burghoff Corporal ( one episode as second lieutenant due to falsified promotion ) Company clerk , bugler 156 B.J. Hunnicutt ( replaced Trapper ; seasons 4 -- 11 ) Mike Farrell Captain Surgeon 187 Sherman Potter ( replaced Henry Blake ; Seasons 4 -- 11 ) Harry Morgan Colonel Commanding officer ( after Lt. Col. Blake ) , surgeon 188 Charles Emerson Winchester III ( replaced Frank Burns ; seasons 6 -- 11 ) David Ogden Stiers Major Surgeon , executive officer ( after Major Burns ) 137 Main character timeline ( edit ) Cast pictures ( edit ) The cast of M * A * S * H from Season 2 , 1974 ( clockwise from left ) : Loretta Swit , Larry Linville , Wayne Rogers , Gary Burghoff , McLean Stevenson , and Alan Alda The cast of M * A * S * H from Season 5 , 1977 ( clockwise from left ) : William Christopher , Gary Burghoff , David Ogden Stiers , Jamie Farr , Mike Farrell , Alan Alda , Harry Morgan , Loretta Swit . The cast of M * A * S * H from season 8 onwards ( clockwise from left ) : Mike Farrell , William Christopher , Jamie Farr , David Ogden Stiers , Loretta Swit , Alan Alda , and Harry Morgan Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) As the series progressed , it made a significant shift from being primarily a comedy with dramatic undertones to a drama with comedic undertones . This was a result of changes in writing and production staff , rather than the cast defections of McLean Stevenson , Larry Linville , Wayne Rogers and Gary Burghoff . Series co-creator and joke writer Larry Gelbart departed after Season 4 , the first featuring Mike Farrell and Harry Morgan . This resulted in Farrell and Morgan having only a single season reading scripts featuring Gelbart 's masterful comic timing , which defined the feel and rhythm of Seasons 1 -- 4 featuring predecessors Rogers and Stevenson , respectively . Larry Linville ( the show 's comic foil ) and Executive Producer Gene Reynolds both departed at the conclusion of Season 5 in 1977 , resulting in M * A * S * H being fully stripped of its original tight comedic foundation by the beginning of Season 6 -- the debut of the Charles Winchester era . Whereas Gelbart and Reynolds were the comedic voice of M * A * S * H for the show 's first five seasons ( 1972 -- 1977 ) , Alan Alda and newly promoted Executive Producer Burt Metcalfe became the new dramatic voice of M * A * S * H for Seasons 6 -- 11 . By the start of Season 8 ( 1979 -- 1980 ) , the writing staff had been completely overhauled , and with the departure of Gary Burghoff , M * A * S * H displayed a distinctively different feel , consciously moving between comedy and drama , unlike the seamless integration of its first five years . The end of the Vietnam War in 1975 was a significant factor as to why storylines become less political in nature and more character driven . Several episodes also experimented with the sitcom format : `` Point of View '' -- shown from the perspective of a soldier with a throat wound `` Dreams '' -- an idea of Alda 's , where during a deluge of casualties , members of the 4077 take naps on a rotation basis , allowing the viewer to see the simultaneously lyrical and disturbing dreams `` A War For All Seasons '' -- features a storyline that takes place over the course of 1951 `` Life Time '' -- a precursor to the American television series 24 , it utilizes the real time method of narration Another change was the infusion of story lines based on actual events and medical developments that materialized during the Korean War . Considerable research was done by the producers , including interviews with actual MASH surgeons and personnel to develop story lines rooted in the war itself . Such early 1950s events as the McCarthy era , various sporting events , and the stardom of Marilyn Monroe were all incorporated into various episodes , a trend that continued until the end of the series . While the series remained popular through these changes , it eventually began to run out of creative steam . Korean War doctors regularly contacted producers with experiences that they thought might make for a good storyline , only to learn the idea had previously been used . Harry Morgan admitted that he felt `` the cracks were starting to show '' by season 9 ( 1980 -- 1981 ) . Alda wished to make season 10 ( 1981 - 1982 ) M * A * S * H 's last , but was persuaded by CBS to produce a slightly shortened 11th season , coupled with a farewell movie finale , because CBS refused to let the show go away so easily . In the end , season 11 had 15 episodes ( although six had been filmed during season 10 and held over ) and a 2 - 1 / 2 hour movie , which was treated as five episodes and was filmed before the nine remaining episodes . The final episode ever produced was the penultimate episode `` As Time Goes By '' . The series finale movie , titled `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' , became the most - watched television broadcast in history , tallying a total of 125 million viewers . Set location ( edit ) M * A * S * H site in Malibu Creek State Park . Hulk of a Dodge WC54 ambulance . Copy of the original M * A * S * H signpost was installed on the site in 2008 . The 4077th consisted of two separate sets . An outdoor set in the mountains near Malibu , California ( Calabasas , Los Angeles County , California ) was used for most exterior and tent scenes for every season . This was the same set used to shoot the movie . The indoor set , on a sound stage at Fox Studios in Century City , was used for the indoor scenes for the run of the series . Later , after the indoor set was renovated to permit many of the `` outdoor '' scenes to be filmed there , both sets were used for exterior shooting as script requirements dictated ( e.g. , night scenes were far easier to film on the sound stage , but scenes at the chopper pad required using the ranch ) . Just as the series was wrapping production , a brush fire destroyed most of the outdoor set on October 9 , 1982 . The fire was written into the final episode as a forest fire caused by enemy incendiary bombs that forced the 4077th to bug out . The Malibu location is today known as Malibu Creek State Park . Formerly called the Century Ranch and owned by 20th Century Fox Studios until the 1980s , the site today is returning to a natural state , and is marked by a rusted Jeep and an ambulance used in the show . Through the 1990s , the area was occasionally used for television commercial production . On February 23 , 2008 , series stars Mike Farrell , Loretta Swit and William Christopher ( along with producers Gene Reynolds and Burt Metcalfe and M * A * S * H director Charles S. Dubin ) reunited at the set to celebrate its partial restoration . The rebuilt signpost is now displayed on weekends , along with tent markers and maps and photos of the set . The state park is open to the public . It was also the location where the film How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) and the Planet of the Apes television series ( 1974 ) were filmed , among other productions . Smithsonian exhibit ( edit ) The operating room set on display in the National Museum of American History as part of the `` MASH : Binding Up the Wounds '' exhibit in 1983 The exhibit M * A * S * H : Binding Up the Wounds was at the National Museum of American History from July 30 , 1983 through February 3 , 1985 . The exhibit was extremely popular drawing more than 17,000 in a single week , a record for any Smithsonian display . On exhibit were The Swamp and Operating Room sets , one of the show 's 14 Emmy Awards , early drafts of the pilot script , costumes from the show and other memorabilia . Sets were decorated with props from the show including the iconic signpost , Hawkeye 's still and Major Winchester 's Webcor tape recorder and phonograph . The exhibit also encouraged visitors to compare the show to real Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals of the Korean and the Vietnam Wars . Radar 's teddy bear , originally found at the ranch set , was never on display at the Smithsonian . Following completion of production , the prop was kept by the show 's set designer . It was sold several times including to Burghoff himself . It was sold at auction on July 29 , 2005 for $11,800 , it sold again on March 27 , 2015 for $14,307.50 after 19 bids . Content ( edit ) M * A * S * H was one of the first network series to feature brief partial nudity ( notably Gary Burghoff 's buttocks in `` The Sniper '' and Hawkeye in one of the `` Dear Dad '' episodes ) . A different innovation was the show 's producers ' desire not to have a laugh track , contrary to the network 's desire to have one . They compromised by omitting laughter in the scenes set in the operating room . The DVD releases of the series allow viewers to select an audio version with no laugh track . In his blog , writer Ken Levine revealed that on one occasion , when the cast offered too many nitpicking `` notes '' on a script , his writing partner and he changed the script to a `` cold show '' -- one set during the frigid Korean winter . The cast then had to stand around barrel fires in parkas at the Malibu ranch when the temperatures neared 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Levine says , `` This happened maybe twice , and we never got a ticky - tack note again . '' Jackie Cooper wrote that Alan Alda , whom Cooper directed in several episodes during the first two seasons , concealed a lot of hostility beneath the surface , and the two of them barely spoke to each other by the time Cooper 's tenure on the show ended . Vehicles ( edit ) The helicopters used on the series were model H - 13 Sioux ( military designation and nickname of the Bell 47 civilian model ) . As in the film , some care seems to have been taken to use the correct model of the long - lived Bell 47 series . In the opening credits and many of the episodes , Korean War - vintage H - 13Ds and Es ( Bell 47D - 1s ) were used complete with period - correct external litters . A later ( 1954 -- 73 ) 47G occasionally made an appearance . The helicopters are similar in appearance ( with the later `` G '' models having larger two - piece fuel tanks , a slightly revised cabin , and other changes ) with differences noticeable only to a serious helicopter fan . In the pilot episode , a later Bell 47J ( production began in 1957 ) was shown flying Henry Blake to Seoul , en route to a meeting with General Hammond in Tokyo . A Sud Aviation Allouette II helicopter was also shown transporting Henry Blake to the 4077th in the episode `` Henry , Please Come Home '' . The Jeeps used were 1953 military M38 or civil CJ2A Willys Jeeps and also World War II Ford GPWs and Willys MB 's . Two episodes featured the M38A1 Jeep , one of which was stolen from a General by Radar and Hawkeye after their Jeep was stolen . Two of the ambulances were WC - 54 Dodges and one was a WC - 27 . A WC - 54 ambulance remains at the site and was burned in the Malibu fires on October 9 , 1982 , while a second WC - 27 survives at a South El Monte museum without any markings . The bus used to transport the wounded was a 1954 Ford model . In the last season , an M43 ambulance from the Korean War era also was used in conjunction with the WC - 54s and WC - 27 . Bell 47G helicopter in MASH colours . Burned Dodge ambulance at Malibu Creek State Park Burned Jeep ( most likely a CJ - 2A ) at Malibu Creek State Park Laugh track ( edit ) Series creators Larry Gelbart and Gene Reynolds wanted M * A * S * H broadcast without a laugh track . Though CBS initially rejected the idea , a compromise was reached that allowed for omitting the laughter during operating room scenes if desired . `` We told the network that under no circumstances would we ever can laughter during an OR scene when the doctors were working , '' said Gelbart in 1998 . `` It 's hard to imagine that 300 people were in there laughing at somebody 's guts being sewn up . '' Seasons 1 -- 5 utilized a more invasive laugh track ; a more subdued audience was employed for Seasons 6 -- 11 when the series shifted from sitcom to comedy - drama with the departure of Gelbart and Reynolds . Several episodes ( `` O.R. '' , `` The Bus '' , `` Quo Vadis , Captain Chandler ? '' , `` The Interview '' , `` Point of View '' and `` Dreams '' among them ) omitted the laugh track altogether ; as did almost all of Season 11 , including the 135 - minute series finale , `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' . The laugh track is also omitted from some international and syndicated airings of the show ; on one occasion during an airing on BBC2 , the laugh track was accidentally left on , and viewers expressed their displeasure , an apology from the network for the `` technical difficulty '' was later released , as during its original run on BBC2 in the UK , it was shown without the laugh track . UK DVD critics speak poorly of the laugh track , stating `` canned laughter is intrusive at the best of times , but with a programme like M * A * S * H , it 's downright unbearable . '' On all released DVDs , both in Region 1 ( including the US and Canada ) and Region 2 ( Europe , including the UK ) , an option is given to watch the show with or without the laugh track . `` They 're a lie , '' said Gelbart in a 1992 interview . `` You 're telling an engineer when to push a button to produce a laugh from people who do n't exist . It 's just so dishonest . The biggest shows when we were on the air were All in the Family and The Mary Tyler Moore Show both of which were taped before a live studio audience where laughter made sense , '' continued Gelbart . `` But our show was a film show -- supposedly shot in the middle of Korea . So the question I always asked the network was , ' Who are these laughing people ? Where did they come from ? ' '' Gelbart persuaded CBS to test the show in private screenings with and without the laugh track . The results showed no measurable difference in the audience 's enjoyment . `` So you know what they said ? '' Gelbart said . `` ' Since there 's no difference , let 's leave it alone ! ' The people who defend laugh tracks have no sense of humor . '' Gelbart summed up the situation by saying , `` I always thought it cheapened the show . The network got their way . They were paying for dinner . '' Episodes ( edit ) Episode List ( edit ) Main article : List of M * A * S * H episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 24 September 17 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 17 ) March 25 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 25 ) N / A N / A 24 September 15 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 15 ) March 2 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 02 ) 25.7 24 September 10 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 10 ) March 18 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 18 ) 5 27.4 25 September 12 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 12 ) February 24 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 24 ) 14 22.9 5 25 September 21 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 21 ) March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) 25.9 6 25 September 20 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 20 ) March 27 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 27 ) 8 23.2 7 26 September 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 18 ) March 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 12 ) 7 25.4 8 25 September 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 17 ) March 24 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 24 ) 25.3 9 20 November 17 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 17 ) May 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 04 ) 25.7 10 22 October 26 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 26 ) April 12 , 1982 ( 1982 - 04 - 12 ) 9 22.3 11 16 October 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 25 ) February 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 28 ) 22.6 Jump up ^ The term `` dramedy '' ( drama + comedy ) , although coined in 1978 , was not in common usage until after M * A * S * H had gone off the air . Jump up ^ Tied with The Waltons ^ Jump up to : Tied with Alice Jump up ^ Tied with Magnum , P.I. Final episode : `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' ( edit ) Main article : Goodbye , Farewell and Amen `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' was the final episode of M * A * S * H. Special television sets were placed in PX parking lots , auditoriums , and dayrooms of the US Army in Korea so that military personnel could watch that episode , in spite of 14 hours ' time - zone difference with the East Coast of the US . The episode aired on February 28 , 1983 , and was 21⁄2 hours long . The episode got a Nielsen rating of 60.2 and 77 share and according to a New York Times article from 1983 , the final episode of M * A * S * H had 125 million viewers . When the M * A * S * H finale aired in 1983 , 83.3 million homes in the United States had televisions , compared to almost 115 million in February 2010 . `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' broke the record for the highest percentage of homes with television sets to watch a television series . Stories persist that the episode was seen by so many people that the New York City Sanitation / Public Works Department reported the plumbing systems broke down in some parts of the city from so many New Yorkers waiting until the end to use the toilet . Articles copied into Alan Alda 's book The Last Days of M * A * S * H include interviews with New York City Sanitation workers citing the spike in water use on that night . According to the interviews at 11 : 03 pm , EST New York City public works noted the highest water usage at one given time in the City 's history . They attributed this to the fact that in the three minutes after the finale ended , around 77 % of the people of New York City flushed their toilets . These stories have all since been identified as part of an urban legend dating back to the days of the Amos and Andy radio program in the 1930s . The finale was referenced in a passage from Stephen Chbosky 's coming - of - age novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower , in which the main character and his family watch the finale together . International broadcast ( edit ) Australia - Network Ten ( 1973 -- 1998 ) , Seven Network ( 1999 -- 2011 ) , One ( 2011 -- 2017 ) , 7TWO ( 2018 -- ) UK - BBC Two - ( 1984 - 1995 ) Ireland - RTÉ2 - ( 1985 - 1996 ) And many more international broadcasts . Reception ( edit ) Ratings and recognition ( edit ) The series premiered in the US on September 17 , 1972 , and ended on February 28 , 1983 , with the finale , showcased as a television film , titled `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' , becoming the most - watched and highest - rated single television episode in US television history at the time , with a record - breaking 125 million viewers ( 60.2 rating and 77 share ) , according to the New York Times . It had struggled in its first season and was at risk of being cancelled . Season two of M * A * S * H placed it in a better time slot ( airing after the popular All in the Family ) ; the show became one of the top 10 programs of the year and stayed in the top 20 programs for the rest of its run . It is still broadcast in syndication on various television stations . The series , which depicted events occurring during a three - year war , spanned 256 episodes and lasted 11 seasons . The Korean War lasted 1,128 days , meaning each episode of the series would have averaged almost four and a half days of real time . Many of the stories in the early seasons are based on tales told by real MASH surgeons who were interviewed by the production team . Like the movie , the series was as much an allegory about the Vietnam War ( still in progress when the show began ) as it was about the Korean War . The episodes `` Abyssinia , Henry '' and `` The Interview '' were ranked number 20 and number 80 , respectively , on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time in 1997 . In 2002 , M * A * S * H was ranked number 25 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked it as the fifth - best written TV series ever and TV Guide ranked it as the eighth - greatest show of all time . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked it as the sixteenth - greatest TV show . Season ratings ( edit ) Season Ep # Time slot ( ET ) Season Premiere Season Finale Nielsen Ratings Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Rating 1972 -- 73 24 Sunday at 8 : 00 pm September 17 , 1972 March 25 , 1973 # 46 N / A 17.4 1973 -- 74 24 Saturday at 8 : 30 pm September 15 , 1973 March 2 , 1974 # 4 17.02 25.7 1974 -- 75 24 Tuesday at 8 : 30 pm September 10 , 1974 March 18 , 1975 # 5 18.76 27.4 1975 -- 76 25 Friday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 1 ) Friday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 2 -- 13 ) Tuesday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 14 -- 25 ) September 12 , 1975 February 24 , 1976 # 15 15.93 22.9 5 1976 -- 77 25 Tuesday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 -- 25 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) September 21 , 1976 March 15 , 1977 # 4 18.44 25.9 6 1977 -- 78 25 Tuesday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 -- 19 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 20 -- 25 ) September 20 , 1977 March 27 , 1978 # 9 16.91 23.2 7 1978 -- 79 26 Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 26 ) Monday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 5 ) September 18 , 1978 March 12 , 1979 # 7 18.92 25.4 8 1979 -- 80 25 Monday at 9 : 00 pm September 17 , 1979 March 24 , 1980 # 5 19.30 25.3 9 1980 -- 81 20 November 17 , 1980 May 4 , 1981 # 4 20.53 25.7 10 1981 -- 82 22 Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 -- 22 ) Monday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) October 26 , 1981 April 12 , 1982 # 9 18.17 22.3 11 1982 -- 83 16 Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 -- 15 ) Monday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 16 ) October 25 , 1982 February 28 , 1983 # 3 18.82 22.6 Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by M * A * S * H ( TV series ) M * A * S * H was nominated for over 100 Emmy Awards during its 11 - year run , winning 14 : 1974 -- Outstanding Comedy Series -- M * A * S * H ; Larry Gelbart , Gene Reynolds ( Producers ) 1974 -- Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series -- Alan Alda 1974 -- Best Directing in Comedy -- Jackie Cooper : `` Carry On , Hawkeye '' 1974 -- Actor of the Year , Series -- Alan Alda 1975 -- Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series -- Gene Reynolds : `` O.R. '' 1976 -- Outstanding Film Editing for Entertainment Programming -- Fred W. Berger and Stanford Tischler : `` Welcome to Korea '' 1976 -- Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series -- Gene Reynolds : `` Welcome to Korea '' 1977 -- Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series -- Alan Alda : `` Dear Sigmund '' 1977 -- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series -- Gary Burghoff 1979 -- Outstanding Writing in a Comedy - Variety or Music Series -- Alan Alda : `` Inga '' 1980 -- Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series -- Loretta Swit 1980 -- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series -- Harry Morgan 1982 -- Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series -- Alan Alda 1982 -- Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series -- Loretta Swit The show won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series ( Musical or Comedy ) in 1981 . Alan Alda won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series ( Musical or Comedy ) six times : in 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , and 1983 . McLean Stevenson won the award for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series in 1974 . The series earned the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in a Comedy Series seven times : 1973 ( Gene Reynolds ) , 1974 ( Reynolds ) , 1975 ( Hy Averbeck ) , 1976 ( Averbeck ) , 1977 ( Alan Alda ) , 1982 ( Alda ) , 1983 ( Alda ) . The show was honored with a Peabody Award in 1975 `` for the depth of its humor and the manner in which comedy is used to lift the spirit and , as well , to offer a profound statement on the nature of war . '' M * A * S * H was cited as `` an example of television of high purpose that reveals in universal terms a time and place with such affecting clarity . '' Writers for the show received several Humanitas Prize nominations , with Larry Gelbart winning in 1976 , Alan Alda winning in 1980 , and the team of David Pollock and Elias Davis winning twice in 1982 and 1983 . The series received 28 Writers Guild of America Award nominations -- 26 for Episodic Comedy and two for Episodic Drama . Seven episodes won for Episodic Comedy in 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , and 1981 . Home Media ( edit ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has released all 11 seasons of M * A * S * H on DVD in Region 1 and Region 2 . DVD title Ep No . Release dates Region 1 Region 2 M * A * S * H Season 1 24 January 8 , 2002 May 19 , 2003 M * A * S * H Season 2 24 July 23 , 2002 October 13 , 2003 M * A * S * H Season 3 24 February 18 , 2003 March 15 , 2004 M * A * S * H Seasons 1 -- 3 72 N / A October 31 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 4 24 July 15 , 2003 June 14 , 2004 M * A * S * H Seasons 1 -- 4 96 December 2 , 2003 N / A M * A * S * H Season 5 24 December 9 , 2003 January 17 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 6 24 June 8 , 2004 March 28 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 7 25 December 7 , 2004 May 30 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 8 25 May 24 , 2005 August 15 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 9 20 December 6 , 2005 January 9 , 2006 M * A * S * H Seasons 1 -- 9 214 December 6 , 2005 N / A M * A * S * H Season 10 22 May 23 , 2006 April 17 , 2006 M * A * S * H Season 11 16 November 7 , 2006 May 29 , 2006 Martinis and Medicine Collection ( Complete Series , including the Original Movie ) 256 November 7 , 2006 October 30 , 2006 Goodbye , Farewell , and Amen Collector 's Edition May 15 , 2007 N / A In January 2015 , it was announced that the first five seasons of M * A * S * H would be available on Netflix 's instant streaming service beginning February 1 , 2015 . This marked the first time the series was made available on an internet platform . As of July 1 , 2015 , all 11 seasons were available ; syndicated versions of hour - long episodes were utilized for streaming , splitting these shows into two parts . In contrast to the DVD sets , the Netflix streams did not have an option for disabling the laugh track on the soundtrack . On April 1 , 2016 , M * A * S * H was removed from Netflix due to its contract to stream the series expiring . In November 2016 , SundanceTV announced it will begin airing M * A * S * H and several other classic TV shows . M * A * S * H can be seen on Mondays at 6 am -- 1 pm weekly , starting on November 14 with seven hours with the first 14 episodes from Season 1 . As of 2016 , M * A * S * H episodes air on the MeTV television network . In July 2017 , it was announced that Hulu had acquired online streaming rights for the entire run of M * A * S * H along with several other 20th Century Fox - owned TV programs . Spinoffs and specials ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The short - lived spin - off AfterMASH ( 1983 -- 85 ) inherited the parent show 's Monday night time slot and featured several of its characters reunited in a Midwestern hospital after the war . The more successful Trapper John , M.D. ( 1979 -- 86 ) took place nearly three decades after the events of M * A * S * H and depicted Trapper John McIntyre as chief of surgery at a San Francisco hospital ; its producers argued successfully in court that it was based on the earlier movie rather than the TV series . In an unpurchased television pilot , W * A * L * T * E * R ( 1984 ) , Walter `` Radar '' O'Reilly joins the St. Louis police force after his farm fails following his return to the US . Making M * A * S * H , a documentary special narrated by Mary Tyler Moore that takes viewers behind the production of the season 8 episodes `` Old Soldiers '' and `` Lend a Hand '' , was produced for PBS in 1981 . The special was later included in the syndicated rerun package , with new narration by producer Michael Hirsch . Two retrospective specials were produced to commemorate the show 's 20th and 30th anniversaries . Memories of M * A * S * H , hosted by Shelley Long and featuring clips from the series and interviews with cast members , was aired by CBS on November 25 , 1991 . A 30th Anniversary Reunion special , in which the surviving cast members and producers gathered to reminisce , aired on the Fox network on May 17 , 2002 . The two - hour broadcast was hosted by Mike Farrell , who also got to interact with the actor he replaced , Wayne Rogers ; previously filmed interviews with McLean Stevenson and Larry Linville ( who had died in 1996 and 2000 , respectively ) were also featured . The two specials are included as bonuses on the Collector 's Edition DVD of `` Goodbye , Farewell , and Amen '' . Also included is `` M * A * S * H : Television 's Serious Sitcom '' , a 2002 episode of the A&E cable channel 's Biography program that detailed the show 's history . In the late 1980s , the cast had a partial reunion in a series of commercials for IBM personal computers . All of the front - billed regulars ( with the exceptions of Farrell , Stiers , and Stevenson ) appeared in the spots over time . See also ( edit ) M * A * S * H portal Television in the United States portal MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors MASH ( film ) Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levine , Ken ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Naming characters on TV shows '' . kenlevine.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kalter , Suzy ( 1984 ) . The Complete Book of M * A * S * H. New York : Abradale Press , Harry M. Abrahams , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 8083 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H Again a Hit -- At the Smithsonian '' . The New York Times . 12 August 1983 . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H : Binding Up the Wounds Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ PIANTADOS , ROGER ( July 29 , 1983 ) . `` MASH Lives , At the Smithsonian '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` ` Radar ' is on Uncle Al 's Time Capsule screen '' . Orlando Sentinel . February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lot Detail -- M * A * S * H Radar 's Iconic Teddy Bear '' . www.oakauctions.com . Jump up ^ `` Kevin levine 's blog '' . http://kenlevine.blogspot.com . Kevin levine . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jackie Cooper , Please Do n't Shoot My Dog , p. 290 , William Morrow & Company , 1981 Jump up ^ Day , Dwayne A. `` MASH / Medevac Helicopters Archived 2012 - 01 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Centennial of Flight , April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gelbart , Larry ( May 26 , 1998 ) . Emmy TV Legends : Larry Gelbart Interview ( Interview with Dan Harrison ) . Los Angeles , California : Archive for American Television . ^ Jump up to : Seibel , Deborah Starr ( April 16 , 1992 ) . `` Funny Business : TV Laugh Tracks Can Still Cause Frowns , But The Studios Feel A Need To Be Humored '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Myreviewer.com/Review of MASH Season 3 DVD Review '' . Myreviewer.com. 2004 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : M * A * S * H -- Season Three ( Collector 's Edition ) '' . AVRev.com. 2003 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Another MASH DVD review mentioning audio choices '' . Dvd.reviewer.co.uk. 2010 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Greene , Nick ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Why Did M * A * S * H Have A Laugh Track ? '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1687 -- 1690 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Saints ' '' . USA Today . 2010 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finale Of M * A * S * H Draws Record Number Of Viewers '' . The New York Times . March 3 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIV game a ratings winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alda , Arlene , and Alan Alda . The Last Days of MASH . n.p. : Unicorn House , 1983 . Print . Jump up ^ snopes ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl Flushing Breaks Sewage Systems : snopes.com '' . snopes . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Chbosky , Stephen ( 1999 ) . The Perks of Being a Wallflower . New York : Pocket Books . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 2012 ) . Television 's Top 100 . US : McFarland . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4891 - 3 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` M * A * S * H '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schochet , Stephen . `` The Ironies of MASH Archived April 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . hollywoodstories.com , 2007 . The show 's producers have said that it was about war and bureaucracy in general . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . 26 April 2002 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 -- 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H : Television 's Serious Sitcom '' . Biography . July 10 , 2003 . A&E . Although the cast was beginning to think that M * A * S * H was about to hit its stride , the series was still attracting a very small audience and it ranked 46 in the ratings . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1973 -- 1974 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1974 -- 1975 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1975 -- 1976 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1976 -- 1977 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1977 -- 1978 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1978 -- 1979 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1979 -- 1980 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1980 -- 1981 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1981 -- 1982 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1982 -- 1983 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Peabody Awards An International Competition for Electronic Media , honoring achievement in Television , Radio , Cable and the Web Administered by University of Georgia 's Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication '' . Peabody.uga.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix '' . The Huffington Post . 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Expiring Movies and Shows : A Complete List of What 's Leaving on April 1 '' . decider.com . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H Coming to SundanceTV in November -- MASH4077TV.com '' . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H '' . MeTV. 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu to Add All Episides of ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' Glee , ' ' Bones , ' ' M * A * S * H ' and More in Mammoth 20th Century Fox TV Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` MASH4077TV.com '' . MASH4077tv.com. 2005 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Gelbart , Larry . ( 1998 ) . Laughing Matters : On Writing M * A * S * H , Tootsie , Oh , God ! , and a Few Other Funny Things . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42945 - X . Kalter , Suzy. ( 1985 ) . The Complete Book of M * A * S * H. New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 810 - 91319 - 4 . Reiss , David S. ( 1983 ) . M * A * S * H : The Exclusive , Inside Story of TV 's Most Popular Show ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : MacMillan . ISBN 0 - 672 - 52762 - 6 . Solomonson , Ed , and Mark O'Neill. ( 2009 ) . TV 's M * A * S * H : The Ultimate Guide Book . Albany , GA : BearManor Media . ISBN 1 - 593 - 93501 - 3 . Wittebols , James . ( 1998 ) . Watching M * A * S * H , Watching America : A Social History of the 1972 -- 1983 Television Series . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 786 - 40457 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to M * A * S * H ( TV series ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : M * A * S * H ( TV series ) M * A * S * H on IMDb M * A * S * H at TV.com M * A * S * H at epguides.com M * A * S * H in the Museum of Broadcast Communications Google Maps view of the camp M * A * S * H Novels MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors M * A * S * H Goes to Maine M * A * S * H Mania Film MASH Music `` Suicide Is Painless '' Television Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Characters Trapper John , M.D. episodes AfterMASH W * A * L * T * E * R Portal M * A * S * H episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` To Market , to Market '' `` Requiem for a Lightweight '' `` Chief Surgeon Who ? '' `` The Moose '' `` Yankee Doodle Doctor '' `` Bananas , Crackers and Nuts '' `` Cowboy '' `` Henry Please Come Home '' `` I Hate a Mystery '' `` Germ Warfare '' `` Dear Dad '' `` Edwina '' `` Love Story '' `` Tuttle '' `` The Ringbanger '' `` Sometimes You Hear the Bullet '' `` Dear Dad ... Again '' `` The Longjohn Flap '' `` The Army - Navy Game '' `` Sticky Wicket '' `` Major Fred C. Dobbs '' `` Ceasefire '' `` Showtime '' Season 2 `` Divided We Stand '' `` 5 O'Clock Charlie '' `` Radar 's Report '' `` For the Good of the Outfit '' `` Dr. Pierce and Mr. Hyde '' `` Kim '' `` L.I.P. ( Local Indigenous Personnel ) '' `` The Trial of Henry Blake '' `` Dear Dad ... Three '' `` The Sniper '' `` Carry On , Hawkeye '' `` The Incubator '' `` Deal Me Out '' `` Crisis '' `` George '' `` A Smattering of Intelligence '' Season 3 `` Adam 's Ribs '' `` Mad Dogs and Servicemen '' `` The Consultant '' `` House Arrest '' `` Aid Station '' `` Love and Marriage '' `` Big Mac '' `` Payday '' `` White Gold '' `` Abyssinia , Henry '' Season 4 `` Welcome to Korea '' `` The Late Captain Pierce '' `` The Kids '' `` Quo Vadis , Captain Chandler ? '' `` Dear Peggy '' `` Of Moose and Men '' `` Der Tag '' `` The Novocaine Mutiny '' `` The Interview '' Season 5 `` Bug Out `` Margaret 's Engagement '' `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' `` Dear Sigmund '' Season 6 `` Fallen Idol '' `` Last Laugh '' `` War of Nerves '' `` The Winchester Tapes '' Season 7 Season 8 `` Good Bye , Radar '' `` Period of Adjustment '' `` Life Time '' `` Dreams '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 `` Hey , Look Me Over '' `` Bombshells '' `` The Moon Is Not Blue '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' Awards for M * A * S * H Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Heritage Award The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Friends ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M*A*S*H_(TV_series)&oldid=857099655 '' Categories : M * A * S * H Korean War television series 1972 American television series debuts 1983 American television series endings 1970s American sitcoms 1980s American sitcoms 1970s American comedy - drama television series 1980s American comedy - drama television series American comedy - drama television series American medical television series Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners American black comedy television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Military comedy television series Nielsen ratings winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Television programs based on films Television programs based on novels Television shows set in South Korea Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series set in the 1950s Television shows filmed in California United States in the Korean War Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was mash 4077 supposed to be in korea | [
"M*A*S*H is an American war comedy-drama television series that aired on CBS from 1972 to 1983. It was developed by Larry Gelbart, adapted from the 1970 feature film M*A*S*H, which, in turn, was based on Richard Hooker's 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors. The series, which was produced with 20th Century Fox Television for CBS, follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the \"4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital\" in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean War (1950–53). The show's title sequence features an instrumental-only version of \"Suicide Is Painless\", the original film's theme song. The show was created after an attempt to film the original book's sequel, M*A*S*H Goes to Maine, failed. The television series is the best-known of the M*A*S*H works, and one of the highest-rated shows in US television history.\n"
] | [
"Uijeongbu, South Korea"
] |
3874465808104798034 | Naruto Shippuden the Movie | Naruto Shippuden the Movie - wikipedia Naruto Shippuden the Movie Jump to : navigation , search Naruto Shippuden the Movie Directed by Hajime Kamegaki Written by Junki Takegami Starring Junko Takeuchi Chie Nakamura Yōichi Masukawa Kōichi Tōchika Music by Yasuharu Takanashi Production company Studio Pierrot Distributed by Toho Company Viz Media Release date 4 August 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 04 ) Running time 95 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office ¥ 1.21 billion ( US $10.0 million ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie ( 劇場 版 NARUTO − ナルト − 疾風 伝 , Gekijōban Naruto Shippūden ) is the fourth overall in the Naruto film series and the first Naruto Shippuden film , directed by Hajime Kamegaki and written by Junki Takegami . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with a prediction : that Naruto Uzumaki dies battling a monster that impales him . A funeral is held for Naruto at his home village , where others attended , and that Tsunade looks out at the window and asks if everything is just decided by fate . The film 's scene returns to a few days previous , where a man named Yomi attacks a shrine to retrieve the spirit of Mōryō , a demon attempting to conquer the world and create his `` Thousand Year Kingdom '' . Since he is lacking a body , Yomi offers his as a temporary substitute until they can retrieve Mōryō 's original one . The only threat to Mōryō 's plan is a priestess named Shion , who has the ability to seal his spirit away once more , and can foresight people 's death . He raises a stone army from their slumber to attack the rest of the world while his four subordinates go to eliminate Shion . They are given special chakra creatures to enhance their strength . To deal with the threat , the Land of Fire sends out many advance teams to stall the stone army . Naruto , Sakura Haruno , Rock Lee and Neji Hyuga are sent to guard Shion , and deliver her to the shrine where Mōryō 's body is kept . They fend off Shion 's four would - be assassins and afterwards , Shion prophesies Naruto 's upcoming death . Shion 's total acceptance of `` fate '' , as well as her selfish attitude , provokes Naruto into antagonizing her . As they head for the shrine , they are again ambushed by the assassins and Shion is seemingly killed . It turns out to be a ruse : the dead `` Shion '' is actually her servant , Taruho , acting as a decoy , by the use of Shadow Mirror Body Transfer Jutsu . After Neji tells Naruto to escort Shion to the temple alone , Shion explains that her predictions work by using others ' lives to protect her own . Naruto insists that he will survive and likewise will keep Shion safe . Together , Sakura , Lee and Neji defeat the assassins , and at the mountain temple where Mōryō 's body is kept , Naruto and Shion find the stone army waiting . Naruto holds the army back , while Shion heads inside to begin the sealing ritual , where Yomi tricks Shion into beginning the technique with him inside the barrier , allowing Mōryō 's spirit to reunite with his body . After Kakashi Hatake , Might Guy , Shikamaru Nara and Temari destroy the stone army , Naruto comes to rescue Shion . About to see her prediction of his death come true , Shion uses her bell 's power to change Naruto 's fate . She is able to tap into her true powers , intending to kill herself and Mōryō to save Naruto ( for whom she has developed feelings for ) . Naruto stops her seconds before her death , and creates a giant Rasengan by combining Shion 's chakra with his . Naruto drives the Rasengan into Mōryō and obliterates it . In the final scene , Naruto asks Shion what she intends to do now . She replies that Mōryō was a demon created by the dark thoughts of mankind , and that there is bound to be another Mōryō someday . Because of this , she says that she must continue the line of priestesses that will suppress demons like Mōryō . Shion then asks Naruto , if he will help her ( a double entendre asking if he will be the father of her child ) , much to the shock of Sakura , Kakashi and Lee . Naruto , clueless as usual , agrees without realizing the second meaning of her question . Voice cast ( edit ) Character Japanese voice English voice Naruto Uzumaki Junko Takeuchi Maile Flanagan Sakura Haruno Chie Nakamura Kate Higgins Rock Lee Yōichi Masukawa Brian Donovan Neji Hyuga Kōichi Tōchika Steve Staley Tsunade Masako Katsuki Debi Mae West Shizune Keiko Nemoto Megan Hollingshead Kakashi Hatake Kazuhiko Inoue Dave Wittenberg Might Guy Masashi Ebara Skip Stellrecht Shikamaru Nara Showtaro Morikubo Tom Gibis Temari Romi Park Tara Platt Shion Ayumi Fujimura Laura Bailey Miroku Fumiko Orikasa Laura Bailey Taruho Yoshinori Fujita Wil Wheaton Moryo Seizō Katō Daran Norris Yomi Hidetoshi Nakamura Vic Mignogna Gitai Kishō Taniyama Dave Wittenberg Setsuna Katsuyuki Konishi Keith Silverstein Susuki Daisuke Kishio Sam Riegel Kusuna Tetsuya Kakihara Crispin Freeman Shizuku Miyuki Sawashiro Wil Wheaton Production ( edit ) The film was produced by Aniplex , Bandai Co. , Ltd. , Dentsu Inc. , Pierrot , Shueisha and TV Tokyo . Its official theme song is `` Lie - Lie - Lie '' by DJ Ozma . Reception ( edit ) In its opening weekend Naruto Shippūden : The Movie came in at number six . In its second week the movie dropped to number eight and stayed there in its third week . Home Media ( edit ) It was released on DVD in Japan on April 23 , 2008 and in the United States on November 10 , 2009 . It was announced that the American version could be pre-ordered with the limited edition of Naruto Shippuden : Clash of Ninja Revolution 3 before its release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Japanese Box Office , August 4 -- 5 : Naruto Debuts at # 6 -- Anime News Network Jump up ^ Japanese Box Office , August 11 -- 12 : Pokémon , Naruto -- Anime News Network Jump up ^ Japanese Box Office , August 18 -- 19 : Vexille Opens at # 9 -- Anime News Network Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto Media Volumes Part I Part II , volumes 28 -- 48 Part II , volumes 49 -- 72 Naruto episodes Season 1 5 Shippuden episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals episodes Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Boruto episodes Films Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow Legend of the Stone of Gelel Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom Shippuden Bonds The Will of Fire The Lost Tower Blood Prison Road to Ninja The Last Boruto Video games Clash of Ninja series Clash of Ninja Ninja Council series The New Era Ultimate Ninja series Generations Revolution Rise of a Ninja The Broken Bond Characters Naruto Uzumaki Sasuke Uchiha Sakura Haruno Kakashi Hatake Gaara Rock Lee Shikamaru Nara Hinata Hyuga Orochimaru Jiraiya Itachi Uchiha Boruto Uzumaki Sarada Uchiha Related Jutsu Ninja World Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N J - Stars Victory VS Works of Pierrot Television series The Wonderful Adventures of Nils ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Miss Machiko ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Urusei Yatsura ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Mysterious Cities of Gold ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Mrs. Pepper Pot ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Creamy Mami , the Magic Angel ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Chikkun Takkun ( 1984 ) Persia , the Magic Fairy ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Star Musketeer Bismarck / Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs ( 1984 -- 1985 / 1987 -- 1988 ) Magical Emi , the Magic Star ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ninja Senshi Tobikage ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Pastel Yumi , the Magic Idol ( 1986 ) Anmitsu Hime : From Amakara Castle ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Ganbare , Kickers ! ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Kimagure Orange Road ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Norakuro - kun ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Osomatsu - kun ( 1988 -- 1989 ) The Burning Wild Man ( 1988 ) Magical Hat ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Heisei Genius Bakabon ( 1990 ) Eight Factor ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Musashi , the Samurai Lord ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Clown Monkey Patch ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Tasuke , the Samurai Cop ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Chiisana Obake Acchi , Kocchi , Socchi ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Chokkaku , the Stubborn Samurai Boy ( 1991 ) Marude Dameo ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Cho Tsushin Boy Mao ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Yu Yu Hakusho ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Shima Shima Tora no Shimajirō ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Chō Kuse ni Narisō ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Tottemo ! Luckyman ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Eight Factor ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Ninku ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Fushigi Yûgi ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Crush Cyborg ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Midori no Makibaō ( 1996 -- 1997 ) First Human Gon ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Baby & Me ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Victory Captain ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Hyper Police ( 1997 ) Clamp School Detectives ( 1997 ) Flame of Recca ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Takoyaki Mantoman ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fancy Lala ( 1998 ) Neo Ranga ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shogun Recuts ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Shaorin ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Dokkiri Doctor ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Yoiko ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Mio the Cashier ( 1999 ) Microman , The Little Giant ( 1999 ) Shogun Recuts ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Power Stone ( 1999 ) I 'm Gonna Be An Angel ! ( 1999 ) Cho Omo Hatsumei Idol ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Great Teacher Onizuka ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rerere no Tensai Bakabon ( 1999 -- 2000 ) OH ! Super Milk Chan ( 2000 ) Gensomaden Saiyuki ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Ceres , Celestial Legend ( 2000 ) Super Legend Web ( 2000 ) Ghost Stories ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Super Gals ! Kotobuki Ran ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Kaze no Yojimbo ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Hikaru no Go ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Kogepan ( 2001 ) Tokyo Underground ( 2002 ) Mythical Jigsaw ( 2002 ) Tokyo Mew Mew ( 2002 -- 2003 ) The Twelve Kingdoms ( 2002 -- 2003 ) PiNMeN ( 2002 ) Eight Factor ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Naruto ( 2002 -- 2007 ) E 's Otherwise ( 2003 ) Detective School Q ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Saiyuki ReLoad ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Hikaru no Go : New Year Special ( 2004 ) Saiyuki ReLoad GunLock ( 2004 ) Midori Days ( 2004 ) Gachi e Hohoemi ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Bleach ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Emma - A Victorian Romance ( 2005 ) Sugar Sugar Rune ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Naruto : Shippuden ( 2007 -- 2017 ) Blue Dragon ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Chess the Champion ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Blue Dragon : Trials of the Seven Shadows ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Hakken Taiken Daisuki ! Shimajirō ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Hanasakeru Seishōnen ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Tegami Bachi ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Yumeiro Patissiere ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Shimajirō Hesoka ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tegami Bachi Reverse ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Yumeiro Patissiere SP Professional ( 2010 ) Beelzebub ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Level E ( 2011 ) Naruto : Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Shirokuma Cafe ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Kingdom ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Gaist Crusher ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Baby Steps ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The World Is Still Beautiful ( 2014 ) Sabagebu ! ( 2014 ) Tokyo Ghoul ( 2014 ) Yona of the Dawn ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Tokyo Ghoul √ A ( 2015 ) Re-Kan ! ( 2015 ) Mr. Osomatsu ( 2015 -- present ) Divine Gate ( 2016 ) Twin Star Exorcists ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Onigiri ( 2016 ) The Morose Mononokean ( 2016 ) Puzzle & Dragons X ( 2016 -- present ) Tsukiuta . THE ANIMATION ( 2016 ) Soul Buster ( 2016 ) ĒlDLIVE ( 2017 ) Boruto : Naruto Next Generations ( 2017 -- present ) Convenience Store Boy Friends ( 2017 ) Black Clover ( 2017 ) Dynamic Chord ( 2017 ) Sanrio Boys ( 2018 ) OVAs Dallos ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Creamy Mami , the Magic Angel : Eien no Once More ( 1984 ) Area 88 ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Creamy Mami , the Magic Angel : Lovely Serenade ( 1985 ) Creamy Mami , the Magic Angel : Long Goodbye ( 1985 ) Cosmo Police Justy ( 1985 ) Fire Tripper ( 1985 ) Creamy Mami , the Magic Angel Song Special 2 : Curtain Call ( 1986 ) Baribari Legend ( 1986 ) Maris the Chojo ( 1986 ) Magical Emi , the Magic Star : Finale ! Finale ! ( 1986 ) Magical Emi , the Magic Star : Semishigure ( 1986 ) Laughing Target ( 1987 ) Lily C.A.T. ( 1987 ) Persia , the Magic Fairy : Merry - go - Round ( 1987 ) Salamander ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Kimagure Orange Road ( 1989 -- 1991 ) The Burning Wild Man ( 1989 ) Gosenzo - sama Banbanzai ! ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Baoh ( 1989 ) Shakotan Boogie ( 1991 -- 1992 ) The Abashiri Family ( 1991 ) Mermaid 's Forest ( 1991 ) Here Is Greenwood ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Eternal Filena ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Kyō Kara Ore Wa ! ! ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Eizo Hakusho ( 1994 ) Key the Metal Idol ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Eizo Hakusho II ( 1995 -- 1996 ) My Dear Marie ( 1996 ) Sonic the Hedgehog ( 1996 ) Fushigi Yûgi 1 ( 1996 ) Fushigi Yûgi 2 ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Eight Clouds Rising ( 1997 ) Harbor Light Story Fashion Lala Yori ( 1998 ) Tokimeki Memorial ( 1999 ) Microman vs. Gorgon ( 1999 ) Fushigi Yûgi Eikoden ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Gensomaden Saiyuki : Kibou no Zaika ( 2002 ) From I `` s ( 2002 -- 2003 ) I `` s Pure ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Saiyuki Reload : Burial ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Naisho no Tsubomi ( 2008 ) Tegami Bachi : Hikari to Ao no Gensou Yawa ( 2008 ) Tegami Bachi Academy ( 2010 ) Yumeiro Patissiere : Mune Kyun Tropical Island ! ( 2010 ) Beelzebub ( 2010 ) Yona of the Dawn ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Tokyo Ghoul : JACK ( 2015 ) Tokyo Ghoul : PINTO ( 2015 ) Films Urusei Yatsura : Only You ( 1983 ) Urusei Yatsura 2 : Beautiful Dreamer ( 1984 ) Kimagure Orange Road : Shonen Jump Special ( 1985 ) Aitsu to Lullaby : Suiyobi no Cinderella ( 1987 ) Kimagure Orange Road : I Want to Return to That Day ( 1988 ) Osomatsu - kun : Suika no Hoshi Kara Konnichiwa zansu ! ( 1989 ) Like the Clouds , Like the Wind ( 1990 ) MAROKO ( 1990 ) Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie ( 1993 ) Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report ( 1994 ) Ninku : Knife no Bohyō ( 1994 ) Ninku : The Movie ( 1995 ) Shin Kimagure Orange Road : Summer 's Beginning ( 1996 ) Hunter × Hunter - Jump Super Anime Tour 98 ( 1998 ) Gensomaden Saiyuki Requiem : A Requiem for The One Not Chosen ( 2001 ) Naruto the Movie : Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow ( 2004 ) Naruto the Movie : Legend of the Stone of Gelel ( 2005 ) Naruto the Movie : Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom ( 2006 ) Bleach : Memories of Nobody ( 2006 ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie ( 2007 ) Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion ( 2007 ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie : Bonds ( 2008 ) Bleach : Fade to Black ( 2008 ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie : The Will of Fire ( 2009 ) Naruto Shippuden the Movie : The Lost Tower ( 2010 ) Bleach : Hell Verse ( 2010 ) Legend of the Millennium Dragon ( 2011 ) Naruto the Movie : Blood Prison ( 2011 ) Road to Ninja : Naruto the Movie ( 2012 ) The Last : Naruto the Movie ( 2014 ) Boruto : Naruto the Movie ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naruto_Shippuden_the_Movie&oldid=783622047 '' Categories : 2007 films Japanese - language films 2007 anime films Action anime and manga Japanese films Japanese sequel films Naruto films Viz Media anime Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Română ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2017 , at 15 : 23 . 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-4612337983014425684 | Akeelah and the Bee | Akeelah and the Bee - wikipedia Akeelah and the Bee Jump to : navigation , search Akeelah and the Bee Theatrical release poster Directed by Doug Atchison Produced by Laurence Fishburne Sid Ganis Nancy Hult Ganis Danny Llewelyn Michael Romersa Written by Doug Atchison Starring Laurence Fishburne Angela Bassett Keke Palmer Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography David Mullen Edited by Glenn Farr Production company Lionsgate Films 2929 Entertainment Starbucks Entertainment Out of the Blue Entertainment Reactor Films Cinema Gypsy Productions Distributed by Lionsgate Films Release date March 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 16 ) ( CIFF ) April 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 -- 8 million Box office $18.9 million Akeelah and the Bee is a 2006 American drama film written and directed by Doug Atchison . It tells the story of Akeelah Anderson ( Keke Palmer ) , an 11 - year - old girl who participates in the Scripps National Spelling Bee , her mother ( Angela Bassett ) , her schoolmates , and her coach , Dr. Joshua Larabee ( Laurence Fishburne ) . The cast also features Curtis Armstrong , J.R. Villarreal , Sean Michael Afable , Erica Hubbard , Lee Thompson Young , Julito McCullum , Sahara Garey , Eddie Steeples , and Tzi Ma . The film was developed over a period of 10 years by Atchison , who came up with the initial concept after seeing the 1994 Scripps National Spelling Bee and noting that a majority of the competitors came from good socioeconomic backgrounds . After completing the script in 1999 , Atchison won one of the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting in 2000 , which attracted producers Sid Ganis and Nancy Hult Ganis . After an initial inability to secure funding , the project got a second wind as a result of the success of the 2002 documentary film Spellbound . Lionsgate Films undertook the production in 2004 and in the following year it was filmed in South Los Angeles on a budget of over $6 million . Atchison remarked that his theme for the film , deemed an inspirational film , was about overcoming obstacles despite difficult challenges along the way . He also said that he wanted to portray African Americans in a manner that was not stereotypical and tried to show how African American children incorporate some stereotypes . The film alludes to the importance of community as well as to problems black communities face . It also deals with esteem and stigma in school while criticizes the public school system . Cast members said that although the film was aimed at children , they considered it had important lessons for the parents as well . Released in the United States on April 28 , 2006 , Akeelah and the Bee was positively received by critics and audiences . Reviewers praised its storyline and cast , lauding Palmer 's performance , although a few critics panned the story as familiar and formulaic , and were critical of the portrayal of Asian - American characters . The film grossed almost $18 million , and received a number of awards and nominations , including the Black Reel Awards and the NAACP Image Awards . Film critics highly praised it for avoiding African - American stereotypes common in Hollywood films , while scholars were less favorable , even saying it reinforces some clichés . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Development 3.3 Filming 3.4 Authenticity 3.5 Music 4 Themes and analysis 5 Release and reception 5.1 Marketing and release 5.2 Home media 5.3 Critical reaction 5.3. 1 Racial issues 5.4 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Akeelah Anderson , an 11 - year - old spelling enthusiast , attends Crenshaw Middle School , a predominantly black school in South Los Angeles . She lives with her widowed mother Tanya , her older sister Kiana , her older brothers Devon and Terrence , and her infant niece . Her principal Mr. Welch suggests that she sign up for the Crenshaw Schoolwide Spelling Bee . She follows his advice and wins . Soon after , Dr. Joshua Larabee , a visiting English professor and Mr. Welch 's friend from college , tests Akeelah and decides that she is good enough to compete in the National Spelling Bee . Nevertheless , Dr. Larabee declines to coach her because she is rude to him . As a result , Akeelah studies on her own to prepare for the district spelling bee . Although Akeelah misspells her word during the final round of the bee , she qualifies for the regional bee when Kiana catches the other finalist cheating . Akeelah also meets and befriends Javier Mendez , a 12 - year - old Mexican American boy and fellow speller . Javier invites her to join the spelling club at his Woodland Hills middle school . At Woodland Hills , Akeelah meets Dylan Chiu , a Chinese American boy who had won second place at the past two national spelling bees . Contemptuous , he asks her to spell `` xanthosis '' . When she starts with a `` z '' , he tells her she needs a coach . At the conclusion of the spelling club meeting , Javier invites Akeelah to his birthday party . At the party , Akeelah nearly beats Dylan in Scrabble . The boy is reprimanded by his father for nearly losing to `` a little black girl '' . After the party , Tanya is depressed over her husband 's death and concerned about her daughter 's grades and frequent truancy . As she finds out about Akeelah going alone to Woodland Hills , she subsequently forbids Akeelah from participating in the upcoming state bee . To circumvent this prohibition , Akeelah forges her deceased father 's signature on the consent form and secretly studies with Dr. Larabee . During the state bee , Tanya comes inside and interrupts her daughter before she can spell her word . Tanya relents after a side discussion with Dr. Larabee and Mr. Welch . Javier protects Akeelah from disqualification by stalling until she can return . Dylan , Javier and Akeelah advance to the Scripps National Spelling Bee . As Christmas approaches , Akeelah goes out to buy Dr. Larabee a present , but when she meets him , he reveals that he is quitting being her coach because she reminds him of his deceased daughter Denise . Instead , he gives Akeelah 5,000 flashcards to study . Without her coach , rejected by her best friend Georgia , and feeling the pressure from her neighborhood residents to make them proud , Akeelah loses her motivation . However , Tanya tells her that if she looked around her , she would realize that she has `` 50,000 coaches '' . Akeelah recruits her family members , classmates , teachers , friends , and neighbor Derrick T to prepare in earnest . After reuniting with Dr. Larabee , Akeelah goes to Washington , D.C. with him , along with Tanya , Georgia , Mr. Welch , and Devon , unaware that her coach has paid for four of their tickets . Georgia rekindles her friendship with Akeelah after she invites her . During the competition , Akeelah becomes a crowd favorite . After all the other competitors are eliminated , only Dylan and Akeelah remain . The two finalists are allowed a break , during which Akeelah overhears Dylan 's father harshly pressuring him to win . Akeelah attempts to intentionally lose by deliberately misspelling `` xanthosis '' . Dylan , knowing that Akeelah knows this word , intentionally misspells it as well . Dylan tells Akeelah that he wants a fair competition , rejecting his father 's obsession to win . The two then proceed to spell every word listed by the judges in the hopes of winning the championship together , with Dylan earning a share of it by correctly spelling `` logorrhea '' , much to his father 's delight . Akeelah spells the last word on the list , `` pulchritude '' , and the two are declared co-champions amidst a cheering crowd . Cast ( edit ) Laurence Fishburne and Angela Bassett were the protagonists along with Keke Palmer . Both were attracted by its history ; Fishburne said he was `` really moved by it '' , and Bassett `` just loved '' it . Keke Palmer as Akeelah Anderson : Three hundred girls auditioned for the role of Akeelah in Los Angeles , New York and Atlanta , with Palmer having auditioned five times to get the part . Atchison liked Palmer 's acting , but the major factor in choosing her was the fact that at only age ten Palmer already had a profound interpretation of the script . He chose her as he did not want a kid whom he would command but instead someone with whom he could have a collaboration : someone who would understand the role and `` would make this character her own . '' He just assisted her to fully ensure that she would understand the character 's feelings and would make `` the right emotional choices . '' Laurence Fishburne as Dr. Joshua Larabee : Fishburne was pleased by the concept of the film , stating he was `` really moved by it '' , so that he accepted to take his part `` at an affordable rate '' , according to producer Michael Romersa . He first read the script in 2002 and moved by the fact that `` there were very few people with the courage '' to `` make this kind of movie '' he also accepted to be a producer for the film . About the character , Atchison said that Larabee is `` vulnerable '' and `` a very sensitive guy '' that has `` a quiet moral authority '' . He also asserted that Fishburne made Larabee `` a fairly buttoned - up , stoic type '' and `` subtly more animated '' than how he envisioned the character . Larabee is based upon a teacher , Robert Larabell , Atchison had in Phoenix , Arizona . Angela Bassett as Tanya Anderson : Bassett 's agent sent her the script which she `` just loved . '' Atchison praised Bassett 's portrayal of the character , asserting she `` made Tanya a real person '' after understanding `` the thought process of the character '' . The director said Tanya wants the best for Akeelah but is reticent because she thinks `` the dream will fail and make things worse . '' Bassett stressed that her character has to handle the pain of her husband 's death in addition to having bills paid but that Tanya `` gain ( s ) some measure of courage herself '' inspired by Akeelah . Curtis Armstrong as Bob Welch : Atchison pointed Armstrong `` was the perfect choice for the school principal . '' About his character role in the film , he said , `` Welch is very excitable and provides a lot of the comic relief in our story . '' J.R. Villarreal as Javier Mendez : Villarreal was chosen by scouts at the Sheraton Hotel in south McAllen to go to the next phase in Dallas . After doing well in Dallas , he was sent to auditions in California and finally got the part . He commented that `` Javier is a very good friend to Akeelah ... And also like his charisma , his character , he can always put a smile on your face . He really does n't care what people think of him that much and he helps Akeelah out with that little matter because she cares very much of what people think about her . '' Sean Michael Afable as Dylan Chiu : Afable argued that his character can be `` sometimes harsh and seemingly cutthroat '' , but this is because of the pressure his father puts on him , noting Dylan 's `` true character '' is seen at the end of the film . Sahara Garey as Georgia Carver Garey did `` about six auditions '' to take the role . She commented that about her character : `` she encourages Akeelah , because she sees so many qualities in her that she does n't think she herself has . Georgia aims lower , but she encourages Akeelah to aim higher . '' Erica Hubbard , Lee Thompson Young , and Julito McCullum portray Akeelah 's sister and brothers Kiana , Devon , and Terrence , respectively . Dalia Phillips appears as Akeelah 's teacher , Ms. Cross , and Eddie Steeples as Derrick T. Tzi Ma takes the role of Mr. Chiu , Dylan 's father , while Wolfgang Bodison plays the deceased Akeelah 's unnamed father . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) Doug Atchison first had the idea of making a film about spelling bees after watching the Scripps National Spelling Bee of 1994 and noticing that most of the contestants had `` privileged backgrounds '' . Atchison also considered spelling bees to contain `` all the drama and tension and entertainment value of a sporting event '' , and felt that this could be made into a film . From this , he got the idea to write a script following the story of a child who had talent for spelling bee but was from a low - income neighborhood so did not `` have access to the resources or coaching to pursue it as these other kids had . '' He had the desire of making a `` Rocky - like story '' and although made it a `` dramatic '' plot , he declared it is `` essentially a sports movie '' . Atchison started his screenplay in 1999 , when he wrote a five - page treatment in about a month . In addition to the fact he was working on other projects , Atchison said he waited years before starting to write because he `` thought someone else would do it first . '' This did not happen , so he began to write by himself . Few changes were made in the process of transitioning from the original draft to the final product . One change was that at first , Akeelah 's mother had a smaller role and Akeelah 's father was alive . Also , Larabee had been an older man ( 72 years old ) , and a few characters were cut . However , Atchison has summarized that `` the steps she goes through , the friends she 's got , those were always the same . '' Development ( edit ) In 2000 , Atchison submitted his script to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences along with about 4,500 others , in hopes of winning the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting . Atchison 's script ended up being one of five scripts selected , and he won the grant . Editor Glenn Farr , then a member of the committee , offered to edit Atchison 's film as soon as it was finished . Producer Sid Ganis was also attracted to the story during the award presentation ceremony . Nancy Hult Ganis , Sid 's wife who was interested in public education , encouraged him to follow through with the film . The film was produced by Lionsgate Films , 2929 Entertainment , Starbucks Entertainment , Out of the Blue Entertainment , Reactor Films and Cinema Gypsy Productions , with a budget around $6 -- 8 million . However , the Ganis couple found it difficult to secure funding for the film . In August 2001 , Danny Llewelyn 's Panoptic Pictures acquired the rights of Atchison 's script . In 2002 , documentary Spellbound was released and attracted attention to spelling bees , which , according to Hult Ganis , `` helped us in some way '' . In November 2004 , Lionsgate Films announced they would fund and distribute the film ; and in collaboration with 2929 Entertainment they would co-finance the production . In January 2006 , Starbucks announced a partnership with Lionsgate to market it . Another factor in not having a studio attached before was Atchison 's desire to direct it as he wanted to ensure his story would remain the one he envisioned . Several studios wanted to turn Larabee 's character into a white character but Atchison felt `` it was important that Akeelah 's mentor be someone that comes from her neighborhood , that looks like her . '' Lionsgate 's President of Production Michael Paseornek agreed that Atchison should direct the script , claiming that he was the only person who could do it because the story `` was in his heart and in his mind '' . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in February 2005 ; the crew filmed for ten hours a day for thirty - one days . The eleven - year - old Palmer had to follow the United States ' child labor laws , which necessitated spending at least three hours a day at school , one on recreation , and one at lunch . Nevertheless , Palmer appeared in almost every scene , about which Ganis commented , `` I honestly do n't know how we figured it out , but we did '' . To get the filming done on time , Atchison storyboarded the scenes ahead of time and chatted with cinematographer David Mullen , the production designer Warren Young , and Glenn Farr to compile a list of scenes . This way , the filming team began each day knowing what shots they would take , their order , and the performances scheduled for each day . Most of the filming took place in South Los Angeles , which Atchison picked as the filming location due to their low budget . Scenes were also filmed at the University of Southern California , Hollywood Palladium -- which stood in for the Grand Ballroom of the Washington , D.C. Hyatt Hotel -- and Venice High School . Authenticity ( edit ) To bring authenticity to the film 's portrayal of spelling bees , George Hornedo , who competed in spelling bees in real life , was hired to play contestant Roman and be `` an unofficial technical consultant . '' Hornedo helped the actors to recreate `` certain habits and idiosyncrasies they do on stage to help them spell . '' Thus , Akeelah skipping rope to memorize the words was added as `` something that was normal for the spelling bee '' but Atchison tried to create it in a `` subtle '' way as he thought the audience could consider this unrealistic . Hornedo and other children who had never acted before were cast because of their authentic portrayals of nervous contestants ; other kids , in Atchison 's eyes , were `` too old in how they acted '' . Also , Jacques Bailly , who won the Scripps National Spelling Bee in 1980 and is currently the contest 's official pronouncer , since 2003 , played himself in the film . To further help the staff , Atchison asked Paige Kimball , director of the Scripps National Spelling Bee , to be a consultant . Kimball `` was amazed at not only at how precise it was in its recreation , but also how authentic the individuals and the casting for the event was . '' However , she and the organization did have some disagreements . Atchison has admitted that he originally created a more dramatic story than she wanted . However , he believed most of the disagreements were about technical procedures , `` things you would n't even notice '' . For example , the children were originally sponsored by newspapers to compete , but Atchison felt this detail did not improve the story , so he removed it . There were some concerns about the screenplay , and Atchison changed some of them `` because ( he ) thought it did n't matter one way or another so ( he ) just made them happy . '' Music ( edit ) The film features a musical score by Aaron Zigman , who wrote 45 minutes of compositions in two and a half weeks . He had planned to score Akeelah and the Bee over the holidays , but Lionsgate pushed its release date up , so Zigman was pressed for time to write the score . He drew inspiration from Fishburne 's performance to write it . A soundtrack album consisting of 16 tracks was released by Lionsgate Records in a deal with BMG 's RED Distribution on April 4 , 2006 . It peaked at number 193 on the Billboard 200 , and reached the 19th and sixth spot on the Billboard Top Independent Albums and Top Soundtracks respectively . The original score , consisting of 37 tracks , was also released on April 4 as an iTunes exclusive . Themes and analysis ( edit ) `` If you see African - American kids striving to do something in the movies , it 's sports or singing or dancing . Here , we 're engaging kids on their intellect . That , you do n't see . These lies about black inferiority have been seeping into cinema , and that seeps into our kids . As a filmmaker , you can dig into these issues '' -- Doug Atchison Commentators on Akeelah and the Bee opined it dealt with multiple themes , including race and racism , poverty , educational system , competition and sportsmanship , self - esteem , self - image , stigma , community , friendship , gender and sexism , age , class and classism , and empowerment . Atchison affirmed that its focus is not the spelling but `` a kid who learns what she 's good at , becomes proud of that and does n't want to hide it anymore . It 's overcoming the fear of being great , before you can be great . '' Sid Ganis described it as a film `` about hope and doing great things against all the odds , '' while a New York Press reviewer declared it `` addresses the human condition '' . After attending USC School of Cinematic Arts and working at a youth center in South Los Angeles , Atchison incorporated his experiences from the neighborhood into the film ; among them , he heard that children who do well in school are said to be `` acting white '' . As a result , Atchison tried to use the film to show what causes these children to doubt their own abilities . This doubts are shown through the preconceptions Akeelah and other community members have that `` Spelling Bee is for someone else '' . She `` must first overcome her feelings of inadequacy , '' and when she discovers Larabee comes from her neighborhood and is a successful man , it `` empowers her to ... accomplish this task . '' Fishburne stated the film 's treatment of race extends beyond the dichotomy of struggle and success , and goes into the prejudice that many people hold against black people competing in mainstream society . Atchison elaborated , `` it 's about this girl 's insecurity about doing a thing that she has n't seen people who look like her doing '' . The director affirmed that African American children in film usually aspire to nothing other than being successful in sports , music or dance . He argued that the film industry has disseminated `` lies about black inferiority '' , so he was interested in focusing in their intellect rather than let them succumb to the stereotypes . Atchison noted he had created the project for all publics `` but particularly for kids of color to see a little black girl who does something powerful . '' The director also attributed Akeelah 's low - esteem and doubt on her own capacities to the public school system , where she is bullied and `` her intellectual curiosity is kind of crushed '' . As such , Akeelah is portrayed as `` undermotivated student '' , who `` ( u ) nwilling to be stigmatized as a freak or a brainiac , '' avoids showing her abilities . According to Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe , the film shows `` the contradiction gifted students feel in an inhospitable environment . '' Ann Hornaday from The Washington Post opined that Akeelah 's sentence `` Why would I want to represent a school that does n't even have doors on the toilets ? '' is `` one of the film 's many subtle critiques of the country 's education policies . '' Writing in the English Journal , Amanda L. Hodges said it suggests a new approach on teaching with the `` 50,000 coaches '' part ; she declared it deconstructs the image of teachers `` as those who keep order and disseminate knowledge '' and shows that `` ( t ) eaching is not an isolated activity that begins and ends at the classroom door . '' Villarreal commented that the film `` teaches you not to let your friends down '' , while Fishburne believed that the theme of community was important . Marrit Ingman of The Austin Chronicle said the film indicates `` a community - based , cooperative model of group success , '' while Justin Chang of Variety said it `` focuses ... on the bee 's community - uniting impact . '' Hodges said Akeelah goes to the spelling bee because she recognizes it `` proves that someone from their neighborhood can achieve success , and her achievementis , in a real sense , their own '' . In contrast , Bernard Beck wrote for Multicultural Perspectives that it depicts `` the success of individual perseverance '' , while Red Feather Journall 's Kathryn Linder expressed a similar opinion about individual success . Nevertheless , Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times commented `` it raises important points about the ... obstacles to success that kids from poor neighborhoods face . '' The New York Press 's reviewer went further and said social class was its `` real subject '' as it `` depicts the basics of class mobility that are routinely taken for granted '' . However , Chang asserted it shows the spelling bee contest as `` a democratizing force '' , while Rob Asghar , for The Seattle Times , wrote it treats English as `` the quintessential American tool for success . '' Both Fishburne and Bassett also remarked that an important message of Akeelah and the Bee is to `` speak properly '' rather than strictly in vernacular , although Bassett emphasized the importance of the film 's themes beyond spelling and spelling bees . Atchison added that beyond learning how to spell words , Akeelah must learn the importance of the words . He said that Larabee `` looks at Akeelah as a potential leader . He wants her to understand her history . She needs to know the importance of language -- and competition . '' In spite of knowing its importance , it `` deconstruct ( s ) the ' competition ' paradigm of learning '' , according to Ingman . Fishburne noted not only children but parents can learn from the film ; in his opinion , the most important is that they should pay attention to their children 's abilities . Villarreal also felt that , through Dylan 's father , parents would be able to ponder if they are `` push ( ing ) their kids to follow their own dreams and not the children 's dreams . '' Release and reception ( edit ) Marketing and release ( edit ) The film was promoted by coffee shop chain Starbucks as a result of a partnership between Lions Gate Entertainment and Starbucks Entertainment . In January 2006 , approximately 8,300 Starbucks locations in the United States and Canada began a promotional campaign for the film involving spelling - related trivia games and promotions on cardboard cup sleeves . Variety stated that Lionsgate spent around $20 million with its market only , while Los Angeles Times reported a $25 million cost to both produce and market the film . Ford Motor Company also sponsored the film by providing a Lincoln Zephyr to chauffeur the cast and creators to and from a screening . Akeelah and the Bee was first shown at the 2006 ShoWest on March 14 , and later premiered as the opening film at the 30th Cleveland International Film Festival on March 16 . On April 20 , the film was screened at The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , and it had a sneak preview in 900 theaters on April 22 . With predictions of strong box office returns by film critics , it was released nationwide in theaters on April 28 , grossing $6,011,585 in its opening weekend from around 2,195 American theaters and ranking eighth at the box office . The film closed its run on July 14 and 20 domestically and internationally respectively , with $18,848,430 domestically and $110,994 internationally . While the film received positive reviews , critics noted that it was not doing as well financially as they had predicted , and Lionsgate 's Michael Burns characterized the film 's gross with the word `` only '' . Outside the United States , the film debuted at the Sprockets Toronto International Film Festival for Children on April 23 , 2006 , where it was elected the best film by the kids in the ages of 10 and 11 . In the United Kingdom , Akeelah and the Bee was first shown at the Cambridge Film Festival on July 7 , and it premiered in the British theaters on August 18 . The film was also screened in October 2006 at the Rome Film Festival , in which it competed at the Alicy in the City section . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD by Lionsgate Home Entertainment on August 29 , becoming the first DVD offered for sale at Starbucks . Its bonus features on the single - disc DVD include seven deleted scenes and a 25 - minute making - of video featuring Atchinson and the cast . DVD sales in the United States reached $5,391,947 as 317,942 copies were sold after one week on sale . By December 2006 , American consumers had spent a total of $25,855,396 to purchase 1,512,498 copies , making it one of the three most profitable home video releases of Lionsgate in 2006 . Critical reaction ( edit ) Keke Palmer 's portrayal of Akeelah was highly praised by critics . According to Moira Macdonald from The Seattle Times , Palmer was `` stealing a movie from Angela Bassett and Laurence Fishburne '' . Palmer 's performance led her to win several awards , including a Black Movie Award , a Black Reel Award , a NAACP Image Award , and a Young Artist Award . The film received generally positive reviews from film critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 84 % `` fresh '' with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 based on 138 reviews . Its critical consensus states , `` Although predictable in every way , a winning performance from its young star Keke Palmer and the rest of the cast makes it difficult not to cheer for the little heroine of Akeelah and the Bee . Sort of like Rocky for the middle school nerd set , Akeelah ( and the Bee ) is a warm , family - friendly underdog story , featuring terrific supporting performances from Laurence Fishburne and Angela Bassett . '' On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 72 out 100 , based on 30 reviews , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare average grade of A+ . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote it is `` an uncommonly good movie , entertaining and actually inspirational '' . Writing for Film Journal International , Doris Toumarkine praised its pace and how `` Atchison takes spelling competitions and conveys the excitement of the ' sport , ' the appeal of the ' game , ' the thrill of the win , ( and ) the crushing blow of the loss . '' Hornaday from The Washington Post called the film `` a triumph on many levels '' and proclaimed , `` It 's that nod to the collective ... that makes Akeelah and the Bee so special . '' She especially appreciated that South Los Angeles was presented without stereotypes . Jane Clifford of U-T San Diego felt the film would appeal to both children and adults , and stated that every time she tried to predict its plot `` it took a sharp turn . A turn that leaves you facing your stereotypes and feeling a little sheepish . '' Dana Stevens , writing for The New York Times , asserted , `` The innate suspense and charm of the spelling bee , '' and `` a trio of crack performances '' can turn `` a formulaic sports picture '' into a `` tale that manages to inspire without being sappy . '' Shantayaé Grant of The Jamaica Observer wrote that `` acting is spectacular , the emotions are real and this story of black triumph is simply phenomenal . '' New York Press critic affirmed that Akeelah and the Bee `` resurrects a nearly lost idea of what an art - movie really is '' because it has `` dramatic attention to character and place , psychology and existence . '' Chang of Variety commented that it `` plays like The Karate Kid with a pro-literacy agenda , pushing all the right emotional buttons yet hitting quite a few wrong ones in the process . '' The Evening Chronicle 's review said it `` conceals few narrative surprises '' but contended that `` when ( Atchison ) does finally defy our expectations , it 's to ensure his spellers learn a valuable lesson about integrity . '' Turan of the Los Angeles Times criticized that the film `` telegraphs its plot '' ; however , he praised it as `` genuinely sweet and determinedly inspirational . '' PopMatters 's Cynthia Fuchs stated it is formulaic as it has some `` conventions that make so many other genre films feel stale , '' but that it `` torques them slightly '' , emphasizing the `` intellectual activities '' Akeelah gets involved with . Furthermore , the film was described as `` derivatively entertaining in a feel - good sort of way '' by Rick Groen in an article for The Globe and Mail . Ingman of The Austin Chronicle described it as a typical sports film and felt it was heavy - handed at times . However , she praised it for its thems and called the film a `` ( t ) houghtful , engaging , '' one and said it has `` cross-gender appeal '' . Morris of The Boston Globe argued , `` If Akeelah and the Bee is a generic , well - oiled commercial contraption , it is the first to credibly dramatize the plight of a truly gifted , poor black child . '' Morris added , `` Obviously , it 's emotional propaganda . But it 's just the kind of propaganda our children need . '' Despite being a `` critically acclaimed '' film , according to Rotten Tomatoes , not all of its reviews were this positive . Anna Smith of Empire called it `` formulaic and all - American '' , commenting that many scenes `` appear functional rather than inspirational '' , and that the film focused on the racial issue `` a little too heavily '' . Smith stated , `` clunky plotting and characterisation mean it has ' telemovie ' written all over it . '' Marc Mohan from The Oregonian stressed it can be compared to after - school specials due to its `` lack of originality in plot and character . '' Time Out 's Jessica Winter also drew a comparation to after - school specials , saying `` on the big screen ... its clichés seem bigger and its characterisations broader than they would on the more forgiving telly . '' Nick Schager 's of Slant Magazine lamented that the `` clichés are too numerous to mention '' , while Neil Smith from BBC asserted it has `` as much ... fantasy as Lord of the Rings . '' Jan Stuart of Newsday deemed it `` virtually suspense - free , while Robert Hanks of The Independent stated it has an important message but that is a `` shame it could n't be encased in a less faked - up story '' . Commenting on The Times , Chris Ayres stressed that although it has good `` visual flair '' it `` is ruined by its Oprah - style emotional manipulation . '' New York Post 's Kyle Smith deemed it as `` uplifting but unimaginative '' , suggesting that `` Akeelah and the Bee is so warm and well - meaning that you may find yourself wanting to like it more than you really do . '' In spite of criticism , cast members ' performances were usually well received -- in particular , Palmer 's portrayal of Akeelah . Ebert said , `` The movie depends on her , and she deserves its trust . '' Hornaday opined that `` Palmer 's Akeelah is that cinematic rara avis , the kid who is cute without being too cute , sympathetic without being cloying , and believable without being tiresome . '' Evening Chronicle stated Palmer does it `` with effortless grace '' and that she `` carries the film and does n't strike a single wrong emotional note . '' Fuchs felt that most of the film 's strengths `` have to do with Palmer 's winning performance . '' Ingman declared Atchison 's `` ensemble is wonderful , and his star , Palmer , is a fantastically assured young actress who conveys Akeelah 's maelstrom of 11 - year - old feelings with no apparent effort . '' Turan complimented how Fishburne and Bassett 's `` presence and ability give this film a welcome integrity . '' Mohan stated , `` Although Fishburne and Bassett can do these roles in their sleep , the kids are actually quite engaging . '' Tourmakine felt there were `` fine performances all around '' and that Fishburne and Bassett `` lend fine support in utterly believable roles '' . Racial issues ( edit ) Chang called Dylan 's father `` a stiff Asian stereotype '' , while Mohan of The Oregonian found it contradictory for an anti-racist film to contain such depiction . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian even claimed that the line `` If you can barely beat a little black girl '' ( spoken by Dylan 's father ) signifies that Atchison `` thinks it 's all right to bring in racism by making the Asians the racists . '' Metro Silicon Valley 's Richard von Busack commented that `` ( s ) tepping around black stereotypes , the film squishes its two left feet right in the mire of Asian stereotyping . '' Beth Accomando of KPBS also criticized Dylan and his father 's portrayal as `` painful cliches '' , while Schager of Slant Magazine found it not authentic , even likening Dylan 's father to Mao Zedong . Scholars Charise Pimentel and Cathleen Sawyer from the Texas State University published an article titled `` Akeelah and the Bee : Inspirational Story of African - American Intellect and Triumph or Racist Rhetoric Served Up On Another Platter ? '' on the May 2011 issue of journal Multicultural Perspectives . On a critical discourse analysis , the authors argue that despite appearing to be an `` inoccent enough '' film , it has major approaches that make it racist . First , it implies that African - Americans needs to be rescued by others ; second , depicts African - Americans community as `` marked by homelessness , poverty , criminality , unemployment , and remnants of gang activity '' ; third , indicates that black people usually only achieve success through sports by `` linking the very essence of Akeelah 's phenomenal ability to spell to her rhythmic abilities '' ; and shows that African - Americans only can succeed outside their communities , `` far from the oppressive clutches of their own . '' Linder , on her September 2011 paper `` Spelling Out Racial Difference : Moving Beyond the Inspirational Discourses in Akeelah and the Bee '' , also criticizes it saying it `` acts as a platform for a racial melodrama through which ideals of whiteness are reinforced and strengthened . '' Using Linda Williams ' categories of what constitutes a racial melodrama , Linder argues that it is described as an `` inspirational '' film because of `` ( its ) portrayal of Akeelah 's victimization by the black community that surrounds her '' and of redemption only achieved `` through the idealized discourse of young people 's educational success as defined by dominant ( white ) culture . '' Linder said characters `` are mostly represented as having ' no interest in escape ' from societal oppressions and limitations '' and that `` there is no sign throughout the film of any kind of lasting change for Akeelah 's school or her young peers . '' Linder affirms that it creates a dichotomy between `` success ( whiteness ) versus failure ( blackness ) . '' Pimentel and Sawyer , as well as Linder , identify Larabee as the one who makes this separation clear when he manifests his disregard of African American Vernacular English . The co-authors wrote that Larabee implies that `` legitimate forms of intelligence can only be achieved through a Eurocentric perspective , thus advancing the message that Akeelah must be rescued from her African - American ways of knowing , in order to be considered intellectual . '' Another contraposition commented by scholars was `` between the supportive Dr. Larabee and Akeelah 's skeptical mother . '' Pimental and Sawyer said she is portrayed as `` an African - American obstructionist '' , while scholar Gloria Ladson ‐ Billings asserted she represents the stereotype of `` ignorant Black woman '' . Although Fuchs said the film was able to avoid the `` white authority figure saves the underclass child '' plotline by introducing Larabee , Ladson ‐ Billings , Linder , and Pimentel and Sawyer opined that it did not . After all , Larabee , as Linder described , is `` a non-threatening black man who has assimilated to white culture and who can be depended on to help assimilate others '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for six Black Reel Awards , winning only Best Actress for Palmer . Out of five NAACP Image Awards nominations , Akeelah and the Bee won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Writing in a Feature Film / Television Movie - Comedy or Drama . At the Black Movie Awards , it won the five awards it was nominated for . The same happened during the Young Artist Awards where it was nominated for two categories and won two awards , and at the CAMIE Awards where it was nominated for and won an award . The film was also nominated for but did not win any award from the BET Awards , Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards , Chicago Film Critics , and Satellite Awards . National Board of Review elected it among the best ten independent films produced in 2006 . Additionally , two film critics , Chris Kaltenbach of The Baltimore Sun and Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer , added the film on their list of the ten best films of the year . St. Petersburg Times 's Steve Persall elected it the best family film of 2006 . List of awards and nominations ( show ) Award Recipients Result BET Awards Best Actress Angela Bassett Nominated Black Movie Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Keke Palmer Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Laurence Fishburne Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Angela Bassett Black Reel Awards Best Film Nominated Best Actress Keke Palmer Won Best Supporting Actress Angela Bassett Nominated Best Supporting Actor Laurence Fishburne Best Original Score Aaron Zigman Best Breakthrough Performance Keke Palmer Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Family Film ( Live Action ) Best Younger Actress Keke Palmer CAMIE Awards CAMIE Award Sean Michael Afable Won Chicago Film Critics Most Promising Newcomer Keke Palmer Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Motion Picture Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Keke Palmer Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Angela Bassett Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Laurence Fishburne Outstanding Writing in a Feature Film / Television Movie - Comedy or Drama Doug Atchison Won Satellite Awards Outstanding Youth DVD Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress Keke Palmer Won Best Family Feature Film ( Drama ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The credits for the film reads `` A Lionsgate , 2929 Productions and Starbucks Entertainment presentation of an Out of the Blue and Reactor Films production in association with Cinema Gypsy Productions . '' Jump up ^ By `` this kind of movie '' , Fishburne was saying that Akeelah and the Bee breaks up with common stereotypes of African Americans reinforced by media . He declared , `` There are no gangsters in it ; there are no rappers in it . Studios are looking for an easy way to make money ; ( with black films ) , it 's comedy , or it 's action , or it 's ' ghetto fabulous . ' '' According to him , Hollywood `` does n't care about a young , disadvantaged black girl . '' Jump up ^ When this space is blank it indicates that the film itself was the recipient . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Review : ' Akeelah and the Bee ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Production 2006 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , John ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Fishburne says ' Akeelah ' touches on risky themes '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Block Communications . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akeelah and the Bee '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( April 2006 ) . `` Akeelah and the Bee : An Interview with Angela Bassett '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2006 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Berkes , Howard ( May 6 , 2006 ) . `` Keke Palmer on Bee - ing ' Akeelah ' '' . NPR . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael J. ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` Doug Atchison on ' Akeelah and the Bee ' '' . RadioFree.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Production 2006 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Accomando , Beth ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Akeelah and the Bee '' . KPBS . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ShoWest 2006 Distinguished Decade of Achievement in Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . March 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Enterprise Profiles Hollywood 's New Hotshots '' . PR Newswire . November 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael J. ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` Laurence Fishburne on ' Akeelah and the Bee ' '' . RadioFree.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Production 2006 , pp. 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Jeffrey M. ( April 13 , 2006 ) . `` Interview with Laurence Fishburne '' . Combustible Celluloid . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mercer , Brandon ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` # ThankATeacher Trending Before National Teacher Day On May 6th '' . CBS San Francisco . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . `` Angela Bassett Talks About ' Akeelah and the Bee ' '' . About.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Production 2006 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2006 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Mission actor , kid sister do n't care who gets famous first '' . The Monitor . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mission Student Has Role In Major Movie '' . Progress Times . May 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . `` Interview with JR Villarreal from Akeelah and the Bee '' . About.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sean Michael Afable '' . The Eerie Digest . October 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sahara Garey Exclusive Interview '' . The Star Scoop . May 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kam ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` Sahara Garey : The Akeelah and the Bee Interview '' . DallasBlack.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2006 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2006 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . `` Interview with ' Akeelah and the Bee ' Writer / Director Doug Atchison '' . About.com . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Tran , Kim . `` An Interview With Aaron Zigman '' . In Magazine . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Akeelah and the Bee Soundtrack ( 2006 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( April 15 , 2006 ) . `` Lionsgate 's New Tracks '' . Billboard. 118 ( 15 ) : 22 . Jump up ^ `` Akeelah and the Bee ( Original Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack − Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Akeelah and the Bee - Original Score ( 2006 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larson , Randall ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` Lionsgate releases Tyler 's BUG score online '' . Mania.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( December 31 , 2006 ) . `` 2006 The Year on Screen - As performers reclaimed the movies , give them an A for acting '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia Media Network . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Persall , Steve ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` For fans , a happy ending after all '' . St. Petersburg Times . Times Publishing Company . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations 2007 CAMIE Winners ! '' . CAMIE Awards . May 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Works cited ( edit ) `` Akeelah and the Bee Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . HollywoodJesus.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Beck , Bernard ( 2009 ) . `` Angels With Dirty Faces : Who Invited Slumdog Millionaire and The Visitor ? '' . Multicultural Perspectives. 11 ( 3 ) : 146 -- 149 . doi : 10.1080 / 15210960903116589 . Ladson ‐ Billings , Gloria ( 2009 ) . `` ' Who you callin ' nappy ‐ headed ? ' A critical race theory look at the construction of Black women '' . Race Ethnicity and Education . Routledge. 12 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 99 . doi : 10.1080 / 13613320802651012 . Linder , Kathryn ( September 2011 ) . `` Spelling Out Racial Difference : Moving Beyond the Inspirational Discourses in Akeelah and the Bee '' ( PDF ) . Red Feather Journal . 2 ( 2 ) : 18 -- 33 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Niemiec , Ryan M ; Wedding , Danny ( 2013 ) . Positive Psychology at the Movies : Using Films to Build Virtues and Character Strengths . Hogrefe Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61676 - 443 - 2 . Pimentel , Charise ; Sawyer , Cathleen ( May 2011 ) . `` Akeelah and the Bee : Inspirational Story of African - American Intellect and Triumph or Racist Rhetoric Served Up On Another Platter ? '' . Multicultural Perspectives . National Association for Multicultural Education . 13 ( 2 ) : 100 -- 104 . doi : 10.1080 / 15210960.2011. 571559 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Akeelah and the Bee Official website Akeelah and the Bee on IMDb Akeelah and the Bee at AllMovie Akeelah and the Bee at Box Office Mojo Akeelah and the Bee at Metacritic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akeelah_and_the_Bee&oldid=808762506 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s drama films African - American films American coming - of - age films American drama films American films Films about educators Films about race and ethnicity Films about spelling competitions Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Lions Gate Entertainment films Scripps National Spelling Bee Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 00 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | theme of the movie akeelah and the bee | [
"Atchison remarked that his theme for the film, deemed an inspirational film, was about overcoming obstacles despite difficult challenges along the way. He also said that he wanted to portray African Americans in a manner that was not stereotypical and tried to show how African American children incorporate some stereotypes. The film alludes to the importance of community as well as to problems black communities face. It also deals with esteem and stigma in school while criticizes the public school system. Cast members said that although the film was aimed at children, they considered it had important lessons for the parents as well."
] | [
"overcoming obstacles despite difficult challenges along the way"
] |
-8146786198158598088 | List of NBA players with most championships | List of NBA players with most championships - wikipedia List of NBA players with most championships Jump to : navigation , search Bill Russell won 11 championships with the Boston Celtics , an NBA record . This is a list of NBA players with most championships won as a player . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a major professional basketball league in North America . It was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the sport 's postseason . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Players from the winning team usually receive championship rings from the team honoring their contribution . However , in some rare occasion , the teams opted to give other commemorative items , such as wrist watches , instead of rings . The number of championships won by NBA superstars is often used as a measurement of their greatness . Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13 - year playing career . He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year . Afterwards , he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years , including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966 . He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player - coach . Russell 's teammate , Sam Jones , won ten championships from 1959 to 1969 , the second most in NBA history . Four Celtics players , Tom Heinsohn , K.C. Jones , Satch Sanders and John Havlicek , won eight championships each . Two other Celtics , Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey , won seven championships each . Four players , Bob Cousy , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen , won six championships each . Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s . George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA , and won five championships in the NBA . Robert Horry and John Salley are the only players to have won the championships with three different teams . Horry won seven championships with the Houston Rockets , the Los Angeles Lakers and the San Antonio Spurs , while Salley won four championships with the Detroit Pistons , the Bulls and the Lakers . Horry is also the only non-Celtic to win more than 6 times . Frank Saul and Steve Kerr are the only players to win two championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons . Saul won consecutive championships with the Rochester Royals and the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1950s , and Kerr won consecutive championships with the Bulls and the Spurs in the 1990s . Both Saul and Kerr were NBA champions four years in a row , each having participated in three - peats , Saul with the Lakers and Kerr with the Bulls . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List ( edit ) Pos Guard Forward Center * Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA Rank Player Pos Seasons played Total won Championship teams Ref . Bill Russell 13 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Jones , Sam Sam Jones * 12 10 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn * F / C 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 ) Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones * 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) Sanders , Tom `` Satch '' Tom `` Satch '' Sanders * 13 8 Boston Celtics ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Havlicek , John John Havlicek * F / G 16 8 Boston Celtics ( 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) 7 Loscutoff , Jim Jim Loscutoff 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Ramsey , Frank Frank Ramsey * F / G 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Horry , Robert Robert Horry 16 7 Houston Rockets ( 1994 , 1995 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 , 2007 ) 10 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 14 6 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ) Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( formerly Lew Alcindor ) 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1971 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 15 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * 17 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) 14 Mikan , George George Mikan * 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Pollard , Jim Jim Pollard * F / C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Martin , Slater Slater Martin * 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) St. Louis Hawks ( 1958 ) Siegfried , Larry Larry Siegfried 9 5 Boston Celtics ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Nelson , Don Don Nelson * 14 5 Boston Celtics ( 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) Cooper , Michael Michael Cooper G / F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Johnson , Earvin `` Magic '' Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson * 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman * 14 5 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Harper , Ron Ron Harper 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 ) Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan F / C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) 27 Mikkelsen , Vern Vern Mikkelsen * F / C 10 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Saul , Frank Frank Saul G / F 6 Rochester Royals ( 1951 ) Minneapolis Lakers ( 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 ) Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * G / F 12 Golden State Warriors ( 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 ) Rambis , Kurt Kurt Rambis 14 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 21 Boston Celtics ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1997 ) Perdue , Will Will Perdue 13 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 ) Salley , John John Salley F / C 11 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 ) Grant , Horace Horace Grant F / C 17 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 ) O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 19 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) Miami Heat ( 2006 ) Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ 14 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ 15 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA champions List of NBA championship head coaches Notes ( edit ) Heinsohn won two additional championships in 1974 and 1976 as head coach of the Boston Celtics . Jones won four additional championships in 1972 as assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers , in 1981 as assistant coach of the Boston Celtics , and in 1984 and 1986 as head coach of the Celtics . Sanders is a member of the Naismith Hall , but as a contributor rather than a player . Loscutoff did not play in the 1960 Playoffs and Finals due to injury . Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar in 1971 . He also won two championships as an assistant coach with the Lakers in 2009 and 2010 . Wilkes did not play in the 1985 playoffs due to injury , but remained on the roster until after the Finals . Kerr won additional championships in 2015 and 2017 as head coach of the Golden State Warriors . Sharman won an additional championship in 1972 as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers . References ( edit ) General `` Most NBA Championships Won '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 Season Overview : Powerful Lakers Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Phil Jackson , lord of the rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ May , Peter ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Havlicek does n't have eight rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aron , Jaime ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Mavs against Cuban 's idea not to give title rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Debate Over Brady 's Place Among the Best Returns to the Shelf '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Russell Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Heinsohn NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Sanders NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Havlicek NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Loscutoff NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Ramsey NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Horry NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Cousy NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottie Pippen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horry adds to ring collection '' . NBC Sports . NBC Universal . June 24 , 2005 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Salley NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jr. , David L. ( February 2007 ) . Basketball Championships ' Most Wanted . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 41 . ISBN 1 - 59797 - 014 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Pep Saul NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kerr NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bil Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Mikan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Pollard NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slater Martin NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Siegfried NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Nelson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Cooper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rodman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Harper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Fisher NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vern Mikkelsen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Sharman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaal Wilkes NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Rambis NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Parish NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Perdue NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horace Grant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginobili NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com LL . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Parker NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Tom `` Satch '' Sanders `` . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Hit Celtic Hopes '' . The Gettysburg Times . Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . January 12 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Jabbar ( Alcindor ) Is The Name '' . The Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . September 17 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Bonk , Thomas ( August 29 , 1985 ) , `` Wilkes Waived , Ending an 8 - Year Laker Career '' , Los Angeles Times Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_players_with_most_championships&oldid=817141737 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 12 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most nba championships in nba history | [
"Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13-year playing career.[7] He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year. Afterwards, he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years, including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966.[8] He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player-coach.[7] Russell's teammate, Sam Jones, won ten championships from 1959 to 1969, the second most in NBA history.[9] Four Celtics players, Tom Heinsohn, K. C. Jones, Satch Sanders and John Havlicek, won eight championships each.[10][11][12][13] Two other Celtics, Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey, won seven championships each.[14][15][16] Four players, Bob Cousy, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen, won six championships each.[17][18] Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s.[19][20] George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA, and won five championships in the NBA."
] | [
"Bill Russell"
] |
-6164724462695719308 | iOS 10 | IOS 10 - wikipedia IOS 10 Jump to : navigation , search iOS 10 A version of the iOS operating system The default iOS 10 home screen on an iPhone 7 Developer Apple Inc . Source model Closed with open - source components Initial release September 13 , 2016 ; 17 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) Latest release 10.3. 3 ( 14G60 ) / July 19 , 2017 ; 7 months ago ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) Platforms iPhone iPhone 5 iPhone 5C iPhone 5S iPhone 6 iPhone 6 Plus iPhone 6S iPhone 6S Plus iPhone SE iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPod Touch iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) iPad iPad ( 4th generation ) iPad Air iPad Air 2 iPad ( 2017 ) iPad Mini 2 iPad Mini 3 iPad Mini 4 iPad Pro Kernel type Hybrid ( XNU ) License Proprietary software with open - source components Preceded by iOS 9 Succeeded by iOS 11 Official website iOS 10 at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 12 , 2017 ) Support status Third - party application support only iOS 10 is the tenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. , being the successor to iOS 9 . It was announced at the company 's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 13 , 2016 , and was released on September 13 , 2016 . It was succeeded by iOS 11 on September 19 , 2017 . iOS 10 incorporates changes to 3D Touch and the lock screen . There are new features to some apps : Messages has additional emojis and third - party apps can extend functionality in iMessage , Maps has a redesigned interface and additional third - party functions , the Home app manages `` HomeKit '' - enabled accessories , Photos has algorithmic search and categorization of media known as `` Memories '' , and Siri is compatible with third - party app - specific requests , such as starting workouts apps , sending IMs , requesting the Lyft or Uber apps or to use payment functions . Reviews of iOS 10 were mostly positive . Reviewers highlighted the significant updates to iMessage , Siri , Photos , 3D Touch , and the lock screen as welcome changes . The third - party extension support to iMessage meant it was `` becoming a platform '' , although the user interface was criticized for being difficult to understand . Third - party integration in Siri was `` great '' , although the voice assistant was criticized for not having become smarter than before . Reviewers were impressed with the image recognition technology in Photos , although noting it was still a `` work in progress '' with a higher error rate than the competition . 3D Touch `` finally feels useful '' and `` works in almost every part of the OS '' . The lock screen was `` far more customizable than before '' , and reviewers enjoyed that notification bubbles could be expanded to see more information without needing to unlock the phone . A month after release , iOS 10 was installed on 54 % of iOS devices , a `` slightly slower migration '' than for the release of iOS 9 , speculated as being caused by an early release issue that may have `` put some ( users ) off downloading the update '' . User adoption of iOS 10 steadily increased in the following months , eventually totaling 89 % of active devices in September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Introduction and initial release 1.2 Updates 1.2. 1 10.0. 1 1.2. 2 10.0. 2 1.2. 3 10.0. 3 1.2. 4 10.1 1.2. 5 10.1. 1 1.2. 6 10.2 1.2. 7 10.2. 1 1.2. 8 10.3 1.2. 9 10.3. 1 1.2. 10 10.3. 2 1.2. 11 10.3. 3 2 System features 2.1 Control Center 2.2 Home screen 2.3 Keyboard 2.4 Lock screen 2.5 Notification Center 2.6 Settings 2.6. 1 CarPlay 2.7 Universal Clipboard 2.8 Other changes 3 App features 3.1 App Store 3.2 Calendar 3.3 Camera 3.4 Clock 3.5 Contacts 3.6 Home 3.7 Mail 3.8 Maps 3.9 Messages 3.10 Music 3.11 News 3.12 Notes 3.13 Photos 3.14 Phone 3.15 Safari 3.16 TV 4 Developer APIs 5 Removed functionality 6 Reception 7 Problems 7.1 Initial release bricking issue 7.2 Local backup encryption issue 7.3 Battery shutdowns 8 Supported devices 8.1 iPhone 8.2 iPod Touch 8.3 iPad 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Further information : iOS version history § iOS 10 Introduction and initial release ( edit ) iOS 10 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 13 , 2016 . The first beta release was made available to registered developers following the keynote . Apple released the first public beta release on July 7 , 2016 . iOS 10 was officially released on September 13 , 2016 . Updates ( edit ) 10.0. 1 ( edit ) iOS 10.0. 1 was released on September 13 , 2016 , as the first update to iOS 10 . It was released just after 10.0 , which contained a bug causing devices to brick themselves while updating . 10.0. 2 ( edit ) iOS 10.0. 2 was released on September 23 , 2016 . The update contained bug fixes , specifically fixing a bug that temporarily disabled the headphone controls on the Lightning EarPods that ship with the iPhone 7 , fixing a bug preventing app extensions from being enabled , and fixing an unexpected crash of the Photos app when activating iCloud Photo Library . 10.0. 3 ( edit ) iOS 10.0. 3 was released on October 17 , 2016 exclusively for iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus models , with a fix for connectivity issues . 10.1 ( edit ) iOS 10.1 was released on October 24 , 2016 , with a new portrait camera mode for iPhone 7 Plus , transit directions for Japan in Apple Maps , the ability to replay Bubble and Screen effects in iMessage , as well as lots of bug fixes . iOS 10.1 also features a warning message when launching a 32 - bit app , that says the app `` may slow down your iPhone '' . iOS 10.1 also allows users to use iMessage effects even when the `` Reduce Motion '' setting is turned on . 10.1 1 ( edit ) iOS 10.1. 1 was released on October 31 , 2016 , with a fix for an issue where Health data could not be viewed for some users . On November 9 , 2016 , Apple released a new version of iOS 10.1. 1 , only available for users who had n't yet updated to the previous 10.1. 1 update . No information on the new update was given . 10.2 ( edit ) iOS 10.2 was released on December 12 , 2016 . The update included a new `` TV '' app ( U.S. only ) that unifies content from different video apps , and recommends new TV shows and movies to watch . The update also added new and redesigned emoji , stabilization and photo grouping accuracy changes to Photos , new `` Love '' and `` Celebration '' Messages screen effects , notification support for HomeKit - accessories , as well as revamped sorting options and design tweaks in the Music app . iOS 10.2 also adds a telemetry diagnostic tool that Apple can use to report battery consumption , for diagnosing reported issues with 30 % battery shutdowns on some iPhone models . iOS 10.2 also includes three new wallpapers for iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus , specifically the wallpapers featured in the marketing of the phones . 10.2 1 ( edit ) iOS 10.2. 1 was released on January 23 , 2017 , with bug fixes and security improvements . On December 28 , 2017 Apple acknowledged that this update changed the power management during peak workloads to avoid unexpected shutdowns on iPhone 6 , iPhone 6 Plus , iPhone 6s , iPhone 6s Plus , and iPhone SE . Customers were upset over this update ; some thought it was a ploy to get people to upgrade to new devices . A number of people have filed lawsuits over the feature and are seeking class action status . 10.3 ( edit ) iOS 10.3 was released on March 27 , 2017 . The update introduced a `` Find My AirPods '' feature for lost AirPods headphones , changed the default file system from HFS+ to APFS for improved performance and encryption ( also increases usable storage on the device ) , support for additional Siri actions , including status of bills in payment apps and scheduling with ride - booking apps , a new Apple ID view in Settings , the ability for developers to respond to reviews in the App Store as well as `` Helpful '' and `` Not Helpful '' review labels , improved overview of iCloud storage usage , and bug fixes and stability improvements . Users can also give app ratings inside the app itself . iOS 10.3 also features a significant security patch fixing an issue where a JavaScript exploit link would cause devices to repeatedly call the 9 - 1 - 1 emergency phone number . The update also added a Podcasts widget and made app transitions smoother , and extended support for Wi - Fi calling to more carriers . For CarPlay , the update added a quick - access multitasking screen with the three most recently used apps , and added functionality for the Maps app to find electric vehicle charging stations . 10.3 1 ( edit ) iOS 10.3. 1 was released on April 3 , 2017 , with bug fixes and security improvements , including a fix for a Wi - Fi vulnerability discovered by Google 's Project Zero team of security researchers . 10.3 2 ( edit ) iOS 10.3. 2 was released on May 15 , 2017 , with bug fixes and security improvements . 10.3 3 ( edit ) iOS 10.3. 3 was released on July 19 , 2017 , with new wallpapers for the 12.9 - inch iPad Pro , along with bug fixes and security improvements , including a fix for a Wi - Fi vulnerability in which devices searching for signal were open to hackers . System features ( edit ) Control Center ( edit ) The Control Center has been redesigned and split into three pages : one for general settings , such as quick toggles for airplane mode and orientation lock , one for audio controls and one for controlling HomeKit ( internet of things ) appliances , if used . 3D Touch capabilities have been added to several toggles . Home screen ( edit ) Apps can show a widget when their home - screen icon is accessed with 3D Touch . Most default apps included with iOS devices can be hidden from the home screen and ' re-downloaded ' from the App Store . Upon doing this , the sandbox of the respective app is removed , which contains user data , settings and caches . The app is also hidden from other places , such as the `` Today '' view , the Settings app and `` Share Sheets '' , through which the user can interact with the app from within another app . This feature was first hinted at during an interview in September 2015 , in which Apple CEO Tim Cook stated that Apple was `` looking at '' allowing customers to remove unused stock apps . iOS 10 allows users to prioritize certain app downloads by using 3D Touch . Keyboard ( edit ) QuickType virtual keyboards , which provide word - completion capabilities , can predict answers to questions and suggest relevant information based on location , calendar availability or contacts . The `` Define '' feature in previous iOS versions has been replaced by `` Look Up '' , and now expands its use from just providing definitions to retrieving information from locations , web browsing history , downloaded apps , suggested websites , and more . The QuickType keyboard will allow the user to type in multiple languages if the user selects the desired languages in the `` Dictionary '' and `` Keyboard '' settings menus . The user has the ability to change keyboard settings specifically for physical keyboards ( such as autocorrect and auto - capitalization ) . Lock screen ( edit ) The `` slide to unlock '' mechanism on the lock screen has been removed in favor of pressing the home button . Similar to the feature on the Apple Watch , `` Raise to Wake '' wakes up the device when the user lifts it . This function requires a device with an M9 motion coprocessor or newer . The `` Today '' view of Notification Center has been replaced by widgets , and is accessible by swiping from left to right . On the iPad , widgets can be displayed in a two - column layout . Notification Center ( edit ) The Notification Center no longer has a `` Today '' view . Notifications , now larger , can expand to display more information and all unread notifications can be cleared at once , using 3D Touch . Apps that need to be updated frequently can now have notifications that update live . The Notification Center contains a Spotlight search bar . Settings ( edit ) A new Magnifier setting was added which allows users to triple - click the home button and iOS will open the Camera app with magnification on . There are also new `` Color Filters '' settings to compensate for a user 's color blindness . Color Filters options include grayscale , red / green filter for protanopia , green / red filter for deuteranopia , and blue / yellow filter for tritanopia . For the Messages application , users can now turn on Low Quality Image mode , which saves `` your poor iPhone from stuffing itself full of images '' based on new animated stickers and GIFs that can be sent in iMessage . The Wi - Fi menu in Settings now shows warnings about the security of a network and if a network is not connected to the Internet . This is shown to the user as small subtext under the Wi - Fi 's network 's name . `` Raise to Wake '' can be enabled or disabled in Settings . In iOS 10.2 , a `` Preserve Settings '' feature allows users to set up the Camera app to launch with certain settings by default . Options include launching with the Video or Square mode rather than the Photo mode , preserving the last used filter , and preserving the capture settings for Live Photos . Music added to Apple Music on one device can now be automatically downloaded to other devices using the Automatic downloads setting . The Settings allows the user the option to have routes in the Maps app avoid toll roads and / or highways . In iOS 10.3 , Settings was updated to feature information relating to a user 's Apple ID account in the main menu , and features a section that allows users to see which old , unmaintained apps wo n't work in future versions of iOS . Additionally , users can now see a breakdown of their iCloud storage . The user can enable a setting to have Siri announce who 's calling , with options for `` Always '' , `` Headphones & Car '' , `` Headphones Only '' , and `` Never '' . CarPlay ( edit ) iOS 10 now allows users to rearrange and remove apps from their CarPlay display , through Settings . In iOS 10.3 , Maps on CarPlay added electric vehicle charging stations . Universal Clipboard ( edit ) As part of the overall Continuity features introduced in iOS 8 , a new Universal Clipboard feature allows users of Mac personal computers running macOS Sierra and iOS devices running iOS 10 to easily copy material to and from different devices through iCloud . As part of Continuity , a new `` Continuity Keyboard '' feature allows users to type text on an iPhone and have the text appear on an Apple TV running tvOS 10 , avoiding the Siri Remote for text input . Other changes ( edit ) iOS 10 features new sound effects for locking the device and for keyboard clicks . Whenever a device detects liquid in the Lightning port , a notice warns the user to disconnect the Lightning cable and allow the port to dry . iOS 10 also allows TTY calls to be made without any additional hardware . iOS 10 allows users to find their Apple Watch using Find My iPhone . Spotlight can now search the contents of users ' iCloud Drive . Storage is reported to the user in the base 10 ( 1 kilobyte equals 1000 bytes ) format instead of base 2 , which was used in older iOS versions . App features ( edit ) App Store ( edit ) iOS 10 allows developers to buy advertisement spots in the App Store when users search for content . It also adds back the `` Categories '' section , which replaces the `` Explore '' section introduced in iOS 8 . In iOS 10.3 , developers are able to respond to user reviews , and `` Helpful '' and `` Not Helpful '' review labels can help surface the most relevant customer reviews . Calendar ( edit ) In iOS 10 , users can now change what day of the week the calendar starts on , as well as alert settings for birthdays and events , and calendar type ( Gregorian , Chinese , Hebrew , Islamic ) . Camera ( edit ) Music will no longer stop playing when the Camera app is launched , unless users decide to record a video or Live Photo . The analog stopwatch face Live Photos can be taken with filters ( previously only available for still photos ) . In iOS 10.1 , the iPhone 7 Plus received a new depth of field portrait camera mode , using both the wide - angle and telephoto lenses on the phone to `` create shallow depth of field portrait photos with blurred backgrounds '' . Clock ( edit ) The Clock app now has a dark theme . A new `` Bedtime '' feature reminds the user when to go to bed to get the desired amount of sleep . There is also a new stopwatch face , accessed by swiping to the left . Contacts ( edit ) The Contacts app in iOS 10 allows users to set default phone numbers and email addresses for contacts who have multiple numbers or addresses . The app also allows the user to add and remove contacts from the Favorite Contacts list . Home ( edit ) Home is a new app that allows users to manage appliances compatible with HomeKit , Apple 's API for home automation . In the app , users can add compatible HomeKit accessories , such as locks , lights , and thermostats , and then directly control the appliances through the app . A `` Scenes '' panel allows many devices to be controlled at once to fit a mood or setting . Geo - fencing activates scheduled sequences following the user 's location . Mail ( edit ) The Mail app now allows users to unsubscribe from mailing lists with an Unsubscribe button . Users can dismiss the message to unsubscribe for a particular mailing list by tapping the `` X '' at the top right corner , preventing the Mail app from displaying the unsubscribe button for that mailing list again later . Apple has added back support for HTML5 video in Mail , which was previously stopped in iOS 8 . Mail can filter messages , either by unread / read , or by categories . iOS 10 also changes how email threading works , by placing the oldest email at the top by default . An option in Settings lets users revert to the previous threading system with the most recent message on top . Additionally , the new threaded conversations allow users to tap a message to see a scrollable stream of messages inside the thread . Maps ( edit ) Maps has been redesigned and updated with additional features , including scanning calendar events for locations , learning from a user 's typical actions , and a redesigned driving view . A marker can be automatically placed to indicate the user 's parked car . The marker can also tell the user when they last parked their car , and a Notes field allows the user to enter information , such as parking garage number , in the app . The app now helps users find the nearest gas station , fast - food restaurant or coffee shop , by swiping up from the bottom of the screen . Maps also estimates how long the detour will take . Users can add third - party extensions to the Maps app , which enable additional functionality , such as a restaurant - booking extension can help the user reserve a table from inside the Maps app . Users can now pan and zoom while in navigation mode . The app displays the current temperature and weather conditions in the bottom right corner . In iOS 10.3 , the app also allows the user to see a weather forecast by using 3D Touch on the current temperature . This functionality allows users to see an hour - by - hour breakdown of the area that they are looking at . Messages ( edit ) The Messages app incorporates its own App Store , which lets users download third - party iMessage apps that can be accessed within iMessage conversations . Users can use them to send stickers , play games or send rich content , such as media previews , to recipients . The Messages App Store has three navigation fields : Featured , Categories , and Manage . The app has been updated to include many visual effects . Chat bubbles , for example , can be sent with a `` loud '' or `` gentle '' animation that the recipient sees upon receiving . `` Invisible ink '' effect obscures the message until the recipient swipes across it . Full - screen effects like balloons , confetti or fireworks can be sent . There is also support for interactions similar to the Apple Watch , such as sending quick sketches and recording and sending the user 's heartbeat . In order to use the screen and bubble effects , the Reduce Motion setting needs to be turned off . Messages now allows users to send handwritten notes . This is done by turning the device to landscape mode for iPhones ( landscape or portrait for iPad users ) and then tapping the handwriting squiggle . The Messages app automatically saves recently used notes , to make it easier to send them again . A handwritten message can be deleted in the same way an app is deleted ; by holding down on the message and pressing Delete . The message can also be saved as a picture file . New emojis have been added , as well as additional features related to emoji . Emojis appear 3x bigger if messages are sent with up to three emojis and no text , the keyboard can now predict emojis to use , and an emoji replacement feature attempts to match words in messages and replace them with emojis of the same meaning . Since the Game Center app has been removed , Messages now handles actions such as inviting friends to a game . Read receipts can now be turned on or off for individual contacts rather than for all contacts . Music ( edit ) The Music app has been redesigned , with an emphasis placed on usability . The `` For You '' section has been reorganized , with a playlist offering daily music recommendations . The `` New '' tab has been renamed `` Browse '' . A new tab for music that has been downloaded called `` Downloaded Music '' has been added . Lyrics are viewable for songs in - app in iOS 10 . The `` Search '' tab includes recent and trending searches . An `` Optimized Storage '' option removes downloaded music that the user has n't played in a while . News ( edit ) The News app , taking cues from the Music layout , has been redesigned to incorporate bold headings and a newspaper-esque layout in the redesigned `` For You '' tab . News also features support for subscriptions and provides notifications for breaking news . Notes ( edit ) Notes now has a collaboration feature . This allows users to share a note and collaborate with other users , who can add and remove text from a note . Users tap a `` round yellow badge with a person and a plus sign '' and can then send invitations through text , email , or by link . Photos ( edit ) Apple added deep learning capabilities for sorting and searching in the Photos app . A new `` Memories '' feature can automatically recognize and compile related photos and create short , shareable music videos . local facial recognition functionality was added to bundle together pictures of certain people . iOS 10 allows users to add doodles and text on a photo , using a new `` Markup '' feature . If the user edits a Live Photo using Markup , the image will be turned into a still image . Live Photos can now be edited by the Photos app . This allows users to trim the clip , change the still frame , add a filter and add digital image stabilization to the Live Photo so it is `` buttery smooth '' . The app also has an upgraded auto - enhance feature and adds a `` Brilliance '' slider . Phone ( edit ) The Phone app can transcribe received visual voicemails . Siri can announce the name and phone number of incoming calls . The system can mark suspected spam callers on the call screen upon incoming calls . Contacts can be enabled for `` Emergency Bypass '' , in which the phone will always make sounds and vibrations when receiving notifications from the chosen contacts , even during Do Not Disturb mode . In the Favorites screen , users can customize what action each favorited contact will enable from a click , including call , FaceTime , SMS , or email . Users can save voicemails through AirDrop , iMessage , iCloud Drive and other apps through a share menu . Safari ( edit ) Apple Pay is now available through the Safari app . There is no limit to how many tabs users can have open at the same time . On supported iPads , Safari has a unique `` Split View '' for viewing two Safari browser tabs in 50 / 50 mode next to each other . Users can also search for keywords in specific tabs , close all tabs with a single click , and reopen recently closed tabs by long - pressing on the plus icon . Users can also search for items in the Bookmarks and Reading List . TV ( edit ) Included in the iOS 10.2 update is a `` TV '' app . The app , which is only available in the United States , offers a simple , unified experience of content from different video apps , as long as each service supports the feature . The new app replaces the Videos app found in previous iOS versions . Developer APIs ( edit ) iOS 10 gives third - party developers access to APIs to three major iOS system apps and services : Siri , iMessage , and Maps . Developers can : Turn certain activities into Siri voice commands , allowing users to speak voice queries into the Siri personal assistant and Siri returning results from the respective apps . Apps that can integrate with Siri are limited to : sending messages , starting calls , sending and requesting payments , search for photos and videos , ordering taxicab or ride - sharing services , and managing workouts . Add dedicated apps to the iMessage App Store , that lets users add unique sticker packs , share rich content , or interact with certain app functions entirely within an iMessage conversation . Add extensions to Apple Maps , so apps with specific functionality useful in a map , such as a restaurant - booking app , can integrate with the mapping service to handle app functionality directly in the Maps app . iOS 10 allows third - party camera apps to capture RAW image format pictures . Support for shooting photos in Adobe 's DNG RAW format is limited to devices with at least a 12MP camera and a third - party app that supports it , as Apple did not enable the feature in the native Camera app . iOS 10 allows VoIP apps to have the same functionality and interface as the Phone and FaceTime apps have , through the use of a CallKit API . Removed functionality ( edit ) Native support for the VPN protocol PPTP was removed . Apple recommends alternatives which it considers to be more secure . The options to group notifications by app in Notification Center and customize the order of notifications were removed . Reception ( edit ) In his review , The Verge 's Dieter Bohn wrote that the new features introduced in iOS 10 are `` an evolution of some of the design and interaction ideas that Apple has been working on for a couple of years '' . He wrote that iMessage is `` becoming a platform all its own '' , and although he liked that extensions mean access to information from apps without needing to open the respective apps , he wrote that new iMessage interface is difficult to understand and that the use of `` third - party apps , stickers , crazy confetti effects , and emoji all over the place '' is a `` nightmare '' , although finishing with `` Or maybe that 's a wonderland , not a nightmare . Your call . '' Regarding third - party support in Siri , he called it `` great '' , while noting the limited class of apps ( `` calls , messaging , payments , photos , ride - sharing apps , some CarPlay systems , and workouts '' ) , and that sometimes a button press was required to complete the process . Beyond app integrations , he criticized Siri , writing `` Siri does n't seem to have gotten a whole lot smarter than you remember '' . Bohn enjoyed the new machine learning technology present in the Photos app , writing that he was `` impressed '' by Apple 's image recognition technology , which he noted is done locally on the device , but did criticize the error rate , where he compares the technology to Google Photos as a step ahead . Bohn liked the new designs for the Music and Maps apps , saying both the redesigns were `` for the better '' . Bohn particularly enjoyed the new lock screen , where he highlighted that notification bubbles can be 3D Touch - ed to access more information , all without needing to unlock the phone . Other small bits of new features he liked included `` deletable '' apps , upgraded `` widgets '' when 3D Touch - ing a home screen icon , and breaking news notifications in Apple News . Overall , Bohn referred to iOS 10 as `` Still a walled garden , but with more doors '' . Engadget 's Devindra Hardawar wrote that iOS 10 is Apple `` basically polishing a pearl '' . Hardawar noted that the major changes in the release focus on features rather than the visual interface . He wrote that the lock screen is now `` far more customizable than before '' . He praised the new features added to 3D Touch , writing that it `` finally feels useful '' , where he likes that `` 3D Touch works in almost every part of the OS '' . In regard to iMessage , he wrote that it has new features that are `` particularly useful '' , including `` Invisible ink '' that obscures text in a conversation when others might be looking , but criticized the user interface , writing that it `` needs some work '' . The `` Memories '' feature in the new Photos app `` usually turned out well '' , but wrote that `` they 're still clearly a work in progress '' . Hardawar praised the new Apple Music app , but added that `` really , anything is better than the last iteration '' . He also liked lyrics support . He wrote that Siri 's third - party support was `` actually starting to get useful '' , but did run into accuracy issues . He finished by writing that although iOS 10 does add features seen in Google 's Android operating system before , the mobile industry is `` shamelessly getting `` inspired '' by the competition `` . His summary states that `` iOS 10 is a collection of useful changes to an already solid OS '' . In October 2016 , a month after its initial release , 54 % of iOS devices were running iOS 10 , a `` slightly slower migration '' than for the release of iOS 9 in the preceding year , a result speculated by MacRumors 's Tim Hardwick as being caused by an early release issue that disabled some devices and may have `` put some ( users ) off downloading the update '' . User adoption increased to 76 % of active devices in January 2017 , 79 % in February 2017 , 86 % in June 2017 , 87 % in July 2017 , and 89 % in September 2017 before the release of iOS 11 . Problems ( edit ) Initial release bricking issue ( edit ) The initial public release of iOS 10 on September 13 , 2016 saw many iPhones and iPads temporarily disabled , or `` bricked '' , by the over-the - air update , requiring bricked devices to be connected to a Mac or PC with iTunes in order to retry the update or restore the device to factory settings . Apple quickly released iOS 10.0. 1 , and issued a statement : `` We experienced a brief issue with the software update process , affecting a small number of users during the first hour of availability . The problem was quickly resolved and we apologize to those customers . '' Local Backup encryption issue ( edit ) In September 2016 , it was discovered that the encryption of local iOS backups made with iTunes is weaker for iOS 10 devices than for devices running iOS 9 . Russian software firm ElcomSoft discovered that the iOS 10 backup process skips several security checks , making it `` approximately 2,500 times '' faster to try passwords , enabling 6 million password tries per second compared to the 2,400 password tries per second for the same process ElcomSoft has used on iOS 9 . The firm stated that the impact is `` severe '' . Apple acknowledged the problem , said it planned to issue a security update , but also stated that iCloud backups were not affected . The iOS 10.1 update subsequently fixed the issue . Battery shutdowns ( edit ) The Next Web 's Juan Buis wrote in late November 2016 that `` complaints are shared ( on Apple 's support forums ) about various iPhone models turning off when the battery falls below a certain percentage '' , and blames the iOS 10.1. 1 update . He further wrote that `` the original post ( on support forums ) explains that the phone dies when there 's 30 percent charge left , and many others have since replied that they 're experiencing the same . '' iOS 10.2 , released in December 2016 , adds a telemetry diagnostic tool that Apple can use to report battery consumption , for diagnosing reported issues with 30 % battery shutdowns . In February 2017 , Apple released a statement to TechCrunch , saying that the iOS 10.2. 1 update , released on January 23 , had reduced the occurrence of battery shutdowns by `` more than 80 % '' on iPhone 6S devices and `` over 70 % '' on iPhone 6 devices . In full , the statement read : With iOS 10.2. 1 , Apple made improvements to reduce occurrences of unexpected shutdowns that a small number of users were experiencing with their iPhone . iOS 10.2. 1 already has over 50 % of active iOS devices upgraded and the diagnostic data we 've received from upgraders shows that for this small percentage of users experiencing the issue , we 're seeing a more than 80 % reduction in iPhone 6s and over 70 % reduction on iPhone 6 of devices unexpectedly shutting down . We also added the ability for the phone to restart without needing to connect to power , if a user still encounters an unexpected shutdown . It is important to note that these unexpected shutdowns are not a safety issue , but we understand it can be an inconvenience and wanted to fix the issue as quickly as possible . If a customer has any issues with their device they can contact AppleCare . Supported devices ( edit ) With this release , Apple dropped support for devices with either an A5 or an A5X chip : the iPhone 4S , iPad 2 , iPad ( 3rd generation ) , iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) and iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) . iPhone ( edit ) iPhone 5 iPhone 5C iPhone 5S iPhone 6 iPhone 6 Plus iPhone 6S iPhone 6S Plus iPhone SE iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPod Touch ( edit ) iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) iPad ( edit ) iPad ( 4th generation ) iPad Air iPad Air 2 iPad ( 2017 ) iPad Mini 2 iPad Mini 3 iPad Mini 4 iPad Pro ( 12.9 - inch ) iPad Pro ( 9.7 - inch ) iPad Pro ( 10.5 - inch ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Downloads Now Available '' . Apple Developer . Apple Inc . July 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple security updates '' . Apple Inc . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . 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Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Apple releases TV app for iPhone , iPad , and Apple TV '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` What 's New in iOS 10.2 Beta 3 : TV App Updates , SOS and Videos App Removed '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Anthony ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 paves the way for advanced mobile photo editing '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone and iPad apps will be able to shoot RAW photos with iOS 10 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleishman , Glenn ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Camera app makers tap into RAW power with iOS , and look forward to dual lenses '' . Macworld . International Data Group . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grigonis , Hillary ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone can now shoot RAW photos , here 's why it 's a big deal '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 preview : Apple goes back to ignoring the iPad in wide - ranging update '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viticci , Federico . `` VoIP Apps and CallKit '' . MacStories . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Shaun ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Did you know iOS 10 , macOS Sierra has a problem with crappy VPNs ? You do now '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 Tidbits : Hide Stock Apps , Use Two Safari Windows on iPad , Access Voicemail Transcription and More '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 review : doors into the walled garden '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 review : Apple evolves '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` According to Apple 's official figures , iOS 10 adoption rate now at 54 % '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardwick , Tim ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Puts Official iOS 10 Adoption Rate Figure at 54 % '' . MacRumors . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` iOS 10 Now Installed on 76 % of Active iOS Devices '' . MacRumors . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` iOS 10 Now Installed on Nearly 80 % of Active iOS Devices '' . MacRumors . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dillet , Romain ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Apple introduces iOS 11 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Buis , Juan ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Getting terrible battery life on iOS 10.1. 1 ? You 're not the only one '' . The Next Web . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Panzarino , Matthew ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Apple says iOS 10.2. 1 has reduced unexpected iPhone 6s shutdown issues by 80 % '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Says iOS 10.2. 1 Update Has Significantly Reduced Unexpected iPhone 6 and 6s Shutdowns '' . MacRumors . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Rene ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Apple and iOS 10.2. 1 address unexpected shutdowns on iPhone 6 , iPhone 6s '' . iMore . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Goodbye , A5 : iOS 10 ends support for iPhone 4S , iPad 2 , and more '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New 9.7 - inch iPad Features Stunning Retina Display & Incredible Performance '' . Apple Press Info. Apple Inc . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . 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Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IOS_10&oldid=828339118 '' Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Malagasy Nederlands नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский සිංහල Simple English کوردی Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 00 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will ios 10 be released for ipad mini | [
"\niOS 10\n\nA version of the iOS operating system\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe default iOS 10 home screen on an iPhone 7\n\n\n\nDeveloper\nApple Inc.\n\n\nSource model\nClosed with open-source components\n\n\nInitial release\nSeptember 13, 2016; 17 months ago (2016-09-13)\n\n\nLatest release\n10.3.3 (14G60)[1] / July 19, 2017; 7 months ago (2017-07-19)\n\n\nPlatforms\n\niPhone\n\niPhone 5\niPhone 5C\niPhone 5S\niPhone 6\niPhone 6 Plus\niPhone 6S\niPhone 6S Plus\niPhone SE\niPhone 7\niPhone 7 Plus\n\niPod Touch\n\niPod Touch (6th generation)\n\niPad\n\niPad (4th generation)\niPad Air\niPad Air 2\niPad (2017)\niPad Mini 2\niPad Mini 3\niPad Mini 4\niPad Pro\n\n\n\n\n\nKernel type\nHybrid (XNU)\n\n\nLicense\nProprietary software with open-source components\n\n\nPreceded by\niOS 9\n\n\nSucceeded by\niOS 11\n\n\nOfficial website\niOS 10 at the Wayback Machine (archived September 12, 2017)\n\n\nSupport status\n\n\nThird-party application support only[2]\n\n"
] | [
"September 13, 2016"
] |
8159879432000047634 | Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine | Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine - wikipedia Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine Jump to : navigation , search Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Abbreviation MPIEM Predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research Formation 1947 ; 71 years ago ( 1947 ) Type Scientific institute Purpose Research on experimental medicine in neuroscience Headquarters Göttingen , Lower Saxony , Germany Key people Klaus - Armin Nave , managing director Parent organization Max Planck Society Website ( in English ) The Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine ( German : Max - Planck - Institut für Experimentelle Medizin ) is located in Göttingen , Germany . It was founded as Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research in 1947 , and was renamed in 1965 . It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society ( Max - Planck - Gesellschaft ) . Prof. Dr. Klaus - Armin Nave is currently the acting director of the institute . Contents ( hide ) 1 Research 2 Departments 2.1 Neurogenetics 2.2 Molecular Neurobiology 2.3 Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals 3 External links 4 References Research ( edit ) The research focus of the institute is on neuroscience . Research activities cover a wide spectrum of topics , ranging from basic molecular analyses of neuronal processes to clinical studies on novel therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders in patients . The central aim of all these studies is to understand basic molecular and cellular processes in brain function , to analyze their pathological dysfunction in psychiatric and neurological diseases , and ultimately to develop novel therapies for these disorders . Departments ( edit ) Neurogenetics ( edit ) The Department of Neurogenetics , led by Klaus - Armin Nave , uses transgenic techniques , natural and engineered mouse mutants and the tools of molecular and cellular biology to study neural development and the pathomechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases . A major focus of their research is on neuron - glia interactions that result in the assembly of myelin in the nervous system . Neuronal processes ( axons ) exhibit signaling molecules that are recognized by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes . These highly specialized glial cells wrap and electrically insulate axons in the peripheral and central nervous system , respectively . Myelin allows the fast propagation of electrical impulses , but glial cells are also required for axonal maintenance . This line of research helps us to understand the molecular mechanisms of human neurological diseases in which genetic mutations cause myelin loss and defects of motor and cognitive function . Molecular Neurobiology ( edit ) The Department of Molecular Neurobiology , led by Nils Brose , focuses on molecular mechanisms of synapse development and function in the mammalian central nervous system . For that purpose , Molecular Neurobiology is combining protein biochemical , yeast genetic , cell biological , electrophysiological and morphological methods with mouse genetics to identify and characterize key molecules with functional roles in synaptogenesis , presynaptic neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic signal transduction pathways . The final aim of these studies is a detailed molecular understanding of synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission , which in turn will be useful for the design of therapeutic strategies for neurological and psychiatric diseases that involve synaptic dysfunction . Molecular biology of neuronal signals ( edit ) The Department of Molecular Biology of Neuron Signals , led by Walter Stühmer , investigates on structure - function relationships of native and genetically modified ion channels , on origin and distribution as well as on genetic and physiological regulation of expression of different ion channels and membrane proteins through in situ and in vitro methods . By combination of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy ( TIRFM ) with Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ( FRET ) methods protein interactions at cell membranes are studied . In the focus of the research team is the analysis of physiological functions of ion channels during neuronal interactions and development and during cancerogenesis . Coordinates : 51 ° 33 ′ 4 '' N 9 ° 56 ′ 14 '' E / 51.55111 ° N 9.93722 ° E / 51.55111 ; 9.93722 External links ( edit ) Homepage Homepage ( in German ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ University of Göttingen . `` Stühmer , Walter , Prof. Dr '' . University . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine . `` Profile '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine . `` Neurogenetics '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine . `` Molecular neurobiology '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine . `` Molecular biology of neuronal signals '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . 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Zacher ( 1990 -- 1996 ) Hubert Markl ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Peter Gruss ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Martin Stratmann ( since 2014 ) Nobel laureates Walter Bothe ( 1954 ) Karl Ziegler ( 1963 ) Feodor Lynen ( 1964 ) Manfred Eigen ( 1967 ) Konrad Lorenz ( 1973 ) Georges Köhler ( 1984 ) Klaus von Klitzing ( 1985 ) Ernst Ruska ( 1986 ) Hartmut Michel ( 1988 ) Johann Deisenhofer ( 1988 ) Robert Huber ( 1988 ) Bert Sakmann ( 1991 ) Erwin Neher ( 1991 ) Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard ( 1995 ) Paul Crutzen ( 1995 ) Theodor W. Hänsch ( 2005 ) Gerhard Ertl ( 2007 ) Stefan W. Hell ( 2014 ) Kaiser Wilhelm Society Max Planck Digital Library Harnack medal Schloss Ringberg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Institute_for_Experimental_Medicine&oldid=824288544 '' Categories : Max Planck Institutes Medical research institutes in Germany Research institutes established in 1947 1947 establishments in Germany Göttingen Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 13 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | former research institute for experimental medicine berlin germany | [] | [] |
-7107992706769397718 | I Love Rock 'n' Roll | I Love Rock ' n ' Roll - wikipedia I Love Rock ' n ' Roll Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2016 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' 2004 re-issue Single by the Arrows B - side `` Broken Down Heart '' Released July 1975 Format 7 - inch single Recorded Genre Hard rock Length 2 : 48 Label RAK Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Mickie Most the Arrows singles chronology `` Hard Hearted '' ( 1975 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 1975 ) `` Once Upon a Time '' ( 1976 ) `` Hard Hearted '' ( 1975 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1975 ) `` Once Upon a Time '' ( 1976 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows , who recorded the first released version . The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982 . Alan Merrill still plays the song live in Europe , Japan and most often in his home town New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Arrows original version 2 Joan Jett cover version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Critical reception 2.3 Chart performance 2.4 Weekly charts 2.5 Year - end charts 2.5. 1 Chart successions 3 Britney Spears version 3.1 Background , release and composition 3.2 Reception 3.2. 1 Critical 3.2. 2 Commercial 3.3 Music video 3.4 Live performances 3.5 Track listings 3.6 Charts and certifications 3.6. 1 Weekly charts 3.6. 2 Year - end charts 3.6. 3 Certifications 3.7 Release history 4 Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 4.3 Release history 5 Other cover versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The Arrows original version ( edit ) The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records , with lead vocals , guitar , music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most . In an interview with Songfacts , Merrill said he wrote it as `` a knee - jerk response to the Rolling Stones ' ' It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) ' . '' This version was first released as a B - side , but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record . The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young - produced show 45 , after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series , Arrows , which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976 . Joan Jett cover version ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Single by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts from the album I Love Rock ' n Roll B - side `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got '' Released January 19 , 1982 Format 7 - inch single , 12 - inch single Recorded 1981 Genre Hard rock Length 2 : 56 Label Boardwalk Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Ritchie Cordell , Kenny Laguna Joan Jett and the Blackhearts singles chronology `` Bad Reputation '' ( 1981 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1982 ) `` Crimson and Clover '' ( 1982 ) `` Bad Reputation '' ( 1981 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1982 ) `` Crimson and Clover '' ( 1982 ) `` I Love Rock N Roll '' Joan Jett and the Blackhearts ' `` I Love Rock N Roll '' from I Love Rock ' n Roll Problems playing this file ? See media help . Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' on their weekly UK television series Arrows when she was touring England with the Runaways in 1976 . She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols : Steve Jones and Paul Cook . This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B - side to `` You Do n't Own Me '' . In 1981 , Jett re-recorded the song , this time with her band , the Blackhearts . This recording became a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number - one single for seven weeks . Billboard ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982 . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , representing two million units shipped to stores with Jett 's I Love Rock ' n Roll album reaching number two on the Billboard 200 . Joan Jett 's version was ranked No. 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of Rolling Stone and has also been inducted into the Grammys Hall of Fame in 2016 . Music video ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' 's black - and - white music video received heavy play from the just - launched MTV network . In it , Jett and the Blackhearts travel to a small , dingy bar and proceed to excite the drunken crowd by performing the song and yelling out its chorus . A snippet of Jett 's 1981 hit `` Bad Reputation '' can be heard at the beginning of the video . The video was originally in color , but it was converted to black and white because Jett hated the look of her red leather jumpsuit in color . In 1993 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts made another music video for the song as part of the Wayne 's World 2 soundtrack . In the video appear several scenes from the movie with Mike Myers and Dana Carvey mixed with footage of Jett and her band in concert . It was again released as a single by Warner / Reprise with `` Activity Grrrl '' as the B - side . Critical reception ( edit ) Jett 's version has received many accolades , including : Ranking No. 85 on Q magazine March 2005 list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ranking No. 491 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' Ranking No. 56 in Billboard 's Greatest Songs of all time . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 42 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South African Chart Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 31 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 81 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia 7 Canada Netherlands 25 New Zealand 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box 5 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Centerfold '' by The J. Geils Band Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 March 1982 -- 1 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Chariots of Fire '' by Vangelis Preceded by `` Centerfold '' by The J. Geils Band Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) February 6 -- March 13 , 1982 Succeeded by `` ( Oh ) Pretty Woman '' by Van Halen Preceded by `` Tainted Love '' by Soft Cell Canadian `` RPM '' Singles Chart number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 March 1982 -- 8 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by the Human League Preceded by `` What About Me '' by Moving Pictures Australian Kent Music Report number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 3 May 1982 -- 31 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Mickey '' by Toni Basil Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by the Human League New Zealand RIANZ number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 June 1982 -- 11 July 1982 Succeeded by `` E Ipo '' by Prince Tui Teka Britney Spears version ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' Single by Britney Spears from the album Britney and Crossroads ( Music from the Major Motion Picture ) Released 27 May 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 27 ) Format Cassette single CD single Recorded Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Rodney Jerkins Britney Spears singles chronology `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( 2002 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2002 ) `` Anticipating '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( 2002 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2002 ) `` Anticipating '' ( 2002 ) Music video `` I Love Rock ' N ' Roll '' on YouTube Background , release and composition ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is the fourth European single released by pop singer Britney Spears from the album Britney on 27 May 2002 . The song was used in her 2002 movie Crossroads . Spears 's character , Lucy , performs it in a karaoke bar . Spears said of the song , `` They asked me to sing karaoke in the movie Crossroads and I 've actually sung I Love Rock ' n ' Roll in a lot of clubs that I 've been to . '' Spears has publicly admitted the original song to be one of her favorites . Spears listened to the original Arrows Mickie Most - produced version just before she recorded the song , according to Jive A&R representative Steve Lunt . The scratches performed on this song were performed by Corey Chase , at Hit Factory Miami . When promoting the single 's release she mistakenly attributed the hit version of the song to Pat Benatar instead of Joan Jett . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) Spears ' cover was met with mostly favorable reviews . NME 's Ted Kessler wrote that Britney `` still works best when making a good pop cheese and dance sandwich : there 's the ace Rodney Jerkins - produced version of Joan Jett 's ' I Love Rock'n'Roll ' , which does exactly what is says on the tin . '' Rolling Stone 's Barry Walters wrote that `` producer Rodney Jerkins ' hip - hop blaspheming of Joan Jett 's `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' does n't go as far as it should ( is a Limp Bizkit remix in its future ? ) , but it certainly beats what her earlier studio architects did to those Sonny and Cher ( `` The Beat Goes On '' on ... Baby One More Time ) and Stones ( `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' on Oops ! ... I Did It Again ) songs . '' Another positive reception came from PopMatters 's editor Nikki Tranter , who enjoyed that the song is `` different from the average run - of - the - mill pop offering , '' and praised that `` she does strange justice to the tune , vamping up her vocals and turning out something , that while silly and camp , is actually a fun listen . '' In contrast , David Browne wrote for Entertainment Weekly that `` her remake is neither imaginative ( it simply xeroxes Joan Jett 's arrangement ) nor all that believable . '' Commercial ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' charted moderately upon release , reaching the top twenty in most regions . The song was moderately successful in the UK , where it peaked at number thirteen ( which , at the time , was her lowest peak for a single released there , until `` Radar '' only managed to reach number forty - six in 2009 , and then `` I Wanna Go , which peaked at one - hundred and eleven ) . The single sold a total of 65,000 copies . It was also certified Gold in Australia . Music video ( edit ) Spears performing ′ ′ I Love Rock ′ n ′ Roll ′ ′ at the Dream Within a Dream Tour . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Directed by Chris Applebaum , the music video for `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' shows Spears with her own band , a stack of speakers , and flashing lights . It was shot at The Inn , a bar in Long Beach , New York . The video was ranked at No. 2 on the 100 Best Videos of 2002 at MTV Latin America 's countdown . The Director 's Cut version of the video was later leaked ; it included previously unseen scenes from the video . Live performances ( edit ) The song was performed live during Spears 's Dream Within a Dream Tour ( 2001 -- 02 ) . In 2016 , it was added to the revamped set list of her Las Vegas residency show , Britney : Piece of Me ( 2016 -- 17 ) , marking the first time Spears performed the song in 14 years . During the performance , Britney Spears rides a mechanical electric guitar , which simulates a mechanical bull , as it rotates on stage . The same prop electric guitar was previously used during her Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) for a segment in which she covered the song `` Burning Up '' by Madonna . In the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , the song was performed as part of a medley , using the same guitar proposed Track listings ( edit ) European 2 tracks CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 18 European / Australian CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 08 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 26 German 2 tracks CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 07 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 05 German CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 07 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 05 `` Overprotected '' ( Riprock ' N Alex G Remix ) -- 3 : 25 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 24 Japanese CD maxi single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 25 `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( Thunderpuss Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 18 `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( Miguel Migs Petalpusher Vocal ) -- 5 : 30 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Spanish Fly Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 55 UK CD maxi single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected ( Darkchild Remix Radio Edit ) '' -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 06 Cassette single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 06 Digital download ( Digital 45 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' -- 3 : 07 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 29 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Hungarian Singles Chart 6 Irish Singles Chart 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Japan ( Oricon ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 Portugal ( Portuguese Singles Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 68 Belgium Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 76 German Singles Chart 96 Swedish Singles Chart 85 Swiss Singles Chart 81 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Germany 27 May 2002 Maxi single JIVE Japan 19 June 2002 Sony United Kingdom 1 July 2002 JIVE Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' Promotional single by Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney Released 3 December 2008 Recorded 2008 Length 3 : 37 Label 541 / NEWS Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Alex Gaudino singles chronology `` Watch Out '' ( 2008 ) Watch Out 2008 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2008 ) I Love Rock ' n ' Roll2008 `` I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) '' ( 2010 ) I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) 2010 The Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney cover version was released in 2008 . Track listing ( edit ) UK Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 37 2 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Extended Mix ) 7 : 43 3 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Dabruck , Klein Remix ) 6 : 01 4 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 5 : 35 5 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Disko Kriminals Remix ) 7 : 05 Credits and personnel Lead vocals -- Alex Gaudino Music -- Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Lyrics -- Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Scratches -- Corey Chase Label : 541 / NEWS Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 10 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United Kingdom 3 December 2008 Digital download Other cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is an often - covered song , and has been notably recorded by such artists as : Singer Tiny Tim covered it in 1980 on his album Chameleon . L'Arc ~ En ~ Ciel released the song as a single internationally in 2011 and it was used in a Pepsi commercial in Japan . Lee Da - hae released the song as a single in 2007 , with versions in both English and Korean . Boy band Five sampled the song for `` Everybody Get Up '' . Reverend Run sampled the song for his song `` Mind on the Road '' on his solo album Distortion . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( parody , as `` I Love Rocky Road '' ) The group Forever Young covered the song in 2003 and made the French top 30 peaking at # 27 in 2003 . Fast Forward Highway covered Joan Jett 's version for the video game Just Dance 2017 . American rapper Eminem sampled the instrumental for his song `` Remind Me '' on his ninth studio album Revival . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` 10 More Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outsight Radio Hours interview , 12 February 2012 '' . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` alan merrill setlist '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock and Roll '' . Songfacts.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten hits you may not know were cover versions '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` I Love Rock N ' Roll -- Song Review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talevski , Nick ( 2006 ) . Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 9091 - 2 . Cordell joined Kenny Laguna , his former session player and then manager of Joan Jett & the Blackhearts , to co-produce the group 's chart - topping hard - rock anthem ' I Love Rock ' N Roll ' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 322 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone - The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . `` With the first primal power chord , Jett obliterated her image as a teenage girl - group novelty in the Runaways . The squealing riffs matched her new leather - clad tough - girl image and made her case as one of the fiercest female guitarists of all time . '' Jump up ^ `` The Recording Academy Announces 2016 Grammy Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Recording Academy . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 30 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Australia n ° 1 Hits - 80 's '' . Worldcharts.co.uk . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda . Top 40 Hits : the essential chart guide ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Hung Medien . `` I love rock'n'roll in French Chart '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` I love rock'n'roll in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Only results when searching `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : J '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` I love rock'n'roll in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 8th May 1982 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Love Rock'n'Roll awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , March 27 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1982 Jump up ^ Top Selling Singles of 1982 The Official New Zealand Music Chart Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' N ' Roll '' . www.discogs.com . Discogs . n.d . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Released : 27 May 2002 Jump up ^ Dingwall , John ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` OTR ... Off the Record : Your Time Is Up , Jacko ; Britney Wants Album Top Slot '' . Daily Record . Scotland . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jim DeRogatis ( 4 November 2001 ) . `` What Britney said , or should have '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ted ( 30 October 2001 ) . `` NME Albums Reviews -- Britney Spears : ' Britney Pop 's Number One act ? She did it again ... ' '' . NME . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry Walters ( 22 November 2001 ) . `` Britney review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 12 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tranter , Nikki ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` Britney Spears : Britney < PopMatters > '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britney Music . EW.com ( 12 November 2001 ) . Retrieved on 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( UK ) Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . UKBritney.tv Retrieved on 22 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ -- Magyar Hangfelvétel - kiadók Szövetsége '' . Mahasz.hu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Britney Spears '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Top40-charts.com '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2002 '' . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2002 '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2002 '' . Swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock ' N ' Roll ( Single ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock'n'Roll '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock and Roll ( Single , Maxi ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock N ' Roll : Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock'n'roll by Forever Young - Music Charts '' . Acharts.co . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . External links ( edit ) History of the song `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Bill Harry 's Merseybeat article Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Joan Jett / Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Studio albums Joan Jett / Bad Reputation I Love Rock ' n Roll Album Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth Good Music Up Your Alley The Hit List Notorious Pure and Simple Naked Sinner Unvarnished Compilation albums Do You Wanna Touch Me Flashback Great Hits Fit to Be Tied Fetish Jett Rock Greatest Hits EPs I Love Rock ' n ' Roll 92 1979 Cherry Bomb Unfinished Business Singles `` Bad Reputation '' `` Do You Wanna Touch Me ( Oh Yeah ) '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Crimson and Clover '' `` Everyday People '' `` I Love You Love Me Love '' `` Cherry Bomb '' `` Roadrunner '' `` Light of Day '' `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Dirty Deeds '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Androgynous '' Related articles Discography The Runaways Evil Stig Book : Joan Jett Britney Spears songs Discography ... Baby One More Time `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops ! ... I Did It Again `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me ... '' `` Private Show '' `` Clumsy '' `` Do You Wanna Come Over ? '' `` Slumber Party '' Collaborations `` Hands '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` S&M '' `` Scream & Shout '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` Tom 's Diner '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` And Then We Kiss '' `` My Only Wish ( This Year ) '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Someday ( I Will Understand ) '' Book Portal Alex Gaudino Singles `` Destination Calabria '' `` Que Pasa Contigo '' `` Watch Out '' `` I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) '' `` What a Feeling '' `` I Do n't Wanna Dance '' `` Playing With My Heart '' Promotional singles `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Missing You '' Related articles Rise Records Kelly Rowland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_Rock_%27n%27_Roll&oldid=843188489 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1982 singles 2002 singles Arrows ( British band ) songs Jive Records singles RAK Records singles Joan Jett songs Britney Spears songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Sweden Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Songs written for films Songs about music 1975 songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in South Africa Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from April 2015 Use British English from April 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Articles needing additional references from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 13 : 57 . 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5892862989773054976 | Pillory | Pillory - wikipedia Pillory For the racehorse , see Pillory ( horse ) . `` Whipping post '' redirects here . For The Allman Brothers Band song , see Whipping Post ( song ) . Not to be confused with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori . The 17th century perjurer Titus Oates in a pillory The pillory was a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post , with holes for securing the head and hands , formerly used for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse . The pillory is related to the stocks . The word is documented in English since 1274 ( attested in Anglo - Latin from c. 1189 ) , and stems from Old French pellori ( 1168 ; modern French pilori , see below ) , itself from medieval Latin pilloria , of uncertain origin , perhaps a diminutive of Latin pila `` pillar , stone barrier '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Uses 3 Similar humiliation devices 4 Notable cases 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Rather like the lesser punishment called the stocks , the pillory consisted of hinged wooden boards forming holes through which the head and / or various limbs were inserted ; then the boards were locked together to secure the captive . Pillories were set up to hold people in marketplaces , crossroads , and other public places . They were often placed on platforms to increase public visibility of the person . Often a placard detailing the crime was placed nearby ; these punishments generally lasted only a few hours . Pillory from Dalarna Region , Sweden ( Nordic Museum , Stockholm ) In being forced to bend forward and stick their head and hands out in front of them , offenders in the pillory would have been extremely uncomfortable during their punishment . However , the main purpose in putting criminals in the pillory was to publicly humiliate them . On discovering that the pillory was occupied , people would excitedly gather in the marketplace to taunt , tease and laugh at the offender on display . Those who gathered to watch the punishment typically wanted to make the offender 's experience as unpleasant as possible . In addition to being jeered and mocked , those in the pillory might be pelted with rotten food , mud , offal , dead animals , and animal excrement . Sometimes people were killed or maimed in the pillory because crowds could get too violent and pelt the offender with stones , bricks and other dangerous objects . However , when Daniel Defoe was sentenced to the pillory in 1703 for Seditious libel , he was regarded as a hero by the crowd and was pelted with flowers . The criminal could also be sentenced to further punishments while in the pillory : humiliation by shaving off some or all hair or regular corporal punishment ( s ) , notably flagellation ( the pillory serving as the `` whipping post '' ) or even permanent mutilation such as branding or having an ear cut off ( cropping ) , as in the case of John Bastwick . In Protestant cultures ( such as in the Scandinavian countries ) , the pillory would be the worldly part of a church punishment . The delinquent would therefore first serve the ecclesiastical part of his punishment on the pillory bench in the church itself , and then be handed to the worldly authorities to be bound to the Skampåle ( literally : `` Shame Pole '' ) for public humiliation . Uses ( edit ) The pillory at Charing Cross in London , c. 1808 . After 1816 , use of the pillory was restricted in England to punishment for perjury or subornation . The pillory was formally abolished as a form of punishment in England and Wales in 1837 , but the stocks remained in use , though extremely infrequently , until 1872 . The last person to be pilloried in England was Peter James Bossy , who was convicted of `` wilful and corrupt perjury '' in 1830 . He was offered the choice of seven years ' penal transportation or one hour in the pillory , and chose the latter . In France , time in the `` pilori '' was usually limited to two hours . It was replaced in 1789 by `` exposition '' , and abolished in 1832 . Two types of devices were used : The poteau ( another French term ) was a simple post , often with a board around only the neck , and was synonymous with the mode of punishment . This was the same as the schandpaal ( `` shamepole '' ) in Dutch . The carcan , an iron ring around the neck to tie a prisoner to such a post , was the name of a similar punishment that was abolished in 1832 . A criminal convicted to serve time in a prison or galleys would , prior to his incarceration , be attached for two to six hours ( depending on whether he was convicted to prison or the galleys ) to the carcan , with his name , crime and sentence written on a board over his head . A permanent small tower , the upper floor of which had a ring made of wood or iron with holes for the victim 's head and arms , which was often on a turntable to expose the condemned to all parts of the crowd . Eighteenth - century illustration of perjurer John Waller who was killed while being pilloried in London in 1732 Like other permanent apparatus for physical punishment , the pillory was often placed prominently and constructed more elaborately than necessary . It served as a symbol of the power of the judicial authorities , and its continual presence was seen as a deterrent , like permanent gallows for authorities endowed with high justice . The Vere Street Coterie at the pillory in 1810 . In Portugal , it is called Pelourinho , and there are monuments of great importance because they are known since the Roman times . Usually , they are located on the main square of the town , and / or in front of a major church or a palace . They are made of stone with a column and the top carved . Pelourinhos are considered major local monuments , several clearly bearing the coat of arms of a king or queen . The same is true of its former colonies , notably in Brazil ( in its former capital , Salvador , the whole old quarter is known as Pelourinho ) and Africa ( e.g. Cape Verde 's old capital , Cidade Velha ) , always as symbols of royal power . In Spain it was called picota . The pillory was also in common use in other western countries and colonies , and similar devices were used in other , non-Western cultures . According to one source , the pillory was abolished as a form of punishment in the United States in 1839 , but this can not be entirely true because it was clearly in use in Delaware as recently as 1901 . Governor Preston Lea finally signed a bill to abolish the pillory in Delaware in March 1905 . Punishment by whipping - post remained on the books in Delaware until 1972 , when it became the last state to abolish it . Delaware was the last state to sentence someone to whipping in 1963 ; however , the sentence was commuted . The last whipping in Delaware was in 1952 . Similar humiliation devices ( edit ) Daniel Defoe in the pillory , 1862 line engraving by James Charles Armytage after Eyre Crowe Combined pillory and whipping post in New Castle County Jail , Delaware , 1907 . The pillory sits in an elevated position to increase its visibility , while the whipping post is at ground level to provide more room for the whipper . There was a variant ( rather of the stocks type ) , called a barrel pillory , or Spanish mantle , used to punish drunks , which is reported in England and among its troops . It fitted over the entire body , with the head sticking out from a hole in the top . The criminal is put in either an enclosed barrel , forcing him to kneel in his own filth , or an open barrel , also known as `` barrel shirt '' or `` drunkards collar '' after the punishable crime , leaving him to roam about town or military camp and be ridiculed and scorned . Whipping post in Fremantle Prison . Although a pillory , by its physical nature , could double as a whipping post to tie a criminal down for public flagellation ( as used to be the case in many German sentences to staupenschlag ) , the two as such are separate punishments : the pillory is a sentence to public humiliation , whipping is an essentially painful corporal punishment . Sometimes a single structure was built with separate locations for the two punishments , with a whipping post on the lower level and a pillory above ( see image at right ) . When permanently present in sight of prisoners , whipping posts were thought to act as a deterrent against bad behaviour , especially when each prisoner had been subjected to a `` welcome beating '' on arrival , as in 18th - century Waldheim in Saxony ( 12 , 18 or 24 whip lashes on the bare posterior tied to a pole in the castle courtyard , or by birch rod over the `` bock '' , a bench in the corner ) . Still a different penal use of such constructions is to tie the criminal down , possibly after a beating , to expose him for a long time to the elements , usually without food and drink , even to the point of starvation . Notable cases ( edit ) Peter Annet Thomas Cochrane , 10th Earl of Dundonald Daniel Defoe Elizabeth Needham Titus Oates Legacy ( edit ) A pillory at the Medieval Market in Turku , Finland . While the pillory has left common use , the image remains preserved in the figurative use , which has become the dominant one , of the verb `` to pillory '' ( attested in English since 1699 ) , meaning `` to expose to public ridicule , scorn and abuse '' , or more generally to humiliate before witnesses . Corresponding expressions exist in other languages , e.g. , clouer au pilori `` to nail to the pillory '' in French , or mettere alla gogna in Italian , or poner en la picota in Spanish . In Dutch it 's aan de schandpaal nagelen or aan de kaak stellen , placing even greater emphasis on the predominantly humiliating character as the Dutch word for pillory , schandpaal , literally meaning `` pole of shame '' . In 2012 , the Impractical Jokers had Joe Gatto , member of The Tenderloins , suffer a comical punishment while in a pillory during season 2 , episode 8 . See also ( edit ) Cangue Judicial corporal punishment Jougs Scold 's bridle Shrew 's fiddle References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The stocks were never formally abandoned in England and Wales , but simply dropped out of use . The last person to be put in the stocks was Mark Tuck , for drunkenness ( 1 ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` definition : `` Pillory '' `` . reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kellaway 2003 , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ `` definitions : `` Pillory '' & `` Stock '' `` . Etymology Online . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Defoe Put in the Pillory '' . History Today . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Richetti , John ( 2008 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 166 . ISBN 0521858402 . Jump up ^ Beadle & Harrison 2007 , p. 53 Jump up ^ de Macedo , Joaquim Antonio ( 1874 ) . A guide to Lisbon and its Environs including Cintra and Mafra with a large plan of Lisbon . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` Pilloried in Delaware ; Lawbreakers Subjected to Heavy Corporal Punishment '' . The New York Times . 22 September 1901 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Five men whipped by Sheriff ; Another Exhibition of Corporal Punishment in Delaware '' . The New York Times . 17 February 1901 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Spokesman - Review ( Spokane , Wash . ) . `` Has Abolished The Pillory '' . 22 March 1905 , p. 6 . Retrieved on 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts p. 90 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Celia ( November 2013 ) . `` Whipping Post No Longer An Acceptable Form of Criminal Punishment '' . Delaware Today . Today Media . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Images of barrels and other stocks as used in imperial China Archived 2006 - 11 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Richard Bentley , Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris ; cited in the Oxford English Dictionary Bibliography Beadle , Jeremy ; Harrison , Ian ( 2007 ) . Firsts , Lasts & Onlys : Crime . Robson Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905798 - 04 - 9 ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Kellaway , Jean ( 2003 ) . The History of Torture and Execution . Pequot Press . ISBN 1 - 58574 - 622 - 3 ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pillories . Examples of Pillories from the UK and Ireland on geograph.org.uk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pillory&oldid=848530506 '' Categories : European instruments of torture Medieval instruments of torture Modern instruments of torture Physical restraint Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Українська 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 14 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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4909487234261372019 | Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg | Saints Peter and Paul cathedral , Saint Petersburg - wikipedia Saints Peter and Paul cathedral , Saint Petersburg For other uses , see Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul . Aerial view of Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral . The Peter and Paul Cathedral ( Russian : Петропавловский собор ) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg , Russia . It is the first and oldest landmark in St. Petersburg , built between 1712 and 1733 on Hare Island along the Neva River . Both the cathedral and the fortress were originally built under Peter the Great and designed by Domenico Trezzini . The cathedral 's bell tower is the world 's tallest Orthodox bell tower . Since the belfry is not standalone , but an integral part of the main building , the cathedral is sometimes considered the highest Orthodox Church in the world . There is another Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul Church in St. Petersburg , located in Petergof . Contents 1 Architecture 2 Church functions 3 Imperial tombs 4 Bell tower 4.1 History of the carillon 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Architecture ( edit ) The current building , the first stone church in St. Petersburg , was designed by Trezzini and built between 1712 and 1733 . Its gold - painted spire reaches a height of 123 metres ( 404 ft ) and features at its top an angel holding a cross . This angel is one of the most important symbols of St. Petersburg . The cathedral 's architecture also features a unique iconostasis ( the screen which separates the nave of the church from the sanctuary ) . In the Eastern Orthodox Church the iconostasis is normally a flat wall or screen with three doors through it , the central Holy Doors used only for very solemn entrances , and the two side doors , by which the clergy and others enter and leave the sanctuary . However , at St. Peter and Paul , the iconostasis rises to form a sort of tower over the sanctuary . The cathedral has a typical Flemish carillon , a gift of the Flemish city of Mechelen , Flanders . Church functions ( edit ) The cathedral is dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul , the patron saints of the fortress ( Saint Peter being the patron saint of the city ) . The current cathedral is the second one on the site . The first , built soon after Peter 's founding of the city , was consecrated by Archbishop Iov of Novgorod the Great in April 1704 . The cathedral was the cathedral church ( i.e. , the seat of the bishop ; the term cathedral -- sobor ( собор ) in Russian -- can mean the seat of a bishop , but it can also mean simply a large or important church ) of the city until 1859 ( when St Isaacs became the city 's cathedral . ) The current cathedral church of St. Petersburg is the Kazan Cathedral on Nevsky Prospect . The cathedral was closed in 1919 and turned into a museum in 1924 . It is still officially a museum ; religious services , however , resumed in 2000 . Imperial tombs ( edit ) Tombs inside the cathedral Tombstones marking the burial of Tsar Nicholas II and his family in St. Catherine 's Chapel The cathedral houses the remains of almost all the Russian emperors and empresses from Peter the Great to Nicholas II and his family , who were finally laid to rest in July 1998 . Among the emperors and empresses buried here was Catherine the Great , Empress of Russia for 34 years . Of the post-Petrine rulers , only Peter II and Ivan VI are not buried here . Peter II is buried in the Cathedral of Michael the Archangel in the Moscow Kremlin ; Ivan VI was executed and buried in the fortress of Shlisselburg or Kholmogory ( alleged discovery at Kholmogory in 2010 currently under forensic investigation ) . On September 28 , 2006 , 78 years after her death , Maria Feodorovna , Empress of Russia , was reinterred in the Cathedral of St Peter and Paul . Wife of Tsar Alexander III , and mother of Nicholas II ( the last Russian tsar ) , Maria Feodorovna died on 13 October 1928 in exile in her native Denmark and was buried in Roskilde Cathedral in Denmark . In 2005 , the governments of Denmark and Russia agreed that the empress 's remains should be returned to Saint Petersburg in accordance with her wish to be interred next to her husband . Bell tower ( edit ) Peter and Paul Cathedral . Carillon Biggest bells of carillon The bell tower ( with spire ) is the dominant feature of this cathedral and the fortress . It serves several functions as part of the structure : It is an architectural symbol , an important part of its shape and of the Peter and Paul Fortress . It is a part of the imperial tomb - the tombs are on the ground floor . It is a lightning rod protecting the cathedral . It is a viewing platform upon which excursions meet each hour from 12 : 00 till 18 : 00 . It houses a carillon upon which concerts are periodically performed . When renovators were cleaning the angel on the spire in 1997 , they found a note in a bottle left in one of the folds of the angel 's gown . In the note , renovators from 1953 apologized for what they felt was rushed and shoddy work ( Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev wanted the angel refurbished for the 250th anniversary of the city that year ) . It is said that the renovators in 1997 left another message for future generations , but the contents of that message have not been revealed . History of the carillon ( edit ) When Tsar Peter the Great visited the Netherlands in 1698 , he heard the perfect tuned Hemony carillons in Amsterdam and Leiden singing all 24 hours of the day , every quarter of an hour automatically . Later in 1717 he visited Flanders incognito and climbed the tower of the Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp , where he must have heard one of the two Hemony carillons in one of the towers of this cathedral . He was impressed by the sound of a carillon and wanted one like these for his new cathedral in St. Petersburg . So he ordered it in 1720 from the Netherlands . In Amsterdam the only bellfounder in that time was Jan Albert de Grave . He was married to the widow of Claude Fremy . This Claude Fremy was a pupil of Hemony . So Jan Albert de Grave was presumably the bellfounder who made these bells . Some years later he also made a carillon for Potsdam . The people in St. Petersburg could only listen to this well tuned instrument for a short time . In 1756 the tower burned down after a thunderstorm . All bells were lost . In 1757 , only one year after this disaster a new carillon was ordered from Holland . This time by a bell - founder in Hoorn named Johan Nicolaas Derck . He cast the bells and clockmaker Barend Oortkras from the Hague brought them to St. Petersburg to install them . When he arrived , the tower was not rebuilt yet so he could not reinstall the bells . Oortkras stayed in St. Petersburg , but in 1764 he died in poverty before the tower was finished . This new carillon was installed in 1776 by the German clockmaker Johann Erdmann Rudiger . Rudiger also was hired to play the bells . Bell founder Derck could not tune his bells well , so some of the bells were recast by Russian bell founders in the 19th century . As we still can hear , this was not a success either . That 's why in 2001 a new set of 51 bells were made in the south of the Netherlands . The bells were cast and the carillon installed by the Royal foundry workshop Petit & Fritsen from Aarle - Rixtel in North Brabant . The carillon is composed of 51 bells with a gross weight of 15,160 kg ; the biggest bell weighs about 3 tonnes , the smallest only 10 kg . The carillon has a range of four octaves , so most classical and modern music can be performed on this instrument . The Peter and Paul carillon is a gift to St. Petersburg from the Government of Flanders , and more than 350 sponsors from different countries . The contribution was presented in the name of Her Majesty Queen Fabiola of Belgium , the Belgian King Boudewijn Fund , the Government of the Province of Flanders , the authorities of various Flemish cities and communities , including businesses , and financial institutions , cultural communities , schools and universities , and also ordinary citizens of Belgium , Russia , England , Germany , Lithuania , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Portugal , the USA and Japan . Gallery ( edit ) Old postcard View across the Neva Upper portion of the iconostasis Holy Doors and lower portion of the iconostasis Spire Mosaic ceiling and chandelier Stained glass window Scheme of tsars ' graves Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral , Saint Petersburg . See also ( edit ) Rostral Column sculpture and the Peter and Paul Cathedral on a 50 - ruble banknote ( the cathedral is also a watermark ) List of tallest Orthodox churches Burials at Peter and Paul Cathedral References ( edit ) Jump up ^ В Петропавловской крепости снова зазвучит карильон ( In the Peter and Paul Fortress again will begin to sound carillon ) ( in Russian ) . fontanka.ru. 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Article about Jan Albert de Grave 1699 - 1729 by Laura J. Meilink - Hoedemaker , in ' Klok en Klepel ' the Dutch bulletin of the ' Nederlandse Klokkenspel Vereniging . nr 115 Dec 2011 Dutch and English versions Booklet in the cd by Jo Haazen from Sept. 2001 of this carillon gave also information . Beaux 2107 External links ( edit ) Media related to Peter and Paul Cathedral at Wikimedia Commons Coordinates : 59 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 30 ° 18 ′ 59 '' E / 59.9502 ° N 30.3164 ° E / 59.9502 ; 30.3164 Records Preceded by Ivan the Great Bell Tower Tallest building in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union 1733 -- 1952 122.5 m Succeeded by Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building Preceded by Unknown Tallest building in St. Petersburg 1733 -- 2017 122.5 m Succeeded by Lakhta Center WorldCat Identities GND : 4574613 - 8 LCCN : n99042346 VIAF : 137390708 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg&oldid=848463655 '' Categories : Churches completed in 1733 Baroque architecture in Saint Petersburg Cathedrals in Saint Petersburg Russian Orthodox cathedrals Carillons Domenico Trezzini buildings and structures Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles containing Russian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Français Frysk Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 02 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is buried in peter and paul fortress | [] | [] |
1625879261583926678 | North America | North America - Wikipedia North America Jump to : navigation , search `` North American '' redirects here . For other uses , see North American ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Northern America . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) ( 3rd ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 , 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $21.2 trillion ( 2016 , 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $24.4 trillion ( 2016 , 3rd ) GDP per capita $41,830 ( 2016 , 1st ) Demonym North American Countries 23 Dependencies 22 ( see list of countries ) Largest cities Largest urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , and the transatlantic migrations -- the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kinds of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , are Francophone in composition ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , that which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is also used to refer to Canada , Mexico , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America , Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Although the term does not refer to a unified region , Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Central America , the Caribbean , and Mexico . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are the British Columbia Coast , Canadian Prairies , Central Canada , Atlantic Canada , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , East North Central States , West North Central States , South Atlantic States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have also formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( UK ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( NLD ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( UK ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( NLD ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( UK ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( UK ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( FRA ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( NLD ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( FRA ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( FRA ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( UK ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( NLD ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom Saint Barthélemy ( FRA ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( FRA ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( FRA ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( NLD ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( NLD ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE -- this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America -- and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W / 43.36 ; - 101.97 ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 24 % of the United States population , and 24 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 96 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 85 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Mexico 2,406,087 2017 Canada 1,763,785 2017 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 172,576 2017 6 Guatemala 138,276 2017 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 99,430 2017 9 Costa Rica 85,203 2017 10 El Salvador 56,903 2017 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,298,466 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Dominican Republic 74,873 2017 7 Guatemala 70,806 2017 8 Costa Rica 58,909 2017 9 Panama 59,051 2017 10 Trinidad and Tobago 27,870 2008 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada -- United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also Main article : Outline of North America Flags of North America List of cities in North America North America portal Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the US state of Hawaii , which is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPP Background '' . CommerceConnect.gov . Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecoregions of North America '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's the difference between North , Latin , Central , Middle , South , Spanish and Anglo America ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Norteamérica '' ( North America ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . In Ibero - America , North America is considered a subcontinent containing Canada , the United States , Mexico , Greenland , Bermuda and Saint - Pierre and Miquelon . Jump up ^ `` Six or Seven Continents on Earth '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . Encarta Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Alan ; Schaffer , Jonathan ( May 2004 ) . Geopolitics of oil and natural gas . Economic Perspectives . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Definition of major areas and regions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 , Middle America '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle America ( region , Mesoamerica ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted , land area figures are taken from `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. ( 1992 ) . `` On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia '' . GSA Today . 2 ( 11 ) : 237 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Merali , Zeeya ; Skinner , Brian J. Visualizing Earth Science . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 41847 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Land Bridge Linking Americas Rose Earlier Than Thought '' . LiveScience.com . ^ Jump up to : Dodson , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` American Dinosaurs '' . In Currie , Phillip J. ; Padian , Kevin . Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs . Academic Press . pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Weishampel , David B. ( 2004 ) . Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; Halszka , Osmólska , eds . Dinosaur distribution ( Late Jurassic , North America ) . The Dinosauria . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 543 -- 545 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Curtin ( 2014 ) . Creation Myths of Primitive America . Jazzybee Verlag . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8496 - 4454 - 3 . Jump up ^ Phillip M. White ( 2006 ) . American Indian chronology : chronologies of the American mosaic . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33820 - 5 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ William Haviland ; Harald Prins ; Dana Walrath ; Bunny McBride ( 2013 ) . Anthropology : The Human Challenge . Cengage Learning . pp. 219 , 220 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 67758 - 3 . Jump up ^ Timothy R. Pauketat ( 23 February 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology . OUP US . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538011 - 8 . Jump up ^ Skoglund , P. ; Mallick , S. ; Bortolini , M.C. ; Chennagiri , N. ; Hünemeier , T. ; Petzl - Erler , M.L. ; Salzano , F.M. ; Patterson , N. ; Reich , D. ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas '' . Nature . 525 ( 7567 ) : 104 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 525 ... 104S . doi : 10.1038 / nature14895 . PMC 4982469 . PMID 26196601 . Jump up ^ Peter Bellwood ; Immanuel Ness ( 2014 ) . The Global Prehistory of Human Migration . John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 97059 - 1 . Jump up ^ H. Ingstad and A. Stine Ingstad , The Viking Discovery of America ( 2000 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Robert Kaplan ( 16 January 2007 ) . `` What is the origin of zero ? How did we indicate nothingness before zero ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Bernard Grunberg , `` La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés '' , in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 Jump up ^ Massimo Livi Bacci , Malden ( 2001 ) . A Concise History of World Population : An Introduction to Population Processes , ( 3rd ed . ) . Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 42 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22335 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic symbols '' ( PDF ) . Lausanne : Olympic Museum and Studies Centre : International Olympic Committee . 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 March 2008 . The five rings of the Olympic flag represent the five inhabited , participating continents ( Africa , America , Asia , Europe , and Oceania Archived 23 February 2002 at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ `` Continente '' . Océano Uno , Diccionario Enciclopédico y Atlas Mundial . pp. 392 , 1730 . ISBN 84 - 494 - 0188 - 7 . Jump up ^ Los Cinco Continentes ( The Five Continents ) . Planeta - De Agostini Editions. 1997 . ISBN 84 - 395 - 6054 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Encarta , `` Norteamérica '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas '' . Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications ( M49 ) . United Nations Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North America '' . Atlas of Canada . Archived from the original on 21 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` North America Atlas '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` Central America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Castellanos , D. ; Lombardo , U. ( 2007 ) . `` Poles of Inaccessibility : A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth '' ( PDF ) . Scottish Geographical Journal . 123 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 233 . doi : 10.1080 / 14702540801897809 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Stewart W. ( 1948 ) . Geology Of Canada . The Encyclopedia of Canada . III . Toronto : University Associates of Canada . pp. 23 -- 26 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 -- via Marianopolis College . Jump up ^ `` Digging for Diamonds 24 / 7 Under Frozen Snap Lake '' . Wired.com . Wired . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3 - D Magnetic Imaging using Conjugate Gradients : Temagami anomaly '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ University of Washington . `` Cascades weather '' . University of Washington . Jump up ^ SF to do . `` Temperature of San Francisco '' . tourism . Jump up ^ Current Results . `` Rainfall of NYC '' . Current Results . Jump up ^ Andrea Thompson . `` Top 10 wettest cities '' . livescience . Jump up ^ Rita D. Haberlin ( 2015 ) . `` Climates Regions of North America '' . Peralta Colleges , Physical Geography . Archived from the original on 2 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : David Waugh ( 2000 ) . `` Manufacturing industries ( chapter 19 ) , World development ( chapter 22 ) '' . Geography , An Integrated Approach ( 3rd ed . ) . Nelson Thornes Ltd . pp. 563 , 576 -- 579 , 633 , and 640 . ISBN 0 - 17 - 444706 - X . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Human development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . pp. 148 -- 151 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Independence on ice '' . The Economist. 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Global Religious Landscape A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life , p. 18 Jump up ^ Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Christian Population Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Largest Catholic Communities '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 10 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnstone , Patrick ; Miller , Duane ( 2015 ) . `` Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background : A Global Census '' . IJRR. 11 : 14 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Religiously Unaffiliated '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Religions in Canada -- Census 2011 '' . Statistics Canada / Statistique Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Global Religious Landscape : Jews '' . pewforum . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Religious Landscape : Buddhists '' . pewforum . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Religious Landscape : Muslims '' . pewforum . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Jewish Population , 2012 '' . Jump up ^ DellaPergola , Sergio ( 2013 ) . Dashefsky , Arnold ; Sheskin , Ira , eds . `` World Jewish Population , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Current Jewish Population Reports . Storrs , Connecticut : North American Jewish Data Bank . Jump up ^ `` Panorama de las religiones en México 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . INEGI . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics '' . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Household Survey ( NHS ) Profile , 2011 '' . Jump up ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía ( 2010 ) . `` Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 -- Cuestionario básico '' . INEGI . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Peter ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Dalai Lama facts and figures '' . U-T San Diego . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christianity in its Global Context '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` INEGI 2010 Census Statistics '' . inegi.org.mx . Archived from the original on 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated population of Canada , 1605 to present '' . Statistics Canada . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2009 '' ( in Spanish ) ( 2010 ed . ) . Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas , República de Cuba . Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Note : An exchange rate of 1 CUC to US $1.08 was used to convert GDP . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidencia de la República ; Generalidades '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 22 November 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Haiti '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 U.S. Census Data '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Jamaica '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grønlands Statistik '' . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's population overtakes Chicago '' . Toronto Star . 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cetron , Marvin J. ; O'Toole , Thomas ( April 1982 ) . Encounters with the future : a forecast of life into the 21st century . Mcgraw - Hill . p. 34 . ISBN 9780070103474 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Occupancy Status : 2010 -- United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico more information 2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data '' . 2010 United States Census . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Mexico '' . Central Intelligence Agence . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada ( 2006 ) . `` Toronto , Ontario ( Census metropolitan area ) '' . Census 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit / Windsor Border Update : Part I -- Detroit River International Crossing Study '' . Detroit Regional Chamber . 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter IV Planning for the Future : Urban & Regional Planning in the San Diego - Tijuana Region '' ( PDF ) . International Community Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Hagler , Yoav ( 2009 ) . `` Defining U.S. Megaregions . '' New York , NY : Regional Plan Association . Jump up ^ Regional Plan Association ( 2008 ) . America 2050 : An Infrastructure Vision for 21st Century America . New York , NY : Regional Plan Association . ^ Jump up to : `` United States , Economy '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ World Bank . `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) - Data '' . data.worldbank.org . World Bank . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of South American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada , Economy '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , October 2010 '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico , Economy '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stratfor Global Market -- Mexico '' . Stratfor. 30 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : De la Torre , Miguel ; Benavides , Benigno ; Saldaña , José ; Fernández , Jesús ( 2008 ) . `` Las profesiones en México : condiciones económicas , culturales y sociales '' . Sociología y Profesión ( Sociology and Profession ) ( in Spanish ) . Monterrey : Nuevo León Autonomous University ( UANL ) . p. 116 . ISBN 970 - 24 - 0051 - 1 . La economía de América del Norte se encuentra bien definida y estructurada en tres principales áreas económicas : el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ( TLCAN ) , el CARICOM y el Mercado Común Centroamericano Jump up ^ `` Regional Trade Blocs '' . University of California , Santa Cruz . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ North American Free Trade Agreement . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Fergusson , Ian . `` CRS Report for Congress : United States - Canada Trade and Economic Relationship -- Prospects and Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Congress Research Service . Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NAFTA Trade Volume Increases '' . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Report Countries by GDP ( PPP ) '' . International Monetary Fund . 14 September 2006 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BEA News Release : Gross Domestic Product '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Foreign Trade Highlights '' . United States of America Bureau of the Census . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Manufacturing Association '' . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Free Trade Agreements '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Central American Community and Market '' . Pearson Education . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ceremony at `` Wedding of the Rails '' , May 10 , 1869 at Promontory Point , Utah `` . World Digital Library . 10 May 1869 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Emmot , Robert ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Special report : If Monterrey falls Mexico falls -- Reuters '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` The ' Big Five ' in North American Pro Sports '' , FiveThrityEight , Nate Silver , 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLS vs the major leagues : can soccer compete when it comes to big business ? '' , Guardian.com , 12 March 2014 . External links Houghton Mifflin Company , `` North America '' Interactive SVG version of Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750 -- 2008 animation North America articles History Settlement of the Americas Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era European colonization New Spain New France British North America Turtle Island Geography Cities Countries and dependent territories by population Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics American imperialism North American Union ( NAU ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Transatlantic relations Economy Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Transportation Countries by GDP ( per capita ) PPP per capita HDI Internet users Minimum wages Outline Category Portal Maps Countries and dependencies of North America Sovereign states Entire Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States In part Colombia San Andrés and Providencia France Guadeloupe Martinique Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Dependencies Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Navassa Island Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Venezuela Federal Dependencies Nueva Esparta Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did north america arrive at the location it is in today | [
"Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon.[37] The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton. From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras, North America was joined with the other modern-day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea, with Eurasia to its east. One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains, which formed some 480 million years ago, making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world. When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago, North America became part of Laurasia, before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period.[38] The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny, between 80 and 55 million years ago. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago,[39] and the Great Lakes (as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago."
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"mid-Cretaceous period"
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-94073906741790154 | Stage lighting | Stage lighting - wikipedia Stage lighting Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Classical Spectacular used ordinary stage lighting plus special laser effects Stage lighting is the craft of lighting as it applies to the production of theatre , dance , opera and other performance arts . Several different types of stage lighting instruments are used in this discipline . In addition to basic lighting , modern stage lighting can also include special effects , such as lasers and fog machines . People who work on stage lighting are commonly referred to as lighting technicians . The equipment used for stage lighting ( e.g. , cabling , dimmers , lighting instruments , controllers ) are also used in other lighting applications , including corporate events , concerts , trade shows , broadcast television , film production , photographic studios , and other types of live events . The personnel needed to install , operate , and control the equipment also cross over into these different areas of `` stage lighting '' applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions of Lighting 3 Qualities in Lighting 3.1 Intensity 3.2 Colour 3.3 Direction 3.4 Focus , position , and hanging 4 Lighting Professionals 4.1 Lighting designer 4.2 Other positions 5 Lighting equipment 5.1 Lighting instruments 6 Types of lighting fixture 6.1 Lighting controls 6.2 Dimming 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The earliest known form of stage lighting was during the early Grecian ( and later the Roman ) theatres . They would build their theatres facing east to west so that in the afternoon they could perform plays and have the natural sunlight hit the actors , but not those seated in the orchestra . Natural light continued to be utilized when playhouses were built with a large circular opening at the top of the theatre . Early Modern English theatres were roofless , allowing natural light to be utilized for lighting the stage . As theatres moved indoors , artificial lighting became a necessity and it was developed as theatres and technology became more advanced . At an unknown date , candlelight was introduced which brought more developments to theatrical lighting across Europe . While Oliver Cromwell was ruling Britain , all stage production was suspended in 1642 and no advancements were made to English theatres . During this theatrical famine , great developments were being made in theatres on the European mainland . Charles II , who would later become King Charles II witnessed Italian theatrical methods and brought them back to England when he came to power . New playhouses were built in England and their large sizes called for more elaborate lighting . After the refurbishing of the theatres , it was found that the `` main source of light in Restoration theatres to be chandeliers '' which were `` concentrated toward the front of the house , and especially over the forestage '' . English theatres during this time used dipped candles to light chandeliers and sconces . Dipped candles were made by dipping a wick into hot wax repeatedly to create a cylindrical candle . Candles needed frequent trimming and relighting regardless of what was happening on - stage because `` they dripped hot grease on both the audience and actors '' . Chandeliers also blocked the view of some patrons . There were two different types of Restoration theatres in England : Restoration commercial theatres and Restoration court theatres . Commercial theatres tended to be more `` conservative in their lighting , for economic reasons '' and therefore used `` candle - burning chandeliers '' primarily . Court theatres could afford to `` use most of the Continental innovations '' in their productions ( Penzel 16 ) . Theatres such as the Drury Lane Theatre and the Covent Garden Theatre were lit by a large central chandelier and had a varying number of smaller stage chandeliers and candle sconces around the walls of the theatres . Two main court theatres , built between 1660 and 1665 , were the Cockpit Theatre and the Hall Theatre . Chandeliers and sconces seemed to be the primary lighting sources here but other developments were being made , especially at the Hall . By the 1670s , the Hall Theatre started using footlights , and between 1670 and 1689 they used candles or lamps . It can be noted that by the end of the 17th century , `` French and English stages were fairly similar '' . There is not much written on theatrical lighting in England at the end of the 17th century and from the little information historians do have , not much changed by the middle of the 18th century . Gas lighting hit the English stage in the early 1800s beginning with the Drury Lane and Covent Garden theatres . In the 1820s , a new type of artificial illumination was developed . In this type of illumination , a gas flame is used to heat a cylinder of quicklime ( calcium oxide ) . Upon reaching a certain temperature , the quicklime would begin to incandesce . This illumination could then be directed by reflectors and lenses . It took some time from the development of this new Limelight before it found its way into theatrical use , which started around 1837 . Limelight became popular in the 1860s and beyond , until it was displaced by electrical lighting . Lighting advances made in English Theatres during this timeframe paved the way for the many lighting advances in the modern theatrical world . Functions of lighting ( edit ) Dazzling light effects during a Kanye West show in 2011 . Stage lighting has multiple functions , including : Selective visibility : The ability to see what is occurring on stage . Any lighting design will be ineffective if the viewers can not see the characters , unless this is the explicit intent . Revelation of form : Altering the perception of shapes onstage , particularly three - dimensional stage elements . Focus : Directing the audience 's attention to an area of the stage or distracting them from another . Mood : Setting the tone of a scene . Harsh red light has a different effect than soft lavender light . Location and time of day : Establishing or altering position in time and space . Blues can suggest night time while orange and red can suggest a sunrise or sunset . Use of mechanical filters ( `` gobos '' ) to project sky scenes , the Moon , etc . Projection / stage elements : Lighting may be used to project scenery or to act as scenery onstage . Plot ( script ) : A lighting event may trigger or advance the action onstage and off . Composition : Lighting may be used to show only the areas of the stage which the designer wants the audience to see , and to `` paint a picture '' . Effect : In pop and rock concerts or DJ shows or raves , colored lights and lasers may be used as a visual effect . Lighting design is an art form , and thus no one way is the `` correct '' way . There is a modern movement that states that the lighting design helps to create the environment in which the action takes place while supporting the style of the piece . `` Mood '' is arguable while the environment is essential . Qualities in lighting ( edit ) Intensity ( edit ) An example of a rig including moving head , generic and LED fixtures at ' The Tuesday Club ' Intensity is measured in lux , lumens and foot - candles . The intensity of a luminaire ( lighting instrument or fixture ) depends on a number of factors including its lamp power , the design of the instrument ( and its efficiency ) , optical obstructions such as colour gels or mechanical filters , the distance to the area to be lit and the beam or field angle of the fixture , the colour and material to be lit , and the relative contrasts to other regions of illumination . Colour ( edit ) Colour temperature is measured in kelvins . A light 's apparent colour is determined by its lamp colour , the colour of any gels in the optical path , its power level , and the colour of the material it lights . A tungsten lamp 's colour is typically controlled by inserting one or more gels ( filters ) into its optical path . In the simplest case , a single gel is inserted into the optical path to produce light of the same color . For example , a blue gel is used to create blue light . Custom colours are obtained by means of subtractive CMY colour mixing , by inserting combinations of cyan , magenta and yellow filters into the optical path of the lighting fixture . The inserted filters may have varying densities , with correspondingly varied percentages of transmission , that subtractively mix colours . This creates custom colours in a manner similar to ink jet printers , which mix varied densities of cyan , magenta and yellow inks . Manufacturers will sometimes include an additional green or amber ( `` CTO '' colour correction ) filter to extend the range ( gamut ) of subtractive colour mixing systems , Lamp power also influences colour in tungsten lamps . As the lamp power is decreased , the tungsten filament in a bulb will tend to produce increasing percentages of orange light , as compared to the nearly white light emitted at full power . This is known as amber drift or amber shift . Thus a 1000 - watt instrument at 50 percent power will emit a higher percentage of orange light than a 500 - watt instrument operating at full power . LED fixtures create colour through additive colour mixing with red , green , blue , and in some cases amber , LEDs at different intensities . This type of color mixing is often used with borderlights and cyclorama lights . Direction ( edit ) Main article : Gobo ( lighting ) A gobo of this shape in a fixture with a red gel would produce a pattern like the one shown to the right . Direction refers to the shape , quality and evenness of a lamp 's output . The pattern of light an instrument makes is largely determined by three factors . The first are the specifics of the lamp , reflector and lens assembly . Different mounting positions for the lamp ( axial , base up , base down ) , different sizes and shapes of reflector and the nature of the lens ( or lenses ) being used can all affect the pattern of light . Secondly , the specifics of how the lamp is focused affect its pattern . In ellipsoidal reflector spotlights ( ERS ) or profile spotlights , there are two beams of light emitted from the lamp . When the cones of both intersect at the throw distance ( the distance to the stage ) , the lamp has a sharply defined ' hard ' edge . When the two cones do not intersect at that distance , the edge is fuzzy and ' soft ' . Depending on which beam ( direct or reflected ) is outside the other , the pattern may be ' thin and soft ' or ' fat and soft ' . Lastly , a gobo or break up pattern may be applied to ERSs and similar instruments . This is typically a thin sheet of metal with a shape cut into it . It is inserted into the instrument near its aperture . Gobos , or templates , come in many shapes , but often include leaves , waves , stars and similar patterns . Focus , position , and hanging ( edit ) Many stage lights hang on a batten focused in several directions The focus is where an instrument is pointed . The final focus should place the `` hot spot '' of the beam at the actor 's head level when standing at the centre of the instrument 's assigned `` focus area '' on the stage . Position refers to the location of an instrument in the theater 's fly system or on permanent pipes in front - of - house locations . Hanging is the act of placing the instrument in its assigned position . Moving lights hanging on a truss , ready for rigging and chain motors . In addition to these , certain modern instruments are automated , referring to motorized movement of either the entire fixture body or the movement of a mirror placed in front of its outermost lens . These fixtures and the more traditional follow spots add direction and motion to the relevant characteristics of light . Automated fixtures fall into either the `` moving head '' or `` moving mirror / scanner '' category . Scanners have a body which contains the lamp , circuit boards , transformer , and effects ( color , gobo , iris etc . ) devices . A mirror is panned and tilted in the desired position by pan and tilt motors , thereby causing the light beam to move . Moving head fixtures have the effects and lamp assembly inside the head with transformers and other electronics in the base or external ballast . There are advantages and disadvantages to both . Scanners are typically faster and less costly than moving head units but have a narrower range of movement . Moving head fixtures have a much larger range of movement as well as a more natural inertial movement but are typically more expensive . The above characteristics are not always static , and it is frequently the variation in these characteristics that is used in achieving the goals of lighting . Stanley McCandless was perhaps the first to define controllable qualities of light used in theater . In A Method for Lighting the Stage , McCandless discusses color , distribution , intensity and movement as the qualities that can be manipulated by a lighting designer to achieve the desired visual , emotional and thematic look on stage . The McCandless Method , outlined in that book , is widely embraced today . The method involves lighting an object on the stage from three angles -- 2 lights at 45 degrees to the left and right , and one at 90 degrees ( perpendicular to the front of the object ) . An alternative formulation is by Jody Briggs , who calls them Variable of Light : Angle , Color , Intensity , Distance , Texture , Edge - quality , Size , and Shape . Lighting professionals ( edit ) Lighting designer ( edit ) Main article : Lighting designer A lighting designer ( LD ) is familiar with the various types of lighting instruments and their uses . In consultation with the director , the DSM ( deputy stage manager ) and the scenic designer , and after observing rehearsals , the LD creates an instrument schedule and a light plot as well as informing the DSM where each LX ( lighting ) cue is designed to be triggered in the script , which the DSM notes down in his plot book . The schedule is a list of all required lighting equipment , including color gel , gobos , color wheels , barndoors and other accessories . The light plot is typically a plan view of the theatre where the performance will take place , with every luminaire marked . This typically specifies the approximate lighting focus and direction , a reference number , accessories , and the channel number of the dimmer system or lighting control console . A lighting designer must satisfy the requirements set forth by the director or head planner . Practical experience is required to know the effective use of different lighting instruments and color in creating a design . Many designers start their careers as lighting technicians . Often , this is followed by training in a vocational college or university that offers theatre courses . Many jobs in larger venues and productions require a degree from a vocational school or college in theatrical lighting , or at least a bachelor 's degree . Other positions ( edit ) Main article : Lighting technician In theater : Master electrician / chief electrician Production electrician Lighting programmer Lighting operator / light board operator In film : Best boy ( electrical ) Gaffer In music : Rigger Lighting equipment ( edit ) Lighting instruments ( edit ) Source Fours in use at the United States Marine Corps Museum Main article : Stage lighting instrument In the context of lighting design , a lighting instrument ( also called a luminaire or lantern ) is a device that produces controlled lighting as part of the effects a lighting designer brings to a show . The term lighting instrument is preferred to light to avoid confusion between light and light sources . There are a variety of instruments frequently used in the theater . Although they vary in many ways they all have the following four basic components in one form or other : Box / Housing -- a metal or plastic container to house the whole instrument and prevent light from spilling in unwanted directions . Light source ( lamp ) . Lens or opening -- the gap in the housing where the light is intended to come out . Reflector -- behind or around the light source in such a way as to direct more light towards the lens or opening . Additional features will vary depend on the exact type of fixture . Most theatrical light bulbs ( or lamps , the term usually preferred ) are tungsten - halogen ( or quartz - halogen ) , an improvement on the original incandescent design that uses a halogen gas instead of an inert gas to increase lamp life and output . Fluorescent lights are infrequently used other than as worklights because , although they are far more efficient , they are expensive to make dimmed ( run at less than full power ) without using specialised dimmer ballasts and only very expensive models will dim to very low levels . They also do not produce light from a single point or easily concentrated area , and usually have a warm - up period , during which they emit no light or do so intermittently . However fluorescent lights are being used more and more for special effects lighting in theaters . High - intensity discharge lamps ( or HID lamps ) , however , are now common where a very bright light output is required -- for example in large follow spots , hydrargyrum medium - arc iodide ( HMI ) floods , and modern automated fixtures . When dimming is required , it is done by mechanical dousers or shutters , as these types of lamps also can not be electrically dimmed . Over the last six years , LED - based luminares of all varieties and types have been introduced to the market . Some of these fixtures have become very popular , whereas others have not been able to match the output from incandescent and discharge sources that lighting designers prefer . LED fixtures are making a positive impact on the lighting market , and are becoming more popular when compared to the energy usage of current incandescent , halogen , and discharge sources . Ovation E-190WW LED ellipsoidal spots ( ERS ) hanging on 20.5 '' truss . Most instruments are suspended or supported by a `` U '' shaped yoke , or ' trunnion arm ' fixed to the sides of the instrument , normally near its center of gravity . On the end of such , a clamp ( known as a hook - clamp , C - clamp , or pipe clamp -- pipe referring to battens ) is normally fixed , made in a `` C '' configuration with a screw to lock the instrument onto the pipe or batten from which it is typically hung . Once secured , the fixture can be panned and tilted using tension adjustment knobs on the yoke and clamp . An adjustable c - wrench , ratchet ( US ) or spanner ( UK ) is often used to assist the technician in adjusting the fixture . Most venues ensure crew and performer safety by attaching a safety cable / chain ( a metal wire or chain ) to the fixture . In the event that the fixture 's clamp ( s ) were to fail , the cable would arrest the fall of the fixture before it could come in contact with a person . Some larger fixtures can weigh over 100 lb ( 45 kg ) and are suspended very high above performers heads . Many venues place strict guidelines regarding the use of safety cables . The entire lighting apparatus includes the lights themselves , the physical structure which supports them , the cabling , control systems , dimmers , power supplies , and the light boards . ( lighting console ) Hanging the lights or hanging the battons to hang the lights is known as ' rigging ' . Types of lighting fixture ( edit ) All lights are loosely classified as either floodlights ( wash lights ) or spotlights . The distinction has to do with the degree to which one is able to control the shape and quality of the light produced by the instrument , with spotlights being controllable , sometimes to an extremely precise degree , and floodlights being completely uncontrollable . Instruments that fall somewhere in the middle of the spectrum can be classified as either a spot or a flood , depending on the type of instrument and how it is used . In general , spotlights have lenses while floodlights are lensless , although this is not always the case . Within the groups of `` wash '' and `` spot '' light , there are other , more specific types of fixtures . This nomenclature also changes across the world depending on location and industry . Profile These fixtures feature a compound lens which allows the designer to place obstructions within the image path which are then projected . These obstructions could be `` gobos '' or shutters . A profile is a spot light , but allows for precise focusing . This term is mostly used in the United Kingdom and Europe , as `` profile spots '' in the United States and Canada are referred to as `` ERS , '' `` ellipsoidals , '' or just `` lekos , '' from the original LekoLite created by Joseph Levy and Edward Kook , founders of Century Lighting , in 1933 . Fresnel A Fresnel is a type of wash light and is named as such due to the Fresnel lens it features as the final optical device within the chain . Traditionally theatre and stage lighting has been of the `` generic '' type . These are lights which are focussed , geled , and then simply dimmed to give the effect the designer wants . In recent years the emergence of moving lights ( or automated lights ) has had a substantial impact of theatre and stage lighting . Stage Lighting A typical moving light allows the designer to control the position , color , shape , and strobing of the light beam created . This can be used for exciting effects for the entertainment or dancefloor use . Moving lights are also often used instead of having a large number of `` generic '' lights . This is because one moving light can do the work of several generics . In the UK the nomenclature is slightly different from North America . This article primarily uses the North American terminology . Although there is some adoption of the former naming conventions it has been normal to categorise lanterns by their lens type , so that what in the US is known as a spotlight is known as a Profile or a Fresnel / PC ( Pebble / Plano / Prism Convex ) focused tightly on a specific area of the stage ( either by repositioning the lens , or by using barndoors ) in the UK . A Spotlight in the UK often refers to a Followspot , or any lantern in general which has been focused tightly into a small area . The following definitions are from a North American point of view . UK naming conventions are used in most of the world , in fact most North American theatres will also use the UK terms except when talking in a more general sense ( i.e. get a spotlight to focus on that set piece , or ' flood this area ' ) . In Australia and many other places , the lamps inside a theatrical fixture are referred to as bubbles . In North American English , a bubble refers to the protrusion that occurs when one 's body ( or other oily substance ) contacts the lamp . Heat will cause the portion of the lamp which has oil on it to expand when it is on creating the bubble , and causing the lamp to explode . That is why one should never directly touch the glass portion of a lamp . Cleaning with rubbing alcohol will remove the oil . Lighting controls ( edit ) Main article : Lighting control console Entertainment Technology 's Marquee lighting console . Lighting control tools might best be described as anything that changes the quality of the light . Historically this has been done by the use of intensity control . Technological advancements have made intensity control relatively simple - solid state dimmers are controlled by one or more lighting controllers . Controllers are commonly lighting consoles designed for sophisticated control over very large numbers of dimmers or luminaires , but may be simpler devices which play back stored sequences of lighting states with minimal user interfaces . Consoles are also referred to as lighting desks or light - boards . For larger shows or installations , multiple consoles are sometimes used together and in some cases lighting controllers are combined or coordinated with controllers for sound , automated scenery , pyrotechnics and other effects to provide total automation of the entire show , using a specific branch of MIDI technology called MSC ( MIDI show control ) . See show control . The lighting controller is connected to the dimmers ( or directly to automated luminaires ) using a control cable or wireless link ( e.g. DMX512 ) or network , allowing the dimmers which are bulky , hot and sometimes noisy , to be positioned away from the stage and audience and allowing automated luminaires to be positioned wherever necessary . In addition to DMX512 , newer control connections include RDM ( remote device management ) which adds management and status feedback capabilities to devices which use it while maintaining compatibility with DMX512 ; and Architecture for Control Networks ( ACN ) which is a fully featured multiple controller networking protocol . These allow the possibility of feedback of position , state or fault conditions from units , whilst allowing much more detailed control of them . Dimming ( edit ) Main article : Dimmer A pair of electronic 2.4 kW dimmers for tungsten incandescent lamps A dimmer is a device used to vary the average voltage applied to an instrument 's lamp . The brightness of a lamp depends its electric current , which in turn is depends on the applied lamp voltage . When the applied voltage is decreased , a lamp 's electric current will also decrease , thus reducing the light output from the lamp ( dimming it ) . Conversely , a higher voltage will cause higher lamp current and increased ( brighter ) light output . Dimmers are frequently found in large enclosures called racks or dimmer racks that draw significant three - phase power . They are often removable modules that range from 20 - ampere , 2.4 - kilowatt to 100 - ampere units . In the case of incandescent lamps , some color changes occur as a lamp is dimmed , allowing for a limited amount of color control through a dimmer . Fades ( brightness transitions ) can be either UP or DOWN , meaning that the light output is increasing or decreasing during the transition . Most modern dimmers are solid state , though many mechanical dimmers are still in operation . In many cases , a dimmer can be replaced by a constant power module ( CPM ) , which is typically a 20 - or 50 - ampere breaker in a dimming module casing . CPMs are used to supply line voltage to non-dimming electrical devices such as smoke machines , chain winches , and scenic motors that require constant operating voltage . When a device is powered by a CPM , it is fully energized whenever the CPM is turned on , independent of lighting console levels . CPMs must be used ( in lieu of dimmers ) to power non-dimming devices that require specific line voltages ( e.g. , in the US , 110 V , 60 Hz power ) in order to avoid damage to such devices . Dimmers are seldom used to control non-dimming devices because even if a dimmer channel is trusted to always operate at full power , it may not be controlled when communications are disrupted by start up and shut down of the lighting control surface , noise interference , or DMX disconnects or failure . Such a loss of control might cause a dimmer to dim a circuit and thus potentially damage its non-dimming device . Devices like moving heads also require independent power , as they can not function on a partially dimmed channel for power , on top of requiring several other channels in order to convey all of the data they require for their several features . In order to simplify the control of moving head lanterns , instead of assigning channels manually to the lantern , many desks also offer a fixtures section , where one can assign the lantern as a fixture , allowing the desk to organise the data being transferred to the lantern on a much simpler scale for the operator . Fixtures may also incorporate smoke machines , snow machines , haze machines etc. , allowing many special effects to be run from a single desk . Increasingly , modern lighting instruments are available which allow remote control of effects other than light intensity , including direction , color , beam shape , projected image , and beam angle . The ability to move an instrument ever more quickly and quietly is an industry goal . Some automated lights have built - in dimming and so are connected directly to the control cable or network and are independent of external dimmers . See also ( edit ) DJ lighting High - key lighting Low - key lighting Tree lights Gas lighting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Stage Lighting Design Principle and Process Jump up ^ ( 2 ) theatrecrafts ' Types of Lanterns . ^ Jump up to : Penzel , Frederick ( 1978 ) . Theatre Lighting Before Electricity . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan UP . Jump up ^ McCandless , Stanley ( 1958 ) . A Method of Lighting the Stage , Fourth Edition . New York : Theatre Arts Books . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87830 - 082 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Learn Stage Lighting - How do I Use Color Effectively ? Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . pp. 62 -- 64 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . pp. 152 -- 158 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lampert - Gréaux , Ellen ( 2007 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Remember Stanley McCandless ? '' . Live Design Online . Penton Media , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ McCandless , Stanley ( 1958 ) . A Method of Lighting the Stage , Fourth Edition . New York : Theatre Arts Books . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87830 - 082 - 2 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Jody ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Stage Lighting . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . pp. 318 -- 319 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1512 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Scenic Art for the Theatre by Susan Crabtree and Peter Beudert . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Interior Graphic Standards by Corky Binggeli and Patricia Greichen p. 558 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Stage Lighting Primer Jump up ^ Connecticut College Theater Services Hazard Communication Guide , Please see ' Lights ' section . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . pp. 95 , 97 , 100 -- 102 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gillette , J. Michael ( 2003 ) . Designing With Light : An Introduction to Stage Lighting , Fourth Edition . McGraw Hill . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 7674 - 2733 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Bergman , Gösta , M ( 1977 ) Lighting in the Theatre , Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell / Totowa , NJ : Rowman & Littlefield Palmer , Richard H ( 1985 ) The Lighting Art : The Aesthetics of Stage Lighting Design . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall , Inc . Palmer , Scott ( 2013 ) Light : Readings in Theatre Practice , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan Penzel , Frederick ( 1978 ) `` Theatre Lighting before Electricity '' . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan UP . Pilbrow , Richard ( 1997 ) Stage Lighting Design : The Art , the Craft , the Life , Nick Hern Books , London . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85459 - 996 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stage lighting . 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-540709743810347998 | Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) - wikipedia Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Queen of Hearts Alice character John Tenniel 's illustration of the King and Queen of Hearts at the trial of the Knave of Hearts . First appearance Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Last appearance Disney 's Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Created by Lewis Carroll Portrayed by Barbara Hershey ( Once Upon a Time ) Miranda Richardson Kathy Bates ( Alice ) Voiced by Verna Felton ( 1951 ) Tress MacNeille ( 1998 - Present ) Information Nickname ( s ) Red Queen ( sometimes mistakenly ) Species playing card Gender Female Occupation Queen Spouse ( s ) The King of Hearts King of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) Children Ten Hearts Nationality Wonderland The Queen of Hearts is a fictional character from the book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by the writer Lewis Carroll , in which she appears as the primary antagonist . She is a foul - tempered monarch whom Carroll himself describes as `` a blind fury '' , and who is quick to give death sentences at the slightest offense . One of her most famous lines she states often is `` Off with their heads ! '' The Queen is referred to as a card from a pack of playing cards by Alice , yet somehow she is able to talk and is the ruler of the lands in the story , alongside her tiny husband , the King of Hearts . She is often confused with the Red Queen from the sequel , Through the Looking - Glass , although the two are very different . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Origins 3 Illustrations 4 Confusion with the Red Queen 5 Adaptions 5.1 Disney 5.2 Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) 5.3 American McGee 's Alice 5.4 The Looking - Glass Wars 5.5 Alice in the Country of Hearts 5.6 SyFy TV miniseries 5.7 Once Upon a Time 5.8 Other versions and adaptations 6 References 7 Citations Overview ( edit ) Alice observes three playing cards painting white roses red . They drop to the ground face down at the approach of the Queen of Hearts , whom Alice has never met . When the Queen arrives and asks Alice who is lying on the ground ( since the backs of all playing cards look alike ) , Alice tells her that she does not know . The Queen then becomes frustrated and commands that her head be severed . She is deterred by her comparatively moderate husband by being reminded that Alice is only a child . Generally , however , as we are told by Carroll : The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties , great or small . ' Off with his head ! ' she said , without even looking round . One of the Queen 's hobbies -- besides ordering executions -- is croquet ; however it is Wonderland croquet , where the balls are live hedgehogs and the mallets are flamingoes . This is presumably with the aim that the birds ' blunt beaks should strike , but , as Alice observes , it is complicated by the fact that they keep looking back up at the players - as well as the hedgehogs ' tendency to scuttle away without waiting to be hit . The Queen 's soldiers act as the arches ( or hoops ) on the croquet grounds , but have to leave off being arches every time the Queen has an executioner drag away the victim , so that , by the end of the game in the story , the only players that remain are the Queen herself , the King , and Alice . Despite the frequency of death sentences , it would appear few people are actually beheaded , the King of Hearts , quietly pardons many of his subjects when the Queen is not looking ( although this did not seem to be the case with The Duchess ) , and her soldiers humor her but do not carry out her orders . The Gryphon tells Alice , `` It 's all her fancy : she never executes nobody , you know . '' Nevertheless , all creatures in Wonderland fear the Queen . In the final chapters , the Queen sentences Alice again ( for defending the Knave of Hearts ) , and she offers a bizarre approach towards justice : sentence before verdict . Modern portrayals in popular culture usually let her play the role of a villain because of the menace the character exemplifies , but in the book she does not fill that purpose . She is just one of the many obstacles that Alice has to encounter on the journey , but unlike other obstacles , she makes a higher potential threat . Origins ( edit ) The Queen is believed by some to be a caricature of Queen Victoria , with elements of reality that Dodgson felt correctly would make her at once instantly recognizable to parents reading the story to children , and also fantastical enough to make her unrecognizable to children . The reference is explicit in Jonathan Miller 's 1966 television version where she and the King of Hearts are portrayed without any attempt at fantasy , or disguise as to their true natures or personality . The Queen may also be a reference to Queen Margaret of the House of Lancaster . During the War of the Roses , a red rose was the symbol of the House Lancaster . Their rivals , the House of York , had a white rose for their symbol . The gardeners ' painting the white roses red may be a reference to these two houses . Illustrations ( edit ) Image of Elizabeth de Mowbray , Duchess of Norfolk that inspired the original illustrations of the Queen of Hearts . After unsuccessfully attempting to illustrate Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland himself , Lewis Carroll was persuaded to engage a professional artist to provide the illustrations . He turned to cartoonist John Tenniel , who was known for his regular contributions to the satirical magazine Punch ( published 1841 -- 1992 , 1996 -- 2002 ) . Tenniel 's inspiration for the Queen of Hearts was an image of Elizabeth de Mowbray , Duchess of Norfolk in one of the medieval stained glass windows at Holy Trinity Church , Long Melford , Suffolk . The illustrations for the Alice books were engraved onto blocks of wood , to be printed in the wood engraving process . The original wood blocks are now in the collection of the Bodleian Library in Oxford , England . They are not usually on public display , but were exhibited in 2003 . Confusion with the Red Queen ( edit ) She is commonly mistaken for the Red Queen in the story 's sequel , Through the Looking - Glass , but in reality shares none of her characteristics other than being a queen . Indeed , Carroll , in his lifetime , made the distinction of the two Queens by saying : `` I pictured to myself the Queen of Hearts as a sort of embodiment of ungovernable passion -- a blind and aimless Fury . The Red Queen I pictured as a Fury , but of another type ; her passion must be cold and calm -- she must be formal and strict , yet not unkindly ; pedantic to the 10th degree , the concentrated essence of all governesses ! '' -- Lewis Carroll , in `` Alice on the Stage '' The 1951 animated film Alice in Wonderland perpetuates the long - standing confusion between the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts . In the film , the Queen of Hearts delivers several of the Red Queen 's statements , the most notable being based on her `` all the ways about here belong to me '' . Both characters say this to suggest importance and possible arrogance , but in the Red Queen 's case it has a double meaning since her status as a Chess - queen means that she can move in any direction she desires . In the American McGee 's Alice adaptation of the books , the characters are also conflated , leading to further popular misconception . Adaptions ( edit ) Disney ( edit ) Disney 's adaptation of the Queen of Hearts . In the Disney animated feature Alice in Wonderland , the Queen of Hearts is the main antagonist who appears as Alice puts it in a moment of temper , a `` fat , pompous , bad tempered old tyrant '' . The character was voiced by Verna Felton . She is portrayed as a haughty sadist , who enjoys decapitating anyone who merely annoys her . Her presence is all the more striking because of how tiny her husband the King is ( he barely comes up to her knee ) . Similar to the book , Alice meets three cards painting the roses red , since they planted white roses by mistake . When the Queen arrives , she orders those three cards beheaded , then turns her attention to Alice . Refusing to answer her questions with presumption that only she can ask them , she quickly ropes her into a game of croquet . The game ends with the Queen tripping herself over , due to the Cheshire Cat 's mischievous antics . The Queen angrily blames Alice for it , but before she can give the order , the King suggests holding a trial for Alice . The Queen , grudgingly , but reasonably , agrees . The Queen calls the March Hare , the Dormouse , and the Mad Hatter to witness , who hold an unbirthday party for her and cheer her up considerably . During the party , the Cheshire Cat reappears and upsets the Dormouse . The frightened Dormouse runs all over , and in an attempt to crush the mouse , the King of Hearts accidentally hits the Queen on the head with the gavel , which is hastily passed into the March Hare 's hands , then the Hatter 's , and finally Alice 's . The Queen , of course , blames Alice for it , and is going to have her beheaded . But Alice eats mushrooms she had procured earlier , which make her grow bigger . Although Rule No. 42 says that anyone more than a mile high must leave the court immediately , Alice feels free to call the queen a `` fat , pompous , bad tempered old tyrant '' . Unfortunately , she subsequently shrinks down to her normal size , but flees and is able to escape . Of interest is the fact that Disney 's Queen of Hearts seems to be an amalgamation of the Queen from the book , the Duchess , and the Red Queen of Through The Looking - Glass . When pleased , she can be quite pleasant , but is still bossy and often impatient , and can almost at once change to enraged . As she is considered to be one of the members of the Disney Villains group of characters , the Queen of Hearts exacted her revenge upon Alice in the game Disney 's Villains ' Revenge where she stole the ending page of the story and changed the ending , so Alice lost her head . Jiminy Cricket , the player , and Alice 's headless body retrieve the head and escape the labyrinth of the Queen . They meet one last time in the final battle and she surrenders . The Queen of Hearts is the final boss on the Japanese version of Mickey Mousecapade , a 1987 video game where Alice is her hostage . She is also a greetable character at the Walt Disney World Resort . In Mickey 's House of Villains , the Queen of Hearts appears as one of the villain guests of the House of Mouse , voiced by Tress MacNeille . The Queen appears in the Square - Enix / Disney video game Kingdom Hearts , in her homeworld . As in the film , she holds Alice on trial , only this time for attempting to steal her heart . The main heroes in the game , Sora , Donald and Goofy , intervene , telling the Queen that Alice is innocent . The Queen challenges them to provide proof of their theory , and with help from the Cheshire Cat , the three are able to do so . The Queen , however , enraged at being proven wrong , orders them executed and Alice imprisoned in a cage on the roof . The three are able to fight off the Queen 's guards and destroy the cage controls , but Alice is kidnapped , before they can save her . The Queen orders a search for Alice , and temporarily pardons Sora , Donald and Goofy , requesting that they look for Alice as well . She returns in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , only this time as a figment of Sora 's memories . Again , she holds Alice on trial , this time for attempting to steal her memories . In both games , Sora , Donald and Goofy prove Alice 's innocence by defeating the Trickmaster Heartless , the real culprit . The Queen congratulates Sora for solving the mystery , and once again demonstrates her bi-polar personality by pardoning Alice . She is absent in Kingdom Hearts II , but appears in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days along with her homeworld . A digital version of her later appears in Kingdom Hearts coded . Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Red Queen ( Through the Looking - Glass ) § Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) American McGee 's Alice ( edit ) In the video game American McGee 's Alice , the Queen of Hearts is the final boss and the reason for Wonderland 's decay . When Alice fights her , she discovers that the Queen is her dark side -- an embodiment of her insanity ; the Queen must be destroyed for Alice to become sane once more . The Queen 's appearance is different in American McGee 's Alice from how she is in the book : she appears first as a faceless entity having tentacles for arms , legs , and hair . It is later revealed that this is a mere puppet and that the true Queen of Hearts is a horrible monster in the image of a real anatomical heart . She is called both the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen interchangeably throughout the game . No mention is made of the Red Queen from `` Through the Looking Glass . '' However , the White Queen is seen for only a moment , as her head is chopped off by the enemy in The Pale Realm . It 's implied that after Alice was placed in the asylum the red queen and the queen of hearts fused together which explains why the Queen of Hearts is able to control the red piece and the cards at the same time . In the sequel , Alice : Madness Returns , the Queen of Hearts is sought by Alice for assistance in stopping an Infernal Train from tearing apart Wonderland and driving her back into insanity . The Queen claims , when found in the ruins of the Red Kingdom , that Alice is being manipulated by someone other than herself , that this person is trying to erase her memories , particularly about the fire in her childhood , which are tearing her sanity apart . It later turns out that this person is none other than her psychiatrist Dr. Angus Bumby , who has been revealed to having raped Alice 's older sister Lizzy and burned down the house with Lizzy and Alice 's parents to cover up the crime , and that he is attempting to erase Alice 's memories and subject her to prostitution after it . In this sequel , the Red Queen has changed considerably , taking the appearance of a younger Alice , only in a royal dress befitting the Queen of Hearts , with large fleshy claws rather than hands , and her lower body composed of fleshy tentacles that spread throughout the entire castle , which is actually the Queen 's body itself . Some argue she is actually based not on Alice herself , but her sister , as she also referred to her as `` Lizzy '' in a following dialogue , and considering she felt guilty of the death of her family , its possible her subconscious projected her dead sister in the queen she herself killed in the previous game . The Looking - Glass Wars ( edit ) In The Looking Glass Wars by Frank Beddor , the ruling dynasty of the Wonderland is the Heart family . The title of Queen of Hearts is a hereditary title for the Queen of Wonderland . The Queen of Hearts from Alice in Wonderland is reimagined as Queen Redd , the enemy and aunt of the heroine , Alyss . She kills Alyss 's parents and usurps the throne of Wonderland . It should be noted that the true Queen of Hearts in this story is Genevieve Heart , Alyss 's mother as an apparent re-imagining of the White Queen . Alyss is , therefore , the Princess of Hearts . Alice in the Country of Hearts ( edit ) In the manga Alice in the Country of Hearts , the Queen of Hearts is known as Vivaldi . She is n't as much a main character , though , and she has very few parts in the current books . Vivaldi rules Heart Castle and is feuding with the other territories over Wonderland . She is beautiful with black hair , unlike other adaptations . She speaks in the majestic plural , I.E , `` We are happy you are here to see us . '' As discovered through Heart no Kuni no Alice the game by Quinrose ( the predecessor to the manga ) Blood Dupree ( The Hatter ) is Vivaldi 's little brother though it is alluded to be a romantic interest for Vivaldi until Alice discovers the secret . SyFy TV miniseries ( edit ) In the two - part series Alice , hosted by the SyFy Channel , the Queen of Hearts is portrayed by Kathy Bates as a refined but ruthless drug lord . The miniseries is set one hundred and fifty years after the original Alice 's first visit to Wonderland ( the heroine is an unrelated character ) and the Queen is ( as usual ) the primary villain of the series . As is customary , the Queen is depicted as narcissistic , declaring herself as `` the most powerful woman in the history of literature '' and obese . Her calm , cold demeanour suggests that she too is a mixture of the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen . Her name is given as `` Mary Elizabeth Heart '' , and it is suggested that the Hearts are the `` Red '' royal family who seized control of Wonderland from the `` White '' royal family . Once Upon a time ( edit ) The Queen of Hearts appears in the Once Upon a Time episode . `` Hat Trick '' , played by Jennifer Koenig . In the show 's second season , it is revealed that the Queen of Hearts is in fact Cora ( Barbara Hershey ) , the mother of the Wicked Witch of the West and the Evil Queen . In her earlier life , Cora ( portrayed by Rose McGowan ) was also the miller 's daughter ( the heroine of the Rumpelstiltskin story ) . She appears in every season throughout the show most often portrayed by Barbara Hershey but at younger age portrayed by Rose McGowan . She was the main antagonist of Season 2 . In the show 's spin - off , Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , a flashback reveals that Cora ( as the Queen of Hearts ) was the Red Queen 's tutor in magic ; Cora apparently ruled part of Wonderland and was a political rival of the Red King . Other versions and adaptations ( edit ) In various film and television versions of the novel , The Queen has been played by May Robson , Ronald Lang , Zsa Zsa Gabor , Eve Arden , Jayne Meadows , and , In the 1999 Alice in Wonderland television movie , Miranda Richardson , whose portrayal is strongly reminiscent of her role as the spoiled Queenie in Blackadder . In an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place parodying the novel , Alex Russo is in court and becomes smart with the Queen of Hearts ( played by Theresa Russo ) . In the 1991 Disney channel series Adventures in Wonderland , the Queen was played by Armelia McQueen . She appears as a short - tempered and childish but basically benevolent ruler . She was alternately called `` The Queen of Hearts '' and `` The Red Queen '' during the course of the series . In Sandra the Fairytale Detective , her name is Theressa . Pandora Hearts has Miranda Barma who would later become the chain Demios the Executor also nicknamed Queen of Hearts and they have a similar obsession of cutting heads . The Queen is one of the characters adopted by Gwen Stefani in her Wonderland - themed music video What You Waiting For ? . She wears a red gown and a crown reminiscent of the Imperial State Crown from the British Crown Jewels . The Queen wanders through a garden populated with flamingos and pushes Alice ( also Stefani ) into a pool of her own tears . The Queen of Hearts features in Unsuk Chin 's 2007 opera Alice in Wonderland ; the role was created for Dame Gwyneth Jones . The Queen is a major character in Christopher Wheeldon 's 2011 full - length ballet Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , created for The Royal Ballet . The role was created for principal dancer Zenaida Yanowsky and includes a hilarious spoof of the Rose Adagio from The Sleeping Beauty . The Queen appeared briefly during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London in a segment dedicated to the villains of British children 's literature . In Marissa Meyer 's 2016 novel Heartless , the backstory of the Queen of Hearts is told , in which she is a young girl who aspires to be a baker , but is instead taken off course by the anticipated proposal of the King of Hearts . The Queen of Hearts appears in the twelfth episode ( `` And the Broken Staff '' ) of The Librarians . She is brought to life by the wizard Prospero as a distraction for the Librarians , but is subsequently tricked into attacking her own reflection , turning her into a pack of cards ( mirroring the ending of the original story ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenkins , p. 759 Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ; Lewis Carroll ( 1998 ) . The Annotated Alice . Random House . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 18920 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of Hearts ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal Opera House ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) , Becoming the Queen of Hearts - The Royal Ballet 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Heartless '' . Goodreads . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Citations ( edit ) Jenkins , Simon ( 1999 ) . England 's Thousand Best Churches . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103930 - 5 . Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass The Nursery `` Alice '' The Hunting of the Snark Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Wonderland Looking - Glass Land Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)&oldid=799882816 '' Categories : Fictional dictators Fictional queens Lewis Carroll characters Fictional characters introduced in 1865 Literary villains Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Female characters in literature Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 11 : 24 . About Wikipedia | who said off with their heads in alice in wonderland | [
"The Queen of Hearts is a fictional character from the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by the writer Lewis Carroll, in which she appears as the primary antagonist. She is a foul-tempered monarch whom Carroll himself describes as \"a blind fury\", and who is quick to give death sentences at the slightest offense. One of her most famous lines she states often is \"Off with their heads!\""
] | [
"The Queen of Hearts"
] |
-9163377202038289468 | Wild Things (film) | Wild Things ( film ) - wikipedia Wild Things ( film ) For similar terms , see Wild Thing ( disambiguation ) . Wild Things Theatrical release poster Directed by John McNaughton Produced by Rodney M. Liber Steven A. Jones Written by Stephen Peters Starring Kevin Bacon Matt Dillon Neve Campbell Theresa Russell Denise Richards Daphne Rubin - Vega Robert Wagner Bill Murray Eduardo Yañez Music by George S. Clinton Cinematography Jeffrey L. Kimball Edited by Elena Maganini Production company Mandalay Entertainment Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date March 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 20 ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $56 million Wild Things is a 1998 American erotic thriller film directed by John McNaughton and starring Matt Dillon , Neve Campbell , Kevin Bacon , Denise Richards and Theresa Russell . An `` uncut '' version , adding seven minutes to its runtime , was released on DVD in 2004 and includes a change to Kelly and Suzie 's relationship . The film gained notoriety for featuring several sex scenes -- in particular , one involving a man and two women simultaneously -- that were more explicit than is typically seen in mainstream , big - budget Hollywood releases . The film includes three direct - to - DVD sequels , Wild Things 2 ( 2004 ) , Wild Things : Diamonds in the Rough ( 2005 ) and Wild Things : Foursome ( 2010 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Sequels 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) A popular Miami area high school guidance counselor , Sam Lombardo , is accused of rape by two female students , a wealthy and popular girl named Kelly Van Ryan and a poor outcast named Suzie Toller . He hires lawyer Kenneth Bowden to defend him . At trial , Suzie admits that she and Kelly had made everything up to get revenge on Lombardo : Suzie for him failing to bail her out of jail on a minor drug charge and Kelly for him having an affair with her mother , Sandra . Kelly 's mother is humiliated by the scandal , and Lombardo and Bowden negotiate an $8.5 million settlement for defamation . In reality , Lombardo and the two girls were accomplices who used the trial as a way to get money from Kelly 's wealthy family . To celebrate their success , the three accomplices have sex . Police detective Ray Duquette , against the wishes of the district attorney 's office , continues to investigate Lombardo . He suspects the trio are working a scam , telling both Kelly and Suzie that Lombardo has already transferred the money to an off - shore account . Suzie panics and goes to Kelly for help . Kelly assures Suzie they can trust each other , but separately tells Lombardo over the phone that they may have to get rid of Suzie . Suzie attacks Kelly in the pool . Both of them fight , but eventually end up kissing in the pool , all witnessed and recorded by Duquette , still investigating the trio . A few nights later , Lombardo and Kelly take Suzie to the beach and he kills her while Kelly waits nearby . After wrapping the body in plastic , they throw it in the trunk of the car and drive out to the swamp , where Lombardo disposes of it . Duquette and his partner , Gloria , are called in to investigate Suzie 's disappearance . Her blood and teeth are found at the beach while her car is found at a bus terminal . The D.A. 's office again insists that he drop the case , but Duquette asks his partner to watch Lombardo . Lombardo confronts Gloria and invites her in to read his school files on Kelly . She discovers that Kelly is a deeply troubled and violent girl made worse by the suicide of her father . Meanwhile , Duquette goes to Kelly 's house to confront her . When he arrives , Kelly attacks him , shooting him in the arm . Duquette is left with no choice but to kill her in self - defense . No charges are filed against Duquette , but he is dismissed from the force for disobeying orders . Sam returns to his beach bungalow to find Duquette taking a shower . They were partners , setting everyone up so they could split the money just two ways . Although Lombardo is not pleased Duquette killed Kelly instead of framing her as originally planned , he agrees that they now have fewer loose ends . The two agree to go fishing on Lombardo 's sailboat , where Lombardo tries to eliminate Duquette . When Duquette fights back , he is shot and killed by a very much alive Suzie . She kills Duquette as revenge for killing Kelly and her friend , Davie , and for arresting her on a drug charge when he realized she had witnessed the murder ( the arrest from which Lombardo had not bailed her out ) . Suzie then poisons Lombardo 's drink and knocks him overboard , so his body wo n't be found . A post-credits scene features a number of quick scenes that fill in details of the backstory . They reveal that Suzie has a genius I.Q. , near 200 , and was the ultimate architect of the entire plot . She now has control of all of the settlement money and has taken her revenge on both Lombardo and Duquette . She had been sleeping with Lombardo yet could not get him to bail her out , had discovered that Lombardo and Kelly were now sleeping together , and used it to pull him into her plot , starting with having him befriend Duquette . As for Kelly 's death , she had not attacked Duquette as he had claimed . In reality , she tried to escape the guest house when he entered . He shot her dead , broke into her gun case and used her hand to shoot himself in the shoulder . In a final scene Bowden meets with Suzie , whose financial affairs he is handling . She kisses him on the cheek and as she walks off , Bowden telling her to `` be good '' . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Bacon as Sergeant Ray Duquette Matt Dillon as Sam Lombardo Neve Campbell as Suzie Toller Theresa Russell as Sandra Van Ryan Denise Richards as Kelly Van Ryan Daphne Rubin - Vega as Detective Gloria Perez Carrie Snodgress as Ruby Jeff Perry as Bryce Hunter Robert Wagner as Tom Baxter Bill Murray as Kenneth Bowden Reception ( edit ) The film holds a 64 % `` fresh '' rating among critics on Rotten Tomatoes , indicating a mixed - positive response . The film received a 52 / 100 rating on Metacritic , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Variety praised the casting of Dillon , Bacon , Campbell , Richards , Russell , Murray and Snodgress : `` ( Y ) ou have an ensemble that appears to be enjoying the challenge of offbeat roles and unusual material . There 's not a wrong note struck by the game group of players . '' The magazine also praised the film as `` original '' with a `` glossy , unreal quality that nicely dovetails with the pulse of the drama '' . George S. Clinton was nominated for Best Music at 25th Saturn Awards , but lost to fellow composer John Carpenter for John Carpenter 's Vampires , another film from Columbia Pictures . Sequels ( edit ) Three sequels were released on direct to video , Wild Things 2 ( 2004 ) , Wild Things : Diamonds in the Rough ( 2005 ) and Wild Things : Foursome ( 2010 ) . The sequels recycled much of the plot , dialogue , and direction of the first film , albeit with different actors . All three films , for example , take place in Blue Bay , as well as its high school , Blue Bay High and the Blue Bay Police Department ( BBPD ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wild Things ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wild Things at Box Office Mojo Retrieved October 8 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Wild Things '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( March 20 , 1998 ) . `` Wild Things ' Runs Rampant With Twists and Surprises '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wild Things ( 1998 ) Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wild Things at Metacritic Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Things '' Variety . March 17 , 1998 . External links ( edit ) Wild Things on IMDb Wild Things at AllMovie Wild Things at Metacritic Wild Things at Box Office Mojo Wild Things at Rotten Tomatoes Wild Things Wild Things Wild Things 2 Wild Things : Diamonds in the Rough Wild Things : Foursome Films directed by John McNaughton Henry : Portrait of a Serial Killer ( 1986 ) The Borrower ( 1991 ) Sex , Drugs , Rock & Roll ( 1991 ) Mad Dog and Glory ( 1993 ) Girls in Prison ( 1994 ) Normal Life ( 1996 ) Firehouse ( 1997 ) Wild Things ( 1998 ) Lansky ( 1999 ) Speaking of Sex ( 2001 ) `` Haeckel 's Tale '' ( TV , 2006 ) The Harvest ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_Things_(film)&oldid=864119995 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s erotic films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s LGBT - related films 1990s teen drama films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American films American LGBT - related films American mystery films American teen drama films Bisexuality - related films Columbia Pictures films Erotic drama films Erotic thriller films Films about threesomes Films directed by John McNaughton Films set in Miami Mystery drama films Mystery thriller films Nonlinear narrative films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 06 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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-4620791663535555957 | Marsh test | Marsh test - wikipedia Marsh test Jump to : navigation , search Apparatus for the Marsh test The Marsh test is a highly sensitive method in the detection of arsenic , especially useful in the field of forensic toxicology when arsenic was used as a poison . It was developed by the chemist James Marsh and first published in 1836 . Arsenic , in the form of white arsenic trioxide As 2O 3 , was a highly favored poison , for its odourlessness , easily incorporated into food and drink , and before the advent of the Marsh test , untraceable in the body . In France , it came to be known as poudre de succession ( `` inheritance powder '' ) . For the untrained , arsenic poisoning will have symptoms similar to cholera . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursor methods 2 Circumstances and methodology 3 Specific reactions involved 4 First notable application 5 Effects 6 In fiction 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Precursor methods ( edit ) The first breakthrough in the detection of arsenic poisoning was in 1775 when Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered a way to change arsenic trioxide to garlic - smelling arsine gas ( AsH ) , by treating it with nitric acid ( HNO ) and combining it with zinc . As O + 6 Zn + 12 HNO → 2 AsH + 6 Zn ( NO ) + 3 H O In 1787 , German physician Johann Metzger ( 1739 - 1805 ) discovered that if arsenic trioxide were heated in the presence of carbon , the arsenic would sublime . This is the reduction of As O by carbon : 2 As O + 3 C → 3 CO + 4 As In 1806 , Valentin Rose took the stomach of a victim suspected of being poisoned and treated it with potassium carbonate ( K CO ) , calcium oxide ( CaO ) and nitric acid . Any arsenic present would appear as arsenic trioxide and then could be subjected to Metzger 's test . However , the most common test ( and used even today in water test kits ) was discovered by Samuel Hahnemann . It would involve combining a sample fluid with hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) in the presence of hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) . A yellow precipitate , arsenic trisulfide ( As S ) would be formed if arsenic was present . Circumstances and methodology ( edit ) Even so , these tests have proven not to be sensitive enough . In 1832 , a certain John Bodle was brought to trial for poisoning his grandfather by putting arsenic in his coffee . James Marsh , a chemist working at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich was called by the prosecution to try to detect its presence . He performed the standard test by passing hydrogen sulfide through the suspect fluid . While Marsh was able to detect arsenic , the yellow precipitate did not keep very well , and by the time it was presented to the jury it deteriorated . The jury was not convinced , and John Bodle was acquitted . Angered and frustrated by this , especially when John Bodle confessed later that he indeed killed his grandfather , Marsh decided to devise a better test to demonstrate the presence of arsenic . Taking Scheele 's work as a basis , he constructed a simple glass apparatus capable of not only detecting minute traces of arsenic but also measuring its quantity . Adding a sample of tissue or body fluid to a glass vessel with zinc and acid would produce arsine gas if arsenic was present , in addition to the hydrogen that would be produced regardless by the zinc reacting with the acid . Igniting this gas mixture would oxidize any arsine present into arsenic and water vapor . This would cause a cold ceramic bowl held in the jet of the flame to be stained with a silvery - black deposit of arsenic , physically similar to the result of Metzger 's reaction . The intensity of the stain could then be compared to films produced using known amounts of arsenic . Not only could minute amounts of arsenic be detected ( as little as 0.02 mg ) , the test was very specific for arsenic . Although antimony ( Sb ) could give a false - positive test by forming stibine ( SbH ) gas which decomposes on heating to form a similar black deposit , it would not dissolve in a solution of sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , while arsenic would . Specific reactions involved ( edit ) The Marsh test treats the sample with sulfuric acid and arsenic - free zinc . Even if there are minute amounts of arsenic present , the zinc reduces the trivalent arsenic ( As ) . Here are the two half - reactions : Oxidation : Zn → Zn + 2 e Reduction : As O + 12 e + 6 H → 2 As + 3 H O Overall , we have this reaction : As O + 6 Zn + 6 H → 2 As + 6 Zn + 3 H O In an acidic medium , As 3 − is protonated to form arsine gas ( AsH ) , so adding sulphuric acid ( H SO ) to each side of the equation we get : As O + 6 Zn + 6 H + 6 H SO → 2 As + 6 H SO + 6 Zn + 3 H O As the As combines with the H to form arsine : As O + 6 Zn + 6 H + 6 H SO → 2 AsH + 6 ZnSO + 3 H O + 6 H By eliminating the common ions : As O + 6 Zn + 6 H SO → 2 AsH + 6 ZnSO + 3 H O First notable application ( edit ) Main article : Marie LaFarge Although the Marsh test was efficacious , its first publicly documented use -- in fact , the first time evidence from forensic toxicology was ever introduced -- was in Tulle , France in 1840 with the celebrated LaFarge poisoning case . Charles LaFarge , a foundry owner , was suspected of being poisoned with arsenic by his wife Marie . The circumstantial evidence was great : it was shown that she bought arsenic trioxide from a local chemist , supposedly to kill rats which infested their home . In addition , their maid swore that she had mixed a white powder into his drink . Although the food was found to be positive for the poison using the old methods as well as the Marsh test , when the husband 's body was exhumed and tested , the chemists assigned to the case were not able to detect arsenic . Mathieu Orfila , the renowned toxicologist retained by the defense and an acknowledged authority of the Marsh test examined the results . He performed the test again and demonstrated that the Marsh test was not at fault for the misleading results but rather those who performed it did it incorrectly . Orfila thus proved the presence of arsenic in LaFarge 's body using the test . As a result of this , Marie was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment . Effects ( edit ) The case proved to be controversial , for it divided the country into factions who were convinced or otherwise of Mme . LaFarge 's guilt ; nevertheless , the impact of the Marsh test was great . The French press covered the trial and gave the test the publicity it needed to give the field of forensic toxicology the legitimacy it deserved , although in some ways it trivialized it : actual Marsh test assays were conducted in salons , public lectures and even in some plays that recreated the LaFarge case . The existence of the Marsh test also served a deterrent effect : deliberate arsenic poisonings became rarer because the fear of discovery became more prevalent . In fiction ( edit ) Marsh test is used in Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously to prove that a certain chocolate is poisoned with arsenic . In Alan Bradley 's `` As Chimney Sweepers Come To Dust '' , 12 - year old sleuth and chemistry genius Flavia de Luce uses the Marsh test to determine that arsenic was the murderer 's weapon . In the first episode of the 2017 TV series `` Taboo '' a mirror test , referencing the Marsh test , is used to verify the protagonist 's father was killed via arsenic poisoning . However , as the setting of the series is between 1814 - 1820 , a different / earlier process should have been used . See also ( edit ) James Marsh Nascent hydrogen Devarda 's alloy Arsine Stibine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marsh , James ( 1836 ) . `` Account of a method of separating small quantities of arsenic from substances with which it may be mixed '' . Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal . 21 : 229 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ Scheele , Carl Wilhelm ( 1775 ) `` Om Arsenik och dess syra '' ( On arsenic and its acid ) , Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar ( Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy ( of Sweden ) ) , 36 : 263 - 294 . From p. 290 : `` Med Zinck. 30 . ( a ) Denna år den endaste af alla så hela som halfva Metaller , som i digestion met Arsenik - syra effervescerar . '' ( With zinc . 30 . ( a ) This is the only ( metal ) of all whole - as well as semi-metals that effervesces on digestion with arsenic acid . ) Scheele collected the arsine and put a mixture of arsine and air into a cylinder . From p. 291 : `` 3 : 0 , Då et tåndt ljus kom når o̊pningen , tåndes luften i kolfven med en småll , lågan for mot handen , denna blef o̊fvedragen med brun fårg , ... '' ( 3 : 0 , Then as ( the ) lit candle came near the opening ( of the cylinder ) , the gases in ( the ) cylinder ignited with a bang ; ( the ) flame ( rushed ) towards my hand , which became coated with ( a ) brown color , ... ) Jump up ^ Metzger , Johann Daniel , Kurzgefasstes System der gerichtlichen Arzneiwissenschaft ( Concise system of forensic medicine ) , 2nd ed . ( Königsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Goebbels und Unzer , 1805 ) , pp. 238 -- 239 . In a footnote on p. 238 , Metzger mentions that if a sample that 's suspected of containing arsenic trioxide ( Arsenik ) is heated on a copper plate ( Kupferblech ) , then , when arsenic vapor lands on the plate , it will condense to form a shiny silver - white ( weisse Silberglanz ) patch . He also mentions that if a sample containing arsenic trioxide is large enough , metallic arsenic can be produced from it . From the footnote on p. 239 : `` b ) Am besten geschieht sie , wenn mann den Arsenik mit einem fetten Oel zum Brey macht und in einer Retorte so lange distillirt , bis keine ölichte Dämpfe mehr übergehen , dann aber das Feuer verstärkt , wodurch der Arsenik - König sich sublimirt . '' ( b ) It 's best of all when one makes a paste of the arsenic trioxide with a fatty oil and distills it in a retort long enough until no more oily vapors pass over ( and ) then one intensifies the fire , whereby ( metallic ) arsenic is sublimated . ) Jump up ^ Valentin Rose ( 1806 ) `` Ueber das zweckmäßigste Verfahren , um bei Vergiftungen mit Arsenik letzern aufzufinden und darzustellen '' ( On the most effective method , in cases of poisoning with arsenic , to discover and show the latter ) , Journal für Chemie und Physik , 2 : 665 - 671 . Jump up ^ Hahnemann , Samuel ( 1786 ) . Ueber die Arsenikvergiftung , ihre Hülfe und gerichtliche Ausmittelung ( On poisoning by arsenic : its treatment and forensic detection ) ( in German ) . Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius . On p. 15 , § 34 , and pp. 25 -- 26 , § 67 , Hahnemann noted that when hydrogen sulfide -- Schwefelleberluft = gas ( Luft ) of liver ( Leber ) of sulfur ( Schwefel ) ; `` liver of sulfur '' is a mixture of sulfides of potassium ; hydrogen sulfide was prepared by adding acid to liver of sulfur -- dissolved in water was added to an acidified solution containing arsenic trioxide , a yellow precipitate -- arsenic trisulfide , As S , which he called Operment ( English : orpiment , yellow arsenic ; German : Rauschgelb ) -- was produced . From pp. 25 - 26 : `` § 67 . Noch müssen wir der Schwefelleberluft erwähnen , die in Wasser aufgelöst , sich am innigsten mit dem Arsenikwasser verbindet , und als Operment mit ihm zu Boden fält . '' ( We still must mention hydrogen sulfide , which ( when it 's ) dissolved in water , binds most closely with arsenic ( trioxide in ) water , and falls to the bottom with it as arsenic trisulfide . ) In Chapter 11 ( Elftes Kapitel . Chemische Kennzeichen des Thatbestands ( corporis delicti ) einer Arsenikvergiftung ( Ch. 11 . Chemical indications of evidence of an arsenic poisoning ) ) , Hahemann explains how to identify arsenic in autopsy samples ( e.g. , stomach contents ) . On p. 239 , § 429 , he explains how to distinguish mercury poisoning from arsenic poisoning . And on p. 246 , § 440 , he describes the course of the reaction : `` § 440 . Mit Schwefelleberluft gesättigtes Wasser bildet in einer wenig gesättigten Arsenikauflösung zuerst eine durchsichtige Gilbe , nach einigen Minuten begint die Flüssigkeit erst trübe zu werden und nach mehrern Stunden erscheint dann nach und nach der lokere pomeranzengelbe Niederschlag , den man mit einigen zugetröpfelten Tropfen Weinessig beschleunigen kan . '' ( § 440 . With water saturated with hydrogen sulfide , ( there ) forms , in a little saturated solution of arsenic , at first a transparent yellow ; after some minutes the fluid begins first to become cloudy , and after several hours ( there ) then appears bit by bit a fluffy orange - yellow precipitate , ( the formation of ) which one can accelerate with some drops of acetic acid added dropwise . ) Jump up ^ http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsineh.htm Jump up ^ Taboo ( TV Series 2017 -- ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 Marsh J. ( 1837 ) . `` Arsenic ; nouveau procédé pour le découvrir dans les substances auxquelles il est mêlé '' . Journal de Pharmacie. 23 : 553 -- 562 . Marsh , James ( 1837 ) . `` Beschreibung eines neuen Verfahrens , um kleine Quantitäten Arsenik von den Substanzen abzuscheiden , womit er gemischt ist '' . Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 23 ( 2 ) : 207 . doi : 10.1002 / jlac. 18370230217 . Mohr C.F. ( 1837 ) . `` Zusätze zu der von Marsh angegebenen Methode , den Arsenik unmittelbar im regulinischen Zustande aus jeder Flüssigkeit auszuscheiden '' ( Addenda to the method given by Marsh for separating arsenic immediately in the metallic state from any liquid ) . Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 23 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 225 . doi : 10.1002 / jlac. 18370230218 . Lockemann , Georg ( 1905 ) . `` Über den Arsennachweis mit dem Marshschen Apparate '' ( On the detection of arsenic with the Marsh apparatus ) . Angewandte Chemie. 18 ( 11 ) : 416 . doi : 10.1002 / ange. 19050181104 . Harkins , W.D. ( 1910 ) . `` The Marsh test and Excess Potential ( First Paper. 1 ) The Quantitative Determination of Arsenic '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 32 ( 4 ) : 518 -- 530 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01922a008 . Campbell W.A. ( 1965 ) . `` Some landmarks in the history of arsenic testing '' . Chemistry in Britain . 1 : 198 -- 202 . External links ( edit ) McMuigan , Hugh ( 1921 ) . An Introduction to Chemical Pharmacology . Philadelphia : P. Blakiston 's Son & Co. pp. 396 -- 397 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Wanklyn , James Alfred ( 1901 ) . Arsenic . London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & Co. Ltd . pp. 39 -- 57 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsh_test&oldid=811344835 '' Categories : Arsenic Toxicology tests Name reactions Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Gaeilge Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 01 : 19 . About Wikipedia | who devised the first test for detection of arsenic in 1775 | [
"The first breakthrough in the detection of arsenic poisoning was in 1775 when Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered a way to change arsenic trioxide to garlic-smelling arsine gas (AsH3), by treating it with nitric acid (HNO3) and combining it with zinc.[3]"
] | [
"Carl Wilhelm Scheele"
] |
-1615380148043836439 | Take Me Out to the Ball Game | Take Me Out to the Ball Game - wikipedia Take Me Out to the Ball Game Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( disambiguation ) . `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Song by Edward Meeker Language English Genre Tin Pan Alley Length 1 : 14 Songwriter ( s ) Composer : Albert Von Tilzer Lyricist : Jack Norworth Take Me Out to the Ball Game This , the original version of the song , was sung by Edward Meeker in 1908 , and is one of the first ever recordings of the song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Take Me Out to the Ball Game Typical modern ball park instrumental version performed by Kaila Rochelle on a Roland GR - 09 organ with a Roland RD - 700 keyboard midi controller . The performance is on the ' Chorus . ' Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' is a 1908 Tin Pan Alley song by Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer which has become the unofficial anthem of North American baseball , although neither of its authors had attended a game prior to writing the song . The song 's chorus is traditionally sung during the middle of the seventh inning of a baseball game . Fans are generally encouraged to sing along , and at some ballparks , the words `` home team '' are replaced with the team name . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the song 2 Lyrics 3 Recordings of the song 4 The song in popular culture 5 Recognition and awards 6 References 7 External links History of the song ( edit ) Jack Norworth , while riding a subway train , was inspired by a sign that said `` Baseball Today -- Polo Grounds '' . In the song , Katie 's beau calls to ask her out to see a show . She accepts the date , but only if her date will take her out to the baseball game . The words were set to music by Albert Von Tilzer . ( Norworth and Von Tilzer finally saw their first Major League Baseball games 32 and 20 years later , respectively . ) The song was first sung by Norworth 's then - wife Nora Bayes and popularized by many other vaudeville acts . It was played at a ballpark for the first known time in 1934 , at a high - school game in Los Angeles ; it was played later that year during the fourth game of the 1934 World Series . Norworth wrote an alternative version of the song in 1927 . ( Norworth and Bayes were famous for writing and performing such hits as `` Shine On , Harvest Moon '' . ) With the sale of so many records , sheet music , and piano rolls , the song became one of the most popular hits of 1908 . The Haydn Quartet singing group , led by popular tenor Harry MacDonough , recorded a successful version on Victor Records . The most famous recording of the song was credited to `` Billy Murray and the Haydn Quartet '' , even though Murray did not sing on it . The confusion , nonetheless , is so pervasive that , when `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' was selected by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Recording Industry Association of America as one of the 365 top `` Songs of the Century '' , the song was credited to Billy Murray , implying his recording of it as having received the most votes among songs from the first decade . The first recorded version was by Edward Meeker . Meeker 's recording was selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry , which selects recordings annually that are `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Lyrics ( edit ) Below are the lyrics of the 1908 version , which is out of copyright . Katie Casey was baseball mad , Had the fever and had it bad . Just to root for the home town crew , Ev'ry sou Katie blew . On a Saturday her young beau Called to see if she 'd like to go To see a show , but Miss Kate said `` No , I 'll tell you what you can do : '' Chorus Take me out to the ball game , Take me out with the crowd ; Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jack , I do n't care if I never get back . Let me root , root , root for the home team , If they do n't win , it 's a shame . For it 's one , two , three strikes , you 're out , At the old ball game . Katie Casey saw all the games , Knew the players by their first names . Told the umpire he was wrong , All along , Good and strong . When the score was just two to two , Katie Casey knew what to do , Just to cheer up the boys she knew , She made the gang sing this song : The term `` sou '' , a coin of French origin , was at the time common slang for a low - denomination coin . In French the expression `` sans le sou '' means penniless . Carly Simon 's version , produced for Ken Burns ' 1994 documentary Baseball , reads `` Ev'ry cent / Katie spent '' . Though not so indicated in the lyrics , the chorus is usually sung with a pause in the middle of the word `` Cracker '' , giving `` Cracker Jack '' a pronunciation `` Crac -- - ker Jack '' . Also , there is a noticeable pause between the first and second `` root '' . Recordings of the song ( edit ) The song ( or at least its chorus ) has been recorded or cited countless times in the 100 years since it was written . The original music and 1908 lyrics of the song will not revert to the public domain in the United States and the United Kingdom until September 1 , 2029 , or 70 years after the composers ' deaths ; as well , the copyright to the revised 1927 lyrics still remain in effect . It has been used as an instrumental underscore or introduction to many films or skits having to do with baseball . Copyright Clarification : Musical works before 1923 are public domain ( United States ) . Recorded songs is another matter . The written music and 1908 lyrics is considered public domain in the United States . However , the UK uses the 70 - years past death rule . The first verse of the 1927 version is sung by Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra at the start of the MGM musical film , Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) , a movie that also features a song about the famous and fictitious double play combination , O'Brien to Ryan to Goldberg . Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album Join Bing and Sing Along ( 1959 ) In the early to mid-1980s , the Kidsongs Kids recorded a different version of this song for A Day at Old MacDonald 's Farm . In the mid-1990s , a Major League Baseball ad campaign featured versions of the song performed by musicians of several different genres . An alternative rock version by the Goo Goo Dolls was also recorded . Multiple genre Louisiana singer - songwriter Dr. John and pop singer Carly Simon both recorded different versions of the song for the PBS documentary series Baseball , by Ken Burns . In 2001 , Nike aired a commercial featuring a diverse group of Major League Baseball players singing lines of the song in their native languages . The players and languages featured were Ken Griffey , Jr . ( American English ) , Alex Rodriguez ( Caribbean Spanish ) , Chan Ho Park ( Korean ) , Kazuhiro Sasaki ( Japanese ) , Graeme Lloyd ( Australian English ) , Éric Gagné ( Québécois French ) , Andruw Jones ( Dutch ) , John Franco ( Italian ) , Iván Rodríguez ( Caribbean Spanish ) , and Mark McGwire ( American English ) . The song in popular culture ( edit ) The iconic song has been used and alluded to in many different ways : In the 1935 Marx Brothers ' film A Night at the Opera , in one of the more unusual uses of the song , composer Herbert Stothart arranged for a full pit orchestra to segue seamlessly from the overture of Il trovatore into the chorus of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . A 1954 version by Stuart McKay shifted the lyrics two syllables forward to make the song end surprisingly early . In McKay 's version the initial `` Take me '' was sung as an unaccented pickup , causing the final `` Game '' to land on the same note as `` Old '' in the original , and leaving the last two notes unsung . In 1955 , in an episode of I Love Lucy guest starring Harpo Marx , Harpo performed a harp rendition of the song . A version is heard during the end credits of the 1978 film The Bad News Bears Go To Japan . The first verse is sung by Japanese children , later accompanied by American singers . In 1988 , for the 80th anniversary of the song and the 100th anniversary of the poem `` Casey at the Bat '' , Sports Illustrated writer Frank Deford constructed a fanciful story ( later expanded to book form as Casey on the Loose ) which posited Katie Casey as being the daughter of the famous slugger from the poem . In 1994 , radio station WJMP , broadcasting to the Akron , Ohio market , played the song continuously during the Major League Baseball players ' strike of 1994 as a protest . In 1995 in the ER Season 2 episode `` Hell and High Water '' , the character Doug Ross tells a child to keep singing the song to keep himself conscious . The 2001 children 's book `` Take Me Out of the Bathtub and other Silly Dilly Songs '' by Alan Katz and David Catrow , featuring silly words to well - known tunes , recast the end of the chorus as `` I used one , two , three bars of soap . Take me out ... I 'm clean ! '' in its title number . In 2006 , Jim Burke authored and illustrated a children 's book version of `` Take Me Out To The Ballgame '' . In 2006 , Gatorade used an instrumental version of `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' in a commercial over video highlights of the United States Men 's National Soccer Team in the lead - up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , closing with the tagline `` It 's a whole new ballgame . '' In 2008 , Andy Strasberg , Bob Thompson and Tim Wiles ( from the Baseball Hall of Fame ) wrote a comprehensive book on the history of the song , Baseball 's Greatest Hit : The Story of ' Take Me Out to the Ball Game ' . The book , published by Hal Leonard Books , included a CD with 16 different recordings of the song from various points in time , ranging from a 1908 recording by Fred Lambert , to a seventh - inning - stretch recording by Harry Caray . In 2008 American composer Randol Alan Bass used the song in Casey at the Bat , a setting of the poem by Ernest L. Thayer for concert band and narrator . The NHL used the song to promote the 2009 NHL Winter Classic between the Chicago Blackhawks and the Detroit Red Wings taking place at Wrigley Field on New Year 's Day , 2009 . At the time , it was the first Winter Classic to take place in a baseball stadium . In the series Homeland Nicholas Brody teaches the song to Isa Nazir to help him learn English . From March 13 , 2015 , the tune of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' was adopted as the departure melody for trains on the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line at Kōrakuen Station in Tokyo , Japan . Baseball is popular in Japan , and Korakuen Station is one of the closest stations to the Tokyo Dome baseball stadium . Instrumental parts of `` Take Me Out To The Ball Game '' can be heard in the background music for Joe E. Brown 's 1932 movie Fireman , Save My Child . In 1985 , it was featured in Kidsongs `` A Day at Old MacDonald 's Farm '' , which shows the kids playing baseball . Also , Kirk Gibson of the Detroit Tigers is seen hitting a home run during the 1984 World Series . It was sung on two early episodes of Barney & Friends . The episode of Sam & Cat entitled `` # MagicATM '' featured the chorus , but with modified and nonsensical lyrics that start with `` Take me down to the basement , fill the buckets with cheese . '' In October 2016 , Bill Murray impersonated Daffy Duck as he gave his rendition of the chorus of ' Take Me Out To The Ball Game ' while at game 3 of the World Series , which was held at Wrigley Field . The song was referenced in the title of the baseball themed Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Take Me Out to the Holosuite '' . Recognition and awards ( edit ) 2008 : The song won the Songwriters Hall of Fame Towering Song Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . Performing Arts Encyclopedia . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Robert ( 2008 ) . Baseball 's Greatest Hit : The Story of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Norworth & Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' . Laguna Beach Historical Society . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nora Bayes and Jack Norworth : Together and Alone '' . Archeophone Records . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark . `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game : Song History '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Druckenbrod , Andrew ( June 23 , 2008 ) . `` Name this tune : You sing ' Take Me Out , ' it 's 100 years old '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Big Bands Database Plus ( row for 1908 ) . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2010 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Copyright law of the United Kingdom Jump up ^ Thomas , David ( July 4 , 2008 ) . `` Happy 100th Anniversary , ' Take Me Out to the Ball Game ' '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Ditty turns 100 '' . The Oregonian . June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FILM CREDITS BASEBALL Inning 8 : A Whole New Ballgame '' . PBS . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nike , Inc. ( 2001 ) . Take Me Out to the Ballgame ( Bee - yooo - tiful ) . Jump up ^ Stuart McKay `` Reap the Wild Winds '' 1955 ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfIFgCigMT8 ) Jump up ^ Alan Katz and David Catrow , `` Take Me Out of the Bathtub and other Silly Dilly Songs '' , ISBN 0689829035 Jump up ^ Casey at the Bat , poem by Ernest L. Thayer , a setting for concert band and narrator by Randol Alan Bass . Alfred Publishing Co. , Inc. , 2008 Jump up ^ 南北 線 の 発車 メロディ を リニューアル ! 各駅 に 新しい 発車 メロディ を 導入 し ます ( Namboku Line departure melodies updated ! New melodies to be introduced at each station ) ( PDF ) . News release ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Tokyo Metro . March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tokyo Dome City , `` How to Access '' , https://www.tokyo-dome.co.jp/e/access/ Jump up ^ http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/10/bill-murray-take-me-out-to-the-ballgame-daffy-duck-world-series-chicago-cubs External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Take Me Out to the Ball Game . Stadium Symphonies ( including `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' ) from the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Take Me Out to the Ball Game : A Centennial Tribute Links to related articles Chicago Cubs Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field renovations Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! 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8970285167042417853 | Bianca Lawson | Bianca Lawson - wikipedia Bianca Lawson Bianca Lawson Bianca Jasmine Lawson ( 1979 - 03 - 20 ) March 20 , 1979 ( age 39 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education Stella Adler Studio of Acting Marymount High School Alma mater University of Southern California Occupation Actress Years active 1988 -- present Parent ( s ) Richard Lawson Denise Gordy Relatives Beyoncé Knowles - Carter ( paternal step - sister ) Solange Knowles ( paternal step - sister ) Family Gordy Bianca Jasmine Lawson ( born March 20 , 1979 ) is an American film and television actress . She is perhaps best known for her regular roles in the television series Saved by the Bell : The New Class , Goode Behavior , Pretty Little Liars , and Rogue . She has also had recurring roles in the series Sister , Sister , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , The Steve Harvey Show , Dawson 's Creek , The Secret Life of the American Teenager , The Vampire Diaries , Teen Wolf , and Witches of East End . In 2016 , Lawson began starring in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series , Queen Sugar . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 References 5 External links Early Life Lawson was born in Los Angeles , California . She is the daughter of Denise ( née Gordy ) and actor Richard Lawson , making her the step - daughter to Lawson 's second wife Tina Knowles , and step - sister to singers Beyoncé and Solange Knowles . Lawson is also the great - niece of Motown founder Berry Gordy . She attended the Stella Adler Studio of Acting and graduated from Marymount High School , a Catholic school in Los Angeles . She then went on to study film and psychology at University of Southern California . Lawson 's parents are both African - American , and she also has Italian , Native American , Portuguese , and Creole ancestry . Career Lawson began acting at the age of nine , having appeared in commercials for Barbie and Revlon . In 1993 , she was cast in the television series Saved by the Bell : The New Class as series regular Megan Jones . She appeared in multiple episodes of The WB sitcoms Sister , Sister as Rhonda Coley and The Steve Harvey Show as Rosalind . In 1996 , she co-starred in the UPN sitcom Goode Behavior -- which lasted for just one season -- as Bianca Goode , the teenage daughter of the titular family . In 1997 , she appeared in Buffy the Vampire Slayer as vampire slayer Kendra Young . In 1999 , she appeared in The WB 's Dawson 's Creek as rival character Nikki Green . In 2009 , Lawson was cast as Shawna in The Secret Life of the American Teenager . That same year , she was cast in the CW television series The Vampire Diaries , as witch Emily Bennett . In December 2009 , she was cast as Maya St. Germain in the ABC Family series Pretty Little Liars , based on the book series by Sara Shepard . She appeared in that show from June 2010 through August 2012 . Since 2012 , she has had a recurring role as Ms. Morell in the MTV television series Teen Wolf , based on the original film from 1985 . In 2014 , Lawson had a recurring role as Eva in Witches of East End . In 2015 , she was cast as series regular Talia Freeman in season three of Rogue . Lawson has made appearances in two different television miniseries . In 1998 , she appeared in The Temptations as Diana Ross ( whom Lawson is related to through Ross 's daughter Rhonda Ross Kendrick ) ; and in 2001 , she was cast as Anna Bella Monroe in Anne Rice 's The Feast of All Saints . Some of Lawson 's film credits to date include Primary Colors ( 1998 ) , Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) , Bones ( 2001 ) and Breakin ' All the Rules ( 2004 ) . Aside from film and television , Lawson provided her voice to the 2011 video game Star Wars : The Old Republic . In 2016 , Lawson was cast in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series , Queen Sugar created by Ava DuVernay . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1998 Twice the Fear Girlfriend Direct - to - video Primary Colors Loretta 2000 Big Monster on Campus Darien Stompanato Direct - to - video 2001 Save the Last Dance Nikki Bones Cynthia 2003 Jeepers Creepers 2 ( uncredited ) Breakin ' All the Rules Helen Sharp Dead & Breakfast Kate The Pavilion Mary Direct - to - video 2005 Flip the Script Angel Direct - to - video 2006 Broken Mia Independent film National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! Monique Direct - to - video 2007 Supergator Carla Masters Direct - to - video 2009 The Killing of Wendy Brooke Independent film Television Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 94 Saved by the Bell : The New Class Megan Jones Main role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ; 39 episodes What'z Up ? Herself Co-host My So - Called Life Third Bathroom Girl Episode : `` Pilot '' 1995 Me and the Boys Girl Episode : `` The Age of Reason '' In the House Rachel Episode : `` The Final Cut '' Saved by the Bell : The New Class Megan Jones Archive footage : `` Screech 's Dream '' ( # 3.19 ) 1995 -- 96 Sister , Sister Rhonda Coley Recurring role ; 7 episodes 1996 -- 97 Goode Behavior Bianca Goode Regular role ; 22 episodes 1997 -- 99 Smart Guy Shirley / Tracy 2 episodes The Parent ' Hood Jasmine 2 episodes 1997 -- 98 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Kendra Young 3 episodes 1998 Silk Stalkings Renee Episode : `` Rage '' The Steve Harvey Show Rosalind 3 episodes The Temptations Diana Ross Television mini-series 1999 -- 2000 Dawson 's Creek Nikki Green 4 episodes 2001 Strong Medicine Esperenza Maldonaldo Episode : `` Control Group '' The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn Herself Guest The Feast of All Saints Anna Bella Monroe Television mini-series 2002 For the People Asia Portman Episode : `` Textbook Perfect '' Haunted Brandi Combs Episode : `` Blind Witness '' 2003 Loose Lips Herself Television series documentary The Division Marilynn Resiser Episode : `` Play Ball '' The Big House Angela Episode : `` Almost Touched by an Angel '' Fearless Harmony Kaye Unsold Television pilot 2006 Living in TV Land Herself Episode : `` Sherman Hemsley '' 2008 The Cleaner Jeannie 2 episodes 2009 Bones Albie Episode : `` Fire in the Ice '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager Shawna Recurring role ; 6 episodes Sorority Wars ( uncredited ) Television film 2009 -- 14 The Vampire Diaries Emily Bennett Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2010 -- 12 Pretty Little Liars Maya St. Germain Main role ( season 1 ) ; 22 episodes Nikita Emily Robinson Episode : `` The Guardian '' 2011 American Horror Story Abby Episode : `` Pilot '' Heavenly Sasha Grant Television film 2012 -- 14 Teen Wolf Marin Morrell Recurring role ; 12 episodes 2012 Beauty & the Beast Lafferty Episode : `` Trapped '' All About Christmas Eve Lila Television film 2 Broke Girls Stacy Episode : `` And the Silent Partner '' 2013 Good Day L.A. Herself Guest 2014 House of Secrets Julie Television film Wolf Watch Herself Guest Witches of East End Eva / Selina Recurring role ; 10 episodes Pretty Little Liars : We Love You to DeAth Herself Television special 2015 Chicago P.D. Kylie Rosales Episode : `` We Do n't Work Together Anymore '' Rogue Talia Freeman Main role ( season 3 ) ; 10 episodes 2016 -- present Queen Sugar Darla Series regular Video games Year Title Role Notes 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic ( voice ) Provided additional voices References Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Beyonce 's New Stepsister Bianca Lawson Is Famous , Too : Details ! - Us Weekly '' . Usmagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bianca Lawson Biography ( 1979 - ) , Film Reference Jump up ^ Bianca Lawson 's bio Archived June 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . at ABC Family.com Jump up ^ Exclusive Bianca Lawson Interview at Facebook Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Announces Additional Casting for its Upcoming Pilots `` Melissa & Joey , '' `` Untitled Michael Jacobs Project '' and `` Pretty Little Liars . '' '' ( PDF ) . ABC Family Press Release . December 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Adds Bianca Lawson , Greg Vaughan & Henry G. Sanders - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . External links Bianca Lawson on IMDb Gordy family First generation Berry Gordy Lucy Hellum Second generation Berry Gordy II Bertha Fuller Third generation Esther Gordy Anna Gordy Gwen Gordy Harvey Fuqua Berry Gordy Jr . 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7912749458076710156 | Looney Tunes: Back in Action | Looney Tunes : Back in Action - Wikipedia Looney Tunes : Back in Action This article is about the film . For the tie - in video game , see Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( video game ) . Looney Tunes : Back in Action Theatrical release poster Directed by Joe Dante Produced by Paula Weinstein Bernie Goldman Screenplay by Larry Doyle Story by Larry Doyle Glenn Ficarra John Requa Starring Brendan Fraser Jenna Elfman Steve Martin Timothy Dalton Joan Cusack Heather Locklear Music by Jerry Goldsmith Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Rick Finney Marshall Harvey Production company Baltimore Spring Creek Productions Goldmann Pictures Lonely Film Productions GmbH & Co . KG . Warner Bros. Feature Animation Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) ( premiere ) November 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $68.5 million Looney Tunes : Back in Action is a 2003 American live - action / animated comedy film directed by Joe Dante . It is the third feature - length live - action / animation hybrid film to feature Looney Tunes characters , after Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) and Space Jam ( 1996 ) . The plot follows Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny ( both voiced by Joe Alaskey ) as they help aspiring daredevil Damian `` D.J. '' Drake , Jr . ( Brendan Fraser ) and Warner Bros. executive Kate Houghton ( Jenna Elfman ) find the `` blue monkey '' diamond in order to prevent the evil Mr. Chairman ( Steve Martin ) of the Acme Corporation from using it to turn mankind into monkeys that will manufacture his products ; the group also attempts to rescue D.J. 's father ( Timothy Dalton ) , an actor and spy who has been captured by Mr. Chairman . The film was theatrically released on November 14 , 2003 with mixed - to - positive critical reception . However , the film was a box office bomb , grossing $68.5 million worldwide against an $80 million budget . This was the final film to be scored by composer Jerry Goldsmith , who died less than a year after the film 's release . This was also the final film to be produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Commercial reception 5.2 Critical response 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Plot Tired of playing second banana to Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck demands his own cartoon from Warner Bros. , but is promptly fired . Aspiring stuntman DJ Drake is asked to escort Daffy off the studio lot , but the ensuing chase leads to the Batmobile demolishing the studio water tower . DJ is also fired in the process , and returns home with Daffy hitching a ride , discovering his father , action film star , Damian Drake , is actually a secret agent . Damian instructs his son to travel to Las Vegas , find his associate Dusty Tails , and gain the mystical `` blue monkey '' diamond , but he is shortly thereafter captured by the Acme Corporation , led by the childish Mr. Chairman . DJ and Daffy head for Vegas . Meanwhile , Bugs ' routines fall apart without Daffy , so `` Vice-President of Comedy , '' Kate Houghton , is sent to rehire Daffy or face being fired herself . Bugs informs Kate of the situation , so they steal Damian 's spy car , and pursue DJ and Daffy . In Las Vegas , DJ and Daffy meet Dusty in a casino owned by Acme operative Yosemite Sam . Dusty gives them a strange playing card , but when Sam attempts to kill them , they flee in the spy car with Bugs and Kate . The spy car , which can also fly , crashes in the Nevada desert . The group eventually stumbles upon Area 52 , run by a woman called ' mother ' , who informs them of the situation , and plays a video recording , which reveals that Acme intends on using the blue monkey to transform mankind into monkeys to manufacture their products , before turning them back into human beings to purchase them . Marvin the Martian , imprisoned in the facility , escapes and leads a group of fellow alien inmates to obtain the playing card , but the heroes escape . Seeing that the card has Mona Lisa 's face on it , the group conclude they must view the painting in the Louvre , located in Paris . At the Louvre , they discover that the card contains a viewing window , and looking through it , the window reveals that the Mona Lisa has a map of Africa hidden beneath . Elmer Fudd appears , and , revealing himself as an Acme operative , chases Bugs and Daffy through the gallery for the card whilst Kate is kidnapped by Mr. Chairman 's bodyguard , Mr. Smith , to obtain a photo of the African map . DJ rescues Kate . Elmer is disintegrated by Bugs after jumping out of a pointillism artwork . Bugs and Daffy reunite with DJ and Kate , and they leave Paris . DJ , Kate , Bugs , and Daffy travel to Africa , meeting Granny , Sylvester , and Tweety , who escort them to the ruins of a jungle temple where they find the blue monkey . Granny and company reveal themselves to be Mr. Chairman , Smith , and the Tasmanian Devil in disguise . Mr. Chairman uses a disintegration gun to transport himself and the heroes to the Acme headquarters where he forces DJ to give him the diamond , when Damian is revealed to be his prisoner . Marvin is sent to place the blue monkey on an Acme satellite which will emit an energy beam around the world to turn everyone , except Mr. Chairman , into monkeys . DJ and Kate rescue Damian from a death trap , whilst Bugs and Daffy pursue Marvin into space . Bugs is incapacitated , prompting Daffy to become Duck Dodgers , in order to destroy the blue monkey . The transforming energy beam only strikes Mr. Chairman , turning him into a monkey . Bugs and Daffy return to Earth , where Daffy discovers the whole adventure was staged to make a film . However , Bugs promises Daffy they will be equal partners , but just as Daffy 's luck seems to be improving , he is flattened by the Looney Tunes iris , where Porky Pig attempts to close the film with `` That 's all folks ! '' only for the studio to shut down before he can finish , and he tells the audience to go home . Cast Brendan Fraser as D.J. Drake / Himself Jenna Elfman as Kate Houghton Steve Martin as Mr. Chairman Heather Locklear as Dusty Tails Joan Cusack as Mother Timothy Dalton as Damian Drake Bill Goldberg as Mr. Smith Don Stanton as Mr. Warner Dan Stanton as Mr. Warner 's brother Matthew Lillard as himself ( cameo ) Jeff Gordon as himself ( cameo ) Kevin McCarthy as Dr Miles Bennell ( cameo ) Michael Jordan as Himself ( cameo via archive footage from Space Jam ) Roger Corman as studio director ( cameo ) Peter Graves as Civil Defense film host ( cameo ) Marc Lawrence as Acme VP , Stating the Obvious Ron Perlman as Acme VP , Never Learning Robert Picardo as Acme VP , Rhetorical Questions Voices Joe Alaskey as Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Sylvester , Beaky Buzzard , Mama Bear Jeff Bennett as Foghorn Leghorn , Yosemite Sam , Nasty Canasta Bob Bergen as Porky Pig Brendan Fraser as Tasmanian Devil , Tasmanian She - Devil June Foray as Granny Eric Goldberg as Marvin the Martian , Michigan J. Frog , Speedy Gonzales , Tweety Bruce Lanoil as Pepé Le Pew Billy West as Elmer Fudd , Peter Lorre Danny Chambers as Cottontail Smith Will Ryan as Papa Bear Stan Freberg as Junior Bear Casey Kasem as Shaggy Rogers Frank Welker as Scooby - Doo Danny Mann as Robo Dog and Spy Car Mel Blanc as Gremlin Car ( archive recordings ) Production A follow - up to Space Jam was planned as early as the film 's release . As development began , Space Jam 2 was going to involve a new basketball competition between the Looney Tunes and a new villain named Berserk - O ! . Artist Bob Camp was tasked with designing Berserk - O ! and his henchmen . Joe Pytka would have returned to direct and Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone signed on as the animation supervisors . However , Michael Jordan did not agree to star in a sequel . According to Camp , a producer lied to design artists , claiming that Jordan had signed on in order to keep development going . Warner Bros. eventually canceled plans for Space Jam 2 . The film then re-entered development as Spy Jam and was to star Jackie Chan . Warner Bros. was also planning a film titled Race Jam which would have starred Jeff Gordon . Both projects were ultimately cancelled . Warner Bros. eventually asked Joe Dante to direct Back in Action , having had previous success with Gremlins ( 1984 ) and Innerspace ( 1987 ) . In the early 1990s , Dante wanted to produce a biographical comedy with HBO , called Termite Terrace . It centered around director Chuck Jones ' early years at Warner Bros. in the 1930s . On the project , Dante recalled `` It was a hilarious story and it was very good except that Warner Bros. said ' Look , it 's an old story . It 's got period stuff in it . We do n't want that . We want to rebrand our characters and we want to do Space Jam . ' '' Dante agreed to direct Back in Action as tribute to Jones . He and screenwriter Larry Doyle reportedly wanted the film to the `` Anti-Space Jam '' as Dante disliked how that film represented the Looney Tunes brand and personalities . Dante said `` I was making a movie for them with those characters ( Looney Tunes : Back in Action ) and they did not want to know about those characters . They did n't want to know why Bugs Bunny should n't do hip - hop . It was a pretty grim experience all around . '' Warner Bros. hired Walt Disney Feature Animation 's Eric Goldberg , most known for his fast - paced , Warner Bros. - inspired animation of the Genie in Aladdin ( 1992 ) , to direct the animation . On the film , Dante stated `` It 's a gagfest . Not having a particularly strong story , it just goes from gag to gag and location to location . It 's not a particularly compelling narrative , but , of course , that 's not where the charm of the movie is supposed to lie . '' On the subject of filming , Dante said `` ( W ) e would shoot each scene three times . First we 'd rehearse with a stand - in -- a ' stuffy , ' we called it . Then , we 'd shoot the scene without anything in it ; then , we 'd shoot the scene again with this mirror ball in the shot which shows the computers where the light sources are . Then the animators would go to work and put characters into the frame . The problem with that movie came when the studio ( executives ) started to get tired of our jokes and wanted us to change them . But , of course , the animation is done to the voices and not the other way around . It was difficult trying to convince them that you do n't just bring in 25 gag writers and try to write a joke that 's short enough to put in somebody 's mouth . '' Although the production had twenty - five gag writers , the film has only one credited writer . Despite being directed by acknowledged fans of the original cartoons , Dante stated that he had no creative freedom on the project , and called it `` the longest year and a half of my life . '' Dante felt that he and Goldberg managed to preserve the original personalities of the characters . However , the opening , middle , and end of the film are different from what Dante envisioned . Goldberg also provided the voices of Tweety , Michigan J. Frog , Marvin the Martian and Speedy Gonzales . Brendan Fraser provided the voice of the Tazmanian Devil and She - Devil , having impressed Dante with his Taz vocal impression . Soundtrack This was the final film scored by composer Jerry Goldsmith . Due to Goldsmith 's failing health , the last reel of the film was actually scored by John Debney , though Goldsmith was the only credited composer in marketing materials and the Varèse Sarabande soundtrack album only contains Goldsmith 's music ( although the first and last cues are adaptations of compositions heard in Warner Bros. cartoons ) . Debney receives an `` Additional Music by '' credit in the closing titles of the film and `` Special Thanks '' in the soundtrack album credits . Goldsmith died in July 2004 , eight months after the film 's release . Life Story -- Carl Stalling ( : 18 ) What 's Up ? ( 1 : 24 ) Another Take ( : 48 ) Dead Duck Walking ( 3 : 13 ) Out of the Bag ( 3 : 42 ) Blue Monkey ( : 54 ) In Style ( 1 : 09 ) The Bad Guys ( 2 : 57 ) Car Trouble ( 3 : 45 ) Thin Air ( 1 : 24 ) ( a version of the well known Powerhouse theme is heard ) Area 52 ( 1 : 27 ) Hot Pursuit ( 2 : 26 ) We 've Got Company ( 1 : 50 ) I 'll Take That ( 1 : 19 ) Paris Street ( 1 : 21 ) Free Fall ( 1 : 15 ) Tasmanian Devil ( 1 : 10 ) Jungle Scene ( 1 : 40 ) Pressed Duck ( 3 : 22 ) Re-Assembled ( : 50 ) The Merry - Go - Round Broke Down ( Cliff Friend and Dave Franklin ) ( : 16 ) Reception Commercial reception Looney Tunes : Back in Action was released on November 14 , 2003 , originally planned to open earlier that summer . The film grossed $68.5 million worldwide against a budget of $80 million . Warner Bros. was hoping to start a revitalized franchise of Looney Tunes media and products with the success of Back in Action . New animated shorts and a Duck Dodgers TV series were commissioned to tie - in with Back in Action . The film instead triggered Warner Bros. to release new TV projects in an effort to re-brand the Looney Tunes such as Loonatics Unleashed ( 2005 -- 2007 ) , The Looney Tunes Show ( 2011 -- 2014 ) , and Wabbit ( 2015 -- present ) . Critical response Critical response aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 57 % based on 134 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The plot is a nonsensical , hyperactive jumble and the gags are relatively uninspired compared to the classic Looney Tunes cartoons . '' At Metacritic , the film scored a 64 / 100 , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' Chicago Sun - Times movie critics , Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper , gave the film `` Two Thumbs Up '' ; Roeper called it a `` cheerful and self - referential romp blending animation with live action in a non-stop quest for silly laughs , '' while Ebert called it `` goofy fun . '' The film was also nominated for Saturn Award for Best Animated Film , Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature . Home media release Warner Home Video released Looney Tunes : Back in Action on VHS and DVD on March 2 , 2004 . The film was re-released on DVD in separate widescreen and full screen editions on September 7 , 2010 . It was also released on Blu - ray with bonus features on December 2 , 2014 . A double DVD and Blu - ray release , paired with Space Jam , was released on June 7 , 2016 . References Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . afi.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Jump up ^ `` The New Looney Tunes : An Interview with Producer Larry Doyle '' . Toolooney.goldenagecartoons.com . January 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Looney Tunes : Back in Action '' on IMDb `` . IMDb . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Voice Actors - Looney Tunes : Back in Action - Cast Images '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . -- check mark indicates BTVA has verified the entries using screenshots of credits and other confirmed sources . Jump up ^ `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Artist Bob Camp recalls the ill - fated `` Space Jam 2 '' `` . Animated Views . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dante on Looney Tunes '' . Something Old , Nothing New . June 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Ben ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` The orgiast : an interview with Joe Dante ( part one ) '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Den of Geek interview : Joe Dante '' . Den of Geek . February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Looney Tunes : Back in Action soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . November 14 , 2003 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam / Looney Tunes : Back in Action '' product information Amazon.com Retrieved 17 December 2016 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Looney Tunes : Back in Action Official website Looney Tunes : Back in Action on IMDb Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Studios Harman - Ising Productions ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Leon Schlesinger Productions ( 1933 -- 1944 ) Warner Bros. Cartoons ( 1944 -- 1964 ) DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises ( 1964 -- 1967 , 1979 -- 1980 ) Format Films ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Warner Bros. - Seven Arts ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Chuck Jones Enterprises ( 1976 -- 1980 , 1994 -- 1997 ) Warner Bros. Animation ( 1980 -- present ) People Tex Avery Bea Benaderet Mel Blanc Bernard B. Brown Arthur Q. Bryan John Burton Daws Butler Bob Clampett Cal Dalton Arthur Davis David H. 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"Looney Tunes: Back in Action is a 2003 American live-action/animated comedy film directed by Joe Dante. It is the third feature-length live-action/animation hybrid film to feature Looney Tunes characters, after Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) and Space Jam (1996). The plot follows Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny (both voiced by Joe Alaskey) as they help aspiring daredevil Damian \"D.J.\" Drake, Jr. (Brendan Fraser) and Warner Bros. executive Kate Houghton (Jenna Elfman) find the \"blue monkey\" diamond in order to prevent the evil Mr. Chairman (Steve Martin) of the Acme Corporation from using it to turn mankind into monkeys that will manufacture his products; the group also attempts to rescue D.J.'s father (Timothy Dalton), an actor and spy who has been captured by Mr. Chairman.\n"
] | [
"Steve Martin"
] |
4034717294914506821 | You Are the Apple of My Eye | You Are the Apple of My Eye - wikipedia You Are the Apple of My Eye Jump to : navigation , search For the song , see You 're the Apple of My Eye . You Are the Apple of My Eye Hong Kong theatrical poster Directed by Giddens Ko Produced by Angie Chai Adam Tsuei Written by Giddens Ko Based on The Girl We Chased Together in Those Years by Giddens Ko Starring Kai Ko Michelle Chen Cinematography Chou Yi - hsien Production company Star Ritz Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 25 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 25 ) ( Taipei Film Festival ) 19 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 19 ) ( Taiwan ) Running time 110 minutes Country Taiwan Language Mandarin Budget NT $50 million ( approx . US $1.7 million ) Box office US $ 24.5 million You Are the Apple of My Eye ( Chinese : 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 , literally `` Those Years , The Girl We Went After Together '' ) is a 2011 Taiwanese romance film . It is based on the semi-autobiographical novel of the same name by Taiwanese author Giddens Ko , who also made his directorial debut with the film . The film stars Ko Chen - tung as Ko Ching - teng , a prankster and a mischievous student who eventually becomes a writer . Michelle Chen stars as Shen Chia - yi , an honor student who is very popular amongst the boys in her class . You Are the Apple of My Eye was filmed almost entirely on location in Changhua County , including at the high school which Giddens attended . The lyrics of `` Those Years '' , the film 's main theme , were written by Giddens . The song , which was well received by the public , was nominated for Best Original Film Song at the 48th Golden Horse Awards . The film 's world premiere was at the 13th Taipei Film Festival on 25 June 2011 , and it was subsequently released in Taiwanese cinemas on 19 August . Well received by film critics , the movie set box - office records in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Singapore . Ko Chen - tung won the Best New Performer award at the Golden Horse Awards for his role in the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Theme song 3.5 Editing 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Accolades 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The story begins in 1994 . An outstanding student , Shen Chia - yi , is popular among her teachers and classmates . Ko Ching - teng , a mischievous and poor student , claims that he has no interest in her , despite being her classmate since junior high school . One day , Ching - teng is caught masturbating during class , and the principal reseats him , placing him in front of Chia - yi . One day , Chia - yi forgets her English textbook . Ching - teng slips her his own book and tells their teacher he forgot his own textbook ; he then endures a long lecture and is punished . Chia - yi , touched by Ching - teng 's generosity , prepares a practice exam for him in return , to encourage him to study . She also convinces him to stay after school to study with her . Their relationship grows , and Ching - teng 's grades gradually improve . On graduation , Ching - teng enrolls at the National Chiao Tung University . Chia - Yi , who did not do well on the admission exam because she was ill on that day , only manages to enter the National Taipei University of Education with her mediocre test results . Depressed and upset , she is consoled by Ching - teng , who calls her long - distance almost every night from the university . During the winter holiday season that year , the two go on their first `` date '' , during which Ching - teng asks Chia - yi if she loves him . However , fearing she would say no , he decides that he would rather not hear her answer ( it is revealed later that her reply would have been `` yes '' ) . Ching - teng later organizes a fight night and invites Chia - yi to watch , hoping to impress her with his `` strength '' . On the contrary , Chia - yi finds it childish for Ching - teng to injure himself for no reason . This upsets Ching - teng , sparking a quarrel that causes the two to break up . During the two years after their breakup , Ching - teng has no contact with Chia - yi . He qualifies for a graduate research course at Tunghai University , where he begins writing stories online . Ching - teng only regains contact with Chia - yi after the 921 earthquake , when he calls to see if she is okay . During their long conversation with each other , they both lament the fact that they were not fated to become a couple . Years later , in 2005 , Chia - yi suddenly calls Ching - teng to tell him that she is getting married . All of her old friends gather at the wedding , making jokes and trying to embarrass her somewhat - older husband . They are surprised that their past emotions have transformed into deep friendship and serenity . Ching - teng begins to work on a web novel about his experiences with Chia - yi . Later , when they gather to congratulate the bride and groom , the friends joke that they should be able to kiss the bride . The husband says that anybody who wants to kiss the bride has to kiss him like that first . Ching - teng grabs the groom and pushes him onto the table , kissing him like he would kiss Chia - yi . During their kiss , he remembers how he regrets their fight from years ago , and what could have happened had he apologized for being childish . Cast ( edit ) Kai Ko as Ko Ching - teng ( nicknamed `` Ko - teng '' ) , a mischievous schoolboy who later becomes a writer ( Ko Ching - teng is the real name of the director , Giddens ) . Michelle Chen as Shen Chia - yi , an outgoing student who consistently scores well in tests . Although she disdains boys less intelligent than herself , she decides to help Ching - teng improve his grades . In the process , she falls in love with him . Owodog as Tsao Kuo - sheng ( nicknamed `` Lao Tsao '' ) , one of Ching - teng 's friends . He had a crush on Chia - yi , and once asked Ching - teng to deliver a love letter he had written for her . Steven Hao as Hsieh Ming - ho ( nicknamed `` A-he '' ) , one of Ching - teng 's friends . He loves to eat , and is the butt of his friends ' jokes due to this . He is the only person in the group who has dated Chia - yi . Emerson Tsai as Liao Ying - hung , one of Ching - teng 's best friends . He likes to crack jokes and perform magic tricks , and later becomes a librarian . Yen Sheng - yu as Hsu Bo - chun ( nicknamed `` Boner '' ) , one of Ching - teng 's friends Wan Wan as Hu Chia - wei , Chia - yi 's best friend . She likes to draw pictures , and after graduating from school becomes a manga artist known as `` The Queen of Blogs '' . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) You Are the Apple of My Eye is based on Giddens ' semi-autobiographical novel of the same name . He changed some details of the story to make the film more dramatic ; for example , Ching - teng and Chia - yi 's fight actually took place over the phone , not in the rain as depicted . Giddens said , `` although some of the reasons for the events in the film were changed , the main storyline remained unchanged '' . Asked if he was pressured by the recent success of Taiwanese films at the box office , he replied `` No , I am more pressured by whether the film is nice to watch , whether it will succeed in the box office , and whether it will become an embarrassment for me . Also , if the film is not nice , it will be a letdown to Chen - tung and Michelle , who have been working so hard '' . At first , the film was on a tight budget ; Giddens used his entire savings and mortgaged his house to raise money , saying that he did it to impress ex-girlfriend , who provided the inspiration for this film 's female protagonist , Shen Chia - yi . Executive producer Angie Chai also played a key role in raising money for the film . Casting ( edit ) Michelle Chen was the first cast member confirmed by the director . Mypaper reported that Giddens was attracted to her during their first meeting , saying that she resembled the real Shen Chia - yi . Chen had previously starred in Taiwanese television drama series such as Why Why Love and Miss No Good , although she was better known for her 2009 film Hear Me . Chen went on a diet to lose weight for the role , saying she wished to `` not disappoint the director '' . Giddens later used her as a basis to select the other cast members . The selection process for the male lead was the longest , and a series of auditions attracted several celebrities . Giddens chose first - time actor Ko Chen - tung because he felt he showed great improvement in his acting skills in each successive audition . Giddens liked his attitude , having seen Ko Chen - tung hiding in a corner , frantically studying the script just before his audition . The director chose Ao - chuan , Yen Sheng - yu , Hao Shao - wen , and Tsai Chang - hsien to play the roles of his high school friends . He described Hao Shao - wen as being a persuasive speaker , Tsai Chang - hsien as being a very good prankster , and Ao - chuan as self - confident . Hu Chia - wei played herself as a teenager . Giddens describes the two of them as `` the Jay Chou and Jolin Tsai of the ( Chinese ) publishing world '' . Giddens ' mother told him that she would like either Lotus Wang or Phoebe Huang to play her in the film . In the end , Giddens settled on Lotus Wang , because she did not have any other work commitments at that time . Ko Chen - tung 's real father plays the father in the film . Filming ( edit ) You Are the Apple of My Eye was primarily filmed at Ching Cheng High School ( 精誠 中學 ) , the school Giddens and Shen Chia - yi attended . The director said he chose the school because `` he wanted so badly to see Ko Chen - tung and Michelle Chen in the school uniform that he remembered vividly '' . The filming of the school scenes could only be done during the Taiwanese school holidays . Because the main location was at the school , it was decided to film the remainder of the film on location throughout Changhua County . The filming had a reported budget of NT $50 million ( approx . US $1.67 M in January 2012 ) . Theme song ( edit ) `` Childish '' ( 孩子氣 ) , a song from the film , was written and sung by Michelle Chen . Giddens was so touched by the song that he shed tears `` on the spot '' after first hearing it ; in particular , he liked the song 's lyrics . He also praised Michelle 's dedication to her role , saying `` I believe that the reason that she managed to get inspiration to write this song is because she likes her role ( in this film ) '' . Giddens was also involved in some of this film 's theme songs , including `` Those Years '' ( 那些 年 ) . At first Giddens could not decide on the closing theme for this film ; however , after hearing one of Japanese composer Mitsutoshi Kimura 's new compositions he chose it and added lyrics . `` The Lonely Caffeine '' ( 寂寞 的 咖啡 因 ) had been composed by Giddens for Shen Chia - Yi when the two were in a relationship . He asked the male lead actor to sing the song in the film , because he felt this would convey the song 's original meaning . `` Those Years '' was an instant hit . The music video on YouTube logged its ten millionth viewer on 11 November 2011 , leading Giddens to note that the song `` broke every notable viewership record set by a Chinese - language video on Youtube '' . In the Taiwanese KKBOX singles daily charts , `` Those Years '' remained at the top for 64 consecutive days , from 22 August to 22 October 2011 , breaking the previous record of 45 consecutive days . The song was nominated for the Best Original Film Soundtrack award at the 48th Golden Horse Awards . Editing ( edit ) You Are the Apple of My Eye was edited over for its various releases due to its controversial content . In Taiwan , the film was initially given a `` Restricted '' film classification . Giddens was extremely upset by this , and even personally went to Government Information Office to appeal . The film had to be edited 4 times in order to lower its classification . In the end , the film received a `` Guidance '' classification , meaning that children above 12 are able to watch it . In Malaysia , the scene where the students masturbated in the classroom was deleted . In Singapore , the film remained unedited , but it received a NC - 16 rating , thus restricting the film to viewers above 16 . The film was heavily edited for its Mainland China release . The scene where a flag - raising ceremony was taking place was edited away , as were the scenes involving masturbation . In total , six scenes involving `` negative sexual and pro-Taiwan content '' were either edited away or changed . The director also had to add new scenes in order to make the story flow more smoothly after editing . Soundtrack ( edit ) You Are the Apple of My Eye Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by various artists Released 5 August 2011 Label Sony Music Entertainment Taiwan The original soundtrack album for You Are the Apple of My Eye was released by Sony Music Entertainment Taiwan on 5 August 2011 . It contains six songs with vocals and nine instrumental pieces that were used in this film . CD No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Blue Dot on the Uniform '' ( 制服 上 的 藍 點 ) 0 : 40 2 . `` Never Turning Back '' ( 永遠 不 回頭 ) 4 : 15 3 . `` Jerking off '' ( 打 手槍 ) 1 : 04 4 . `` Love Syndrome '' ( 戀愛 症候群 ) Huang Su - jun 7 : 23 5 . `` That Girl 's Ponytail '' ( 女孩 的 馬尾 ) 1 : 13 6 . `` The Final Spray '' ( 最後 的 浪花 ) 1 : 41 7 . `` Everybody 's Own Wings '' ( 各自 的 翅膀 ) 1 : 43 8 . `` Childish '' ( 孩子氣 ) Michelle Chen Michelle Chen 4 : 15 9 . `` The Free - Fighting Match that is Dedicated to You '' ( 獻 給 妳 的 格鬥 賽 ) 2 : 17 10 . `` Stupid '' ( 笨蛋 ) 1 : 36 11 . `` The Lonely Caffeine '' ( 寂寞 的 咖啡 因 ) Giddens Ko Ko Chen - tung 4 : 41 12 . `` My Youth Without You '' ( 沒有 你 的 青春 ) 1 : 26 13 . `` Seeing You in the Crowd '' ( 人 海中 遇見 你 ) Yin Cheng - yang ( rewrite ) Lin Yu - chun 3 : 54 14 . `` Those Years '' ( 那些 年 ) Giddens Ko Hu Xia 6 : 13 15 . `` Memories '' ( 迴 憶 ) 1 : 32 DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` You Are the Apple of My Eye Behind the Scenes Footage '' 60 : 00 2 . `` You Are the Apple of My Eye Trailer '' 3 . `` You Are the Apple of My Eye Trailer ( Romantic Version ) '' Release ( edit ) You Are the Apple of My Eye made its debut in competition at the 13th Taipei Film Festival on 25 June 2011 . The film made its international debut as the opening film for the sixth Summer International Film Festival in Hong Kong . It then had its general release in Taiwan on 19 August 2011 . The film was screened at the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival on 24 October 2011 , where the director and cast were present . It was well - received , with audiences reportedly squeezing into the cinema to the extent that people had to sit in the aisles . Internationally , the film was released in Hong Kong and Macau on 20 October and in Singapore and Malaysia on 10 November 2011 . On 21 December , Giddens announced on his blog that the film passed the censorship board in China and would debut in that country on 6 January 2012 . Giddens had previously expressed a wish for the film to be screened in China so Shen Chia - Yi , for whom he had made the film , could see it and comment . Giddens was unhappy when Chinese censors cut much of the film 's `` negative sexual and pro-Taiwan content '' . He apologized to viewers in China for being unable to deliver on his promise to show the full story , saying that he `` blamed only himself '' . He added that he `` did not think that the China 's version was better ( than the other overseas versions ) . '' Giddens revealed that negotiations were ongoing for the film 's release in Europe and the United States . The film subsequently made its North American debut at the New York Asian Film Festival on 2 July 2012 . It was later screened at the 2012 Fantasia Film Festival in Montreal . Giddens also announced that a sequel will be produced ; it will begin production in 2013 , and is expected to be released in cinemas in 2014 . You Are the Apple of My Eye was first aired on television on 24 March 2012 on the STAR Chinese Movies network . It became the most - watched film on television in Taiwan , having attracted an audience of almost 3 million people . In the 15 to 44 years old audience , it had an average rating of 7.14 , with the rating peaking at 9.27 during the screening . It was also the most - watched television program on both cable and free - to - air networks in Taiwan . STAR Chinese Movies reportedly purchased the rights to this film at a hefty price of NT $2 million ( approx . US $69,000 ) . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) You Are the Apple of My Eye grossed more than NT $ $20 million at the Taiwanese box office during its soft launch . This makes it the first Taiwanese film to gross over NT $ $20 million before its official release date . The film crossed the NT $200 million mark ten days after its official opening . In total , the film earned over NT $420 million at the Taiwanese box office , making it the third - highest - grossing film of 2011 in Taiwan . In Hong Kong , You Are the Apple of My Eye grossed a total of HK $ 1,397,571 during its premiere ( representing 50.6 percent of Hong Kong box - office earnings ) on 20 October 2011 . Four days after its release the film had earned a total of HK $11,525,621 , breaking the record for the highest - grossing film debuting in the month of October . It also set a record for the highest - grossing opening weekend for a Taiwanese film at the Hong Kong box office , previously held by Lust , Caution in 2007 with a gross of $11,441,946 . The film recorded the highest Hong Kong opening - four - day attendance in 2011 with 211,163 attending , breaking 3D Sex and Zen : Extreme Ecstasy 's previous record of 143,222 . The film also has the highest four - day gross of a 2D film in 2011 , and remained the highest - grossing film in Hong Kong cinemas for four consecutive weekends . During the final hours of 2011 , it was announced that You Are the Apple of My Eye had grossed over HK $61.28 million , making it the all - time highest - grossing Taiwanese film at the Hong Kong box office . At the Macau box office , You Are the Apple of My Eye earned more than HK $100,000 in its opening weekend , with nearly 100 - percent attendance . In Singapore You Are the Apple of My Eye earned a total of SGD $675,000 , making it the second - highest - grossing film in Singapore that weekend despite the film 's NC - 16 rating ( which meant that only viewers over age 16 were admitted ) ; this surprised the film 's distributor , 20th Century Fox . The film broke the record for highest opening weekend for a Taiwanese film in Singapore , previously held by the 2007 film Secret . It surpassed the performance of other Taiwanese films such as Monga , Cape No. 7 and Lust , Caution . You Are the Apple of My Eye was the highest - grossing Asian film of 2011 at the Singapore box office , with earnings of SGD $2.93 million . At China box office , You Are the Apple of My Eye became the most popular Taiwanese film , surpassing the previous record set by Cape No. 7 in 2008 . It was the third - highest - earning film on its debut weekend , grossing about 27 million yuan . The film subsequently crossed the 50 - million - yuan - gross mark on 13 January 2012 . Critical response ( edit ) Maggie Lee of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as a `` larky retro coming - of - age confection '' . She praised the film , saying that it `` injects a fresh , tart edge to the genre with a constantly self - mocking boys ' angle '' , which she described as an `` alternative to Asian teen movies that tend to be syrupy '' . She said that `` the youthful cast has a limited register but offer enough self - conscious blasé posing . '' She described the film 's texture as `` slightly over-bright '' . Russell Edwards , reviewing for Variety , criticized the second part of this film , which he says is `` unable to maintain the outlandish phallocentric humor of its first hour '' . He further criticized the last quarter of the film , which Edwards says `` sees Giddens overestimating the charm of his own story '' . Edwards praised the film 's cast which , he said , were the film 's `` greatest asset '' . He also praised the film as `` a much more robust production than many similar youth - skewing Taiwanese romancers over the past decade '' . Serene Lim , a reviewer for Today , labelled the film a `` gentle tale of a teenage romance '' . She said that `` Ko 's talents as a novelist are evident '' , although his `` attention to detail can get indulgently long - winded at times '' . Lim singled out Ko Chen - tung for praise , saying that `` ( he ) thoroughly deserves his Golden Horse nomination for Best Newcomer , given his turn as the impetuous rebel made good '' ; overall , she gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 . Yong Shu Hoong , writing for Singapore - based Mypaper , said that the `` flashback sequences can reek of oversentimentality '' , although the reviewer added that `` the thrills , rivalries and heartbreak associated with high school romance are well depicted with nostalgia and humour '' and gave it a rating of 3 out of 5 . The film was rated by Mtimes Movies as the `` 2nd Best Chinese Film of 2011 '' . Film Business Asia gave the film a rating of 7 / 10 , with Derek Elley describing it as `` a confident feature '' and `` slickly packaged in every department '' , the latter making it `` easy to miss the fact there 's nothing at all original here '' . He praised the cast as `` well - chosen individually and relaxed as an ensemble '' . He added , `` apart from a slightly draggy second half , the material sustains itself at almost two hours , with generally trim editing by co-executive director Liao . '' He concluded by summarizing the film 's plot as a `` simple teenage rom - com , a will - they / wo n't - they between two opposites , but capped by a neat finale that does deliver some real emotion '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result Recipient 2011 13th Taipei Film Awards Audience Award Won You Are the Apple of My Eye 48th Golden Horse Awards Best Actress Nominated Michelle Chen Also for the film Tempest of First Love Best New Performer Won Ko Chen - tung Best New Director Nominated Giddens Ko Best Original Film Song Nominated Those Years ( 那些 年 ) 2012 6th Asian Film Awards Best Actress Nominated Michelle Chen Best Newcomer Nominated Ko Chen - tung People 's Choice Award for Favorite Actress Nominated Michelle Chen 31st Hong Kong Film Awards Best Film from China and Taiwan Won You are the Apple of My Eye 12th Chinese Film Media Awards Best New Director Won Giddens Ko Best New Actor Won Ko Chen - tung Most Anticipated Film Won You Are the Apple of My Eye Most - watched Actress Nominated Michelle Chen Most Anticipated Performance Won Michelle Chen Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The previous record was set in 2003 by Infernal Affairs II , which earned HK $8,941,266 . Jump up ^ The record was previously held by the 2004 film Kung Fu Hustle . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` You Are The Apple Of My Eye a breakout hit '' . The Straits Times . Singapore . 2011 - 11 - 09 . p . C4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` You Are the Apple of My Eye Box Office Gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Ho Yi ( 2011 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Movie review : You are the Apple of My Eye 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 '' . The Taipei Times . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) . `` CHINA BEAT : How d'you like them apples ? '' . Twitch Film . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` You Are The Apple Of My Eye '' . SingTel Digital Media Pte Ltd . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Part 6 : Changhua , The Apple of My Eye '' . Gwendolyn Ng , Mypaper . Archived from the original on 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : 《 那些 年 》 主題 曲 爆 紅 主唱 胡 夏 解讀 創作 稱 奇妙 . SINA Corporation ( in Chinese ) . 2011 - 11 - 15 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : 第 48 届 金马 奖 报名 截止 古天乐 舒淇 力争 影帝 后 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2011 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Intro : You Are the Apple of My Eye '' . Taipei Film Festival Committee . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 on Yahoo ! Taiwan movies '' . Yahoo ! Taiwan ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : 王 英敏 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) . 《 那些 年 》 本地 票房 冲 向 百 万 . My Paper ( in Chinese ) . Singapore . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : 第 48 届 金马 奖 完全 获奖 名单 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2011 - 11 - 26 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 : 演員 介紹 . @ movies ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Maggie ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) . `` You Are the Apple of My Eye : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ 郑净友 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) . 为 戏剧 效果 戏剧 效果 虚构 情节 . My Paper ( in Chinese ) . Singapore . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : 郑净友 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) . 陈妍希 追求 完美 ( Michelle Chen aims for Perfection ) . My Paper ( in Chinese ) . Singapore . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ 郑净友 ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) . 九 把 刀 为 青春 `` 加油 '' 加油 加 醋 '' . My Paper ( in Chinese ) . Singapore . p. 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : 专访 《 那些 年 》 导演 九 把 刀 : 人生 就是 不 停 地 战斗 . mtime movies ( in Chinese ) . 2011 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 : 關於 選 角 . @ movies ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` You Are the Apple of My Eye '' . Film Business Asia . 2011 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 : 關於 場景 . @ movie ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 : 關於 電影 歌曲 . @ movie ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : 台北 电影 节 青年 导演 竞赛 九 把 刀 获 观众 票选 奖 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2011 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : 《 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 》 以 輔導 級 過關 . Kingnet ( in Chinese ) . 2011 - 07 - 11 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : 去 影院 看 《 那些 年 》 吧 , 虽然 可能 -- -- -- 大陆 版 107 分钟 = 删 减 6 处 + 添加 素材 . Southern Metropolis Daily ( in Chinese ) . 2011 - 12 - 27 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : 九 把 刀 : 负面 能量 被 剪 掉 了 . Lianhe Zaobao ( in Chinese ) . Singapore . 2012 - 01 - 11 . p. 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chu , Karen ( 2011 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Taiwan Director Becomes the ' Apple ' of Hong Kong Summer Fest 's Eye '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwanese blockbuster hits Tokyo International Film Festival '' . The China Post . 2011 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ 《 那些 年 , 我们 一起 追 的 女孩 》 的 上映 / 发行 日期 . mtime movies ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : 《 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 》 香港 4 日 狂 收 $1150 萬 破 《 無間 道 2 》 8 年 紀錄 . Ming Pao Daily News ( in Chinese ) . 2011 - 10 - 25 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Movie : You Are The Apple Of My Eye '' . Cinema Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` 那些 年 '' 1 月 6 日 大陆 上映 纯 爱 镜头 删 减 留 悬念 . 东方 早报 ( in Chinese ) . mtime movies . 2011 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ 《 那些 年 》 小说 发 内地 版 九 把 刀 借 电影 说 抱歉 . 京华 时报 ( in Chinese ) . mtime movies . 2012 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan films reach out to Asia and beyond '' . AsiaOne Showbiz. 2011 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James ( 2012 - 07 - 02 ) . `` NYAFF 2012 Review : YOU ARE THE APPLE OF MY EYE , A Crisp Coming - of - age Comedy '' . Twitch Film . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Liz ( 2012 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Fantasia 2012 : You Are the Apple of My Eye -- film from Taiwan is rude yet sweet , totally hilarious '' . Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 《 那些 年 》 将 拍 续集 九 把 刀 计划 今年 编写 剧本 '' . mtime movies . 2011 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' 那些 年 `` 荧屏 继续 神勇 首播 创 台 片 收视 纪录 '' . mtime movies . 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : 香港 開 畫 收 139 萬 稱 冠 《 那些 年 , 我們 一起 追 的 女孩 》 . Ming Pao ( in Chinese ) . Ming Pao. 2011 - 10 - 22 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ 王 英敏 ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) . 登 港 最 卖座 台 片 . My Paper ( in Chinese ) . Singapore . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : 《 那些 年 》 香港 票房 超 《 功夫 》 成 华语 片 最高 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Breakdown of You Are the Apple of My Eye Hong Kong gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chan , Boon ( 2011 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Movie sequels rules the box office here '' . The Straits Times . Singapore . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : 《 金陵 十 三 钗 》 内地 四 连 冠 《 那些 年 》 获 季军 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2012 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 那些 年 '' 票房 破 5000 万 九 把 刀 携 主演 答谢 媒体 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2012 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Russell ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Review : You Are the Apple of My Eye '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Lim , Serene ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Movie Review : You Are The Apple Of My Eye / NC16 , 110min '' . Today . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Yong Shu Hoong ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Movie Review : You Are The Apple Of My Eye '' . Mypaper . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ 2011 时光 网 年度 大 赏 之 十 大 华语 佳 片 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2012 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwanese teen romance wins at HK Film Award '' . The China Post . 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : 华语 传媒 大奖 揭晓 `` 夺 命 金 '' `` 那些 年 '' 分 获 四 奖 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ 华语 电影 传媒 大奖 提名 出炉 《 夺 命 金 》 八 项 领跑 . mtime Movies ( in Chinese ) . 2012 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . External links ( edit ) You Are the Apple of My Eye on IMDb You Are the Apple of My Eye at Rotten Tomatoes You Are the Apple of My Eye 's channel on YouTube ( in Taiwanese Mandarin ) Giddens Ko Films directed You Are the Apple of My Eye ( 2011 ) Mon Mon Mon Monsters ( 2017 ) Films written You Are the Apple of My Eye ( 2011 ) Café . Waiting . Love ( 2014 ) The Tenants Downstairs ( 2016 ) Mon Mon Mon Monsters ( 2017 ) Films produced Café . Waiting . Love ( 2014 ) Mon Mon Mon Monsters ( 2017 ) Hong Kong Film Award for Best Film from Mainland and Taiwan You Are the Apple of My Eye ( 2011 ) Back to 1942 ( 2012 ) So Young ( 2013 ) Coming Home ( 2014 ) The Assassin ( 2015 ) Godspeed ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Are_the_Apple_of_My_Eye&oldid=815249576 '' Categories : 2011 films Mandarin - language films Taiwanese films Taiwanese romance films 2010s romance films Directorial debut films Taiwanese teen films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s teen romance films Films based on Taiwanese novels Films directed by Giddens Ko Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from November 2011 Good articles Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles with Taiwanese Mandarin - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 18 : 17 . 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4725513930778315576 | Dr. Seuss | Dr. Seuss - wikipedia Dr. Seuss Jump to : navigation , search `` Theo Geisel '' redirects here . For the physicist , see Theo Geisel ( physicist ) . For people with the last name Suess rather than Seuss , see Suess ( disambiguation ) . Dr. Seuss Theodore Seuss Geisel in 1957 Theodor Seuss Geisel ( 1904 - 03 - 02 ) March 2 , 1904 Springfield , Massachusetts , U.S. September 24 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 24 ) ( aged 87 ) La Jolla , California , U.S. Pen name Dr. Seuss Theo LeSieg Rosetta Stone Theophrastus Seuss Occupation Writer , political cartoonist , animator , book publisher , artist , poet Genre Children 's literature Years active 1927 -- 1990 Spouse Helen Palmer Geisel ( m . 1927 ; her death 1967 ) Audrey Stone Dimond ( m . 1968 ; his death 1991 ) Signature Website www.seussville.com Theodor Seuss Geisel ( / ˈsuːs ˈɡaɪzəl / ( listen ) ; March 2 , 1904 -- September 24 , 1991 ) was an American author , political cartoonist , poet , animator , book publisher , and artist , best known for authoring more than 60 children 's books under the pen name Doctor Seuss ( abbreviated Dr. Seuss ) ( / suːs / ) . His work includes several of the most popular children 's books of all time , selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death . Geisel adopted the name `` Dr. Seuss '' as an undergraduate at Dartmouth College and a graduate student at the University of Oxford . He left Oxford in 1927 to begin his career as an illustrator and cartoonist for Vanity Fair , Life , and various other publications . He also worked as an illustrator for advertising campaigns , most notably for FLIT and Standard Oil , and as a political cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM . He published his first children 's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street in 1937 . During World War II , he took a brief hiatus from children 's literature and worked in an animation department of the United States Army where he produced several short films , including Design for Death , which later won the 1947 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . After the war , Geisel focused on children 's books once again , writing classics like If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1955 ) , If I Ran the Circus ( 1956 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , and Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) . He published over 60 books during his career , which have spawned numerous adaptations , including 11 television specials , four feature films , a Broadway musical , and four television series . Geisel won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958 for Horton Hatches the Egg and again in 1961 for And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street . Geisel 's birthday , March 2 , has been adopted as the annual date for National Read Across America Day , an initiative on reading created by the National Education Association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Early career 1.3 Essomarine 1.4 World War II - era work 1.5 Later years 2 Illness , death , and posthumous honors 3 Pen names and pronunciations 4 Political views 4.1 In his books 5 Poetic meters 6 Artwork 6.1 Recurring images 7 Publications 8 Films based on his books 9 Adaptations 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Life and career Early years Geisel was born and raised in Springfield , Massachusetts , the son of Henrietta ( née Seuss ) and Theodor Robert Geisel . His father managed the family brewery and was later appointed to supervise Springfield 's public park system by Mayor John A. Denison after the brewery closed because of Prohibition . Mulberry Street in Springfield , made famous in Dr. Seuss ' first children 's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street , is less than a mile southwest of his boyhood home on Fairfield Street . Geisel was raised a Lutheran . He enrolled at Springfield Central High School in 1917 and graduated in 1921 . He took an art class as a freshman and later became manager of the school soccer team . Geisel attended Dartmouth College , graduating in 1925 . At Dartmouth , he joined the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and the humor magazine Dartmouth Jack - O - Lantern , eventually rising to the rank of editor - in - chief . While at Dartmouth , he was caught drinking gin with nine friends in his room . At the time , the possession and consumption of alcohol was illegal under Prohibition laws , which remained in place between 1920 and 1933 . As a result of this infraction , Dean Craven Laycock insisted that Geisel resign from all extracurricular activities , including the college humor magazine . To continue work on the Jack - O - Lantern without the administration 's knowledge , Geisel began signing his work with the pen name `` Seuss '' . He was encouraged in his writing by professor of rhetoric W. Benfield Pressey , whom he described as his `` big inspiration for writing '' at Dartmouth . Upon graduating from Dartmouth , he entered Lincoln College , Oxford , intending to earn a PhD in English literature . At Oxford , he met Helen Palmer , who encouraged him to give up becoming an English teacher in favor of pursuing drawing as a career . Early career Geisel left Oxford without earning a degree and returned to the United States in February 1927 , where he immediately began submitting writings and drawings to magazines , book publishers , and advertising agencies . Making use of his time in Europe , he pitched a series of cartoons called Eminent Europeans to Life magazine , but the magazine passed on it . His first nationally published cartoon appeared in the July 16 , 1927 , issue of The Saturday Evening Post . This single $25 sale encouraged Geisel to move from Springfield to New York City . Later that year , Geisel accepted a job as writer and illustrator at the humor magazine Judge , and he felt financially stable enough to marry Helen . His first cartoon for Judge appeared on October 22 , 1927 , and the Geisels were married on November 29 . Geisel 's first work signed `` Dr. Seuss '' was published in Judge about six months after he started working there . In early 1928 , one of Geisel 's cartoons for Judge mentioned FLIT , a common bug spray at the time manufactured by Standard Oil of New Jersey . According to Geisel , the wife of an advertising executive in charge of advertising FLIT saw Geisel 's cartoon at a hairdresser 's and urged her husband to sign him . Geisel 's first Flit ad appeared on May 31 , 1928 , and the campaign continued sporadically until 1941 . The campaign 's catchphrase `` Quick , Henry , the Flit ! '' became a part of popular culture . It spawned a song and was used as a punch line for comedians such as Fred Allen and Jack Benny . As Geisel gained notoriety for the FLIT campaign , his work was in demand and began to appear regularly in magazines such as Life , Liberty , and Vanity Fair . Geisel supported himself and his wife through the Great Depression by drawing advertising for General Electric , NBC , Standard Oil , Narragansett Brewing Company , and many other companies . In 1935 , he wrote and drew a short - lived comic strip called Hejji . The increased income allowed the Geisels to move to better quarters and to socialize in higher social circles . They became friends with the wealthy family of banker Frank A. Vanderlip . They also traveled extensively : by 1936 , Geisel and his wife had visited 30 countries together . They did not have children , neither kept regular office hours , and they had ample money . Geisel also felt that the traveling helped his creativity . In 1936 , the couple were returning from an ocean voyage to Europe when the rhythm of the ship 's engines inspired the poem that became his first book : And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street . Based on Geisel 's varied accounts , the book was rejected by between 20 and 43 publishers . According to Geisel , he was walking home to burn the manuscript when a chance encounter with an old Dartmouth classmate led to its publication by Vanguard Press . Geisel wrote four more books before the US entered World War II . This included The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins in 1938 , as well as The King 's Stilts and The Seven Lady Godivas in 1939 , all of which were in prose , atypically for him . This was followed by Horton Hatches the Egg in 1940 , in which Geisel returned to the use of poetry . Essomarine Geisel gained a significant public profile through a program for motor boat lubricants produced by Standard Oil under the brand name Essomarine . He later recounted that Harry Bruno , Ted Cook , and Verne Carrier worked with him at the National Motor Boat Show on exhibits referred to as the Seuss Navy . In 1934 , Geisel produced a 30 - page booklet titled Secrets of the Deep which was available by mail after June . At the January boat show for 1935 , visitors filled out order cards to receive Secrets . Geisel drew up a Certificate of Commission for visitors in 1936 . A mock ship deck called SS Essomarine provided the scene where photos of `` Admirals '' were taken . That summer , Geisel released a second volume of Secrets . For the 1937 show , he sculpted Marine Muggs and designed a flag for the Seuss Navy . The following year featured `` Little Dramas of the Deep '' , a six - act play with ten characters . According to Geisel 's sister , `` He plans the whole show with scenery and action and then , standing in a realistic bridge , reels off a speech which combines advertising with humor . '' For 1939 , exhibitors made available the Nuzzlepuss ashtray and illustrated tide - table calendars . A Seuss Navy Luncheon was held on January 11 , 1940 , at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . At that year 's boat show , Geisel provided the Navigamarama exhibit and the Sea Lawyers Gazette . The final contribution to the Essomarine project was the mermaid Essie Neptune and her pet whale in 1941 . The exhibit offered photos for a Happy Cruising passport . World War II - era work Play media `` The Goldbrick '' , Private Snafu episode written by Geisel , 1943 As World War II began , Geisel turned to political cartoons , drawing over 400 in two years as editorial cartoonist for the left - leaning New York City daily newspaper , PM . Geisel 's political cartoons , later published in Dr. Seuss Goes to War , denounced Hitler and Mussolini and were highly critical of non-interventionists ( `` isolationists '' ) , most notably Charles Lindbergh , who opposed US entry into the war . One cartoon depicted all Japanese Americans as latent traitors or fifth - columnists , while other cartoons simultaneously deplored the racism at home against Jews and blacks that harmed the war effort . His cartoons were strongly supportive of President Roosevelt 's handling of the war , combining the usual exhortations to ration and contribute to the war effort with frequent attacks on Congress ( especially the Republican Party ) , parts of the press ( such as the New York Daily News , Chicago Tribune , and Washington Times - Herald ) , and others for criticism of Roosevelt , criticism of aid to the Soviet Union , investigation of suspected Communists , and other offences that he depicted as leading to disunity and helping the Nazis , intentionally or inadvertently . In 1942 , Geisel turned his energies to direct support of the U.S. war effort . First , he worked drawing posters for the Treasury Department and the War Production Board . Then , in 1943 , he joined the Army as a Captain and was commander of the Animation Department of the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces , where he wrote films that included Your Job in Germany , a 1945 propaganda film about peace in Europe after World War II ; Our Job in Japan ; and the Private Snafu series of adult army training films . While in the Army , he was awarded the Legion of Merit . Our Job in Japan became the basis for the commercially released film Design for Death ( 1947 ) , a study of Japanese culture that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 1950 ) was based on an original story by Seuss and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . Later years After the war , Geisel and his wife moved to La Jolla , California where he returned to writing children 's books . He wrote many , including such favorites as If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1955 ) , If I Ran the Circus ( 1956 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , and Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) . He received numerous awards throughout his career , but he won neither the Caldecott Medal nor the Newbery Medal . Three of his titles from this period were , however , chosen as Caldecott runners - up ( now referred to as Caldecott Honor books ) : McElligot 's Pool ( 1947 ) , Bartholomew and the Oobleck ( 1949 ) , and If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) . Dr Seuss also wrote the musical and fantasy film The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. , which was released in 1953 . The movie was a critical and financial failure , and Geisel never attempted another feature film . During the 1950s , he also published a number of illustrated short stories , mostly in Redbook Magazine . Some of these were later collected ( in volumes such as The Sneetches and Other Stories ) or reworked into independent books ( If I Ran the Zoo ) . A number have never been reprinted since their original appearances . In May 1954 , Life magazine published a report on illiteracy among school children which concluded that children were not learning to read because their books were boring . William Ellsworth Spaulding was the director of the education division at Houghton Mifflin ( he later became its chairman ) , and he compiled a list of 348 words that he felt were important for first - graders to recognize . He asked Geisel to cut the list to 250 words and to write a book using only those words . Spaulding challenged Geisel to `` bring back a book children ca n't put down '' . Nine months later , Geisel completed The Cat in the Hat , using 236 of the words given to him . It retained the drawing style , verse rhythms , and all the imaginative power of Geisel 's earlier works but , because of its simplified vocabulary , it could be read by beginning readers . The Cat in the Hat and subsequent books written for young children achieved significant international success and they remain very popular today . In 2009 , Green Eggs and Ham sold 540,366 copies , The Cat in the Hat sold 452,258 copies , and One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish ( 1960 ) sold 409,068 copies -- outselling the majority of newly published children 's books . Geisel went on to write many other children 's books , both in his new simplified - vocabulary manner ( sold as Beginner Books ) and in his older , more elaborate style . In 1956 , Dartmouth awarded Geisel with an honorary doctorate , finally justifying the `` Dr . '' in his pen name . On April 28 , 1958 , Geisel appeared on an episode of the panel game show To Tell the Truth . Geisel 's wife Helen had a long struggle with illnesses , including cancer and emotional pain over Geisel 's affair with Audrey Stone Dimond . On October 23 , 1967 , Helen committed suicide ; Geisel married Dimond on June 21 , 1968 . Though he devoted most of his life to writing children 's books , Geisel had no children of his own , saying of children : `` You have ' em ; I 'll entertain ' em . '' Dimond added that Geisel `` lived his whole life without children and he was very happy without children . '' Geisel received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal from the professional children 's librarians in 1980 , recognizing his `` substantial and lasting contributions to children 's literature '' . At the time , it was awarded every five years . He won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1984 citing his `` contribution over nearly half a century to the education and enjoyment of America 's children and their parents '' . Illness , death , and posthumous honors Geisel died of oral cancer on September 24 , 1991 at his home in La Jolla at the age of 87 . He was cremated and his ashes were scattered . On December 1 , 1995 , four years after his death , University of California , San Diego 's University Library Building was renamed Geisel Library in honor of Geisel and Audrey for the generous contributions that they made to the library and their devotion to improving literacy . While Geisel was living in La Jolla , the United States Postal Service and others frequently confused him with fellow La Jolla resident Dr. Hans Suess . Their names have been linked together posthumously : the personal papers of Hans Suess are housed in the Geisel Library . In 2002 , the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden opened in his birthplace of Springfield , Massachusetts , featuring sculptures of Geisel and of many of his characters . On May 28 , 2008 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced that Geisel would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts . The induction ceremony took place December 15 and Geisel 's widow Audrey accepted the honor in his place . On March 2 , 2009 , the Web search engine Google temporarily changed its logo to commemorate Geisel 's birthday ( a practice that it often follows for various holidays and events ) . In 2004 , U.S. children 's librarians established the annual Theodor Seuss Geisel Award to recognize `` the most distinguished American book for beginning readers published in English in the United States during the preceding year '' . It should `` demonstrate creativity and imagination to engage children in reading '' from pre-kindergarten to second grade . At Geisel 's alma mater of Dartmouth , more than 90 percent of incoming first - year students participate in pre-registration Dartmouth Outing Club trips into the New Hampshire wilderness . It is traditional for students returning from the trips to stay overnight at Dartmouth 's Moosilauke Ravine Lodge , where they are served green eggs and ham for breakfast in honor of Dr. Seuss . On April 4 , 2012 , the Dartmouth Medical School was renamed the Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine in honor of their many years of generosity to the college . Dr. Seuss 's honors include two Academy Awards , two Emmy Awards , a Peabody Award , the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal , and the Pulitzer Prize . Dr. Seuss has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the 6500 block of Hollywood Boulevard . Pen names and pronunciations Geisel 's most famous pen name is regularly pronounced / suːs / , an anglicized pronunciation inconsistent with his German surname ( the standard German pronunciation is ( ˈzɔʏ̯s ) ) . He himself noted that it rhymed with `` voice '' ( his own pronunciation being / sɔɪs / ) . Alexander Laing , one of his collaborators on the Dartmouth Jack - O - Lantern , wrote of it : You 're wrong as the deuce And you should n't rejoice If you 're calling him Seuss . He pronounces it Soice ( or Zoice ) Geisel switched to the anglicized pronunciation because it `` evoked a figure advantageous for an author of children 's books to be associated with -- Mother Goose '' and because most people used this pronunciation . He added the `` Doctor ( abbreviated Dr . ) '' to his pen name because his father had always wanted him to practice medicine . For books that Geisel wrote and others illustrated , he used the pen name `` Theo LeSieg '' , starting with I Wish That I Had Duck Feet published in 1965 . `` LeSieg '' is `` Geisel '' spelled backward . Geisel also published one book under the name Rosetta Stone , 1975 's Because a Little Bug Went Ka - Choo ! ! , a collaboration with Michael K. Frith . Frith and Geisel chose the name in honor of Geisel 's second wife Audrey , whose maiden name was Stone . Political views Main article : Political messages of Dr. Seuss Geisel was a liberal Democrat and a supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal . His early political cartoons show a passionate opposition to fascism , and he urged action against it both before and after the United States entered World War II . His cartoons portrayed the fear of communism as overstated , finding greater threats in the House Un-American Activities Committee and those who threatened to cut the United States ' `` life line '' to Stalin and the USSR , whom he once depicted as a porter carrying `` our war load '' . Dr. Seuss 1942 cartoon with the caption ' Waiting for the Signal from Home ' Geisel supported the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II . His treatment of the Japanese and of Japanese Americans ( between whom he often failed to differentiate ) has struck many readers as a moral blind spot . On the issue of the Japanese , he is quoted as saying : But right now , when the Japs are planting their hatchets in our skulls , it seems like a hell of a time for us to smile and warble : `` Brothers ! '' It is a rather flabby battle cry . If we want to win , we 've got to kill Japs , whether it depresses John Haynes Holmes or not . We can get palsy - walsy afterward with those that are left . After the war , though , Geisel overcame his feelings of animosity , using his book Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1954 ) as an allegory for the Hiroshima bombing and the American post-war occupation of Japan , as well as dedicating the book to a Japanese friend . In 1948 , after living and working in Hollywood for years , Geisel moved to La Jolla , California , a predominantly Republican town . Geisel converted a copy of one of his famous children 's books , Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! , into a polemic shortly before the end of the 1972 -- 1974 Watergate scandal , in which United States president Richard Nixon resigned , by replacing the name of the main character everywhere that it occurred . `` Richard M. Nixon , Will You Please Go Now ! '' was published in major newspapers through the column of his friend Art Buchwald . The line `` a person 's a person , no matter how small ! ! '' from Horton Hears a Who ! has been used widely as a slogan by the pro-life movement in the U.S. , despite the objections of Geisel 's widow . The line was first used in such a way in 1986 ; he demanded a retraction and received one . In his books Geisel made a point of not beginning to write his stories with a moral in mind , stating that `` kids can see a moral coming a mile off . '' He was not against writing about issues , however ; he said that `` there 's an inherent moral in any story '' , and he remarked that he was `` subversive as hell . '' Many of Geisel 's books express his views on a remarkable variety of social and political issues : The Lorax ( 1971 ) , about environmentalism and anti-consumerism ; `` The Sneetches '' ( 1961 ) , about racial equality ; The Butter Battle Book ( 1984 ) , about the arms race ; Yertle the Turtle ( 1958 ) , about Adolf Hitler and anti-authoritarianism ; How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , criticizing the materialism and consumerism of the Christmas season ; and Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1954 ) , about anti-isolationism and internationalism . Poetic meters Geisel wrote most of his books in anapestic tetrameter , a poetic meter employed by many poets of the English literary canon . This is often suggested as one of the reasons that Geisel 's writing was so well received . Anapestic tetrameter consists of four rhythmic units called anapests , each composed of two weak syllables followed by one strong syllable ( the beat ) ; often , the first weak syllable is omitted , or an additional weak syllable is added at the end . An example of this meter can be found in Geisel 's `` Yertle the Turtle '' , from Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories : And today the Great Yertle , that Marvelous he Is King of the Mud . That is all he can see . Some books by Geisel that are written mainly in anapestic tetrameter also contain many lines written in amphibrachic tetrameter , such as these from If I Ran the Circus : All ready to put up the tents for my circus . I think I will call it the Circus McGurkus . And NOW comes an act of Enormous Enormance ! No former performer 's performed this performance ! Geisel also wrote verse in trochaic tetrameter , an arrangement of a strong syllable followed by a weak syllable , with four units per line ( for example , the title of One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish ) . Traditionally , English trochaic meter permits the final weak position in the line to be omitted , which allows both masculine and feminine rhymes . Geisel generally maintained trochaic meter for only brief passages , and for longer stretches typically mixed it with iambic tetrameter , which consists of a weak syllable followed by a strong , and is generally considered easier to write . Thus , for example , the magicians in Bartholomew and the Oobleck make their first appearance chanting in trochees ( thus resembling the witches of Shakespeare 's Macbeth ) : Shuffle , duffle , muzzle , muff They then switch to iambs for the oobleck spell : Go make the Oobleck tumble down On every street , in every town ! Artwork This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Geisel at work on a drawing of the Grinch for How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! in 1957 Geisel 's early artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors , but in his children 's books of the postwar period , he generally made use of a starker medium -- pen and ink -- normally using just black , white , and one or two colors . His later books , such as The Lorax , used more colors . Geisel 's style was unique -- his figures are often `` rounded '' and somewhat droopy . This is true , for instance , of the faces of the Grinch and the Cat in the Hat . Almost all his buildings and machinery were devoid of straight lines when they were drawn , even when he was representing real objects . For example , If I Ran the Circus shows a droopy hoisting crane and a droopy steam calliope . Geisel evidently enjoyed drawing architecturally elaborate objects . His endlessly varied but never rectilinear palaces , ramps , platforms , and free - standing stairways are among his most evocative creations . Geisel also drew complex imaginary machines , such as the Audio - Telly - O - Tally - O - Count , from Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book , or the `` most peculiar machine '' of Sylvester McMonkey McBean in The Sneetches . Geisel also liked drawing outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur : for example , the 500th hat of Bartholomew Cubbins , the tail of Gertrude McFuzz , and the pet for girls who like to brush and comb , in One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish . Geisel 's illustrations often convey motion vividly . He was fond of a sort of `` voilà '' gesture in which the hand flips outward and the fingers spread slightly backward with the thumb up . This motion is done by Ish in One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish when he creates fish ( who perform the gesture with their fins ) , in the introduction of the various acts of If I Ran the Circus , and in the introduction of the `` Little Cats '' in The Cat in the Hat Comes Back . He was also fond of drawing hands with interlocked fingers , making it look as though his characters were twiddling their thumbs . Geisel also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines , like in the sweeping lines that accompany Sneelock 's final dive in If I Ran the Circus . Cartoon lines are also used to illustrate the action of the senses -- sight , smell , and hearing -- in The Big Brag , and lines even illustrate `` thought '' , as in the moment when the Grinch conceives his awful plan to ruin Christmas . Recurring images Geisel 's early work in advertising and editorial cartooning helped him to produce `` sketches '' of things that received more perfect realization later in his children 's books . Often , the expressive use to which Geisel put an image later on was quite different from the original . Here are some examples : An editorial cartoon from July 16 , 1941 depicts a whale resting on the top of a mountain as a parody of American isolationists , especially Charles Lindbergh . This was later rendered ( with no apparent political content ) as the Wumbus of On Beyond Zebra ( 1955 ) . Seussian whales ( cheerful and balloon - shaped , with long eyelashes ) also occur in McElligot 's Pool , If I Ran the Circus , and other books . Another editorial cartoon from 1941 shows a long cow with many legs and udders representing the conquered nations of Europe being milked by Adolf Hitler . This later became the Umbus of On Beyond Zebra . The tower of turtles in a 1942 editorial cartoon prefigures a similar tower in Yertle the Turtle . This theme also appeared in a Judge cartoon as one letter of a hieroglyphic message , and in Geisel 's short - lived comic strip Hejji . Geisel once stated that Yertle the Turtle was Adolf Hitler . Little cats A , B , and C ( as well as the rest of the alphabet ) who spring from each other 's hats appeared in a Ford Motor Company ⋅ ad . The connected beards in Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? appear frequently in Geisel 's work , most notably in Hejji , which featured two goats joined at the beard , The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. , which featured two roller - skating guards joined at the beard , and a political cartoon in which Nazism and the America First movement are portrayed as `` the men with the Siamese Beard '' . Geisel 's earliest elephants were for advertising and had somewhat wrinkly ears , much as real elephants do . With And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street ! ( 1937 ) and Horton Hatches the Egg ( 1940 ) , the ears became more stylized , somewhat like angel wings and thus appropriate to the saintly Horton . During World War II , the elephant image appeared as an emblem for India in four editorial cartoons . Horton and similar elephants appear frequently in the postwar children 's books . While drawing advertisements for Flit , Geisel became adept at drawing insects with huge stingers , shaped like a gentle S - curve and with a sharp end that included a rearward - pointing barb on its lower side . Their facial expressions depict gleeful malevolence . These insects were later rendered in an editorial cartoon as a swarm of Allied aircraft ( 1942 ) , and again as the Sneedle of On Beyond Zebra , and yet again as the Skritz in I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew . There are many examples of creatures who arrange themselves in repeating patterns , such as the `` Two and fro walkers , who march in five layers '' , and the Through - Horns Jumping Deer in If I Ran the Circus , and the arrangement of birds which the protagonist of Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! walks through , as the narrator admonishes him to `` ... always be dexterous and deft , and never mix up your right foot with your left . '' Publications Further information : Dr. Seuss bibliography Geisel wrote more than 60 books over the course of his long career . Most were published under his well - known pseudonym Dr. Seuss , though he also authored more than a dozen books as Theo LeSieg and one as Rosetta Stone . His books have topped many bestseller lists , sold over 600 million copies , and been translated into more than 20 languages . In 2000 , Publishers Weekly compiled a list of the best - selling children 's books of all time ; of the top 100 hardcover books , 16 were written by Geisel , including Green Eggs and Ham , at number 4 , The Cat in the Hat , at number 9 , and One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish , at number 13 . In the years after his death in 1991 , two additional books were published based on his sketches and notes : Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! and Daisy - Head Mayzie . My Many Colored Days was originally written in 1973 but was posthumously published in 1996 . In September 2011 , seven stories originally published in magazines during the 1950s were released in a collection titled The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories . Geisel also wrote a pair of books for adults : The Seven Lady Godivas ( 1939 ; reprinted 1987 ) , a retelling of the Lady Godiva legend that included nude depictions ; and You 're Only Old Once ! ( written in 1986 when Geisel was 82 ) , which chronicles an old man 's journey through a clinic . His last book was Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! , which published the year before his death and became a popular gift for graduating students . Films based on his books Year Film Format Director Writer Distributor Length Budget Rotten Tomatoes rating 1942 Horton Hatches the Egg traditionally animated Bob Clampett Michael Maltese Warner Bros. Pictures 10 min . -- -- 1966 How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Chuck Jones Dr. Seuss , Irv Spector , and Bob Ogle MGM 26 min . $315,000 100 % `` fresh '' 1970 Horton Hears a Who ! Dr. Seuss -- -- 1971 The Cat in the Hat Hawley Pratt CBS 25 min . 1972 The Lorax The Butter Battle Book Ralph Bakshi Turner 24 min . 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas live - action Ron Howard Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman Universal Pictures 104 min . $123 million 53 % `` rotten '' 2003 The Cat in the Hat Bo Welch Alec Berg , David Mandel , and Jeff Schaffer Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures 82 min . $109 million 10 % `` rotten '' 2008 Horton Hears a Who ! computer - animated Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino Ken Daurio and Cinco Paul 20th Century Fox 86 min . $85 million 79 % `` fresh '' 2012 The Lorax Chris Renaud and Kyle Balda Universal Pictures $70 million 53 % `` rotten '' 2018 The Grinch Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney Michael LeSieur -- -- -- TBA The Cat in the Hat -- -- Warner Bros. Pictures -- -- -- Adaptations Seuss Landing at Islands of Adventure in Orlando , Florida For most of his career , Geisel was reluctant to have his characters marketed in contexts outside of his own books . However , he did permit the creation of several animated cartoons , an art form in which he had gained experience during World War II , and he gradually relaxed his policy as he aged . The first adaptation of one of Geisel 's works was a cartoon version of Horton Hatches the Egg , animated at Warner Bros. in 1942 and directed by Bob Clampett . It was presented as part of the Merrie Melodies series and included a number of gags not present in the original narrative , including a fish committing suicide and a Katharine Hepburn imitation by Mayzie . As part of the Puppetoon theatrical cartoon series for Paramount Pictures , two of Geisel 's works were adapted into stop - motion films by George Pal . The first , `` The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins '' , was released in 1943 and nominated for an Academy Award for `` Short Subject ( Cartoon ) '' the following year . The second , `` And to Think I Saw It On Mulberry Street '' , with a title slightly altered from the book 's , was released in 1944 . In 1959 , Geisel authorized Revell , the well - known plastic model - making company , to make a series of `` animals '' that snapped together rather than being glued together , and could be assembled , disassembled , and re-assembled `` in thousands '' of ways . The series was called the `` Dr. Seuss Zoo '' and included Gowdy the Dowdy Grackle , Norval the Bashful Blinket , Tingo the Noodle Topped Stroodle , and Roscoe the Many Footed Lion . The basic body parts were the same and all were interchangeable , and so it was possible for children to combine parts from various characters in essentially unlimited ways in creating their own animal characters ( Revell encouraged this by selling Gowdy , Norval , and Tingo together in a `` Gift Set '' as well as individually ) . Revell also made a conventional glue - together `` beginner 's kit '' of The Cat in the Hat . In 1966 , Geisel authorized eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones -- his friend and former colleague from the war -- to make a cartoon version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Geisel was credited as a co-producer under his real name Ted Geisel , along with Jones . The cartoon was narrated by Boris Karloff , who also provided the voice of the Grinch . It was very faithful to the original book , and is considered a classic to this day by many . It is often broadcast as an annual Christmas television special . Jones directed an adaptation of Horton Hears a Who ! in 1970 and produced an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat in 1971 . From 1972 to 1983 , Geisel wrote six animated specials that were produced by DePatie - Freleng : The Lorax ( 1972 ) ; Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) ; The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) ; Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) ; Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) ; and The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) . Several of the specials won multiple Emmy Awards . A Soviet paint - on - glass - animated short film was made in 1986 called Welcome , an adaptation of Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose . The last adaptation of Geisel 's work before he died was The Butter Battle Book , a television special based on the book of the same name , directed by adult animation legend Ralph Bakshi . A television film titled In Search of Dr. Seuss was released in 1994 , which adapted many of Seuss 's stories . It uses both live - action versions and animated versions of the characters and stories featured ; however , the animated portions were merely edited versions of previous animated television specials and , in some cases , re-dubbed as well . After Geisel died of cancer at the age of 87 in 1991 , his widow Audrey Geisel was placed in charge of all licensing matters . She approved a live - action feature - film version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas starring Jim Carrey , as well as a Seuss - themed Broadway musical called Seussical , and both premiered in 2000 . The Grinch has had limited engagement runs on Broadway during the Christmas season , after premiering in 1998 ( under the title How the Grinch Stole Christmas ) at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , where it has become a Christmas tradition . In 2003 , another live - action film was released , this time an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat that featured Mike Myers as the title character . Audrey Geisel has spoken critically of the film , especially the casting of Myers as the Cat in the Hat , and stated that she would not allow any further live - action adaptations of Geisel 's books . However , a first animated CGI feature film adaptation of Horton Hears a Who ! was approved , and was eventually released on March 14 , 2008 , to critical acclaim . A second CGI - animated feature film adaptation of The Lorax was released by Universal on March 2 , 2012 ( on what would have been Seuss 's 108th birthday ) , and third CGI - animated feature film adaptation of The Grinch was released by Universal on November 9 , 2018 . Four television series have been adapted from Geisel 's work . The first , Gerald McBoing - Boing , was an animated television adaptation of Geisel 's 1951 cartoon of the same name and lasted three months between 1956 and 1957 . The second , The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss , was a mix of live - action and puppetry by Jim Henson Television , the producers of The Muppets . It aired for one season on Nickelodeon in the United States , from 1996 to 1997 . The third , Gerald McBoing - Boing , is a remake of the 1956 series . Produced in Canada by Cookie Jar Entertainment ( now DHX Media ) and North America by Classic Media ( now DreamWorks Classics ) , it ran from 2005 to 2007 . The fourth , The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! , produced by Portfolio Entertainment Inc. , began on August 7 , 2010 , in Canada and September 6 , 2010 , in the United States and is currently still showing . Geisel 's books and characters are also featured in Seuss Landing , one of many islands at the Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando , Florida . In an attempt to match Geisel 's visual style , there are reportedly `` no straight lines '' in Seuss Landing . The Hollywood Reporter has reported that Warner Animation Group and Dr. Seuss Enterprises have struck a deal to make new animated movies based on the stories of Dr. Seuss . Their first project will be a fully animated version of The Cat in the Hat . See also Biography portal Children 's literature portal Visual arts portal `` The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite '' -- a 1992 R.E.M. song referencing a reading from Seuss . References ^ Jump up to : `` Seuss '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` About the Author , Dr. Seuss , Seussville '' . Timeline . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Peter W. ( 1992 ) . `` Unforgettable Dr. Seuss '' . Unforgettable . Reader 's Digest Australia : 192 . ISSN 0034 - 0375 . Jump up ^ `` Theodor Seuss Geisel '' ( 2015 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` The Dr. Seuss Collection '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seuss , Geisel ( 2005 ) . `` Dr. Seuss Biography '' . In Taylor , Constance . Theodor Seuss Geisel The Early Works of Dr. Seuss. 1 . Miamisburg , OH : Checker Book Publishing Group . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 933160 - 01 - 2 Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , William Addams . `` Ancestry of Theodor Geisel '' . Wargs.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Municipal register of the city of Springfield -- Springfield ( Mass . ) -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1912 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Who Knew Dr. Seuss Could Brew ? '' . Narragansett Beer . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deal , Joshua . `` Filmcans and Vinyl : The life of Dr. Seuss '' . SunGazette.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss . Woodlands : New Century Books . pp. 30 -- 31 , 37 . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 11 - 6 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Nell , Phillip ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` Impertient Questions '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Judith ; Morgan , Neil ( August 1996 ) . Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel : a biography . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80736 - 7 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss . Woodlands : New Century Books . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 11 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Pace , Eric ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss , Modern Mother Goose , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . New York City : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 59 -- 62 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 65 Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Lambiek Comiclopedia . `` Dr. Seuss '' . Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Ten Things You May Not Have Known About Dr. Seuss '' . The Peel . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nel ( 2004 ) , pp. 119 -- 21 Jump up ^ Lurie , Alison . `` The Cabinet of Dr. Seuss '' . Popular Culture : An Introductory Text . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 79 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Seuss I am , an Oilman , '' website of American Oil & Gas Historical Society Jump up ^ EC Lantham , Dartmouth Alumni Magazine , April 1976 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 122 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Minear , Richard H. ( 1999 ) . Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisell . New York City : The New Press . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 565 - X . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` Waiting for the Signal from Home '' PM ( February 13 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Congress '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Republican Party '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` February 19 '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` March 11 '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 119 -- 20 Jump up ^ Ellin , Abby ( 2 October 2005 ) . `` The Return of Gerlad McBoing Boing ? '' . The New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kahn , Jr. , E.J. ( December 17 , 1960 ) . `` Profiles : Children 's Friend '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Menand , Louis ( December 23 , 2002 ) . `` Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roback , Diane ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Reign Continues '' . Publishes Weekly . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` To Tell the Truth Primetime Episode Guide 1956 - 67 '' . `` To Tell the Truth '' on the Web . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( November 29 , 2000 ) . `` Public Lives : Mrs. Seuss Hears a Who , and Tells About It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laura Ingalls Wilder Award , Past winners . Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) -- American Library Association ( ALA ) . About the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award . ALSC -- ALA . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Awards and Citations '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Eric ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss , Modern Mother Goose , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Tom ; Miles Corwin ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Theodor Geisel Dies at 87 ; Wrote 47 Dr. Seuss Books , Author : His last new work , ' Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! ' has proved popular with executives as well as children '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Geisel Library Building '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Register of Hans Suess Papers 1875 -- 1989 '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Holiday Logos '' . Google . 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the ( Theodor Seuss ) Geisel Award home page ! '' . ALSC . ALA . `` Theodor Seuss Geisel Award '' . ALSC . ALA . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dartmouth Names Medical School in Honor of Audrey and Theodor Geisel '' . Geisel School of Medicine . April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corwin , Miles ; Gorman , Tom ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss -- Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And to Think That It Happened at Dartmouth '' . now.dartmouth.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Melissa ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Theodor Seuss Geisel : Author Study '' . anapsid.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ( Source in PDF . ) Jump up ^ `` About the Author , Dr. Seuss , Seussville '' . Biography . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Dr. Seuss '' . Thefw.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 219 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ The Political Dr. Seuss Springfield Library and Museums Association Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Hayley and Ron Lamothe ( interview ) ( August 2004 ) . `` Interview with filmmaker Ron Lamothe about The Political Dr. Seuss '' . MassHumanities eNews . Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lamothe , Ron ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` PBS Independent Lens : The Political Dr. Seuss '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Buchwald , Art ( July 30 , 1974 ) . `` Richard M. Nixon Will You Please Go Now ! '' . The Washington Post . Katharine Weymouth . p . B01 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Seuss : Rhymes and Reasons ( 2003 documentary ) Part 9 of 9 '' . YouTube . September 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Masters , Kim ( March 14 , 2008 ) . `` In ' Horton ' Movie , Abortion Foes Hear an Ally '' . NPR . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bunzel , Peter ( April 6 , 1959 ) . `` The Wacky World of Dr. Seuss Delights the Child -- and Adult -- Readers of His Books '' . Life . Chicago : Time Inc . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . OCLC 1643958 . Most of Geisel 's books point a moral , though he insists that he never starts with one . ' Kids , ' he says , ' can see a moral coming a mile off and they gag at it . But there 's an inherent moral in any story . ' Jump up ^ Cott , Jonathan ( 1984 ) . `` The Good Dr. Seuss '' . Pipers at the Gates of Dawn : The Wisdom of Children 's Literature ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 50464 - 3 . OCLC 8728388 . Jump up ^ Mensch , Betty ; Freeman , Alan ( 1987 ) . `` Getting to Solla Sollew : The Existentialist Politics of Dr. Seuss '' . Tikkun : 30 . In opposition to the conventional -- indeed , hegemonic -- iambic voice , his metric triplets offer the power of a more primal chant that quickly draws the reader in with relentless repetition . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas , ed. ( 1997 ) . Of Sneetches and Whos and the Good Dr. Seuss . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0388 - 8 . OCLC 37418407 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( 1958 ) . Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories . Random House . OCLC 18181636 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( 1949 ) . Bartholomew and the Oobleck . Random House . OCLC 391115 . Jump up ^ `` Mandeville Special Collections Library , UC San Diego '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` The Isolationist '' PM ( July 16 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` The head eats ... the rest gets milked '' PM ( May 19 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` You ca n't build a substantial V out of turtles ! '' PM ( March 21 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Chuck ( October 17 , 1999 ) . `` Serious Seuss : Children 's author as political cartoonist '' . CNN . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theodor . `` You ca n't kill an elephant with a pop gun ! '' . L.P.C. Co . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theodor . `` India List '' . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theordor . `` Flit kills ! '' . Jump up ^ Theodor Geisel ( w , a ) . `` Try and pull the wings off these butterflies , Benito ! '' PM ( November 11 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Turvey , Debbie Hochman ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Random Uncovers ' New ' Seuss Stories '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blais , Jacqueline ; Memmott , Carol ; Minzesheimer , Bob ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Book buzz : Dave Barry really rocks '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins '' . IMDB . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Academy Awards ( 1944 ) '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Cartoon Database '' . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 26 , 2004 ) . Seussentenial : 100 years of Dr. Seuss . MSNBC . Retrieved on April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellin , Abby ( October 2 , 2005 ) . `` The Return of ... Gerald McBoing Boing ? '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Universal Orlando.com . The Cat in the Hat ride . Retrieved on April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Fernandez , Jay A. ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Cat in the Hat ' Movie in the Works From Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Further reading Cohen , Charles ( 2004 ) . The Seuss , the Whole Seuss and Nothing But the Seuss : A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel . Random House Books for Young Readers . ISBN 0 - 375 - 82248 - 8 . OCLC 53075980 . Fensch , Thomas ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Of Sneetches and Whos and the Good Dr. Seuss : Essays on the Writings and Life of Theodor Geisel . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0388 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Geisel , Audrey ( 1995 ) . The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43448 - 8 . Geisel , Theodor ( 1987 ) . Dr. Seuss from Then to Now : A Catalogue of the Retrospective Exhibition . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 89268 - 2 . Geisel , Theodor ( 2001 ) . Minnear , Richard , ed . Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel . New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 . Geisel , Theodor ( 2004 ) . The Beginnings of Dr. Seuss : An Informal Reminiscence . Dartmouth College . Geisel , Theodor ( 2005 ) . Theodor Seuss Geisel : The Early Works , Volume 1 . Checker Book Publishing . ISBN 1 - 933160 - 01 - 2 . Geisel , Theodor ( 1987 ) . Minnear , Richard , ed . The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough : Early Writings and Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . New York : Morrow / Remco Worldservice Books . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06548 - 1 . Lamothe , Ron ( 2004 ) . The Political Dr. Seuss ( DVD ) . Terra Incognita Films . Documentary aired on the Public Television System . Lathem , Edward Connery ( 2000 ) . Who 's Who and What 's What in the Books of Dr. Seuss . Dartmouth College . MacDonald , Ruth K. ( 1988 ) . Dr. Seuss . Twayne Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 7524 - 2 . Morgan , Judith ; Morgan , Neil ( 1995 ) . Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41686 - 2 . Nel , Philip ( 2007 ) . The Annotated Cat : Under the Hats of Seuss and His Cats . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 83369 - 4 . Nel , Philip ( 2004 ) . Dr. Seuss : American Icon . Continuum Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1434 - 6 . Pease , Donald E. ( 2010 ) . Theodor Seuss Geisel . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532302 - 3 . Weidt , Maryann ; Maguire , Kerry ( 1994 ) . Oh , the Places He Went . Carolrhoda Books . ISBN 0 - 87614 - 627 - 2 . External links Find more aboutDr . Seussat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Seussville site Random House Dr. Seuss at the Internet Broadway Database Dr. Seuss at Internet Off - Broadway Database Dr. Seuss biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss The Advertising Artwork of Dr. Seuss The Register of Dr. Seuss Collection UC San Diego Hotchkiss , Eugene III ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Dr. Seuss Keeps Me Guessing : A Commencement story by President Emeritus Eugene Hotchkiss III '' . lakeforest.edu . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2004 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Dr. Seuss / Theodor Geisel artwork can be viewed at American Art Archives web site Dr. Seuss on IMDb The Dr. Seuss That Switched His Voice -- poem by Joe Dolce , first published in Quadrant magazine . Register of the Dr. Seuss Collection , UC San Diego Dr. Seuss at Library of Congress Authorities , with 190 catalog records Theodor Seuss Geisel ( real name ) , Theo . LeSieg ( pseud . ) , and Rosetta Stone ( joint pseud . ) at LC Authorities with 30 , 9 , and 1 records Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) Live - action film The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Television The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) episodes Books The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Daisy - Head Mayzie Stage Seussical Related Dr. Seuss Memorial I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Letters ) Love Songs by Sara Teasdale ( 1918 ) Corn Huskers by Carl Sandburg ( 1919 ) Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer ( 1919 ) Kenneth Roberts ( 1957 ) Garrett Mattingly for The Armada ( 1960 ) American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War ( 1961 ) James Thomas Flexner for George Washington , Vols . I - IV ( 1973 ) Alex Haley for Roots ( 1977 ) E.B. White ( 1978 ) Theodor Seuss Geisel ( 1984 ) Art Spiegelman for Maus ( 1992 ) Edmund Morgan ( 2006 ) Ray Bradbury ( 2007 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) VIAF : 7408695 LCCN : n91084846 ISNI : 0000 0001 2119 3188 GND : 107380153 SELIBR : 184009 SUDOC : 030083303 BNF : cb12044517b ( data ) ULAN : 500116672 MusicBrainz : e7a94b95 - e339 - 48eb - 83c3 - 7ba856969bbe NLA : 35710419 NDL : 00440695 NKC : jx20120913001 BNE : XX846595 SNAC : w6vd6zsw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Seuss&oldid=827037541 '' Categories : Dr. Seuss 1904 births 1991 deaths 20th - century American writers 20th - century American poets American children 's writers American editorial cartoonists American illustrators American military personnel of World War II American people of German descent Artists from Springfield , Massachusetts Children 's poets Dartmouth College alumni Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from oral cancer First Motion Picture Unit personnel Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal winners Massachusetts Democrats People from La Jolla , San Diego Primetime Emmy Award winners Poets from California Poets from Massachusetts Pseudonymous writers Pulitzer Prize winners RCA Records artists Recipients of the Legion of Merit United States Army Air Forces officers Warner Bros. Cartoons people Writers from Springfield , Massachusetts Writers who illustrated their own writing Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did dr seuss wrote his first book | [
"In 1936, the couple were returning from an ocean voyage to Europe when the rhythm of the ship's engines inspired the poem that became his first book: And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street.[28] Based on Geisel's varied accounts, the book was rejected by between 20 and 43 publishers.[29][30] According to Geisel, he was walking home to burn the manuscript when a chance encounter with an old Dartmouth classmate led to its publication by Vanguard Press.[31] Geisel wrote four more books before the US entered World War II. This included The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins in 1938, as well as The King's Stilts and The Seven Lady Godivas in 1939, all of which were in prose, atypically for him. This was followed by Horton Hatches the Egg in 1940, in which Geisel returned to the use of poetry."
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"1936"
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-1728965173218438441 | Forgetting curve | Forgetting curve - wikipedia Forgetting curve Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A typical representation of the forgetting curve . The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time . This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it . A related concept is the strength of memory that refers to the durability that memory traces in the brain . The stronger the memory , the longer period of time that a person is able to recall it . A typical graph of the forgetting curve purports to show that humans tend to halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a matter of days or weeks unless they consciously review the learned material . The forgetting curve supports one of the seven kinds of memory failures : transience , which is the process of forgetting that occurs with the passage of time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References History ( edit ) In 1885 , Hermann Ebbinghaus collected data to plot a forgetting curve . Today , we approximate forgetting with an exponential curve : R = e − t S , ( \ displaystyle R = e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( t ) ( S ) ) ) , ) where R ( \ displaystyle R ) is retrievability ( a measure of how easy it is to retrieve a piece of information from memory ) , S ( \ displaystyle S ) is stability of memory ( determines how fast R ( \ displaystyle R ) falls over time in the absence of training , testing or other recall ) , and t ( \ displaystyle t ) is time . Hermann Ebbinghaus ran a limited , incomplete study on himself and published his hypothesis in 1885 as Über das Gedächtnis ( later translated into English as Memory : A Contribution to Experimental Psychology ) . Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables , such as `` WID '' and `` ZOF '' ( CVCs or Consonant - Vowel - Consonant ) by repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results . He plotted these results on a graph creating what is now known as the `` forgetting curve '' . From his discovery regarding the `` forgetting curve '' , Ebbinghaus came up with the effects of `` overlearning '' . Essentially , if you practiced something more than what is usually necessary to memorize it , you would have effectively achieved overlearning . Overlearning ensures that information is more impervious to being lost or forgotten , and the forgetting curve for this overlearned material is shallower . In 2015 , an attempt to replicate the forgetting curve with one study subject has shown the experimental results similar to Ebbinghaus ' original data . Description ( edit ) Ebbinghaus hypothesized that the speed of forgetting depends on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the learned material ( e.g. how meaningful it is ) , its representation and physiological factors such as stress and sleep . He further hypothesized that the basal forgetting rate differs little between individuals . He concluded that the difference in performance ( e.g. at school ) can be explained by mnemonic representation skills . He went on to hypothesize that basic training in mnemonic techniques can help overcome those differences in part . He asserted that the best methods for increasing the strength of memory are : better memory representation ( e.g. with mnemonic techniques ) repetition based on active recall ( especially spaced repetition ) . His premise was that each repetition in learning increases the optimum interval before the next repetition is needed ( for near - perfect retention , initial repetitions may need to be made within days , but later they can be made after years ) . Later research suggested that , other than the two factors Ebbinghaus proposed , higher original learning would also produce slower forgetting . Spending time each day to remember information , such as that for exams , will greatly decrease the effects of the forgetting curve . Some learning consultants claim reviewing material in the first 24 hours after learning information is the optimum time to re-read notes and reduce the amount of knowledge forgotten . Evidence suggests waiting 10 - 20 % of the time towards when the information will be needed is the optimum time for a single review . Some memories remain free from the detrimental effects of interference and do n't necessarily follow the typical forgetting curve as various noise and outside factors influence what information would be remembered . There is debate among supporters of the hypothesis about the shape of the curve for events and facts that are more significant to the subject . Some supporters , for example , suggest that memories of shocking events such as the Kennedy Assassination or 9 / 11 are vividly imprinted in memory ( flashbulb memory ) . Others have compared contemporaneous written recollections with recollections recorded years later , and found considerable variations as the subject 's memory incorporates after - acquired information . There is considerable research in this area as it relates to eyewitness identification testimony . Eye witness accounts are demonstrably unreliable . See also ( edit ) Atrophy Spaced repetition Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Curve of Forgetting Counselling Services Jump up ^ Schacter , D.L. ( 2009 ) . Psychology . New York : Worth Publishers . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3719 - 2 . Jump up ^ Woźniak Piotr A. , Gorzelańczyk Edward J. and Murakowski Janusz A. ( 1995 ) `` Two components of long - term memory . '' . Acta Neurobiol Experimentalis ( 1995 ) 55 ( 4 ) : 301 - 5 . Pubmed ID ( PMID ) : 8713361 Jump up ^ `` Human Memory . Herman Ebbinghaus '' . Lecture notes in Psychology published at Dr. Bruce Abbott 's homepage at IPFW Jump up ^ Murre J.M.J. , Dros J. ( 2015 ) `` Replication and Analysis of Ebbinghaus ' Forgetting Curve '' . PLOS ONE 10 ( 7 ) : e0120644 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0120644 Jump up ^ Loftus , Geoffrey R. ( 1985 ) . `` Evaluating forgetting curves '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 11 ( 2 ) : 397 -- 406 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.11. 2.397 . Jump up ^ Pashler , Harold ; Rohrer , Doug ; Cepeda , Nicholas J. ; Carpenter , Shana K. ( 2007 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Enhancing learning and retarding forgetting : Choices and consequences '' . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review . 14 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 193 . doi : 10.3758 / BF03194050 . ISSN 1069 - 9384 . Jump up ^ Averell , Lee ; Heathcote , Andrew ( 2011 ) . `` The form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories '' . Journal of Mathematical Psychology . 55 : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmp. 2010.08. 009 . Jump up ^ Forgetting Curve Training Industry ^ Jump up to : `` Why Science Tells Us Not to Rely on Eyewitness Accounts '' . References ( edit ) `` Memory : A Contribution to Experimental Psychology -- Ebbinghaus ( 1885 / 1913 ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 23 . Schacter , Daniel L ( 2001 ) . The seven sins of memory : how the mind forgets and remembers . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21919 - 6 . Baddeley , Alan D. ( 1999 ) . Essentials of human memory . Hove : Psychology . ISBN 0 - 86377 - 544 - 6 . Bremer , Rod . The Manual -- A guide to the Ultimate Study Method ( USM ) ( Amazon Digital Services ) . Loftus , Geoffrey R. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition11. 2 ( Apr 1985 ) : 397 - 406 . http://www.trainingindustry.com/wiki/entries/forgetting-curve.aspx Averell , Lee ; Heathcote , Andrew ( February 2011 ) . `` The form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories '' . Journal of Mathematical Psychology . 55 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmp. 2010.08. 009 . http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-the-eyes-have-it Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Iconic Motor learning Visual Short - term `` The Magical Number Seven , Plus or Minus Two '' Working memory Intermediate Long - term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal - event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval - induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source - monitoring error Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese -- Roediger -- McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent - mindedness Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model Context - dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels - of - processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered - memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State - dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman - Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM ( patient ) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC ( patient ) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus Chris Marker James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology Mind and brain Spaced repetition Concepts Spaced repetition Spacing effect Testing effect Forgetting curve Flashcard Memory Leitner system Incremental reading Study Software List of Flashcard software Anki Cerego Cobocards Course Hero Cram Cram.com Duolingo eSpindle Learning Hello English Memrise Mnemosyne OpenCards Quizlet Skritter SuperMemo Synap Practitioners Paul Pimsleur Sebastian Leitner Piotr Woźniak Researchers Hermann Ebbinghaus Thomas Landauer and Robert A. Bjork Cecil Alec Mace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgetting_curve&oldid=829409272 '' Categories : Memory processes Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska ქართული Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 13 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories | [] | [] |
-2850637274542597245 | New Guys | New Guys - wikipedia New Guys `` New Guys '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 9 Episode 1 Directed by Greg Daniels Written by Greg Daniels Production code 9001 Original air date September 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 20 ) Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jack Coleman as Robert Lipton Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor B.J. Novak as Ryan Howard Andy Buckley as David Wallace ( Voice only ) David Rogers as Documentarian ( Voice only ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Next → `` Roy 's Wedding '' The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` New Guys '' is the first episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 177th episode overall . It originally aired on NBC on September 20 , 2012 . The episode was written and directed by series creator Greg Daniels ; this is his first writing credit for the series since the seventh season episode `` Goodbye , Michael '' , and his first directing credit since `` PDA '' . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , two new employees ( Clark Duke and Jake Lacy ) are hired by the Scranton branch and cause trouble for Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns from manager training , hoping for revenge on Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) . Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) considers adopting Angela Lipton 's ( Angela Kinsey ) cat . Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) tries to save a turtle . `` New Guys '' was the inception of several story arcs and saw the departures of Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor , ( due to her involvement in her own sitcom The Mindy Project ) and B.J. Novak as Ryan Howard . `` New Guys '' received largely positive pre-release reviews from television critics . Post-release reviews were moderately positive ; while many felt that the episode was a distinct step in the right direction for the show , others took issues with some of the comedic aspects of the episode . `` New Guys '' was viewed by 4.28 million viewers and received a 2.1 rating among adults between the age of 18 and 49 , making it the show 's lowest - rated season premiere . The episode ranked second in its timeslot and was also the highest - rated NBC series of the night . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Broadcast and reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Reviews 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Bibliography 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Over the summer , Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) tried to save a turtle that he ran over , but only ended up killing it . Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) moved to Ohio with her fiancé Ravi and Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) also moved to Ohio for `` unrelated reasons . '' Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) learned that he is not the biological father of Angela Lipton 's ( Angela Kinsey ) baby . While talking to the camera , Jim ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) reveal that Jim was offered an entrepreneurial sports job by an old college friend based on an idea the two had in college . Jim tells the camera that he turned it down , because it would not be good for his family . Pam and Jim begin to take off their microphones and Pam makes a remark , noting that , after nine years , the cameramen should have enough footage for a documentary . One of the cameramen then addresses the two , saying that they are more interested in the developments of the office workers themselves , especially Jim and Pam , rather than the office now . Jim looks pensive when Pam tells the cameramen that they expect to live a calm , normal life , given their work and children . Two new employees , Clark Green ( Clark Duke ) and Pete Miller ( Jake Lacy ) , who are quickly dubbed `` Dwight , Jr . '' and `` The New Jim , '' are hired by the Scranton branch and cause trouble for Jim and Dwight . At first , Dwight is happy to have a protégé , acting as a fatherly figure to Clark due to the office noting their visual similarity , but soon begins to fear that Clark is after his job . Jim , on the other hand , does not feel that Pete is anything like him . However , after hearing Pete discuss his future plans , Jim realizes that he used to have Pete 's ambition but has become stuck at the same job for over nine years . Meanwhile , Angela puts one of her cats , Comstock , up for adoption as her baby is allergic to it . Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) initially refuses to adopt Comstock despite Angela 's pleas , but agrees to adopt it after learning that it is her husband Robert 's ( Jack Coleman ) favorite cat . It is implied that Robert and Oscar are having an affair , as Robert told Angela he was having a business dinner on the night he actually had plans with Oscar . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns from Outward Bound manager training -- where he became more `` decisive and confident '' -- hoping for revenge on Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) for commandeering his job during the previous spring . To do this , Andy sets up a slackline in the parking lot and makes the employees walk across it , humiliating Nellie as she insists on walking in her heels and fails to keep her balance . After Clark proves that he is talented at balancing , Dwight attempts to one - up him , but ends up failing repeatedly and hurting himself . Eventually , Dwight tries to prove his superiority by riding a bicycle across a tight - rope suspended between the roof and a telephone pole , but the photocopier he is using as a counterweight is not heavy enough and he ends up losing his balance and hanging from the bicycle above the parking lot . Much to his embarrassment , he has to be rescued by a team of firefighters , while Creed Bratton ( Creed Bratton ) mistakenly believes the incident to be a circus act . While everyone is outside crowding around Dwight , Jim calls up his old college friend and tells him that he wants to be involved in the new business deal , even though he did not have Pam 's approval . Production ( edit ) On May 11 , 2012 , NBC renewed The Office for a ninth season and it was later announced that Greg Daniels , who had been the series showrunner from season one through five , would be returning . `` New Guys '' was written and directed by Daniels . This is his first writing credit for the series since the seventh season entry , `` Goodbye , Michael '' , and his first directing credited since season seven 's `` PDA '' . This also marks the third time he has both written and directed an episode , after the first season episode `` Basketball '' and the fourth season opener , `` Fun Run '' . Daniels later revealed that `` New Guys '' would be the inception of big season arcs . He went on the record saying `` I 'll tell you that the last couple of years , I do n't think we did any big arc - type things in the way that we used to in the beginning , I think the thing we 're going to do is bring back a lot of arcs '' . Jenna Fischer later stated that part of the Jim and Pam arc would be dependent on `` things that happened in seasons past that did n't seem very relevant at the time and ( that ) they 're going to become important this season . '' `` New Guys '' featured one of the final few performances of Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor , who left the series to star in her own comedy television series The Mindy Project , which was created for the Fox Broadcasting Company . Both Novak and Kaling appeared in two episodes of the season -- `` New Guys '' and `` Finale '' . The episode features both Clark Duke and Jake Lacy as two new Dunder Mifflin employees who have been hired to `` go through the back log of over 4,000 unanswered customer complaints that '' Kelly has ignored the past few years . Duke noted that filming the slack lining scene `` was not that fun ; it was really hard '' . He did , however , state that Helms was able to do it well `` with no practice '' . The voice of the documentarian that responds to Jim is that of series director David Rogers . Rogers also voiced the same character in the penultimate episode opener `` A.A.R.M. '' . Originally , Daniels had re-recorded the line in `` New Guys '' , but ended up liking Roger 's voice better . He asked him to reprise the role in `` A.A.R.M. '' to preserve continuity . The official website of The Office included several cut scenes from `` New Guys '' within a week of the episode 's release . In the first 40 - second clip , Dwight tries to bond with Clark by discussing an article he read in Time magazine about dub - step . Clark teases Dwight for reading the magazine , something he considers for older audiences , but Dwight is oblivious . In the second 75 - second clip , Toby calls a workplace bullying meeting and the office discussing how Andy has been harassing various people . Kevin tries to maintain that Angela bullies him , and states that she will not give him her cat because he killed his turtle `` a few times '' . In the third and final 30 - second clip , Jim tries to convince Dwight that the relationship Dwight shares with Clark is similar to that of Darth Vader and Luke Skywalker , characters from the popular science fiction movie franchise Star Wars . Cultural references ( edit ) Clark 's role in `` New Guys '' has been compared to the mythical character Oedipus . Much like the sixth season starter `` Gossip '' -- which featured parkour in the cold opening -- the seventh season opener `` Nepotism '' -- which started with a lip dub -- and the eighth season premiere `` The List '' -- which opened with a bit about planking -- `` New Guys '' also contains a plot involving a popular Internet meme , in this case slacklining , which is a practice in balance that typically uses nylon webbing tensioned between two anchor points . When Ryan is leaving , he claims he is going to Ohio because `` they call it the Silicone Prairie , '' a reference to Silicon Valley , a part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States that is home to many of the world 's largest technology corporations . Andy returns from Outward Bound , an organization that aims to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors . Dwight tries to talk to Clark about the heavy metal band Slayer , noting that he has tickets for a show in ten months . Jim asks Pete if he likes the Philadelphia Phillies , but Pete mistakes his reference to mean horses . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club compared Dwight and Clark 's relationship to that of the mythical characters of King Laius and Oedipus , respectively . The story , which was later turned into a popular play Oedipus Rex by Greek writer Sophocles , tells of how Laius hears of a prophecy that his son will kill him . Fearing the prophecy , Laius abandons his son , Oedipus ' , who is raised in the city of Thebes . Oedipus later crosses paths with Laius and gets into a fight and , not knowing that Laius is his father , kills him . Adams , thus , states that the `` break - room conversation '' Dwight and Clark share starts to make Dwight paranoid and fear that Clark is after his job . Many reviewers noted that the episode made references to previous episodes of the series . The ending , featuring Dwight riding a bicycle on the roof , was positively compared to the third season episode `` Safety Training '' . Adams wrote that many of the scenes `` take characters to corners of the office tied to memories of episode 's ( sic ) past '' , such as Oscar 's phone call , which takes place in the stairwell where Dwight pumped himself up for his work review in the second season episode `` Performance Review '' , and Pam climbing up the rooftop access ladder , which is reminiscent of Pam and Jim 's first `` date '' in the second season episode `` The Client '' . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` New Guys '' originally aired on NBC on September 20 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by 4.28 million viewers and received a 2.1 / 6 percent share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2.1 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 6 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a 46 percent drop in viewership from the season eight premiere `` The List '' and made it the lowest - rated premiere of The Office to air . The Office finished second in its time slot , being beaten by an episode of the Fox series Glee , which received a 2.9 / 8 percent rating . `` New Guys '' , however , finished ahead of repeats of the CBS show Two and a Half Men and the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy and a new episode of The CW show The Next . The Office was also the highest - rated NBC television program of the night . `` New Guys '' was the twenty - first most - watched show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 -- 49 . This marked a slight improvement from the season eight premiere , `` The List '' , which ranked as the twenty - second . When DVR numbers were included , the episode increased its ratings up 52 percent to a 3.2 , meaning it was seen by , in total , 3.2 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds . Reviews ( edit ) Several pre-release reviews of the episode were generally positive . Bruce Miller of the Sioux City Journal gave the episode a largely positive review and noted that `` If you can erase last season from your mind , you 'll see this ... is exactly how The Office should have carried on after Steve Carell left . '' Furthermore , he praised the addition of Duke and Lacy , calling their performances `` so good you could see them become the centerpiece of a new series . '' Verne Gay of Newsweek awarded the episode an `` A -- '' and called the installment `` very ( very ) funny . '' He was especially happy about the addition of Lacy and Duke , calling them `` flashbacks to a younger Jim and Dwight . '' Furthermore , he noted that `` the ninth and final season actually may offer completion '' of a show that has just `` merely offered variations on ( the characters ' ) tics '' for the past eight seasons . Bob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called the episode `` generally funnier than ( the show ) was last season '' and wrote that the episode would be a good opportunity `` for viewers who quit the ( series ) last year ... to come back to the show . '' Particularly , he was excited to `` see the seeds of the show 's end planted . '' `` New Guys '' marked the first appearance of Clark Duke ( left ) and Jake Lacy ( right ) in The Office . Entertainment Weekly writer Ken Tucker concluded that `` New Guys '' has `` a lot more snap and vigor than most of last season 's episodes . '' He was extremely complimentary towards the Pam and Jim story arc that was hinted at , noting that , after settling into a comfortable marriage , the show was finally trying to make them interesting again . David Silverberg of DigitalJournal.com called the entry `` one of the show 's best ( premieres ) in recent years '' and concluded that the addition of Duke and Lacy `` work as a better foil than Nellie and the creepy boss played by James Spader . '' Adams awarded the episode a `` B + '' and called it `` a fresh start '' for the series after the eighth season . Adams also complimented the show for `` stop ( ing ) every so often to acknowledge the fans that have stuck with the series ( and ) also mak ( ing ) subtler callbacks to the show 's glory days . '' He was also complimentary towards the fact that Duke and Lacy have not been thrown into stories of their own , rather , they `` serve as parallels and stimulants to Dwight and Jim . '' Nick Campbell of TV.com called the episode `` a decent '' and `` moderately sharp '' season premiere . He concluded that , `` While the episode still was n't on par with those of the show 's earliest seasons , ... The episode was n't lazy -- and for The Office , that 's a win . '' Other reviews were slightly more mixed . TV Fanatic reviewer Dan Forcella awarded the episode a three out of five , but was appreciative of the additions to the cast , as well as many of the actors story lines . Jeffrey Hyatt of Screencrave noted that the episode was similar in tone to the season eight finale , `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' , but that `` the addition of Lacy and Duke pay quick dividends as the opener provides flashes of comedy moxie , while helping wash away painful memories of last season . '' David Hinckley of the New York Daily News awarded the episode three stars out of five and wrote that `` The deadpan goofiness remains fresh enough to keep fans interested '' and that `` the fact that this whole drama does n't feel new and shiny anymore is n't anyone 's fault ... All The Office needs to do now is march out proudly random , zany and off - center . '' HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall , however , was critical of the episode 's humor , noting that it `` did n't give me a lot of hope for a last - minute resurgence '' . Matt Roush of TV Guide wrote that the `` one interesting storyline '' may make him watch the remainder of Pam and Jim 's story , but not `` the rest of this sadly played - out workplace comedy . '' Many reviews were complimentary towards the interaction Pam and Jim had with the cameramen . Silverberg called it `` a nice surprise '' . Tucker called the sequence one of the `` biggest reveals '' in the episode . Sepinwall , despite being critical of the episode 's humor , found the sub-plot `` interesting '' . He called it `` a character arc I 've been waiting for the show to remember to do for years now , and the scenes here were promising ( if not incredibly funny ) '' . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Renews The Office , Parks and Recreation , Up All Night and Whitney '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Bruce ( September 16 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Last Season of ' The Office Gets ' Its Footing '' . Sioux City Journal . Lee Enterprises . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Feig ( director ) ; Greg Daniels ( writer ) ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Goodbye , Michael '' . The Office . Season 7 . Episode 22 . NBC . Jump up ^ Robert Padnick ( director ) ; Greg Daniels ( writer ) ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` PDA '' . The Office . Season 7 . Episode 16 . NBC . Jump up ^ Greg Daniels ( writer and director ) ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` Basketball '' . The Office . Season 1 . Episode 5 . NBC . Jump up ^ Greg Daniels ( writer and director ) ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Fun Run '' . The Office . Season 4 . Episode 1 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Adalian , Josef ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Greg Daniels Offers Some More Details About How He Plans to Shut Down The Office '' . Vulture . New York . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Greg Daniels and the future of ' The Office ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ScreenTeamMedia ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Jenna Fischer ' The Office ' Season 9 Interview ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Today in potential omens of The Office 's demise : Mindy Kaling attached to star in a new Fox series '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mindy Kaling Will Be Back on The Office After All '' . Vulture . New York . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office S09E01 '' . Zap2it . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` B.J. Novak Takes an Office Breather '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clark Duke on the Farewell Season '' . NBC . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , David ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` A.A.R.M. Q&A with David Rogers '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dub Misstep '' . NBC.com . September 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Workplace Bullying '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Parallels '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Julia ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` NBC 's `` The Office '' Kicks Off Season Nine on a Slackline `` . PRWeb . Vocus . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Office : `` New Guys '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rae , Jessica ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Office Season 9 Premiere Review -- ' They Call It the Silicone Prairie ' '' . SmallScreenScoop . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' is Back -- And Better '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Block Communications . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hyatt , Jeffrey ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Office : Season 9 Episode 1 : The New Guys -- TV Review '' . Screencrave . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benincasa , Matt . `` The Office ' New Guys ' Recap Season Premiere '' . ScreenInvasion . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' New Guys ' The Office TV Club TV '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sophocles , passim Jump up ^ Dougherty , Matthew ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Season Premiere Review : A Return to Form ? '' . The Celebrity Cafe . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Fall 2012 Premiere Dates for ' Grimm ' , ' Revolution ' , ' The Voice , ' ' Animal Practice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Comedy Ratings Crash : ' The Office , ' ' Parks ' Return Lower '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout ' , ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 53 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Tops ' Sunday Night Football ' For Week Ending September 25 , 2011 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Revolution ' Leads Absolute Gain , ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adds Biggest Percentage '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gay , Verne ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Review : Last - Season Premiere '' . Newsday . Cablevision . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Season Premiere Review : Now That 's the Way to Start a Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Silberberg , David . `` Review : Final Season of The Office Begins with Revenge and Regret '' . September 20 , 2012 . DigitalJournal.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Nick ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Office 's Season 9 Premiere : Pray Until You 're a Cat Person '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Forcella , Dan ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Office Review : Is There a Belt Above Black ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Gets to Work on Final Season '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , LP . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Season Premiere Review : ' The Office ' -- ' New Guys ' : YOLO '' . HitFix . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday TV Review : NBC Comedies , Kids Talk Divorce '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Sophocles ( 1991 ) . Oedipus Rex . Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486268774 . External links ( edit ) Comedy portal Television portal `` New Guys '' at NBC.com `` New Guys '' on IMDb `` New Guys '' at TV.com The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Guys&oldid=854508109 '' Categories : 2012 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 21 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | new tv show with dwight from the office | [] | [] |
-675708811086042180 | Necessary and Proper Clause | Necessary and Proper Clause - wikipedia Necessary and Proper Clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Necessary and Proper Clause , also known as the Elastic Clause , the Basket Clause , the Coefficient Clause , and the Sweeping Clause , is a provision in Article One of the United States Constitution , located at section 8 , clause 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History leading up to ratification 3 National bank 4 Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall 5 Later applications 6 Name of the clause 7 See also 8 References Text ( edit ) The Necessary and Proper Clause is as follows : The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . History leading up to ratification ( edit ) According to the Articles of Confederation , `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated '' ( emphasis added ) . Thus , the Continental Congress had no powers incidental to those which were `` expressly delegated '' by the Articles of Confederation . By contrast , the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress , while no other clauses in the Constitution do so by themselves . The draft Necessary and Proper Clause provoked controversy during discussions of the proposed constitution , and its inclusion became a focal point of criticism for those opposed to the Constitution 's ratification . While Anti-Federalists expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power , Federalists argued that the clause would only permit execution of power already granted by the Constitution . Alexander Hamilton spoke vigorously for this second interpretation in The Federalist Papers . At this time James Madison concurred with Hamilton , arguing in Federalist No. 44 that without this clause , the constitution would be a `` dead letter '' . At the Virginia Ratifying Convention , Patrick Henry took the opposing view , saying that the clause would lead to limitless federal power that would inevitably menace individual liberty . National bank ( edit ) For several decades after the Constitution was ratified , the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause continued to be a powerful bone of contention between the Democratic - Republican Party and the Federalist Party , and several other political parties in the United States . The first practical example of this contention came in 1791 , when Hamilton used the clause to defend the constitutionality of the creation of the First Bank of the United States , the first federal bank in the new nation 's history . Concerned that monied Northern aristocrats would take advantage of the bank to exploit the South , Madison argued that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank . Hamilton countered that the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds , claiming the clause applied to activities reasonably related to constitutional powers , not just those that were absolutely necessary to carry out said powers . To embarrass Madison , his contrary claims from The Federalist Papers were read aloud in Congress : `` No axiom is more clearly established in law or in reason than wherever the end is required , the means are authorized ; wherever a general power to do a thing is given , every particular power for doing it is included . '' Eventually , Southern opposition to the bank and to Hamilton 's plan to have the federal government assume the war debts of the states was mollified by the transfer of the nation 's capital from its temporary seat in Philadelphia to a more southerly permanent seat on the Potomac , and the bill , along with the establishment of a national mint , was passed by Congress and signed by President Washington . Landmark decision by Chief Justice Marshall ( edit ) This clause , as justification for the creation of a national bank , was put to the test in 1819 in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland , wherein the state of Maryland had attempted to impede the operations of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on out - of - state banks , of which the Second Bank of the United States was the only one . The court ruled against Maryland , and Chief Justice John Marshall , Hamilton 's longtime Federalist ally , wrote the opinion , which stated that while the Constitution did not explicitly give permission to create a federal bank , it conferred upon Congress an implied power to do so under the Necessary and Proper Clause so that Congress could realize or fulfill its express taxing and spending powers . The case reaffirmed Hamilton 's view that legislation reasonably related to express powers was constitutional . Marshall wrote : We admit , as all must admit , that the powers of the Government are limited , and that its limits are not to be transcended . But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people . Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are constitutional . The court in McCulloch v. Maryland held that federal laws could be necessary without being `` absolutely necessary '' , and noted that `` The clause is placed among the powers of Congress , not among the limitations on those powers . '' At the same time , the court retained the power of judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison , declaring that it had the power to strike down laws that departed from those powers : `` Should Congress , in the execution of its powers , adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution , or should Congress , under the pretext of executing its powers , pass laws for the accomplishment of objects not intrusted to the Government , it would become the painful duty of this tribunal , should a case requiring such a decision come before it , to say that such an act was not the law of the land . '' As Chief Justice Marshall put it , the Necessary and Proper Clause `` purport ( s ) to enlarge , not to diminish the powers vested in the government . It purports to be an additional power , not a restriction on those already granted . '' Without this clause in the Constitution , there would have been a dispute about whether the express powers imply incidental powers , whereas this clause resolved that dispute by making the incidental powers to be expressed instead of implied . In a related case following the Civil War , the clause was employed ( in combination with other enumerated powers ) to give the federal government virtually complete control over currency . Later applications ( edit ) The clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws . For instance , various reforms involved in the New Deal were found to be necessary and proper enactments of the objective of regulating interstate commerce . Indeed , the influence of the Necessary and Proper Clause and its broader interpretation under McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) in American jurisprudence can be seen in cases generally thought to simply involve the Commerce Clause . In Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , the Supreme Court upheld a federal statute making it a crime for a farmer to produce more wheat than was allowed under price controls and production controls , even if the excess production was for the farmer 's own personal consumption . The Necessary and Proper Clause was used to justify the regulation of production and consumption . Also , in addition to this combination of clauses being used to uphold federal laws affecting economic activity , they also were used to justify federal criminal laws . For example , Congress in the Federal Kidnapping Act ( 1932 ) made it a federal crime to transport a kidnapped person across state lines , because the transportation would be an act of interstate activity over which the Congress has power . It has also provided justification for a wide range of criminal laws relating to interference with the federal government 's rightful operation , including federal laws against assaulting or murdering federal employees . In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act can not be upheld under the Necessary and Proper Clause . Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in his ruling that the mandate can not `` be sustained under the Necessary and Proper Clause as an integral part of the Affordable Care Act 's other reforms . Each of this Court 's prior cases upholding laws under that Clause involved exercises of authority derivative of , and in service to , a granted power . ( ... ) The individual mandate , by contrast , vests Congress with the extraordinary ability to create the necessary predicate to the exercise of an enumerated power and draw within its regulatory scope those who would otherwise be outside of it . Even if the individual mandate is `` necessary '' to the Affordable Care Act 's other reforms , such an expansion of federal power is not a `` proper '' means for making those reforms effective . '' According to its proponents , this ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius returns the Necessary and Proper clause to its original interpretation outlined by John Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland . According to David Kopel , the clause `` simply restates the background principle that Congress can exercise powers which are merely ' incidental ' to Congress 's enumerated powers . '' Name of the Clause ( edit ) The specific term `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' was coined in 1926 by Associate Justice Louis Brandeis , writing for the majority in the Supreme Court decision in Lambert v. Yellowley , 272 U.S. 581 ( 1926 ) , wherein the court upheld a law restricting medicinal use of alcohol as a necessary and proper exercise of power under the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition in the United States . This phrase has become the label of choice for this constitutional clause , and it was universally adopted by the courts , and it received Congress 's imprimatur in Title 50 of the United States Code , section 1541 ( b ) ( 1994 ) , in the purpose and policy of the War Powers Resolution . See also ( edit ) McCulloch v. Maryland United States v. Comstock Wickard v. Filburn Federalist No. 33 Federalist No. 44 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions ( 29 December 2008 ) . `` Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions '' . Gallager Law Library of the University of Washington School of Law . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vile , John . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Volume 1 , p. 591 ( ABC - CLIO 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins Jr. , William J. ( 2004 ) . Reclaiming the American Revolution . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Jump up ^ Allgor , Catherine ( 2006 ) . A Perfect Union . McMillan . ^ Jump up to : `` McCulloch v. Maryland 17 U.S. 316 ( 1819 ) '' . Justia . Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. 316 , 420 ( 1819 ) quoted in Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) ( Stevens , J. , dissenting , joined by Souter , Ginsburg & Breyer , JJ . ) . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Richard . The Power to Legislate , p. 104 ( Greenwood Publishing Group 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases ( Juilliard v. Greenman ) , 110 U.S. 421 , 449 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Gardbaum , Steven ( 1996 ) . `` Rethinking Constitutional Federalism '' . Jump up ^ Wickard v. Filburn , 317 U.S. 111 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Comstock 560 U.S. 126 ( 2010 ) '' . Justia . Jump up ^ Roberts Jr. , John G. ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court Decision on Obama 's Health Care Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Major limits on the Congress 's powers , in an opinion worthy of John Marshall '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US CODE : Title 50 , 1541 . Purpose and policy '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . 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8583787641677681533 | List of countries by life expectancy | List of countries by life expectancy - wikipedia List of countries by life expectancy This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 72 ( talk contribs ) at 20 : 52 , 18 August 2017 ( Reverted edits by 74.112. 41.242 ( talk ) to last version by AndersonPv ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 20 : 52 , 18 August 2017 by 72 ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted edits by 74.112. 41.242 ( talk ) to last version by AndersonPv ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Comparison of average male and female life expectancy at birth for countries and territories as defined in the 2013 CIA Factbook , with selected bubbles labelled . The dotted line corresponds to equal female and male life expectancy . The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their population . ( In the SVG file , hover over a bubble to highlight it and show its data . ) This is a collection of lists of countries by average life expectancy at birth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 List by the World Health Organization ( 2015 ) 3 List by the United Nations , for 2010 -- 2015 4 List from the `` GBD 2010 '' study 5 List by the CIA ( 2016 ) 6 List by the OECD ( 2013 ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Methodology ( edit ) Life expectancy equals the average number of years a person born in a given country is expected to live if mortality rates at each age were to remain steady in the future . The life expectancy is shown separately for males and females , as well as a combined figure . Several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list . The figures reflect the quality of healthcare in the countries listed as well as other factors including ongoing wars , obesity , and HIV infections . Worldwide , the average life expectancy at birth was 71.5 years ( 68 years and 4 months for males and 72 years and 8 months for females ) over the period 2010 -- 2015 according to United Nations World Population Prospects 2015 Revision , or 69 years ( 67 years for males and 71.1 years for females ) for 2016 according to The World Factbook . According to the 2015 World Health Organization ( WHO ) data , women on average live longer than men in all major regions and in all individual countries except for Mali and Swaziland . The countries with the lowest overall life expectancies per the WHO are Sierra Leone , the Central African Republic , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Guinea - Bissau , Lesotho , Somalia , Swaziland , Angola , Chad , Mali , Burundi , Cameroon , and Mozambique . Of those countries , only Lesotho , Swaziland , and Mozambique in 2011 were suffering from an HIV prevalence rate of greater than 10 percent in the 15 -- 49 age group . Comparing life expectancies from birth across countries can be problematic . There are differing definitions of live birth vs stillbirth even among more developed countries and less developed countries often have poor reporting . Taiwan 's data is not included in the following WHO statistics . According to the Ministry of the Interior of Taiwan , the life expectancy of the 23.5 - million Taiwanese people reached 80.2 years in 2015 , up from 79.84 years in 2014 . The life expectancy of Taiwanese males averaged 77.01 , while that of females reached 83.62 , both of which were record highs . Hong Kong is a territory with the world 's highest life expectancy according to Hong Kong Department of Health , the life expectancy reached 84.0 years in 2015 surpassing Japan 's 83.7 years . With men at 81.2 years and women at 87.3 years . The data is not included in the following WHO statistics as a separate entity since Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China , and is not itself a member of the WHO . List by the World Health Organization ( 2015 ) ( edit ) 2015 data published in May 2016 . HALE : Health - adjusted life expectancy Country Both sexes rank Both sexes life expectancy Female rank Female life expectancy Male rank Male life expectancy Both sexes rank ( HALE ) Both sexes life expectancy ( HALE ) Japan 1 83.7 1 86.8 6 80.5 1 74.9 Switzerland 2 83.4 6 85.3 1 81.3 4 73.1 Singapore 3 83.1 2 86.1 10 80.0 2 73.9 Australia 4 82.8 7 84.8 3 80.9 15 71.9 Spain 4 82.8 3 85.5 9 80.1 9 72.4 Iceland 6 82.7 10 84.1 2 81.2 7 72.7 Italy 6 82.7 7 84.8 6 80.5 5 72.8 Israel 8 82.5 9 84.3 5 80.6 5 72.8 Sweden 9 82.4 12 84.0 4 80.7 12 72.0 France 9 82.4 5 85.4 16 79.4 8 72.6 South Korea 11 82.3 3 85.5 20 78.8 3 73.2 Canada 12 82.2 10 84.1 8 80.2 10 72.3 Luxembourg 13 82.0 12 84.0 13 79.8 17 71.8 Netherlands 14 81.9 20 83.6 10 80.0 11 72.2 Norway 15 81.8 17 83.7 13 79.8 12 72.0 Malta 16 81.7 17 83.7 15 79.7 18 71.7 New Zealand 17 81.6 26 83.3 10 80.0 19 71.6 Austria 18 81.5 14 83.9 19 79.0 12 72.0 Ireland 19 81.4 23 83.4 16 79.4 20 71.5 United Kingdom 20 81.2 27 83.0 16 79.4 21 71.4 Belgium 21 81.1 22 83.5 22 78.6 26 71.1 Finland 21 81.1 16 83.8 24 78.3 28 71.0 Portugal 21 81.1 14 83.9 27 78.2 21 71.4 Germany 24 81.0 23 83.4 21 78.7 23 71.3 Greece 24 81.0 20 83.6 24 78.3 15 71.9 Slovenia 26 80.8 17 83.7 28 77.9 26 71.1 Denmark 27 80.6 29 82.5 22 78.6 25 71.2 Cyprus 28 80.5 28 82.7 24 78.3 23 71.3 Chile 28 80.5 23 83.4 29 77.4 29 70.4 Costa Rica 30 79.6 30 82.2 31 77.1 31 69.7 United States 31 79.3 33 81.6 32 76.9 36 69.1 Cuba 32 79.1 34 81.4 32 76.9 35 69.2 Czech Republic 33 78.8 32 81.7 38 75.9 33 69.4 Maldives 34 78.5 41 80.2 32 76.9 32 69.6 Qatar 35 78.2 43 80.0 29 77.4 47 67.7 Croatia 36 78.0 36 81.2 42 74.7 33 69.4 Albania 37 77.8 38 80.7 39 75.1 38 68.8 Panama 37 77.8 37 81.1 42 74.7 42 68.1 Brunei 39 77.7 47 79.2 36 76.3 29 70.4 Estonia 40 77.6 31 82.0 65 72.7 37 68.9 Poland 41 77.5 35 81.3 52 73.6 39 68.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 42 77.4 45 79.7 40 75.0 40 68.6 United Arab Emirates 43 77.1 57 78.6 35 76.4 44 67.9 Uruguay 44 77.0 40 80.4 56 73.3 44 67.9 Bahrain 45 76.9 71 77.9 37 76.2 55 67.0 Mexico 46 76.7 46 79.5 48 73.9 52 67.4 Slovakia 46 76.7 41 80.2 62 72.9 42 68.1 Oman 48 76.6 47 79.2 40 75.0 63 66.7 Antigua and Barbuda 49 76.4 57 78.6 46 74.1 50 67.5 Argentina 50 76.3 44 79.9 65 72.7 49 67.6 Jamaica 51 76.2 57 78.6 48 73.9 58 66.9 Ecuador 51 76.2 53 79.0 53 73.5 55 67.0 China 53 76.1 80 77.6 44 74.6 41 68.5 Montenegro 53 76.1 65 78.1 46 74.1 44 67.9 Bahamas 53 76.1 50 79.1 62 72.9 65 66.6 Vietnam 56 76.0 38 80.7 81 71.3 65 66.6 Hungary 57 75.9 50 79.1 71 72.3 52 67.4 Turkey 58 75.8 54 78.9 68 72.6 73 66.2 Macedonia 59 75.7 76 77.8 53 73.5 50 67.5 Algeria 60 75.6 81 77.5 50 73.8 75 66.0 Serbia 60 75.6 61 78.4 62 72.9 47 67.7 Iran 62 75.5 86 76.6 45 74.5 65 66.6 Peru 62 75.5 66 78.0 59 73.1 80 65.6 Barbados 62 75.5 71 77.9 59 73.1 65 66.6 Tunisia 65 75.3 76 77.8 61 73.0 63 66.7 Saint Lucia 66 75.2 71 77.9 68 72.6 74 66.1 Malaysia 67 75.0 83 77.3 65 72.7 70 66.5 Romania 67 75.0 55 78.8 78 71.4 59 66.8 Brazil 67 75.0 56 78.7 78 71.4 81 65.5 Lebanon 70 74.9 87 76.5 53 73.5 79 65.7 Thailand 70 74.9 66 78.0 74 71.9 59 66.8 Sri Lanka 70 74.9 63 78.3 75 71.6 55 67.0 Armenia 73 74.8 79 77.7 75 71.6 59 66.8 Nicaragua 73 74.8 71 77.9 77 71.5 103 63.7 Colombia 73 74.8 61 78.4 84 71.2 85 65.1 Kuwait 76 74.7 93 76.0 51 73.7 78 65.8 Honduras 77 74.6 85 77.0 71 72.3 90 64.9 Mauritius 77 74.6 76 77.8 78 71.4 59 66.8 Latvia 77 74.6 47 79.2 95 69.6 54 67.1 Saudi Arabia 80 74.5 93 76.0 58 73.2 96 64.5 Bulgaria 80 74.5 66 78.0 86 71.1 72 66.4 Georgia 82 74.4 63 78.3 91 70.3 70 66.5 Morocco 83 74.3 99 75.4 56 73.3 90 64.9 Jordan 84 74.1 96 75.9 70 72.5 88 65.0 Venezuela 84 74.1 60 78.5 94 70.0 83 65.2 Paraguay 86 74.0 93 76.0 73 72.2 83 65.2 Samoa 86 74.0 81 77.5 87 70.9 65 66.6 Dominican Republic 88 73.9 84 77.1 87 70.9 85 65.1 Grenada 89 73.6 91 76.1 84 71.2 88 65.0 Lithuania 89 73.6 50 79.1 104 68.1 75 66.0 Tonga 91 73.5 88 76.4 89 70.6 75 66.0 El Salvador 91 73.5 71 77.9 99 68.8 98 64.1 Cabo Verde 93 73.3 103 75.0 81 71.3 97 64.4 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 94 73.2 100 75.2 81 71.3 94 64.6 Seychelles 94 73.2 66 78.0 98 69.1 81 65.5 Libya 96 72.7 98 75.6 92 70.1 101 63.8 Azerbaijan 96 72.7 97 75.8 95 69.6 93 64.7 Belarus 98 72.3 66 78.0 119 66.5 85 65.1 Moldova 99 72.1 90 76.2 106 67.9 92 64.8 Vanuatu 100 72.0 107 74.0 92 70.1 94 64.6 Guatemala 101 71.9 100 75.2 102 68.5 116 62.1 Bangladesh 102 71.8 113 73.1 89 70.6 111 62.3 Suriname 103 71.6 105 74.7 101 68.6 107 63.1 Ukraine 104 71.3 91 76.1 120 66.3 98 64.1 Trinidad and Tobago 105 71.2 104 74.8 106 67.9 104 63.3 Kyrgyzstan 106 71.1 102 75.1 111 67.2 101 63.8 Egypt 107 70.9 111 73.2 99 68.8 113 62.2 Bolivia 108 70.7 110 73.3 103 68.2 113 62.2 DPR Korea 109 70.6 107 74.0 113 67.0 100 64.0 Russian Federation 110 70.5 89 76.3 127 64.7 104 63.3 Kazakhstan 111 70.2 105 74.7 123 65.7 104 63.3 Belize 112 70.1 113 73.1 110 67.5 111 62.3 Fiji 113 69.9 113 73.1 113 67.0 108 62.9 Bhutan 114 69.8 126 70.1 97 69.5 120 61.2 Tajikistan 115 69.7 109 73.6 116 66.6 116 62.1 Micronesia 116 69.4 124 70.6 104 68.1 109 62.5 Uzbekistan 116 69.4 116 72.7 122 66.1 110 62.4 Solomon Islands 118 69.2 121 70.8 106 67.9 116 62.1 Nepal 118 69.2 121 70.8 109 67.7 121 61.1 Indonesia 120 69.1 119 71.2 112 67.1 113 62.2 Iraq 121 68.9 118 71.8 121 66.2 124 60.0 Mongolia 122 68.8 111 73.2 127 64.7 119 62.0 Cambodia 123 68.7 123 70.7 116 66.6 130 58.9 Philippines 124 68.5 117 72.0 126 65.3 121 61.1 India 125 68.3 128 69.9 115 66.9 126 59.5 Timor - Leste 125 68.3 126 70.1 116 66.6 123 60.7 Sao Tome and Principe 127 67.5 130 69.4 124 65.6 128 59.1 Senegal 128 66.7 132 68.6 130 64.6 132 58.3 Myanmar 129 66.6 133 68.5 130 64.6 127 59.2 Pakistan 130 66.4 137 67.5 125 65.5 134 57.8 Kiribati 131 66.3 131 68.8 136 63.7 128 59.1 Turkmenistan 131 66.3 125 70.5 143 62.2 125 59.8 Guyana 133 66.2 133 68.5 134 63.9 130 58.9 Rwanda 134 66.1 120 71.1 150 60.9 140 56.6 Gabon 135 66.0 138 67.2 127 64.7 137 57.2 Namibia 136 65.8 135 68.3 139 63.1 136 57.5 Yemen 137 65.7 138 67.2 132 64.3 135 57.7 Laos 137 65.7 138 67.2 133 64.1 133 57.9 Botswana 137 65.7 136 68.1 137 63.3 138 56.9 Madagascar 140 65.5 141 67.0 134 63.9 138 56.9 Ethiopia 141 64.8 143 66.8 140 62.8 143 56.1 Congo 142 64.7 144 66.3 138 63.2 140 56.6 Eritrea 142 64.7 141 67.0 141 62.4 145 55.9 Syria 144 64.5 128 69.9 154 59.9 143 56.1 Sudan 145 64.1 146 65.9 141 62.4 145 55.9 Comoros 146 63.5 151 65.2 144 61.9 145 55.9 Djibouti 146 63.5 150 65.3 145 61.8 148 55.8 Haiti 146 63.5 148 65.5 147 61.5 150 55.4 Kenya 149 63.4 147 65.8 148 61.1 149 55.6 Mauritania 150 63.1 153 64.6 146 61.6 152 55.1 Papua New Guinea 151 62.9 149 65.4 152 60.6 142 56.4 South Africa 151 62.9 145 66.2 158 59.3 153 54.5 Ghana 153 62.4 155 63.9 149 61.0 151 55.3 Uganda 154 62.3 154 64.3 153 60.3 156 54.0 Niger 155 61.8 158 62.8 150 60.9 154 54.2 Tanzania 155 61.8 156 63.8 154 59.9 155 54.1 Zambia 155 61.8 152 64.7 161 59.0 158 53.6 Liberia 158 61.4 157 62.9 156 59.8 160 52.7 Gambia 159 61.1 159 62.5 156 59.8 157 53.8 Zimbabwe 160 60.7 160 62.3 161 59.0 163 52.3 Afghanistan 161 60.5 161 61.9 158 59.3 164 52.2 Benin 162 60.0 164 61.1 163 58.8 162 52.5 Burkina Faso 163 59.9 167 60.5 160 59.1 161 52.6 Togo 163 59.9 164 61.1 164 58.6 159 52.8 DR Congo 165 59.8 163 61.5 165 58.3 166 51.7 Burundi 166 59.6 162 61.6 168 57.7 164 52.2 Guinea 167 59.0 171 59.8 166 58.2 166 51.7 Guinea - Bissau 168 58.9 167 60.5 169 57.2 168 51.5 Swaziland 168 58.9 164 61.1 171 56.6 172 50.9 Malawi 170 58.3 170 59.9 170 56.7 169 51.2 Mali 171 58.2 175 58.3 166 58.2 171 51.1 Equatorial Guinea 171 58.2 169 60.0 171 56.6 169 51.2 Mozambique 173 57.6 172 59.4 175 55.7 175 49.6 South Sudan 174 57.3 173 58.6 173 56.1 174 49.9 Cameroon 174 57.3 173 58.6 174 55.9 173 50.3 Somalia 176 55.0 176 56.6 176 53.5 176 47.8 Nigeria 177 54.5 177 55.6 177 53.4 177 47.7 Lesotho 178 53.7 178 55.4 179 51.7 179 46.6 Cote d'Ivoire 179 53.3 180 54.4 178 52.3 178 47.0 Chad 180 53.1 179 54.5 179 51.7 180 46.1 Central African Republic 181 52.5 181 54.1 181 50.9 181 45.9 Angola 182 52.4 182 54.0 181 50.9 182 45.8 Sierra Leone 183 50.1 183 50.8 183 49.3 183 44.4 List by the United Nations , for 2010 -- 2015 ( edit ) On July 2015 , the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ( UN DESA ) , released World Population Prospects , The 2015 Revision . The following table shows the life expectancy at birth for the period 2010 to 2015 . Male life expectancy , 2009 . Female life expectancy , 2009 . UN World Population Prospects -- The 2006 Revision : 2005 - 2010 Life Expectancy at birth ( years ) . over 80 77.5 - 80.0 75.0 - 77.5 72.5 - 75.0 70.0 - 72.5 67.5 - 70.0 65.0 - 67.5 60 - 65 55 - 60 50 - 55 45 - 50 under 45 not available Life expectancy at birth ( years ) , UN World Population Prospects 2015 Rank State / Territory Overall Male Female 1 Hong Kong 83.74 80.91 86.58 2 Japan 83.31 80.00 86.49 3 Italy 82.84 80.27 85.23 4 Switzerland 82.66 80.43 84.74 5 Singapore 82.64 79.59 85.61 6 Iceland 82.30 80.73 83.84 7 Spain 82.28 79.42 85.05 8 Australia 82.10 79.93 84.28 9 Israel 82.07 80.18 83.82 10 Sweden 81.93 80.10 83.71 11 France ( metropol . ) 81.85 78.76 84.87 12 Canada 81.78 79.69 83.78 13 New Zealand 81.56 79.71 83.35 14 South Korea 81.43 77.95 84.63 15 Luxembourg 81.34 78.94 83.65 16 Norway 81.32 79.22 83.38 17 Netherlands 81.31 79.36 83.14 18 Chile 81.21 78.09 84.12 19 Martinique ( France ) 81.18 77.79 84.36 20 Austria 81.09 78.47 83.59 21 Germany 80.66 78.18 83.06 22 Greece 80.60 77.64 83.60 23 Ireland 80.57 78.40 82.74 24 Guadeloupe ( France ) 80.56 76.83 83.98 25 Portugal 80.55 77.43 83.50 26 = Belgium 80.53 77.95 83.02 26 = Finland 80.53 77.60 83.40 28 = Channel Islands ( UK ) 80.45 78.45 82.39 28 = United Kingdom 80.45 78.45 82.39 30 = Malta 80.30 78.55 81.98 30 = Macau 80.30 78.07 82.51 32 Slovenia 80.08 76.92 83.14 33 U.S. Virgin Islands ( US ) 80.06 77.24 82.92 34 Denmark 79.99 78.00 81.94 35 Cyprus 79.90 77.69 82.17 36 Réunion ( France ) 79.54 76.04 82.90 37 Mayotte ( France ) 79.34 76.04 82.90 38 Taiwan 79.26 76.43 82.30 39 Puerto Rico ( US ) 79.22 75.19 83.17 40 = Costa Rica 79.16 76.70 81.69 40 = Cuba 79.16 77.10 81.27 42 French Guiana ( France ) 78.98 75.75 82.58 43 United States 78.88 76.47 81.25 44 Lebanon 78.86 77.14 80.87 45 Guam ( US ) 78.72 76.14 81.47 46 Brunei 78.44 76.64 80.39 47 Czech Republic 78.35 75.36 81.27 48 Qatar 77.89 77.10 79.68 49 Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 77.77 74.50 80.70 50 Albania 77.49 75.04 80.19 51 Panama 77.32 74.34 80.49 52 Poland 77.14 73.06 81.14 53 Croatia 77.05 73.64 80.38 54 Uruguay 76.96 73.25 80.44 55 United Arab Emirates 76.67 76.02 78.23 56 Estonia 76.52 71.57 81.05 57 Mexico 76.48 74.04 78.93 58 Bahrain 76.38 75.58 77.42 59 Maldives 76.36 75.40 77.41 60 Oman 76.33 74.66 78.85 61 Bosnia and Herzegovina 76.26 73.71 78.82 62 New Caledonia ( France ) 76.19 73.55 79.31 63 French Polynesia ( France ) 76.12 73.97 78.55 64 Slovakia 76.04 72.24 79.73 65 Montenegro 76.02 73.83 78.18 66 Argentina 76.01 72.15 79.83 67 Antigua and Barbuda 75.82 73.29 78.21 68 Vietnam 75.57 70.73 80.31 69 Ecuador 75.54 72.82 78.37 70 Jamaica 75.44 73.07 77.89 71 China 75.43 73.97 77.02 72 Aruba ( Netherlands ) 75.39 72.89 77.76 73 Barbados 75.37 72.91 77.71 74 Republic of Macedonia 75.16 72.87 77.48 75 Bahamas 75.15 72.02 78.09 76 Iran 75.06 73.98 76.22 77 Hungary 74.98 71.23 78.54 78 Turkey 74.84 71.53 78.12 79 Saint Lucia 74.81 72.17 77.57 80 Serbia 74.65 71.83 77.50 81 = Sri Lanka 74.64 71.24 78.03 81 = Georgia 74.64 70.91 78.14 83 Tunisia 74.60 72.30 77.04 84 Armenia 74.56 70.74 78.39 85 Malaysia 74.50 72.21 76.88 86 Nicaragua 74.47 71.38 77.48 87 Romania 74.46 70.92 78.07 88 Algeria 74.42 72.14 76.84 89 Kuwait 74.28 73.34 75.56 90 = Mauritius 74.15 70.67 77.74 90 = Peru 74.15 71.54 76.84 92 Thailand 74.14 70.83 77.58 93 Saudi Arabia 74.08 72.82 75.47 94 Brazil 74.05 70.29 77.86 95 Bulgaria 74.04 70.64 77.56 96 = Venezuela 73.95 69.93 78.24 96 = Latvia 73.95 68.85 78.68 98 Jordan 73.79 72.21 75.52 99 Colombia 73.75 70.19 77.39 100 Morocco 73.61 72.60 74.62 101 Dominican Republic 73.19 70.16 76.45 102 Grenada 73.17 70.78 75.59 103 Lithuania 73.07 67.39 78.78 104 Samoa 73.02 70.02 76.39 105 Cape Verde 72.97 71.05 74.65 106 Seychelles 72.94 68.69 77.91 107 Honduras 72.83 70.39 75.40 108 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 72.75 70.70 74.90 109 Paraguay 72.74 70.70 74.92 110 Palestine 72.65 70.74 74.66 111 El Salvador 72.64 67.89 77.08 112 Tonga 72.60 69.72 75.56 113 Vanuatu 71.48 69.59 73.60 114 = Libya 71.47 68.79 74.41 114 = Guatemala 71.47 67.92 74.98 116 Moldova 71.33 67.22 75.43 117 Belarus 71.08 65.29 76.97 118 Bangladesh 71.01 69.85 72.26 119 Suriname 70.90 67.81 74.18 120 Egypt 70.84 68.71 73.05 121 Ukraine 70.76 65.73 75.67 122 Azerbaijan 70.62 67.54 73.77 123 Kyrgyzstan 70.26 66.35 74.29 124 Trinidad and Tobago 70.23 66.87 73.84 125 North Korea 69.91 66.30 73.27 126 Russian Federation 69.83 64.15 75.55 127 Belize 69.76 67.19 72.72 128 Fiji 69.72 66.93 72.89 129 Syria 69.51 63.98 76.26 130 Iraq 69.19 66.99 71.44 131 = Tajikistan 69.07 65.90 72.84 131 = Kazakhstan 69.07 64.29 73.87 133 Nepal 69.03 67.64 70.45 134 Federated States of Micronesia 68.93 67.99 69.85 135 Mongolia 68.89 64.76 73.29 136 Bhutan 68.88 68.63 69.09 137 Indonesia 68.59 66.61 70.70 138 Uzbekistan 68.25 64.90 71.61 139 Philippines 67.99 64.72 71.55 140 Timor - Leste 67.73 66.06 69.51 141 Bolivia 67.72 65.34 70.21 142 = Western Sahara 67.61 65.89 69.81 142 = Cambodia 67.61 65.50 69.55 144 Solomon Islands 67.53 66.19 69.03 145 India 67.47 66.13 68.93 146 Guyana 66.24 64.03 68.59 147 São Tomé and Príncipe 66.23 64.23 68.19 148 Pakistan 65.88 64.99 66.84 149 Senegal 65.81 63.86 67.61 150 Kiribati 65.74 62.55 68.93 151 Myanmar 65.64 63.58 67.66 152 Laos 65.51 64.14 66.84 153 Turkmenistan 65.39 61.31 69.69 154 Madagascar 64.50 63.02 66.00 155 Namibia 64.34 61.58 66.95 156 Botswana 64.12 61.80 66.51 157 Tanzania 64.04 62.55 65.55 158 Gabon 63.65 63.15 64.07 159 Yemen 63.51 62.18 64.88 160 Rwanda 63.14 59.65 66.30 161 Ethiopia 63.13 61.30 65.02 162 Sudan 63.08 61.60 64.60 163 Eritrea 63.07 60.90 65.18 164 Comoros 62.83 61.20 64.50 165 Mauritania 62.77 61.29 64.25 166 Papua New Guinea 62.31 60.25 64.49 167 Haiti 62.29 60.18 64.42 168 Djibouti 61.61 60.04 63.24 169 Congo 61.42 59.95 62.92 170 Ghana 61.03 60.06 61.97 171 Malawi 60.97 59.86 61.98 172 Niger 60.65 59.85 61.55 173 Kenya 60.62 59.08 62.17 174 Liberia 60.25 59.29 61.21 175 Gambia 59.83 58.54 61.21 176 Afghanistan 59.82 58.67 61.06 177 Benin 59.20 57.77 60.61 178 Togo 59.01 58.28 59.68 179 Zambia 58.75 57.16 60.33 180 Democratic Republic of the Congo 58.10 56.67 59.53 181 Burkina Faso 58.07 56.73 59.33 182 Guinea 58.04 57.58 58.49 183 Uganda 57.25 55.67 58.83 184 Mali 57.23 57.44 56.98 185 Equatorial Guinea 57.13 55.87 58.57 186 South Africa 57.11 54.85 59.11 187 Burundi 56.07 54.18 58.04 188 South Sudan 55.06 54.10 56.03 189 Somalia 54.88 53.28 56.51 190 Cameroon 54.87 53.74 56.02 191 Zimbabwe 54.78 53.60 55.95 192 Guinea - Bissau 54.72 53.00 56.50 193 Mozambique 54.63 52.94 56.18 194 Nigeria 52.29 51.97 52.61 195 Angola 51.68 50.20 53.17 196 Chad 51.13 50.08 52.18 197 Côte d'Ivoire 50.97 50.21 51.85 198 Sierra Leone 50.19 49.65 50.74 199 Central African Republic 49.53 47.83 51.25 200 Lesotho 49.50 49.19 49.59 201 Swaziland 49.18 49.69 48.54 List from the `` GBD 2010 '' study ( edit ) The Global Burden of Disease 2010 study published updated figures in 2012 , including recalculations of life expectancies which differ substantially in places from the UN estimates for 2010 ( reasons for this are discussed in the freely available appendix to the paper , pages 25 -- 27 , currently not available ) . Although no estimate is given for the sexes combined , for the first time life expectancy estimates have included uncertainty intervals . Life expectancy at birth ( years ) , Global Burden of Disease 2010 state / territory Male 95 % range Female 95 % range World average 67.50 ( 66.90 - 68.10 ) 73.30 ( 72.80 - 73.80 ) Afghanistan 58.20 ( 54.20 - 62.80 ) 57.30 ( 52.20 - 61.70 ) Albania 72.00 ( 69.20 - 74.90 ) 78.10 ( 75.90 - 80.20 ) Algeria 74.30 ( 73.20 - 75.40 ) 76.50 ( 75.50 - 77.50 ) Andorra 79.80 ( 78.80 - 81.00 ) 85.20 ( 84.20 - 86.20 ) Angola 57.90 ( 49.50 - 66.50 ) 63.90 ( 56.00 - 72.00 ) Antigua and Barbuda 74.10 ( 72.20 - 75.90 ) 79.00 ( 77.30 - 80.50 ) Argentina 72.50 ( 72.40 - 72.60 ) 79.30 ( 79.20 - 79.40 ) Armenia 68.90 ( 67.20 - 70.50 ) 78.50 ( 77.40 - 79.60 ) Australia 79.20 ( 79.10 - 79.30 ) 83.80 ( 83.70 - 83.90 ) Austria 77.70 ( 77.50 - 77.90 ) 83.30 ( 83.20 - 83.50 ) Azerbaijan 68.90 ( 67.60 - 70.20 ) 76.20 ( 74.90 - 77.40 ) Bahrain 76.40 ( 74.80 - 78.20 ) 79.10 ( 77.50 - 80.70 ) Bangladesh 67.20 ( 65.60 - 68.80 ) 71.00 ( 69.40 - 72.80 ) Barbados 74.30 ( 72.70 - 76.00 ) 77.00 ( 75.60 - 78.30 ) Belarus 64.10 ( 63.40 - 64.90 ) 76.00 ( 75.50 - 76.50 ) Belgium 76.70 ( 76.40 - 77.10 ) 82.30 ( 81.90 - 82.60 ) Belize 68.90 ( 67.30 - 70.30 ) 73.60 ( 72.30 - 75.00 ) Benin 60.70 ( 57.60 - 63.50 ) 65.90 ( 63.20 - 68.50 ) Bhutan 67.60 ( 60.90 - 73.30 ) 71.70 ( 65.70 - 77.10 ) Bolivia 69.70 ( 67.30 - 72.50 ) 71.70 ( 69.50 - 74.10 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 74.10 ( 73.90 - 74.40 ) 78.80 ( 78.50 - 79.00 ) Botswana 68.10 ( 63.60 - 73.60 ) 74.00 ( 69.20 - 80.60 ) Brazil 71.50 ( 71.20 - 71.80 ) 79.70 ( 79.50 - 79.90 ) Brunei 75.50 ( 74.30 - 76.60 ) 79.10 ( 78.00 - 80.30 ) Bulgaria 70.10 ( 69.90 - 70.30 ) 77.00 ( 76.80 - 77.20 ) Burkina Faso 52.80 ( 46.60 - 58.10 ) 57.60 ( 52.70 - 62.10 ) Burma 60.70 ( 51.40 - 69.80 ) 67.60 ( 60.10 - 73.60 ) Burundi 53.00 ( 42.70 - 63.00 ) 55.20 ( 45.20 - 64.60 ) Cambodia 64.60 ( 63.30 - 66.00 ) 70.10 ( 68.80 - 71.50 ) Cameroon 57.10 ( 53.50 - 60.90 ) 61.10 ( 57.80 - 64.30 ) Canada 78.50 ( 78.20 - 78.70 ) 82.70 ( 82.50 - 83.00 ) Cape Verde 70.90 ( 66.30 - 75.50 ) 79.10 ( 75.30 - 82.50 ) Central African Republic 43.60 ( 38.40 - 49.30 ) 49.30 ( 44.00 - 54.60 ) Chad 53.30 ( 47.20 - 58.20 ) 57.80 ( 53.00 - 62.30 ) Chile 75.50 ( 75.20 - 75.90 ) 81.50 ( 81.20 - 81.80 ) China 72.90 ( 71.80 - 74.00 ) 79.00 ( 78.00 - 80.00 ) Colombia 71.70 ( 70.20 - 73.00 ) 78.30 ( 77.30 - 79.40 ) Comoros 61.60 ( 56.50 - 65.80 ) 63.90 ( 59.10 - 68.20 ) Congo 56.30 ( 52.30 - 60.30 ) 61.60 ( 57.90 - 65.10 ) Costa Rica 77.10 ( 76.90 - 77.30 ) 81.90 ( 81.60 - 82.10 ) Côte d'Ivoire 52.80 ( 48.20 - 57.10 ) 60.20 ( 56.20 - 63.90 ) Croatia 73.40 ( 73.20 - 73.60 ) 79.90 ( 79.70 - 80.10 ) Cuba 76.10 ( 75.90 - 76.20 ) 79.80 ( 79.60 - 79.90 ) Cyprus 77.60 ( 77.10 - 78.10 ) 82.90 ( 82.40 - 83.40 ) Czech Republic 74.30 ( 74.20 - 74.50 ) 80.70 ( 80.50 - 80.80 ) Denmark 76.80 ( 76.60 - 77.00 ) 81.00 ( 80.80 - 81.30 ) Djibouti 62.20 ( 54.60 - 69.60 ) 64.40 ( 55.10 - 73.70 ) Dominica 70.10 ( 68.60 - 71.50 ) 77.90 ( 76.40 - 79.30 ) Dominican Republic 71.30 ( 70.00 - 72.80 ) 76.30 ( 75.10 - 77.60 ) DR Congo 52.80 ( 49.60 - 55.90 ) 57.70 ( 54.70 - 60.50 ) Ecuador 74.40 ( 73.30 - 75.40 ) 79.80 ( 78.90 - 80.60 ) Egypt 68.00 ( 67.00 - 69.00 ) 73.40 ( 72.50 - 74.20 ) El Salvador 69.90 ( 69.30 - 70.50 ) 78.20 ( 77.70 - 78.60 ) Equatorial Guinea 54.70 ( 43.50 - 66.20 ) 61.80 ( 52.90 - 73.80 ) Eritrea 59.00 ( 54.70 - 62.90 ) 62.00 ( 58.20 - 65.50 ) Estonia 70.60 ( 70.30 - 71.00 ) 80.60 ( 80.20 - 81.00 ) Ethiopia 59.50 ( 57.50 - 61.30 ) 62.30 ( 60.50 - 64.10 ) Federated States of Micronesia 63.40 ( 54.60 - 71.70 ) 68.30 ( 60.80 - 74.70 ) Fiji 65.60 ( 63.90 - 67.30 ) 68.80 ( 67.10 - 70.40 ) Finland 76.80 ( 76.60 - 77.00 ) 83.30 ( 83.10 - 83.60 ) France 77.50 ( 77.20 - 77.80 ) 84.30 ( 84.00 - 84.50 ) Gabon 55.00 ( 50.00 - 60.00 ) 63.30 ( 59.50 - 67.40 ) Georgia 67.40 ( 66.00 - 68.70 ) 77.90 ( 76.90 - 78.90 ) Germany 77.50 ( 77.30 - 77.70 ) 82.80 ( 82.60 - 83.10 ) Ghana 63.20 ( 60.70 - 65.70 ) 66.70 ( 64.50 - 68.90 ) Greece 77.10 ( 76.80 - 77.40 ) 82.10 ( 81.90 - 82.40 ) Grenada 68.60 ( 67.40 - 69.80 ) 73.50 ( 72.20 - 74.70 ) Guatemala 66.90 ( 66.30 - 67.50 ) 74.00 ( 73.50 - 74.50 ) Guinea - Bissau 54.80 ( 46.10 - 63.40 ) 58.60 ( 50.80 - 66.60 ) Guinea 58.40 ( 53.70 - 62.30 ) 60.50 ( 56.30 - 64.00 ) Guyana 63.10 ( 60.50 - 65.90 ) 69.10 ( 66.90 - 71.20 ) Haiti 32.50 ( 19.80 - 43.10 ) 43.60 ( 31.10 - 51.70 ) Honduras 70.50 ( 66.30 - 74.60 ) 73.20 ( 69.80 - 76.50 ) Hungary 70.40 ( 70.30 - 70.60 ) 78.40 ( 78.20 - 78.50 ) Iceland 80.00 ( 79.40 - 80.60 ) 84.40 ( 83.70 - 85.00 ) India 63.20 ( 60.60 - 65.70 ) 67.50 ( 65.50 - 69.90 ) Indonesia 67.70 ( 66.00 - 69.20 ) 71.80 ( 70.30 - 73.30 ) Iran 71.60 ( 68.50 - 74.60 ) 77.80 ( 75.30 - 80.20 ) Iraq 70.60 ( 67.20 - 73.70 ) 71.40 ( 68.30 - 74.40 ) Ireland 77.60 ( 77.40 - 77.90 ) 82.20 ( 81.90 - 82.40 ) Israel 79.20 ( 79.00 - 79.40 ) 82.90 ( 82.70 - 83.10 ) Italy 78.90 ( 78.70 - 79.10 ) 83.90 ( 83.70 - 84.10 ) Jamaica 73.30 ( 69.90 - 77.30 ) 77.30 ( 74.30 - 80.30 ) Japan 79.30 ( 79.30 - 79.40 ) 85.90 ( 85.80 - 85.90 ) Jordan 75.70 ( 73.90 - 77.50 ) 75.10 ( 73.20 - 77.00 ) Kazakhstan 61.30 ( 59.10 - 63.30 ) 72.20 ( 70.60 - 73.70 ) Kenya 62.70 ( 59.90 - 65.70 ) 66.90 ( 64.60 - 69.00 ) Kiribati 57.80 ( 51.30 - 64.00 ) 65.00 ( 59.80 - 69.70 ) Kuwait 76.10 ( 75.80 - 76.40 ) 79.60 ( 79.20 - 79.90 ) Kyrgyzstan 62.20 ( 60.60 - 63.90 ) 71.90 ( 70.40 - 73.20 ) Laos 62.40 ( 54.40 - 69.70 ) 67.10 ( 60.20 - 73.50 ) Latvia 68.90 ( 68.60 - 69.20 ) 78.50 ( 78.20 - 78.70 ) Lebanon 76.20 ( 74.10 - 77.90 ) 78.90 ( 77.50 - 80.40 ) Lesotho 44.10 ( 40.90 - 48.10 ) 50.70 ( 47.20 - 54.80 ) Liberia 56.50 ( 54.10 - 58.90 ) 57.90 ( 55.20 - 60.50 ) Libya 72.90 ( 70.70 - 75.00 ) 76.50 ( 74.60 - 78.50 ) Lithuania 68.70 ( 68.50 - 68.90 ) 79.30 ( 79.10 - 79.60 ) Luxembourg 78.00 ( 77.50 - 78.60 ) 82.20 ( 81.70 - 82.80 ) Republic of Macedonia 72.80 ( 72.50 - 73.00 ) 77.20 ( 77.00 - 77.50 ) Madagascar 62.20 ( 58.90 - 65.60 ) 65.10 ( 61.80 - 68.10 ) Malawi 50.90 ( 48.50 - 53.60 ) 54.90 ( 52.70 - 57.50 ) Malaysia 71.30 ( 71.00 - 71.60 ) 76.50 ( 76.20 - 76.80 ) Maldives 77.50 ( 76.70 - 78.30 ) 80.40 ( 79.70 - 81.20 ) Mali 56.90 ( 52.90 - 60.70 ) 57.70 ( 53.80 - 61.20 ) Malta 77.10 ( 76.60 - 77.60 ) 83.00 ( 82.40 - 83.60 ) Marshall Islands 61.90 ( 57.50 - 66.00 ) 66.00 ( 61.90 - 70.00 ) Mauritania 63.30 ( 59.10 - 67.20 ) 65.70 ( 61.80 - 68.80 ) Mauritius 69.70 ( 69.30 - 70.00 ) 76.90 ( 76.50 - 77.30 ) Mexico 72.50 ( 72.30 - 72.80 ) 78.40 ( 78.20 - 78.60 ) Moldova 65.50 ( 65.00 - 65.80 ) 74.60 ( 74.20 - 74.90 ) Mongolia 60.30 ( 58.60 - 62.20 ) 69.30 ( 67.80 - 70.80 ) Montenegro 73.00 ( 72.20 - 73.60 ) 78.20 ( 77.50 - 78.90 ) Morocco 70.90 ( 68.30 - 73.30 ) 74.40 ( 72.20 - 76.10 ) Mozambique 50.00 ( 46.90 - 53.40 ) 54.90 ( 51.80 - 58.30 ) Namibia 58.40 ( 55.20 - 61.60 ) 64.90 ( 61.90 - 67.60 ) Nepal 67.70 ( 65.50 - 70.10 ) 70.60 ( 68.60 - 72.80 ) Netherlands 78.50 ( 78.40 - 78.60 ) 82.60 ( 82.40 - 82.70 ) New Zealand 78.60 ( 78.40 - 78.80 ) 82.70 ( 82.50 - 83.00 ) Nicaragua 71.50 ( 70.60 - 72.20 ) 77.50 ( 76.70 - 78.20 ) Niger 56.90 ( 51.70 - 61.50 ) 58.70 ( 54.10 - 62.60 ) Nigeria 58.80 ( 56.50 - 61.40 ) 60.40 ( 58.20 - 62.90 ) North Korea 68.00 ( 64.90 - 70.70 ) 73.30 ( 70.60 - 75.50 ) Norway 78.50 ( 78.30 - 78.70 ) 83.10 ( 82.90 - 83.40 ) Oman 73.80 ( 72.20 - 75.40 ) 78.90 ( 77.50 - 80.10 ) Pakistan 63.90 ( 60.70 - 67.10 ) 67.80 ( 64.80 - 70.90 ) Palestine 70.30 ( 67.90 - 72.70 ) 76.40 ( 74.30 - 78.30 ) Panama 73.60 ( 72.30 - 74.90 ) 80.20 ( 78.90 - 81.50 ) Papua New Guinea 57.50 ( 48.10 - 66.50 ) 60.30 ( 51.90 - 69.00 ) Paraguay 71.00 ( 69.70 - 72.40 ) 75.60 ( 74.70 - 76.40 ) Peru 75.20 ( 73.80 - 76.70 ) 77.60 ( 76.10 - 79.00 ) Philippines 66.60 ( 65.50 - 67.80 ) 73.80 ( 72.80 - 74.80 ) Poland 72.10 ( 72.00 - 72.20 ) 80.50 ( 80.40 - 80.60 ) Portugal 76.30 ( 76.20 - 76.50 ) 82.30 ( 82.20 - 82.50 ) Qatar 78.90 ( 77.70 - 80.00 ) 82.10 ( 81.10 - 83.20 ) Romania 70.10 ( 70.00 - 70.20 ) 77.60 ( 77.40 - 77.70 ) Russia 63.10 ( 62.80 - 63.30 ) 74.70 ( 74.40 - 74.90 ) Rwanda 62.00 ( 60.10 - 63.90 ) 67.10 ( 65.50 - 69.00 ) Saint Lucia 70.90 ( 68.60 - 73.40 ) 76.50 ( 74.50 - 78.80 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 69.70 ( 68.50 - 71.00 ) 74.50 ( 73.10 - 75.80 ) Samoa 68.40 ( 65.40 - 70.90 ) 73.40 ( 70.90 - 75.80 ) São Tomé and Príncipe 68.20 ( 64.40 - 71.80 ) 72.10 ( 69.00 - 75.20 ) Saudi Arabia 75.00 ( 73.60 - 76.40 ) 79.90 ( 78.80 - 81.00 ) Senegal 63.50 ( 61.10 - 66.10 ) 67.10 ( 65.20 - 69.30 ) Serbia 74.00 ( 73.70 - 74.20 ) 79.50 ( 79.20 - 79.80 ) Seychelles 61.30 ( 60.20 - 62.40 ) 71.80 ( 70.70 - 72.90 ) Sierra Leone 56.50 ( 53.60 - 59.30 ) 60.90 ( 58.30 - 63.10 ) Singapore 78.80 ( 78.60 - 79.00 ) 83.30 ( 83.00 - 83.50 ) Slovakia 71.60 ( 71.40 - 71.70 ) 79.10 ( 78.90 - 79.30 ) Slovenia 75.90 ( 75.60 - 76.20 ) 82.50 ( 82.20 - 82.90 ) Solomon Islands 60.50 ( 52.20 - 68.10 ) 64.00 ( 55.40 - 71.40 ) Somalia 54.60 ( 45.40 - 62.60 ) 57.20 ( 47.70 - 65.60 ) South Africa 57.40 ( 54.80 - 59.60 ) 62.30 ( 59.90 - 64.70 ) South Korea 76.50 ( 76.30 - 76.70 ) 82.70 ( 82.60 - 82.90 ) Spain 78.40 ( 78.20 - 78.70 ) 84.20 ( 84.00 - 84.40 ) Sri Lanka 71.60 ( 70.30 - 72.80 ) 79.80 ( 78.70 - 80.70 ) Sudan 66.90 ( 64.20 - 69.00 ) 70.70 ( 68.80 - 72.90 ) Suriname 70.10 ( 68.20 - 72.20 ) 75.20 ( 73.70 - 76.80 ) Swaziland 47.40 ( 43.50 - 51.30 ) 51.40 ( 48.00 - 55.10 ) Sweden 79.20 ( 79.00 - 79.40 ) 83.50 ( 83.40 - 83.70 ) Switzerland 79.70 ( 79.50 - 79.80 ) 84.50 ( 84.30 - 84.70 ) Syria 75.10 ( 73.50 - 76.60 ) 80.20 ( 78.90 - 81.40 ) Taiwan 75.90 ( 75.80 - 76.00 ) 81.90 ( 81.80 - 82.00 ) Tajikistan 65.20 ( 62.70 - 67.50 ) 71.50 ( 69.40 - 73.60 ) Tanzania 60.90 ( 58.10 - 63.70 ) 62.60 ( 60.20 - 65.20 ) Thailand 70.90 ( 69.10 - 72.50 ) 77.50 ( 76.30 - 78.80 ) The Bahamas 71.40 ( 68.50 - 74.50 ) 80.40 ( 76.90 - 85.50 ) The Gambia 60.80 ( 53.40 - 69.00 ) 64.00 ( 55.90 - 72.40 ) Timor - Leste 67.80 ( 66.30 - 69.20 ) 69.70 ( 68.10 - 71.20 ) Togo 58.30 ( 54.70 - 61.80 ) 62.10 ( 58.40 - 65.60 ) Tonga 67.30 ( 64.70 - 69.90 ) 73.80 ( 71.40 - 76.10 ) Trinidad and Tobago 66.20 ( 65.00 - 67.40 ) 75.30 ( 74.10 - 76.40 ) Tunisia 74.10 ( 70.70 - 77.60 ) 78.90 ( 75.70 - 81.90 ) Turkey 71.20 ( 69.50 - 73.00 ) 77.70 ( 75.90 - 79.30 ) Turkmenistan 65.40 ( 60.70 - 69.50 ) 73.40 ( 69.50 - 77.20 ) Uganda 58.30 ( 55.30 - 61.40 ) 62.50 ( 59.80 - 65.10 ) UK 77.80 ( 77.80 - 77.90 ) 81.90 ( 81.80 - 82.00 ) Ukraine 64.50 ( 63.50 - 65.30 ) 74.90 ( 74.20 - 75.40 ) United Arab Emirates 75.30 ( 73.00 - 77.60 ) 78.60 ( 76.50 - 80.70 ) Uruguay 72.60 ( 72.10 - 73.10 ) 80.40 ( 79.90 - 80.90 ) USA 75.90 ( 75.80 - 75.90 ) 80.50 ( 80.50 - 80.60 ) Uzbekistan 65.60 ( 61.90 - 68.80 ) 72.30 ( 69.50 - 75.30 ) Vanuatu 62.20 ( 54.10 - 69.50 ) 66.90 ( 59.80 - 72.50 ) Venezuela 70.30 ( 68.90 - 71.50 ) 79.20 ( 78.40 - 80.00 ) Vietnam 71.60 ( 69.30 - 74.00 ) 79.60 ( 78.00 - 81.10 ) Yemen 65.50 ( 59.20 - 71.40 ) 66.30 ( 59.30 - 72.40 ) Zambia 54.30 ( 51.10 - 57.70 ) 57.30 ( 54.20 - 60.30 ) Zimbabwe 51.10 ( 46.60 - 55.60 ) 55.10 ( 51.30 - 59.30 ) List by the CIA ( 2016 ) ( edit ) 2012 life expectancy estimates by the CIA World Factbook . > 80 > 77.5 > 75 > 72.5 > 70 > 67.5 > 65 > 60 > 55 > 50 > 45 > 40 < 40 The US CIA published the following life expectancy data in its World Factbook . Rank Entity Overall life expectancy at birth Male life expectancy at birth Female life expectancy at birth 1 Monaco 89.5 85.6 93.5 2 Japan 85 81.7 88.5 3 Singapore 85 82.3 87.8 4 Macau ( China ) 84.5 81.6 87.6 5 San Marino 83.3 80.7 86.1 6 Iceland 83 80.9 85.3 7 Hong Kong ( China ) 82.9 80.3 85.8 8 Andorra 82.8 80.6 85.1 9 Switzerland 82.6 80.3 85 10 Guernsey 82.5 79.9 85.4 11 Israel 82.4 80.6 84.4 12 South Korea 82.4 79.3 85.8 13 Luxembourg 82.3 79.8 84.9 14 Australia 82.2 79.8 84.8 15 Italy 82.2 79.6 85 16 Sweden 82.1 80.2 84.1 17 Canada 81.9 79.2 84.6 18 Jersey 81.9 79.4 84.5 19 Liechtenstein 81.9 79.7 84.6 20 France ( metropolitan ) 81.8 78.7 85.1 21 Norway 81.8 79.8 83.9 22 Spain 81.7 78.7 84.9 23 Austria 81.5 78.9 84.3 24 Anguilla 81.4 78.8 84.1 25 Bermuda 81.3 78.1 84.5 26 Netherlands 81.3 79.2 83.6 27 Cayman Islands 81.2 78.5 84 28 Isle of Man 81.2 79.5 83 29 New Zealand 81.2 79.1 83.3 30 Belgium 81 78.4 83.7 31 Finland 80.9 77.9 84 32 Ireland 80.8 78.5 83.2 33 Germany 80.7 78.4 83.1 34 United Kingdom 80.7 78.5 83 35 Greece 80.5 77.9 83.3 36 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 80.5 78.2 83 37 Faroe Islands 80.4 77.8 83.1 38 Malta 80.4 78 82.8 39 European Union 80.2 77.4 83.2 40 Taiwan 80.1 77 83.5 41 U.S. Virgin Islands 80 77 83.2 42 Turks and Caicos Islands 79.8 77.1 82.7 43 United States 79.8 77.5 82.1 44 Wallis and Futuna 79.7 76.7 82.8 45 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 79.5 76.6 82.6 46 Denmark 79.4 77 82 47 Gibraltar 79.4 76.6 82.5 48 Puerto Rico 79.4 75.8 83.1 49 Portugal 79.3 76.1 82.8 50 Bahrain 78.9 76.7 81.1 51 Chile 78.8 75.7 81.9 52 Cuba 78.7 76.4 81.1 53 Cyprus 78.7 75.8 81.6 54 Qatar 78.7 76.7 80.8 55 British Virgin Islands 78.6 77.2 80.1 56 Costa Rica 78.6 75.9 81.4 57 Czech Republic 78.6 75.7 81.8 58 Panama 78.6 75.8 81.6 59 Albania 78.3 75.7 81.2 60 Slovenia 78.2 74.6 82 61 Dominican Republic 78.1 75.9 80.5 62 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 78.1 75.8 80.6 63 Kuwait 78 76.6 79.4 64 Northern Mariana Islands ( US ) 78 75.3 80.8 65 Falkland Islands 77.9 75.6 79.6 66 Saint Lucia 77.8 75 80.7 67 New Caledonia ( France ) 77.7 73.7 81.9 68 Lebanon 77.6 76.3 78.9 69 Poland 77.6 73.7 81.7 70 United Arab Emirates 77.5 74.8 80.2 71 Brunei 77.2 74.8 79.6 72 French Polynesia ( France ) 77.2 74.9 79.6 73 Paraguay 77.2 74.5 80 74 Uruguay 77.2 74.1 80.5 75 Argentina 77.1 74 80.4 76 Slovakia 77.1 73.5 80.9 77 Dominica 77 74 80.1 78 Morocco 76.9 73.8 80.1 79 Algeria 76.8 75.5 78.2 80 Aruba ( Netherlands ) 76.8 73.7 79.9 81 Ecuador 76.8 73.8 79.9 82 Sri Lanka 76.8 73.3 80.4 83 Bosnia and Herzegovina 76.7 73.7 80 84 Estonia 76.7 71.9 81.7 85 Antigua and Barbuda 76.5 74.4 78.8 86 Libya 76.5 74.7 78.3 87 Georgia 76.2 72.1 80.6 88 Republic of Macedonia 76.2 73.6 79 89 Tonga 76.2 74.7 77.8 90 Tunisia 76.1 74 78.4 91 Croatia 75.9 72.7 79.2 92 Hungary 75.9 72.2 79.8 93 Mexico 75.9 73.1 78.8 94 Cook Islands 75.8 73 78.8 95 Venezuela 75.8 72.7 78.9 96 Colombia 75.7 72.6 79 97 Saint Kitts and Nevis 75.7 73.3 78.2 98 Maldives 75.6 73.3 78 99 Mauritius 75.6 72.2 79.2 100 Oman 75.5 73.5 77.5 101 People 's Republic of China 75.5 73.5 77.9 102 Serbia 75.5 72.6 78.5 103 American Samoa ( US ) 75.4 72.4 78.5 104 Barbados 75.3 73 77.7 105 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 75.3 73.3 77.4 106 Saudi Arabia 75.3 73.2 77.4 107 Solomon Islands 75.3 72.7 78.1 108 Romania 75.1 71.7 78.8 109 Malaysia 75 72.2 78 110 West Bank 75 73 77.1 111 Iraq 74.9 72.6 77.2 112 Lithuania 74.9 69.5 80.6 113 Syria 74.9 72.5 77.4 114 Turkey 74.8 72.5 77.3 115 El Salvador 74.7 71.4 78.1 116 Seychelles 74.7 70.2 79.4 117 Thailand 74.7 71.5 78 118 Armenia 74.6 71.4 78.3 119 Jordan 74.6 73.2 76.1 120 Bulgaria 74.5 71.2 78 121 Latvia 74.5 69.9 79.3 122 Montserrat 74.4 75.8 72.9 123 Grenada 74.3 71.7 77.1 124 Gaza Strip 73.9 72.3 75.7 125 Brazil 73.8 70.2 77.5 126 Uzbekistan 73.8 70.7 77 127 Peru 73.7 71.7 75.9 128 Samoa 73.7 70.8 76.8 129 Jamaica 73.6 72 75.3 130 Vanuatu 73.4 71.8 75.1 131 Vietnam 73.4 70.9 76.2 132 Bangladesh 73.2 71 75.4 133 Nicaragua 73.2 71.1 75.5 134 Marshall Islands 73.1 70.9 75.4 135 Palau 73.1 69.9 76.5 136 Federated States of Micronesia 72.9 70.8 75 137 Trinidad and Tobago 72.9 69.9 75.9 138 Belarus 72.7 67.2 78.6 139 Egypt 72.7 71.4 74.2 140 Fiji 72.7 70 75.5 141 Indonesia 72.7 67.3 69.8 142 Azerbaijan 72.5 69.5 75.8 143 Greenland ( Denmark ) 72.4 69.7 75.2 144 The Bahamas 72.4 70 74.8 145 Guatemala 72.3 70.3 74.4 146 Suriname 72.2 69.8 74.8 147 Cabo Verde 72.1 69.8 74.5 148 Ukraine 71.8 67.1 76.9 149 Iran 71.4 69.8 73.1 150 Honduras 71.1 69.5 72.8 151 Kazakhstan 70.8 65.6 75.7 152 Kyrgyzstan 70.7 66.5 75.1 153 Moldova 70.7 66.9 74.8 154 Nepal 70.7 70.1 71.3 155 North Korea 70.4 66.6 74.5 156 Russia 70.3 64.3 76.4 157 Bhutan 70.1 69.1 71.1 158 Turkmenistan 70.1 67.1 73.3 159 Mongolia 69.6 65.4 74.1 160 Bolivia 69.2 66.4 72.1 161 Philippines 69.2 65.7 72.9 162 Belize 68.7 67.2 70.4 163 India 68.5 67.3 69.8 164 Guyana 68.4 65.4 71.5 165 Timor - Leste 68.1 66.5 69.7 166 Pakistan 67.7 65.8 69.8 167 Tajikistan 67.7 64.6 71 168 Papua New Guinea 67.2 65 69.5 169 Nauru 67.1 63 70.5 170 Burma 66.6 64.2 69.2 171 Ghana 66.6 64.1 69.1 172 Tuvalu 66.5 64.3 68.8 173 Kiribati 66.2 63.7 68.8 174 Madagascar 65.9 64.4 67.4 175 Yemen 65.5 63.4 67.8 176 Togo 65 62.3 69.7 177 Eritrea 64.9 62.4 67.5 178 São Tomé and Príncipe 64.9 63.6 66.3 179 The Gambia 64.9 62.5 67.3 180 Cambodia 64.5 62 67.1 181 Laos 64.3 62.2 66.4 182 Comoros 64.2 61.9 66.6 183 Equatorial Guinea 64.2 63.1 65.4 184 Sudan 64.1 62 66.3 185 Kenya 64 62.6 65.5 186 Haiti 63.8 61.2 66.4 187 Namibia 63.6 62.1 65.1 188 Djibouti 63.2 60.7 65.8 189 South Africa 63.1 61.6 64.6 190 Western Sahara 63 60.7 65.4 191 Mauritania 63 60.7 65.4 192 Ethiopia 62.2 59.8 64.7 193 Tanzania 62.2 60.8 63.6 194 Benin 61.9 60.5 63.3 195 Senegal 61.7 59.7 63.8 196 Malawi 61.2 59.2 63.2 197 Guinea 60.6 59 62.2 198 Burundi 60.5 58.8 62.3 199 Rwanda 60.1 58.5 61.7 200 Republic of the Congo 59.3 58.1 60.6 201 Liberia 59 57.3 60.8 202 Côte d'Ivoire 58.7 57.5 59.9 203 Cameroon 58.5 57.1 59.9 204 Sierra Leone 58.2 55.6 60.9 205 Zimbabwe 58 57.3 58.7 206 Democratic Republic of the Congo 57.3 55.8 58.9 207 Angola 56 54.8 57.2 208 Mali 55.8 53.9 57.7 209 Burkina Faso 55.5 53.4 57.6 210 Niger 55.5 54.3 56.8 211 Uganda 55.4 54 56.9 212 Botswana 54.5 56.3 52.6 213 Nigeria 53.4 52.4 54.5 214 Mozambique 53.3 52.6 54.1 215 Lesotho 53 52.9 53.1 216 Zambia 52.5 50.8 54.1 217 Somalia 52.4 50.3 54.5 218 Central African Republic 52.3 51 53.7 219 Gabon 52.1 51.6 52.5 220 Swaziland 51.6 52.2 51 221 Afghanistan 51.3 49.9 52.7 222 Guinea - Bissau 50.6 48.6 52.7 223 Chad 50.2 49 51.3 List by the OECD ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Life expectancy at birth ( years ) , OECD ( 2013 ) Rank state / territory Overall Male Female 1 Japan 83.4 80.2 86.6 2 Spain 83.2 80.2 86.1 3 Switzerland 82.9 80.7 85.0 4 Italy 82.8 80.3 85.2 5 France 82.3 79.0 85.6 6 Australia 82.2 80.1 84.3 7 = Israel 82.1 80.3 83.9 7 = Iceland 82.1 80.5 83.7 9 Sweden 82.0 80.2 83.8 10 Luxembourg 81.9 79.8 83.9 11 = Norway 81.8 79.8 83.8 11 = South Korea 81.8 78.5 85.1 13 Canada 81.5 79.3 83.6 14 = New Zealand 81.4 79.5 83.2 14 = Netherlands 81.4 79.5 83.2 14 = Greece 81.4 78.7 84.0 17 Austria 81.2 78.6 83.8 18 = United Kingdom 81.1 79.2 82.9 18 = Ireland 81.1 79.0 83.1 18 = Finland 81.1 78.0 84.1 21 Germany 80.9 78.6 83.2 22 Portugal 80.8 77.6 84.0 23 Belgium 80.7 78.1 83.2 24 Slovenia 80.4 77.2 83.6 25 Denmark 80.4 78.3 82.4 26 = Chile 78.8 76.3 81.4 26 = United States 78.8 76.4 81.2 28 Czech Republic 78.3 75.2 81.3 29 Estonia 77.3 72.8 81.7 30 Poland 77.1 73.0 81.2 31 Turkey 76.6 73.7 79.4 32 Slovakia 76.5 72.9 80.1 33 Hungary 75.7 72.2 79.1 34 Mexico 74.6 71.7 77.4 See also ( edit ) List of countries by hospital beds List of countries by intentional death rate List of countries by intentional homicide rate List of countries by suicide rate List of U.S. counties with shortest life expectancy List of U.S. states by life expectancy List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy List of countries by total health expenditure per capita References ( edit ) Figures are from the CIA World Factbook 2009 and from the 2010 revision of the United Nations World Population Prospects report , for 2005 -- 2010 , ( data viewable at http://esa.un.org/wpp/Sorting-Tables/tab-sorting_mortality.htm , with equivalent spreadsheets here , here , and here ) . Only countries / territories with a population of 100,000 or more in 2010 are included in the United Nations list . WHO database 2013 http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook Life Expectancy At Birth '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Central Intelligence Agency Factbook Population '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` United Nations World Population Prospects : 2015 revision '' ( PDF ) . UN . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact - book Life Expectancy '' . Cia.gov. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of HIV , total ( % of population ages 15 -- 49 ) '' . Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/6/07-043471/en/ Jump up ^ Life expectancy in Taiwan reaches record 80.2 years , Taipei Times , 2016 - 9 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Health Facts of Hong Kong 2016 Edition '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` World Health Statistics 2016 : Monitoring health for the SDGs Annex B : tables of health statistics by country , WHO region and globally '' . World Health Organization . 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life expectancy increased by 5 years since 2000 , but health inequalities persist '' . WHO. 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ A = years lived healthily B = years lived with disability A + B = life expectancy A + fB = healthy life expectancy , where f is a weighting to reflect disability level. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Das , Pamela ; Samarasekera , Udani ( 2012 ) . `` The story of GBD 2010 : a `` super-human '' effort `` . The Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2067 -- 2070 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 62174 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wang , Haidong ; Dwyer - Lindgren , Laura ; Lofgren , Katherine T ; Rajaratnam , Julie Knoll ; Marcus , Jacob R ; Levin - Rector , Alison ; Levitz , Carly E ; Lopez , Alan D ; Murray , Christopher JL ( 2012 ) . `` Age - specific and sex - specific mortality in 187 countries , 1970 -- 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . The Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2071 -- 2094 . PMID 23245603 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61719 - X . Jump up ^ https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm Jump up ^ Data for Canada is for 2012 , see External links ( edit ) Global Agewatch has the latest internationally comparable statistics on life expectancy from 195 countries . Life expectancy trends interactive graph Life expectancy interactive world map Global Life Expectancy ( Infographic ) LiveScience ( hide ) Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 1989 2000 2005 2010 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure ( PPP ) per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy&oldid=796150963 '' Categories : Lists of countries Population Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans العربية অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 20 : 52 . 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"\n\nCountry\nBoth sexes\nrank\nBoth sexes life\nexpectancy\nFemale\nrank\nFemale life\nexpectancy\nMale\nrank\nMale life\nexpectancy\nBoth sexes\nrank (HALE)\nBoth sexes life\nexpectancy (HALE)\n\n\n Japan\n1\n83.7\n1\n86.8\n6\n80.5\n1\n74.9\n\n\n Switzerland\n2\n83.4\n6\n85.3\n1\n81.3\n4\n73.1\n\n\n Singapore\n3\n83.1\n2\n86.1\n10\n80.0\n2\n73.9\n\n\n Australia\n4\n82.8\n7\n84.8\n3\n80.9\n15\n71.9\n\n\n Spain\n4\n82.8\n3\n85.5\n9\n80.1\n9\n72.4\n\n\n Iceland\n6\n82.7\n10\n84.1\n2\n81.2\n7\n72.7\n\n\n Italy\n6\n82.7\n7\n84.8\n6\n80.5\n5\n72.8\n\n\n Israel\n8\n82.5\n9\n84.3\n5\n80.6\n5\n72.8\n\n\n Sweden\n9\n82.4\n12\n84.0\n4\n80.7\n12\n72.0\n\n\n France\n9\n82.4\n5\n85.4\n16\n79.4\n8\n72.6\n\n\n South Korea\n11\n82.3\n3\n85.5\n20\n78.8\n3\n73.2\n\n\n Canada\n12\n82.2\n10\n84.1\n8\n80.2\n10\n72.3\n\n\n Luxembourg\n13\n82.0\n12\n84.0\n13\n79.8\n17\n71.8\n\n\n Netherlands\n14\n81.9\n20\n83.6\n10\n80.0\n11\n72.2\n\n\n Norway\n15\n81.8\n17\n83.7\n13\n79.8\n12\n72.0\n\n\n Malta\n16\n81.7\n17\n83.7\n15\n79.7\n18\n71.7\n\n\n New Zealand\n17\n81.6\n26\n83.3\n10\n80.0\n19\n71.6\n\n\n Austria\n18\n81.5\n14\n83.9\n19\n79.0\n12\n72.0\n\n\n Ireland\n19\n81.4\n23\n83.4\n16\n79.4\n20\n71.5\n\n\n United Kingdom\n20\n81.2\n27\n83.0\n16\n79.4\n21\n71.4\n\n\n Belgium\n21\n81.1\n22\n83.5\n22\n78.6\n26\n71.1\n\n\n Finland\n21\n81.1\n16\n83.8\n24\n78.3\n28\n71.0\n\n\n Portugal\n21\n81.1\n14\n83.9\n27\n78.2\n21\n71.4\n\n\n Germany\n24\n81.0\n23\n83.4\n21\n78.7\n23\n71.3\n\n\n Greece\n24\n81.0\n20\n83.6\n24\n78.3\n15\n71.9\n\n\n Slovenia\n26\n80.8\n17\n83.7\n28\n77.9\n26\n71.1\n\n\n Denmark\n27\n80.6\n29\n82.5\n22\n78.6\n25\n71.2\n\n\n Cyprus\n28\n80.5\n28\n82.7\n24\n78.3\n23\n71.3\n\n\n Chile\n28\n80.5\n23\n83.4\n29\n77.4\n29\n70.4\n\n\n Costa Rica\n30\n79.6\n30\n82.2\n31\n77.1\n31\n69.7\n\n\n United States\n31\n79.3\n33\n81.6\n32\n76.9\n36\n69.1\n\n\n Cuba\n32\n79.1\n34\n81.4\n32\n76.9\n35\n69.2\n\n\n Czech Republic\n33\n78.8\n32\n81.7\n38\n75.9\n33\n69.4\n\n\n Maldives\n34\n78.5\n41\n80.2\n32\n76.9\n32\n69.6\n\n\n Qatar\n35\n78.2\n43\n80.0\n29\n77.4\n47\n67.7\n\n\n Croatia\n36\n78.0\n36\n81.2\n42\n74.7\n33\n69.4\n\n\n Albania\n37\n77.8\n38\n80.7\n39\n75.1\n38\n68.8\n\n\n Panama\n37\n77.8\n37\n81.1\n42\n74.7\n42\n68.1\n\n\n Brunei\n39\n77.7\n47\n79.2\n36\n76.3\n29\n70.4\n\n\n Estonia\n40\n77.6\n31\n82.0\n65\n72.7\n37\n68.9\n\n\n Poland\n41\n77.5\n35\n81.3\n52\n73.6\n39\n68.7\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n42\n77.4\n45\n79.7\n40\n75.0\n40\n68.6\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n43\n77.1\n57\n78.6\n35\n76.4\n44\n67.9\n\n\n Uruguay\n44\n77.0\n40\n80.4\n56\n73.3\n44\n67.9\n\n\n Bahrain\n45\n76.9\n71\n77.9\n37\n76.2\n55\n67.0\n\n\n Mexico\n46\n76.7\n46\n79.5\n48\n73.9\n52\n67.4\n\n\n Slovakia\n46\n76.7\n41\n80.2\n62\n72.9\n42\n68.1\n\n\n Oman\n48\n76.6\n47\n79.2\n40\n75.0\n63\n66.7\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n49\n76.4\n57\n78.6\n46\n74.1\n50\n67.5\n\n\n Argentina\n50\n76.3\n44\n79.9\n65\n72.7\n49\n67.6\n\n\n Jamaica\n51\n76.2\n57\n78.6\n48\n73.9\n58\n66.9\n\n\n Ecuador\n51\n76.2\n53\n79.0\n53\n73.5\n55\n67.0\n\n\n China\n53\n76.1\n80\n77.6\n44\n74.6\n41\n68.5\n\n\n Montenegro\n53\n76.1\n65\n78.1\n46\n74.1\n44\n67.9\n\n\n Bahamas\n53\n76.1\n50\n79.1\n62\n72.9\n65\n66.6\n\n\n Vietnam\n56\n76.0\n38\n80.7\n81\n71.3\n65\n66.6\n\n\n Hungary\n57\n75.9\n50\n79.1\n71\n72.3\n52\n67.4\n\n\n Turkey\n58\n75.8\n54\n78.9\n68\n72.6\n73\n66.2\n\n\n Macedonia\n59\n75.7\n76\n77.8\n53\n73.5\n50\n67.5\n\n\n Algeria\n60\n75.6\n81\n77.5\n50\n73.8\n75\n66.0\n\n\n Serbia\n60\n75.6\n61\n78.4\n62\n72.9\n47\n67.7\n\n\n Iran\n62\n75.5\n86\n76.6\n45\n74.5\n65\n66.6\n\n\n Peru\n62\n75.5\n66\n78.0\n59\n73.1\n80\n65.6\n\n\n Barbados\n62\n75.5\n71\n77.9\n59\n73.1\n65\n66.6\n\n\n Tunisia\n65\n75.3\n76\n77.8\n61\n73.0\n63\n66.7\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n66\n75.2\n71\n77.9\n68\n72.6\n74\n66.1\n\n\n Malaysia\n67\n75.0\n83\n77.3\n65\n72.7\n70\n66.5\n\n\n Romania\n67\n75.0\n55\n78.8\n78\n71.4\n59\n66.8\n\n\n Brazil\n67\n75.0\n56\n78.7\n78\n71.4\n81\n65.5\n\n\n Lebanon\n70\n74.9\n87\n76.5\n53\n73.5\n79\n65.7\n\n\n Thailand\n70\n74.9\n66\n78.0\n74\n71.9\n59\n66.8\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n70\n74.9\n63\n78.3\n75\n71.6\n55\n67.0\n\n\n Armenia\n73\n74.8\n79\n77.7\n75\n71.6\n59\n66.8\n\n\n Nicaragua\n73\n74.8\n71\n77.9\n77\n71.5\n103\n63.7\n\n\n Colombia\n73\n74.8\n61\n78.4\n84\n71.2\n85\n65.1\n\n\n Kuwait\n76\n74.7\n93\n76.0\n51\n73.7\n78\n65.8\n\n\n Honduras\n77\n74.6\n85\n77.0\n71\n72.3\n90\n64.9\n\n\n Mauritius\n77\n74.6\n76\n77.8\n78\n71.4\n59\n66.8\n\n\n Latvia\n77\n74.6\n47\n79.2\n95\n69.6\n54\n67.1\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n80\n74.5\n93\n76.0\n58\n73.2\n96\n64.5\n\n\n Bulgaria\n80\n74.5\n66\n78.0\n86\n71.1\n72\n66.4\n\n\n Georgia\n82\n74.4\n63\n78.3\n91\n70.3\n70\n66.5\n\n\n Morocco\n83\n74.3\n99\n75.4\n56\n73.3\n90\n64.9\n\n\n Jordan\n84\n74.1\n96\n75.9\n70\n72.5\n88\n65.0\n\n\n Venezuela\n84\n74.1\n60\n78.5\n94\n70.0\n83\n65.2\n\n\n Paraguay\n86\n74.0\n93\n76.0\n73\n72.2\n83\n65.2\n\n\n Samoa\n86\n74.0\n81\n77.5\n87\n70.9\n65\n66.6\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n88\n73.9\n84\n77.1\n87\n70.9\n85\n65.1\n\n\n Grenada\n89\n73.6\n91\n76.1\n84\n71.2\n88\n65.0\n\n\n Lithuania\n89\n73.6\n50\n79.1\n104\n68.1\n75\n66.0\n\n\n Tonga\n91\n73.5\n88\n76.4\n89\n70.6\n75\n66.0\n\n\n El Salvador\n91\n73.5\n71\n77.9\n99\n68.8\n98\n64.1\n\n\n Cabo Verde\n93\n73.3\n103\n75.0\n81\n71.3\n97\n64.4\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n94\n73.2\n100\n75.2\n81\n71.3\n94\n64.6\n\n\n Seychelles\n94\n73.2\n66\n78.0\n98\n69.1\n81\n65.5\n\n\n Libya\n96\n72.7\n98\n75.6\n92\n70.1\n101\n63.8\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n96\n72.7\n97\n75.8\n95\n69.6\n93\n64.7\n\n\n Belarus\n98\n72.3\n66\n78.0\n119\n66.5\n85\n65.1\n\n\n Moldova\n99\n72.1\n90\n76.2\n106\n67.9\n92\n64.8\n\n\n Vanuatu\n100\n72.0\n107\n74.0\n92\n70.1\n94\n64.6\n\n\n Guatemala\n101\n71.9\n100\n75.2\n102\n68.5\n116\n62.1\n\n\n Bangladesh\n102\n71.8\n113\n73.1\n89\n70.6\n111\n62.3\n\n\n Suriname\n103\n71.6\n105\n74.7\n101\n68.6\n107\n63.1\n\n\n Ukraine\n104\n71.3\n91\n76.1\n120\n66.3\n98\n64.1\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n105\n71.2\n104\n74.8\n106\n67.9\n104\n63.3\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n106\n71.1\n102\n75.1\n111\n67.2\n101\n63.8\n\n\n Egypt\n107\n70.9\n111\n73.2\n99\n68.8\n113\n62.2\n\n\n Bolivia\n108\n70.7\n110\n73.3\n103\n68.2\n113\n62.2\n\n\n DPR Korea\n109\n70.6\n107\n74.0\n113\n67.0\n100\n64.0\n\n\n Russian Federation\n110\n70.5\n89\n76.3\n127\n64.7\n104\n63.3\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n111\n70.2\n105\n74.7\n123\n65.7\n104\n63.3\n\n\n Belize\n112\n70.1\n113\n73.1\n110\n67.5\n111\n62.3\n\n\n Fiji\n113\n69.9\n113\n73.1\n113\n67.0\n108\n62.9\n\n\n Bhutan\n114\n69.8\n126\n70.1\n97\n69.5\n120\n61.2\n\n\n Tajikistan\n115\n69.7\n109\n73.6\n116\n66.6\n116\n62.1\n\n\n Micronesia\n116\n69.4\n124\n70.6\n104\n68.1\n109\n62.5\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n116\n69.4\n116\n72.7\n122\n66.1\n110\n62.4\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n118\n69.2\n121\n70.8\n106\n67.9\n116\n62.1\n\n\n Nepal\n118\n69.2\n121\n70.8\n109\n67.7\n121\n61.1\n\n\n Indonesia\n120\n69.1\n119\n71.2\n112\n67.1\n113\n62.2\n\n\n Iraq\n121\n68.9\n118\n71.8\n121\n66.2\n124\n60.0\n\n\n Mongolia\n122\n68.8\n111\n73.2\n127\n64.7\n119\n62.0\n\n\n Cambodia\n123\n68.7\n123\n70.7\n116\n66.6\n130\n58.9\n\n\n Philippines\n124\n68.5\n117\n72.0\n126\n65.3\n121\n61.1\n\n\n India\n125\n68.3\n128\n69.9\n115\n66.9\n126\n59.5\n\n\n Timor-Leste\n125\n68.3\n126\n70.1\n116\n66.6\n123\n60.7\n\n\n Sao Tome and Principe\n127\n67.5\n130\n69.4\n124\n65.6\n128\n59.1\n\n\n Senegal\n128\n66.7\n132\n68.6\n130\n64.6\n132\n58.3\n\n\n Myanmar\n129\n66.6\n133\n68.5\n130\n64.6\n127\n59.2\n\n\n Pakistan\n130\n66.4\n137\n67.5\n125\n65.5\n134\n57.8\n\n\n Kiribati\n131\n66.3\n131\n68.8\n136\n63.7\n128\n59.1\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n131\n66.3\n125\n70.5\n143\n62.2\n125\n59.8\n\n\n Guyana\n133\n66.2\n133\n68.5\n134\n63.9\n130\n58.9\n\n\n Rwanda\n134\n66.1\n120\n71.1\n150\n60.9\n140\n56.6\n\n\n Gabon\n135\n66.0\n138\n67.2\n127\n64.7\n137\n57.2\n\n\n Namibia\n136\n65.8\n135\n68.3\n139\n63.1\n136\n57.5\n\n\n Yemen\n137\n65.7\n138\n67.2\n132\n64.3\n135\n57.7\n\n\n Laos\n137\n65.7\n138\n67.2\n133\n64.1\n133\n57.9\n\n\n Botswana\n137\n65.7\n136\n68.1\n137\n63.3\n138\n56.9\n\n\n Madagascar\n140\n65.5\n141\n67.0\n134\n63.9\n138\n56.9\n\n\n Ethiopia\n141\n64.8\n143\n66.8\n140\n62.8\n143\n56.1\n\n\n Congo\n142\n64.7\n144\n66.3\n138\n63.2\n140\n56.6\n\n\n Eritrea\n142\n64.7\n141\n67.0\n141\n62.4\n145\n55.9\n\n\n Syria\n144\n64.5\n128\n69.9\n154\n59.9\n143\n56.1\n\n\n Sudan\n145\n64.1\n146\n65.9\n141\n62.4\n145\n55.9\n\n\n Comoros\n146\n63.5\n151\n65.2\n144\n61.9\n145\n55.9\n\n\n Djibouti\n146\n63.5\n150\n65.3\n145\n61.8\n148\n55.8\n\n\n Haiti\n146\n63.5\n148\n65.5\n147\n61.5\n150\n55.4\n\n\n Kenya\n149\n63.4\n147\n65.8\n148\n61.1\n149\n55.6\n\n\n Mauritania\n150\n63.1\n153\n64.6\n146\n61.6\n152\n55.1\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n151\n62.9\n149\n65.4\n152\n60.6\n142\n56.4\n\n\n South Africa\n151\n62.9\n145\n66.2\n158\n59.3\n153\n54.5\n\n\n Ghana\n153\n62.4\n155\n63.9\n149\n61.0\n151\n55.3\n\n\n Uganda\n154\n62.3\n154\n64.3\n153\n60.3\n156\n54.0\n\n\n Niger\n155\n61.8\n158\n62.8\n150\n60.9\n154\n54.2\n\n\n Tanzania\n155\n61.8\n156\n63.8\n154\n59.9\n155\n54.1\n\n\n Zambia\n155\n61.8\n152\n64.7\n161\n59.0\n158\n53.6\n\n\n Liberia\n158\n61.4\n157\n62.9\n156\n59.8\n160\n52.7\n\n\n Gambia\n159\n61.1\n159\n62.5\n156\n59.8\n157\n53.8\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n160\n60.7\n160\n62.3\n161\n59.0\n163\n52.3\n\n\n Afghanistan\n161\n60.5\n161\n61.9\n158\n59.3\n164\n52.2\n\n\n Benin\n162\n60.0\n164\n61.1\n163\n58.8\n162\n52.5\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n163\n59.9\n167\n60.5\n160\n59.1\n161\n52.6\n\n\n Togo\n163\n59.9\n164\n61.1\n164\n58.6\n159\n52.8\n\n\n DR Congo\n165\n59.8\n163\n61.5\n165\n58.3\n166\n51.7\n\n\n Burundi\n166\n59.6\n162\n61.6\n168\n57.7\n164\n52.2\n\n\n Guinea\n167\n59.0\n171\n59.8\n166\n58.2\n166\n51.7\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n168\n58.9\n167\n60.5\n169\n57.2\n168\n51.5\n\n\n Swaziland\n168\n58.9\n164\n61.1\n171\n56.6\n172\n50.9\n\n\n Malawi\n170\n58.3\n170\n59.9\n170\n56.7\n169\n51.2\n\n\n Mali\n171\n58.2\n175\n58.3\n166\n58.2\n171\n51.1\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n171\n58.2\n169\n60.0\n171\n56.6\n169\n51.2\n\n\n Mozambique\n173\n57.6\n172\n59.4\n175\n55.7\n175\n49.6\n\n\n South Sudan\n174\n57.3\n173\n58.6\n173\n56.1\n174\n49.9\n\n\n Cameroon\n174\n57.3\n173\n58.6\n174\n55.9\n173\n50.3\n\n\n Somalia\n176\n55.0\n176\n56.6\n176\n53.5\n176\n47.8\n\n\n Nigeria\n177\n54.5\n177\n55.6\n177\n53.4\n177\n47.7\n\n\n Lesotho\n178\n53.7\n178\n55.4\n179\n51.7\n179\n46.6\n\n\n Cote d'Ivoire\n179\n53.3\n180\n54.4\n178\n52.3\n178\n47.0\n\n\n Chad\n180\n53.1\n179\n54.5\n179\n51.7\n180\n46.1\n\n\n Central African Republic\n181\n52.5\n181\n54.1\n181\n50.9\n181\n45.9\n\n\n Angola\n182\n52.4\n182\n54.0\n181\n50.9\n182\n45.8\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n183\n50.1\n183\n50.8\n183\n49.3\n183\n44.4\n\n"
] | [
"81.2"
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-9197915978939691500 | Centrifugation | Centrifugation - wikipedia Centrifugation Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Centrifugation is a process which involves the application of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge , and is used in industrial and laboratory settings . This process is used to separate two miscible substances , but also to analyze the hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules . More - dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge , while less - dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis . Chemists and biologists may increase the effective gravitational force on a test tube so as to more rapidly and completely cause the precipitate ( pellet ) to gather on the bottom of the tube . The remaining solution ( supernatant ) may be discarded with a pipette . There is a correlation between the size and density of a particle and the rate that the particle separates from a heterogeneous mixture , when the only force applied is that of gravity . The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles , the faster they separate from the mixture . By applying a larger effective gravitational force to the mixture , like a centrifuge does , the separation of the particles is accelerated . This is ideal in industrial and lab settings because particles that would naturally separate over a long period of time can be separated in much less time . The rate of centrifugation is specified by the angular velocity usually expressed as revolutions per minute ( RPM ) , or acceleration expressed as g . The conversion factor between RPM and g depends on the radius of the centrifuge rotor . The particles ' settling velocity in centrifugation is a function of their size and shape , centrifugal acceleration , the volume fraction of solids present , the density difference between the particle and the liquid , and the viscosity . The most common application is the separation of solid from highly concentrated suspensions , which is used in the treatment of sewage sludges for dewatering where less consistent sediment is produced . In the chemical and food industries , special centrifuges can process a continuous stream of particle - laden liquid . Centrifugation is the most common method used for uranium enrichment , relying on the slight mass difference between atoms of U238 and U235 in uranium hexafluoride gas. . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mathematical formula 2 Centrifugation in biological research 2.1 Microcentrifuges 2.2 High - speed centrifuges 2.3 Fractionation process 2.4 Ultracentrifugations 2.5 Density Gradient Centrifugation 2.6 Differential Centrifugation 3 Other applications 4 History 5 Sources 6 References Mathematical formula ( edit ) The general formula for calculating the revolutions per minute ( RPM ) of a centrifuge is R P M = g r ( \ displaystyle RPM = ( \ sqrt ( g \ over r ) ) ) , where g represents the respective force of the centrifuge and r the radius from the center of the rotor to a point in the sample . However , depending on the centrifuge model used , the respective angle of the rotor and the radius may vary , thus the formula gets modified . For example , the Sorvall # SS - 34 rotor has a maximum radius of 10.8 cm , so the formula becomes R P M = 299 g r ( \ displaystyle RPM = 299 ( \ sqrt ( g \ over r ) ) ) , which can further simplify to R P M = 91 g ( \ displaystyle RPM = 91 ( \ sqrt ( g ) ) ) . the applied centrifugation field is square angular velocity in radians per sec . the radial distance o the particle from the axis Centrifugation in biological Research ( edit ) Microcentrifuges ( edit ) Microcentrifuges are used to process small volumes of biological molecules , cells , or nuclei . Microcentrifuge tubes generally hold 0.5 - 2.0 mL of liquid , and are spun at maximum angular speeds of 12,000 -- 13,000 rpm . Microcentrifuges are small enough to fit on a table - top and have rotors that can quickly change speeds . They may or may not have a refrigeration function . High - speed centrifuges ( edit ) High - speed or superspeed centrifuges can handle larger sample volumes , from a few tens of millilitres to several litres . Additionally , larger centrifuges can also reach higher angular velocities ( around 30,000 rpm ) . The rotors may come with different adapters to hold various sizes of test tubes , bottles , or microtiter plates . Fractionation process ( edit ) General method of fractionation : Cell sample is stored in a suspension which is : Buffered - neutral pH , preventing damage to the structure of proteins including enzymes ( which could affect ionic bonds ) Isotonic ( of equal water potential ) - this prevents water gain or loss by the organelles Cool - reducing the overall activity of enzyme released later in the procedure Cells are homogenised in a blender and filtered to remove debris The homogenised sample is placed in an ultracentrifuge and spun in low speed - nuclei settle out , forming a pellet The supernatant ( suspension containing remaining organelles ) is spun at a higher speed - chloroplasts settle out The supernatant is spun at a higher speed still - mitochondria and lysosomes settle out The supernatant is spun at an even higher speed - ribosomes , membranes settle out The ribosomes , membranes and Golgi complexes can be separated by another technique called density gradient centrifugation . Ultracentrifugations ( edit ) Main articles : Differential centrifugation , Isopycnic centrifugation , and ultracentrifugation Ultracentrifugation makes use of high centrifugal force for studying properties of biological particles . Compared to microcentrifuges or high - speed centrifuges , ultracentrifuges can isolate much smaller particles , including ribosomes , proteins , and viruses . Ultracentrifuges can also be used in the study of membrane fractionation . This occurs because ultracentrifuges can reach maximum angular velocities in excess of 70,000 rpm . Additionally , while microcentrifuges and supercentrifuges separate particles in batches ( limited volumes of samples must be handled manually in test tubes or bottles ) , ultracentrifuges can separate molecules in batch or continuous flow systems . In addition to purification , analytical ultracentrifugation ( AUC ) can be used for determination of the properties of macromolecules such as shape , mass , composition , and conformation . Samples are centrifuged with a high - density solution such as sucrose , caesium chloride , or iodixanol . The high - density solution may be at a uniform concentration throughout the test tube ( `` cushion '' ) or a varying concentration ( `` gradient '' ) . Molecular properties can be modeled through sedimentation velocity analysis or sedimentation equilibrium analysis . During the run , the particle or molecules will migrate through the test tube at different speeds depending on their physical properties and the properties of the solution , and eventually form a pellet at the bottom of the tube , or bands at various heights . Density gradient centrifugation ( edit ) Density gradient centrifugation Is considered one of the more efficient methods of separating suspended particles . Density gradient centrifugation can be used both as a separation technique and as a method of measuring the densities of particles or molecules in a mixture . A tube , after being centrifuged by this method , has particles in order of density based on height . The object or particle of interest will reside in the position within the tube corresponding to its density . Linderstorm - Lang , in 1937 , discovered that density gradient tubes could be used for density measurements . He discovered this when working with potato yellow - dwarf virus . This method was also used in Meselson and Stahl 's famous experiment in which they proved that DNA replication is semi-conservative by using different isotopes of nitrogen . They used density gradient centrifugation to determine which isotope or isotopes of nitrogen were present in the DNA after cycles of replication . Nevertheless , some non-ideal sedimentations are still possible when using this method . The first potential issue is the unwanted aggregation of particles , but this can occur in any centrifugation . The second possibility occurs when droplets of solution that contain particles sediment . This is more likely to occur when working with a solution that has a layer of suspension floating on a dense liquid , which in fact have little to no density gradient . Differential centrifugation ( edit ) Differential Centrifugation is a type of centrifugation in which one selectively spins down components of a mixture by a series of increasing centrifugation forces . This method is commonly used to separate organelles and membranes found in cells . Organelles generally differ from each other in density in size , making the use of differential centrifugation , and centrifugation in general , possible . The organelles can then be identified by testing for indicators that are unique to the specific organelles . Other applications ( edit ) Separating chalk powder from water Removing fat from milk to produce skimmed milk Separating particles from an air - flow using cyclonic separation The clarification and stabilization of wine Separation of urine components and blood components in forensic and research laboratories Aids in separation of proteins using purification techniques such as salting out , e.g. ammonium sulfate precipitation . History ( edit ) By 1923 Theodor Svedberg and his student H. Rinde had successfully analyzed large - grained sols in terms of their gravitational sedimentation . Sols consist of a substance evenly distributed in another substance , also known as a colloid . However , smaller grained sols , such as those containing gold , could not be analyzed . To investigate this problem Svedberg developed an analytical centrifuge , equipped with a photographic absorption system , which would exert a much greater centrifugal effect . In addition , he developed the theory necessary to measure molecular weight . During this time , Svedberg 's attention shifted from gold to proteins . By 1900 , it had been generally accepted that proteins were composed of amino acids ; however , whether proteins were colloids or macromolecules was still under debate . One protein being investigated at the time was hemoglobin . It was determined to have 712 carbon , 1,130 hydrogen , 243 oxygen , two sulfur atoms , and at least one iron atom . This gave hemoglobin a resulting weight of approximately 16,000 dalton ( Da ) but it was uncertain whether this value was a multiple of one or four ( dependent upon the number of iron atoms present ) . Through a series of experiments utilizing the sedimentation equilibrium technique , two important observations were made : hemoglobin has a molecular weight of 68,000 Da , suggesting that there are four iron atoms present rather than one , and that no matter where the hemoglobin was isolated from , it had exactly the same molecular weight . How something of such a large molecular mass could be consistently found , regardless of where it was sampled from in the body , was unprecedented and favored the idea the proteins are macromolecules rather than colloids . In order to investigate this phenomenon , a centrifuge with even higher speeds was needed , and thus the ultracentrifuge was created to apply the theory of sedimentation - diffusion . The same molecular mass was determined , and the presence of a spreading boundary suggested that it was a single compact particle . Further application of centrifugation showed that under different conditions the large homogeneous particles could be broken down into discrete subunits . The development of centrifugation was a great advance in experimental protein science . Sources ( edit ) Harrison , Roger G. , Todd , Paul , Rudge , Scott R. , Petrides D.P. Bioseparations Science and Engineering . Oxford University Press , 2003 . Dishon , M. , Weiss , G.H. , Yphantis , D.A. Numerical Solutions of the Lamm Equation . I. Numerical Procedure . Biopolymers , Vol. 4 , 1966 . pp. 449 -- 455 . Cao , W. , Demeler B. Modeling Analytical Ultracentrifugation Experiments with an Adaptive Space - Time Finite Element Solution for Multicomponent Reacting Systems . Biophysical Journal , Vol. 95 , 2008 . pp. 54 -- 65 . Cole , J.L. , Hansen , J.C. Analytical Ultracentrifugation as a Contemporary Biomolecular Research Tool . Methods and Reviews , 1999 / 2000 . Howlett , G.J. , Minton , A.P. , Rivas , G. Analytical Ultracentrifugation for the Study of Protein Association and Assembly . Current Opinion in Chemical Biology , Vol. 10 , 2006 . pp. 430 -- 436 . Dam , J. , Velikovsky , C.A. , Mariuzza R.A. , et al. Sedimentation Velocity Analysis of Heterogeneous Protein - Protein Interactions : Lamm Equation Modeling and Sedimentation Coefficient Distributions c ( s ) . Biophysical Journal , Vol. 89 , 2005 . pp. 619 -- 634 . Berkowitz , S.A. , Philo , J.S. Monitoring the Homogeneity of Adenovirus Preparations ( a Gene Therapy Delivery System ) Using Analytical Ultracentrifugation . Analytical Biochemistry , Vol. 362 , 2007 . pp. 16 -- 37 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2013 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole , Cengage Learning . p. 111 . ISBN 9781133106296 . Jump up ^ Frei , Mark . `` Centrifugation Basics '' . Sigma - Aldrich . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Article on `` Centrifugation '' retrieved on 15th October 2013 from http://www.lenntech.com/library/clarification/clarification/centrifugation.htm Jump up ^ Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ; Ninfa , Alexander J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology . ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 43 . ISBN 9780470087664 . Jump up ^ Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ; Ninfa , Alexander J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology . ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 235 . ISBN 9780470087664 . ^ Jump up to : Brakke , Myron K. ( April 1951 ) . `` Density Gradient Centrifugation : A New Separation Technique '' . J. Am. Che . Soc. 73 ( 4 ) : 1847 -- 1848 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01148a508 . ^ Jump up to : Oster , Gerald ; Yamamoto , Masahide ( June 1963 ) . `` Density Gradient Techniques '' . Chem. Rev. 63 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 268 . doi : 10.1021 / cr60223a003 . Jump up ^ Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ; Ninfa , Alexander J. ( 2010 ) . Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology ( seconde ed . ) . University of Michigan : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08766 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ; Ninfa , Alexander J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology . ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . pp. 238 -- 239 . ISBN 9780470087664 . ^ Jump up to : Van Holde , K.E. ( 1998 ) . Analytical ultracentrifugation from 1924 to the present : A remarkable history . Chemtracts -- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 11 : 933 - 943 ^ Jump up to : Svedberg , T. ( 1927 ) . The Ultracentrifuge Nobel Lecture ^ Jump up to : Tanford , C. , and Reynolds , J. 2001 . Nature 's robots : A history of proteins . Oxford University Press . pp. 303 - 305 Jump up ^ Simoni , D.S. , Hill , R.L. , and Vaughan , M. ( 2002 ) . The structure and function of hemoglobin : Gilbery Smithson Adair and the Adair equations . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 277 ( 31 ) : e1 - e2 ( hide ) Separation processes Processes Absorption Acid - base extraction Adsorption Chromatography Cross-flow filtration Crystallization Cyclonic separation Dialysis ( biochemistry ) Dissolved air flotation Distillation Drying Electrochromatography Electrofiltration Filtration Flocculation Froth flotation Gravity separation Leaching Liquid -- liquid extraction Electroextraction Microfiltration Osmosis Precipitation ( chemistry ) Recrystallization Reverse osmosis Sedimentation Solid phase extraction Sublimation Ultrafiltration Devices API oil - water separator Belt filter Centrifuge Depth filter Electrostatic precipitator Evaporator Filter press Fractionating column Leachate Mixer - settler Protein skimmer Rotary vacuum - drum filter Scrubber Spinning cone Still Sublimation apparatus Vacuum ceramic filter Multiphase systems Aqueous two - phase system Azeotrope Eutectic Concepts Unit operation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centrifugation&oldid=798717115 '' Categories : Centrifugation Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Kurdî മലയാളം 日本 語 Oromoo Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 11 : 32 . About Wikipedia | when do we use the process of centrifugation | [
"Centrifugation is a process which involves the application of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge, and is used in industrial and laboratory settings. This process is used to separate two miscible substances, but also to analyze the hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules.[1] More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis. Chemists and biologists may increase the effective gravitational force on a test tube so as to more rapidly and completely cause the precipitate (pellet) to gather on the bottom of the tube. The remaining solution (supernatant) may be discarded with a pipette.[citation needed]"
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"to separate two miscible substances, but also to analyze the hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules"
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-7790536218160554798 | National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup | National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup A map showing all nations to have competed in FIFA World Cup tournaments . A map showing host nations and the best performance of each team to have competed in FIFA World Cup tournaments . The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of FIFA , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , with the exception of 1942 and 1946 when it was not held due to the Second World War . The competition originally featured 16 teams , and later 24 , before settling on its current format of 32 teams starting with the 1998 tournament . Teams initially compete in a group stage , with the final 16 progressing to knockout stages to decide the winner . As of the 2018 FIFA World Cup , a total of 79 national teams have entered the competition . Brazil are the only team to have appeared in all 21 tournaments to date , with Germany having participated in 19 , Italy in 18 , Argentina in 17 and Mexico in 16 . To date , eight nations have won the tournament . The inaugural winners in 1930 were Uruguay ; the current champions are France . The most successful nation in the competition are currently Brazil , who have won the cup on five occasions . Five teams have appeared in FIFA World Cup finals without winning , while twelve more have appeared in semi-finals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ranking of teams by number of appearances 2 Overall team records 3 Debuts by tournament 4 Comprehensive team results by tournament 5 Results of host nations 6 Results of defending champions and runners - up 7 Results by confederation 7.1 AFC 7.2 CAF 7.3 CONCACAF 7.4 CONMEBOL 7.5 OFC 7.6 UEFA 7.7 Overall 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Ranking of teams by number of appearances ( edit ) Team Appearances Record streak Active streak Debut Most recent Best result ( * hosts ) Brazil 21 21 21 1930 2018 Champions ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Germany 19 17 17 1934 2018 Champions ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) Italy 18 14 0 1934 2014 Champions ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) Argentina 17 12 12 1930 2018 Champions ( 1978 * , 1986 ) Mexico 16 7 7 1930 2018 Quarterfinals ( 1970 * , 1986 * ) Spain 15 11 11 1934 2018 Champions ( 2010 ) France 15 6 6 1930 2018 Champions ( 1998 * , 2018 ) England 15 6 6 1950 2018 Champions ( 1966 * ) Belgium 13 6 1930 2018 Third place ( 2018 ) Uruguay 13 1930 2018 Champions ( 1930 * , 1950 ) Serbia 12 1930 2018 Fourth place ( 1930 , 1962 ) Sweden 12 1934 2018 Runners - up ( 1958 * ) Switzerland 11 1934 2018 Quarterfinals ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 * ) Russia 11 1958 2018 Fourth place ( 1966 ) South Korea 10 9 9 1954 2018 Fourth place ( 2002 * ) United States 10 7 0 1930 2014 Third place ( 1930 ) Netherlands 10 0 1934 2014 Runners - up ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) Hungary 9 0 1934 1986 Runners - up ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czech Republic 9 0 1934 2006 Runners - up ( 1934 , 1962 ) Chile 9 0 1930 2014 Third place ( 1962 * ) Scotland 8 5 0 1954 1998 Round 1 Poland 8 1938 2018 Third place ( 1974 , 1982 ) Paraguay 8 0 1930 Quarterfinals ( 2010 ) Portugal 7 5 5 1966 2018 Third place ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 7 0 1962 1998 Fourth place ( 1994 ) Cameroon 7 0 1982 2014 Quarterfinals ( 1990 ) Romania 7 0 1930 1998 Quarterfinals ( 1994 ) Austria 7 0 1934 1998 Third place ( 1954 ) Japan 6 6 6 1998 2018 Round 2 ( 2002 * , 2010 , 2018 ) Nigeria 6 1994 2018 Round 2 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Colombia 6 1962 2018 Quarterfinals ( 2014 ) Australia 5 2018 Round 2 ( 2006 ) Saudi Arabia 5 1994 2018 Round 2 ( 1994 ) Croatia 5 1998 2018 Runners - up ( 2018 ) Tunisia 5 1978 2018 Round 1 Iran 5 1978 2018 Round 1 Costa Rica 5 1990 2018 Quarterfinals ( 2014 ) Peru 5 1930 2018 Quarterfinals ( 1970 , 1978 ( top 8 ) ) Morocco 5 1970 2018 Round 2 ( 1986 ) Denmark 5 1986 2018 Quarterfinals ( 1998 ) Algeria 0 1982 2014 Round 2 ( 2014 ) Ghana 0 2006 2014 Quarterfinals ( 2010 ) Ivory Coast 0 2006 2014 Round 1 Norway 0 1938 1998 Round 2 ( 1998 ) Honduras 0 1982 2014 Round 1 Greece 0 1994 2014 Round 2 ( 2014 ) Ecuador 0 2002 2014 Round 2 ( 2006 ) Northern Ireland 0 1958 1986 Quarterfinals ( 1958 ) Republic of Ireland 0 1990 2002 Quarterfinals ( 1990 ) South Africa 0 1998 Round 1 Egypt 1934 2018 Round 1 Bolivia 0 1930 1994 Round 1 Turkey 0 1954 2002 Third place ( 2002 ) Senegal 2002 2018 Quarterfinals ( 2002 ) North Korea 0 1966 Quarterfinals ( 1966 ) El Salvador 0 1970 1982 Round 1 New Zealand 0 1982 Round 1 Slovenia 0 2002 Round 1 Cuba 0 1938 1938 Quarterfinals ( 1938 ) Indonesia 0 1938 1938 Round 1 Wales 0 1958 1958 Quarterfinals ( 1958 ) Israel 0 1970 1970 Round 1 DR Congo 0 Round 1 East Germany 0 Quarterfinals ( 1974 ( top 8 ) ) Haiti 0 Round 1 Kuwait 0 1982 1982 Round 1 Canada 0 1986 1986 Round 1 Iraq 0 1986 1986 Round 1 United Arab Emirates 0 1990 1990 Round 1 Jamaica 0 1998 1998 Round 1 China PR 0 2002 2002 Round 1 Angola 0 2006 2006 Round 1 Togo 0 2006 2006 Round 1 Trinidad and Tobago 0 2006 2006 Round 1 Ukraine 0 2006 2006 Quarterfinals ( 2006 ) Slovakia 0 Round 2 ( 2010 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 2014 2014 Round 1 Iceland 2018 2018 Round 1 Panama 2018 2018 Round 1 Breakdown of successor teams Team # of appearances Record streak Active streak Debut Most recent Best result ( * hosts ) Czech Republic ( since 1998 ) 0 2006 2006 Round 1 Czechoslovakia ( 1930 -- 1994 ) 8 0 1934 1990 Runners - up ( 1934 , 1962 ) Team # of appearances Record streak Active streak Debut Most recent Best result ( * hosts ) Germany ( since 1994 ) 7 7 7 1994 2018 Champions ( 2014 ) West Germany ( 1954 -- 1990 ) 10 10 0 1954 1990 Champions ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 ) East Germany ( 1954 -- 1990 ) 0 Quarterfinals ( 1974 ( top 8 ) ) Germany ( 1930 -- 1938 ) 0 1934 1938 Third place ( 1934 ) Team # of appearances Record streak Active streak Debut Most recent Best result ( * hosts ) Russia ( since 1994 ) 1994 2018 Quarterfinals ( 2018 * ) Soviet Union ( 1930 -- 1990 ) 7 0 1958 1990 Fourth place ( 1966 ) Team # of appearances Record streak Active streak Debut Most recent Best result ( * hosts ) Serbia ( since 2010 ) 2018 Round 1 Serbia and Montenegro ( 2006 ) 0 2006 2006 Round 1 Yugoslavia ( 1994 -- 2002 ) 0 1998 1998 Round 2 ( 1998 ) Yugoslavia ( 1950 -- 1990 ) 7 0 1950 1990 Fourth place ( 1962 ) Yugoslavia ( 1930 -- 1938 ) 0 1930 1930 Fourth place ( 1930 ) Overall team records ( edit ) As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . 3 points per win , 1 point per draw and 0 points per loss . Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Points Topscorer ( s ) Num of Goals Brazil 109 73 18 18 229 105 + 124 237 Ronaldo 15 Germany 109 67 20 22 226 125 + 101 221 M. Klose 16 Italy 83 45 21 17 128 77 + 51 156 C. Vieri , R. Baggio , P. Rossi 9 Argentina 81 43 15 23 137 93 + 44 144 G. Batistuta 10 5 France 66 34 13 19 120 77 + 43 115 J. Fontaine 13 6 England 69 29 21 19 91 64 + 27 108 G. Lineker 10 7 Spain 63 30 15 18 99 72 + 27 105 D. Villa 9 8 Netherlands 50 27 12 11 86 48 + 38 93 J. Rep 7 9 Uruguay 56 24 12 20 87 74 + 13 84 Ó . Míguez 8 10 Sweden 51 19 13 19 80 73 + 7 70 H. Larsson , K. Andersson 5 11 Belgium 48 20 9 19 68 72 − 4 69 M. Wilmots , R. Lukaku 5 12 Russia 45 19 10 16 77 54 + 23 67 O. Salenko 6 13 Serbia 46 18 8 20 66 63 + 3 62 D. Jerković 14 Mexico 57 16 14 27 60 98 − 38 62 L. Hernández , J. Hernández 15 Poland 34 16 5 13 46 45 + 1 53 G. Lato 10 16 Portugal 30 14 6 10 49 35 + 14 48 Eusébio 9 17 Hungary 32 15 14 87 57 + 30 48 S. Kocsis 11 18 Switzerland 37 12 8 17 50 64 − 14 44 J. Hügi 6 19 Czech Republic 33 12 5 16 47 49 − 2 41 O. Nejedlý 7 20 Austria 29 12 13 43 47 − 4 40 E. Probst 6 21 Chile 33 11 7 15 40 49 − 9 40 M. Salas , L. Sánchez 22 Croatia 23 11 8 35 26 + 9 37 D. Šuker 6 23 Denmark 20 9 5 6 30 26 + 4 32 J.D. Tomasson 5 24 Paraguay 27 7 10 10 30 38 − 8 31 N. Cuevas 25 Colombia 22 9 10 32 30 + 2 30 J. Rodríguez 6 26 United States 33 8 6 19 37 62 − 25 30 L. Donovan 5 27 Romania 21 8 5 8 30 32 − 2 29 F. Răducioiu 28 South Korea 34 6 9 19 34 70 − 36 27 Ahn Jung - hwan , Park Ji - sung , Son Heung - min 29 Nigeria 21 6 12 23 30 − 7 21 A. Musa 30 Japan 21 5 5 11 20 29 − 9 20 K. Honda 31 Costa Rica 18 5 5 8 19 28 − 9 20 R. Gómez , P. Wanchope 32 Scotland 23 7 12 25 41 − 16 19 J. Jordan 33 Cameroon 23 7 12 18 43 − 25 19 R. Milla 5 34 Peru 18 5 10 21 33 − 12 18 T. Cubillas 10 35 Bulgaria 26 8 15 22 53 − 31 17 H. Stoichkov 6 36 Turkey 10 5 20 17 + 3 16 Suat M. , Burhan S. , İlhan M . 37 Ghana 12 5 13 16 − 3 15 A. Gyan 6 38 Republic of Ireland 13 8 10 10 0 14 R. Keane 39 Northern Ireland 13 5 5 13 23 − 10 14 P. McParland 5 40 Ecuador 10 5 10 11 − 1 13 A. Delgado , E. Valencia 41 Senegal 8 11 10 + 1 12 P. Bouba Diop 42 Algeria 13 7 13 19 − 6 12 S. Assad , A. Djabou , I. Slimani 43 Morocco 16 5 9 14 22 − 8 11 A. Hadda , A. Khairi , S. Bassir 44 Saudi Arabia 16 11 11 39 − 28 11 S. Al - Jaber 45 Ivory Coast 9 5 13 14 − 1 10 W. Bony , A. Dindane , D. Drogba , Gervinho 46 South Africa 9 11 16 − 5 10 S. Bartlett , B. McCarthy 47 Tunisia 15 9 13 25 − 12 10 W. Khazri 48 Iran 15 9 9 24 − 15 10 multiple 49 Australia 16 10 13 31 − 18 10 T. Cahill 5 50 Norway 8 7 8 − 1 9 K. Rekdal 51 East Germany 6 5 5 0 8 J. Streich 52 Greece 10 6 5 20 − 15 8 multiple 53 Ukraine 5 5 7 − 2 7 A. Shevchenko 54 Wales 5 0 6 I. Allchurch 55 Slovakia 5 7 − 2 R. Vittek 56 Slovenia 6 5 10 − 5 multiple 57 Cuba 5 12 − 7 H. Socorro 58 North Korea 7 5 6 21 − 15 Pak Seung - zin 59 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 E. Džeko , V. Ibišević , M. Pjanić , A. Vršajević 60 Jamaica 0 9 − 6 T. Whitmore 61 New Zealand 6 0 14 − 10 W. Reid , S. Smeltz , S. Sumner , S. Wooddin 62 Honduras 9 0 6 14 − 11 E. Laing , H. Zelaya , C. Costly 63 Angola 0 − 1 Flávio 64 Israel 0 − 2 M. Spiegler 65 Egypt 7 0 5 5 12 − 7 A. Fawzi , M. Salah 66 Iceland 0 5 − 3 A. Finnbogason , G. Sigurðsson 67 Kuwait 0 6 − 4 F. Al - Dakhil , A. Al - Buloushi 68 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 − 4 -- 69 Bolivia 6 0 5 20 − 19 E. Sánchez 70 Iraq 0 0 − 3 0 A. Radhi 71 Togo 0 0 6 − 5 0 M. Kader 72 Canada 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 -- 73 Indonesia 0 0 0 6 − 6 0 -- 74 Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0 F. Baloy 75 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 A. Jumaa , K. Ismaïl 76 China PR 0 0 0 9 − 9 0 -- 77 Haiti 0 0 14 − 12 0 E. Sanon 78 DR Congo 0 0 0 14 − 14 0 -- 79 El Salvador 6 0 0 6 22 − 21 0 L. Ramírez Source : Breakdown of successor teams Team Pld GF GA GD Points Czechoslovakia ( 1934 -- 1990 ) 30 11 5 14 44 45 − 1 38 Czech Republic ( since 2006 ) 0 − 1 Team Pld GF GA GD Points Germany ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 6 14 13 + 1 10 West Germany ( 1954 -- 1990 ) 62 36 14 12 131 77 + 54 122 Germany ( since 1994 ) 40 28 5 7 81 33 + 48 89 Team Pld GF GA GD Points Soviet Union ( 1958 -- 1990 ) 31 15 6 10 53 34 + 19 51 Russia ( since 1994 ) 14 6 24 20 + 4 16 Team Pld GF GA GD Points Yugoslavia ( 1930 ) 0 7 7 0 6 Yugoslavia ( 1950 -- 1990 ) 30 12 7 11 48 35 + 13 43 Yugoslavia ( 1998 ) 5 + 1 7 Serbia and Montenegro ( 2006 ) 0 0 10 -- 8 0 Serbia ( since 2010 ) 6 0 7 - 3 6 Debuts by tournament ( edit ) Portugal ( top ) and Croatia ( bottom ) each finished third in their debut FIFA World Cup appearances , in 1966 and 1998 . Cuba , Northern Ireland , the Soviet Union , the Republic of Ireland , Senegal and Ukraine ( pictured from top to bottom ) all progressed to the quarter - finals of their debut FIFA World Cup tournament . The inaugural FIFA World Cup tournament in 1930 featured 13 teams . Since then , every instance of the competition has featured at least one team making their debut appearance . List of national team debuts in FIFA World Cup tournaments Year Total Debuts Debut % Debuting teams Team Result Participating teams Best performance 1930 13 13 100 % Argentina Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile France Mexico Paraguay Peru Romania United States Uruguay Yugoslavia Uruguay Winners 1934 16 10 62.5 % Austria Czechoslovakia Egypt Germany Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Italy Winners 1938 15 26.67 % Cuba Dutch East Indies Norway Poland Cuba Quarter - finals 1950 13 7.69 % England England Group stage 1954 16 18.75 % Scotland South Korea Turkey Scotland South Korea Turkey Group stage 1958 16 18.75 % Northern Ireland Soviet Union Wales Northern Ireland Soviet Union Wales Quarter - finals 1962 16 12.5 % Bulgaria Colombia Bulgaria Colombia Group stage 1966 16 12.5 % North Korea Portugal Portugal Third place 1970 16 18.75 % El Salvador Israel Morocco El Salvador Israel Morocco Group stage 16 25 % Australia East Germany Haiti Zaire East Germany Group stage 2 1978 16 12.5 % Iran Tunisia Iran Tunisia Group stage 1 1982 24 5 20.8 % Algeria Cameroon Honduras Kuwait New Zealand Algeria Cameroon Honduras Kuwait New Zealand Group stage 1 1986 24 12.5 % Canada Denmark Iraq Denmark Round of 16 1990 24 12.5 % Costa Rica Republic of Ireland United Arab Emirates Republic of Ireland Quarter - finals 1994 24 12.5 % Greece Nigeria Saudi Arabia Nigeria Saudi Arabia Round of 16 1998 32 12.5 % Croatia Jamaica Japan South Africa Croatia Third place 2002 32 12.5 % China PR Ecuador Senegal Slovenia Senegal Quarter - finals 2006 32 6 18.75 % Angola Ghana Ivory Coast Togo Trinidad and Tobago Ukraine Ukraine Quarter - finals 32 3.1 % Slovakia Slovakia Round of 16 2014 32 3.1 % Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Group stage 2018 32 6.25 % Iceland Panama Iceland Panama Group stage 2022 32 Qatar Comprehensive team results by tournament ( edit ) Legend 1st -- Champions 2nd -- Runners - up 3rd -- Third place 4th -- Fourth place QF -- Quarterfinals ( 1934 -- 1938 , 1954 -- 1970 , and 1986 -- present : knockout round of 8 ) R2 -- Round 2 ( 1974 -- 1978 , second group stage , top 8 ; 1982 : second group stage , top 12 ; 1986 -- 2022 : knockout round of 16 ) R1 -- Round 1 ( 1930 , 1950 - 1970 and 1986 - present : group stage ; 1934 - 1938 : knockout round of 16 ; 1974 - 1982 : first group stage ) q -- Qualified for upcoming tournament -- Qualified but withdrew -- Did not qualify × -- Did not enter / Withdrew / Banned / Entry not accepted by FIFA -- Hosts -- Not affiliated to FIFA % -- Success rate of reaching the World Cup Finals , only counting the times the team entered the tournament The team ranking in each tournament is according to FIFA . The rankings , apart from the top four positions ( top two in 1930 ) , are not a result of direct competition between the teams ; instead , teams eliminated in the same round are ranked by their full results in the tournament . In recent tournaments , FIFA has used its world rankings for seeding in the final tournament draw . For each tournament , the number of teams in each finals tournament are shown ( in parentheses ) . Team view talk 1930 ( 13 ) 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Total partici - pations Qualifying percentage Algeria Part of France × R1 13th R1 22nd R1 28th R2 14th TBD TBD 4 / 13 30.8 Angola Part of Portugal × R1 23rd TBD TBD 1 / 9 11.1 Argentina 2nd R1 T - 9th × × × R1 13th R1 10th QF 5th R2 8th 1st R2 11th 1st 2nd R2 10th QF 6th R1 18th QF 6th QF 5th 2nd R2 16th TBD TBD 17 / 18 94.4 Australia × × × × × × × R1 14th R2 16th R1 21st R1 30th R1 30th TBD TBD 5 / 14 35.7 Austria × 4th × 3rd R1 15th × R2 7th R2 8th R1 T - 18th R1 23rd TBD TBD 7 / 18 38.9 Belgium R1 11th R1 15th R1 13th × R1 12th R1 T - 10th R2 10th 4th R2 11th R2 11th R1 19th R2 14th QF 6th 3rd TBD TBD 13 / 20 65 Bolivia R1 12th × × R1 13th × R1 21st TBD TBD 3 / 18 16.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina Part of Yugoslavia × R1 20th TBD TBD 1 / 6 16.7 Brazil R1 6th R1 14th 3rd 2nd QF 5th 1st 1st R1 11th 1st 4th 3rd R2 5th QF 5th R2 9th 1st 2nd 1st QF 5th QF 6th 4th QF 6th TBD TBD 21 / 21 100 Bulgaria × × R1 15th R1 15th R1 13th R1 12th R2 15th 4th R1 29th TBD TBD 7 / 19 36.8 Cameroon Part of France × × R1 17th QF 7th R1 22nd R1 25th R1 20th R1 31st R1 32nd TBD TBD 7 / 13 53.8 Canada × × × × × × × R1 24th TBD TBD 1 / 14 7.1 Chile R1 5th × × R1 9th 3rd R1 T - 13th R1 11th R1 22nd × R2 16th R2 10th R2 9th TBD TBD 9 / 18 50 China PR Republic of China × × × × × × × R1 31st TBD TBD 1 / 11 9.1 Colombia × × × R1 14th R2 14th R1 19th R1 21st QF 5th R2 9th TBD TBD 6 / 16 37.5 Costa Rica × × × × × R2 13th R1 19th R1 31st QF 8th R1 29th TBD TBD 5 / 16 31.3 Croatia Part of Yugoslavia × 3rd R1 23rd R1 22nd R1 19th 2nd TBD TBD 5 / 6 83.3 Cuba QF 8th × × × × × × × TBD TBD 1 / 13 7.7 Czech Republic × 2nd QF 5th × R1 14th R1 9th 2nd R1 15th R1 19th QF 6th R1 20th TBD TBD 9 / 19 47.4 Denmark × × × × × × R2 9th QF 8th R2 10th R1 24th R2 11th TBD TBD 5 / 15 33.3 DR Congo Part of Belgium × × R1 16th × TBD TBD 1 / 12 9.1 East Germany Part of Germany × × R2 6th Part of Germany 1 / 9 11.1 Ecuador × × × × × × R1 24th R2 12th R1 17th TBD TBD 3 / 15 20 Egypt × R1 13th × × × × × × R1 20th R1 31st TBD TBD 3 / 14 21.4 Team 1930 ( 13 ) 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Total partici - pations Qualifying percentage El Salvador × × × × × × R1 16th R1 24th TBD TBD 2 / 13 15.4 England × × × R1 8th QF 6th R1 11th QF 8th 1st QF 8th R2 6th QF 8th 4th R2 9th QF 6th QF 7th R2 13th R1 26th 4th TBD TBD 15 / 18 83.3 France R1 7th R1 T - 9th QF 6th R1 11th 3rd R1 T - 13th R1 12th 4th 3rd 1st R1 28th 2nd R1 29th QF 7th 1st TBD TBD 15 / 21 71.4 Germany × 3rd R1 10th × 1st 4th QF 7th 2nd 3rd 1st R2 6th 2nd 2nd 1st QF 5th QF 7th 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st R1 22nd TBD TBD 19 / 19 100 Ghana Part of the United Kingdom × × × R2 13th QF 7th R1 25th TBD TBD 3 / 13 23.1 Greece × × R1 24th R1 25th R2 13th TBD TBD 3 / 19 15.8 Haiti × × × × × R1 15th × TBD TBD 1 / 14 7.1 Honduras × × × × × × × R1 18th R1 30th R1 31st TBD TBD 3 / 14 21.4 Hungary × QF 6th 2nd × 2nd R1 10th QF 5th QF 6th R1 15th R1 14th R1 18th TBD TBD 9 / 19 47.4 Iceland × × × × × × × × R1 28th TBD TBD 1 / 13 7.7 Indonesia × × R1 15th × × × × × × TBD TBD 1 / 13 7.7 Iran × × × × × × × × R1 14th × × R1 20th R1 T - 25th R1 28th R1 18th TBD TBD 5 / 10 50 Iraq × × × × × × × × × R1 23rd TBD TBD 1 / 11 9.1 Israel × R1 12th TBD TBD 1 / 20 5 Italy × 1st 1st R1 7th R1 10th R1 9th R1 9th 2nd R1 10th 4th 1st R2 12th 3rd 2nd QF 5th R2 15th 1st R1 26th R1 22nd TBD TBD 18 / 20 90 Ivory Coast Part of France × × × × R1 19th R1 17th R1 21st TBD TBD 3 / 11 27.3 Jamaica Part of the United Kingdom × × × R1 22nd TBD TBD 1 / 12 8.3 Japan × × × × × × R1 31st R2 9th R1 T - 28th R2 9th R1 29th R2 15th TBD TBD 6 / 15 40 Kuwait × × × × × × × × × R1 21st TBD TBD 1 / 12 8.3 Mexico R1 13th × R1 12th R1 13th R1 16th R1 11th R1 12th QF 6th R1 16th QF 6th × R2 13th R2 13th R2 11th R2 15th R2 14th R2 10th R2 12th TBD TBD 16 / 19 84.2 Morocco Part of France × R1 14th R2 11th R1 23rd R1 18th R1 27th TBD TBD 5 / 14 35.7 Netherlands × R1 T - 9th R1 14th × × 2nd 2nd R2 15th QF 7th 4th R2 11th 2nd 3rd TBD TBD 10 / 18 55.6 New Zealand × × × × × R1 23rd R1 22nd TBD TBD 2 / 13 15.4 Nigeria Part of the United Kingdom × R2 9th R2 12th R1 27th R1 27th R2 16th R1 21st TBD TBD 6 / 14 42.9 North Korea Part of Japan × × QF 8th × × × × R1 32nd TBD TBD 2 / 10 20 Northern Ireland × × × QF 8th R2 9th R1 21st TBD TBD 3 / 18 16.7 Norway × × R1 12th × R1 17th R2 15th TBD TBD 3 / 18 16.7 Team 1930 ( 13 ) 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Total partici - pations Qualifying percentage Panama × × × × × × × × × × R1 32nd TBD TBD 1 / 11 9.1 Paraguay R1 9th × × R1 11th R1 12th R2 13th R2 14th R2 16th R1 18th QF 8th TBD TBD 8 / 19 42.1 Peru R1 10th × × × × QF 7th R2 8th R1 20th R1 20th TBD TBD 5 / 17 29.4 Poland × R1 11th × × 3rd R2 5th 3rd R2 14th R1 25th R1 21st R1 25th TBD TBD 8 / 18 44.4 Portugal × 3rd R1 17th R1 21st 4th R2 11th R1 18th R2 13th TBD TBD 7 / 20 35 Republic of Ireland × QF 8th R2 16th R2 12th TBD TBD 3 / 20 15 Qatar × × × × × × × × × × q TBD Romania R1 8th R1 12th R1 9th × R1 T - 10th R2 12th QF 6th R2 11th TBD TBD 7 / 20 35 Russia × × × × × QF 7th QF 6th 4th QF 5th R2 7th R2 10th R1 17th R1 18th R1 22nd R1 24th QF 8th TBD TBD 11 / 16 68.8 Saudi Arabia × × × × × R2 12th R1 28th R1 32nd R1 T - 28th R1 26th TBD TBD 5 / 11 45.5 Scotland × × × R1 15th R1 14th R1 9th R1 11th R1 15th R1 19th R1 T - 18th R1 27th TBD TBD 8 / 18 44.4 Senegal Part of France × × × × QF 7th R1 17th TBD TBD 2 / 11 18.2 Serbia 4th R1 5th QF 7th QF 5th 4th R2 7th R1 16th QF 5th × R2 10th R1 32nd R1 23rd R1 23rd TBD TBD 12 / 20 60 Slovakia Part of Czechoslovakia R2 16th TBD TBD 1 / 6 16.7 Slovenia Part of Yugoslavia × R1 30th R1 18th TBD TBD 2 / 6 33.3 South Africa × × × × × × × × × × R1 24th R1 17th R1 20th TBD TBD 3 / 7 42.9 South Korea Part of Japan × R1 16th × × R1 20th R1 22nd R1 20th R1 30th 4th R1 17th R2 15th R1 27th R1 19th TBD TBD 10 / 15 66.7 Spain × QF 5th × 4th R1 12th R1 10th R1 10th R2 12th QF 7th R2 10th QF 8th R1 17th QF 5th R2 9th 1st R1 23rd R2 10th TBD TBD 15 / 19 78.9 Sweden × QF 8th 4th 3rd 2nd R1 9th R2 5th R1 13th R1 21st 3rd R2 13th R2 14th QF 7th TBD TBD 12 / 20 60 Switzerland × QF 7th QF 7th R1 6th QF 8th R1 16th R1 16th R2 15th R2 10th R1 19th R2 11th R2 14th TBD TBD 11 / 20 55 Togo Part of France × × × × × R1 30th TBD TBD 1 / 10 10 Trinidad and Tobago Part of the United Kingdom R1 27th TBD TBD 1 / 14 7.1 Tunisia Part of France × R1 9th R1 26th R1 29th R1 24th R1 24th TBD TBD 5 / 14 35.7 Turkey × × × R1 9th × 3rd TBD TBD 2 / 17 11.8 Ukraine Part of Soviet Union × QF 8th TBD TBD 1 / 6 16.7 United Arab Emirates × × × R1 24th TBD TBD 1 / 9 11.1 United States 3rd R1 16th × R1 10th R1 23rd R2 14th R1 32nd QF 8th R1 T - 25th R2 12th R2 15th TBD TBD 10 / 20 50 Uruguay 1st × × 1st 4th R1 13th QF 7th 4th R1 13th R2 16th R2 16th R1 26th 4th R2 12th QF 5th TBD TBD 13 / 19 68.4 Wales × × × QF 6th TBD TBD 1 / 18 5.6 Team 1930 ( 13 ) 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Total partici - pations Qualifying percentage Results of host nations ( edit ) Except in 1934 , host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stage . The first host ever to fail to advance past the first round was South Africa in 2010 . † denotes the best result in the team 's history , ‡ - the best result at the time of the competition ( improved later ) . No . Year Host Nation Finish 1930 Uruguay Champions † 1934 Italy Champions † 1938 France Quarter - Final ‡ 1950 Brazil Runners - up ‡ 5 1954 Switzerland Quarter - Final † 6 1958 Sweden Runners - up † 7 1962 Chile Third Place † 8 1966 England Champions † 9 1970 Mexico Quarter - Final † 10 West Germany Champions † 11 1978 Argentina Champions † 12 1982 Spain Round 2 ( Top 12 ) 13 1986 Mexico Quarter - Final † 14 1990 Italy Third Place 15 1994 United States Round of 16 16 1998 France Champions † 17 2002 South Korea Fourth Place † Japan Round of 16 † 18 2006 Germany Third Place 19 South Africa Group Stage † 20 2014 Brazil Fourth Place 21 2018 Russia Quarter - Final 22 2022 Qatar TBD † 23 2026 Canada TBD Mexico TBD United States TBD Results of defending champions and runners - up ( edit ) The defending World Cup champions were formerly granted an automatic spot in the Cup finals field . As of the 2006 tournament , this berth is no longer guaranteed . However , no defending World Cup champion has yet failed to qualify . Automatic berths have never been given for defending World Cup runners - up . Defending runners - up are 15 - for - 18 in qualification efforts for the following World Cup . Year Defending champions Finish Defending runners - up Finish 1934 Uruguay Did not enter Argentina Round 1 ( Round of 16 ) 1938 Italy Champions Czechoslovakia Quarter - Final 1950 Italy Group Stage Hungary Did not enter 1954 Uruguay Fourth Place Brazil Quarter - Final 1958 West Germany Fourth Place Hungary Group Stage 1962 Brazil Champions Sweden Did not qualify 1966 Brazil Group Stage Czechoslovakia Did not qualify 1970 England Quarter - Final West Germany Third Place Brazil Fourth Place Italy Group Stage 1978 West Germany Round 2 ( top 8 ) Netherlands Runners - up 1982 Argentina Round 2 ( top 12 ) Netherlands Did not qualify 1986 Italy Round of 16 West Germany Runners - up 1990 Argentina Runners - up West Germany Champions 1994 Germany Quarter - Final Argentina Round of 16 1998 Brazil Runners - up Italy Quarter - Final 2002 France Group Stage Brazil Champions 2006 Brazil Quarter - Final Germany Third Place Italy Group Stage France Group Stage 2014 Spain Group Stage Netherlands Third Place 2018 Germany Group Stage Argentina Round of 16 2022 France TBD Croatia TBD Results by confederation ( edit ) AFC ( edit ) Main article : Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup South Korea have appeared at ten FIFA World Cup tournaments , more than any other AFC team . They finished fourth in 2002 , a confederation record . North Korea were the first AFC team to advance beyond the first stage of a FIFA World Cup tournament , reaching the quarter - finals in 1966 . Japan have competed in the FIFA World Cup six times , progressing to the knockout stage thrice , in 2002 , 2010 , and 2018 . List of AFC team appearances in FIFA World Cup tournaments Year Teams Top 16 Top 8 / 12 Top 4 Top 2 Team Result Progress in the tournament Best performance 1938 N / A 0 0 0 Dutch East Indies First round 1954 0 0 0 South Korea Group stage 1966 0 0 North Korea Quarter - finals 1970 0 0 0 Israel Group stage 1978 0 0 0 Iran Group stage 1982 0 0 0 Kuwait Group stage 1986 0 0 0 0 Iraq South Korea Group stage 1990 0 0 0 0 South Korea United Arab Emirates Group stage 1994 0 0 0 Saudi Arabia Round of 16 1998 0 0 0 0 Iran Japan Saudi Arabia South Korea Group stage 2002 0 South Korea Fourth place 2006 0 0 0 0 Iran Japan Saudi Arabia South Korea Group stage 0 0 0 Japan South Korea Round of 16 2014 0 0 0 0 Australia Iran Japan South Korea Group stage 2018 5 0 0 0 Japan Round of 16 Total 37 6 0 South Korea Fourth place CAF ( edit ) Main article : African nations at the FIFA World Cup Cameroon were the first CAF nation to reach the quarter - finals of the FIFA World Cup , the highest stage a team from the confederation has reached , in 1990 . Nigeria have participated in six FIFA World Cup tournaments , just one behind the CAF record holders Cameroon . List of CAF team appearances in FIFA World Cup tournaments Year Teams Top 16 Top 8 / 12 Top 4 Top 2 Team Result Progress in the tournament Best performance 1934 N / A 0 0 0 Egypt First round 1970 0 0 0 Morocco Group stage 0 0 0 Zaire Group stage 1978 0 0 0 Tunisia Group stage 1982 0 0 0 Algeria Cameroon Group stage 1 1986 0 0 0 Morocco Round of 16 1990 0 0 Cameroon Quarter - finals 1994 0 0 0 Nigeria Round of 16 1998 5 0 0 0 Nigeria Round of 16 2002 5 0 0 Senegal Quarter - finals 2006 5 0 0 0 Ghana Round of 16 6 0 0 Ghana Quarter - finals 2014 5 0 0 0 Algeria Nigeria Round of 16 2018 5 0 0 0 0 Egypt Morocco Nigeria Senegal Tunisia Group stage Total 44 9 0 0 Cameroon Senegal Ghana Quarter - finals CONCACAF ( edit ) Main article : North , Central American and Caribbean nations at the FIFA World Cup United States finished in third place in the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930 , which remains the only semi-finals appearance by a CONCACAF team . Mexico have participated in 16 FIFA World Cup tournaments , behind only Brazil ( 21 ) , Germany ( 19 ) , Italy ( 18 ) and Argentina ( 17 ) . List of CONCACAF team appearances in FIFA World Cup tournaments Year Teams Top 16 Top 8 / 12 Top 4 Top 2 Team Result Progress in the tournament Best performance 1930 N / A N / A 0 United States Third place 1934 0 0 0 United States First round 1938 0 0 Cuba Quarter - finals 1950 N / A 0 0 Mexico United States Group stage 1954 0 0 0 Mexico Group stage 1958 0 0 0 Mexico Group stage 1962 0 0 0 Mexico Group stage 1966 0 0 0 Mexico Group stage 1970 0 0 Mexico Quarter - finals 0 0 0 Haiti Group stage 1978 0 0 0 Mexico Group stage 1982 0 0 0 El Salvador Honduras Group stage 1 1986 0 0 Mexico Quarter - finals 1990 0 0 0 Costa Rica Round of 16 1994 0 0 0 Mexico United States Round of 16 1998 0 0 0 Mexico Round of 16 2002 0 0 United States Quarter - finals 2006 0 0 0 Mexico Round of 16 0 0 0 Mexico United States Round of 16 2014 0 0 Costa Rica Quarter - finals 2018 0 0 0 Mexico Round of 16 Total 42 14 5 0 United States Third place CONMEBOL ( edit ) Main article : South American nations at the FIFA World Cup Brazil are the most successful team in FIFA World Cup history , having won the tournament five times in 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 and 2002 . They also finished as runners - up in the 1950 and 1998 tournaments . They are the only team that has played in every FIFA World Cup . Uruguay hosted and won the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930 , and later won again in 1950 when Brazil hosted . List of CONMEBOL team appearances in FIFA World Cup tournaments Year Teams Top 16 Top 8 / 12 Top 4 Top 2 Team Result Progress in the tournament Best performance 1930 7 N / A N / A Uruguay Winners 1934 0 0 0 Argentina Brazil First round 1938 0 Brazil Third place 1950 5 N / A Uruguay Winners 1954 0 Uruguay Fourth place 1958 Brazil Winners 1962 5 Brazil Winners 1966 0 0 Argentina Uruguay Quarter - finals 1970 Brazil Winners 0 Brazil Fourth place 1978 Argentina Winners 1982 0 0 Argentina Brazil Group stage 2 1986 Argentina Winners 1990 Argentina Runners - up 1994 Brazil Winners 1998 5 Brazil Runners - up 2002 5 Brazil Winners 2006 0 0 Argentina Brazil Quarter - finals 5 5 0 Uruguay Fourth place 2014 6 5 Argentina Runners - up 2018 5 0 0 Uruguay Brazil Quarter - finals Total 85 33 36 22 14 Brazil Winners ( 5 times ) OFC ( edit ) Main article : Oceanian nations at the FIFA World Cup Australia are the only OFC team to have advanced to the FIFA World Cup knockout stage , which they did in 2006 . List of OFC team appearances in FIFA World Cup tournaments Year Teams Top 16 Top 8 / 12 Top 4 Top 2 Team Result Progress in the tournament Best performance N / A 0 0 0 Australia Group stage 1982 0 0 0 New Zealand Group stage 1 2006 0 0 0 Australia Round of 16 0 0 0 0 New Zealand Group stage Total 0 0 0 Australia Round of 16 UEFA ( edit ) Main article : European nations at the FIFA World Cup Italy were the first UEFA team to win the FIFA World Cup , which they did at the second tournament in 1934 . They would later also win in 1938 , 1982 and 2006 . Germany ( including West Germany ) have also won the FIFA World Cup four times and are the reigning champions . They are the European team with the most appearances in the FIFA World Cup . List of UEFA team appearances in FIFA World Cup tournaments Year Teams Top 16 Top 8 / 12 Top 4 Top 2 Team Result Progress in the tournament Best performance 1930 N / A N / A 0 Yugoslavia Fourth place 1934 12 8 Italy Winners 1938 12 6 Italy Winners 1950 6 N / A 0 Sweden Third place 1954 12 6 West Germany Winners 1958 12 7 Sweden Runners - up 1962 10 6 Czechoslovakia Runners - up 1966 10 5 England Winners 1970 9 Italy Runners - up 9 6 West Germany Winners 1978 10 5 Netherlands Runners - up 1982 14 10 Italy Winners 1986 14 10 5 West Germany Runners - up 1990 14 10 6 West Germany Winners 1994 13 10 7 Italy Runners - up 1998 15 10 6 France Winners 2002 15 9 Germany Runners - up 2006 14 10 6 Italy Winners 13 6 Spain Winners 2014 13 6 Germany Winners 2018 14 10 6 France Winners Total 245 81 110 60 28 Germany Italy Winners ( 4 times each ) Overall ( edit ) After the first twenty - one World Cups , all top 2 finishes , and all but two top 4 finishes , have been achieved by European ( UEFA ) and South American ( CONMEBOL ) countries . The other four football regions together have got just one third place , won by the United States in the inaugural 1930 tournament , and one fourth place , won by South Korea on home soil in 2002 . Comparison of results between confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Nations 11 13 11 9 34 79 Participations 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 33 81 144 Top 8 / 12 5 36 0 110 156 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Post-reunification Germany is considered the inheritor of the records of pre-war Germany ( competed 1934 -- 1938 ) and West Germany ( competed 1954 -- 1990 ) , while East Germany is considered a separate team . ^ Jump up to : Serbia is considered the inheritor of the records of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro teams , which competed from 1930 to 2006 , while Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia are considered separate teams . ^ Jump up to : There was no third place match in 1930 . The USA and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . Both captains received bronze medals . Currently , FIFA recognizes USA as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the 1930 World Cup . ^ Jump up to : Russia is considered the inheritor of the records of the Soviet Union , which competed 1958 -- 1990 , while Ukraine is considered a separate team . ^ Jump up to : The Czech Republic is considered the inheritor of the records of Czechoslovakia , which competed 1934 -- 1994 , while Slovakia is considered a separate team . ^ Jump up to : Indonesia competed in 1938 as Dutch East Indies . ^ Jump up to : DR Congo was known as Zaire until during the 1998 campaign . Jump up ^ Austria qualified in 1938 , but withdrew to play as part of Germany after being annexed . Jump up ^ Israel competed as Eretz Yisrael ( Land of Israel ) in 1934 and in 1938 , with a team consisting exclusively of Jewish and British footballers from the Palestine Mandate . Jump up ^ Republic of Ireland competed as the Irish Free State in 1934 and then as Ireland in 1938 and 1950 . Jump up ^ Qatar will debut in the tournament in 2022 , so its result will also be its best result in history . ^ Jump up to : From 1930 to 1978 , the FIFA World Cup finals tournament featured 16 or fewer teams , while in 1982 , the tournament featured 24 teams and a second round with 12 teams . ^ Jump up to : The 1982 edition in Spain had a format with a second round consisting of 12 teams from which 4 teams qualified to the semi-final round . ^ Jump up to : The 1930 and 1950 tournaments progressed directly from the first round to semi-finals . ^ Jump up to : Australia has participated as part of OFC and AFC Jump up ^ The 1930 and 1950 tournaments did not have a quarter - final round , while 1982 had a second round consisting of 12 teams , of which 4 advanced . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of the FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz ! Can you name all 79 countries to have appeared at a World Cup finals ? '' . FourFourTwo . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Teams Statistics : Teams with the most tournament participations '' . FIFA . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Alan ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` The 2018 World Cup is only 2 weeks away -- here 's who has won every tournament since 1930 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Can you name the losing finalists from previous tournaments ? '' . BBC Sport . June 9 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup All - Time Tables ( including Qualifying ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Teams Statistics '' . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay : Teams '' . FIFA . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet - FIFA World Cup TM : All - time ranking '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ( through 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` OC for FIFA Competitions approves procedures for the Final Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 14 Sep 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 30 November 2001 ) . `` World Cup winners will have to qualify '' . EveningStandard . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All Time Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Teams Statistics at FIFA.com FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_team_appearances_in_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=850562047 '' Categories : Countries at the FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup statistics National association football team records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Қазақша Latviešu मराठी Português Română Русский ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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-5843915525754024951 | Cy Young Award | Cy Young award - wikipedia Cy Young award Jump to : navigation , search Cy Young Award The Cy Young Award Given for Major League Baseball 's Best Regular Season Pitcher Country United States Presented by Baseball Writers ' Association of America History First award 1956 Most recent Max Scherzer , National League Corey Kluber , American League The Cy Young Award is given annually to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , one each for the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) . The award was first introduced in 1956 by Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young , who died in 1955 . The award was originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues , but in 1967 , after the retirement of Frick , the award was given to one pitcher in each league . Each league 's award is voted on by members of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America , with one representative from each team . As of the 2010 season , each voter places a vote for first , second , third , fourth and fifth place among the pitchers of each league . The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes . The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award . If two pitchers receive the same number of votes , the award is shared . The current formula started in the 2010 season . Before that , dating back to 1970 , writers voted for three pitchers , with the formula of 5 points for a first place vote , 3 for a second place vote and 1 for a third place vote . Prior to 1970 , writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 2.1 Major Leagues combined ( 1956 -- 1966 ) 2.2 National League ( 1967 -- present ) 2.3 American League ( 1967 -- present ) 2.4 Multiple winners 2.5 Wins by teams 2.6 Unanimous winners 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References History ( edit ) Cy Young , for whom the award is named The Cy Young Award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner of Baseball Ford C. Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young , who died in 1955 . The award would be given to pitchers only . Originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues , the award changed its format over time . From 1956 to 1966 , the award was given to one pitcher in Major League Baseball . After Frick retired in 1967 , William Eckert became the new Commissioner of Baseball . Due to fan requests , Eckert announced that the Cy Young Award would be given out both in the American League and the National League . From 1956 to 1958 , a pitcher was not allowed to win the award on more than one occasion ; this rule was eliminated in 1959 . After a tie in the 1969 voting for the Cy Young Award , the process was changed , in which each writer was to vote for three different pitchers : the first - place vote received five points , the second - place vote received three points , and the third - place vote received one point . The first recipient of the Cy Young Award was Don Newcombe of the Dodgers . In 1957 , Warren Spahn became the first left - handed pitcher to win the award . In 1963 , Sandy Koufax became the first pitcher to win the award in a unanimous vote ; two years later he became the first multiple winner . In 1978 , Gaylord Perry ( age 40 ) became the oldest pitcher to receive the award , a record that stood until broken in 2004 by Roger Clemens ( age 42 ) . The youngest recipient was Dwight Gooden ( age 20 in 1985 ) . In 2012 , R.A. Dickey became the first knuckleball pitcher to win the award . In 1974 , Mike Marshall won the award , becoming the first relief pitcher to win the award . In 1992 , Dennis Eckersley was the first modern closer ( first player to be used almost exclusively in ninth - inning situations ) to win the award , and since then only one other relief pitcher has won the award , Éric Gagné in 2003 ( also a closer ) . A total of nine relief pitchers have won the Cy Young Award across both leagues . Steve Carlton in 1982 became the first pitcher to win more than three Cy Young Awards , while Greg Maddux in 1994 became the first to win at least three in a row ( and received a fourth straight the following year ) , a feat later repeated by Randy Johnson . Winners ( edit ) Key Year Each year is linked to an article about that Major League Baseball season . ERA Earned run average * Also named Most Valuable Player ( 11 occurrences as of 2017 ) * * Also named Rookie of the Year ( 1 occurrence as of 2017 , by Fernando Valenzuela ) Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum ( 20 individuals as of 2015 ) Major Leagues combined ( 1956 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Don Newcombe , the first winner Year Pitcher Team Record Saves ERA K 's 1956 Newcombe , Don Don Newcombe * Brooklyn Dodgers ( NL ) 27 -- 7 0 3.06 139 1957 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn Milwaukee Braves ( NL ) 21 -- 11 2.69 111 1958 Turley , Bob Bob Turley New York Yankees ( AL ) 21 -- 7 2.97 168 1959 Wynn , Early Early Wynn Chicago White Sox ( AL ) 22 -- 10 0 3.17 179 1960 Law , Vern Vern Law Pittsburgh Pirates ( NL ) 20 -- 9 0 3.08 120 1961 Ford , Whitey Whitey Ford New York Yankees ( AL ) 25 -- 4 0 3.21 209 1962 Drysdale , Don Don Drysdale Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) 25 -- 9 2.84 232 1963 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax * Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) 25 -- 5 0 1.88 306 1964 Chance , Dean Dean Chance California Angels ( AL ) 20 -- 9 1.65 207 1965 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) 26 -- 8 2.04 382 1966 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) 27 -- 9 0 1.73 317 National League ( 1967 -- present ) ( edit ) From 1991 -- 1998 Greg Maddux , Tom Glavine , and John Smoltz combined for seven NL Cy Young Awards during their time with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs Roy Halladay , one of only six pitchers in baseball history to win the Cy Young in both leagues ; in 2003 with the Toronto Blue Jays and in 2010 with the Philadelphia Phillies Clayton Kershaw , three - time winner Tim Lincecum won consecutively in his first two full seasons , an MLB Record R.A. Dickey , the first knuckleball pitcher to win the award Year Pitcher Team Record Saves ERA K 's 1967 McCormick , Mike Mike McCormick San Francisco Giants 22 -- 10 0 2.85 150 1968 Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson * St. Louis Cardinals 22 -- 9 0 1.12 268 1969 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver New York Mets 25 -- 7 0 2.21 208 1970 Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson St. Louis Cardinals 23 -- 7 0 3.12 274 1971 Jenkins , Ferguson Ferguson Jenkins Chicago Cubs 24 -- 13 0 2.77 263 1972 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton Philadelphia Phillies 27 -- 10 0 1.98 310 1973 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver New York Mets 19 -- 10 0 2.08 251 Marshall , Mike Mike Marshall Los Angeles Dodgers 15 -- 12 21 2.42 143 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver New York Mets 22 -- 9 0 2.38 243 1976 Jones , Randy Randy Jones San Diego Padres 22 -- 14 0 2.74 93 1977 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton Philadelphia Phillies 23 -- 10 0 2.64 198 1978 Perry , Gaylord Gaylord Perry San Diego Padres 21 -- 6 0 2.73 154 1979 Sutter , Bruce Bruce Sutter Chicago Cubs 6 -- 6 37 2.22 110 1980 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton Philadelphia Phillies 24 -- 9 0 2.34 286 1981 Valenzuela , Fernando Fernando Valenzuela * * Los Angeles Dodgers 13 -- 7 0 2.48 180 1982 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton Philadelphia Phillies 23 -- 11 0 3.11 286 Denny , John John Denny Philadelphia Phillies 19 -- 6 0 2.37 139 1984 Sutcliffe , Rick Rick Sutcliffe Chicago Cubs 16 -- 1 0 2.69 155 1985 Gooden , Dwight Dwight Gooden New York Mets 24 -- 4 0 1.53 268 1986 Scott , Mike Mike Scott Houston Astros 18 -- 10 0 2.22 306 Bedrosian , Steve Steve Bedrosian Philadelphia Phillies 5 -- 3 40 2.83 74 1988 Hershiser , Orel Orel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers 23 -- 8 2.26 178 1989 Davis , Mark Mark Davis San Diego Padres 4 -- 3 44 1.85 92 1990 Drabek , Doug Doug Drabek Pittsburgh Pirates 22 -- 6 0 2.76 131 1991 Glavine , Tom Tom Glavine Atlanta Braves 20 -- 11 0 2.55 192 1992 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Chicago Cubs 20 -- 11 0 2.18 199 1993 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves 20 -- 10 0 2.36 197 1994 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves 16 -- 6 0 1.56 156 1995 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves 19 -- 2 0 1.63 181 Smoltz , John John Smoltz Atlanta Braves 24 -- 8 0 2.94 276 1997 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Montreal Expos 17 -- 8 0 1.90 305 1998 Glavine , Tom Tom Glavine Atlanta Braves 20 -- 6 0 2.47 157 1999 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Arizona Diamondbacks 17 -- 9 0 2.49 364 2000 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Arizona Diamondbacks 19 -- 7 0 2.64 347 2001 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Arizona Diamondbacks 21 -- 6 0 2.49 372 2002 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Arizona Diamondbacks 24 -- 5 0 2.32 334 2003 Gagné , Éric Éric Gagné Los Angeles Dodgers 2 -- 3 55 1.20 137 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Houston Astros 18 -- 4 0 2.98 218 2005 Carpenter , Chris Chris Carpenter St. Louis Cardinals 21 -- 5 0 2.83 213 2006 Webb , Brandon Brandon Webb Arizona Diamondbacks 16 -- 8 0 3.10 178 2007 Peavy , Jake Jake Peavy San Diego Padres 19 -- 6 0 2.54 240 2008 Lincecum , Tim Tim Lincecum San Francisco Giants 18 -- 5 0 2.62 265 2009 Lincecum , Tim Tim Lincecum San Francisco Giants 15 -- 7 0 2.48 261 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay Philadelphia Phillies 21 -- 10 0 2.44 219 2011 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers 21 -- 5 0 2.28 248 2012 Dickey , R.A. R.A. Dickey New York Mets 20 -- 6 0 2.73 230 2013 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers 16 -- 9 0 1.83 232 2014 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw * Los Angeles Dodgers 21 -- 3 0 1.77 239 2015 Arrieta , Jake Jake Arrieta Chicago Cubs 22 -- 6 0 1.77 236 2016 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Washington Nationals 20 -- 7 0 2.96 284 2017 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Washington Nationals 16 -- 6 0 2.51 268 American League ( 1967 -- present ) ( edit ) CC Sabathia , one - time winner Pedro Martínez , three - time winner Justin Verlander won the AL Cy Young , AL Pitching Triple Crown , and AL MVP in 2011 . Johan Santana , two - time winner Zack Greinke , one - time winner Corey Kluber , two - time winner Year Pitcher Team Record Saves ERA K 's 1967 Lonborg , Jim Jim Lonborg Boston Red Sox 22 -- 9 0 3.16 246 1968 McLain , Denny Denny McLain * Detroit Tigers 31 -- 6 0 1.96 280 1969 Cuellar , Mike Mike Cuellar Baltimore Orioles 23 -- 11 0 2.38 182 1969 McLain , Denny Denny McLain Detroit Tigers 24 -- 9 0 2.80 181 1970 Perry , Jim Jim Perry Minnesota Twins 24 -- 12 0 3.04 168 1971 Blue , Vida Vida Blue * Oakland Athletics 24 -- 8 0 1.82 301 1972 Perry , Gaylord Gaylord Perry Cleveland Indians 24 -- 16 1.92 234 1973 Palmer , Jim Jim Palmer Baltimore Orioles 22 -- 9 2.40 168 Hunter , Catfish Catfish Hunter Oakland Athletics 25 -- 12 0 2.49 143 Palmer , Jim Jim Palmer Baltimore Orioles 23 -- 11 2.09 193 1976 Palmer , Jim Jim Palmer Baltimore Orioles 22 -- 13 0 2.51 159 1977 Lyle , Sparky Sparky Lyle New York Yankees 13 -- 5 26 2.17 68 1978 Guidry , Ron Ron Guidry New York Yankees 25 -- 3 0 1.74 248 1979 Flanagan , Mike Mike Flanagan Baltimore Orioles 23 -- 9 0 3.08 190 1980 Stone , Steve Steve Stone Baltimore Orioles 25 -- 7 0 3.23 149 1981 Fingers , Rollie Rollie Fingers * Milwaukee Brewers 6 -- 3 28 1.04 61 1982 Vuckovich , Pete Pete Vuckovich Milwaukee Brewers 18 -- 6 0 3.34 105 Hoyt , LaMarr LaMarr Hoyt Chicago White Sox 24 -- 10 0 3.66 148 1984 Hernández , Willie Willie Hernández * Detroit Tigers 9 -- 3 32 1.92 112 1985 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals 20 -- 6 0 2.87 158 1986 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens * Boston Red Sox 24 -- 4 0 2.48 238 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox 20 -- 9 0 2.97 256 1988 Viola , Frank Frank Viola Minnesota Twins 24 -- 7 0 2.64 193 1989 Saberhagen , Bret Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals 23 -- 6 0 2.16 193 1990 Welch , Bob Bob Welch Oakland Athletics 27 -- 6 0 2.95 127 1991 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox 18 -- 10 0 2.62 241 1992 Eckersley , Dennis Dennis Eckersley * Oakland Athletics 7 -- 1 51 1.91 93 1993 McDowell , Jack Jack McDowell Chicago White Sox 22 -- 10 0 3.37 158 1994 Cone , David David Cone Kansas City Royals 16 -- 5 0 2.94 132 1995 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson Seattle Mariners 18 -- 2 0 2.48 294 Hentgen , Pat Pat Hentgen Toronto Blue Jays 20 -- 10 0 3.22 177 1997 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Toronto Blue Jays 21 -- 7 0 2.05 292 1998 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Toronto Blue Jays 20 -- 6 0 2.65 271 1999 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Boston Red Sox 23 -- 4 0 2.07 313 2000 Martínez , Pedro Pedro Martínez Boston Red Sox 18 -- 6 0 1.74 284 2001 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens New York Yankees 20 -- 3 0 3.51 213 2002 Zito , Barry Barry Zito Oakland Athletics 23 -- 5 0 2.75 182 2003 Halladay , Roy Roy Halladay Toronto Blue Jays 22 -- 7 0 3.25 204 Santana , Johan Johan Santana Minnesota Twins 20 -- 6 0 2.61 265 2005 Colón , Bartolo Bartolo Colón Anaheim Angels 21 -- 8 0 3.48 157 2006 Santana , Johan Johan Santana Minnesota Twins 19 -- 6 0 2.77 265 2007 Sabathia , CC CC Sabathia Cleveland Indians 19 -- 7 0 3.21 209 2008 Lee , Cliff Cliff Lee Cleveland Indians 22 -- 3 0 2.54 170 2009 Greinke , Zack Zack Greinke Kansas City Royals 16 -- 8 0 2.16 242 Hernández , Félix Félix Hernández Seattle Mariners 13 -- 12 0 2.27 232 2011 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander * Detroit Tigers 24 -- 5 0 2.40 250 2012 Price , David David Price Tampa Bay Rays 20 -- 5 0 2.56 205 2013 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Detroit Tigers 21 -- 3 0 2.90 240 2014 Kluber , Corey Corey Kluber Cleveland Indians 18 -- 9 0 2.44 269 2015 Keuchel , Dallas Dallas Keuchel Houston Astros 20 -- 8 0 2.48 216 2016 Porcello , Rick Rick Porcello Boston Red Sox 22 -- 4 0 3.15 189 2017 Kluber , Corey Corey Kluber Cleveland Indians 18 - 4 0 2.25 265 Multiple Winners ( edit ) With 7 , Roger Clemens has the most Cy Young Awards . Randy Johnson , five - time winner Nineteen pitchers have won the award multiple times . Roger Clemens currently holds the record for the most awards won , with seven - his first and last wins separated by eighteen years . Greg Maddux ( 1992 -- 1995 ) and Randy Johnson ( 1999 -- 2002 ) share the record for the most consecutive awards won . Clemens , Johnson , Pedro Martínez , Gaylord Perry , Roy Halladay and Max Scherzer are the only pitchers to have won the award in both the American League and National League ; Sandy Koufax is the only pitcher who won multiple awards during the period when only one award was presented for all of Major League Baseball . Roger Clemens was the youngest pitcher to win a second Cy Young Award , while Tim Lincecum is the youngest pitcher to do so in the National League and Clayton Kershaw is the youngest left - hander to do so . Clayton Kershaw is the youngest pitcher to win a third Cy Young Award . Pitcher # of Awards Years Roger Clemens 7 1986 , 1987 , 1991 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2004 Randy Johnson 5 1995 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 Steve Carlton 1972 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 Greg Maddux 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 Sandy Koufax 1963 , 1965 , 1966 Pedro Martínez 1997 , 1999 , 2000 Jim Palmer 1973 , 1975 , 1976 Tom Seaver 1969 , 1973 , 1975 Clayton Kershaw 2011 , 2013 , 2014 Max Scherzer 2013 , 2016 , 2017 Bob Gibson 1968 , 1970 Tom Glavine 1991 , 1998 Roy Halladay 2003 , 2010 Corey Kluber 2014 , 2017 Tim Lincecum 2008 , 2009 Denny McLain 1968 , 1969 Gaylord Perry 1972 , 1978 Bret Saberhagen 1985 , 1989 Johan Santana 2004 , 2006 Wins by teams ( edit ) Only four teams have never had a pitcher win the Cy Young Award . The Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have won more than any other team with 12 . Team # of Awards Years Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers 12 1956 , 1962 -- 1963 , 1965 -- 1966 , 1974 , 1981 , 1988 , 2003 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 7 1957 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1996 , 1998 Philadelphia Phillies 7 1972 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 -- 1983 , 1987 , 2010 Boston Red Sox 7 1967 , 1986 -- 1987 , 1991 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2016 Baltimore Orioles 6 1969 , 1973 , 1975 -- 1976 , 1979 -- 1980 Arizona Diamondbacks 5 1999 -- 2002 , 2006 Detroit Tigers 5 1968 -- 1969 , 1984 , 2011 , 2013 New York Mets 5 1969 , 1973 , 1975 , 1985 , 2012 New York Yankees 5 1958 , 1961 , 1977 -- 1978 , 2001 Oakland Athletics 5 1971 , 1974 , 1990 , 1992 , 2002 Chicago Cubs 5 1971 , 1979 , 1984 , 1992 , 2015 Cleveland Indians 5 1972 , 2007 -- 2008 , 2014 , 2017 Kansas City Royals 1985 , 1989 , 1994 , 2009 Minnesota Twins 1970 , 1988 , 2004 , 2006 San Diego Padres 1976 , 1978 , 1989 , 2007 Toronto Blue Jays 1996 -- 1998 , 2003 Chicago White Sox 1959 , 1983 , 1993 Houston Astros 1986 , 2004 , 2015 San Francisco Giants 1967 , 2008 -- 2009 St. Louis Cardinals 1968 , 1970 , 2005 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1997 , 2016 -- 2017 Los Angeles Angels 1964 , 2005 Milwaukee Brewers 1981 -- 1982 Pittsburgh Pirates 1960 , 1990 Seattle Mariners 1995 , 2010 Tampa Bay Rays 2012 Cincinnati Reds 0 none Colorado Rockies 0 none Miami Marlins 0 none Texas Rangers 0 none Unanimous Winners ( edit ) There have been 17 players who unanimously won the Cy Young Award , for a total of 23 wins . Five of these unanimous wins were accompanied with a win of the Most Valuable Player award ( marked with * below ; * * denotes that the player 's unanimous win was accompanied with a unanimous win of the MVP ) . In the National League , 11 players have unanimously won the Cy Young Award , for a total of 14 wins . Sandy Koufax ( 1963 * , 1965 , 1966 ) Greg Maddux ( 1994 , 1995 ) Bob Gibson ( 1968 * ) Steve Carlton ( 1972 ) Rick Sutcliffe ( 1984 ) Dwight Gooden ( 1985 ) Orel Hershiser ( 1988 ) Randy Johnson ( 2002 ) Jake Peavy ( 2007 ) Roy Halladay ( 2010 ) Clayton Kershaw ( 2014 * ) In the American League , 6 players have unanimously won the Cy Young Award , for a total of 9 wins . Denny McLain ( 1968 * * ) Ron Guidry ( 1978 ) Roger Clemens ( 1986 * , 1998 ) Pedro Martínez ( 1999 , 2000 ) Johan Santana ( 2004 , 2006 ) Justin Verlander ( 2011 * ) See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Triple Crown ( pitching ) Pitcher of the Month Mariano Rivera AL Reliever and Trevor Hoffman NL Reliever of the Year awards `` Esurance MLB Awards '' Best Pitcher ( in MLB ) Baseball Digest Pitcher of the Year ( in MLB ) `` Players Choice Awards '' Outstanding Pitcher ( in each league ) Sporting News Starting Pitcher ( in each league ) `` Greg Spira Memorial Internet Baseball Awards '' Pitcher of the Year ( in each league ) NLBM Wilbur `` Bullet '' Rogan Legacy Award ( `` Pitchers of the Year '' ) ( in each league ) Sporting News Relief Pitcher of the Year ( in each league ) NLBM Hilton Smith Legacy Award ( `` Relievers of the Year '' ) ( in each league ) TSN Reliever of the Year ( in each league ) ( discontinued ) Rolaids Relief Man Award ( in each league ) ( discontinued ) Warren Spahn Award ( best left - handed pitcher ) Major League Baseball All - Century Team Major League Baseball All - Time Team `` Pitching Wall of Great Achievement '' ( in the Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame ) Eiji Sawamura Award ( top starting pitcher in Nippon Professional Baseball ) Baseball awards Notes ( edit ) The formula is : Score = 7F + 4S + 3T + 2FO + 1 FI , where F is the number of first place votes , S is second place votes , T is third place votes , FO is fourth place votes and FI is fifth place votes . See : Decision ( baseball ) In baseball , a save is credited to a pitcher who finishes a game for the winning team under certain prescribed circumstances . It became an official statistic in Major League Baseball in 1969 . References ( edit ) General `` Cy Young Award on Baseball Almanac '' . BaseballAlmanac.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . `` Cy Young Award winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Cy Young Award Winners ( American League ) . MSN . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . `` Cy Young Award voting results '' . Baseball Digest . 2004 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Cy Young Award on Baseball Almanac '' . BaseballAlmanac.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cy Young Award Winners ( American League ) . MSN . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Award voting results '' . Baseball Digest . 2004 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` R.A. Dickey wins NL Cy Young '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zimniuch 2010 , p. 169 Jump up ^ https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=jp-relievers042610 Jump up ^ Jenkins , Chris ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Where 's the fire ? '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/sports/baseball/cy-young-mvp-awards-mike-trout-kris-bryant.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ http://cubbiescrib.com/2016/09/03/chicago-cubs-not-arrieta-looking/ American League Cy Young Award 1967 : Lonborg 1968 : McLain 1969 : Cuellar & McLain 1970 : J. Perry 1971 : Blue 1972 : G. Perry 1973 : Palmer 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Palmer 1976 : Palmer 1977 : Lyle 1978 : Guidry 1979 : Flanagan 1980 : Stone 1981 : Fingers 1982 : Vuckovich 1983 : Hoyt 1984 : Hernández 1985 : Saberhagen 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Clemens 1988 : Viola 1989 : Saberhagen 1990 : Welch 1991 : Clemens 1992 : Eckersley 1993 : McDowell 1994 : Cone 1995 : Johnson 1996 : Hentgen 1997 : Clemens 1998 : Clemens 1999 : Martínez 2000 : Martínez 2001 : Clemens 2002 : Zito 2003 : Halladay 2004 : Santana 2005 : Colón 2006 : Santana 2007 : Sabathia 2008 : Lee 2009 : Greinke 2010 : Hernández 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Price 2013 : Scherzer 2014 : Kluber 2015 : Keuchel 2016 : Porcello 2017 : Kluber National League Cy Young Award 1967 : McCormick 1968 : Gibson 1969 : Seaver 1970 : Gibson 1971 : Jenkins 1972 : Carlton 1973 : Seaver 1974 : Marshall 1975 : Seaver 1976 : Jones 1977 : Carlton 1978 : Perry 1979 : Sutter 1980 : Carlton 1981 : Valenzuela 1982 : Carlton 1983 : Denny 1984 : Sutcliffe 1985 : Gooden 1986 : Scott 1987 : Bedrosian 1988 : Hershiser 1989 : Davis 1990 : Drabek 1991 : Glavine 1992 : Maddux 1993 : Maddux 1994 : Maddux 1995 : Maddux 1996 : Smoltz 1997 : Martínez 1998 : Glavine 1999 : Johnson 2000 : Johnson 2001 : Johnson 2002 : Johnson 2003 : Gagné 2004 : Clemens 2005 : Carpenter 2006 : Webb 2007 : Peavy 2008 : Lincecum 2009 : Lincecum 2010 : Halladay 2011 : Kershaw 2012 : Dickey 2013 : Kershaw 2014 : Kershaw 2015 : Arrieta 2016 : Scherzer 2017 : Scherzer Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cy_Young_Award&oldid=823073908 '' Categories : 1956 establishments in the United States Awards established in 1956 Baseball pitching Major League Baseball trophies and awards Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 02 : 40 . 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353422699708447548 | Round ligament pain | Round ligament pain - wikipedia Round ligament pain Jump to : navigation , search Round ligament pain ( RLP ) is pain associated with the round ligament of the uterus , usually during pregnancy . RLP is one of the most common discomforts of pregnancy and usually starts at the second trimester of gestation and continues until delivery . It usually resolves completely after delivery although cases of postpartum RLP ( that is , RLP that persisted for a few days after delivery ) have been reported . RLP also occurs in nonpregnant women . The round ligament of the uterus goes from the pelvis , passes through the internal abdominal ring , and runs along the inguinal canal to the labia majora . It is the structure that holds the uterus suspended inside the abdominal cavity . There are at least 2 other round ligaments in the human body , the round ligament of the liver ( ligamentum teres hepatis ) and the round ligament of the head of the femur ( ligamentum teres femoris ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Symptoms 2 Causes 3 Diagnosis 4 Case reports 5 Treatment 6 References Symptoms ( edit ) The most common symptoms of RLP are : Sudden pain in the lower abdomen , usually in the right side of the pelvic area that can extend to the groin . Shooting abdominal pain when performing sudden movements or physical exercise . Pain is sudden , intermittent and lasts only for a few seconds . Causes ( edit ) The pathogenesis of RLP is varied . Although very common during pregnancy , non-gestating women can also experience RLP . The most common causes of RLP are as follows : RLP may be caused by a spasm or cramp when the ligament contracts involuntarily . The ligament pulls on nerve fibers and sensitive structures of the female reproductive system . Since the uterus tends to be oriented towards the right side of the body , the pain is also often felt on the right side . This leads to frequent confusion with appendicitis . During pregnancy , the uterus expands to accommodate the growing fetus . This increase in size and weight of the uterus puts stress on the ligament that holds it , causing it to stretch . During physical exertion or sudden movements , the ligament is overly stretched , causing pain . Varicosities , e.g. enlargement of the blood vessels of the round ligament can occur during pregnancy , causing pain and swelling . The varicocoele starts at the veins draining the round ligament and the inguinal canal and is associated with engorgement of the veins of the ovaries and the pelvis during pregnancy . Endometriosis that infiltrates or borders the uterine round ligament can cause RLP in fertile , non-gestating women . Other pathologies that involve the uterine round ligament can cause RLP . Diagnosis ( edit ) Abdominal pains during pregnancy may be due to various pathologies . RLP is one of the most common and benign of these pains . However , diagnosis of RLP is problematic . Some of the conditions that may present symptoms similar to those of RLP are appendicitis , ectopic pregnancy , kidney stones , urinary tract infection , uterine contractions , inguinal hernia , ovarian cysts , and endometriosis . If abdominal pain is continuous and accompanied by vaginal bleeding , excessive vaginal discharge , fever , chills , or vomiting , then it is most unlikely to be RLP and immediate consultation with a health care provider is warranted . Physical examination , ultrasonography , and blood and urine tests may be able to pinpoint the actual cause of abdominal pain . In some cases , however , RLP was only diagnosed during exploratory surgery . Case reports ( edit ) In many cases , RLP is confused with other conditions that cause abdominal pain . Described below are some problematic diagnoses related to RLP . RLP and appendicitis A 22 - year - old pregnant woman presenting abdominal pains was initially diagnosed with RLP and was discharged . Subsequent symptoms and further tests revealed acute non-perforated appendicitis that required surgery . Appendectomy was successful but premature labor occurred 7 days after discharge , leading to spontaneous abortion . RLP and inguinal hernia Several cases of varicosity , of the round ligament during pregnancy leading to RLP have been reported although they were frequently misdiagnosed as inguinal hernia . In one case , a woman in the 28th week of gestation developed a lump in the left pubic area . The swelling was prominent when standing but not in the supine position and has a cough impulse . Ultrasonography revealed varicosities on the uterine round ligament . In another case , a woman at 22 weeks gestation was diagnosed with inguinal hernia and underwent surgery . Explorative surgery did not locate a hernia but revealed varicosities of the round ligament . Resection of the uterine ligament was successfully performed and no perinatal and postpartum complications were reported . Postpartum RLP Several cases of postpartum RLP have been reported . In one case , a 27 - year - old woman presented with abdominal pain 24 hours after normal vaginal delivery . Another case was that of a 29 - year - old woman who presented with RLP 3 days after delivery . In both cases , initial diagnosis was inguinal hernia . In the first case , emergency surgery did not locate any hernia but found the round ligament of the uterus to be edematous and filled with thrombosed varicose veins . The thrombosed part was excised and the patient recovered without sequelae . Another case report described a 37 - year - old woman presenting with inguinal mass 6 days after normal vaginal delivery . CT and MRI revealed thrombosed blood vessels along the inguinal course of the uterine round ligament that extended towards the labia majora . RLP and endometriosis Several cases of inguinal endometriosis , that infiltrates the round ligament of the uterus have been reported in fertile , non-pregnant women . In the majority of these cases , diagnosis was problematic . In some cases , definitive diagnosis of round ligament endometriosis was only possible during exploratory surgery . RLP and myoma Cases of myoma - like growth occurring on the uterine round ligament have been reported . RLP and IVF Gonadotropin stimulation during in vitro fertilization can induce cyst development in certain parts of the female reproductive system . A case report documented the development of a mesothelial cyst on the uterine round ligament of a woman after IVF stimulation . Treatment ( edit ) Once RLP has been diagnosed , there are many ways to reduce the pain without jeopardizing the pregnancy . Analgesics . Acetaminophen or paracetamol is safe to take during pregnancy , thus is the most commonly prescribed pain reliever for pregnant women with RLP . Heat application . Applying a hot compress to the area of pain may give some relief . Hot soaks and hot baths may also help . Modifications in movements and position . Triggering factors that can cause RLP are sudden movements , ( e.g. sitting up and down , standing up , sneezing , coughing ) , physical exertion , and long periods in the same resting position . A change in daily activities can help find relief and prevent worsening of the condition . Avoid sudden movements that can cause spasms of the ligament . When about to sneeze or cough , brace yourself by bending and flexing the hips to minimize the pull on the ligaments . Rest . Resting is one of the best remedies against RLP . When lying down , changing position slowly and regularly is recommended . Physical exercises Daily stretching exercise may be recommended by a gynecologist . An example of such an exercise is kneeling with hands and knees on the floor , then lowering your head to the floor , and keeping your bottom up in the air . The so - called pelvic ( hip ) tilt exercise also appears to help in reducing pain intensity and duration . Surgery . In RLP pathologies involving endometriosis and ademyosis , surgery may be necessary to perform resection of the ligament or removal cysts and myoma . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is Round Ligament Pain ? '' . Babies Online . ^ Jump up to : al - Qudah MS ( October 1993 ) . `` Postpartum pain due to thrombosed varicose veins of the round ligament of the uterus '' . Postgraduate Medical Journal . 69 ( 816 ) : 820 -- 1 . doi : 10.1136 / pgmj. 69.816. 820 . PMC 2399978 . PMID 8290419 . ^ Jump up to : Tokue H , Aoki J , Tsushima Y , Endo K ( 2008 ) . `` Characteristic of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging finding of thrombosed varices of the round ligament of the uterus : a case report '' . Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 32 ( 4 ) : 559 -- 61 . doi : 10.1097 / RCT. 0b013e318133a9f1 . PMID 18664843 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy IG , Heffernan EJ , Gibney RG ( July 2007 ) . `` Groin mass in pregnancy '' . The British Journal of Radiology. 80 ( 955 ) : 588 -- 9 . doi : 10.1259 / bjr / 63118673 . PMID 17704320 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera PA . ( Pregnancy , Round Ligament Pain http://www.webmd.com/baby/pregnancy-round-ligament-pain ) WebMD . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 25 ^ Jump up to : Pastore PA , Loomis DM , Sauret J ( 2006 ) . `` Appendicitis in pregnancy '' . Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine . 19 ( 6 ) : 621 -- 6 . doi : 10.3122 / jabfm. 19.6. 621 . PMID 17090795 . ^ Jump up to : IJpma FF , Ijpma FF , Boddeus KM , de Haan HH , van Geldere D ( February 2009 ) . `` Bilateral round ligament varicosities mimicking inguinal hernia during pregnancy '' . Hernia. 13 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s10029 - 008 - 0395 - 8 . PMID 18594758 . Jump up ^ Apostolidis S , Michalopoulos A , Papavramidis TS , Papadopoulos VN , Paramythiotis D , Harlaftis N ( February 2009 ) . `` Inguinal endometriosis : three cases and literature review '' . Southern Medical Journal . 102 ( 2 ) : 206 -- 7 . doi : 10.1097 / SMJ. 0b013e318186d36e . PMID 19139703 . Jump up ^ Tokue H , Tsushima Y , Endo K ( January 2009 ) . `` Magnetic resonance imaging findings of extrapelvic endometriosis of the round ligament '' . Japanese Journal of Radiology. 27 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s11604 - 008 - 0293 - 0 . PMID 19373532 . ^ Jump up to : Chi C , Taylor A , Munjuluri N , Abdul - Kadir R ( November 2005 ) . `` A diagnostic dilemma : round ligament varicosities in pregnancy '' . Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 84 ( 11 ) : 1126 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0001 - 6349.2005. 00120c. x . PMID 16232186 . Jump up ^ Castro Copete MA , Carnero Ruiz M , Jiménez Yáñez R , Humanes López L ( December 2009 ) . `` Varices en el ligamento redondo '' ( Varices in the round ligament ) . Radiologia ( in Spanish ) . 52 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rx. 2009.11. 003 . PMID 20035959 . Jump up ^ Licheri S , Pisano G , Erdas E , et al. ( October 2005 ) . `` Endometriosis of the round ligament : description of a clinical case and review of the literature '' . Hernia. 9 ( 3 ) : 294 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s10029 - 004 - 0314 - 6 . PMID 15703860 . Jump up ^ Terada S , Miyata Y , Nakazawa H , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Immunohistochemical analysis of an ectopic endometriosis in the uterine round ligament '' . Diagnostic Pathology. 1 : 27 . doi : 10.1186 / 1746 - 1596 - 1 - 27 . PMC 1570479 . PMID 16961927 . Jump up ^ Tabrizi NM , Dabirashrafi B , Salehi P , Shams S , Dabirashrafi H ( 2006 ) . `` Nodular adenomyosis of the uterus causing severe groin pain '' . JSLS. 10 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 5 . PMC 3015687 . PMID 16709363 . Jump up ^ Ghafari V , Moghadami - Tabrizi N , Bahadon M , Dabirashrafi H , Zandinejad K , Isadi N ( August 1996 ) . `` Myoma of the Round Ligament Causing Severe Groin and Thigh Pain '' . The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 3 ( 4 , Supplement ) : S15 . doi : 10.1016 / S1074 - 3804 ( 96 ) 80179 - 4 . PMID 9074123 . Jump up ^ Ryley DA , Moorman DW , Hecht JL , Alper MM ( October 2004 ) . `` A mesothelial cyst of the round ligament presenting as an inguinal hernia after gonadotropin stimulation for in vitro fertilization '' . Fertility and Sterility. 82 ( 4 ) : 944 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2004.03. 042 . PMID 15482776 . Jump up ^ Andrews CM , O'Neill LM ( 1994 ) . `` Use of pelvic tilt exercise for ligament pain relief '' . Journal of Nurse - midwifery. 39 ( 6 ) : 370 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / 0091 - 2182 ( 94 ) 90156 - 2 . PMID 7830145 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Mary . `` Relieving Back Pain During Pregnancy : Pelvic Tilt , Leg Lift '' . Northern Inyo Hospital . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_ligament_pain&oldid=812544001 '' Categories : Gynaecologic disorders Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | sharp pain in lower abdomen with sudden movement | [] | [] |
1640867213775749870 | Choristoma | Choristoma - Wikipedia Choristoma Choristomas , forms of heterotopia , are closely related benign tumors , found in abnormal locations . It is different from hamartoma . The two can be differentiated as follows : a hamartoma is disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their normal location , ( e.g. , Peutz -- Jeghers polyps ) while a choristoma is normal tissue growth in an abnormal location ( e.g. , gastric tissue located in distal ileum in Meckel diverticulum ) . MeSH C23. 300.250 - Choristoma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Choristoma '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Lee , Kenneth H. ; Roland , Peter S. ( 2013 ) . `` Heterotopias , Teratoma , and Choristoma '' . Encyclopedia of Otolaryngology , Head and Neck Surgery : 1179 -- 1183 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 23499 - 6_642 . Jump up ^ Jorquera , JessicaPatricia Correa ; Rubio - Palau , Josep ; Cazalla , AsteriaAlbert ; Rodríguez - Carunchio , Leonardo ( 2016 ) . `` Choristoma : A rare congenital tumor of the tongue '' . Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery . 6 ( 2 ) : 311 . doi : 10.4103 / 2231 - 0746.200342 . PMC 5343649 . PMID 28299279 . Jump up ^ Goswamy , Monika ; Tabasum , Syeda ; Kudva , Praveen ; Gupta , Shikha ( 2012 ) . `` Osseous choristoma of the periodontium '' . Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 16 ( 1 ) : 120 . doi : 10.4103 / 0972 - 124X. 94619 . PMC 3357020 . PMID 22628977 . Phakomatosis ( Q85 , 759.5 -- 759.6 ) Angiomatosis Sturge -- Weber syndrome Von Hippel -- Lindau disease Hamartoma Tuberous sclerosis Hypothalamic hamartoma ( Pallister -- Hall syndrome ) Multiple hamartoma syndrome Proteus syndrome Cowden syndrome Bannayan -- Riley -- Ruvalcaba syndrome Lhermitte -- Duclos disease Neurofibromatosis Type I Type II Other Abdallat -- Davis -- Farrage syndrome Ataxia telangiectasia Incontinentia pigmenti Peutz -- Jeghers syndrome Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis Overview of tumors , cancer and oncology ( C00 -- D48 , 140 -- 239 ) Conditions Benign tumors Hyperplasia Cyst Pseudocyst Hamartoma Malignant progression Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Cancer Metastasis Primary tumor Sentinel lymph node Topography Head / Neck ( Oral , Nasopharyngeal ) Digestive system Respiratory system Bone Skin Blood Urogenital Nervous system Endocrine system Histology Carcinoma Sarcoma Blastoma Papilloma Adenoma Other Precancerous condition Paraneoplastic syndrome Staging / grading TNM Ann Arbor Prostate cancer staging Gleason grading system Dukes classification Carcinogenesis Cancer cell Carcinogen Tumor suppressor genes / oncogenes Clonally transmissible cancer Oncovirus Carcinogenic bacteria Misc . Research Index of oncology articles History Cancer pain Cancer and nausea This article related to pathology is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choristoma&oldid=849664337 '' Categories : Dermal and subcutaneous growths Anatomical pathology Pathology stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 14 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the difference between hamartoma and choristoma | [] | [] |
-2493127995112872211 | Toxicodendron radicans | Toxicodendron radicans - wikipedia Toxicodendron radicans `` Poison ivy '' redirects here . For other uses , see Poison ivy ( disambiguation ) . Poison ivy Poison ivy during autumn Poison ivy in spring , Ottawa , Ontario Conservation status Secure ( NatureServe ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Sapindales Family : Anacardiaceae Genus : Toxicodendron Species : T. radicans Binomial name Toxicodendron radicans ( L . ) Kuntze Toxicodendron radicans range map in North America Synonyms Rhus radicans L . Rhus verrucosa Scheele , syn of subsp . verrucosum Toxicodendron radicans , commonly known as eastern poison ivy or poison ivy , is a poisonous Asian and Eastern North American flowering plant that is well - known for causing urushiol - induced contact dermatitis , an itchy , irritating , and sometimes painful rash , in most people who touch it . The rash is caused by urushiol , a clear liquid compound in the plant 's sap . The species is variable in its appearance and habit , and despite its common name , it is not a true ivy ( Hedera ) , but rather a member of the cashew and pistachio family ( Anacardiaceae ) . T. radicans is commonly eaten by many animals , and the seeds are consumed by birds , but poison ivy is most often thought of as an unwelcome weed . Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Health effects 3.1 Treatment 4 Identification 4.1 Similar - looking plants 4.2 Similar allergenic plants 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) Numerous subspecies and / or varieties of T. radicans are known , which can be found growing in any of the following forms ; all of which have woody stems : as a climbing vine that grows on trees or some other support as a shrub up to 1.2 m ( 3 ft 11 in ) tall as a trailing vine that is 10 -- 25 cm ( 4 -- 10 in ) tall Subspecies T. r . subsp . barkleyi Gillis T. r . subsp . divaricatum ( Greene ) Gillis T. r . subsp . eximium ( Greene ) Gillis T. r . subsp . hispidum ( Greene ) Gillis T. r . subsp . negundo ( Greene ) Gillis T. r . subsp . pubens ( Engelm . ex S. Watson ) Gillis T. r . subsp . radicans T. r . subsp . verrucosum ( Scheele ) Gillis The deciduous leaves of T. radicans are trifoliate with three almond - shaped leaflets . Leaf color ranges from light green ( usually the younger leaves ) to dark green ( mature leaves ) , turning bright red in fall ; though other sources say leaves are reddish when expanding , turn green through maturity , then back to red , orange , or yellow in the fall . The leaflets of mature leaves are somewhat shiny . The leaflets are 3 -- 12 cm ( 1.2 -- 4.7 in ) long , rarely up to 30 cm ( 12 in ) . Each leaflet has a few or no teeth along its edge , and the leaf surface is smooth . Leaflet clusters are alternate on the vine , and the plant has no thorns . Vines growing on the trunk of a tree become firmly attached through numerous aerial rootlets . The vines develop adventitious roots , or the plant can spread from rhizomes or root crowns . The milky sap of poison ivy darkens after exposure to the air . The urushiol compound in poison ivy is not a defensive measure ; rather , it helps the plant to retain water . It is frequently eaten by animals such as deer and bears . T. radicans spreads either vegetatively or sexually . It is dioecious ; flowering occurs from May to July . The yellowish - or greenish - white flowers are typically inconspicuous and are located in clusters up to 8 cm ( 3 in ) above the leaves . The berry - like fruit , a drupe , mature by August to November with a grayish - white colour . Fruits are a favorite winter food of some birds and other animals . Seeds are spread mainly by animals and remain viable after passing through the digestive tract . T. radicans vine with typical reddish `` hairs '' : Like the leaves , the vines are poisonous to humans . T. radicans in Perrot State Park , Trempealeau County , Wisconsin Flower detail , with bee Poison ivy on a roadside Leaves may be smooth or notched on the same plant . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) T. radicans grows throughout much of North America , including the Canadian Maritime provinces , Quebec , Ontario , Manitoba , and all U.S. states east of the Rocky Mountains , as well as in the mountainous areas of Mexico up to around 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) . Caquistle or caxuistle is the Nahuatl term for the species . It is normally found in wooded areas , especially along edge areas where the tree line breaks and allows sunshine to filter through . It also grows in exposed rocky areas , open fields , and disturbed areas . It may grow as a forest understory plant , although it is only somewhat shade - tolerant . The plant is extremely common in suburban and exurban areas of New England , the Mid-Atlantic , and the Southeastern United States . The similar species T. diversilobum ( western poison oak ) and T. rydbergii ( western poison ivy ) are found in western North America , and T. orientale in Taiwan , Japan , Korea and Sakhalin . T. radicans rarely grows at altitudes above 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) , although the altitude limit varies in different locations . The plants can grow as a shrub up to about 1.2 m ( 3.9 ft ) tall , as a groundcover 10 -- 25 cm ( 3.9 -- 9.8 in ) high , or as a climbing vine on various supports . Older vines on substantial supports send out lateral branches that may be mistaken for tree limbs at first glance . It grows in a wide variety of soil types , and soil pH from 6.0 ( acidic ) to 7.9 ( moderately alkaline ) . It is not particularly sensitive to soil moisture , although it does not grow in desert or arid conditions . It can grow in areas subject to seasonal flooding or brackish water . It is more common now than when Europeans first arrived in North America . The development of real estate adjacent to wild , undeveloped land has engendered `` edge effects '' , enabling poison ivy to form vast , lush colonies in these areas . It is listed as a noxious weed in the US states of Minnesota and Michigan and in the Canadian province of Ontario . Outside North America , T. radicans is also found in parts of China . Poison ivy is particularly sensitive to carbon dioxide levels , greatly benefiting from higher concentrations in the atmosphere . Higher carbon dioxide levels increase the rate of plant growth , and causes them to produce more unsaturated urushiol , which causes stronger reactions in humans . Poison ivy 's growth and potency has already doubled since the 1960s , and it could double again once carbon dioxide levels reach 560 ppm . Health effects ( edit ) Play media A video describing the effects of poison ivy on the body Blisters from contact with poison ivy Main article : Urushiol - induced contact dermatitis Urushiol - induced contact dermatitis is the allergic reaction caused by poison ivy . In extreme cases , a reaction can progress to anaphylaxis . Around 15 to 25 percent of people have no allergic reaction to urushiol , but most people have a greater reaction with repeated or more concentrated exposure . Typically , the rash from the urushiol oil lasts about five to twelve days , but in extreme cases it can last a month or more . Over 350,000 people are affected by urushiol annually in the United States . The pentadecyl catechols of the oleoresin within the sap of poison ivy and related plants causes the allergic reaction ; the plants produce a mixture of pentadecylcatechols , which collectively is called urushiol . After injury , the sap leaks to the surface of the plant where the urushiol becomes a blackish lacquer after contact with oxygen . Urushiol binds to the skin on contact , where it causes severe itching that develops into reddish inflammation or uncoloured bumps , and then blistering . These lesions may be treated with Calamine lotion , Burow 's solution compresses , dedicated commercial poison ivy itch creams , or baths to relieve discomfort , though recent studies have shown some traditional medicines to be ineffective . Over-the - counter products to ease itching -- or simply oatmeal baths and baking soda -- are now recommended by dermatologists for the treatment of poison ivy . A plant - based remedy cited to counter urushiol - induced contact dermatitis is jewelweed , and a jewelweed mash made from the living plant was effective in reducing urushiol dermatitis , supporting ethnobotanical use , while jewelweed extracts had no positive effect in clinical studies . Others argue that prevention of lesions is easy if one practices effective washing , using plain soap , scrubbing with a washcloth , and rinsing three times within 2 - 8 hours of exposure . The oozing fluids released by scratching blisters do not spread the poison . The fluid in the blisters is produced by the body and it is not urushiol itself . The appearance of a spreading rash indicates that some areas received more of the poison and reacted sooner than other areas or that contamination is still occurring from contact with objects to which the original poison was spread . Those affected can unknowingly spread the urushiol inside the house , on phones , door knobs , couches , counters , desks , and so on , thus in fact repeatedly coming into contact with poison ivy and extending the length of time of the rash . If this has happened , wipe down the surfaces with bleach or a commercial urushiol removal agent . The blisters and oozing result from blood vessels that develop gaps and leak fluid through the skin ; if the skin is cooled , the vessels constrict and leak less . If plant material with urushiol is burned and the smoke then inhaled , this rash will appear on the lining of the lungs , causing extreme pain and possibly fatal respiratory difficulty . If poison ivy is eaten , the mucus lining of the mouth and digestive tract can be damaged . An urushiol rash usually develops within a week of exposure and can last 1 - 4 weeks , depending on severity and treatment . In rare cases , urushiol reactions may require hospitalization . Urushiol oil can remain active for several years , so handling dead leaves or vines can cause a reaction . In addition , oil transferred from the plant to other objects ( such as pet fur ) can cause the rash if it comes into contact with the skin . Clothing , tools , and other objects that have been exposed to oil should be washed to prevent further transmission . People who are sensitive to urushiol can also experience a similar rash from mangoes . Mangoes are in the same family ( Anacardiaceae ) as poison ivy ; the sap of the mango tree and skin of mangoes has a chemical compound similar to urushiol . A related allergenic compound is present in the raw shells of cashews . Similar reactions have been reported occasionally from contact with the related Fragrant Sumac ( Rhus aromatica ) and Japanese lacquer tree . These other plants are also in the Anacardiaceae family . Treatment ( edit ) Main article : Urushiol - induced contact dermatitis § Treatments Immediate washing with soap and cold water or rubbing alcohol may help prevent a reaction . Hot water should not be used , as it causes one 's pores to open up and admit the oils from the plant . During a reaction , Calamine lotion or diphenhydramine may help mitigate symptoms . Corticosteroids , either applied to the skin or taken by mouth , may be appropriate in extreme cases . An astringent containing aluminum acetate ( such as Burow 's solution ) may also provide relief and soothe the uncomfortable symptoms of the rash . By using a detergent , the urushiol can be emulsified to break it down so that it can be washed away more easily . Adding sand or a gritty substance to the detergent will exfoliate the skin , taking the emulsified oil with it . Mixing the abrasive with a dishwashing liquid , and rubbing it briskly over the affected areas for several minutes , will mix the urushiol into the detergent , allowing it to be flushed away . Identification ( edit ) These four characteristics are sufficient to identify poison ivy in most situations : ( a ) clusters of three leaflets , ( b ) alternate leaf arrangement , ( c ) lack of thorns , and ( d ) each group of three leaflets grows on its own stem , which connects to the main vine . The appearance of poison ivy can vary greatly between environments , and even within a large area . Identification by experienced people is often made difficult by leaf damage , the plant 's leafless condition during winter , and unusual growth forms due to environmental or genetic factors . Various mnemonic rhymes describe the characteristic appearance of poison ivy : `` Leaves of three ; let it be '' is the best known and most useful cautionary rhyme . It applies to poison oak , as well as to poison ivy . However , some other innocuous plants have similar leaves . `` Hairy vine , no friend of mine '' `` Berries white , run in fright '' and `` Berries white , danger in sight '' T. radicans leaf and berries T. radicans foliage Similar - looking plants ( edit ) Virgin 's bower ( Clematis virginiana ) ( also known as devil 's darning needles , devil 's hair , love vine , traveller 's joy , Virginia virgin 's bower , wild hops , and woodbine ; syn . Clematis virginiana var . missouriensis ( Rydb . ) Palmer & Steyermark ( 1 ) ) is a vine of the Ranunculaceae family native to the United States . This vine can climb up to 10 -- 20 ft tall . It grows on the edges of the woods , moist slopes , and fence rows and in thickets and streambanks . It produces white , fragrant flowers about an inch in diameter between July and September . Box elder ( Acer negundo ) saplings have leaves that can look very similar to those of poison ivy , although the symmetry of the plant itself is very different . While box elders often have five or seven leaflets , three leaflets are also common , especially on smaller saplings . The two can be differentiated by observing the placement of the leaves where the leaf stalk meets the main branch ( where the three leaflets are attached ) . Poison ivy has alternate leaves , which means the three - leaflet leaves alternate along the main branch . The maple ( which the box elder is a species of ) has opposite leaves ; another leaf stalk directly on the opposite side is characteristic of box elder . Virginia creeper ( Parthenocissus quinquefolia ) vines can look like poison ivy . The younger leaves can consist of three leaflets , but have a few more serrations along the leaf edge , and the leaf surface is somewhat wrinkled . However , most Virginia creeper leaves have five leaflets . Virginia creeper and poison ivy very often grow together , even on the same tree . Even those who do not get an allergic reaction to poison ivy may be allergic to the oxalate crystals in Virginia creeper sap . Western poison oak ( Toxicodendron diversilobum ) leaflets also grow in threes on the end of a stem , but each leaflet is shaped somewhat like an oak leaf . Western poison oak grows only in the western United States and Canada , although many people refer to poison ivy as poison oak , because poison ivy grows in either the ivy - like form or the brushy oak - like form depending on the moisture and brightness of its environment . The ivy form likes shady areas with only a little sun , tends to climb the trunks of trees , and can spread rapidly along the ground . Poison sumac ( Toxicodendron vernix ) has compound leaves with 7 -- 15 leaflets . Poison sumac never has only three leaflets . Kudzu ( Pueraria lobata ) is a nontoxic edible vine that scrambles extensively over lower vegetation or grows high into trees . Kudzu is an invasive species in the southern United States . Like poison ivy , it has three leaflets , but the leaflets are bigger than those of poison ivy and are pubescent underneath with hairy margins . Blackberries and raspberries ( Rubus spp . ) can resemble poison ivy , with which they may share territory ; however , blackberries and raspberries almost always have thorns on their stems , whereas poison ivy stems are smooth . Also , the three - leaflet pattern of some blackberry and raspberry leaves changes as the plant grows : Leaves produced later in the season have five leaflets rather than three . Blackberries and raspberries have many fine teeth along the leaf edge , the top surface of their leaves is very wrinkled where the veins are , and the bottom of the leaves is light minty - greenish white . Poison ivy is all green . The stem of poison ivy is brown and cylindrical , while blackberry and raspberry stems can be green , can be squared in cross-section , and can have prickles . Raspberries and blackberries are never truly vines ; they do not attach to trees to support their stems . The thick vines of riverbank grape ( Vitis riparia ) , with no rootlets visible , differ from the vines of poison ivy , which have so many rootlets that the stem going up a tree looks furry . Riverbank grape vines are purplish in colour , tend to hang away from their support trees , and have shreddy bark ; poison ivy vines are brown , attached to their support trees , and do not have shreddy bark . Fragrant sumac ( Rhus aromatica ) has a very similar appearance to poison ivy . While both species have three leaflets , the center leaflet of poison ivy is on a long stalk , while the center leaflet of fragrant sumac does not have an obvious stalk . When crushed , fragrant sumac leaves have a fragrance similar to citrus while poison ivy has little or no distinct fragrance . Fragrant sumac produces flowers before the leaves in the spring , while poison ivy produces flowers after the leaves emerge . Flowers and fruits of fragrant sumac are at the end of the stem , but occur along the middle of the stem of poison ivy . Fragrant sumac fruit ripens to a deep reddish color and is covered with tiny hairs , while poison ivy fruit is smooth and ripens to a whitish color . Hoptree ( Ptelea trifoliata ) has leaves that are remarkably similar . It is , however , a much larger plant , so confusion is unlikely for any but the smallest specimens . The flowers and seeds are also easily distinguished from those of poison ivy . Similar allergenic plants ( edit ) Toxicodendron rydbergii ( western poison ivy ) Smodingium argutum ( African poison ivy ) Toxicodendron pubescens ( poison oak -- eastern ) Toxicodendron diversilobum ( poison oak -- western ) Toxicodendron vernix ( poison sumac ) Gluta spp ( rengas tree ) Toxicodendron vernicifluum ( Japanese lacquer tree ) Lithraea molleoides ( aruera - South America ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toxicodendron radicans '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database . USDA . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Donald G. Barceloux ( 2008 ) . Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances : Foods , Fungi , Medicinal Herbs , Plants , and Venomous Animals . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 681 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 72761 - 3 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Department of Biology Hamilton College Ernest H. Williams Jr . Professor ( 26 April 2005 ) . The Nature Handbook : A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors : A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors . Oxford University Press . pp. 57 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972075 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sally S. Weeks ; Harmon P. Weeks , Jr. ( 1 January 2012 ) . Shrubs and Woody Vines of Indiana and the Midwest : Identification , Wildlife Values , and Landscaping Use . Purdue University Press . pp. 356 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55753 - 610 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Toxicodendron radicans '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database . USDA . Jump up ^ Plants of the World Online ^ Jump up to : Flora of China : Anacardiaceae ^ Jump up to : Innes , Robin J. ( 2012 ) . `` Toxicodendron radicans , T. rydbergii '' . Fire Effects Information System ( FEIS ) . US Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) , Forest Service ( USFS ) , Rocky Mountain Research Station , Fire Sciences Laboratory -- via https://www.feis-crs.org/feis/ . Jump up ^ Petrides , George A. ( 1986 ) . A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs ( Peterson Field Guides ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : David Templeton ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Climate change is making poison ivy grow bigger and badder '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toxicodendron radicans '' . County - level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas ( NAPA ) . Biota of North America Program ( BONAP ) . 2014 . Jump up ^ Mohan , Jacqueline E. ; Ziska , Lewis H. ; Schlesinger , William H. ; Thomas , Richard B. ; Sicher , Richard C. ; George , Kate ; Clark , James S. ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` Biomass and toxicity responses of poison ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans ) to elevated atmospheric CO '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 ( 24 ) : 9086 -- 9089 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0602392103 . Jump up ^ `` How Poison Ivy Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Jump up ^ Michael Rohde . `` Contact - Poisonous Plants of the World '' . mic-ro.com . Jump up ^ `` Poison Ivy , Poison Oak and Poison Sumac FAQs '' . Jump up ^ Chaker , Anne Marie ; Athavaley , Anjali ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Least - Welcome Sign of Summer '' . The Wall Street Journal . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Rietschel ; Joseph F. Fowler ; Alexander A. Fisher ( 2008 ) . Fisher 's contact dermatitis . PMPH - USA . pp. 408 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55009 - 378 - 0 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , W.H. & Lowdermilk , P. ( 2006 ) . Maternal Child Nursing Care ( 3rd edition ) . St. Louis : Mosby Elsevier . Jump up ^ `` American Topics . An Outdated Notion , That Calamine Lotion '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Appel , L.M. Ohmart ; Sterner , R.F. ( 1956 ) . `` Zinc oxide : A new , pink , refractive microform crystal '' . AMA Arch Dermatol. 73 ( 4 ) : 316 -- 324 . PMID 13301048 . Jump up ^ `` American Academy of Dermatology -- Poison Ivy , Oak & Sumac '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Long , D. ; Ballentine , N.H. ; Marks , J.G. ( 1997 ) . `` Treatment of poison ivy / oak allergic contact dermatitis with an extract of jewelweed '' . Am. J. Contact . Dermat. 8 ( 3 ) : 150 -- 3 . doi : 10.1097 / 01206501 - 199709000 - 00005 . PMID 9249283 . Jump up ^ Gibson , MR ; Maher , FT ( 1950 ) . `` Activity of jewelweed and its enzymes in the treatment of Rhus dermatitis '' . Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association . American Pharmaceutical Association . 39 ( 5 ) : 294 -- 6 . doi : 10.1002 / jps. 3030390516 . PMID 15421925 . Jump up ^ Guin , J.D. ; Reynolds , R. ( 1980 ) . `` Jewelweed treatment of poison ivy dermatitis '' . Contact Dermatitis. 6 ( 4 ) : 287 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0536.1980. tb04935. x . PMID 6447037 . Jump up ^ Zink , B.J. ; Otten , E.J. ; Rosenthal , M. ; Singal , B. ( 1991 ) . `` The effect of jewel weed in preventing poison ivy dermatitis '' . Journal of Wilderness Medicine . 2 ( 3 ) : 178 -- 182 . doi : 10.1580 / 0953 - 9859 - 2.3. 178 . Jump up ^ Extreme Deer Habitat ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) , How to never have a serious poison ivy rash again , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Facts about Poison Ivy : Is it contagious ? '' . Jump up ^ Editors of Prevention ( 2 March 2010 ) . The Doctors Book of Home Remedies : Quick Fixes , Clever Techniques , and Uncommon Cures to Get You Feeling Better Fast . Rodale . pp. 488 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60529 - 866 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Facts about Poison Ivy : How do you get poison ivy ? '' . Jump up ^ Robert Alan Lewis ( 1998 ) . Lewis ' dictionary of toxicology . CRC Press . pp. 901 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56670 - 223 - 2 . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about Poison Ivy : How long does the rash last ? , What can you do once the itching starts ? , How do you get poison ivy ? '' . Jump up ^ `` 404 Error : Page not found '' . aad.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about Poison Ivy : How do you get poison ivy ? , Pets and Poison Ivy , How long does the oil last ? '' . Jump up ^ Mangos and Poison Ivy ( New England Journal of Medicine Web Article ) Jump up ^ Rosen , T. ; Fordice , D.B. ( April 1994 ) . `` Cashew Nut Dermatitis '' . Southern Medical Journal . 87 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 546 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 199404000 - 00026 . PMID 8153790 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Misconceptions About Treating Poison Ivy and Oak Rash '' . teclabsinc.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gladman , Aaron C. ( June 2006 ) . `` Toxicodendron Dermatitis : Poison Ivy , Oak , and Sumac '' . Wilderness & Environmental Medicine . 17 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 128 . doi : 10.1580 / PR31 - 05.1 . PMID 16805148 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poison Ivy Treatment Guide , Getting Rid of the Plants : Identifying Poison Ivy '' . Jump up ^ Donald G. Crosby ( 2004 ) . The Poisoned Weed : Plants Toxic to Skin . Oxford University Press . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515548 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Neil L. Jennings ( 2010 ) . In Plain Sight : Exploring the Natural Wonders of Southern Alberta . Rocky Mountain Books Ltd . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897522 - 78 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Botanical Dermatology -- ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS -- ANACARDIACEAE AND RELATED FAMILIES '' . The Internet Dermatology Society , Inc . Retrieved 22 Sep 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhus radicans . Anacardiaceae in BoDD -- Botanical Dermatology Database Contact - Poisonous Plants of the World Toxicodendron radicans images at bioimages . vanderbilt.edu Poison Oak at Wayne 's Word Poison Ivy Plant and Rash Images , advice , plant identification Poison Ivy , Ontario Ministry of Agriculture , Food and Rural Affairs Common weeds of the northern United States and Canada : Western poison oak , poison ivy and poison sumac . ( Anacardiaceae - family ) Poison ivy effects and identification How to recognize Eastern Poison Ivy , and more Poison ivy rash treatment Taxon identifiers Toxicodendron radicans Wikidata : Q7218532 Wikispecies : Toxicodendron radicans EoL : 582281 EPPO : TOXRA GBIF : 3190628 GRIN : 101866 iNaturalist : 58732 IPNI : 255769 - 2 IRMNG : 10939894 ITIS : 28821 NCBI : 43853 Plantarium : 38649 Plant List : tro - 1300004 PLANTS : TORA2 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 255769 - 2 Tropicos : 1300004 VASCAN : 2525 WoRMS : 418738 Rhus radicans Wikidata : Q21877232 GBIF : 6427274 GRIN : 31705 IPNI : 219860 - 2 IRMNG : 10989009 ITIS : 28776 Tropicos : 1300009 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&oldid=854106617 '' Categories : NatureServe secure species Allergology Dioecious plants Flora of North America Medicinal plants Poisonous plants Toxicodendron Vines Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies አማርኛ Беларуская Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 00 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | poison ivy is not a relative to which plant | [] | [] |
484470126527305897 | Miami Vice Theme | Miami Vice theme - wikipedia Miami Vice theme Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' Japanese release cover Single by Jan Hammer from the album Miami Vice soundtrack Released August 1985 Genre Synthpop electro Length 2 : 26 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Jan Hammer Producer ( s ) Jan Hammer Jan Hammer singles chronology `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( 1985 ) `` Crockett 's Theme '' ( 1987 ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( 1985 ) `` Crockett 's Theme '' ( 1987 ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' is a musical piece composed and performed by Jan Hammer as the theme to the television series Miami Vice . It was first presented as part of the television broadcast of the show in September 1984 , was released as a single in 1985 , and peaked at the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was the last instrumental to top the Hot 100 until 2013 , when `` Harlem Shake '' by Baauer reached number one . It also peaked at number five in the UK and number four in Canada . In 1986 , it won Grammy Awards for `` Best Instrumental Composition '' and `` Best Pop Instrumental Performance . '' This song , along with Glenn Frey 's number two hit `` You Belong to the City '' , put the Miami Vice soundtrack on the top of the US album chart for 11 weeks in 1985 , making it the most successful TV soundtrack of all time until 2006 , when Disney Channel 's High School Musical beat its record . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Covers 6 Appearances 6.1 Episodes 6.2 Commercial 6.3 Radio 7 References Versions ( edit ) The 1 : 55 - minute version that aired with the pilot . The famous synthesized guitar lead hook is absent from it , and it features distinct synth guitar notes in its midsection . The 0 : 57 version in the following 3 regular episodes , which only contains the percussion and keyboards , without the synth guitar hook . It was essentially a shortened version of the pilot , although it already featured the same melody progression and conclusion at its end as in all the later episodes . According to Jan Hammer 's manager Elliot Sears , the missing guitar lead hook was the result of the sound elements not being mixed together as Hammer intended . The 1 : 00 synth guitar hook version that aired with all later episodes . It was first introduced at the end of the first regular episode , Heart of Darkness , over the closing credits , albeit with the guitar hook slightly more muted than in future episodes . The 2 : 26 full radio airplay version , the final 55 seconds of which are very similar to the 1 : 00 TV version . An extended dance remix , released in 1985 as a 12 '' single containing two different length versions ( in addition to the original version of the theme ) . Music video ( edit ) The music video of the theme is a mini-episode of the TV series with Hammer as a fugitive on the run from James `` Sonny '' Crockett and Ricardo Tubbs . Throughout the majority of the video , Hammer performs the theme in front of a projector screen playing footage from the TV series -- including scenes of the Vice duo chasing him . In the end of the video , he boards a helicopter and escapes from Crockett 's sight . The video also shows shots of Fairlight CMI screens including the page R ( sequencer ) page and the waveform page . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' MCA / MCAP1000 ( UK picture disc ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' -- 2 : 26 `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( TV version ) -- 1 : 00 `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( 12 '' edit ) -- 4 : 30 12 '' MCA / MCAT1000 ( UK ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( Extended Remix ) -- 6 : 54 `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( TV version ) -- 1 : 00 `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( 12 '' edit ) -- 4 : 30 Remix and 12 '' edit done by Louis Silas , Jr . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 25 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 16 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Black Singles 10 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 23 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 7 US Billboard Top Rock Tracks 29 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Cash Box 11 Preceded by `` Cry '' by Godley & Creme Canadian CHUM number - one single October 12 , 1985 -- October 19 , 1985 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Cherish '' by Kool & the Gang Preceded by `` Part - Time Lover '' by Stevie Wonder US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 9 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` We Built This City '' by Starship US Cash Box number - one single November 9 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Covers ( edit ) Alexi Laiho and Alexander Kuoppala of Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom did a short cover version of the theme on their 1997 album Something Wild . The cover is a hidden track within their song `` Touch Like Angel of Death '' . Appearances ( edit ) Episodes ( edit ) Miami Vice 's pilot episode , made as a two - hour TV movie , did not originally have a theme , but the musical sounds and notation that would become the theme were present as background score . When the series got picked up , Hammer created the 60 second version of the theme . The synth - guitar lead was missing in the aired version of the pilot and the first batch of episodes , and this unfinished version of the theme has remained attached to those episodes , even on the DVD video box set released in 2005 . Commercial ( edit ) The theme is also remembered as the song played during the first few three - point competitions at the NBA All - Star Weekend , including the one in 1986 where Larry Bird famously walked into the locker room and told all his competitors they were playing for second place . Radio ( edit ) From 1992 until 1997 , it was used as the theme music for Westwood One 's Radio Free D.C. : The G. Gordon Liddy Show . ( From 1992 until 1996 , an announcer would introduce the show during the music bed , saying , `` From Washington D.C. , Radio Free D.C. , with G. Gordon Liddy '' . ) Liddy had been a recurring guest on Miami Vice during its run . English radio presenter Paul Breeze adopted the tune to open his music shows on Blackpool 's Kit Kat Radio from 1996 to 1999 and , more recently , he re-adopted the tune for Paul & Lucy 's `` Best Kept Secrets '' show -- featuring what 's on news and interviews for the Blackpool area -- on internet radio station Fylde FM during early 2010 . In the Philippines , FM station DWFM or Radyo Singko 92.3 News FM use the music as the background music for its morning news program `` Punto Asintado '' which is presented by Erwin Tulfo and Martin Andanar . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiner , Jonah ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` On YouTube , Video Makes the Radio Star '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . New York . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 9299 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0593 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Miami Vice Theme '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jan Hammer - Miami Vice Theme '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jan Hammer -- Allmusic '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending NOVEMBER 9 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 Singles of 1985 '' . RPM . Vol. 43 no . 16 . Library and Archives Canada . December 28 , 1985 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1985 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jan Hammer Studio albums Like Children ( 1974 ) The First Seven Days ( 1975 ) Oh Yeah ? ( 1976 ) Untold Passion ( 1981 ) Here to Stay ( 1983 ) Live albums Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live ( 1977 ) Related articles Miami Vice Theme List of Miami Vice soundtracks Miami Vice Characters Sonny Crockett Ricardo Tubbs Accessories Cars Ferrari Testarossa Ferrari Daytona Firearms Music `` Miami Vice Theme '' `` Smuggler 's Blues '' `` You Belong to the City '' `` Crockett 's Theme '' Soundtracks Seasons Episodes `` Brother 's Keeper '' `` No Exit '' `` Out Where the Buses Do n't Run '' Video games Miami Vice ( 1986 game ) Miami Vice : The Game See also Guest stars Feature film Accolades Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami_Vice_Theme&oldid=827079619 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1985 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Instrumentals Miami Vice Television drama theme songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 17 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the theme song for miami vice | [
"\"Miami Vice Theme\" is a musical piece composed and performed by Jan Hammer as the theme to the television series Miami Vice. It was first presented as part of the television broadcast of the show in September 1984, was released as a single in 1985, and peaked at the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100. It was the last instrumental to top the Hot 100 until 2013, when \"Harlem Shake\" by Baauer reached number one.[1] It also peaked at number five in the UK and number four in Canada. In 1986, it won Grammy Awards for \"Best Instrumental Composition\" and \"Best Pop Instrumental Performance.\" This song, along with Glenn Frey's number two hit \"You Belong to the City\", put the Miami Vice soundtrack on the top of the US album chart for 11 weeks in 1985, making it the most successful TV soundtrack of all time until 2006, when Disney Channel's High School Musical beat its record."
] | [
"Jan Hammer"
] |
-7677085925367114428 | Red Dog Mine, Alaska | Red Dog mine , Alaska - wikipedia Red Dog mine , Alaska Jump to : navigation , search For the mine , see Red Dog mine . Red Dog Mine , Alaska Census - designated place Location in Northwest Arctic Borough and the state of Alaska . Coordinates : 68 ° 4 ′ 19 '' N 162 ° 52 ′ 34 '' W / 68.07194 ° N 162.87611 ° W / 68.07194 ; - 162.87611 Coordinates : 68 ° 4 ′ 19 '' N 162 ° 52 ′ 34 '' W / 68.07194 ° N 162.87611 ° W / 68.07194 ; - 162.87611 Country United States State Alaska Borough Northwest Arctic Government Borough mayor Clement Richards , Sr . State senator Donny Olson ( D ) State rep . Dean Westlake ( D ) Area Total 66.9 sq mi ( 173.2 km ) Land 66.9 sq mi ( 173.2 km ) Water 0.0 sq mi ( 0.0 km ) Elevation 853 ft ( 260 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 309 Density 4.6 / sq mi ( 1.8 / km ) Time zone Alaska ( AKST ) ( UTC - 9 ) Summer ( DST ) AKDT ( UTC - 8 ) Area code ( s ) 907 FIPS code 02 - 64980 GNIS feature ID 1865564 Website www.reddogalaska.com Red Dog Mine is a census - designated place ( CDP ) in the Northwest Arctic Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska . The population was 309 at the 2010 census . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economy 2 Mining 3 Geography 4 Demographics 5 Transportation 6 References 7 External links Economy ( edit ) The Red Dog mine is the only economic activity and the mine is the only inhabited site within the Red Dog Mine CDP . Mining ( edit ) The Red Dog Mine CDP derives its name from the Red Dog mine , the world 's largest source for zinc and a significant source of lead . Construction of the Red Dog mine began in 1987 , after exploration revealed that the area was rich in metals . The Red Dog ore body is one of the world 's most significant zinc deposits , containing a number of ore bodies . The mine is located in Alaska 's Northwest Arctic Borough , in the DeLong Mountains of the western Brooks Range , 90 miles north of Kotzebue and 55 miles from the Chukchi Sea . At the end of 2007 , the site 's proven and probable reserves plus indicated resources amounted to 77.5 million tons , containing 17.5 percent zinc and 4.8 percent lead , as well as 2.8 ounces per ton of silver . In addition , Red Dog also contains 36.6 million tons of inferred resources . The entire deposit lies inside a relatively small area ( one mile by one - half mile ) . The deposit is essentially flat - lying at the surface , making open pit mining the extraction method of choice. ( 1 ) Geography ( edit ) Red Dog Mine is located at 68 ° 04 ′ 19 '' N 162 ° 52 ′ 34 '' W / 68.071989 ° N 162.876044 ° W / 68.071989 ; - 162.876044 . It is in the DeLong Mountains in the remote western Brooks Range about 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Kotzebue and 55 miles ( 89 km ) from the Chukchi Sea . Red Dog Mine is very isolated . It is located within the Northwest Arctic Borough , an area approximately the size of Indiana with only 11 communities , none connected by roads , with a total population of only 7,208 people at the 2000 census . The nearest of those communities are Noatak , population 428 , roughly 50 miles ( 80 km ) south and Kivalina , population 377 , roughly 60 miles ( 100 km ) west at the 2000 census . Although native populations have historically used the nearby area for seasonal food - gathering , there are no permanent residents at the mine or the port site . The mine 's workforce consists of about 460 employees and contractors , of which somewhat more than half will be on - site at any given time . At the mine , everyone stays in the single large housing unit , tucked in among the process buildings near the edge of the open pit , while a small portion of the work force stays at the port site . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 66.9 square miles ( 173 km ) , all land . Demographics ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 32 people , 0 households , and 0 families residing in the CDP . The population density was 0.5 people per square mile ( 0.2 / km2 ) . There were 0 housing units . The racial makeup of the CDP was 31.25 % White , 65.62 % Native American , and 3.12 % from two or more races . In the CDP , the age distribution of the population shows 18.8 % from 18 to 24 , 62.5 % from 25 to 44 , and 18.8 % from 45 to 64 . The median age was 34 years . For every 100 females there were 700.0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 700.0 males . The median income for both males and females in the CDP was $0 . The per capita income for the CDP was $34,438. 37.9 % of the population were living below the poverty line . Transportation ( edit ) A 52 - mile ( 84 km ) long haul road connects the mine to the mine 's port site on the Chukchi Sea . The region is accessible only by air , served by the Red Dog Airport , except during the 100 - day shipping season . Mine workers from remote villages in the region are ferried to the mine on small aircraft . Alaska Airlines is contracted by the mine to fly other mine workers out of Anchorage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.akaction.org/REPORTS/Red_Dog_Report/ACATRedDogReportFinal.pdf Jump up ^ Alaska Resource Data File , USGS Open File 00 - 23 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ D.J. Szumigala , Alaska , Mining Engineering , May 2007 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Operation and Site Performance 2006 , Red Dog Mine , Teck Cominco Ltd . External links ( edit ) NANA Regional Corporation Red Dog Mine ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Northwest Arctic Borough , Alaska , United States Borough seat : Kotzebue Cities Ambler Buckland Deering Kiana Kivalina Kobuk Kotzebue Noorvik Selawik Shungnak CDPs Noatak Red Dog Mine Unincorporated communities Candle Ghost towns Kiwalik Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Dog_Mine,_Alaska&oldid=763791599 '' Categories : Census - designated places in Alaska Census - designated places in Northwest Arctic Borough , Alaska Mining communities in Alaska Populated places of the Arctic United States Brooks Range Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2017 , at 07 : 12 . About Wikipedia | where is red dog mine located in alaska | [
"Red Dog Mine is located at 68°04′19″N 162°52′34″W / 68.071989°N 162.876044°W / 68.071989; -162.876044.[5] It is in the DeLong Mountains in the remote western Brooks Range about 90 miles (140 km) north of Kotzebue and 55 miles (89 km) from the Chukchi Sea.",
"Red Dog Mine is located at 68°04′19″N 162°52′34″W / 68.071989°N 162.876044°W / 68.071989; -162.876044.[5] It is in the DeLong Mountains in the remote western Brooks Range about 90 miles (140 km) north of Kotzebue and 55 miles (89 km) from the Chukchi Sea."
] | [
"68°04′19″N 162°52′34″W / 68.071989°N 162.876044°W",
"in the DeLong Mountains in the remote western Brooks Range about 90 miles (140 km) north of Kotzebue and 55 miles (89 km) from the Chukchi Sea."
] |
-7568066791876445296 | Coco (2017 film) | Coco ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Coco ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Coco Theatrical release poster Directed by Lee Unkrich Produced by Darla K. Anderson Screenplay by Adrian Molina Matthew Aldrich Story by Lee Unkrich Jason Katz Matthew Aldrich Adrian Molina Starring Anthony Gonzalez Gael García Bernal Benjamin Bratt Alanna Ubach Renée Victor Ana Ofelia Murguía Edward James Olmos Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Matt Aspbury Danielle Feinberg Edited by Steve Bloom Lee Unkrich Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( Morelia ) November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 -- 200 million Box office $732.1 million Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated fantasy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich , it is directed by Unkrich and co-directed by Adrian Molina . The story follows a 12 - year - old boy named Miguel Rivera who is accidentally transported to the land of the dead , where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great - great - grandfather to return him to his family among the living . The concept of the film is based on the Mexican holiday of the Day of the Dead . The film was scripted by Molina and Matthew Aldrich from a story by Unkrich , Jason Katz , Aldrich and Molina . Pixar began developing the animation in 2016 ; Unkrich and some of the film 's crew visited Mexico for inspiration . Composer Michael Giacchino , who had worked on prior Pixar animated features , composed the score . The film 's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez , Gael García Bernal , Benjamin Bratt , Alanna Ubach , Renée Victor , Ana Ofelia Murguía , and Edward James Olmos . It is the first - ever film with a nine - figure budget to feature an all - Latino cast , with a cost of $175 -- 200 million . Coco premiered on October 20 , 2017 , during the Morelia International Film Festival in Morelia , Mexico . It was theatrically released in Mexico the following week , the weekend before Día de los Muertos , and became the highest - grossing film of all - time in the country . It was released in the United States on November 22 , 2017 , and has grossed over $730 million worldwide . The film received praise for its animation , vocal performances , musical score , songs , emotional story and respect to Mexican culture . It earned numerous accolades , was chosen by the National Board of Review as the best animated film of 2017 , and received a BAFTA Award for Best Animated Feature Film . It also won for Best Animated Feature Film and was nominated for Best Original Song ( `` Remember Me '' ) at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , as well as winning the Best Animated Feature and Best Song at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and a Annie Award . It also earned nominations for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In Santa Cecilia , Mexico , Imelda Rivera was the wife of a musician who left her and their 3 - year - old daughter Coco , to pursue a career in music . She banned music in the family and opened a shoemaking family business . 96 years later , her great - great - grandson , 12 - year - old Miguel , now lives with 99 - year - old Coco and their family . He secretly dreams of becoming a musician like Ernesto de la Cruz , a popular actor and singer of Coco 's generation . One day , Miguel inadvertently damages the photo of Coco with her parents at the center of the family ofrenda and removes it , discovering that her father ( whose face is torn out ) was holding Ernesto 's famous guitar . Concluding that Ernesto is Miguel 's great - great - grandfather , Miguel leaves to enter a talent show for the Day of the Dead despite the objections of his grandmother Elena . He enters Ernesto 's mausoleum and steals his guitar to use in the show , but becomes invisible to everyone in the village plaza . However , he can see and be seen by his Xoloitzcuintli dog Dante and his skeletal dead relatives who are visiting from the Land of the Dead for the holiday . Taking him there , they realize that Imelda can not visit as Miguel removed her photo from the ofrenda . Discovering that he is cursed for stealing from the dead , Miguel must return to the Land of the Living before sunrise or he will become one of the dead : to do so , he must receive a blessing from a member of his family using an Aztec marigold petal that can undo the curse placed upon him by stealing Ernesto 's guitar . Imelda offers Miguel a blessing but on the condition that he abandon his musical pursuits when he returns to the Land of the Living ; Miguel refuses and attempts to seek Ernesto 's blessing . Miguel encounters Héctor , a down - on - his - luck skeleton who once played with Ernesto and offers to help Miguel reach him . In return , Héctor asks Miguel to take his photo back to the Land of the Living so he can visit his daughter before she forgets him and he disappears completely . Héctor attempts to return Miguel to his relatives , but Miguel escapes and infiltrates Ernesto 's mansion , learning along the way that an old friendship between the two deteriorated before Héctor 's death . Ernesto welcomes Miguel as his descendant , but Héctor confronts them , imploring Miguel to take his photo . Miguel soon realizes that Ernesto poisoned Héctor to death and stole the songs he had written , passing them off as his own to become famous . Ernesto steals the photo and has Miguel and Héctor thrown into a cenote pit . Miguel realizes that Héctor is his actual great - great - grandfather and that Coco is Héctor 's daughter , the only living person who still remembers him . With the help of Dante -- who turns into an alebrije -- the dead Riveras find and rescue them . Miguel reveals that Héctor 's decision to return home to her and Coco resulted in his death , and Imelda and Héctor reconcile . They infiltrate Ernesto 's sunrise concert to retrieve Héctor 's photo from Ernesto and expose his crimes . Ernesto is crushed by a falling church bell as in his previous life , but the photo falls into the water and disappears . As the sun rises , Héctor is in danger of being forgotten and disappearing . Imelda blesses Miguel with no conditions so he can return to the Land of the Living , where he plays a song for Coco that Héctor wrote for her during her childhood . The song sparks her memory of Héctor and revitalizes her , and she gives Miguel the torn - out piece of the photo from the ofrenda , which shows Héctor 's face . Elena reconciles with Miguel , accepting both him and music back into the family . One year later , Miguel proudly presents the family ofrenda -- featuring a photo of the now deceased Coco and the restored photo of Héctor and Imelda -- to his new baby sister . Letters saved by Coco contain proof that Ernesto stole Héctor 's music ; as a result , Ernesto 's legacy is destroyed and the public honors Héctor in his place . In the Land of the Dead , Héctor and Imelda join Coco for a visit to the living Riveras as Miguel sings and plays for his relatives , both dead and living . Cast ( edit ) Anthony Gonzalez as Miguel Rivera , a 12 - year - old aspiring musician . Gael García Bernal as Héctor Rivera , a charming trickster in the Land of the Dead , who enlists Miguel to help him visit the Land of the Living , and is later revealed to be Miguel 's great - great grandfather , Imelda 's husband , Coco 's father and the patriarch of the Rivera family . Bernal also voices Héctor in the Spanish version . Benjamin Bratt as Ernesto de la Cruz , the most famous musician in the history of Mexico and Miguel 's idol . Revered by fans worldwide until his untimely death , the charming and charismatic musician is even more beloved in the Land of the Dead . Antonio Sol provides de la Cruz 's singing voice , except for `` Remember Me '' . Alanna Ubach as Mamá Imelda Rivera , Miguel 's late great - great - grandmother , Héctor 's wife , Coco 's mother and the matriarch of the Rivera family . Renée Victor as Abuelita Elena Rivera , Miguel 's grandmother who strictly enforces the ban on music which is the legacy of her grandmother . Ana Ofelia Murguía as Mamá Socorro `` Coco '' Rivera , Miguel 's great - grandmother and the daughter of Héctor and Imelda . Edward James Olmos as Chicharrón , a friend of Hector 's who is forgotten in the Land of the Dead . Alfonso Arau as Papá Julio Rivera , Miguel 's late great - grandfather and Coco 's husband . Arau also voices Papá Julio in the Spanish version . Selene Luna as Tía Rosita Rivera , Miguel 's late great - grandaunt , Julio 's sister . Dyana Ortellí as Tía Victoria Rivera , Miguel 's late grandaunt , Abuelita 's sister . Herbert Sigüenza as Tío Oscar and Felipe Rivera , Miguel 's late identical twin great - great granduncles . Jaime Camil as Papá Enrique Rivera , Miguel 's father . Sofía Espinosa as Mamá Luisa Rivera , Miguel 's mother . She is pregnant with her second child during the events of the movie . Espinosa also voices Mamá Luisa in the Spanish version . Luis Valdez as Tío Berto Rivera , Miguel 's uncle . Valdez also voices Don Hidalgo . Polo Rojas as Abel Rivera , Miguel 's cousin . Montse Hernandez as Rosa Rivera , Miguel 's cousin . Lombardo Boyar as a Mariachi whom Miguel meets in Santa Cecilia Plaza . Boyar also voices Gustavo , a musician of the Land of the Dead Octavio Solis as the Arrival Agent Gabriel Iglesias as the Head Clerk Cheech Marin as a Corrections Officer Carla Medina as Departure Agent Medina also voices the departure agent in the Spanish version . Blanca Araceli as an Emcee Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Frida Kahlo Salvador Reyes as Security Guard John Ratzenberger as Juan Ortodoncia , a skeleton in the Land of the Dead with bad teeth Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Lee Unkrich first pitched an idea for the film in 2010 , when Toy Story 3 , which he also directed , was released . Initially the film was to be about an American child , learning about his Mexican heritage , while dealing with the death of his mother . Eventually the team realized that this was the wrong approach and reformed the film to focus on a Mexican child instead . Of the original version Unkrich noted that it `` reflected the fact that none of us at the time were from Mexico . '' The fact that the film depicted `` a real culture '' caused anxiety for Unkrich who `` felt an enormous responsibility on my shoulders to do it right . '' The Pixar team made several trips to Mexico to help define the characters and story of Coco . Unkrich said , `` I 'd seen it portrayed in folk art . It was something about the juxtaposition of skeletons with bright , festive colors that captured my imagination . It has led me down a winding path of discovery . And the more I learn about ( el ) Día de los Muertos , the more it affects me deeply . '' The team found it difficult working with skeletal creatures , as they lacked any muscular system , and as such had to be animated differently from their human counterparts . Coco also took inspiration from Hayao Miyazaki 's anime films Spirited Away ( 2001 ) and Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2004 ) as well as the action film John Wick ( 2014 ) . On April 13 , 2016 , Unkrich announced that they had begun work on the animation . The film 's writer , Adrian Molina , was promoted to co-director in 2016 . Disney made a request to trademark the phrase `` Día de los Muertos '' for merchandising applications . This was met with criticism from the Mexican American community in the United States . Lalo Alcaraz , a Mexican American cartoonist , drew a film poster titled `` Muerto Mouse '' , depicting a skeletal Godzilla - sized Mickey Mouse with the byline `` It 's coming to trademark your cultura . '' More than 21,000 people signed a petition on Change.org stating that the trademark was `` cultural appropriation and exploitation at its worst . '' A week later , Disney cancelled the attempt , with the official statement saying that the `` trademark filing was intended to protect any title for our film and related activities . It has since been determined that the title of the film will change , and therefore we are withdrawing our trademark filing . '' In 2015 , Pixar hired Alcaraz to consult on the film , joining playwright Octavio Solis and former CEO of the Mexican Heritage Corp . Marcela Davison Aviles , to form a cultural consultant group . Soundtrack ( edit ) Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Genre Mariachi , Salsa , Bolero , Flamenco , Pop , Mexican Son Length 78 : 17 Label Walt Disney Pixar chronology Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Cars 3 2017 Coco ( 2017 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Incredibles 2 2018 Michael Giacchino chronology War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) War for the Planet of the Apes 2017 Coco ( 2017 ) Coco2017 Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Incredibles 2 2018 The film 's score was composed by Michael Giacchino . Germaine Franco , Adrian Molina , Robert Lopez , and Kristen Anderson - Lopez wrote the songs . Recording for the score began on August 14 , 2017 . The score was released on November 10 , 2017 . All music composed by Michael Giacchino except where indicated . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Remember Me '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Benjamin Bratt 1 : 49 2 . `` Much Needed Advice '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Bratt & Antonio Sol 1 : 46 3 . `` Everyone Knows Juanita '' Franco & Molina Gael García Bernal 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina García Bernal & Anthony Gonzalez 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 55 6 . `` The World Es Mi Familia '' Franco & Molina Gonzalez & Sol 0 : 51 7 . `` Remember Me ( Lullaby ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez García Bernal , Gabriella Flores & Libertad García Fonzi 1 : 10 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Sol & Alanna Ubach 2 : 46 9 . `` Remember Me ( Reunion ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Gonzalez & Ana Ofelia Murguía 1 : 14 10 . `` Proud Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gonzalez 2 : 04 11 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 12 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 13 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 14 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 15 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 16 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 17 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 18 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 19 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 20 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 21 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 22 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 23 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 24 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 25 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 26 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 27 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 28 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 29 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 30 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 31 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 32 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 33 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 34 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 35 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 36 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 37 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 38 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 Total length : 78 : 17 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Recuérdame ( Interpretada por Ernesto De la Cruz ) '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Marco Antonio Solís 1 : 49 2 . `` Dueto a Través del Tiempo '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Solís 1 : 45 3 . `` Juanita '' Franco & Molina Gael García Bernal 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina García Bernal & Luis Ángel Gómez Jaramillo 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 54 6 . `` El Mundo es mi Familia '' Franco & Molina Gómez Jaramillo & Solís 0 : 50 7 . `` Recuérdame ( Arrullo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez García Bernal & Lucy Hernández 1 : 09 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Solís & Angélica Vale 2 : 45 9 . `` Recuérdame ( Reencuentro ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Rocío Garcel & Gómez Jaramillo 1 : 13 10 . `` El Latido de mi Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gómez Jaramillo 2 : 01 11 . `` Recuérdame '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Carlos Rivera 2 : 43 12 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 13 . `` El corrido de Miguel Rivera ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Bronco 3 : 57 14 . `` La bikina ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Rubén Fuentes Karol Sevilla 2 : 56 15 . `` Bésame mucho ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Consuelo Velázquez Jorge Blanco 2 : 57 16 . `` Un mundo raro ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' La Santa Cecilia 3 : 27 17 . `` Recuérdame ( Solo ) ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Lafourcade 2 : 43 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original ( Disc 2 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 2 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 3 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 4 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 5 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 6 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 7 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 8 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 9 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 10 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 11 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 12 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 13 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 14 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 15 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 16 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 17 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 18 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 19 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 20 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 21 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 22 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 23 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 24 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 25 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 26 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 27 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original em Português No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Ernesto de la Cruz ) '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Mário Redondo 1 : 49 2 . `` Conselho Muito Necessário '' Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina Redondo 1 : 45 3 . `` Quem Não Conhece a Juanita ? '' Franco & Molina Pedro Leitão 1 : 15 4 . `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina Joao Pedro Gonçalves & Leitão 1 : 52 5 . `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 54 6 . `` O Mundo es Mi Família '' Franco & Molina Gonçalves & Redondo 0 : 50 7 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Canção de Embalar ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Leitão & Maria Galante 1 : 09 8 . `` La Llorona '' Traditional Alanna Ubach & Antonio Sol 2 : 45 9 . `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Reunião ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Gonçalves & Ermelinda Duarte 1 : 13 10 . `` Pulsar do Meu Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gonçalves 2 : 03 11 . `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 12 . `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' 3 : 18 13 . `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 14 . `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 15 . `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 16 . `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 17 . `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 18 . `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 19 . `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 20 . `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 21 . `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 22 . `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 23 . `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 24 . `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 25 . `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 26 . `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 27 . `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 28 . `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 29 . `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 30 . `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 31 . `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 32 . `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 33 . `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 34 . `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 35 . `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 36 . `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 37 . `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 38 . `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 Release ( edit ) Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , 2017 , the weekend before Día de Muertos . The film was released in the United States on November 22 , 2017 , during the Thanksgiving weekend , and three weeks after Día de Muertos , and in the United Kingdom on January 19 , 2018 . The film was released in a crowded market , preceded by Thor : Ragnarok , Justice League and another animated film , The Star , and followed by Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand three weeks after Thanksgiving . It is one of the three Disney film productions being released in the November -- December corridor . It is the second Pixar offering of the year , following Cars 3 , with 2017 being the second year Pixar released two films , after 2015 ( with Inside Out and The Good Dinosaur ) . The film was accompanied in theaters by Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 21 - minute featurette Olaf 's Frozen Adventure as a limited time offering , featuring the characters from Frozen , making Coco the first musical film not to be accompanied by a Pixar short in theaters since their first film , Toy Story , in 1995 . Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser trailer was released on March 15 , 2017 , two days before Disney 's Beauty and the Beast opened worldwide . The teaser trailer introduced the basic concept of the film , while highlighting its focus on music . Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the trailer as `` a terrific old - school Pixar sell , mostly consisting of a single sequence and offering just the barest hint of what 's to come . '' The film 's themes and imagery drew comparison to another animated film that centered around Día de Muertos , The Book of Life ( 2014 ) . A two - minute short film , titled Dante 's Lunch -- A Short Tail , was released online on March 29 , 2017 . It introduces the film 's supporting character , a Xoloitzcuintle named Dante . The short was created early in the animation process by Unkrich and his team to have a better sense of the character . The first official trailer was released on June 7 , 2017 , followed by a second trailer on September 13 . The film was marketed extensively in Mexico , including traditional wall - painted advertising usually used for local events and never for films . A movie chain in the country held a contest for dubbing a character in the film , and another movie chain held a contest to become an interviewer for the cast and crew of the film . The film will also have its own VR game , Pixar 's first VR development . Home Media ( edit ) Coco was released on Digital HD on February 13 , 2018 and will be released on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray on February 27 , 2018 , by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of February 18 , 2018 , Coco has grossed $207.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $523.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $730.4 million . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Coco was projected to gross $55 -- 65 million from 3,987 theaters in its first five days , including around $40 million in its opening weekend . It made $2.3 million from Tuesday night previews , landing between Disney 's previous two November releases Moana ( $2.6 million ) and The Good Dinosaur ( $1.3 million ) , and $13.2 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $50.8 million ( including a five - day total of $72.9 million ) , finishing first at the box office . It was the 4th - biggest Thanksgiving opening weekend ever , behind fellow animated films Frozen , Moana and Toy Story 2 . In its second weekend , the film dropped by 46 % to $27.5 million , a smaller drop than Moana , Frozen , Tangled , and The Good Dinosaur , and again topping the box office . It topped the box office once again in its third weekend , dropping by 33 % and grossing $18.5 million , a similar hold to Moana . It became the fourth film of 2017 to top the box office three times , following Split , The Fate of the Furious and The Hitman 's Bodyguard , before being overtaken by Disney 's own Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand , in its fourth weekend . It fell to number six in its fifth weekend , due to competition from three new releases -- Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , Pitch Perfect 3 , and The Greatest Showman -- despite a small drop again ; it grossed $2.8 million on Christmas Day . On the holiday week of December 22 -- 28 , the film finished at number six with a gross of $16.3 million , which was 6 % up from the previous week , despite losing over 1,000 theaters . It finished at number six in its sixth weekend , going up 39 % and 87 % , respectively , during the three - day and four - day weekends ; it grossed $2.6 million on New Year 's Day . It fell outside the top 10 in its eighth weekend ( which included Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , dropping 38 % and 14 % respectively , during the three - day and four - day weekends . Other territories ( edit ) Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , nearly a month before its release in the United States . It grossed $9.3 million on its opening weekend , the biggest opening weekend for an original animated film and the biggest debut for an animated film outside of the summer movie season in the market . In its second weekend , it earned another $10.8 million , a 12 % increase over its first weekend , bringing its total to $28 million . It became the fastest ten - day grosser ever for an animated feature in Mexico , as well as the biggest original animated release ever in the territory . It dropped by 23 % in its third weekend , grossing $8.4 million . That brought its total to MX $792 million ( US $41.4 million ) , making it the highest - grossing animated film and the second - highest grossing film of all time in Mexico , behind Disney 's own The Avengers , in local currency . A few days later , on November 15 , it passed The Avengers to become the highest - grossing film in the market of Mexico . In China , Coco finished number one at the weekend box office , with a three - day total of $18.2 million , making it the second - highest opening ever for a Disney or Pixar animated release in that market , behind Zootopia . After seeing increases each weekday on its first week , the film increased by 148 % on its second weekend , bringing its total to $75.6 million in the market . It dropped by 21 % in its third weekend , finishing first once again and grossing $35 million . The film fell to number three in its fourth weekend , due to competition from two new domestic releases , grossing an additional $17.1 million . Coco 's success in China came as a surprise to most box office analysts who were projecting a gross of $30 -- 40 million . By its second weekend , it had become the highest - grossing Pixar release ever in China , nearly doubling previous record - holder Finding Dory , and by its fifth weekend , it had surpassed Despicable Me 3 to become the second highest - grossing animated movie of all time in the country , behind Zootopia . As of December 25 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $180.9 million ) , Mexico ( $57.8 million ) , France ( $28.6 million ) , Spain ( $16.8 million ) , Italy ( $11.1 ) and Germany ( $9.9 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 97 % , based on 268 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Coco 's rich visual pleasures are matched by a thoughtful narrative that takes a family - friendly -- and deeply affecting -- approach to questions of culture , family , life , and death . '' It was the site 's highest - rated animated film and ninth highest - rated wide release of 2017 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score ; it was also the sixth Pixar film to earn the rating , and the first since Up in 2009 . It also earned a 95 % positive score , including a rare five - out - of - five stars , from comScore , along with a 76 % `` definite recommend '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` At every imaginative juncture , the filmmakers ( the screenplay is credited to Pixar veteran Molina and Matthew Aldrich ) create a richly woven tapestry of comprehensively researched storytelling , fully dimensional characters , clever touches both tender and amusingly macabre , and vivid , beautifully textured visuals . '' Robert Abele of TheWrap praised the film , saying : `` If an animated movie is going to offer children a way to process death , it 's hard to envision a more spirited , touching and breezily entertaining example than Coco . '' In his review for Variety , Peter Debruge wrote , `` In any case , it works : Coco 's creators clearly had the perfect ending in mind before they 'd nailed down all the other details , and though the movie drags in places , and features a few too many childish gags ... the story 's sincere emotional resolution earns the sobs it 's sure to inspire . '' Debruge also described the film as `` ( An ) effective yet hardly exceptional addition to the Pixar oeuvre . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four stars , writing that `` There 's a touch of Japanese master Hayao Miyazaki in the film 's matter - of - fact depiction of the dead interacting with the living , as well as its portrayal of certain creatures '' such as Dante and Pepita . He concluded his review by stating , `` I had some minor quibbles about ( Coco ) while I was watching it , but I ca n't remember what they were . This film is a classic . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film 3.5 stars out of four , calling it a `` loving tribute to Mexican culture '' , while praising the animation , vocal performances ( particularly Gonzalez , Bernal , and Bratt ) , and its emotional and thematic tone and depth . The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips called the film `` vividly good , beautifully animated '' , praising Giacchino 's musical score and the songs , as well drawing a comparison to the emotional tone of Inside Out . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film as `` a time - tested tune with captivating originality and flair , and with roving , playful pop - culture erudition '' , and called the film 's cultural vibe `` inclusive '' and `` a 21st - century Disney hallmark '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times found the film to be `` full of life '' and deemed it `` a bouncy and heart - tugging adventure '' , while lauding the vocal performances as `` fantastic '' and `` first - rate '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today described the film as `` effervescent , clever and thoughtful , '' calling it one of `` Pixar 's most gorgeously animated outings '' , and `` the most musical Pixar film , with a host of catchy tunes '' . Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger wrote that the backgrounds `` have a vibrancy , and its atmosphere carries a warmth . And even after it 's done , both linger , just a bit -- like a perfectly struck guitar chord '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Coco ( 2017 film ) Coco was nominated for various awards and won a number of them , including several for Best Animated Feature . The song `` Remember Me '' was particularly praised . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it won Best Animated Feature Film and was nominated for Best Original Song . It led the 45th Annie Awards with most nominations , garnering thirteen , among them Best Animated Feature , Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production , Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production , and Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Gonzalez . See also ( edit ) Día de Muertos References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ; Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Incredibles 2 ' , ' Toy Story 4 ' Details Revealed at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coco Award Categories '' . disneystudiosawards.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' to World Premiere at Mexico 's Morelia Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco '' . Morelia International Film Festival . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COCO ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Topping ' Justice League ' With $70 Million Over Thanksgiving Weekend '' . Variety . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) - Financial Information - The Numbers '' . The Numbers . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coco Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's Coco is a ' Love Letter to Mexico ' in the Age of Trump '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' feasts on ' Justice League ' at box office '' . New Haven Register . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COCO , the new Disney Pixar movie , will open the 15th FICM '' . Festival Internacional del Cine en Morelia . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco 's Otherworldly Mexico Run Lands Pixar Toon As Market 's No. 1 Movie Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Lassos $185 M Overseas , $390 M WW ; ' Thor ' Rocks To $739 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Trumbore ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Week in Animation : Pixar 's ' Coco ' Now Mexico 's # 1 Film of All - Time '' . Collider . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar 's ' Coco ' Breaks Box Office Record in Mexico '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar Introduces the ' Coco ' Character Family '' . Animation Magazine ( in inglês ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ https://disneyinternationaldubbings.weebly.com/coco--latin-spanish-cast.html Jump up ^ Wintraub , Steve ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt on ' The Infiltrator ' , ' Shot Caller ' and Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/coco-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1293552700 Jump up ^ Crust , Kevin ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' director Lee Unkrich gets down with the Day of the Dead for Pixar 's fall release '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://disneyinternationaldubbings.weebly.com/coco--latin-spanish-cast.html Jump up ^ https://disneyinternationaldubbings.weebly.com/coco--latin-spanish-cast.html Jump up ^ https://disneyinternationaldubbings.weebly.com/coco--latin-spanish-cast.html Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nolan Gerard Funk Joins ' Berlin , I Love You ' ; Natalia Cordova - Buckley Set In ' Coco ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laughing Place Disney Newsdesk ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` John Ratzenberger Confirmed for `` Coco '' `` . Laughing Place . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Tasha . `` Pixar 's Lee Unkrich on the ' anxiety ' of directing Coco '' . The Verge . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Newest Disney Pixar Marvel , Coco '' . Disney Insider . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Shares ' Coco ' Secrets at Annecy Animation Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World of Coco Influenced by John Wick , Hayao Miyazaki , Mexican History '' . / Film . 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Rachel ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Confirms That Animation Has Officially Started on Coco ! '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Y . Rodriguez , Cindy ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Day of the Dead trademark request draws backlash for Disney '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nevarez , Griselda ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz to Work on Pixar 's Day of the Dead Film ' Coco ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Drops Controversial Dia De Los Muertos Trademark Bid After Online Uproar '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ T.J. & Julie ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Get a Peek into Michael Giacchino 's Scoring Process for Pixar 's ' Coco ' -- Courtesy of Director , Lee Unkrich '' . Pixar Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` First listen : Hear three new songs from Pixar 's Coco '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original en Español ) '' . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original em Português ) '' . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Ryan ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Latest film release changes : Coco pops in 2018 '' . Digital Cinema Media . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' Is Trapped Between ' Justice League ' And ' Star Wars ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Strum along with the first teaser for Pixar 's Coco '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Coco trailer : First footage from Pixar Studio 's upcoming original film released '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First trailer launched for new Pixar film Coco '' . The Guardian . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21 - Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Jacob ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Trailer : Pixar 's Next Original Movie Reveals Its First Footage '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` First Teaser Trailer For Pixar 's Coco '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` New Pixar Short ' Dante 's Lunch ' Introduces ' Coco ' Dog , Plus Director Lee Unkrich on Whether ' Coco ' Will Make You Cry ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Coco : New trailer digs deeper into the Land of the Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : ' Coco ' May Help Pixar Bounce Back From ' Cars 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interactive , IA . `` Inmortaliza Tu Voz '' . cinepolis.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conviértete en el reportero Cinemex y entrevista a los creadores de Coco '' . Ganapromo.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Makes Its Virtual Reality Debut With ' Coco VR ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Coco ' Blu - ray and DVD Release Date is February 27 , 2018 '' . The Kingdom Insider . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Coco ' Whip ' Justice League ' For Top Spot Over Thanksgiving Stretch ? -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : ' Coco ' displaces ' Justice League ' '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking At Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Soars To $280 M Worldwide , ' Wonder ' Tops $100 M Global '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+ , ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+ , ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Wins as ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Waits in the Wings '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) -- Weekly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` December 29 -- 31 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` December 29 -- January 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Monday , January 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 14 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 15 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Nears $240 M , ' Coco ' Soars In Mexico '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW , $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ' , ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ELBERT WYCHE ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' debuts at number one in China '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Rockets To Epic 300 % Friday - To - Friday Gain In China For $39 M 8 - Day Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hot ' Coco ' Sings In China ; ' Thor ' Tops $816 M , ' Justice League ' Lassos $567 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays Strong With $55 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : Feng Xiaogang 's ' Youth ' Opens to $48 M , ' Coco ' Crosses $150 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` With 1 Billion+ RMB / $152 M Cume ' Coco ' Has Now Quadrupled Pixar 's Previous China Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Has Single - Handedly Out - Grossed The Earnings of All 12 Prior Pixar Releases In China Combined '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Jumps To # 13 On WW Chart ; Unlucky In China Bow ; ' Jumanji ' Rocks Past $500 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BoxOfficeMojo ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Coco International Box Office Performances '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED ANIMATED MOVIES 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED MOVIES 2017 > WIDE RELEASES '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coco reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abele , Robert ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Journey Down Mexico Way Pays Colorful , Moving Tribute to Family '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Coco Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Day - of - the - Dead Gem Is as Lively as They Come '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : While not Pixar 's best , ' Coco ' is ' vividly good , ' beautifully animated '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Coco ' Brings the Pixar Touch to Death '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` The exciting Land of the Dead is where ' Coco ' really comes to life '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Joyful ' Coco ' breaks from the Pixar pack as a Mexican musical spectacular '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : Disney and Pixar set out a Mexican feast '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Film Awards and Nominations Scorecard '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coco ( 2017 film ) Official website Coco on IMDb Coco at the TCM Movie Database Coco at The Big Cartoon DataBase Coco at AllMovie Pixar Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. 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( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Pixar universe theory Walt Disney Animation Studios The Walt Disney Studios Book Films directed by Lee Unkrich Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Awards for Coco Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film 2000s Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) 2000s Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film 2000s Cars -- John Lasseter ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin -- Steven Spielberg ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 -- Dean DeBlois ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture 2000s Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - 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1135626725718667732 | Antimicrobial resistance | Antimicrobial resistance - wikipedia Antimicrobial resistance Jump to : navigation , search `` Superbug '' redirects here . For other uses , see Super Bug . Antibiotic resistance tests : Bacteria are streaked on dishes with white antibiotic - impregnated disks . Clear rings , such as those on the left , show that bacteria have not grown -- indicating that the bacteria are not resistant . Those on the right are fully susceptible to only three of the seven antibiotics tested . Antimicrobial resistance ( AMR ) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication previously used to treat them . This broader term also covers antibiotic resistance , which applies to bacteria and antibiotics . Resistance arises through one of three ways : natural resistance in certain types of bacteria , genetic mutation , or by one species acquiring resistance from another . Resistance can appear spontaneously because of random mutations ; or more commonly following gradual buildup over time , and because of misuse of antibiotics or antimicrobials . Resistant microbes are increasingly difficult to treat , requiring alternative medications or higher doses , both of which may be more expensive or more toxic . Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called multidrug resistant ( MDR ) ; or sometimes superbugs . Antimicrobial resistance is on the rise with millions of deaths every year . All classes of microbes develop resistance : fungi develop antifungal resistance , viruses develop antiviral resistance , protozoa develop antiprotozoal resistance , and bacteria develop antibiotic resistance . Antibiotics should only be used when needed as prescribed by health professionals . The prescriber should closely adhere to the five rights of drug administration : the right patient , the right drug , the right dose , the right route , and the right time . Narrow - spectrum antibiotics are preferred over broad - spectrum antibiotics when possible , as effectively and accurately targeting specific organisms is less likely to cause resistance . Cultures should be taken before treatment when indicated and treatment potentially changed based on the susceptibility report . For people who take these medications at home , education about proper use is essential . Health care providers can minimize spread of resistant infections by use of proper sanitation and hygiene , including handwashing and disinfecting between patients , and should encourage the same of the patient , visitors , and family members . Rising drug resistance is caused mainly by improper use of antimicrobials in humans as well as in animals , and spread of resistant strains between the two . Antibiotics increase selective pressure in bacterial populations , causing vulnerable bacteria to die ; this increases the percentage of resistant bacteria which continue growing . With resistance to antibiotics becoming more common there is greater need for alternative treatments . Calls for new antibiotic therapies have been issued , but new drug development is becoming rarer . A World Health Organization ( WHO ) report released April 2014 stated , `` this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future , it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone , of any age , in any country . Antibiotic resistance -- when bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections -- is now a major threat to public health . '' Increasing public calls for global collective action to address the threat include proposals for international treaties on antimicrobial resistance . Worldwide antibiotic resistance is not fully mapped , but poorer countries with weak healthcare systems are more affected . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : `` Each year in the United States , at least 2 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections . '' There are multiple national and international monitoring programs for drug - resistant threats , including methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) , vancomycin - resistant S. aureus ( VRSA ) , extended spectrum beta - lactamase ( ESBL ) , vancomycin - resistant Enterococcus ( VRE ) , multidrug - resistant A. baumannii ( MRAB ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Causes 2.1 Human medicine 2.2 Veterinary medicine 2.3 United States 2.4 Natural occurrence 2.5 Environmental 3 Prevention 3.1 Duration of antibiotics 3.2 Antibiotic usage 3.3 Monitoring 3.4 Strategies 3.4. 1 Vaccines 3.4. 2 Alternating therapy 3.4. 3 Development of new drugs 3.4. 4 Phage therapy 3.5 Animal use 3.5. 1 Europe 3.5. 2 United States 4 Mechanisms 4.1 NDM - 1 5 Organisms 5.1 Bacteria 5.1. 1 Staphylococcus aureus 5.1. 2 Streptococcus and Enterococcus 5.1. 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5.1. 4 Clostridium difficile 5.1. 5 Carbapenem - resistant Enterobacteriaceae 5.1. 6 Multidrug - resistant Acinetobacter 5.1. 7 Drug - resistant Campylobacter 5.1. 8 Salmonella and E. coli 5.1. 9 Acinetobacter baumannii 5.1. 10 Klebsiella pneumoniae 5.1. 11 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 5.1. 12 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 5.1. 13 Mycoplasma genitalium 5.2 Viruses 5.3 Fungi 5.4 Parasites 6 Applications 7 Society and culture 7.1 Legal frameworks 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 10.1 Books 10.2 Journals 11 External links Definition ( edit ) Diagram showing the difference between non-resistant bacteria and drug resistant bacteria . Non-resistant bacteria multiply , and upon drug treatment , the bacteria die . Drug resistant bacteria multiply as well , but upon drug treatment , the bacteria continue to spread . The WHO defines antimicrobial resistance as a microorganism 's resistance to an antimicrobial drug that was once able to treat an infection by that microorganism . A person can not become resistant to antibiotics . Resistance is a property of the microbe , not a person or other organism infected by a microbe . Causes ( edit ) How antibiotic resistance evolves and spreads Bacteria with resistance to antibiotics predate medical use of antibiotics by humans ; however , widespread antibiotic use has made more bacteria resistant through the process of evolutionary pressure . Reasons for the widespread use of antibiotics include : increasing global availability over time since the 1950s uncontrolled sale in many low or middle income countries , where they can be obtained over the counter without a prescription , potentially resulting in antibiotics being used when not indicated . This may result in emergence of resistance in any remaining bacteria . Antibiotic use in livestock feed at low doses for growth promotion is an accepted practice in many industrialized countries and is known to lead to increased levels of resistance . Releasing large quantities of antibiotics into the environment during pharmaceutical manufacturing through inadequate wastewater treatment increases the risk that antibiotic - resistant strains will develop and spread . It is uncertain whether antibacterials in soaps and other products contribute to antibiotic resistance , but they are discouraged for other reasons . Human Medicine ( edit ) Deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance every year compared to other major causes of death . Increasing bacterial resistance is linked with the volume of antibiotic prescribed , as well as missing doses when taking antibiotics . Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics has been attributed to a number of causes , including people insisting on antibiotics , physicians prescribing them as they feel they do not have time to explain why they are not necessary , and physicians not knowing when to prescribe antibiotics or being overly cautious for medical and / or legal reasons . Up to half of antibiotics used in humans are unnecessary and inappropriate . For example , a third of people believe that antibiotics are effective for the common cold , and the common cold is the most common reason antibiotics are prescribed even though antibiotics are useless against viruses . A single regimen of antibiotics even in compliant individuals leads to a greater risk of resistant organisms to that antibiotic in the person for a month to possibly a year . Antibiotic resistance increases with duration of treatment ; therefore , as long as an effective minimum is kept , shorter courses of antibiotics are likely to decrease rates of resistance , reduce cost , and have better outcomes with fewer complications . Short course regimens exist for community - acquired pneumonia spontaneous bacterial peritonitis , suspected lung infections in intense care wards , so - called acute abdomen , middle ear infections , sinusitis and throat infections , and penetrating gut injuries . In some situations a short course may not cure the infection as well as a long course . A BMJ editorial recommended that antibiotics can often be safely stopped 72 hours after symptoms resolve . Because individuals may feel better before the infection is eradicated , doctors must provide instructions to them so they know when it is safe to stop taking a prescription . Some researchers advocate doctors ' using a very short course of antibiotics , reevaluating the patient after a few days , and stopping treatment if there are no clinical signs of infection . Certain antibiotic classes result in resistance more than others . Increased rates of MRSA infections are seen when using glycopeptides , cephalosporins , and quinolone antibiotics . Cephalosporins , and particularly quinolones and clindamycin , are more likely to produce colonisation with Clostridium difficile . Factors within the intensive care unit setting such as mechanical ventilation and multiple underlying diseases also appear to contribute to bacterial resistance . Poor hand hygiene by hospital staff has been associated with the spread of resistant organisms , and an increase in hand washing compliance results in decreased rates . This paragraph has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Improper use of antibiotics can often be attributed to the presence of structural violence in particular regions . Socioeconomic factors such as race and poverty affect accessibility of and adherence to drug therapy . The efficacy of treatment programs for drug - resistant strains depends on whether or not programmatic improvements take into account the effects of structural violence . Veterinary Medicine ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Antibiotic use in livestock All animals carry bacteria in their intestines . Antibiotics are given to animals . Antibiotics kill most bacteria . But resistant bacteria survive and multiply . The World Health Organization concluded that inappropriate use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is an underlying contributor to the emergence and spread of antibiotic - resistant germs , and that the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feeds should be restricted . The World Organisation for Animal Health has added to the Terrestrial Animal Health Code a series of guidelines with recommendations to its members for the creation and harmonization of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programs , monitoring of the quantities of antibiotics used in animal husbandry , and recommendations to ensure the proper and prudent use of antibiotic substances . Another guideline is to implement methodologies that help to establish associated risk factors and assess the risk of antibiotic resistance . United States ( edit ) Eighty percent of antibiotics sold in the United States are used on livestock . The majority of these antibiotics are given to animals that are otherwise healthy . Rather , it is normal practice to mix antibiotics with livestock food to promote healthier living conditions and to encourage animal growth . The use of antibiotics in animals is to a large degree involved in the emergence of antibiotic - resistant microorganisms . Antibiotics are used in food with the intention of not only preventing , controlling , and treating diseases , but also to promote growth . Antibiotic use in animals can be classified into therapeutic , prophylactic , metaphylactic , and growth promotion uses of antibiotics . All four patterns select for bacterial resistance , since antibiotic resistance is a natural evolutionary process , but the non-therapeutic uses expose larger number of animals , and therefore of bacteria , for more extended periods , and at lower doses . They therefore greatly increase the cross-section for the evolution of resistance . The origins of antibiotic - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( CAFO : concentrated animal feeding operations ) Since the last third of the 20th century , antibiotics have been used extensively in animal husbandry . In 2013 , 80 % of antibiotics used in the US were used in animals and only 20 % in humans ; in 1997 half were used in humans and half in animals . Some antibiotics are not used and not considered significant for use in humans , because they either lack efficacy or purpose in humans , such as ionophores in ruminants , or because the drug has gone out of use in humans . Others are used in both animals and humans , including penicillin and some forms of tetracycline . Historically , regulation of antibiotic use in food animals has been limited to limiting drug residues in meat , egg , and milk products , rather than by direct concern over the development of antibiotic resistance . This mirrors the primary concerns in human medicine , where , in general , researchers and doctors were more concerned about effective but non-toxic doses of drugs rather than antibiotic resistance . In 2001 , the Union of Concerned Scientists estimated that greater than 70 % of the antibiotics used in the U.S. are given to food animals ( for example , chickens , pigs , and cattle ) , in the absence of disease . The amounts given are termed `` sub-therapeutic '' , i.e. , insufficient to combat disease . Despite no diagnosis of disease , the administration of these drugs ( most of which are not significant to human medicine ) results in decreased mortality and morbidity and increased growth in the animals so treated . It is theorized that sub-therapeutic dosages kills some , but not all , of the bacterial organisms in the animal -- likely leaving those that are naturally antibiotic - resistant . Studies have shown , however , that , in essence , the overall population levels of bacteria are unchanged ; only the mix of bacteria is affected . The actual mechanism by which sub-therapeutic antibiotic feed additives serve as growth promoters is thus unclear . Some people have speculated that animals and fowl may have sub-clinical infections , which would be cured by low levels of antibiotics in feed , thereby allowing the creatures to thrive . No convincing evidence has been advanced for this theory , and the bacterial load in an animal is essentially unchanged by use of antibiotic feed additives . The mechanism of growth promotion is therefore probably something other than `` killing off the bad bugs '' . Antibiotics are used in U.S. animal feed to promote animal productivity . In particular , poultry feed and drinking water is a common route of administration of drugs , because of higher overall costs when drugs are administered by handling animals individually . In research studies , occasional animal - to - human spread of antibiotic - resistant organisms has been demonstrated . Resistant bacteria can be transmitted from animals to humans in three ways : by consuming animal products ( milk , meat , eggs , etc . ) , from close or direct contact with animals or other humans , or through the environment . In the first pathway , food preservation methods can help eliminate , decrease , or prevent the growth of bacteria in some food classes . Evidence for the transfer of macrolide - resistant microorganisms from animals to humans has been scant , and most evidence shows that pathogens of concern in human populations originated in humans and are maintained there , with rare cases of transference to humans . Natural occurrence ( edit ) Play media The Evolution of Bacteria on a `` Mega-Plate '' Petri Dish Naturally occurring antibiotic resistance is common . Genes for resistance to antibiotics , like antibiotics themselves , are ancient . The genes that confer resistance are known as the environmental resistome . These genes may be transferred from non-disease - causing bacteria to those that do cause disease , leading to clinically significant antibiotic resistance . In 1952 it was shown that penicillin - resistant bacteria existed before penicillin treatment ; and also preexistent bacterial resistance to streptomycin . In 1962 , the presence of penicillinase was detected in dormant endospores of Bacillus licheniformis , revived from dried soil on the roots of plants , preserved since 1689 in the British Museum . Six strains of Clostridium , found in the bowels of William Braine and John Hartnell ( members of the Franklin Expedition ) showed resistance to cefoxitin and clindamycin . Penicillinase may have emerged as a defense mechanism for bacteria in their habitats , such as the case of penicillinase - rich Staphylococcus aureus , living with penicillin - producing Trichophyton ; however , this may be circumstantial . Search for a penicillinase ancestor has focused on the class of proteins that must be a priori capable of specific combination with penicillin . The resistance to cefoxitin and clindamycin in turn was attributed to Braine 's and Hartnell 's contact with microorganisms that naturally produce them or random mutation in the chromosomes of Clostridium strains . There is evidence that heavy metals and other pollutants may select for antibiotic - resistant bacteria , generating a constant source of them in small numbers . Environmental ( edit ) Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem among humans and wildlife in terrestrial or aquatic environments . In this respect , the spread and contamination of the environment , especially through `` hot spots '' such as hospital wastewater and untreated urban wastewater , is a growing and serious public health problem . Antibiotics have been polluting the environment since their introduction through human waste ( medication , farming ) , animals , and the pharmaceutical industry . Along with antibiotic waste , resistant bacteria follow , thus introducing antibiotic - resistant bacteria into the environment . As bacteria replicate quickly , the resistant bacteria that enter the environment replicate their resistance genes as they continue to divide . In addition , bacteria carrying resistance genes have the ability to spread those genes to other species via horizontal gene transfer . Therefore , even if the specific antibiotic is no longer introduced into the environment , antibiotic - resistance genes will persist through the bacteria that have since replicated without continuous exposure . Antibiotic resistance is widespread in marine vertebrates , and they may be important reservoirs of antibiotic - resistant bacteria in the marine environment . Prevention ( edit ) Mission Critical : Preventing Antibiotic Resistance ( CDC report , 2014 ) Antibiotic stewardship programmes appear useful in reducing rates of antibiotic resistance . In 2014 , the WHO stated : People can help tackle resistance by : using antibiotics only when prescribed by a doctor ; completing the full prescription , even if they feel better ; never sharing antibiotics with others or using leftover prescriptions . Health workers and pharmacists can help tackle resistance by : enhancing infection prevention and control ; only prescribing and dispensing antibiotics when they are truly needed ; prescribing and dispensing the right antibiotic ( s ) to treat the illness . Policymakers can help tackle resistance by : strengthening resistance tracking and laboratory capacity ; regulating and promoting appropriate use of medicines . Policymakers and industry can help tackle resistance by : fostering innovation and research and development of new tools ; promoting cooperation and information sharing among all stakeholders . Duration of antibiotics ( edit ) Antibiotic treatment duration should be based on the infection and other health problems a person may have . For many infections once a person has improved there is little evidence that stopping treatment causes more resistance . Some therefore feel that stopping early may be reasonable in some cases . Other infections , however , do require long courses regardless of whether a person feels better . Antibiotic usage ( edit ) The Netherlands has the lowest rate of antibiotic prescribing in the OECD , at a rate of 11.4 defined daily doses ( DDD ) per 1,000 people per day in 2011 . Germany and Sweden also have lower prescribing rates , with Sweden 's rate having been declining since 2007 . By contrast , Greece , France and Belgium have high prescribing rates of more than 28 DDD . It is unclear if rapid viral testing affects antibiotic use in children . About a third of antibiotic prescriptions written in outpatient settings in the United States were not appropriate in 2010 and 2011 . Doctors in the U.S. wrote 506 annual antibiotic scripts for every 1,000 people , with 353 being medically necessary . Monitoring ( edit ) ResistanceOpen , an online global map of antimicrobial resistance developed by HealthMap , displays aggregated data on antimicrobial resistance from publicly available and user submitted data . The website can display data for a 25 - mile radius from a location . Users may submit data from antibiograms for individual hospitals or laboratories . European data is from the EARS - Net ( European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network ) , part of the ECDC . ResistanceMap , by the Center for Disease Dynamics , Economics & Policy , also provides data on antimicrobial resistance on a global level . Strategies ( edit ) Excessive antibiotic use has become one of the top contributors to the development of antibiotic resistance . Since the beginning of the antibiotic era , antibiotics have been used to treat a wide range of disease . Overuse of antibiotics has become the primary cause of rising levels of antibiotic resistance . The main problem is that doctors are willing to prescribe antibiotics to ill - informed individuals who believe that antibiotics can cure nearly all illnesses , including viral infections like the common cold . In an analysis of drug prescriptions , 36 % of individuals with a cold or an upper respiratory infection ( both viral in origin ) were given prescriptions for antibiotics . These prescriptions accomplished nothing other than increasing the risk of further evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria . In a recent years , antimicrobial stewardship teams in hospitals have encouraged optimal use of antimicrobials . The goals of antimicrobial stewardship are to help practitioners pick the right drug at the right dose and duration of therapy while preventing misuse and minimizing the development of resistance . Stewardship may reduce the length of stay by an average of slightly over 1 day while not increasing the risk of death . Given the volume of care provided in primary care ( General Practice ) , recent strategies have focused on reducing unnecessary antibiotic prescribing in this setting . Simple interventions , such as written information explaining the futility of antibiotics for common infections such as upper respiratory tract infections , have been shown to reduce antibiotic prescribing . There have been increasing public calls for global collective action to address the threat , including a proposal for international treaty on antimicrobial resistance . Further detail and attention is still needed in order to recognize and measure trends in resistance on the international level ; the idea of a global tracking system has been suggested but implementation has yet to occur . A system of this nature would provide insight to areas of high resistance as well as information necessary for evaluation of programs and other changes made to fight or reverse antibiotic resistance . On March 27 , 2015 , the White House released a comprehensive plan to address the increasing need for agencies to combat the rise of antibiotic - resistant bacteria . The Task Force for Combating Antibiotic - Resistant Bacteria developed The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic - Resistant Bacteria with the intent of providing a roadmap to guide the US in the antibiotic resistance challenge and with hopes of saving many lives . This plan outlines steps taken by the Federal government over the next five years needed in order to prevent and contain outbreaks of antibiotic - resistant infections ; maintain the efficacy of antibiotics already on the market ; and to help to develop future diagnostics , antibiotics , and vaccines . The Action Plan was developed around five goals with focuses on strengthening health care , public health veterinary medicine , agriculture , food safety and research , and manufacturing . These goals , as listed by the White House , are as follows : Slow the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria and Prevent the Spread of Resistant Infections Strengthen National One - Health Surveillance Efforts to Combat Resistance Advance Development and use of Rapid and Innovative Diagnostic Tests for Identification and Characterization of Resistant Bacteria Accelerate Basic and Applied Research and Development for New Antibiotics , Other Therapeutics , and Vaccines Improve International Collaboration and Capacities for Antibiotic Resistance Prevention , Surveillance , Control and Antibiotic Research and Development The following are goals set to meet by 2020 : Establishment of antimicrobial programs within acute care hospital settings Reduction of inappropriate antibiotic prescription and use by at least 50 % in outpatient settings and 20 % inpatient settings Establishment of State Antibiotic Resistance ( AR ) Prevention Programs in all 50 states Elimination of the use of medically important antibiotics for growth promotion in food - producing animals . The World Health Organization has promoted the first World Antibiotic Awareness Week running from 16 -- 22 November 2015 . The aim of the week is to increase global awareness of antibiotic resistance . It also wants to promote the correct usage of antibiotics across all fields in order to prevent further instances of antibiotic resistance . According to the report , issued in January 2016 , the five important strategies needed for minimising antibiotic resistance are as follows : Antibiotic stewardship to maintain the value of existing and future antibiotics The timing of prescription to use the effective antibiotics sooner rather than later To develop and approve ten new antibiotics by 2020 Development of a molecular method for detecting antibiotic resistance genes To avoid the delay in distribution of US $2 billion global antibiotic resistance innovation fund . Vaccines ( edit ) Microorganisms do not develop resistance to vaccines because a vaccine enhances the body 's immune system , whereas an antibiotic operates separately from the body 's normal defenses . Furthermore , if the use of vaccines increase , there is evidence that antibiotic resistant strains of pathogens will decrease ; the need for antibiotics will naturally decrease as vaccines prevent infection before it occurs . However , new strains that escape immunity induced by vaccines may evolve ; for example , an updated influenza vaccine is needed each year . While theoretically promising , antistaphylococcal vaccines have shown limited efficacy , because of immunological variation between Staphylococcus species , and the limited duration of effectiveness of the antibodies produced . Development and testing of more effective vaccines is underway . Alternating therapy ( edit ) Alternating therapy is a proposed method in which two or three antibiotics are taken in a rotation versus taking just one antibiotic such that bacteria resistant to one antibiotic are killed when the next antibiotic is taken . Studies have found that this method reduces the rate at which antibiotic resistant bacteria emerge in vitro relative to a single drug for the entire duration . Development of new drugs ( edit ) Since the discovery of antibiotics , research and development ( R&D ) efforts have provided new drugs in time to treat bacteria that became resistant to older antibiotics , but in the 2000s there has been concern that development has slowed enough that seriously ill people may run out of treatment options . Another concern is that doctors may become reluctant to perform routine surgeries because of the increased risk of harmful infection . Backup treatments can have serious side - effects ; for example , treatment of multi-drug - resistant tuberculosis can cause deafness or psychological disability . The potential crisis at hand is the result of a marked decrease in industry R&D . Poor financial investment in antibiotic research has exacerbated the situation . The pharmaceutical industry has little incentive to invest in antibiotics because of the high risk and because the potential financial returns are less likely to cover the cost of development than for other pharmaceuticals . In 2011 , Pfizer , one of the last major pharmaceutical companies developing new antibiotics , shut down its primary research effort , citing poor shareholder returns relative to drugs for chronic illnesses . However , small and medium - sized pharmaceutical companies are still active in antibiotic drug research . In the United States , drug companies and the administration of President Barack Obama have been proposing changing the standards by which the FDA approves antibiotics targeted at resistant organisms . On 12 December 2013 , the Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment ( ADAPT ) Act of 2013 was introduced in the U.S. Congress . The ADAPT Act aims to fast - track the drug development in order to combat the growing public health threat of ' superbugs ' . Under this Act , the FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals needed for life - threatening infections based on data from smaller clinical trials . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) will reinforce the monitoring of the use of antibiotics that treat serious and life - threatening infections and the emerging resistance , and make the data publicly available . The FDA antibiotics labeling process , ' Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms ' or ' breakpoints ' is also streamlined to allow the most up - to - date and cutting - edge data available to healthcare professionals under the new Act . On 18 September 2014 Obama signed an executive order to implement the recommendations proposed in a report by the President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ( PCAST ) which outlines strategies to stream - line clinical trials and speed up the R&D of new antibiotics . Among the proposals : Create a ' robust , standing national clinical trials network for antibiotic testing ' which will promptly enroll patients once identified to be suffering from dangerous bacterial infections . The network will allow testing multiple new agents from different companies simultaneously for their safety and efficacy . Establish a ' Special Medical Use ( SMU ) ' pathway for FDA to approve new antimicrobial agents for use in limited patient populations , shorten the approval timeline for new drug so patients with severe infections could benefit as quickly as possible . Provide economic incentives , especially for development of new classes of antibiotics , to offset the steep R&D costs which drive away the industry to develop antibiotics . The executive order also included a $20 million prize to encourage the development of diagnostic tests to identify highly resistant bacterial infections . The U.S. National Institutes of Health plans to fund a new research network on the issue up to $62 million from 2013 to 2019 . Using authority created by the Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act of 2006 , the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced that it will spend between $40 million and $200 million in funding for R&D on new antibiotic drugs under development by GlaxoSmithKline . One major cause of antibiotic resistance is the increased pumping activity of microbial ABC transporters , which diminishes the effective drug concentration inside the microbial cell . ABC transporter inhibitors that can be used in combination with current antimicrobials are being tested in clinical trials and are available for therapeutic regimens . Phage therapy ( edit ) Main article : Phage therapy Bacteriophages are used against antibiotic resistant bacteria in Georgia ( George Eliava Institute ) and in 1 institute in Wrocław , Poland . Animal use ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) In 1997 , European Union health ministers voted to ban avoparcin and four additional antibiotics used to promote animal growth in 1999 . In 2006 a ban on the use of antibiotics in European feed , with the exception of two antibiotics in poultry feeds , became effective . In Scandinavia , there is evidence that the ban has led to a lower prevalence of antibiotic resistance in ( nonhazardous ) animal bacterial populations . As of 2004 , several European countries established a decline of antimicrobial resistance in humans through limiting the usage antimicrobials in agriculture and food industries without jeopardizing animal health or economic cost . United States ( edit ) The United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) and the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) collect data on antibiotic use in humans and in a more limited fashion in animals . The FDA first determined in 1977 that there is evidence of emergence of antibiotic - resistant bacterial strains in livestock . The long - established practice of permitting OTC sales of antibiotics ( including penicillin and other drugs ) to lay animal owners for administration to their own animals nonetheless continued in all states . In 2000 , the FDA announced their intention to revoke approval of fluoroquinolone use in poultry production because of substantial evidence linking it to the emergence of fluoroquinolone - resistant Campylobacter infections in humans . Legal challenges from the food animal and pharmaceutical industries delayed the final decision to do so until 2006 . Fluroquinolones have been banned from extra-label use in food animals in the USA since 2007 . However , they remain widely used in companion and exotic animals . During 2007 , two federal bills ( S. 549 and H.R. 962 ) aimed at phasing out `` nontherapeutic '' antibiotics in U.S. food animal production . The Senate bill , introduced by Sen. Edward `` Ted '' Kennedy , died . The House bill , introduced by Rep. Louise Slaughter , died after being referred to Committee . In March 2012 , the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others , ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock that violated FDA regulations . On April 11 , 2012 the FDA announced a voluntary program to phase out unsupervised use of drugs as feed additives and convert approved over-the - counter uses for antibiotics to prescription use only , requiring veterinarian supervision of their use and a prescription . In December 2013 , the FDA announced the commencement of these steps to phase out the use of antibiotics for the purposes of promoting livestock growth . Growing U.S. consumer concern about using antibiotics in animal feed has led to greater availability of `` antibiotic - free '' animal products . For example , chicken producer Perdue removed all human antibiotics from its feed and launched products labeled `` antibiotic free '' under the Harvestland brand in 2007 . Consumer response was positive , and in 2014 Perdue also phased out ionophores from its hatchery and began using the `` antibiotic free '' labels on its Harvestland , Simply Smart , and Perfect Portions products . Mechanisms ( edit ) Diagram depicting antibiotic resistance through alteration of the antibiotic 's target site , modeled after MRSA 's resistance to penicillin . Beta - lactam antibiotics permanently inactivate PBP enzymes , which are essential for bacterial life , by permanently binding to their active sites . MRSA , however , expresses a PBP that does not allow the antibiotic into its active site . The four main mechanisms by which microorganisms exhibit resistance to antimicrobials are : Drug inactivation or modification : for example , enzymatic deactivation of penicillin G in some penicillin - resistant bacteria through the production of β - lactamases . The emergence of carbapenem - resistant Gram - negative pathogens poses a serious threat to public health worldwide . Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases ( KPCs ) and carbapenemases of the oxacillinase - 48 ( OXA - 48 ) type have been reported worldwide . New Delhi metallo - β - lactamase ( NDM ) carbapenemases were originally identified in Sweden in 2008 and have spread worldwide rapidly . Most commonly , the protective enzymes produced by the bacterial cell will add an acetyl or phosphate group to a specific site on the antibiotic , which will reduce its ability to bind to the bacterial ribosomes and disrupt protein synthesis . Alteration of target - or binding site : for example , alteration of PBP -- the binding target site of penicillins -- in MRSA and other penicillin - resistant bacteria . Another protective mechanism found among bacterial species is ribosomal protection proteins . These proteins protect the bacterial cell from antibiotics that target the cell 's ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis . The mechanism involves the binding of the ribosomal protection proteins to the ribosomes of the bacterial cell , which in turn changes its conformational shape . This allows the ribosomes to continue synthesizing proteins essential to the cell while preventing antibiotics from binding to the ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis . Alteration of metabolic pathway : for example , some sulfonamide - resistant bacteria do not require para-aminobenzoic acid ( PABA ) , an important precursor for the synthesis of folic acid and nucleic acids in bacteria inhibited by sulfonamides , instead , like mammalian cells , they turn to using preformed folic acid . Reduced drug accumulation : by decreasing drug permeability or increasing active efflux ( pumping out ) of the drugs across the cell surface These pumps within the cellular membrane of certain bacterial species are used to pump antibiotics out of the cell before they are able to do any damage . They are often activated by a specific substrate associated with an antibiotic . as in fluoroquinolone resistance . A number of mechanisms used by common antibiotics to deal with bacteria and ways by which bacteria become resistant to them . Antibiotic resistance can be a result of horizontal gene transfer , and also of unlinked point mutations in the pathogen genome at a rate of about 1 in 10 per chromosomal replication . Mutations are rare but the fact that bacteria reproduce at such a high rate allows for the effect to be significant . A mutation may produce a change in the binding site of the antibiotic , which may allow the site to continue proper functioning in the presence of the antibiotic or prevent the binding of the antibiotic to the site altogether . Antibiotic action against a pathogen can be seen as an environmental pressure . Those bacteria with a mutation that allows them to survive will reproduce , pass the trait to their offspring , which leads to the microevolution of a fully resistant colony . Chromosomal mutations providing antibiotic resistance benefit the bacteria but also confer a cost of fitness . For example , a ribosomal mutation may protect a bacterial cell by changing the binding site of an antibiotic but will also slow protein synthesis . manifesting , in slower growth rate . In Gram - negative bacteria , plasmid - mediated resistance genes produce proteins that can bind to DNA gyrase , protecting it from the action of quinolones . Finally , mutations at key sites in DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV can decrease their binding affinity to quinolones , decreasing the drug 's effectiveness . Antibiotic resistance can be introduced artificially into a microorganism through laboratory protocols , sometimes used as a selectable marker to examine the mechanisms of gene transfer or to identify individuals that absorbed a piece of DNA that included the resistance gene and another gene of interest . Recent findings show no necessity of large populations of bacteria for the appearance of antibiotic resistance . Small populations of E. coli in an antibiotic gradient can become resistant . Any heterogeneous environment with respect to nutrient and antibiotic gradients may facilitate antibiotic resistance in small bacterial populations . Researchers hypothesize that the mechanism of resistance development is based on four SNP mutations in the genome of E. coli produced by the gradient of antibiotic . NDM - 1 ( edit ) NDM - 1 is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta - lactam antibiotics . NDM - 1 was first detected in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from a Swedish patient of Indian origin in 2008 . It was later detected in bacteria in India , Pakistan , the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada and Japan . According to A Lancet study , NDM - 1 ( New Delhi Metallo - beta - lactamase - 1 ) originated in India . The study came to the conclusion that Indian hospitals are unsafe for treatment as Nosocomial - infections are common and with the new super-bugs on rise in India , it can be dangerous . Organisms ( edit ) Bacteria ( edit ) Staphylococcus aureus ( edit ) Main article : Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus ( colloquially known as `` Staph aureus '' or a `` Staph infection '' ) is one of the major resistant pathogens . Found on the mucous membranes and the human skin of around a third of the population , it is extremely adaptable to antibiotic pressure . It was one of the earlier bacteria in which penicillin resistance was found -- in 1947 , just four years after the drug started being mass - produced . Methicillin was then the antibiotic of choice , but has since been replaced by oxacillin because of significant kidney toxicity . Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) was first detected in Britain in 1961 , and is now `` quite common '' in hospitals . MRSA was responsible for 37 % of fatal cases of sepsis in the UK in 1999 , up from 4 % in 1991 . Half of all S. aureus infections in the US are resistant to penicillin , methicillin , tetracycline and erythromycin . This left vancomycin as the only effective agent available at the time . However , strains with intermediate ( 4 -- 8 μg / ml ) levels of resistance , termed glycopeptide - intermediate Staphylococcus aureus ( GISA ) or vancomycin - intermediate Staphylococcus aureus ( VISA ) , began appearing in the late 1990s . The first identified case was in Japan in 1996 , and strains have since been found in hospitals in England , France and the US . The first documented strain with complete ( > 16 μg / ml ) resistance to vancomycin , termed vancomycin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( VRSA ) appeared in the United States in 2002 . However , in 2011 , a variant of vancomycin has been tested that binds to the lactate variation and also binds well to the original target , thus reinstating potent antimicrobial activity . A new class of antibiotics , oxazolidinones , became available in the 1990s , and the first commercially available oxazolidinone , linezolid , is comparable to vancomycin in effectiveness against MRSA . Linezolid resistance in S. aureus was reported in 2001 , but infection rates have been at consistently low levels and in the United Kingdom and Ireland , no resistance was found in staphylococci collected from bacteremia cases between 2001 and 2006 . Community - acquired MRSA ( CA - MRSA ) has now emerged as an epidemic that is responsible for rapidly progressive , fatal diseases , including necrotizing pneumonia , severe sepsis , and necrotizing fasciitis . MRSA is the most frequently identified antimicrobial drug - resistant pathogen in US hospitals . The epidemiology of infections caused by MRSA is rapidly changing . Since 2000 , infections caused by this organism have emerged in the community . The two MRSA clones in the United States most closely associated with community outbreaks , USA400 ( MW2 strain , ST1 lineage ) and USA300 , often contain Panton - Valentine leukocidin ( PVL ) genes and , more frequently , have been associated with skin and soft tissue infections . Outbreaks of CA - MRSA infections have been reported in correctional facilities , among athletic teams , among military recruits , in newborn nurseries , and among men that have sex with men . CA - MRSA infections now appear endemic in many urban regions and cause most CA - S. aureus infections . Streptococcus and Enterococcus ( edit ) Streptococcus pyogenes ( Group A Streptococcus : GAS ) infections can usually be treated with many different antibiotics . Early treatment may reduce the risk of death from invasive group A streptococcal disease . However , even the best medical care does not prevent death in every case . For those with very severe illness , supportive care in an intensive - care unit may be needed . For persons with necrotizing fasciitis , surgery often is needed to remove damaged tissue . Strains of S. pyogenes resistant to macrolide antibiotics have emerged ; however , all strains remain uniformly susceptible to penicillin . Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin and other beta - lactams is increasing worldwide . The major mechanism of resistance involves the introduction of mutations in genes encoding penicillin - binding proteins . Selective pressure is thought to play an important role , and use of beta - lactam antibiotics has been implicated as a risk factor for infection and colonization . S. pneumoniae is responsible for pneumonia , bacteremia , otitis media , meningitis , sinusitis , peritonitis and arthritis . Multidrug - resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are associated with nosocomial infections . These strains include : penicillin - resistant Enterococcus , vancomycin - resistant Enterococcus , and linezolid - resistant Enterococcus . Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( edit ) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly prevalent opportunistic pathogen . One of the most worrisome characteristics of P. aeruginosa is its low antibiotic susceptibility , which is attributable to a concerted action of multidrug efflux pumps with chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes ( e.g. , mexAB - oprM , mexXY ) and the low permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes . Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to produce 4 - hydroxy - 2 - alkylquinolines ( HAQs ) and it has been found that HAQs have prooxidant effects , and overexpressing modestly increased susceptibility to antibiotics . The study experimented with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and found that a disruption of relA and spoT genes produced an inactivation of the Stringent response ( SR ) in cells with nutrient limitation , which provides cells be more susceptible to antibiotics . Clostridium difficile ( edit ) Clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease worldwide . Diarrhea caused by C. difficile can be life - threatening . Infections are most frequent in people who have had recent medical and / or antibiotic treatment . C. difficile infections commonly occur during hospitalization . According to a 2015 CDC report , C. difficile caused almost 500,000 infections in the United States over a year period . Associated with these infections were an estimated 15,000 deaths . The CDC estimates that C. difficile infection costs could amount to $3.8 billion over a 5 - year span . C. difficile colitis is most strongly associated with fluoroquinolones , cephalosporins , carbapenems , and clindamycin . Some research suggests the overuse of antibiotics in the raising of livestock is contributing to outbreaks of bacterial infections such as C. difficile. ( 16 ) Antibiotics , especially those with a broad activity spectrum ( such as clindamycin ) disrupt normal intestinal flora . This can lead to an overgrowth of C. difficile , which flourishes under these conditions . Pseudomembranous colitis can follow , creating generalized inflammation of the colon and the development of `` pseudomembrane '' , a viscous collection of inflammatory cells , fibrin , and necrotic cells. ( 4 ) Clindamycin - resistant C. difficile was reported as the causative agent of large outbreaks of diarrheal disease in hospitals in New York , Arizona , Florida and Massachusetts between 1989 and 1992 . Geographically dispersed outbreaks of C. difficile strains resistant to fluoroquinolone antibiotics , such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin , were also reported in North America in 2005 . Carbapenem - resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( edit ) As of 2013 hard - to - treat or untreatable infections of carbapenem - resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( CRE ) were increasing among patients in medical facilities . CRE are resistant to nearly all available antibiotics . Almost half of hospital patients who get bloodstream CRE infections die from the infection . Multidrug - resistant Acinetobacter ( edit ) Acinetobacter is a gram - negative bacteria that causes pneumonia or bloodstream infections in critically ill patients . Multidrug - resistant Acinetobacter have become very resistant to antibiotics . Drug - resistant Campylobacter ( edit ) Campylobacter causes diarrhea ( often bloody ) , fever , and abdominal cramps . Serious complications such as temporary paralysis can also occur . Physicians rely on ciprofloxacin and azithromycin for treating patients with severe disease although Campylobacter is showing resistance to these antibiotics . Salmonella and E. coli ( edit ) Infection with Escherichia coli and Salmonella can result from the consumption of contaminated food and polluted water . Both of these bacteria are well known for causing nosocomial ( hospital - linked ) infections , and often , these strains found in hospitals are antibiotic resistant because of adaptations to wide spread antibiotic use . When both bacteria are spread , serious health conditions arise . Many people are hospitalized each year after becoming infected , with some dying as a result . Since 1993 , some strains of E. coli have become resistant to multiple types of fluoroquinolone antibiotics . Although mutation alone plays a huge role in the development of antibiotic resistance , a 2008 study found that high survival rates after exposure to antibiotics could not be accounted for by mutation alone . This study focused on the development of resistance in E. coli to three antibiotic drugs : ampicillin , tetracycline , and nalidixic acid . The researchers found that some antibiotic resistance in E. coli developed because of epigenetic inheritance rather than by direct inheritance of a mutated gene . This was further supported by data showing that reversion to antibiotic sensitivity was relatively common as well . This could only be explained by epigenetics . Epigenetics is a type of inheritance in which gene expression is altered rather than the genetic code itself . There are many modes by which this alteration of gene expression can occur , including methylation of DNA and histone modification ; however , the important point is that both inheritance of random mutations and epigenetic markers can result in the expression of antibiotic resistance genes . Resistance to polymyxins first appear in 2011 . An easier way for this resistance to spread , a plasmid known as MCR - 1 was discovered in 2015 . Acinetobacter baumannii ( edit ) On November 5 , 2004 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) reported an increasing number of Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections in patients at military medical facilities in which service members injured in the Iraq / Kuwait region during Operation Iraqi Freedom and in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom were treated . Most of these showed multidrug resistance ( MRAB ) , with a few isolates resistant to all drugs tested . Klebsiella pneumoniae ( edit ) Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase ( KPC ) - producing bacteria are a group of emerging highly drug - resistant Gram - negative bacilli causing infections associated with significant morbidity and mortality whose incidence is rapidly increasing in a variety of clinical settings around the world . Klebsiella pneumoniae includes numerous mechanisms for antibiotic resistance , many of which are located on highly mobile genetic elements . Carbapenem antibiotics ( heretofore often the treatment of last resort for resistant infections ) are generally not effective against KPC - producing organisms . Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( edit ) Tuberculosis is increasing across the globe , especially in developing countries , over the past few years . TB resistant to antibiotics is called MDR TB ( Multidrug Resistant TB ) . Globally , MDR TB causes 150,000 deaths annually . The rise of the HIV / AIDS epidemic has contributed to this . TB was considered one of the most prevalent diseases , and did not have a cure until the discovery of Streptomycin by Selman Waksman in 1943 . However , the bacteria soon developed resistance . Since then , drugs such as isoniazid and rifampin have been used . M. tuberculosis develops resistance to drugs by spontaneous mutations in its genomes . Resistance to one drug is common , and this is why treatment is usually done with more than one drug . Extensively Drug - Resistant TB ( XDR TB ) is TB that is also resistant to the second line of drugs . Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid , rifampin , and other common treatments has become an increasingly relevant clinical challenge . ( For more on Drug - Resistant TB , visit the Multi-drug - resistant tuberculosis page . ) Evidence is lacking for whether these bacteria have plasmids . Also M. tuberculosis lack the opportunity to interact with other bacteria in order to share plasmids . Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( edit ) Main article : Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a sexually transmitted pathogen that causes gonorrhea , a sexually transmitted disease that can result in discharge and inflammation at the urethra , cervix , pharynx , or rectum . It can cause pelvic pain , pain on urination , penile and vaginal discharge , as well as systemic symptoms . It can also cause severe reproductive complications . The bacteria was first identified in 1879 , although some Biblical scholars believe that references to the disease can be found as early as Parshat Metzora of the Old Testament . In the 1940s effective treatment with penicillin became available , but by the 1970s resistant strains predominated . Resistance to penicillin has developed through two mechanisms : chromasomally mediated resistance ( CMRNG ) and penicillinase - mediated resistance ( PPNG ) . CMRNG involves step wise mutation of penA , which codes for the penicillin - binding protein ( PBP - 2 ) ; mtr , which encodes an efflux pump that removes penicillin from the cell ; and penB , which encodes the bacterial cell wall porins . PPNG involves the acquisition of a plasmid - borne beta - lactamase . N. gonorrheoea has a high affinity for horizontal gene transfer , and as a result , the existence of any strain resistant to a given drug could spread easily across strains . Fluoroquinolones were a useful next - line treatment until resistance was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene , which encodes DNA gyrase . Third - generation cephalosporins have been used to treat gonorrhoea since 2007 , but resistant strains have emerged . As of 2010 , the recommended treatment is a single 250 mg intramuscular injection of ceftriaxone , sometimes in combination with azithromycin or doxycycline . However , certain strains of N. gonorrhoeae can be resistant to antibiotics usually that are normally used to treat it . These include : cefixime ( an oral cephalosporin ) , ceftriaxone ( an injectable cephalosporin ) , azithromycin , aminoglycosides , and tetracycline . Mycoplasma genitalium ( edit ) Mycoplasma genitalium is a small pathogenic bacterium that lives on the ciliated epithelial cells of the urinary and genital tracts in humans . It is still controversial whether or not this bacterium is to be recognized as a sexually transmitted pathogen . Infection with Mycoplasma genitalium sometimes produces clinical symptoms , or a combination of symptoms , but sometimes can be asymptomatic . It causes inflammation in the urethra ( urethritis ) both in men and women , which is associated with mucopurulent discharge in the urinary tract , and burning while urinating . Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infections is becoming increasingly difficult due to rapidly developing multi-drug resistance , and diagnosis and treatment is further hampered by the fact that Mycoplasma genitalium infections are not routinely detected . Azithromycin is the most common first - line treatment , but the commonly - used 1 gram single - dose azithromycin treatment can lead to the bacteria commonly developing resistance to azithromycin . An alternative five - day treatment with azithromycin showed no development of antimicrobial resistance . Efficacy of azithromycin against Mycoplasma genitalium has decreased substantially , which is thought to occur through SNPs in the 23S rRNA gene . The same SNPs are thought to be responsible for resistance against josamycin which is prescribed in some countries . Moxifloxacin can be used as a second - line treatment in case azithromycin is not able to eradicate the infection . However , resistance against moxifloxacin has been observed since 2007 , thought to be due to parC SNPs . Tetracyclines , including doxycycline , have a low clinical eradication rate for Mycoplasma genitalium infections . A few cases have been described where doxycycline , azithromycin and moxifloxacin had all failed , but pristinamycin was still able to eradicate the infection . Viruses ( edit ) Specific antiviral drugs are used to treat some viral infections . These drugs prevent viruses from reproducing by inhibiting essential stages of the virus 's replication cycle in infected cells . Antivirals are used to treat HIV , hepatitis B , hepatitis C , influenza , herpes viruses including varicella zoster virus , cytomegalovirus and Epstein - Barr virus . With each virus , some strains have become resistant to the administered drugs . Resistance to HIV antivirals is problematic , and even multi-drug resistant strains have evolved . Resistant strains of the HIV virus emerge rapidly if only one antiviral drug is used . Using three or more drugs together has helped to control this problem , but new drugs are needed because of the continuing emergence of drug - resistant HIV strains . Fungi ( edit ) Infections by fungi are a cause of high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised persons , such as those with HIV / AIDS , tuberculosis or receiving chemotherapy . The fungi candida , Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus cause most of these infections and antifungal resistance occurs in all of them . Multidrug resistance in fungi is increasing because of the widespread use of antifungal drugs to treat infections in immunocompromised individuals . Of particular note , Fluconazole - resistant Candida species have been highlighted as a growing problem by the CDC . More than 20 Candida species of Candida can cause Candidiasis infection , the most common of which is Candida albicans . Candida yeasts normally inhabit the skin and mucous membranes without causing infection . However , overgrowth of Candida can lead to Candidiasis . Some Candida strains are becoming resistant to first - line and second - line antifungal agents such as azoles and echinocandins . Parasites ( edit ) The protozoan parasites that cause the diseases malaria , trypanosomiasis , toxoplasmosis , cryptosporidiosis and leishmaniasis are important human pathogens . Malarial parasites that are resistant to the drugs that are currently available to infections are common and this has led to increased efforts to develop new drugs . Resistance to recently developed drugs such as artemisinin has also been reported . The problem of drug resistance in malaria has driven efforts to develop vaccines . Trypanosomes are parasitic protozoa that cause African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease ( American trypanosomiasis ) . There are no vaccines to prevent these infections so drugs such as pentamidine and suramin , benznidazole and nifurtimox and used to treat infections . These drugs are effective but infections caused by resistant parasites have been reported . Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa and is an important public health problem worldwide , especially in sub-tropical and tropical countries . Drug resistance has `` become a major concern '' . Applications ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Antibiotic resistance is an important tool for genetic engineering . By constructing a plasmid that contains an antibiotic - resistance gene as well as the gene being engineered or expressed , a researcher can ensure that , when bacteria replicate , only the copies that carry the plasmid survive . This ensures that the gene being manipulated passes along when the bacteria replicates . In general , the most commonly used antibiotics in genetic engineering are `` older '' antibiotics . These include : ampicillin kanamycin tetracycline chloramphenicol In industry , the use of antibiotic resistance is disfavored , since maintaining bacterial cultures would require feeding them large quantities of antibiotics . Instead , the use of auxotrophic bacterial strains ( and function - replacement plasmids ) is preferred . Society and culture ( edit ) For the fiscal year 2016 budget , President Obama has suggested to nearly double the amount of federal funding to `` combat and prevent '' antibiotic resistance to more than $1.2 billion . Many international funding agencies like USAID , DFID , SIDA and Bill & Melinda Gates foundation has pledged money for developing strategies to counter antimicrobial resistance . Since the mid-1980s pharmaceutical companies have invested in medications for cancer or chronic disease that have greater potential to make money and have `` de-emphasized or dropped development of antibiotics '' . On January 20 , 2016 at the World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland , more than `` 80 pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies '' from around the world called for ' transformational commercial models ' at a global level to spur research and development on antibiotics and on the `` enhanced use of diagnostic tests that can rapidly identify the infecting organism '' . Legal frameworks ( edit ) Some global health scholars have argued that a global , legal framework is needed to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance . For instance , binding global policies could be used to create antimicrobial use standards , regulate antibiotic marketing , and strengthen global surveillance systems . Ensuring compliance of involved parties is a challenge . Global antimicrobial resistance policies could take lessons from the environmental sector by adopting strategies that have made international environmental agreements successful in the past such as : sanctions for non-compliance , assistance for implementation , majority vote decision - making rules , an independent scientific panel , and specific commitments . See also ( edit ) Resistance - nodulation - cell division superfamily ( RND ) Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics Antibacterial soap ( KPC ) antibacterial resistance gene Broad - spectrum antibiotic Carbapenem - resistant enterobacteriaceae Colonisation resistance Drug of last resort Multidrug tolerance Multidrug - resistant Gram - negative bacteria New Delhi metallo - beta - lactamase 1 Phage therapy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirby - Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol Archived 2011 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Jan Hudzicki , ASM Jump up ^ `` Review on Antimicrobial Resistance '' . amr-review.org . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antimicrobial resistance Fact sheet N ° 194 '' . who.int. April 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Antimicrobial Resistance , CDC Jump up ^ `` General Background : About Antibiotic Resistance '' . www.tufts.edu . 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PMID 18282299 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 52 . ^ Jump up to : Reardon , Sara ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Spread of antibiotic - resistance gene does not spell bacterial apocalypse -- yet '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2015.19037 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control Prevention ( CDC ) . ( 2004 ) . `` Acinetobacter baumannii infections among patients at military medical facilities treating injured U.S. service members , 2002 -- 2004 '' . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . 53 ( 45 ) : 1063 -- 6 . PMID 15549020 . Jump up ^ `` Medscape abstract on Acinetobacter baumannii : Acinetobacter baumannii : An Emerging Multidrug - resistant Threat '' . membership only website Jump up ^ Hudson , Corey ; Bent , Zachary ; Meagher , Robert ; Williams , Kelly ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Resistance Determinants and Mobile Genetic Elements of an NDM - 1 - Encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 6 ) : e99209 . PMC 4048246 . PMID 24905728 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0099209 . Jump up ^ Arnold RS , Thom KA , Sharma S , Phillips M , Kristie Johnson J , Morgan DJ ( 2011 ) . `` Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase - Producing Bacteria '' . Southern Medical Journal . 104 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 5 . PMC 3075864 . PMID 21119555 . doi : 10.1097 / SMJ. 0b013e3181fd7d5a . Jump up ^ `` Antimicrobial Resistance Still Poses a Public Health Threat : A Conversation With Edward J. Septimus , MD , FIDSA , FACP , FSHEA , Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine at Texas A&M Health Science Center '' . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . 2013 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : LoBue P ( 2009 ) . `` Extensively drug - resistant tuberculosis '' . Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases . 22 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 73 . PMID 19283912 . doi : 10.1097 / QCO. 0b013e3283229fab . Jump up ^ Herzog H ( 1998 ) . `` History of Tuberculosis '' . Respiration. 65 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 15 . PMID 9523361 . doi : 10.1159 / 000029220 . Jump up ^ Gao , Qian ; Li , Xia ( 2010 ) . `` Transmission of MDR tuberculosis '' . Drug Discovery Today : Disease Mechanisms. 7 : e61 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ddmec. 2010.09. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Zainuddin ZF , Dale JW ( 1990 ) . `` Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis have plasmids ? '' . Tubercle. 71 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 9 . PMID 2115217 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 3879 ( 90 ) 90060 - l . Jump up ^ Louw GE , Warren RM , Gey van Pittius NC , McEvoy CR , Van Helden PD , Victor TC ( 2009 ) . `` A Balancing Act : Efflux / Influx in Mycobacterial Drug Resistance '' . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 53 ( 8 ) : 3181 -- 9 . PMC 2715638 . PMID 19451293 . doi : 10.1128 / AAC. 01577 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ligon BL ( 2005 ) . `` Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser : discoverer of the cause of gonorrhea '' . Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 16 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 41 . PMID 16210113 . doi : 10.1053 / j. spid. 2005.07. 001 . Jump up ^ Rosner , Fred ( 1995 ) . Medicine in the Bible and the Talmud : selections from classical Jewish sources ( Augm . ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : KTAV Pub . House . ISBN 0 - 88125 - 506 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Tapsall ( 2001 ) Antimicrobial resistance in Niesseria gonorrhoeae . World Health Organization . Jump up ^ Deguchi T , Nakane K , Yasuda M , Maeda S ( September 2010 ) . `` Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae '' . J. Urol. 184 ( 3 ) : 851 -- 8 ; quiz 1235 . PMID 20643433 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2010.04. 078 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control Prevention ( CDC ) . ( Aug 10 , 2012 ) . `` Update to CDC 's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines , 2010 : Oral Cephalosporins No Longer a Recommended Treatment for Gonococcal Infections '' . MMWR . Morbidity and mortality weekly report . 61 ( 31 ) : 590 -- 4 . PMID 22874837 . Jump up ^ Suneta , Soni ; Parkhouse , Andy ; Gillian , Dean ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Macrolide and quinolone - resistant Mycoplasma genitalium in a man with persistent urethritis : the tip of the British iceberg ? '' . Sexually Transmitted Infections : sextrans -- 2016 -- 053077 . doi : 10.1136 / sextrans - 2016 - 053077 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Yew , H.S. ; Anderson , T. ; Coughlan , E. ; Werno , A. ( 2011 ) . `` Induced macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium isolates from patients with recurrent nongonococcal urethritis '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49 ( 4 ) : 1695 -- 1696 . PMC 3122813 . PMID 21346049 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 02475 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anagrius , Carin ; Loré , Britta ; Jensen , Jørgen Skov ; Coenye , Tom ( 2013 ) . `` Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium . Observations from a Swedish STD Clinic '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 4 ) : e61481 . PMC 3620223 . PMID 23593483 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0061481 . ^ Jump up to : Unemo , Magnus ; Jensen , Jorgen S. ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Antimicrobial - resistant sexually transmitted infections : gonorrhoea and Mycoplasma genitalium '' . Nature Reviews Urology. 14 ( 3 ) : 139 -- 125 . doi : 10.1038 / nrurol. 2016.268 . Jump up ^ Mycoplasma genitalium Treatment Choices Jump up ^ Jensen , J.S. ; Cusini , M. ; Gomberg , M. ; Moi , M. ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections '' . Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 30 ( 10 ) : 1650 -- 1656 . PMID 27505296 . doi : 10.1111 / jdv. 13849 . Jump up ^ Lou , Z ; Sun , Y ; Rao , Z ( February 2014 ) . `` Current progress in antiviral strategies . '' . Trends in pharmacological sciences . 35 ( 2 ) : 86 -- 102 . PMID 24439476 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tips. 2013.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Pennings , P.S. ( 2013 ) . `` HIV Drug Resistance : Problems and Perspectives '' . Infectious Disease Reports . 5 ( Suppl 1 ) : e5 . PMC 3892620 . PMID 24470969 . doi : 10.4081 / idr. 2013. s1. e5 . Jump up ^ Ton , Q ; Frenkel , L ( 2013 ) . `` HIV drug resistance in mothers and infants following use of antiretrovirals to prevent mother - to - child transmission '' . Current HIV research . 11 ( 2 ) : 126 -- 36 . PMID 23432488 . doi : 10.2174 / 1570162x11311020005 . Jump up ^ Ebrahim , O ; Mazanderani , AH ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Recent developments in hiv treatment and their dissemination in poor countries . '' . Infectious disease reports . 5 ( Suppl 1 ) : e2 . PMC 3892621 . PMID 24470966 . doi : 10.4081 / idr. 2013. s1. e2 . Jump up ^ Xie , J.L. ; Polvi , E.J. ; Shekhar - Guturja , T ; Cowen , L.E. ( 2014 ) . `` Elucidating drug resistance in human fungal pathogens '' . Future Microbiology. 9 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 42 . PMID 24810351 . doi : 10.2217 / fmb. 14.18 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , A ; Lopez - Ribot , J.L. ; Ramasubramanian , A.K. ( 2014 ) . `` Overcoming antifungal resistance '' . Drug Discovery Today : Technologies . 11 : 65 -- 71 . PMC 4031462 . PMID 24847655 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ddtec. 2014.02. 005 . Jump up ^ Costa , C ; Dias , PJ ; Sá - Correia , I ; Teixeira , MC ( 2014 ) . `` MFS multidrug transporters in pathogenic fungi : do they have real clinical impact ? '' . Frontiers in Physiology. 5 : 197 . PMC 4035561 . PMID 24904431 . doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2014.00197 . ^ Jump up to : Andrews , K.T. ; Fisher , G ; Skinner - Adams , T.S. ( 2014 ) . `` Drug repurposing and human parasitic protozoan diseases '' . International Journal for Parasitology : Drugs and Drug Resistance. 4 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 111 . PMC 4095053 . PMID 25057459 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijpddr. 2014.02. 002 . Jump up ^ Visser , B.J. ; Van Vugt , M ; Grobusch , M.P. ( 2014 ) . `` Malaria : An update on current chemotherapy '' . Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 15 ( 15 ) : 2219 -- 54 . PMID 25110058 . doi : 10.1517 / 14656566.2014. 944499 . Jump up ^ Chia , W.N. ; Goh , Y.S. ; Rénia , L ( 2014 ) . `` Novel approaches to identify protective malaria vaccine candidates '' . Frontiers in Microbiology. 5 : 586 . PMC 4233905 . PMID 25452745 . doi : 10.3389 / fmicb. 2014.00586 . Jump up ^ Franco , J.R. ; Simarro , P.P. ; Diarra , A ; Jannin , J.G. ( 2014 ) . `` Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis '' . Clinical Epidemiology. 6 : 257 -- 75 . PMC 4130665 . PMID 25125985 . doi : 10.2147 / CLEP. S39728 . Jump up ^ Herrera , L ( 2014 ) . `` Trypanosoma cruzi , the Causal Agent of Chagas Disease : Boundaries between Wild and Domestic Cycles in Venezuela . '' . Frontiers in public health . 2 : 259 . PMC 4246568 . PMID 25506587 . doi : 10.3389 / fpubh. 2014.00259 . Jump up ^ Mansueto , P ; Seidita , A ; Vitale , G ; Cascio , A ( 2014 ) . `` Leishmaniasis in travelers : A literature review '' . Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease . 12 ( 6PA ) : 563 -- 581 . PMID 25287721 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tmaid. 2014.09. 007 . hdl : 10447 / 101959 . Jump up ^ President 's 2016 Budget Proposes Historic Investment to Combat Antibiotic - Resistant Bacteria to Protect Public Health The White House , Office of the Press Secretary , January 27 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Andrew ( 20 January 2016 ) . `` To Fight ' Superbugs , ' Drug Makers Call for Incentives to Develop Antibiotics '' . Davos 2016 Special Report . Davos , Switzerland : New York Times . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Behdinan A. ; Hoffman S.J. ( 2015 ) . `` Some Global Strategies for Antibiotic Resistance Require Legally Binding and Enforceable Commitments '' . Journal of Law , Medicine & Ethics. 43 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Hoffman S.J. ; Ottersen T. ( 2015 ) . `` Mounting An Effective Response to Antibiotic Resistance Requires a Robust Global Accountability Framework '' . Journal of Law , Medicine & Ethics. 43 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Rizvi Z. ; Hoffman S.J. ( 2015 ) . `` Effective Global Action on Antibiotic Resistance Calls for Careful Consideration of the Convening Forum '' . Journal of Law , Medicine & Ethics. 43 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Andresen S. ; Hoffman S.J. ( 2015 ) . `` Much Can Be Learned about Addressing Antibiotic Resistance from Multilateral Environmental Agreements '' . Journal of Law , Medicine & Ethics. 43 ( 2 ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Caldwell , Roy ; Lindberg , David , eds. ( 2011 ) . `` Understanding Evolution '' ( Mutations are random ) . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Reynolds , edited by L.A ; Tansey , E.M. ( 2008 ) . Superbugs and superdrugs : a history of MRSA : the transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL , London , on 11 July 2006 . London : Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85484 - 114 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Journals ( edit ) Arias CA , Murray BE ( 2009 ) . `` Antibiotic - Resistant Bugs in the 21st Century -- A Clinical Super-Challenge '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 360 ( 5 ) : 439 -- 443 . PMID 19179312 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp0804651 . Goossens H , Ferech M , Vander Stichele R , Elseviers M ( 2005 ) . Esac Project . `` Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance : a cross-national database study '' . Lancet . Group Esac Project . 365 ( 9459 ) : 579 -- 87 . PMID 15708101 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 17907 - 0 . Hawkey , PM ; Jones , AM ( September 2009 ) . `` The changing epidemiology of resistance '' . The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 64 Suppl 1 : i3 -- 10 . PMID 19675017 . doi : 10.1093 / jac / dkp256 . Soulsby EJ ( 2005 ) . `` Resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals : Overusing antibiotics is not the only cause and reducing use is not the only solution '' . British Medical Journal . 331 ( 7527 ) : 1219 -- 20 . PMC 1289307 . PMID 16308360 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 331.7527. 1219 . `` Alternatives to Antibiotics Reduce Animal Disease '' . Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization . 9 Jan 2006 . Cooke , Paul ; Rees - Roberts , Dominic ( 2017 ) . CATCH. 16 - minute film about a post-antibiotic world . Review : Sansom , Clare ( March 2017 ) . `` Media Watch : An intimate family story in a world without antibiotics '' . Lancet Infect Dis. 17 ( 3 ) : 274 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 17 ) 30067 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antibiotic resistance . Antimicrobial resistance at DMOZ Animation of Antibiotic Resistance CDC Guideline `` Management of Multidrug - Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings , 2006 '' Antimicrobial Stewardship Project , at the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy ( CIDRAP ) , University of Minnesota Antibiotics − social and layperson issues Concepts Antibacterial Fungicide Antiviral drug Antiparasitic Antimicrobial Social issues Timeline of antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Antibiotic misuse Antibiotic use in livestock Pharmacology Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics List of antibiotics Production of antibiotics Concepts in pharmacology Pharmacokinetics ( L ) ADME : ( Liberation ) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion ( Clearance ) Loading dose Volume of distribution ( Initial ) Rate of infusion Compartment Bioequivalence Bioavailability Onset of action Biological half - life Mean residence time Plasma protein binding Therapeutic index ( Median lethal dose , Effective dose ) Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of action Toxicity ( Neurotoxicology ) Dose -- response relationship ( Efficacy , Potency ) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics : Minimum inhibitory concentration ( Bacteriostatic ) Minimum bactericidal concentration ( Bactericide ) Agonism and antagonism Agonist : Inverse agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist Antagonist : Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Other : Binding Affinity Binding selectivity Functional selectivity Other Drug tolerance : Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance : Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance Drug discovery strategies Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology Related fields / subfields Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Neuropsychopharmacology ( Neuropharmacology , Psychopharmacology ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Biology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antimicrobial_resistance&oldid=800679971 '' Categories : Antibiotic resistance Evolutionary biology Health disasters Pharmaceuticals policy Veterinary medicine Global issues Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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1441936172372712423 | Chemical weapons in World War I | Chemical weapons in World War I - wikipedia Chemical weapons in World War I Jump to : navigation , search British troops blinded by poison gas during the Battle of Estaires , 1918 Although the use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years , the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. They were primarily used to demoralize , injure , and kill entrenched defenders , against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow - moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective . The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals , such as tear gas , to lethal agents like phosgene , chlorine , and mustard gas . This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century . The killing capacity of gas was limited , with about ninety thousand fatalities from a total of some 1.3 million casualties caused by gas attacks . Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop countermeasures , such as gas masks . In the later stages of the war , as the use of gas increased , its overall effectiveness diminished . The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare , and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives , gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as `` the chemist 's war '' and also the era where `` weapons of mass destruction '' were created . The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited the use of `` poison or poisoned weapons '' in warfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of poison gas in World War I 1.1 1914 : Tear gas 1.2 1915 : Large - scale use and lethal gases 1.2. 1 Effectiveness and countermeasures 1.2. 2 British gas attacks 1.3 1915 : More deadly gases 1.4 1916 : Austrian use 1.5 1917 : Mustard gas 1.6 Post-war 1.6. 1 Effect on World War II 2 Casualties 2.1 British casualties 2.2 Civilian casualties 3 Countermeasures 4 Delivery systems 5 Unexploded weapons 6 Gases used 7 Long - term health effects 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History of poison gas in World War I ( edit ) See also : Weapons of World War I 1914 : tear gas ( edit ) The earliest military uses of chemicals were tear - inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poisons . During World War I , the French army was the first to employ gas , using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas ( ethyl bromoacetate ) in August 1914 . The small quantities of gas delivered , roughly 19 cm3 per cartridge , were not even detected by the Germans . The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military . As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies , the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone . In October 1914 , German troops fired fragmentation shells filled with a chemical irritant against British positions at Neuve Chapelle , though the concentration achieved was so small that it too was barely noticed . None of the combatants considered the use of tear gas to be in conflict with the Hague Treaty of 1899 , which prohibited the launching of projectiles containing asphyxiating or poisonous gas . 1915 : large - scale use and lethal gases ( edit ) The first instance of large - scale use of gas as a weapon was on 31 January 1915 , when Germany fired 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas on Russian positions on the Rawka River , west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov . However , instead of vaporizing , the chemical froze and failed to have the desired effect . The first killing agent used by the German military was chlorine . Chlorine is a powerful irritant that can inflict damage to the eyes , nose , throat and lungs . At high concentrations and prolonged exposure it can cause death by asphyxiation . German chemical companies BASF , Hoechst and Bayer ( which formed the IG Farben conglomerate in 1925 ) had been producing chlorine as a by - product of their dye manufacturing . In cooperation with Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin , they began developing methods of discharging chlorine gas against enemy trenches . According to the fieldpost letter of Major Karl von Zingler , the first chlorine gas attack by German forces took place before 2 January 1915 : `` In other war theaters it does not go better and it has been said that our Chlorine is very effective . 140 English officers have been killed . This is a horrible weapon ... '' . By 22 April 1915 , the German Army had 168 tons of chlorine deployed in 5,730 cylinders from Langemark -- Poelkapelle , north of Ypres . At 17 : 30 , in a slight easterly breeze , the gas was released , forming a gray - green cloud that drifted across positions held by French Colonial troops from Martinique who broke ranks , abandoning their trenches and creating an 8,000 - yard ( 7 km ) gap in the Allied line . However , the German infantry were also wary of the gas and , lacking reinforcements , failed to exploit the break before the 1st Canadian Division and assorted French troops reformed the line in scattered , hastily prepared positions 1,000 -- 3,000 yards ( 910 -- 2,740 m ) apart . The Entente governments quickly claimed the attack was a flagrant violation of international law but Germany argued that the Hague treaty had only banned chemical shells , rather than the use of gas projectors . In what became the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans used gas on three more occasions ; on 24 April against the 1st Canadian Division , on 2 May near Mouse Trap Farm and on 5 May against the British at Hill 60 . The British Official History stated that at Hill 60 , `` 90 men died from gas poisoning in the trenches or before they could be got to a dressing station ; of the 207 brought to the nearest dressing stations , 46 died almost immediately and 12 after long suffering . '' On August 6 , German troops used chlorine gas against Russian troops defending the Fortress of Osowiec . Surviving defenders drove back the attack and retained the fortress . Germany used chemical weapons on the eastern front in an attack at Rawka , south of Warsaw . The Russian army took 9,000 casualties , with more than 1,000 fatalities . In response , the artillery branch of the Russian army organized a commission to study the delivery of poison gas in shells . Effectiveness and countermeasures ( edit ) British emplacement after German gas attack ( probably phosgene ) It quickly became evident that the men who stayed in their places suffered less than those who ran away , as any movement worsened the effects of the gas , and that those who stood up on the fire step suffered less -- indeed they often escaped any serious effects -- than those who lay down or sat at the bottom of a trench . Men who stood on the parapet suffered least , as the gas was denser near the ground . The worst sufferers were the wounded lying on the ground , or on stretchers , and the men who moved back with the cloud . Chlorine was less effective as a weapon than the Germans had hoped , particularly as soon as simple countermeasures were introduced . The gas produced a visible greenish cloud and strong odour , making it easy to detect . It was water - soluble , so the simple expedient of covering the mouth and nose with a damp cloth was somewhat effective at reducing the effect of the gas . It was thought to be even more effective to use urine rather than water , as it was known at the time that chlorine reacted readily with urea ( present in urine ) to form dichloro urea . Chlorine required a concentration of 1,000 parts per million to be fatal , destroying tissue in the lungs , likely through the formation of hydrochloric acid when dissolved in the water in the lungs ( 2Cl + 2H O → 4HCl + O ) . Despite its limitations , however , chlorine was an effective psychological weapon -- the sight of an oncoming cloud of the gas was a continual source of dread for the infantry . Countermeasures were quickly introduced in response to the use of chlorine . The Germans issued their troops with small gauze pads filled with cotton waste , and bottles of a bicarbonate solution with which to dampen the pads . Immediately following the use of chlorine gas by the Germans , instructions were sent to British and French troops to hold wet handkerchiefs or cloths over their mouths . Simple pad respirators similar to those issued to German troops were soon proposed by Lieutenant - Colonel N.C. Ferguson , the A.D.M.S. of the 28th Division . These pads were intended to be used damp , preferably dipped into a solution of bicarbonate kept in buckets for that purpose , though other liquids were also used . Because such pads could not be expected to arrive at the front for several days , army divisions set about making them for themselves . Locally available muslin , flannel and gauze were used , officers were sent to Paris to buy more and local French women were employed making up rudimentary pads with string ties . Other units used lint bandages manufactured in the convent at Poperinge . Pad respirators were sent up with rations to British troops in the line as early as the evening of 24 April . In Britain the Daily Mail newspaper encouraged women to manufacture cotton pads , and within one month a variety of pad respirators were available to British and French troops , along with motoring goggles to protect the eyes . The response was enormous and a million gas masks were produced in a day . Unfortunately , the Mail 's design was useless when dry and caused suffocation when wet -- the respirator was responsible for the deaths of scores of men . By 6 July 1915 , the entire British army was equipped with the far more effective `` smoke helmet '' designed by Major Cluny MacPherson , Newfoundland Regiment , which was a flannel bag with a celluloid window , which entirely covered the head . The race was then on between the introduction of new and more effective poison gases and the production of effective countermeasures , which marked gas warfare until the armistice in November 1918 . British gas attacks ( edit ) British infantry advancing through gas at Loos , 25 September 1915 Football team of British soldiers with gas masks , Western front , 1916 A British gas bomb from 1915 The British expressed outrage at Germany 's use of poison gas at Ypres but responded by developing their own gas warfare capability . The commander of II Corps , Lieutenant General Sir Charles Ferguson , said of gas : It is a cowardly form of warfare which does not commend itself to me or other English soldiers ... We can not win this war unless we kill or incapacitate more of our enemies than they do of us , and if this can only be done by our copying the enemy in his choice of weapons , we must not refuse to do so . The first use of gas by the British was at the Battle of Loos , 25 September 1915 , but the attempt was a disaster . Chlorine , codenamed Red Star , was the agent to be used ( 140 tons arrayed in 5,100 cylinders ) , and the attack was dependent on a favorable wind . However , on this occasion the wind proved fickle , and the gas either lingered in no man 's land or , in places , blew back on the British trenches . This debacle was compounded when the gas could not be released from all the British canisters because the wrong turning keys were sent with them . Subsequent retaliatory German shelling hit some of those unused full cylinders , releasing more gas among the British troops . Exacerbating the situation were the primitive flannel gas masks distributed to the British . The masks got hot , and the small eye - pieces misted over , reducing visibility . Some of the troops lifted the masks to get some fresh air , causing them to be gassed . 1915 : more deadly gases ( edit ) Plate I , Microscopic section of human lung from phosgene shell poisoning , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 The deficiencies of chlorine were overcome with the introduction of phosgene , which was prepared by a group of French chemists led by Victor Grignard and first used by France in 1915 . Colourless and having an odor likened to `` mouldy hay , '' phosgene was difficult to detect , making it a more effective weapon . Although phosgene was sometimes used on its own , it was more often used mixed with an equal volume of chlorine , with the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene . The Allies called this combination White Star after the marking painted on shells containing the mixture . Phosgene was a potent killing agent , deadlier than chlorine . It had a potential drawback in that some of the symptoms of exposure took 24 hours or more to manifest . This meant that the victims were initially still capable of putting up a fight ; although this could also mean that apparently fit troops would be incapacitated by the effects of the gas on the following day . In the first combined chlorine -- phosgene attack by Germany , against British troops at Wieltje near Ypres , Belgium on 19 December 1915 , 88 tons of the gas were released from cylinders causing 1069 casualties and 69 deaths . The British P gas helmet , issued at the time , was impregnated with sodium phenolate and partially effective against phosgene . The modified PH Gas Helmet , which was impregnated with phenate hexamine and hexamethylene tetramine ( urotropine ) to improve the protection against phosgene , was issued in January 1916 . Around 36,600 tons of phosgene were manufactured during the war , out of a total of 190,000 tons for all chemical weapons , making it second only to chlorine ( 93,800 tons ) in the quantity manufactured : Germany 18,100 tons France 15,700 tons United Kingdom 1,400 tons ( although they also used French stocks ) United States 1,400 tons ( although they also used French stocks ) Although phosgene was never as notorious in public consciousness as mustard gas , it killed far more people , about 85 % of the 100,000 deaths caused by chemical weapons during World War I . 1916 : Austrian use ( edit ) Italian dead after the Austrian gas attack on Monte San Michele On 29 June 1916 , Austrian forces attacked the Italian lines on Monte San Michele with a mix of phosgene and chlorine gas . Thousands of Italian soldiers died in this first chemical weapons attack on the Italian Front . 1917 : mustard gas ( edit ) Plate X , Microscopic section of human lung from mustard gas poisoning , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 The most widely reported and , perhaps , the most effective gas of the First World War was mustard gas . It was a vesicant that was introduced by Germany in July 1917 prior to the Third Battle of Ypres . The Germans marked their shells yellow for mustard gas and green for chlorine and phosgene ; hence they called the new gas Yellow Cross . It was known to the British as HS ( Hun Stuff ) , while the French called it Yperite ( named after Ypres ) . A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , 1917 / 1918 Mustard gas is not a particularly effective killing agent ( though in high enough doses it is fatal ) but can be used to harass and disable the enemy and pollute the battlefield . Delivered in artillery shells , mustard gas was heavier than air , and it settled to the ground as an oily liquid resembling sherry . Once in the soil , mustard gas remained active for several days , weeks , or even months , depending on the weather conditions . The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered , their eyes became very sore and they began to vomit . Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes , stripping off the mucous membrane . This was extremely painful . Fatally injured victims sometimes took four or five weeks to die of mustard gas exposure . One nurse , Vera Brittain , wrote : `` I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning . Great mustard - coloured blisters , blind eyes , all sticky and stuck together , always fighting for breath , with voices a mere whisper , saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke . '' The polluting nature of mustard gas meant that it was not always suitable for supporting an attack as the assaulting infantry would be exposed to the gas when they advanced . When Germany launched Operation Michael on 21 March 1918 , they saturated the Flesquières salient with mustard gas instead of attacking it directly , believing that the harassing effect of the gas , coupled with threats to the salient 's flanks , would make the British position untenable . Gas never reproduced the dramatic success of 22 April 1915 ; however , it became a standard weapon which , combined with conventional artillery , was used to support most attacks in the later stages of the war . Gas was employed primarily on the Western Front -- the static , confined trench system was ideal for achieving an effective concentration . Germany also made use of gas against Russia on the Eastern Front , where the lack of effective countermeasures resulted in deaths of over 56,000 Russians , while Britain experimented with gas in Palestine during the Second Battle of Gaza . Russia began manufacturing chlorine gas in 1916 , with phosgene being produced later in the year . However , most of the manufactured gas was never used . The British Army believed that the use of gas was needed , but did not use mustard gas until November 1917 at Cambrai , after their armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard - gas shells . It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon , with production of the chemicals centred on Avonmouth Docks . ( The only option available to the British was the Despretz -- Niemann -- Guthrie process ) . This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line with the Hundred Days ' Offensive . The Allies mounted more gas attacks than the Germans in 1917 and 1918 because of a marked increase in production of gas from the Allied nations . Germany was unable to keep up with this pace despite creating various new gases for use in battle , mostly as a result of very costly methods of production . Entry into the war by the United States allowed the Allies to increase mustard gas production far more than Germany . Also the prevailing wind on the Western Front was blowing from west to east , which meant the British more frequently had favorable conditions for a gas release than did the Germans . When the United States entered the war , it was already mobilizing resources from academic , industry and military sectors for research and development into poison gas . A Subcommittee on Noxious Gases was created by the National Research Committee , a major research center was established at Camp American University , and the 1st Gas Regiment was recruited . The 1st Gas Regiment eventually served in France , where it used phosgene gas in a number of attacks . The Artillery used Mustard gas with significant effect during the Meuse Argonne Offensive on at least three occasions . The United States began large - scale production of an improved vesicant gas known as Lewisite , for use in an offensive planned for early 1919 . By the time of the armistice on 11 November , a plant near Willoughby , Ohio was producing 10 tons per day of the substance , for a total of about 150 tons . It is uncertain what effect this new chemical would have had on the battlefield , however , as it degrades in moist conditions . Post-war ( edit ) By the end of the war , chemical weapons had lost much of their effectiveness against well trained and equipped troops . At that time , chemical weapon agents inflicted an estimated 1.3 million casualties . Nevertheless , in the following years , chemical weapons were used in several , mainly colonial , wars where one side had an advantage in equipment over the other . The British used poison gas , possibly adamsite , against Russian revolutionary troops beginning on August 27 , 1919 and contemplated using chemical weapons against Iraqi insurgents in the 1920s ; Bolshevik troops used poison gas to suppress the Tambov Rebellion in 1920 , Spain used chemical weapons in Morocco against Rif tribesmen throughout the 1920s and Italy used mustard gas in Libya in 1930 and again during its invasion of Ethiopia in 1936 . In 1925 , a Chinese warlord , Zhang Zuolin , contracted a German company to build him a mustard gas plant in Shenyang , which was completed in 1927 . Public opinion had by then turned against the use of such weapons which led to the Geneva Protocol , an updated and extensive prohibition of poison weapons . The Protocol , which was signed by most First World War combatants in 1925 , bans the use ( but not the stockpiling ) of lethal gas and bacteriological weapons . Most countries that signed ratified it within around five years , although a few took much longer -- Brazil , Japan , Uruguay , and the United States did not do so until the 1970s , and Nicaragua ratified it only in 1990 . The signatory nations agreed not to use poison gas in the future , stating `` the use in war of asphyxiating , poisonous or other gases , and of all analogous liquids , materials or devices , has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world . '' Although chemical weapons have been used in at least a dozen wars since the end of the First World War , they were not used in combat on a large scale until mustard gas and the more deadly nerve agents were used by Iraq during the 8 - year Iran -- Iraq War . It killed around 20,000 Iranian troops ( and injured another 80,000 ) , which is around a quarter of the number of deaths caused by chemical weapons during the First World War . Effect on World War II ( edit ) Although all major combatants stockpiled chemical weapons during the Second World War , the only reports of its use in the conflict were the Japanese use of relatively small amounts of mustard gas and lewisite in China , and very rare occurrences in Europe ( for example some sulfur mustard bombs were dropped on Warsaw on 3 September 1939 , which Germany acknowledged in 1942 but indicated had been accidental ) . Mustard gas was the agent of choice , with the British stockpiling 40,719 tons , the Soviets 77,400 tons , the Americans over 87,000 tons and the Germans 27,597 tons . The destruction of an American cargo ship containing mustard gas led to many casualties in Bari , Italy , in December 1943 . In both Axis and Allied nations , children in school were taught to wear gas masks in case of gas attack . Germany developed the poison gases tabun , sarin , and soman during the war , and used Zyklon B in their extermination camps . Neither Germany nor the Allied nations used any of their war gases in combat , despite maintaining large stockpiles and occasional calls for their use . Poison gas played an important role in the Holocaust . Britain made plans to use mustard gas on the landing beaches in the event of an invasion of the United Kingdom in 1940 . The United States considered using gas to support their planned invasion of Japan . Casualties ( edit ) The contribution of gas weapons to the total casualty figures was relatively minor . British figures , which were accurately maintained from 1916 , recorded that only 3 % of gas casualties were fatal , 2 % were permanently invalid and 70 % were fit for duty again within six weeks . It was remarked as a joke that if someone yelled ' Gas ' , everyone in France would put on a mask ... Gas shock was as frequent as shell shock . -- H. Allen , Towards the Flame , 1934 John Singer Sargent 's 1918 painting Gassed Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . In all my dreams , before my helpless sight , He plunges at me , guttering , choking , drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , `` Dulce et Decorum est '' , 1917 Plate III , Pallid type of asphyxia from phosgene poisoning , with circulatory failure , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 Death by gas was often slow and painful . According to Denis Winter ( Death 's Men , 1978 ) , a fatal dose of phosgene eventually led to `` shallow breathing and retching , pulse up to 120 , an ashen face and the discharge of four pints ( 2 litres ) of yellow liquid from the lungs each hour for the 48 of the drowning spasms . '' A common fate of those exposed to gas was blindness , chlorine gas or mustard gas being the main causes . One of the most famous First World War paintings , Gassed by John Singer Sargent , captures such a scene of mustard gas casualties which he witnessed at a dressing station at Le Bac - du - Sud near Arras in July 1918 . ( The gases used during that battle ( tear gas ) caused temporary blindness and / or a painful stinging in the eyes . These bandages were normally water - soaked to provide a rudimentary form of pain relief to the eyes of casualties before they reached more organized medical help . ) The proportion of mustard gas fatalities to total casualties was low ; only 2 % of mustard gas casualties died and many of these succumbed to secondary infections rather than the gas itself . Once it was introduced at the third battle of Ypres , mustard gas produced 90 % of all British gas casualties and 14 % of battle casualties of any type . Estimated gas casualties Nation Fatal Total ( Fatal & Non-fatal ) Russia 56,000 419,340 Germany 9,000 200,000 France 8,000 190,000 British Empire ( includes Canada ) 8,109 188,706 Austria - Hungary 3,000 100,000 United States 1,462 72,807 Italy 4,627 60,000 Total 90,198 1,230,853 Mustard gas was a source of extreme dread . In The Anatomy of Courage ( 1945 ) , Lord Moran , who had been a medical officer during the war , wrote : After July 1917 gas partly usurped the role of high explosive in bringing to head a natural unfitness for war . The gassed men were an expression of trench fatigue , a menace when the manhood of the nation had been picked over . Mustard gas did not need to be inhaled to be effective -- any contact with skin was sufficient . Exposure to 0.1 ppm was enough to cause massive blisters . Higher concentrations could burn flesh to the bone . It was particularly effective against the soft skin of the eyes , nose , armpits and groin , since it dissolved in the natural moisture of those areas . Typical exposure would result in swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids , forcing them closed and rendering the victim temporarily blind . Where it contacted the skin , moist red patches would immediately appear which after 24 hours would have formed into blisters . Other symptoms included severe headache , elevated pulse and temperature ( fever ) , and pneumonia ( from blistering in the lungs ) . Many of those who survived a gas attack were scarred for life . Respiratory disease and failing eyesight were common post-war afflictions . Of the Canadians who , without any effective protection , had withstood the first chlorine attacks during 2nd Ypres , 60 % of the casualties had to be repatriated and half of these were still unfit by the end of the war , over three years later . In reading the statistics of the time , one should bear the longer term in mind . Many of those who were fairly soon recorded as fit for service were left with scar tissue in their lungs . This tissue was susceptible to tuberculosis attack . It was from this that many of the 1918 casualties died , around the time of the Second World War , shortly before sulfa drugs became widely available for its treatment . British casualties ( edit ) British forces gas casualties on the Western Front Date Agent Casualties ( official ) Fatal Non-fatal April -- May 1915 Chlorine 350 7,000 May 1915 -- June 1916 Lachrymants 0 0 December 1915 -- August 1916 Chlorine 1,013 4,207 July 1916 -- July 1917 Various 532 8,806 July 1917 -- November 1918 Mustard gas 4,086 160,526 April 1915 -- November 1918 Total 5,981 180,539 A British nurse treating mustard gas cases recorded : They can not be bandaged or touched . We cover them with a tent of propped - up sheets . Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain even with the worst wounds but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they can not help crying out . A postmortem account from the British official medical history records one of the British casualties : Case four . Aged 39 years . Gassed 29 July 1917 . Admitted to casualty clearing station the same day . Died about ten days later . Brownish pigmentation present over large surfaces of the body . A white ring of skin where the wrist watch was . Marked superficial burning of the face and scrotum . The larynx much congested . The whole of the trachea was covered by a yellow membrane . The bronchi contained abundant gas . The lungs fairly voluminous . The right lung showing extensive collapse at the base . Liver congested and fatty . Stomach showed numerous submucous haemorrhages . The brain substance was unduly wet and very congested . Civilian casualties ( edit ) The distribution of gas cloud casualties was not only limited to the front . Nearby towns were at risk from winds blowing the poison gases through . Civilians rarely had a warning system put into place to alert their neighbours of the danger . In addition to poor warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . Also , when the gas came to the towns over the wind , it could easily get into houses through open windows and doors . An estimated 100,000 - 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew that such weapon would cause major harm to civilians as wind would blow poison gases into nearby civilian towns but nonetheless continued to use them throughout the war . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary : `` My officers and I were aware that such weapon would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common on the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Countermeasures ( edit ) A Smelling Case to allow officers to identify the gas by smell and thus act appropriately for protection and treatment None of the First World War 's combatants were prepared for the introduction of poison gas as a weapon . Once gas was introduced , development of gas protection began and the process continued for much of the war producing a series of increasingly effective gas masks . Even at Second Ypres , Germany , still unsure of the weapon 's effectiveness , only issued breathing masks to the engineers handling the gas . At Ypres a Canadian medical officer , who was also a chemist , quickly identified the gas as chlorine and recommended that the troops urinate on a cloth and hold it over their mouth and nose . The first official equipment issued was similarly crude ; a pad of material , usually impregnated with a chemical , tied over the lower face . To protect the eyes from tear gas , soldiers were issued with gas goggles . British Vickers machine gun crew wearing PH gas helmets with exhaust tubes The next advance was the introduction of the gas helmet -- basically a bag placed over the head . The fabric of the bag was impregnated with a chemical to neutralize the gas -- however , the chemical would wash out into the soldier 's eyes whenever it rained . Eye - pieces , which were prone to fog up , were initially made from talc . When going into combat , gas helmets were typically worn rolled up on top of the head , to be pulled down and secured about the neck when the gas alarm was given . The first British version was the Hypo helmet , the fabric of which was soaked in sodium hyposulfite ( commonly known as `` hypo '' ) . The British P gas helmet , partially effective against phosgene and with which all infantry were equipped with at Loos , was impregnated with sodium phenolate . A mouthpiece was added through which the wearer would breathe out to prevent carbon dioxide build - up . The adjutant of the 1 / 23rd Battalion , The London Regiment , recalled his experience of the P helmet at Loos : The goggles rapidly dimmed over , and the air came through in such suffocatingly small quantities as to demand a continuous exercise of will - power on the part of the wearers . A modified version of the P Helmet , called the PH Helmet , was issued in January 1916 , and was additionally impregnated with hexamethylenetetramine to improve the protection against phosgene . Australian infantry wearing Small Box Respirators , Ypres , September 1917 Self - contained box respirators represented the culmination of gas mask development during the First World War . Box respirators used a two - piece design ; a mouthpiece connected via a hose to a box filter . The box filter contained granules of chemicals that neutralised the gas , delivering clean air to the wearer . Separating the filter from the mask enabled a bulky but efficient filter to be supplied . Nevertheless , the first version , known as the Large Box Respirator ( LBR ) or `` Harrison 's Tower '' , was deemed too bulky -- the box canister needed to be carried on the back . The LBR had no mask , just a mouthpiece and nose clip ; separate gas goggles had to be worn . It continued to be issued to the artillery gun crews but the infantry were supplied with the `` Small Box Respirator '' ( SBR ) . The Small Box Respirator featured a single - piece , close - fitting rubberized mask with eye - pieces . The box filter was compact and could be worn around the neck . The SBR could be readily upgraded as more effective filter technology was developed . The British - designed SBR was also adopted for use by the American Expeditionary Force . The SBR was the prized possession of the ordinary infantryman ; when the British were forced to retreat during the German Spring Offensive of 1918 , it was found that while some troops had discarded their rifles , hardly any had left behind their respirators . Humans were not the only ones that needed protection from gas clouds . Horses and mules were important methods of transportation that could be endangered if they came into close contact with gas . This was not so much of a problem until it became common to launch gas great distances . This caused many researchers to develop masks that could be used on animals such as dogs , horses , mules , and even carrier pigeons . The following are some examples of improvised animal gas masks that were implemented : A dog wearing a gas mask in WWI . A WWI pigeon loft equipped with gas protection . For mustard gas , which could cause severe damage by simply making contact with skin , no effective countermeasure was found during the war . The kilt - wearing Scottish regiments were especially vulnerable to mustard gas injuries due to their bare legs . At Nieuwpoort in Flanders some Scottish battalions took to wearing women 's tights beneath the kilt as a form of protection . Gas alert by Arthur Streeton , 1918 Gas alert procedure became a routine for the front - line soldier . To warn of a gas attack , a bell would be rung , often made from a spent artillery shell . At the noisy batteries of the siege guns , a compressed air strombus horn was used , which could be heard nine miles ( 14 km ) away . Notices would be posted on all approaches to an affected area , warning people to take precautions . Other British attempts at countermeasures were not so effective . An early plan was to use 100,000 fans to disperse the gas . Burning coal or carborundum dust was tried . A proposal was made to equip front - line sentries with diving helmets , air being pumped to them through a 100 ft ( 30 m ) hose . However , the effectiveness of all countermeasures is apparent . In 1915 , when poison gas was relatively new , less than 3 % of British gas casualties died . In 1916 , the proportion of fatalities jumped to 17 % . By 1918 , the figure was back below 3 % , though the total number of British gas casualties was now nine times the 1915 levels . Various gas masks employed on the Western Front during the war Delivery systems ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A British cylinder release at Montauban on the Somme , June 1916 -- part of the preparation for the Battle of the Somme . The first system employed for the mass delivery of gas involved releasing the gas cylinders in a favourable wind such that it was carried over the enemy 's trenches . The Hague Convention of 1899 prohibited the use of poisons gasses delivered by projectiles . The main advantage of this method was that it was relatively simple and , in suitable atmospheric conditions , produced a concentrated cloud capable of overwhelming the gas mask defences . The disadvantages of cylinder releases were numerous . First and foremost , delivery was at the mercy of the wind . If the wind was fickle , as was the case at Loos , the gas could backfire , causing friendly casualties . Gas clouds gave plenty of warning , allowing the enemy time to protect themselves , though many soldiers found the sight of a creeping gas cloud unnerving . Also gas clouds had limited penetration , only capable of affecting the front - line trenches before dissipating . Finally , the cylinders had to be emplaced at the very front of the trench system so that the gas was released directly over no man 's land . This meant that the cylinders had to be manhandled through communication trenches , often clogged and sodden , and stored at the front where there was always the risk that cylinders would be prematurely breached during a bombardment . A leaking cylinder could issue a telltale wisp of gas that , if spotted , would be sure to attract shellfire . German gas attack on the eastern front . A British chlorine cylinder , known as an `` oojah '' , weighed 190 lb ( 86 kg ) , of which only 60 lb ( 27 kg ) was chlorine gas , and required two men to carry . Phosgene gas was introduced later in a cylinder , known as a `` mouse '' , that only weighed 50 lb ( 23 kg ) . Delivering gas via artillery shell overcame many of the risks of dealing with gas in cylinders . The Germans , for example , used 5.9 - inch ( 150 mm ) artillery shells ( `` five - nines '' ) . Gas shells were independent of the wind and increased the effective range of gas , making anywhere within reach of the guns vulnerable . Gas shells could be delivered without warning , especially the clear , nearly odorless phosgene -- there are numerous accounts of gas shells , landing with a `` plop '' rather than exploding , being initially dismissed as dud HE or shrapnel shells , giving the gas time to work before the soldiers were alerted and took precautions . Loading a battery of Livens gas projectors The main flaw associated with delivering gas via artillery was the difficulty of achieving a killing concentration . Each shell had a small gas payload and an area would have to be subjected to a saturation bombardment to produce a cloud to match cylinder delivery . Mustard gas , however , did not need to form a concentrated cloud and hence artillery was the ideal vehicle for delivery of this battlefield pollutant . The solution to achieving a lethal concentration without releasing from cylinders was the `` gas projector '' , essentially a large - bore mortar that fired the entire cylinder as a missile . The British Livens projector ( invented by Captain W.H. Livens in 1917 ) was a simple device ; an 8 - inch ( 200 mm ) diameter tube sunk into the ground at an angle , a propellant was ignited by an electrical signal , firing the cylinder containing 30 or 40 lb ( 14 or 18 kg ) of gas up to 1,900 meters . By arranging a battery of these projectors and firing them simultaneously , a dense concentration of gas could be achieved . The Livens was first used at Arras on 4 April 1917 . On 31 March 1918 the British conducted their largest ever `` gas shoot '' , firing 3,728 cylinders at Lens . Unexploded weapons ( edit ) Phosgene delivery system unearthed at the Somme , 2006 Over 16,000,000 acres ( 65,000 km ) of France had to be cordoned off at the end of the war because of unexploded ordnance . About 20 % of the chemical shells were duds , and approximately 13 million of these munitions were left in place . This has been a serious problem in former battle areas from immediately after the end of the War until the present . Shells may be , for instance , uncovered when farmers plough their fields ( termed the ' iron harvest ' ) , and are also regularly discovered when public works or construction work is done . An additional difficulty is the current stringency of environmental legislation . In the past , a common method of getting rid of unexploded chemical ammunition was to detonate or dump it at sea ; this is currently prohibited in most countries . The problems are especially acute in some northern regions of France . The French government no longer disposes of chemical weapons at sea . For this reason , piles of untreated chemical weapons accumulated . In 2001 , it became evident that the pile stored at a depot in Vimy was unsafe ; the inhabitants of the neighboring town were evacuated , and the pile moved , using refrigerated trucks and under heavy guard , to a military camp in Suippes . The capacity of the plant is meant to be 25 tons per year ( extensible to 80 tons at the beginning ) , for a lifetime of 30 years . Germany has to deal with unexploded ammunition and polluted lands resulting from the explosion of an ammunition train in 1919 . Aside from unexploded shells , there have been claims that poison residues have remained in the local environment for an extended period , though this is unconfirmed ; well known but unverified anecdotes claim that as late as the 1960s trees in the area retained enough mustard gas residue to injure farmers or construction workers who were clearing them . Gases used ( edit ) Name First use Type Used by Xylyl bromide 1914 Lachrymatory , toxic Both Chlorine 1915 Corrosive . Lung Irritant Both Phosgene 1915 Irritant - Skin and mucous membranes . Corrosive , toxic Both Benzyl bromide 1915 Lachrymatory Central Powers Chloromethyl chloroformate 1915 Irritant - Eyes , skin , lungs Both Trichloromethyl chloroformate 1916 Severe irritant , causes burns Both Chloropicrin 1916 Irritant , lachrymatory , toxic Both Stannic chloride 1916 Severe irritant , causes asphyxiating Allies Ethyl iodoacetate 1916 Lachrymatory , toxic Allies Bromoacetone 1916 Lachrymatory , irritant Both Monobromomethyl ethyl ketone 1916 Lachrymatory , irritant Central Powers Acrolein 1916 Lachrymatory , toxic Central Powers Hydrogen cyanide ( Prussic acid ) 1916 Toxic , Chemical Asphyxiant Allies Hydrogen sulfide ( Sulphuretted hydrogen ) 1916 Irritant , toxic Allies Diphenylchloroarsine ( Diphenyl chlorasine ) 1917 Irritant / Sternutatory ( causes sneezing ) Central Powers α - chlorotoluene ( Benzyl chloride ) 1917 Irritant , lachrymatory Central Powers Mustard gas ( Bis ( 2 - chloroethyl ) sulfide ) 1917 Vesicant ( blistering agent ) , lung irritant Both Bis ( chloromethyl ) ether ( Dichloromethyl ether ) 1918 Irritant , can blur vision Central Powers Ethyldichloroarsine 1918 Vesicant Central Powers N - Ethylcarbazole 679 1918 Irritant Central Powers Long - term Health effects ( edit ) Soldiers who claimed to have been exposed to chemical warfare have often presented with unusual medical conditions which has led to much controversy . The lack of information has left doctors , patients , and their families in the dark in terms of prognosis and treatment . Nerve agents such as sarin , tabun , and soman are believed to have the most significant long - term health effects . Chronic fatigue and memory loss have been reported to last up to three years after exposure . In the years following World War One , there were many conferences held in attempts to abolish the use of chemical weapons all together , such as The Washington Conference ( 1921 -- 22 ) , Geneva Conference ( 1923 -- 25 ) and the World Disarmament Conference ( 1933 ) . Although the United States was an original signatory of the Geneva Protocol in 1925 , the US Senate did not formally ratify it until 1975 . Although the health effects are generally chronic in nature , the exposures were generally acute . A positive correlation has been proven between exposure to mustard agents and skin cancers , other respiratory and skin conditions , leukemia , several eye conditions , bone marrow depression and subsequent immunosuppression , psychological disorders and sexual dysfunction . Chemicals used in the production of chemical weapons have also left residues in the soil where the weapons were used . The chemicals that have been detected can cause cancer and can affect the brain , blood , liver , kidneys and skin . Despite the evidence in support of long - term health effects , there are studies that show just the opposite . Some US veterans who were closely affected by chemical weapons showed no neurological evidence in the following years . These same studies showed that one single contact with chemical weapons would be enough to cause long - term health effects . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. reportedly had about 135,000 tons of chemical warfare agents during WW II ; Germany had 70,000 tons , Britain 40,000 and Japan 7,500 tons . The German nerve gases were deadlier than the old - style suffocants ( chlorine , phosgene ) and blistering agents ( mustard gas ) in Allied stockpiles . Churchill , and several American Generals reportedly called for their use against Germany and Japan , respectively ( Weber , 1985 ) . Jump up ^ See the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft and the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adrienne Mayor ( 29 September 2003 ) . Greek Fire , Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs : Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World . Overlook Books . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 348 - X . Jump up ^ Andre Richardt ( 26 December 2012 ) . CBRN Protection : Managing the Threat of Chemical , Biological , Radioactive and Nuclear Weapons . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 32413 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Chris ( 2 April 2007 ) . `` The Growing Menace of Chemical War '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Saffo , Paul ( 2000 ) . `` Paul Saffo presentation '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Telford Taylor ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83400 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thomas Graham ; Damien J. Lavera ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98296 - 9 . Jump up ^ Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Oxford University press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Charles E ( September 1984 ) . `` Chemical Warfare in World War I : The American Experience , 1917 -- 1918 '' . US Army Command and General Staff College Jump up ^ Taylor , L.B. ; Taylor , C.L. ( 1992 ) . Chemical and Biological Warfare ( Revised ed . ) . Franklin Watts . ISBN 0 - 531 - 13029 - 0 . Jump up ^ Romano , James A. ; Lukey , Brian J. ; Salem , Harry ( 2007 ) . Chemical warfare agents : chemistry , pharmacology , toxicology , and therapeutics ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 4661 - 6 . Jump up ^ Legg , J. ; Parker , G. ( 2002 ) . `` The Germans develop a new weapon : the gas cloud '' . The Great War . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Haber '' . Science History Institute . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Abelshauser , Werner ( 2003 ) . German Industry and Global Enterprise , BASF : The History of a Company . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82726 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aksulu , N. Melek ( May 2006 ) . `` Die Feldpostbriefe Karl v. Zinglers aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg '' ( PDF ) . Nobilitas , Zeitschrift für deutsche Adelsforschung Folge . IX ( 41 ) : 57 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Rousselare 2 Januar 15 ... Auf anderen Kriegsschauplätzen ist es ja auch nicht besser und die Wirkung von unserem Chlor soll ja sehr gut sein . Es sollen 140 englische Offiziere erledigt worden sein . Es ist doch eine furchtbare Waffe ... Jump up ^ Tucker , Jonathan B. ( 2006 ) . War of Nerves : Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al - Queda . Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 July 2004 ) . `` On the Western Front , Ypres 1915 '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lefebure , Victor ; Wilson , Henry ( 2004 ) . The Riddle of the Rhine : Chemical Strategy in Peace and War . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 3546 - 4 . 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Allenby 's military medicine : life and death in World War I Palestine . I.B. Tauris . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 290 - 3 . Jump up ^ Edited by David Large . The Port of Bristol , 1848 - 1884 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Photographic Archive of Avonmouth Bristol BS11 '' . BristolPast.co.uk . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowell , Benedict ; Wilson , Robert Forrest ( 1921 ) . The Armies of Industry : Our Nation 's Manufacture of Munitions for a World in Arms , 1917 -- 1918 . 5 . Yale University Press . pp. 491 , 500 . ISBN 1 - 60105 - 114 - X . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Daniel A. ( Spring 2015 ) . `` Chemical Warfare : From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory '' . Distillations. 1 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , John C. ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 3 . The Earth 's Climates '' . In Hewitt , C.N. ; Jackson , A.V. Handbook of Atmospheric Science : Principles and Applications . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 72 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05286 - 4 . Jump up ^ Addison , James Thayer ( 1919 ) . The story of the First gas regiment . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin company . pp. 50 , 146 , 158 , 168 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Secretary of War , 1919 , pages 4386 - 87 Jump up ^ D. Hank Ellison ( August 24 , 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . p. 456 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hershberg , James G. ( 1993 ) . James B. Conant : Harvard to Hiroshima and the making of the nuclear age . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2619 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Barry R. ( February 28 , 1999 ) . Future War and Counterproliferation : U.S. Military Responses to NBC . Praeger , p. 84 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 96278 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Winston Churchill 's shocking use of chemical weapons '' . The Guardian . 1 September 2013 . 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( 1995 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Terror in Tokyo : The Poison ; Sarin Just One of Many Deadly Gases Terrorists Could Use '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Cowell , E.M. ( October 1939 ) . `` Chemical Warfare and the Doctor '' . The British Medical Journal . 2 ( 4109 ) : 736 -- 738 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.4109. 736 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Adelno ( July 1937 ) . `` Chemical Warfare as Developed During the World War -- Probable Future Development '' . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 13 ( 7 ) : 397 -- 421 . PMC 1966130 . PMID 19312026 . Jump up ^ Glyn Volans , `` Long - term effects of chemical weapons , '' The Lancet , 360 , ( December 2002 ) : 36 . Jump up ^ Mary Fox , Frank Curriero , Kathryn Kulbicki , Beth Resnick , Thomas Burke , `` Evaluating the Community Health Legacy of WWI Chemical Weapons Testing , '' Journal of Community Health , 35 , ( November 18 , 2009 ) : 96 . Jump up ^ Mary Fox , Frank Curriero , Kathryn Kulbicki , Beth Resnick , Thomas Burke , `` Evaluating the Community Health Legacy of WWI Chemical Weapons Testing , '' Journal of Community Health , 35 , ( November 18 , 2009 ) : 96 - 97 . Jump up ^ James R. Riddle , `` Chemical Warfare and the Gulf War : A Review of the Impact on Gulf Veterans ' Health , '' Military Medicine , 168 , ( August 2003 ) : 607 . Further reading ( edit ) Freemantle , M. ( 2012 ) . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! How Chemistry Changed the First World War . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6601 - 9 . MacPherson , W.G. ; Herringham , W.P. ; Elliott , T.R. ; Balfour , A. ( 1923 ) . Medical Services : Diseases of the War : Including the Medical Aspects of Aviation and Gas Warfare and Gas Poisoning in Tanks and Mines . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II . London : HMSO . OCLC 769752656 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Faith , Thomas I. : Gas Warfare , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . The Vermoral Sprayer ( defensive apparatus ) Article on the Ayrton Fan ( defensive apparatus ) Image of an Ayrton Fan ( defensive apparatus ) < < < Link is broken Chemical Weapons in World War I Gas Warfare Gas - Poisoning , by Arthur Hurst , M.A. , MD ( Oxon ) , FRCP 1917 effects of chlorine gas poisoning Dulce Et Decorum Est - Wilfred Owen 's famous World War I poem on a chlorine gas attack Understanding Chemical Weapons in the First World War World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Weapons History Modern American Civil War World War I Chemical Germany Infantry World War II Germany France Italy Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Korean War Vietnam War Premodern Medieval European Types Aircraft Ancillary Anti-aircraft Anti-ballistic Anti-personnel Anti-tank Area denial Artillery Biological Chemical Ceremonial Combat vehicle Conventional Crew - served Cyber Deadly Directed - energy Explosive Firearm Hunting Improvised Incendiary Martial arts Mass destruction Melee Non-lethal Offensive Personal Pneumatic Practice Ranged Space Tectonic Torpedo Toy Other Arsenal Industry Mount Criminal possession Science fiction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I&oldid=832573307 '' Categories : Chemical warfare by conflict Environmental impact of war Military equipment of World War I World War I crimes World War I crimes by Imperial Germany World War I crimes by the British Empire and Commonwealth United Kingdom chemical weapons program Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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7444845346126889330 | Iron Maiden | Iron Maiden - Wikipedia Iron Maiden Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the band . For the supposed torture device , see Iron maiden . For other uses , see Iron Maiden ( disambiguation ) . Iron Maiden Top : Steve Harris ( L ) , Dave Murray ( R ) Middle : Adrian Smith ( L ) , Bruce Dickinson ( R ) Bottom : Nicko McBrain ( L ) , Janick Gers ( R ) Background information Origin Leyton , London , England Genres Heavy metal Years active 1975 -- present Labels EMI Parlophone Universal Sanctuary Columbia Portrait BMG CMC Epic Capitol Harvest Associated acts The Entire Population of Hackney Gogmagog Praying Mantis Samson Trust Urchin Website ironmaiden.com Members Steve Harris Dave Murray Adrian Smith Bruce Dickinson Nicko McBrain Janick Gers Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton , East London , in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris . The band 's discography has grown to thirty - eight albums , including sixteen studio albums , twelve live albums , four EPs , and seven compilations . Pioneers of the new wave of British heavy metal , Iron Maiden achieved initial success during the early 1980s . After several line - up changes , the band went on to release a series of UK and US platinum and gold albums , including 1982 's The Number of the Beast , 1983 's Piece of Mind , 1984 's Powerslave , 1985 's live release Live After Death , 1986 's Somewhere in Time and 1988 's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son . Since the return of lead vocalist Bruce Dickinson and guitarist Adrian Smith in 1999 , the band have undergone a resurgence in popularity , with their 2010 studio offering , The Final Frontier , peaking at No. 1 in 28 countries and receiving widespread critical acclaim . Their sixteenth studio album , The Book of Souls , was released on 4 September 2015 to similar success . Despite little radio or television support , Iron Maiden are considered one of the most successful heavy metal bands in history , with The Sunday Times reporting in 2017 that the band have sold over 100 million copies of their albums worldwide . The band won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002 . As of October 2013 , the band have played over 2000 live shows throughout their career . For over 35 years the band have been supported by their famous mascot , `` Eddie '' , who has appeared on almost all of their album and single covers , as well as in their live shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1975 -- 1978 ) 1.2 Record contract and early releases ( 1978 -- 1981 ) 1.3 Success ( 1981 -- 1985 ) 1.4 Experimentation ( 1986 -- 1989 ) 1.5 Upheaval ( 1989 -- 1994 ) 1.6 Blaze Bayley era , The X Factor and Virtual XI ( 1994 -- 1999 ) 1.7 Return of Dickinson and Smith , Brave New World ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1.8 Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 1.9 Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and Flight 666 ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.10 The Final Frontier and Maiden England World Tour ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 1.11 The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Image and legacy 2.1 Influence on other artists 2.2 Appearance in media 2.3 Claims of Satanic references 2.4 Ed Force One 3 Musical style and influences 4 Accolades 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 Concert tours 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Citations 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( 1975 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) The Cart and Horses Pub , located in Maryland Point , Stratford , was where Iron Maiden played some of their first shows in 1976 . Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group , Smiler . Harris attributes the band 's name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas , the title of which reminded him of the iron maiden torture device . After months of rehearsal , Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976 , before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland Point , Stratford . The original line - up did not last very long , however , with vocalist Paul Day being the first casualty as , according to Harris , he lacked `` energy or charisma on stage '' . He was replaced by Dennis Wilcock , a Kiss fan who used make - up and fake blood during live performances . Wilcock 's friend Dave Murray was invited to join , to the dismay of the band 's guitarists Dave Sullivan and Terry Rance . Their frustration led Harris to temporarily disband Iron Maiden in 1976 , though the group reformed soon after with Murray as the sole guitarist . Steve Harris and Dave Murray remain the band 's longest - standing members and have performed on all of their releases . Dave Murray and Steve Harris in 2008 . Harris and Murray are the only members to have performed on all of the band 's albums . Iron Maiden recruited yet another guitarist in 1977 , Bob Sawyer , who was sacked for embarrassing the band on stage by pretending to play guitar with his teeth . Tension ensued again , causing a rift between Murray and Wilcock , who convinced Harris to fire Murray , as well as original drummer Ron Matthews . A new line - up was put together , including future Cutting Crew member Tony Moore on keyboards , Terry Wapram on guitar , and drummer Barry Purkis ( better known today as Thunderstick ) . A bad performance at the Bridgehouse , a pub located in Canning Town , in November 1977 was the line - up 's first and only concert and led to Purkis being replaced by Doug Sampson . At the same time , Moore was asked to leave as Harris decided that keyboards did not suit the band 's sound . A few months later , Dennis Wilcock decided that he had had enough with the group and left to form his own band , V1 , and Dave Murray was immediately reinstated . As he preferred to be the band 's sole guitarist , Wapram disapproved of Murray 's return and was also dismissed . Steve Harris , Dave Murray and Doug Sampson spent the summer and autumn of 1978 rehearsing while they searched for a singer to complete the band 's new line - up . A chance meeting at the Red Lion pub in Leytonstone in November 1978 evolved into a successful audition for vocalist Paul Di'Anno . Steve Harris has stated , `` There 's sort of a quality in Paul 's voice , a raspiness in his voice , or whatever you want to call it , that just gave it this great edge . '' At this time , Murray would typically act as their sole guitarist , with Harris commenting , `` Davey was so good he could do a lot of it on his own . The plan was always to get a second guitarist in , but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult . '' Record contract and early releases ( 1978 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Soundhouse Tapes , Iron Maiden ( album ) , and Killers ( Iron Maiden album ) On New Year 's Eve 1978 , Iron Maiden recorded a demo , consisting of four songs , at Spaceward Studios in Cambridge . Hoping the recording would help them secure more gigs , the band presented a copy to Neal Kay , then managing a heavy metal club called `` Bandwagon Heavy Metal Soundhouse '' , located in Kingsbury Circle , northwest London . Upon hearing the tape , Kay began playing the demo regularly at the Bandwagon , and one of the songs , `` Prowler '' , eventually went to No. 1 in the Soundhouse charts , which were published weekly in Sounds magazine . A copy was also acquired by Rod Smallwood , who soon became the band 's manager , and , as Iron Maiden 's popularity increased , they released the demo on their own record label as The Soundhouse Tapes , named after the club . Featuring only three tracks ( one song , `` Strange World '' , was excluded as the band were unsatisfied with its production ) all five thousand copies were sold out within weeks . In December 1979 , the band secured a major record deal with EMI and asked Dave Murray 's childhood friend Adrian Smith of Urchin to join the group as their second guitarist. Smith declined as he was busy with his own band , Urchin , so Iron Maiden hired guitarist Dennis Stratton instead . Shortly afterwards , Doug Sampson left due to health issues and was replaced by ex-Samson drummer Clive Burr at Stratton 's suggestion on 26 December . Iron Maiden 's first appearance on an album was on the Metal for Muthas compilation ( released on 15 February 1980 ) with two early versions of `` Sanctuary '' and `` Wrathchild '' . The release led to an ensuing tour which featured several other bands linked with the new wave of British heavy metal . Paul Di'Anno and Steve Harris supporting Judas Priest on their British Steel Tour , 1980 Iron Maiden 's eponymous 1980 release , Iron Maiden , debuted at No. 4 in the UK Albums Chart . In addition to the title track ( a live version of which would be one of the first music videos aired on MTV ) , the album includes other early favourites such as `` Running Free '' , `` Transylvania '' , `` Phantom of the Opera '' , and `` Sanctuary '' -- which was not on the original UK release but appeared on the US version and subsequent remasters . The band set out on a headline tour of the UK , before opening for Kiss on their 1980 Unmasked Tour 's European leg as well as supporting Judas Priest on select dates . Iron Maiden also appeared , to much acclaim , at the Reading Festival 1980 . They were second to top of the bill on the Saturday , with UFO headlining . After the Kiss tour , Dennis Stratton was dismissed from the band as a result of creative and personal differences , and was replaced by Adrian Smith in October 1980 . In 1981 , Iron Maiden released their second album , entitled Killers . Containing many tracks written prior to their debut release , only two new songs were written for the record : `` Prodigal Son '' and `` Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( the latter 's title was taken from the short story by Edgar Allan Poe ) . Unsatisfied with the production on their debut album , the band hired veteran producer Martin Birch , who would go on to work for Iron Maiden until his retirement in 1992 . The record was followed by the band 's first world tour , which included their debut performance in the United States , opening for Judas Priest at The Aladdin Casino , Las Vegas . Success ( 1981 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Number of the Beast ( album ) , Piece of Mind , Powerslave , and Live After Death By 1981 , Paul Di'Anno was demonstrating increasingly self - destructive behaviour , particularly through his drug usage , about which Di'Anno comments , `` it was n't just that I was snorting a bit of coke , though ; I was just going for it non-stop , 24 hours a day , every day ... the band had commitments piling up that went on for months , years , and I just could n't see my way to the end of it . I knew I 'd never last the whole tour . It was too much . '' With his performances suffering , Di'Anno was immediately dismissed following the Killer World Tour , at which point the band had already selected his replacement . After a meeting with Rod Smallwood at the Reading Festival , Bruce Dickinson , previously of Samson , auditioned for Iron Maiden in September 1981 and was immediately hired . The following month , Dickinson went out on the road with the band on a small headlining tour in Italy , as well as a one - off show at the Rainbow Theatre in the UK . For the last show , and in anticipation of their forthcoming album , the band played `` Children of the Damned '' and `` 22 Acacia Avenue '' , introducing fans to the sound towards which they were progressing . In 1982 , Iron Maiden released The Number of the Beast , an album which gave the band their first UK Albums Chart No. 1 record and additionally became a Top Ten hit in many other countries . At the time , Dickinson was in the midst of legal difficulties with Samson 's management and was not permitted to add his name to any of the songwriting credits , although he still made what he described as a `` moral contribution '' to `` Children of the Damned '' , `` The Prisoner '' and `` Run to the Hills '' . For the second time the band embarked on a world tour , dubbed The Beast on the Road , during which they visited North America , Japan , Australia and Europe , including a headline appearance at the Reading Festival . A new and hugely successful chapter in Iron Maiden 's future was cemented ; in 2010 The New York Times reported that the album had sold over 14 million copies worldwide . The Beast on the Road 's US leg proved controversial when an American conservative political lobbying group claimed Iron Maiden were Satanic because of the new album 's title track , to the point where a group of Christian activists destroyed Iron Maiden records as a protest against the band . In recent years , Dickinson has stated that the band treated this as `` silliness '' , and that the demonstrations in fact gave them `` loads of publicity '' . Nicko McBrain has been Iron Maiden 's drummer since 1982 In December 1982 , drummer Clive Burr was fired from the band and replaced by Nicko McBrain , previously of French band Trust . Although Harris states that his dismissal took place because his live performances were affected by offstage activities , Burr objected to this and claimed that he was unfairly ousted from the band . Soon afterwards , the band journeyed for the first time to The Bahamas to record the first of three consecutive albums at Compass Point Studios . In 1983 , they released Piece of Mind , which reached the No. 3 spot in the UK , and was the band 's debut in the North American charts , reaching No. 70 on the Billboard 200 . Piece of Mind includes the successful singles `` The Trooper '' and `` Flight of Icarus '' , the latter of which being particularly notable as one of the band 's few songs to gain substantial airplay in the US . Soon after the success of Piece of Mind and its supporting tour , the band released Powerslave on 9 September 1984 . The album featured fan favourites `` 2 Minutes to Midnight '' , `` Aces High '' , and `` Rime of The Ancient Mariner '' , the latter based on Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's poem of the same name and running over 13 minutes long . The tour following the album , dubbed the World Slavery Tour , was the band 's largest to date and consisted of 193 shows in 28 countries over 13 months , playing to an estimated 3,500,000 people . Many shows were played back - to - back in the same city , such as in Long Beach , California , where the band played four consecutive concerts . It was here where the majority of their subsequent live release , Live After Death , was recorded , which became a critical and commercial success , peaking at No. 4 in the UK . Iron Maiden also made their debut appearance in South America , where they co-headlined ( with Queen ) the Rock in Rio festival to an estimated crowd of 300,000 . The tour was physically gruelling for the band , who demanded six months off when it ended ( although this was later reduced to four months ) . This was the first substantial break in the group 's history , including the cancellation of a proposed supporting tour for the new live album , with Bruce Dickinson threatening to quit unless the tour ended . Experimentation ( 1986 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Somewhere in Time ( Iron Maiden album ) and Seventh Son of a Seventh Son Returning from their time off , the band adopted a different style for their 1986 studio album , entitled Somewhere in Time , featuring , for the first time in the band 's history , synthesised bass and guitars to add textures and layers to the sound . The release charted well across the world , particularly with the single `` Wasted Years '' , but notably included no writing credits from lead singer Bruce Dickinson , whose material was rejected by the rest of the band . While Dickinson was focused on his own music , guitarist Adrian Smith , who typically collaborated with the vocalist , was `` left to ( his ) own devices '' and began writing songs on his own , coming up with `` Wasted Years '' , `` Sea of Madness '' , and `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' , the last of which would be the album 's second single . The experimentation evident on Somewhere in Time continued on their next album , entitled Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , which was released in 1988 . A concept album , based on the 1987 novel Seventh Son by Orson Scott Card , this would be the band 's first record to include keyboards , performed by Harris and Smith , as opposed to guitar synthesisers on the previous release . After his contributions were not used for Somewhere in Time , Dickinson 's enthusiasm was renewed as his ideas were accepted for this album . Another popular release , it became Iron Maiden 's second album to hit No. 1 in the UK charts , although it only achieved a Gold certification in the US , in contrast to its four predecessors . During the following tour , the band headlined the Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park for the first time on 20 August 1988 , playing to the largest crowd in the festival 's history ( 107,000 ) . Also included on the bill were Kiss , David Lee Roth , Megadeth , Guns N ' Roses and Helloween . The festival was marred , however , by the deaths of two fans in a crowd - surge during the aforementioned Guns N ' Roses performance ; the following year 's festival was cancelled as a result . The tour concluded with several headline shows in the UK in November and December 1988 , with the concerts at the NEC Arena , Birmingham recorded for a live video , entitled Maiden England . Throughout the tour , Harris ' bass technician , Michael Kenney , provided live keyboards . Kenney has acted as the band 's live keyboard player ever since , also performing on the band 's four following albums before Harris took over as the group 's sole studio keyboardist from 2000 's Brave New World . Upheaval ( 1989 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Main articles : No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark ( Iron Maiden album ) During another break in 1989 , guitarist Adrian Smith released a solo album with his band ASAP , entitled Silver and Gold , and vocalist Bruce Dickinson began work on a solo album with former Gillan guitarist Janick Gers , releasing Tattooed Millionaire in 1990 , followed by a tour . At the same time , to mark the band 's ten - year recording anniversary , Iron Maiden released The First Ten Years , a series of ten CDs and double 12 - inch singles . Between 24 February and 28 April 1990 , the individual parts were released one - by - one , each containing two of Iron Maiden 's singles , including the original B - sides . Soon afterwards , Iron Maiden regrouped to work on a new studio record . During the pre-production stages , Adrian Smith left the band due to differences with Steve Harris regarding the direction the band should be taking , disagreeing with the `` stripped down '' style that they were leaning towards . Janick Gers , having worked on Dickinson 's solo project , was chosen to replace Smith and became the band 's first new member in seven years . The album , No Prayer for the Dying , was released in October 1990 and contained `` Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter '' , the band 's first ( and to date , only ) UK Singles Chart No. 1 , originally recorded by Dickinson 's solo outfit for the soundtrack to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child . After another tour and some more time off , the band recorded their next studio release , Fear of the Dark , which was released in 1992 and included the stand - out title track , which is now a regular fixture in the band 's concert setlists . Achieving their third No. 1 in the UK albums chart , the disc also featured the No. 2 single `` Be Quick or Be Dead '' and the No. 21 single `` From Here to Eternity '' . The album featured the first songwriting by Gers , and no collaboration at all between Harris and Dickinson on songs . The extensive worldwide tour that followed included their first ever Latin American leg ( after a single concert during the World Slavery Tour ) , and headlining the Monsters of Rock festivals in seven European countries . Iron Maiden 's second performance at Donington Park , to an audience of 68,500 ( the attendance was capped after the incident in 1988 ) , was filmed for the audio and video release , Live at Donington , and featured a guest appearance by Adrian Smith , who joined the band to perform `` Running Free '' . In 1993 , Bruce Dickinson left the band to further pursue his solo career , but agreed to remain for a farewell tour and two live albums ( later re-released in one package ) . The first , A Real Live One , featured songs from 1986 to 1992 , and was released in March 1993 . The second , A Real Dead One , featured songs from 1980 to 1984 , and was released after Dickinson had left the band . The tour did not go well , however , with Steve Harris claiming that Dickinson would only perform properly for high - profile shows and that at several concerts he would only mumble into the microphone . Dickinson denies the charge that he was under - performing , stating that it was impossible to `` make like Mr Happy Face if the vibe was n't right '' , saying that news of his exit from the band had prevented any chance of a good atmosphere during the tour . He played his farewell show with Iron Maiden on 28 August 1993 , which was filmed , broadcast by the BBC and released on video under the name Raising Hell . Blaze Bayley era , the X Factor and Virtual XI ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The X Factor ( album ) and Virtual XI In 1994 , the band listened to hundreds of tapes sent in by vocalists before convincing Blaze Bayley , formerly of the band Wolfsbane who had supported Iron Maiden in 1990 , to audition for them . Harris ' preferred choice from the outset , Bayley had a different vocal style from his predecessor , which ultimately received a mixed reception among fans . After a two - year hiatus ( as well as a three - year hiatus from studio releases -- a record for the band at the time ) Iron Maiden returned in 1995 . Releasing The X Factor , the band had their lowest chart position since 1981 for an album in the UK ( debuting at No. 8 ) , although it would go on to win Album of the Year awards in France and Germany . The record included the 11 - minute epic `` Sign of the Cross '' , the band 's longest song since `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' , as well as the singles , `` Man on the Edge '' , based on the film Falling Down , and `` Lord of the Flies '' , based on the novel of the same name . The release is notable for its `` dark '' tone , inspired by Steve Harris ' divorce . The band toured for the rest of 1995 and 1996 , playing for the first time in Israel and South Africa , before stopping to release Best of the Beast . The band 's first compilation , it included a new single , `` Virus '' , whose lyrics attack the critics who had recently written off the band . Iron Maiden returned to the studio to record Virtual XI , released in 1998 . The album 's chart scores were the band 's lowest to date , including the UK where it peaked at No. 16 failing to score one million worldwide sales for the first time in Iron Maiden 's history . At the same time , Steve Harris assisted in remastering the band 's entire discography , up to and including Live at Donington ( which was given a mainstream release for the first time ) . Bayley 's tenure in Iron Maiden ended in January 1999 when he was asked to leave during a band meeting . The dismissal took place due to issues Bayley had experienced with his voice during the Virtual XI World Tour , although Janick Gers has since stated that this was partly the band 's fault for forcing him to perform songs which were beyond his natural register . Return of Dickinson and Smith , Brave new World ( 1999 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ed Hunter and Brave New World ( Iron Maiden album ) Adrian Smith ( left ) re-joined Iron Maiden in 1999 , resulting in a three guitar line - up . While the group were considering a replacement for Bayley , Rod Smallwood convinced Steve Harris to invite Bruce Dickinson back into the band . Although Harris admits that he `` was n't really into it '' at first , he then thought , `` ' Well , if the change happens , who should we get ? ' The thing is , we know Bruce and we know what he 's capable of , and you think , ' Well , better the devil you know . ' I mean , we got on well professionally for , like , eleven years , and so ... after I thought about it , I did n't really have a problem with it . '' The band entered into talks with Dickinson , who agreed to rejoin during a meeting in Brighton in January 1999 , along with guitarist Adrian Smith , who was telephoned a few hours later . With Gers , Smith 's replacement , remaining , Iron Maiden now had a three - guitar line - up and embarked on a hugely successful reunion tour . Dubbed The Ed Hunter Tour , it tied in with the band 's newly released greatest hits collection , Ed Hunter , whose track listing was decided by a poll on the group 's website , and also contained a computer game of the same name starring the band 's mascot . One of Dickinson 's primary concerns on rejoining the group `` was whether we would in fact be making a real state - of - the - art record and not just a comeback album , '' which eventually took the form of 2000 's Brave New World . Having disliked the results from Harris ' personal studio , Barnyard Studios located on his property in Essex , which had been used for the last four Iron Maiden studio albums , the band recorded the new release at Guillaume Tell Studios , Paris in November 1999 with producer Kevin Shirley . Thematic influences continued with `` The Wicker Man '' -- based on the 1973 British cult film of the same name -- and `` Brave New World '' -- title taken from the Aldous Huxley novel of the same name . The album furthered the more progressive and melodic sound present in some earlier recordings , with elaborate song structures and keyboard orchestration . The world tour that followed consisted of well over 100 dates and culminated on 19 January 2001 in a show at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil , where Iron Maiden played to an audience of around 250,000 . While the performance was being produced for a CD and DVD release in March 2002 , under the name Rock in Rio , the band took a year out from touring , during which they played three consecutive shows at Brixton Academy in aid of former drummer Clive Burr , who had recently announced that he had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis . The band performed two further concerts for Burr 's MS Trust Fund charity in 2005 , and 2007 , before his death in 2013 . Dance of Death and a Matter of Life and Death ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Dance of Death ( album ) and A Matter of Life and Death ( album ) Following their Give Me Ed ... ' Til I 'm Dead Tour in the summer of 2003 , Iron Maiden released Dance of Death , their thirteenth studio album , which was met by worldwide critical and commercial success . Produced by Kevin Shirley , now the band 's regular producer , many critics also felt that this release matched up to their earlier efforts , such as Killers , Piece of Mind and The Number of the Beast . As usual , historical and literary references were present , with `` Montségur '' in particular being about the Cathar stronghold conquered in 1244 , and `` Paschendale '' relating to the significant battle which took place during The First World War . During the following tour , the band 's performance at Westfalenhalle , in Dortmund , Germany , was recorded and released in August 2005 as a live album and DVD , entitled Death on the Road . In 2005 , the band announced the Eddie Rips Up the World Tour which , tying in with their 2004 DVD entitled The History of Iron Maiden -- Part 1 : The Early Days , only featured material from their first four albums . As part of this celebration of their earlier years , `` The Number of the Beast '' single was re-released and went straight to No. 3 in the UK Chart . The tour included many headlining stadium and festival dates , including a performance at Ullevi Stadium in Sweden to an audience of almost 60,000 . This concert was also broadcast live on satellite television all over Europe to approximately 60 million viewers . Following this run of European shows , the band co-headlined the US festival tour , Ozzfest , with Black Sabbath , their final performance at which earned international press coverage after their show was sabotaged by singer Ozzy Osbourne 's family , who took offence to Dickinson 's remarks against reality - TV . The band completed the tour by headlining the Reading and Leeds Festivals on the 26 -- 28 August , and the RDS Stadium in Ireland on 31 August . For the second time , the band played a charity show for The Clive Burr MS Trust Fund , this time taking place at the Hammersmith Apollo . The same year , the band were inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk in Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles . Vocalist Bruce Dickinson during A Matter of Life and Death World Tour . Throughout the tour 's first leg , the band played the A Matter of Life and Death album in its entirety . At the end of 2005 , Iron Maiden began work on A Matter of Life and Death , their fourteenth studio effort , released in autumn 2006 . While not a concept album , war and religion are recurring themes in the lyrics , as well as in the cover artwork . The release was a critical and commercial success , earning the band their first top ten in the Billboard 200 and receiving the Album of the Year award at the 2006 Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards . A supporting tour followed , during which they played the album in its entirety ; response to this was mixed . The second part of the `` A Matter of Life and Death '' tour , which took place in 2007 , was dubbed `` A Matter of the Beast '' to celebrate the 25th anniversary of The Number of the Beast album , and included appearances at several major festivals worldwide . The tour opened in the Middle East with the band 's first performance in Dubai at the Dubai Desert Rock Festival , after which they played to over 30,000 people at the Bangalore Palace Grounds , marking the first concert by any major heavy metal band in the Indian sub-continent . The band went on to play a string of European dates , including an appearance at Download Festival , their fourth headline performance at Donington Park , to approximately 80,000 people . On 24 June they ended the tour with a performance at London 's Brixton Academy in aid of The Clive Burr MS Trust fund . Somewhere Back in time World tour and Flight 666 ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and Iron Maiden : Flight 666 On 5 September 2007 , the band announced their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour , which tied in with the DVD release of their Live After Death album . The setlist for the tour consisted of successes from the 1980s , with a specific emphasis on the Powerslave era for set design . The first part of the tour , commencing in Mumbai , India on 1 February 2008 , consisted of 24 concerts in 21 cities , travelling nearly 50,000 miles in the band 's own chartered aeroplane , named `` Ed Force One '' . They played their first ever concerts in Costa Rica and Colombia and their first shows in Australia and Puerto Rico since 1992 . Iron Maiden performing in Toronto during the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour 2008 . The stage set largely emulated that of the World Slavery Tour 1984 -- 85 . The tour led to the release of a new compilation album , entitled Somewhere Back in Time , which included a selection of tracks from their 1980 eponymous debut to 1988 's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , as well as several live versions from Live After Death . The Somewhere Back in Time World Tour continued with two further legs in the US and Europe in the summer of 2008 , during which the band used a more expansive stage - set , including further elements of the original Live After Death show . With the sole UK concert taking place at Twickenham Stadium , this would be the first time the band would headline a stadium in their own country . The three 2008 legs of the tour were remarkably successful ; it was the second highest grossing tour of the year for a British artist . The last part of the tour took place in February and March 2009 , with the band , once again , using `` Ed Force One '' . The final leg included the band 's first ever appearances in Peru and Ecuador , as well as their return to Venezuela and New Zealand after 17 years . The band also played another show in India ( their third in the country within a span of 2 years ) at the Rock in India festival to a crowd of 20,000 . At their concert in São Paulo on 15 March , Dickinson announced on stage that it was the largest non-festival show of their career , with an overall attendance of 63,000 people . The final leg ended in Florida on 2 April after which the band took a break . Overall , the tour reportedly had an attendance of over two million people worldwide over both years . At the 2009 BRIT Awards , Iron Maiden won the award for best British live act . Voted for by the public , the band reportedly won by a landslide . On 20 January 2009 , the band announced that they were to release a full - length documentary film in select cinemas on 21 April 2009 . Entitled Iron Maiden : Flight 666 , it was filmed during the first part of the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour between February and March 2008 . Flight 666 was co-produced by Banger Productions and was distributed in cinemas by Arts Alliance Media and EMI , with D&E Entertainment sub-distributing in the US . The film went on to have a Blu - ray , DVD and CD release in May and June , topping the music DVD charts in 22 countries . The Final Frontier and Maiden England World tour ( 2010 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Final Frontier , The Final Frontier World Tour , En Vivo ! ( Iron Maiden album ) , and Maiden England World Tour Following announcements that the band had begun composition of new material and booked studio time in early 2010 with Kevin Shirley producing , The Final Frontier was announced on 4 March . The album , the band 's fifteenth , was released on 16 August , garnering critical acclaim and the band 's greatest commercial success in their history , reaching No. 1 in twenty - eight countries worldwide . Although Steve Harris had been quoted in the past as claiming that the band would only produce fifteen studio releases , band members have since confirmed that there will be at least one further record . The album 's supporting tour saw the band perform 98 shows across the globe to an estimated audience of over 2 million , including their first visits to Singapore , Indonesia and South Korea , before concluding in London on 6 August 2011 . As the tour 's 2010 leg preceded The Final Frontier 's release , the band made `` El Dorado '' available as a free download on 8 June , which would go on to win the award for Best Metal Performance at the 2011 Grammy Awards on 13 February 2011 . It is the band 's first win following two previous Grammy nominations ( `` Fear of the Dark '' in 1994 and `` The Wicker Man '' in 2001 ) . On 15 March , a new compilation to accompany 2009 's Somewhere Back in Time was announced . Entitled From Fear to Eternity , the original release date was set at 23 May but was later pushed back to 6 June . The double disc set covers the period 1990 -- 2010 ( the band 's most recent eight studio albums ) , and , as on Somewhere Back in Time , live versions with Bruce Dickinson were included in place of original recordings which featured other vocalists , in this case Blaze Bayley . In a press release regarding From Fear to Eternity , band manager Rod Smallwood revealed that Iron Maiden will release a new concert video to DVD in 2011 , filmed in Santiago , Chile and Buenos Aires , Argentina during The Final Frontier World Tour . On 17 January 2012 , the band announced that the new release , entitled En Vivo ! , based on footage from the Chile concert , will be made available worldwide on CD , LP , DVD and Blu - ray on 26 March , except the United States and Canada ( where it was released on 27 March ) . In addition to the concert footage , the video release includes an 88 - minute tour documentary , entitled Behind The Beast , containing interviews with the band and their crew . In December 2012 , one song from the release ( `` Blood Brothers '' ) was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance at the 2013 Grammy Awards . On 15 February 2012 , the band announced the Maiden England World Tour 2012 -- 14 , which was based around the video of the same name . The tour commenced in North America in the summer of 2012 and was followed by further dates in 2013 and 2014 , which included the band 's record - breaking fifth headline performance at Donington Park , their first show at the newly built national stadium in Stockholm , a return to the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil , and their debut appearance in Paraguay . In August 2012 , Steve Harris stated that the Maiden England video would be re-issued in 2013 , with a release date later set for 25 March 2013 in DVD , CD and LP formats under the title Maiden England ' 88 . On 11 November 2011 , Universal Music Group agreed to acqure Iron Maiden 's longtime label EMI for £ 1.2 billion . Universal completed the deal in September 2012 , but was required to divest certain record labels to other parties . On 7 February 2013 , Iron Maiden 's catalogue was transferred to EMI 's Parlophone , which Warner Music Group acquired for £ 487 million . One week later , Universal sold Sanctuary Records ( Iron Maiden 's label in the United States ) to BMG Rights Management for £ 40 million . The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Book of Souls , The Book of Souls World Tour , and Legacy of the Beast World Tour Following confirmation from the group that 2010 's The Final Frontier would not be their last album , Bruce Dickinson revealed plans for a sixteenth studio record in July 2013 , with a potential release date in 2015 . In February 2015 , drummer Nicko McBrain revealed that a new album had been completed , although the release has been put on hold while Dickinson recovers from treatment for a cancerous tumour found on his tongue . On 15 May , after Dickinson had been given the all - clear , manager Rod Smallwood confirmed that the album would be released in 2015 , although the band will not tour until 2016 to allow Dickinson to recuperate . On 18 June 2015 , the band 's website announced its title , The Book of Souls , and confirmed a release date of 4 September 2015 . A critical and commercial success , it received positive reviews and became the band 's fifth UK No. 1 album . Smith , Harris , Murray and Gers performing in 2017 . The new record was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios , Paris , which they had previously used for 2000 's Brave New World , with regular producer Kevin Shirley in late summer 2014 . With a total time of 92 minutes , it is the group 's first double studio album . In addition , the release 's closing song , `` Empire of the Clouds '' , penned by Dickinson , surpassed `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' ( from 1984 's Powerslave ) as Iron Maiden 's longest song , at 18 minutes in length . A music video for the song `` Speed of Light '' was issued on 14 August . In February 2016 , the band embarked on The Book of Souls World Tour , which saw them play concerts in 35 countries in North and South America , Asia , Australasia , Africa and Europe , including their first ever performances in China , El Salvador and Lithuania . As with 2008 - 09 's Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and 2010 - 11 's The Final Frontier World Tour , the group travelled in a customised aeroplane , flown by Dickinson and nicknamed `` Ed Force One '' , although this time they used a Boeing 747 - 400 jumbo jet . The band completed the tour in 2017 with further European and North American shows . On 20 September 2017 , The Book of Souls : Live Chapter was announced . Recorded throughout The Book of Souls World Tour , it was released on 17 November 2017 . In the summer of 2016 , the group launched a mobile game , Iron Maiden : Legacy of the Beast . Inspired by the game 's title , the band will undertake the Legacy of the Beast World Tour from 2018 to 2019 , commencing with European shows in 2018 . Image and Legacy ( edit ) Iron Maiden were ranked No. 24 in VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' , No. 4 in MTV 's `` Top 10 Greatest Heavy Metal Bands of All Time '' and No. 3 in VH1 Classic 's `` Top 20 Metal Bands '' . The band also won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002 and were inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk whilst touring in the US in 2005 . Iron Maiden frequently use the slogan `` Up the Irons '' in their disc liner notes , and the phrase can also be seen on several T - shirts officially licensed by the band . It is a paraphrase of `` Up the Hammers '' , the phrase which refers to the London football club , West Ham United , of which founder Steve Harris is a fan . Iron Maiden 's mascot , Eddie , is a perennial fixture in the band 's science fiction and horror - influenced album cover art , as well as in live shows . Originally a papier - mâché mask incorporated in their backdrop which would squirt fake blood during their live shows , the name would be transferred to the character featured in the band 's debut album cover , created by Derek Riggs . Eddie was painted exclusively by Riggs until 1992 , at which point the band began using artwork from numerous other artists as well , including Melvyn Grant . Eddie is also featured in the band 's first - person shooter video game , Ed Hunter , as well as their mobile role - playing game , Iron Maiden : Legacy of the Beast , in addition to numerous T - shirts , posters and other band - related merchandise . In 2008 , he was awarded the `` Icon Award '' at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods , while Gibson.com describes him as `` the most recognisable metal icon in the world and one of the most versatile too '' . Iron Maiden 's distinct logo has adorned all of the band 's releases since their debut , 1979 's The Soundhouse Tapes EP . The typeface originates with Vic Fair 's poster design for the 1976 science fiction film , The Man Who Fell to Earth , also used by Gordon Giltrap , although Steve Harris claims that he designed it himself , using his abilities as an architectural draughtsman . Influence on other artists ( edit ) According to Guitar World , Iron Maiden 's music has `` influenced generations of newer metal acts , from legends like Metallica to current stars like Avenged Sevenfold , '' with Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich commenting that he has `` always had an incredible amount of respect and admiration for them . '' Kerry King of Slayer has stated that `` they meant so much to ( him ) in their early days '' and Scott Ian of Anthrax said that `` they had a major impact on ( his ) life . '' M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold states that Iron Maiden `` are by far the best live band in the world and their music is timeless '' , while Trivium singer Matt Heafy comments that `` without Iron Maiden , Trivium surely would n't exist '' . Slipknot frontman Corey Taylor says that `` Steve Harris does more with four fingers than I 've ever seen anybody do . And Bruce Dickinson ? Dude ! To me , he was the quintessential old - school heavy metal singer . He could hit notes that were just sick , and he was a great showman . Everything made me a fan . And there was n't a dude that I hung out with that was n't trying to draw Eddie on their schoolbooks '' , while their music also helped Jesper Strömblad of In Flames to pioneer the melodic death metal genre , stating that he had wanted to combine death metal with Iron Maiden 's melodic guitar sounds . Other heavy metal artists who cite the band as an influence include Chris Jericho , lead singer of Fozzy , Cam Pipes , lead vocalist of 3 Inches of Blood , Vitaly Dubinin , bassist of Aria , and Mikael Åkerfeldt , guitarist and lead vocalist of Opeth . Both current and former Dream Theater members John Petrucci , John Myung and Mike Portnoy have stated that Iron Maiden were one of their biggest influences when their band first formed . Appearance in media ( edit ) The band 's name has been mentioned prominently in several songs , such as the singles `` Teenage Dirtbag '' by Wheatus , `` Back to the 80 's '' by Danish dance - pop band Aqua. and `` Fat Lip '' by Sum 41 . Iron Maiden have also been referenced in Weezer 's `` Heart Songs '' ( from their 2008 self - titled `` Red '' album ) , Blues Traveler 's `` Psycho Joe '' ( from 1997 's Straight on till Morning ) , and NOFX 's `` Eddie , Bruce and Paul '' ( from their 2009 album Coaster ) , which Sputnikmusic describes as `` a humorous retelling of Paul DiAnno 's departure '' . In 2008 , Kerrang ! released an album , entitled Maiden Heaven : A Tribute to Iron Maiden , composed of Iron Maiden cover songs played by artists such as Metallica , Machine Head , Dream Theater , Trivium , Coheed and Cambria , Avenged Sevenfold , and others who were influenced by Iron Maiden throughout their careers . In 2010 , Maiden uniteD , an acoustic tribute band consisting of members of Ayreon , Threshold and Within Temptation , released Mind the Acoustic Pieces , a re-interpretation of the entire Piece of Mind album . Many other Iron Maiden cover albums exist ( each featuring various artists ) , including piano , electro , string quartet and hip - hop tributes . Iron Maiden songs have been featured in the soundtracks of several video games , including Carmageddon 2 , Grand Theft Auto : Vice City , Grand Theft Auto : Episodes from Liberty City , Grand Theft Auto IV : The Lost and Damned , Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 4 , SSX on Tour and Madden NFL 10 . Their music also appears in the Guitar Hero and Rock Band series of rhythmic video games . Iron Maiden songs have also appeared in films , such as Phenomena ( entitled Creepers in the US ) , and Murder by Numbers ; while MTV 's animated duo Beavis and Butt - head have commented favourably on the band several times . Transformers author Bill Forster is an avowed Iron Maiden fan and made several Iron Maiden references , including song lyrics and the phrase `` Up the Irons '' in his books , including The Ark series and The AllSpark Almanac series . Claims of Satanic references ( edit ) In 1982 , the band released one of their most popular , controversial and acclaimed albums , The Number of the Beast . The artwork and title track led to Christian groups in the United States branding the band as Satanists , encouraging people to destroy copies of the release . The band 's manager , Rod Smallwood , later commented that Christians initially burnt the records , but later decided to destroy them with hammers through fear of breathing in the melting vinyl 's fumes . The protests were not restricted to the US , with Christian organisations preventing Iron Maiden from performing in Chile in 1992 . Contrary to the accusations , the band have always denied the notion that they are Satanists , with lead vocalist , Bruce Dickinson , doing so on - stage in the Live After Death concert video . Steve Harris has since commented that , `` It was mad . They completely got the wrong end of the stick . They obviously had n't read the lyrics . They just wanted to believe all that rubbish about us being Satanists . '' Harris has also stated that `` The Number of the Beast '' song was inspired by a nightmare he had after watching Damien : Omen II , and also influenced by Robert Burns ' Tam o ' Shanter . Furthermore , the band 's drummer , Nicko McBrain , has been a born again Christian since 1999 . Ed Force one ( edit ) Iron Maiden 's Boeing 747 - 400 , Ed Force One , as used during The Book of Souls World Tour in 2016 . For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009 , Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport . The aeroplane was converted into a combi configuration , which enabled it to carry the band , their crew and stage production , thereby allowing the group to perform in countries which were previously deemed unreachable logistically . It was also repainted with a special Iron Maiden livery , which the airline decided to retain after receiving positive feedback from customers . The aircraft , named `` Ed Force One '' after a competition on the band 's website , was flown by Dickinson , as he was also a commercial airline pilot for Astraeus , and plays a major role in the award - winning documentary , Iron Maiden : Flight 666 , which was released in cinemas in 42 countries in April 2009 . A different aeroplane ( registered G - STRX ) was used for The Final Frontier World Tour in 2011 with altered livery , adopting the artwork of The Final Frontier album , and features heavily in the 2012 documentary `` Behind the Beast '' . For The Book of Souls World Tour in 2016 , the band upgraded to an ex-Air France Boeing 747 - 400 jumbo jet , supplied by Air Atlanta Icelandic ( registered TF - AAK ) and customised by Volga - Dnepr Gulf , which allows for more space without the aircraft having to undergo a significant conversion to carry their equipment . Musical style and influences ( edit ) `` Run to the Hills '' ( 1982 ) `` Run to the Hills '' ( The Number of the Beast ) demonstrates the band 's trademark `` gallop '' riff style . `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' ( 1986 ) `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' ( Somewhere in Time ) . The band 's use of harmonised guitars and usage of `` gallop '' rhythm remains unchanged as synthesisers are added . `` Brave New World '' ( 2000 ) `` Brave New World '' ( Brave New World ) demonstrates the band 's increased use of progressive elements in the latter half of their career . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Steve Harris , Iron Maiden 's bassist and primary songwriter , has stated that his influences include Black Sabbath , Deep Purple , Led Zeppelin , Uriah Heep , Pink Floyd , Genesis , Yes , Jethro Tull , Thin Lizzy , UFO and Wishbone Ash . In 2010 Harris stated , `` I think if anyone wants to understand Maiden 's early thing , in particular the harmony guitars , all they have to do is listen to Wishbone Ash 's Argus album . Thin Lizzy too , but not as much . And then we wanted to have a bit of a prog thing thrown in as well , because I was really into bands like Genesis and Jethro Tull . So you combine all that with the heavy riffs and the speed , and you 've got it . '' In 2004 , Harris explained that the band 's `` heaviness '' was inspired by `` Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in . '' On top of this , Harris developed his own playing style , which guitarist Janick Gers describes as `` more like a rhythm guitar , '' cited as responsible for the band 's galloping style , heard in such songs as `` The Trooper '' and `` Run to the Hills . '' The band 's guitarists , Dave Murray , Adrian Smith and Janick Gers , each have their own individual influences and playing style . Dave Murray is known for his legato technique which , he claims , `` evolved naturally . I 'd heard Jimi Hendrix using legato when I was growing up , and I liked that style of playing . '' Stating that he `` was inspired by blues rock rather than metal , '' Adrian Smith was influenced by Johnny Winter and Pat Travers , leading to him becoming a `` melodic player . '' Janick Gers , on the other hand , prefers a more improvised style , largely inspired by Ritchie Blackmore , which he claims is in contrast to Smith 's `` rhythmic '' sound . Singer Bruce Dickinson , who typically works in collaboration with guitarist Adrian Smith , has an operatic vocal style , inspired by Arthur Brown , Peter Hammill , Ian Anderson and Ian Gillan , and is often considered to be one of the best heavy metal vocalists of all time . Although Nicko McBrain has only received one writing credit , on the Dance of Death album , Harris often relies on him while developing songs . Adrian Smith commented , `` Steve loves playing with him . ( They ) used to work for hours going over these bass and drum patterns . '' Throughout their career , the band 's style has remained largely unchanged , in spite of the addition of guitar synthesisers on 1986 's Somewhere in Time , keyboards on 1988 's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , and an attempt to return to the `` stripped down '' production of their earlier material on 1990 's No Prayer for the Dying . In recent years , however , the band have begun using more progressive elements in their songs , which Steve Harris describes as not progressive `` in the modern sense , but like Dream Theater , more in a 70s way '' . According to Harris , Seventh Son of a Seventh Son was the band 's first album which was `` more progressive '' , while they would only return to this style from 1995 's The X Factor , which he states is `` like an extension of Seventh Son ... , in the sense of the progressive element to it '' . The development contrasts with the band 's raw sounding earlier material , which AllMusic states was `` clearly drawing from elements of punk rock '' , although Harris firmly denies this . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Iron Maiden Bandit Rock Awards : 2011 : Best International Live Act 2015 : Best International Live Act 2016 : Best International Album -- The Book of Souls Brit Awards : 2009 : Best British Live Act Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards : 2006 : Album of the Year -- A Matter of Life and Death 2006 : VIP Award -- Rod Smallwood , Iron Maiden 2009 : Band of the Year 2015 : Album of the Year -- The Book of Souls Echo Music Prize : 2016 : Rock Alternative / International Emma - gaala : 2004 : The audience vote for Best Foreign Artist 2006 : The audience vote for Best Foreign Artist Grammy Awards : 2011 : Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance -- `` El Dorado '' Hollywood 's RockWalk : 2005 : RockWalk of Fame Inductee Ivor Novello Awards : 2002 : International Achievement Juno Awards : 2010 : Juno Award for Music DVD of the Year -- Iron Maiden : Flight 666 ( Sam Dunn and Scott McFadyen ) Kerrang ! Awards : 2005 : Kerrang ! Hall of Fame 2013 : Kerrang ! Inspiration 2016 : Kerrang ! Legend Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards : 2004 : Best UK Act 2008 : Best UK Band 2008 : Icon Award -- Eddie 2009 : Golden Gods Award 2009 : Best UK Band 2011 : Best UK Band 2012 : Best Event -- Iron Maiden 's UK Tour 2014 : Best UK Band 2016 : Best Album -- The Book of Souls 2017 : Best Game - Iron Maiden : Legacy of the Beast Metal Storm Awards : 2006 : Best Heavy Metal Album -- A Matter of Life and Death 2009 : Best DVD -- Iron Maiden : Flight 666 ' 2010 : Best Video -- `` The Final Frontier '' Silver Clef Award : 2004 : Special Achievement Award 2015 : O2 Silver Clef Award 2015 Rockbjörnen : 2011 : Best Hard Rock Live Act SXSW Film Festival : 2009 : 24 Beats Per Second -- Iron Maiden : Flight 666 Band members ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Iron Maiden band members . Current members Steve Harris -- bass , backing vocals ( 1975 -- present ) , keyboards ( 1988 , 1998 -- present ) Dave Murray -- guitars ( 1976 -- 1977 , 1978 -- present ) Adrian Smith -- guitars , backing vocals ( 1980 -- 1990 , 1999 -- present ) , keyboards ( 1988 ) Bruce Dickinson -- lead vocals ( 1981 -- 1993 , 1999 -- present ) , piano ( 2015 ) Nicko McBrain -- drums , percussion ( 1982 -- present ) Janick Gers -- guitars ( 1990 -- present ) Touring musicians Michael Kenney -- keyboards ( 1988 -- present ) Former members Doug Sampson -- drums , percussion ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Paul Di'Anno -- lead vocals ( 1978 -- 1981 ) Dennis Stratton -- guitars , backing vocals ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Clive Burr -- drums , percussion ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Blaze Bayley -- lead vocals ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Iron Maiden discography Studio albums Iron Maiden ( 1980 ) Killers ( 1981 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1982 ) Piece of Mind ( 1983 ) Powerslave ( 1984 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1986 ) Seventh Son of a Seventh Son ( 1988 ) No Prayer for the Dying ( 1990 ) Fear of the Dark ( 1992 ) The X Factor ( 1995 ) Virtual XI ( 1998 ) Brave New World ( 2000 ) Dance of Death ( 2003 ) A Matter of Life and Death ( 2006 ) The Final Frontier ( 2010 ) The Book of Souls ( 2015 ) Concert tours ( edit ) Main article : List of Iron Maiden concert tours Duration Concert tour Lineups Dates Vocals Bass Guitars Drums Feb 1980 Metal for Muthas Tour P. Di'Anno S. Harris D. Murray D. Stratton N / A C. Burr 11 Apr -- Dec 1980 Iron Maiden Tour 101 Feb -- Dec 1981 Killer World Tour A. Smith 118 Feb -- Dec 1982 The Beast on the Road B. Dickinson 184 May -- Dec 1983 World Piece Tour N. McBrain 139 Aug 1984 -- Jul 1985 World Slavery Tour 187 Sep 1986 -- May 1987 Somewhere on Tour 151 Apr -- Dec 1988 Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour 98 Sep 1990 -- Sep 1991 No Prayer on the Road J. Gers 106 Jun -- Nov 1992 Fear of the Dark Tour 65 Mar -- Aug 1993 Real Live Tour 45 Sep 1995 -- Sep 1996 The X Factour B. Bayley 128 Apr -- Dec 1998 Virtual XI World Tour 81 Jul -- Oct 1999 The Ed Hunter Tour B. Dickinson A. Smith 28 Jun 2000 -- Jan 2001 Brave New World Tour 81 May -- Aug 2003 Give Me Ed ... ' Til I 'm Dead Tour 55 Oct 2003 -- Feb 2004 Dance of Death World Tour 52 May -- Sep 2005 Eddie Rips Up the World Tour 42 Oct 2006 -- Jun 2007 A Matter of Life and Death Tour 57 Feb 2008 -- Apr 2009 Somewhere Back in Time World Tour 90 Jun 2010 -- Aug 2011 The Final Frontier World Tour 98 Jun 2012 -- Jul 2014 Maiden England World Tour 100 Feb 2016 -- Jul 2017 The Book of Souls World Tour 117 May -- Aug 2018 Legacy of the Beast World Tour 37 * * Further dates to be confirmed See also ( edit ) Heavy metal portal Iron Maiden portal Book : Iron Maiden List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart List of new wave of British heavy metal bands List of bands and artists from England List of songs recorded by Iron Maiden List of Iron Maiden tribute albums The Iron Maidens Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phillips & Cogan 2009 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Green 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith 2009 . Jump up ^ Thring 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004d . Jump up ^ Official Charts Company 2005 . Jump up ^ Metal Underground 2004 . Jump up ^ Metal Underground 2005 . Jump up ^ KNAC 2005 ; Sullivan 2005 . Jump up ^ Wilde 2008 . Jump up ^ NME 2005 ; Williams 2005 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2006 . Jump up ^ Billboard 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Blabbermouth.net 2006b . Jump up ^ Vincentelli 2006 ; Evening Times 2006 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2007b . ^ Jump up to : Blabbermouth.net 2007a . Jump up ^ Vulliamy 2007 . Jump up ^ Metal Underground 2007 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2007d . ^ Jump up to : Lane 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Metal Storm 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cashmere 2008 . Jump up ^ Lane 2008 . Jump up ^ Sputnikmusic 2008 . Jump up ^ Thrash Hits 2007 . Jump up ^ Khan 2009 . Jump up ^ Bezer 2008 . Jump up ^ Soto 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaczuroski 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bezer 2009d . ^ Jump up to : Bezer 2009b . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2009c . ^ Jump up to : Bezer 2009a . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2009d . 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Jump up ^ PlaneSpotters.net ; Sands 2016 . Jump up ^ volga-dnepr.com 2016 . Jump up ^ MusicRadar 2010 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004c ; EMI 2004 ; Wall 2004 , p. 27 ; Wall 2004 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004c . Jump up ^ Popoff & 2005 ( c ) . Jump up ^ Fender . Jump up ^ Huey ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Lawson . Jump up ^ McIver & 2010 ( a ) . Jump up ^ McIver & 2010 ( c ) . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ McIver & 2010 ( b ) . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Dmme.net . Jump up ^ Rosen 2011 ; HearYa.com 2006 ; Blabbermouth.net 2009a ; Blabbermouth.net 2009b . Jump up ^ Ling 2005b . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Dome 2006a ; Dome 2006b . Jump up ^ Dome 2006b . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Huey ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ VH1 2011 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2011b . Jump up ^ Bandit Rock 2015 . Jump up ^ Bandit Rock 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC News 2015 . Jump up ^ Fulker 2016 . ^ Jump up to : YLE . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 . Jump up ^ Juno Awards 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones 2005 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker 2016 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004a . ^ Jump up to : Bezer 2009e . Jump up ^ Metal Storm 2011 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2012b . Jump up ^ Kielty 2014 . Jump up ^ Newsbeat 2016 . Jump up ^ Munro 2017a . Jump up ^ Metal Storm ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Metal Storm ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Metal Storm ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004b . Jump up ^ Cooper 2015 . Jump up ^ Wejbro 2011 . Jump up ^ Bezer 2009c . References ( edit ) Adams , Bret . `` Iron Maiden : Ed Hunter '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Alderslade , Merlin ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` Maiden announce US tour '' . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Alderslade , Merlin ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Iron Maiden , Megadeth , Marilyn Manson , Lamb of God Among Grammy Nominees '' . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on 9 June 2013 . 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Official website Iron Maiden Steve Harris Dave Murray Adrian Smith Bruce Dickinson Nicko McBrain Janick Gers Doug Sampson Paul Di'Anno Dennis Stratton Clive Burr Blaze Bayley ( details ) Studio albums Iron Maiden Killers The Number of the Beast Piece of Mind Powerslave Somewhere in Time Seventh Son of a Seventh Son No Prayer for the Dying Fear of the Dark The X Factor Virtual XI Brave New World Dance of Death A Matter of Life and Death The Final Frontier The Book of Souls Live albums Live After Death A Real Live One A Real Dead One Live at Donington Maiden England A Real Live Dead One Rock in Rio BBC Archives Beast over Hammersmith Death on the Road Flight 666 En Vivo ! 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The Final Frontier '' Tours Supporting `` Metal for Muthas Tour '' `` British Steel Tour '' `` Unmasked Tour '' `` World Wide Blitz Tour '' `` Blackout Tour '' `` Special Forces Tour '' Headlining `` Iron Maiden Tour '' `` Killer World Tour '' `` The Beast on the Road '' `` World Piece Tour '' `` World Slavery Tour '' `` Somewhere on Tour '' `` Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour '' `` No Prayer on the Road '' `` Fear of the Dark Tour '' `` Real Live Tour '' `` The X Factour '' `` Virtual XI World Tour '' `` The Ed Hunter Tour '' `` Brave New World Tour '' `` Give Me Ed ... ' Til I 'm Dead Tour '' `` Dance of Death World Tour '' `` Eddie Rips Up the World Tour '' `` A Matter of Life and Death Tour '' `` Somewhere Back in Time World Tour '' `` The Final Frontier World Tour '' `` Maiden England World Tour '' `` The Book of Souls World Tour '' `` Legacy of the Beast World Tour '' Related Articles Members Discography Tours Songs Awards and nominations Eddie Tribute albums Bands Urchin Psycho Motel Samson The Entire Population of Hackney The Iron Maidens People Kevin Shirley Derek Riggs Rod Smallwood Andy Taylor Martin Birch Book Portal VIAF : 141909049 LCCN : n91119210 ISNI : 0000 0001 2324 5420 GND : 5232500 - 3 SUDOC : 052494608 BNF : cb13904134p ( data ) MusicBrainz : ca891d65 - d9b0 - 4258 - 89f7 - e6ba29d83767 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Maiden&oldid=816120267 '' Categories : Iron Maiden ( band ) English heavy metal musical groups Musical groups established in 1975 Musical groups from London Brit Award winners Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners Kerrang ! Awards winners 1975 establishments in England EMI Records artists Universal Music Group artists Capitol Records artists Epic Records artists Harvest Records artists Parlophone artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 Lithuanian - language sources ( lt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Use dmy dates from August 2016 EngvarB from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 12 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the name iron maiden come from | [
"Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler. Harris attributes the band's name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas, the title of which reminded him of the iron maiden torture device.[7] After months of rehearsal, Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976,[8] before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland Point, Stratford.[9]"
] | [
"iron maiden torture device"
] |
3240022170930927821 | Orange County Choppers | Orange County Choppers - wikipedia Orange County Choppers hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Orange County Choppers Type Privately held company Industry Motorcycle customizer Founded 1999 Headquarters Town of Newburgh , Orange County , New York 41 ° 30 ′ 18 '' N 74 ° 04 ′ 44 '' W / 41.50499 ° N 74.078933 ° W / 41.50499 ; - 74.078933 Products Custom motorcycles Number of employees 70 Website www.orangecountychoppers.com Orange County Choppers World Headquarters near Newburgh . Orange County Choppers ( OCC ) is a motorcycle manufacturer and lifestyle brand company based in the town of Newburgh , located in Orange County , New York , that was founded in 1999 by Paul Teutul Sr. , The company was featured on American Chopper , a reality TV show that debuted in September 2002 on the Discovery Channel . The series moved to Discovery Channel 's sister channel TLC in 2007 . Following cancellation of the Discovery series , the company was also featured on Orange County Choppers on the CMT network in 2013 . ' ' Orange County Choppers ' ' returned to Discovery Channel on March 1 2018 for a premier viewing of their reboot of American Chopper . The full series is set to start on May 28 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Key on air personnel 2.1 Former on air personnel 3 Bikes 4 Music 5 Orange County Choppers MotoCoaster 6 Popular meme 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2011 ) In the late 1990s , Paul Teutul Sr. began manufacturing custom motorcycles as an extension of his steel business ( OC Iron Works ) , and in 1999 he founded Orange County Choppers . The company 's first bike , `` True Blue , '' was debuted at the 1999 Daytona Biketoberfest . Key on air personnel ( edit ) Paul Teutul Sr. -- Founder / owner / CEO Rick Petko -- Designer / senior fabricator Jason Pohl -- Senior designer Former on air personnel ( edit ) Paul Teutul Jr. -- former minority owner / chief designer and fabricator Vincent DiMartino -- mechanic / assembler ( Resigned in 2007 ) Cody Connelly -- mechanic / assembler ( Resigned in 2007 ) Jim `` JQ '' Quinn -- Engineer / Machinist Bikes ( edit ) Main article : Orange County Choppers bikes OCC is known for building custom theme bikes featured on American Chopper . Additionally , OCC launched a limited edition production line of motorcycles in July 2007 , priced beginning at $31,000 . One of OCC 's most popular bikes is The Fire Bike , to commemorate the New York firefighters who lost their lives on 9 / 11 . The bike itself has been modeled after a fire truck , and an actual steel rivet from the World Trade Center has been integrated into the bike itself , mounted atop the bike 's gas tank . Paul Jr. stated that the bike was named `` 343 '' , the number of New York firefighters who gave their lives on 9 / 11 . The popularity of American Chopper led the United States Air Force to commission a $150,000 `` Air Force Bike '' , first put on public display in March 2005 . The motorcycle is ten feet long and is modeled after the F - 22 Raptor , complete with Air Force symbol rims , riveted gas tank , Raptor exhausts and rear view mirrors in the shape of jets . Music ( edit ) Orange County Choppers held a series of free music performances within the retail store . P.O.D. , Candlebox , Saliva , Red , 10 Years , Fair to Midland , and Framing Hanley have performed . On April 25 , 2009 , Smile Empty Soul and Earshot performed to celebrate the decade of the company 's work . Additionally , OCC in October in conjunction with RED / Sony released a classic rock compilation CD featuring some of Paul Sr. 's favorite songs titled OCC Rocks . The CD also includes original music from The OCC Band , which features four of the shop 's employees . Black Label Society performed a concert in the retail store to promote their album Order of the Black . Orange County Choppers MotoCoaster ( edit ) The MotoCoaster is a Zamperla built motorbike themed roller coaster installed at Darien Lake theme park in Darien Lake , NY . It was the first motorbike roller coaster to be installed in the United States , though the Pony Express , a similar model of coaster with horse themed trains , was erected Knott 's Berry Farm . The MotoCoaster is the same model as the prototype located outside Zamperla 's factory in Italy . The MotoCoaster opened in May 2008 with Orange County Choppers securing the naming rights . The MotoCoaster is located near the Darien Square area of the park , between Boomerang and Twister . Orange County Choppers built a custom motorcycle inspired by the ride and the park . The coaster was originally named the Orange County Choppers Motocoaster when it first opened in 2008 . However , the name was changed to the MotoCoaster in 2010 after the naming rights with OCC expired . Popular meme ( edit ) A popular internet meme , started in 2011 and based on the show , became widely popular on social media in early 2018 . The meme consists of five panels depicting a dispute between Paul Sr. and his son Paul Jr . In the original scene , Paul Sr. shouts at Paul Jr. for being late to work and Paul Jr. shouts back , throws a chair , and then eventually storms away . In the meme , users enter the dialogue of the five panels to create a dispute over any issue . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ romboutfire.com Jump up ^ `` BLACK LABEL SOCIETY Performance To Be Filmed For Upcoming Episode Of ' American Chopper ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The American Chopper meme , explained '' . Vox . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` There Is No Debate , The `` American Chopper '' Argument Meme Is Undeniably Funny `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . References ( edit ) Applebome , Peter ( December 25 , 2005 ) , `` Our Towns ; Just Regular Hard - Working Guys , Welding Their Way to TV Fame '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 Eyvazzadeh , Dave ( September 18 , 2009 ) , `` OCC Goes Green With a Hybrid Chopper '' , Wired , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 Kelly , Howard ; Lichter , Michael ; James , Jesse ; Leno , Jay ( 2009 ) , S&S Cycle Presents Today 's Top Custom Bike Builders , MBI Pub. Co. and Motorbooks , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3603 - 8 McGregor , Ewan ; Boorman , Charley ; Uhlig , Robert ( 2005 ) , Long Way Round : Chasing Shadows Across the World , Simon & Schuster , pp. 234 -- 296 , ISBN 0 - 7434 - 9934 - 4 Marshall , Alexandra ( 21 September 2003 ) , `` Born To Be Mild '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 Murphy , Meghan E. ( March 27 , 2010 ) , `` Choppers ' Paul Jr. ordered to stay away from the shop '' , Times Herald - Record , Middletown , New York , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 Scheller , William G. ( 2005 ) , American Chopper / Orange County Choppers : The Fine Art of the Custom Motorcycle , Hugh Lauter Levin Associates , ISBN 0 - 88363 - 117 - 2 Weichselbaum , Simone ( August 13 , 2009 ) , `` Charged up hog 's mean & green : Orange County Choppers unveils custom - built electric motorcycle '' , New York Daily News , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange County Choppers . Official website Orange County Choppers on CMT Darien Lake Roller coasters Boomerang : Coast to Coaster Batman The Escape Hoot N Holler Mind Eraser Moto Coaster The Predator Ride Of Steel Tantrum The Viper Attractions Shipwreck Falls Former attractions Nightmare at Phantom Cave American Chopper Companies Orange County Choppers ( OCC ) Paul Jr . Designs ( PJD ) Main Cast Paul Teutul Sr . Paul Teutul Jr . Michael Teutul Jason Pohl Mike Rowe ( narrator ; 2002 - 2007 ) Vincent DiMartino ( 2003 -- 2007 , 2010 ) Cody Connelly ( 2003 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Pilots & Specials Season 7 ( Sr vs. Jr ) Bikes Orange County Choppers bikes Motorcycle marques of the United States Current Alligator ATK Birmingham ( Motus ) Boss Hoss Brammo Cleveland CycleWerks Confederate Electric Moto Fischer Harley - Davidson Highland Indian Marine Turbine Technologies MotoCzysz Rokon Victory Z Electric Vehicle Zero Motorcycles Defunct Ace Allstate / Sears American IronHorse Bi-Autogo Big Dog Buell California Cleveland ( 1915 -- 1929 ) Crocker Cushman Cyclone Excelsior Excelsior - Henderson Flying Merkel Gelbke Henderson Hodaka Iver Johnson Johnson Motor Wheel Mustang Penton Pierce - Arrow Ridley Riverside / Montgomery Ward Roehr Simplex Thor Vectrix Wagner Motorcycle Company Whizzer Yankee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_County_Choppers&oldid=850189404 '' Categories : Motorcycle manufacturers of the United States Companies based in Orange County , New York American Chopper Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1999 CMT ( U.S. TV channel ) television series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from December 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 07 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is orange county choppers located in new york | [
"Orange County Choppers (OCC) is a motorcycle manufacturer and lifestyle brand company based in the town of Newburgh, located in Orange County, New York, that was founded in 1999 by Paul Teutul Sr., The company was featured on American Chopper, a reality TV show that debuted in September 2002 on the Discovery Channel. The series moved to Discovery Channel's sister channel TLC in 2007. Following cancellation of the Discovery series, the company was also featured on Orange County Choppers on the CMT network in 2013. ‘’Orange County Choppers ‘’returned to Discovery Channel on March 1 2018 for a premier viewing of their reboot of American Chopper. The full series is set to start on May 28 2018.\n"
] | [
"the town of Newburgh, located in Orange County, New York"
] |
8670955206809610555 | My Girl (The Temptations song) | My Girl ( the Temptations song ) - wikipedia My Girl ( the Temptations song ) This article is about the Temptations song . For the Chilliwack song , see My Girl ( Gone , Gone , Gone ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` My Girl '' U.S. single picture sleeve Single by The Temptations B - side `` ( Talking ' Bout ) Nobody But My Baby '' Released December 21 , 1964 ( 1964 - 12 - 21 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded September 25 , November 10 & 17 , 1964 Studio Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) , Detroit , Michigan Genre Soul R&B Length 2 : 55 Label Gordy Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Ronald White Producer ( s ) Smokey Robinson Ronald White The Temptations singles chronology `` Girl ( Why You Wanna Make Me Blue ) '' ( 1964 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Growing '' ( 1965 ) `` My Girl '' is a soul music song recorded by the Temptations for the Gordy ( Motown ) record label . Written and produced by the Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Ronald White , the song became the Temptations ' first U.S. number - one single , and is today their signature song . Robinson 's inspiration for writing this song was his wife , Miracles member Claudette Rogers Robinson . The song was included on the Temptations 1965 album The Temptations Sing Smokey . In 2018 , it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant . '' Contents 1 Recording and release 2 Reception 3 Personnel 4 Chart history 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Other renditions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Recording and release ( edit ) The recorded version of `` My Girl '' was the first Temptations single to feature David Ruffin on lead vocals . Previously , Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams had performed most of the group 's lead vocals , and Ruffin had joined the group as a replacement for former Temptation Elbridge Bryant . While on tour as part of the Motortown Revue , a collective tour for most of the Motown roster , Smokey Robinson caught the Temptations ' part of the show . The group had included a medley of soul standards in the show , one of which , the Drifters ' `` Under the Boardwalk '' , was a solo spot for Ruffin . Impressed , Robinson decided to produce a single with Ruffin singing lead . Robinson saw Ruffin as a `` sleeping giant '' in the group with a unique voice that was `` mellow '' yet `` gruff '' . Robinson thought that if he could write just the perfect song for Ruffin 's voice , then he could have a smash hit . The song was to be something that Ruffin could `` belt out '' yet something that was also `` melodic and sweet '' . After some persuasion from Ruffin 's bandmates , Robinson had the Temptations record `` My Girl '' instead of the Miracles , who were originally to record the song , and recruited Ruffin to sing the lead vocals . According to Robinson , he allowed the group to create their own background vocals `` because they were so great at background vocals '' . The signature guitar riff heard during the introduction and under the verses was played by Robert White of the Funk Brothers . This part can be heard without vocals on the 2004 deluxe edition of the soundtrack from the 2002 documentary Standing in the Shadows of Motown . `` My Girl '' was later sampled for `` Stay , '' a single from the Temptations ' 1998 album Phoenix Rising . The single was re-released in 1992 , following the November 1991 release of the film of the same name , which featured the song . It did not reach the Billboard charts , but did reach number two in the UK Singles Chart . Reception ( edit ) `` My Girl '' climbed to the top of the U.S. pop charts after its Christmas time 1964 release , making it the Temptations ' first number - one hit . The single was also the first number - one hit on the reinstated Billboard R&B Singles chart , which had gone on a fifteen - month hiatus from 1963 to 1965 . The single also gave the Gordy label its first number one on the Hot 100 . The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy . In 2004 , `` My Girl '' was ranked number 88 on Rolling Stone 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Personnel ( edit ) David Ruffin -- lead vocals Eddie Kendricks -- backing vocals Melvin Franklin -- backing vocals Paul Williams -- backing vocals Otis Williams -- backing vocals William `` Smokey '' Robinson -- writer , producer Ronald White -- writer , producer Paul Riser -- arrangement The Funk Brothers -- instrumentation Robert White -- guitar James Jamerson -- bass Benny Benjamin -- drums Detroit Symphony Orchestra -- strings Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 -- 65 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 8 UK 43 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 U.S. Cash Box 16 Other renditions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` My Girl '' US promotional single ( 1972 ) Single by Otis Redding from the album Otis Blue B - side `` Down in the Valley '' Released 1965 ( 1965 ) Format 7 - inch single ( UK ) Recorded 1965 Studio Stax , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Soul Length 2 : 54 Label Atlantic ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Ronald White Producer ( s ) Otis Redding , Jim Stewart Steve Cropper The Stax Staff In 1965 , Otis Redding brought a traditional blues flavor to the song . Produced by Steve Cropper , it was released on Redding 's album Otis Blue : Otis Redding Sings Soul . His version was not released as a single in the US , but Atlantic issued it in the UK to capitalize on the relative lack of success by the Temptations ' original version , and Redding 's cover eventually peaked at number 11 . In 1988 , Suave had a Top 40 Pop hit and Top 10 R&B hit with the song . R&B / soul group the Whispers covered the song in a disco style for their eponymous 1979 album . It was subsequently released as a single , and ( despite missing the US Charts completely ) was a Top 30 hit in the UK , reaching number 26 . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1965 List of number - one R&B singles of 1965 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Recording Registry Reaches 500 '' . Library of Congress . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Elizabeth . `` My Girl '' . NPR . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 803 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( Nov 7 , 1998 ) . `` The Temptations '' . Billboard -- the International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment . 110 ( 45 ) : 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Lee ( Mar 2015 ) . `` THE DARK SIDE OF MOTOWN '' . Goldmine. 41 ( 3 ) : 42 -- 44 , 46 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1965 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , February 27 , 1965 Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- My Girl '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1965 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Temptations Otis Williams Ron Tyson Terry Weeks Larry Braggs Willie Green Melvin Franklin Eddie Kendricks Paul Williams Elbridge Bryant David Ruffin Dennis Edwards Ricky Owens Richard Street Damon Harris Glenn Leonard Louis Price Ali - Ollie Woodson Theo Peoples Harry McGilberry Barrington `` Bo '' Henderson Ray Davis G.C. Cameron Joe Herndon Bruce Williamson Studio albums Meet the Temptations The Temptations Sing Smokey The Temptin ' Temptations Gettin ' Ready The Temptations with a Lot o ' Soul The Temptations Wish It Would Rain Cloud Nine Puzzle People Psychedelic Shack Sky 's the Limit Solid Rock All Directions Masterpiece A Song for You House Party Wings of Love The Temptations Do the Temptations Bare Back Hear to Tempt You Power The Temptations Reunion Surface Thrills Back to Basics Truly for You Touch Me To Be Continued ... Together Again Special Milestone Phoenix Rising Ear - Resistible Awesome Legacy Still Here Cover albums The Temptations in a Mellow Mood For Lovers Only Reflections Back to Front Live albums Temptations Live ! Live at the Copa Live at London 's Talk of the Town The Temptations in Japan Other albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations TCB The Temptations Show Together On Broadway The Temptations Christmas Card Give Love at Christmas Lost and Found : You 've Got to Earn It ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Anthology Emperors of Soul The Ultimate Collection My Girl : The Very Best of the Temptations Psychedelic Soul Singles ( US / UK Top 10 ) `` My Girl '' `` Get Ready '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' `` All I Need '' `` You 're My Everything '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' `` Cloud Nine '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` Run Away Child , Running Wild '' `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' `` Psychedelic Shack '' `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Let Your Hair Down '' `` Happy People '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` The Motown Song '' `` My Girl '' ( reissue ) Related The Temptations ( miniseries ) Discography The Supremes The Undisputed Truth Smokey Robinson Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Sly Stone George Clinton Book The Temptations singles discography 1960s `` Oh Mother of Mine '' ( 1961 ) `` Check Yourself '' ( 1961 ) `` ( You 're My ) Dream Come True '' ( 1962 ) `` Mind Over Matter ( I 'm Gonna Make You Mine ) '' ( 1962 ) `` Paradise '' ( 1962 ) `` I Want a Love I Can See '' ( 1963 ) `` Farewell My Love '' ( 1963 ) `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be in Trouble '' ( 1964 ) / `` The Girl 's Alright with Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Girl ( Why You Wanna Make Me Blue ) '' ( 1964 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Growing '' ( 1965 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` You 've Got to Earn It '' ( 1965 ) `` My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` Do n't Look Back '' ( 1965 ) `` Get Ready '' ( 1966 ) `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( 1966 ) `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' ( 1966 ) `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' ( 1966 ) `` All I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` You 're My Everything '' ( 1967 ) / `` I 've Been Good To You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Loneliness Made Me Realize ) It 's You That I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` I Wish It Would Rain '' ( 1968 ) / `` I Truly , Truly Believe '' ( 1968 ) `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Please Return Your Love to Me '' ( 1968 ) `` Cloud Nine '' ( 1968 ) `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( 1968 ) / `` Silent Night '' ( 1968 ) `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Runaway Child , Running Wild '' ( 1969 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Let the Joneses Get You Down '' ( 1969 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Psychedelic Shack '' ( 1970 ) `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ungena Za Ulimwengu ( Unite the World ) '' ( 1970 ) / `` Hum Along and Dance '' ( 1970 ) `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' ( 1971 ) `` It 's Summer '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar ( Remember How You Got Where You Are ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Take a Look Around '' ( 1972 ) `` Mother Nature '' ( 1972 ) / `` Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On '' ( 1972 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1972 ) `` Masterpiece '' ( 1973 ) `` Plastic Man '' ( 1973 ) `` Hey Girl ( I Like Your Style ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Law of the Land '' ( 1973 ) `` Let Your Hair Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Heavenly '' ( 1974 ) `` You 've Got My Soul on Fire '' ( 1974 ) `` Happy People '' ( 1974 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1975 ) `` Glasshouse '' ( 1975 ) `` Keep Holdin ' On '' ( 1976 ) `` Up the Creek ( Without a Paddle ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Who are You ( and What are You Doing the Rest of Your Life ) '' ( 1976 ) `` In a Lifetime '' ( 1977 ) `` Think for Yourself '' ( 1977 ) `` Bare Back '' ( 1978 ) `` Ever Ready Love '' ( 1978 ) 1980s `` Power '' ( 1980 ) `` Struck By Lightning Twice '' ( 1980 ) `` Aiming At Your Heart '' ( 1981 ) `` Oh What A Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Standing On The Top - Pt. 1 '' ( 1982 ) `` More On The Inside '' ( 1982 ) `` Money 's Hard To Get '' ( 1982 ) `` Love On My Mind Tonight '' ( 1983 ) `` Surface Thrills '' ( 1983 ) `` Miss Busy Body ( Get Your Body Busy ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Sail Away '' ( 1984 ) `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' ( 1984 ) `` My Love Is True ( Truly For You ) '' ( 1985 ) `` How Can You Say That It 's Over '' ( 1985 ) `` Do You Really Love Your Baby '' ( 1985 ) `` Deeper Than Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Touch Me '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'm Fascinated '' ( 1986 ) `` A Fine Mess '' ( 1986 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1986 ) `` Lady Soul '' ( 1986 ) `` To Be Continued ... '' ( 1986 ) `` Someone '' ( 1987 ) `` I Wonder Who She 's Seeing Now '' ( 1987 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( re-issue ) ( 1987 ) `` Look What You Started '' ( 1987 ) `` Do You Wanna Go With Me '' ( 1988 ) `` All I Want From You '' ( 1989 ) `` Special '' ( 1989 ) `` Loveline '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Soul to Soul '' ( 1990 ) `` One Step At A Time ( Remix ) '' ( 1990 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` The Jones '' ( 1991 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1992 ) `` Hoops of Fire '' ( 1992 ) `` Error of Our Ways '' ( 1994 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 1995 ) `` Stay '' ( 1998 ) `` This is My Promise '' ( 1998 ) `` How Could He Hurt You '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I 'm Here '' ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)&oldid=861925327 '' Categories : 1964 singles 1965 singles 1992 singles The Temptations songs Motown singles Otis Redding songs Glen Campbell songs Atco Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Smokey Robinson Songs written by Ronald White Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson Gordy Records singles 1964 songs The Rolling Stones songs Stevie Wonder songs Michael Jackson songs United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced quotes Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 00 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did my girl by the temptations come out | [
"\"My Girl\"\nU.S. single picture sleeveSingle by The TemptationsB-side\n\"(Talking 'Bout) Nobody But My Baby\"Released\nDecember 21, 1964 (1964-12-21)Format\n7-inch singleRecorded\nSeptember 25, November 10 & 17, 1964Studio\nHitsville USA (Studio A), Detroit, MichiganGenre\nSoul\nR&B\nLength\n2:55Label\nGordySongwriter(s)\nSmokey Robinson\nRonald White\nProducer(s)\nSmokey Robinson\nRonald White\nThe Temptations singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)\" (1964)\n\n\"My Girl\" (1964)\n\n\"It's Growing\" (1965)\n"
] | [
"December 21, 1964"
] |
5289177318014386638 | Universal Product Code | Universal product code - wikipedia Universal product code Jump to : navigation , search The Universal Product Code ( UPC ) is a barcode symbology that is widely used in the United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , in Europe and other countries for tracking trade items in stores . UPC ( technically refers to UPC - A ) consists of 12 numeric digits , that are uniquely assigned to each trade item . Along with the related EAN barcode , the UPC is the barcode mainly used for scanning of trade items at the point of sale , per GS1 specifications . UPC data structures are a component of GTINs and follow the global GS1 specification , which is based on international standards . But some retailers ( clothing , furniture ) do not use the GS1 system ( rather other barcode symbologies or article number systems ) . On the other hand , some retailers use the EAN / UPC barcode symbology , but without using a GTIN ( for products sold in their own stores only ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 IBM proposal 2 Composition 2.1 Formatting 3 Encoding 4 Numbering 4.1 Number system digit 4.2 Check digit calculation 5 Variations 5.1 UPC - E 5.2 EAN - 13 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) This article duplicates the scope of other articles , specifically , Barcode # History . Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . ( December 2013 ) Wallace Flint proposed an automated checkout system in 1932 using punched cards . Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland , a graduate student from Drexel Institute of Technology ( now Drexel University ) , developed a bull 's - eye style code and applied for the patent in 1949 . In the 1960s , railroads experimented with a multicolor barcode for tracking rail cars , but they eventually abandoned it . A group of grocery industry trade associations formed the Uniform Grocery Product Code Council which with consultants Larry Russell and Tom Wilson of McKinsey & Company , defined the numerical format of the Uniform Product Code . Technology firms including Charegon , IBM , Litton - Zellweger , Pitney Bowes - Alpex , Plessey - Anker , RCA , Scanner Inc. , Singer , and Dymo Industries / Data General proposed alternative symbol representations to the council . In the end the Symbol Selection Committee chose to slightly modify , changing the font in the human readable area , the IBM proposal designed by George J. Laurer . The first UPC marked item ever scanned at a retail checkout was at the Marsh supermarket in Troy , Ohio at 8 : 01 a.m. on June 26 , 1974 , and was a 10 - pack ( 50 sticks ) of Wrigley 's Juicy Fruit chewing gum . The shopper was Clyde Dawson and cashier Sharon Buchanan made the first UPC scan . The NCR cash register rang up 67 cents . The entire shopping cart also had barcoded items in it , but the gum was the first one picked up . This item went on display at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History in Washington , D.C. IBM proposal ( edit ) Around late 1969 , IBM at Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) in North Carolina assigned George Laurer to determine how to make a supermarket scanner and label . In late 1970 , Heard Baumeister provided equations to calculate characters per inch achievable by two IBM bar codes , Delta A and Delta B. In February , 1971 , Baumeister joined Laurer . In mid 1971 , William `` Bill '' Crouse invented a new bar code called Delta C. It achieved four times the characters per inch as Delta B. Delta B compared bar widths to space width to code bits . This was extremely sensitive to ink spread where too much ink or pressure would cause both edges of a bar to spread outward and too little to cause them to shrink . To make it worse as bars spread spaces shrink and vice versa . Delta C achieved its higher performance by only using leading to leading or trailing to trailing edges which was unaffected by uniform ink spread . The code provided best performance when it had a defined character set with a fixed reference distance that spanned most or preferably all the character . In August , 1971 , Crouse joined the scanner effort . After several months they had made no progress . They were aware of the RCA bull 's eye label that could be scanned with a simple straight line laser scanner , but a readable label was far too large . Although Litton Industries proposed a bull 's eye symbol cut in half to reduce the area , it was still too large and presented the same ink smear printing problems as the RCA symbol . The redundancy and checking ability were removed completely . They were also aware of the many proposals from around the world , none of which were feasible . The UPC Label showing the general characteristics of Baumeister 's proposals In the spring of 1972 , Baumeister announced a breakthrough . He proposed a label with bars that were slightly longer than the distance across all bars that needed to be read in a single pass . This label could be scanned with a simple `` X '' scanner only slightly more complex than the straight line laser scanner . The next day Baumeister suggested if the label were split into two halves the bar lengths could be cut nearly in half . These two proposals reduced the area from the bull 's eye by one third and then one sixth . The image to the right shows the label proposed by Baumeister . He did not specify any specific bar code as that was well understood . Except for the bar coding and ten digits the UPC label today is his proposal . Shortly after that Baumeister transferred to another area of RTP . Laurer proceeded to define the details of the label and write a proposal . N.J. Woodland was assigned as planner for the project and aided Laurer with writing his proposal . Laurer 's first attempt with a bar code used Delta B . The resulting label size was about six inches by three inches which was too large . Crouse suggested that Laurer use his Delta C bar code and provided a copy of his patent that had a sample alphanumeric character set and rules to generate other size alphabets . This reduced the label size to about 1.5 '' x 0.9 '' . Later Laurer asked Crouse for assistance in how the scanner could detect a label . Together they defined guard bars and a definition of how to detect the label . The guard bars also provided identification for half label discrimination and training bars for the scanner threshold circuits . Laurer had a complete label definition and proceeded to write his proposal . Previously Crouse had an idea for a simple wand worn like a ring and bracelet . He decided to develop that wand to provide a demonstration of the label . On December 1 , 1972 , IBM presented Laurer 's proposal to the Super Market Committee in Rochester , Minnesota , the location where IBM would develop the scanner . During the presentation , Crouse gave a lab demonstration where he read UPC - like labels with his ring wand . In addition to reading regular labels , he read the large two - page centerfold label in the proposal booklet . He then turned to a page showing a photo of labeled items sitting on a table . The labels were small and flawed due to the resolution of the printed photo but the wand read many of them . This demonstration showed the robustness of the pure Delta C code . The proposal was accepted . One month later , January 1 , 1973 Crouse transferred back to IBM 's Advanced Technology group , and Laurer remained with the full responsibility for the label . Dymo Industries , makers of handheld printing devices insisted that the code be character independent , so that handheld printing devices could produce the bar code in store if the items were not bar - coded by the manufacturers . Dymo 's proposal was accepted by IBM and incorporated in IBM 's latest proposal . It was decided that the two halves of the label should have a different set of numeric characters . The character set Laurer derived from the Delta C patent used seven printable increments or units where two bars and two spaces would be printed . This yielded twenty combinations of characters , but there were two pairs that when read by Delta C rules yielded the same code for the pair . Since eighteen characters were not enough Laurer tried adding one unit to the character set . This yielded twenty - six Delta C characters which could provide the two sets of decimal characters but it also added fourteen percent to the width of the label and thereby the height . This would be a thirty percent increase in area or a label of 1.7 '' x1. 03 '' . Laurer felt this was not acceptable . He returned to the original character set with twenty characters but four of those were two pairs with the same Delta C reading . He decided to use them all . To distinguish between the pairs he would measure one bar width in each of the pairs to distinguish them from each other . For each pair those bars would be one or two units wide . Laurer did n't apply Baumeister 's equations to this set . He felt just one bar width measurement would not be too serious . As it turned out it would have required over fifty percent increase in width and height for an area increase of more than double . Laurer later admitted these four characters in each set were responsible for most of the scanner read errors . David Savir , a mathematician , was given the task of proving the symbol could be printed and would meet the reliability requirements , and was most likely unaware of Baumeister 's equations . He and Laurer added two more digits to the ten for error correction and detection . Then they decided to add odd / even parity to the number of units filled with bars in each side . Odd / even parity is a technique used to detect any odd number of bit errors in a bit stream . They decided to use odd on one half and even on the other . This would provide additional indication of which half ticket was being read . This meant that every bar width had to be read accurately to provide a good reading . It also meant every space would also be known . Requiring every bit width to be read precisely basically nullified the Delta C advantage except for the Delta C reference measurement . Only the strange character set and the size of the label remains as a shadow of the Delta C code . The size was still that calculated for pure Delta C. If the label size had been properly recalculated , taking into account the required bar width measurements the label would have been far too large to be acceptable . Mechanical engineering and electronic circuit design commonly require worst case designs using known tolerances . Many engineers working with bar codes had little experience with such things and used somewhat intuitive methods . This was the cause of the poor performance of the Delta B code and quite likely the failure of RCA 's bull 's eye scanner . The following table shows the workable labels , available in the early 1970s , with their sizes . Label type Label dimensions Area Bull 's eye with Morse Code Large Large Bull 's eye with Delta B 12.0 '' diameter 113.10 sq. in . Bull 's eye with Delta A 9.0 '' diameter 63.62 sq. in . Baumeister 1st w / Delta B 6.0 '' × 5.8 '' 34.80 sq. in . Baumeister 2 halves w / Delta B 6.0 '' × 3.0 '' 18.00 sq. in . Baumeister 2 halves w / Delta A 4.5 '' × 2.3 '' 10.35 sq. in . Baumeister with Delta C 1.5 '' × 0.9 '' 1.35 sq. in . This is assuming a bull 's eye with the same information and reliable readability . Composition ( edit ) Each UPC - A barcode consists of a scannable strip of black bars and white spaces above a sequence of 12 numerical digits . No letters , characters or other content of any kind may appear on a UPC - A barcode . There is a one - to - one correspondence between 12 - digit number and strip of black bars and white spaces , i.e. there is only one way to represent each 12 - digit number visually and there is only one way to represent each strip of black bars and white spaces numerically . The scannable area of every UPC - A barcode follows the pattern SLLLLLLMRRRRRRE , where S ( start ) , M ( middle ) , and E ( end ) guard patterns are represented the same way on every UPC - A barcode and the L ( left ) and R ( right ) sections collectively represent the 12 numerical digits that make each UPC - A unique . The first digit L indicates a particular number system to be used by the following digits . The last digit R is an error detecting check digit , that allows some errors to be detected in scanning or manual entry . The guard patterns separate the two groups of six numerical digits and establish the timing . UPC - A UPC - E Note : UPC - A 042100005264 is equivalent to UPC - E 425261 with the `` EOEEOO '' parity pattern , which is defined by UPC - A number system 0 and UPC - A check digit 4 . Formatting ( edit ) UPC - A barcodes can be printed at various densities to accommodate a variety of printing and scanning processes . The significant dimensional parameter is called x-dimension ( width of single module element ) . The width of each bar ( space ) is determined by multiplying the x-dimension and the module width ( 1 , 2 , 3 , or 4 units ) of each bar ( space ) . Since the guard patterns each include two bars , and each of the 12 digits of the UPC - A barcode consists of two bars and two spaces , all UPC - A barcodes consist of exactly ( 3 × 2 ) + ( 12 × 2 ) = 30 bars , of which 6 represent guard patterns and 24 represent numerical digits . The x-dimension for the UPC - A at the nominal size is 0.33 mm ( 0.013 `` ) . Nominal symbol height for UPC - A is 25.9 mm ( 1.02 '' ) . The bars forming the S ( start ) , M ( middle ) , and E ( end ) guard patterns , are extended downwards by 5 times x-dimension , with a resulting nominal symbol height of 27.55 mm ( 1.08 `` ) . This also applies to the bars of the first and last numerical digit of UPC - A barcode . UPC - A can be reduced or magnified anywhere from 80 % to 200 % . A quiet zone , with a width of at least 9 times the x-dimension , must be present on each side of the scannable area of the UPC - A barcode . For a GTIN - 12 number encoded in a UPC - A barcode , the first and last digits are always placed outside the symbol in order to indicate the quiet zones that are necessary for barcode scanners to work properly . Encoding ( edit ) The UPC - A barcode is visually represented by strips of bars and spaces that encode the UPC - A 12 - digit number . Each digit is represented by a unique pattern of 2 bars and 2 spaces . The bars and spaces are variable width , i.e. 1 , 2 , 3 , or 4 modules wide . The total width for a digit is always 7 modules ; consequently , UPC - A 12 - digit number requires a total of 7 × 12 = 84 modules . A complete UPC - A is 95 modules wide : 84 modules for the digits ( L and R sections ) combined with 11 modules for the S ( start ) , M ( middle ) , and E ( end ) guard patterns . The S ( start ) and E ( end ) guard patterns are 3 modules wide and use the pattern bar - space - bar , where each bar and space is one module wide . The M ( middle ) guard pattern is 5 modules wide and uses the pattern space - bar - space - bar - space , where each bar and space is also one module wide . In addition , a UPC - A symbol requires a quiet zone ( extra space of 9 modules wide ) before the S ( start ) and after the E ( end ) guard patterns . Encoding table for UPC - A barcode pattern SLLLLLLMRRRRRRE Quiet zone ( start ) ( left numerical digit ) ( middle ) ( right numerical digit ) ( end ) Quiet zone 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 The UPC - A 's left - hand side digits ( the digits to the left of the M ( middle ) guard pattern ) have odd parity , which means the total width of the black bars is an odd number of modules . On the contrary , the right - hand side digits have even parity . Consequently , a UPC scanner can determine whether it is scanning a symbol from left - to - right or from right - to - left ( the symbol is upside - down ) . After seeing a S ( start ) or E ( end ) guard pattern ( they are the same , bar - space - bar , whichever direction they are read ) , the scanner will first see odd parity digits , if scanning left - to - right , or even parity digits , if scanning right - to - left . With the parity / direction information , an upside - down symbol will not confuse the scanner . When confronted with an upside - down symbol , the scanner may simply ignore it ( many scanners alternate left - to - right and right - to - left scans , so they will read the symbol on a subsequent pass ) or recognize the digits and put them in the right order . There is another property in the digit encoding . The right - hand side digits are the optical inverse of the left - hand side digits , i.e. black bars are turned into white spaces and vice versa . For example , the left - hand side `` 4 '' is space × 1 - bar × 1 - space × 3 - bar × 2 , meanwhile the right - hand side `` 4 '' is bar × 1 - space × 1 - bar × 3 - space × 2 . Numbering ( edit ) The number of UPC - A and UPC - E barcodes are limited by the standards used to create them . UPC - A : ( 10 possible values per left digit ^ 6 left digits ) × ( 10 possible values per right digit ^ 5 right digits ) = 100,000,000,000 . UPC - E : ( 10 possible values per digit ^ 6 digits ) × ( 2 possible parity patterns per UPC - E number ) = 2,000,000 . Number system digit ( edit ) Below is description of all possible number systems with corresponding 12 - digit UPC - A numbering schema LLLLLLRRRRRR , where L denotes number system digit and R check digit . 0 -- 1 , 6 -- 9 For most products . The LLLLL digits are the manufacturer code ( assigned by local GS1 organization ) , and the RRRRR digits are the product code . 2 Reserved for local use ( store / warehouse ) , for items sold by variable weight . Variable - weight items , such as meats , fresh fruits , or vegetables , are assigned an item number by the store , if they are packaged there . In this case , the LLLLL is the item number , and the RRRRR is either the weight or the price , with the first R determining which ( 0 for weight ) . 3 Drugs by National Drug Code ( NDC ) number . Pharmaceuticals in the U.S. use the middle 10 digits of the UPC as their NDC number . Though usually only over-the - counter drugs are scanned at point of sale , NDC - based UPCs are used on prescription drug packages and surgical products and , in this case , are commonly called UPN Codes . 4 Reserved for local use ( store / warehouse ) , often for loyalty cards or store coupons . 5 Coupons . The LLLLL digits are the manufacturer code , the first three RRR are a family code ( set by manufacturer ) , and the next two RR are a coupon code , which determines the amount of the discount . These coupons can be doubled or tripled . Check digit calculation ( edit ) Formally , UPC - A check digit x 12 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 12 ) ) meets the check digit equation : ( 3 x 1 + x 2 + 3 x 3 + x 4 + 3 x 5 + x 6 + 3 x 7 + x 8 + 3 x 9 + x 10 + 3 x 11 + x 12 ) ≡ 0 ( mod 10 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( 3x_ ( 1 ) + x_ ( 2 ) + 3x_ ( 3 ) + x_ ( 4 ) + 3x_ ( 5 ) + x_ ( 6 ) + 3x_ ( 7 ) + x_ ( 8 ) + 3x_ ( 9 ) + x_ ( 10 ) + 3x_ ( 11 ) + x_ ( 12 ) ) \ equiv 0 ( \ pmod ( 10 ) ) . ) Generally , in the UPC - A system , the check digit is calculated as follows : Sum the digits at odd - numbered positions ( first , third , fifth , ... , eleventh ) . Multiply the result by 3 . Add the digit sum at even - numbered positions ( second , fourth , sixth , ... , tenth ) to the result . Find the result modulo 10 ( i.e. the remainder , when divided by 10 ) . If the result is not 0 , subtract the result from 10 . For example , in a UPC - A barcode `` 03600029145x '' , where x is the unknown check digit , x can be calculated by : Sum the odd - numbered digits ( 0 + 6 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 5 = 14 ) . Multiply the result by 3 ( 14 × 3 = 42 ) . Add the even - numbered digits ( 42 + ( 3 + 0 + 0 + 9 + 4 ) = 58 ) . Find the result modulo 10 ( 58 mod 10 = 8 ) . If the result is not 0 , subtract the result from 10 ( 10 − 8 = 2 ) . Thus , the check digit x is 2 . Note : UPC - A can detect 100 % of single digit errors . Proof : Consider check digit equation and fact , that 3 Z 10 = Z 10 ( \ displaystyle 3 \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 10 ) = \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 10 ) ) , where Z 10 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( 10 ) ) denotes ring of integers modulo 10 . ▯ UPC - A can detect 90 % of transposition errors . Specifically , if and only if the difference between two adjacent digits is 5 , the UPC - A ca n't detect their transposition . Proof : ( 1 ) Considering check digit equation and transposition of adjacent digits of difference d ( \ displaystyle d ) , where d ∈ ( 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , 9 ) ( \ displaystyle d \ in \ ( 0 , 1 , 2 , \ ldots , 9 \ ) ) , we get partial sums : 1 a + 3 ( a + d ) = 4 a + 3 d ( \ displaystyle 1a + 3 ( a + d ) = 4a + 3d ) and 3 a + 1 ( a + d ) = 4 a + d ( \ displaystyle 3a + 1 ( a + d ) = 4a + d ) . Since 3 d ≡ d ( mod 10 ) ( \ displaystyle 3d \ equiv d ( \ pmod ( 10 ) ) ) if and only if d = 5 ( \ displaystyle d = 5 ) , suggests end of proof for second part of the proposition . ( 2 ) We still have to prove , that UPC - A can detect 90 % of transposition errors . Let 's have a look at the Table of d - transpositions for UPC - A barcodes , where d ∈ ( 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , 9 ) : ( \ displaystyle d \ in \ ( 0 , 1 , 2 , \ ldots , 9 \ ) : ) Table of d - transpositions for UPC - A barcodes d N ° 0 5 6 7 8 9 N ° 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 N ° 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 N ° 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 N ° 4 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 N ° 5 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 N ° 6 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 N ° 7 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 N ° 8 7 7 7 8 7 9 N ° 9 8 8 8 9 N ° 10 9 9 Sum 10 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Row Sum contains numbers of d - transpositions , therefore the proportion of non-detectable transposition errors is 10 10 + 18 + 16 + 14 + 12 + 10 + 8 + 6 + 4 + 2 = 10 100 = 10 % . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 10 ) ( 10 + 18 + 16 + 14 + 12 + 10 + 8 + 6 + 4 + 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 10 ) ( 100 ) ) = 10 \ % . ) ▯ Variations ( edit ) UPC in its most common usage technically refers to UPC - A . Other variants of the UPC exist : UPC - B is a 12 - digit version of UPC with no check digit , developed for the National Drug Code ( NDC ) and National Health Related Items Code . It has 11 digits plus a 1 - digit product code , and is not in common use . UPC - C is a 12 - digit code with a product code and a check digit ; not in common use . UPC - D is a variable length code ( 12 digits or more ) with the 12th digit being the check digit . These versions are not in common use . UPC - E is a 6 - digit code , that has its equivalent in UPC - A 12 - digit code with number system 0 or 1 . UPC - 2 is a 2 - digit supplement to the UPC used to indicate the edition of a magazine or periodical . UPC - 5 is a 5 - digit supplement to the UPC used to indicate suggested retail price for books . As the UPC becomes technologically obsolete , it is expected that UPC - B and UPC - C will disappear from common use by the 2010s . The UPC - D standard may be modified into EAN 2.0 or be phased out entirely . UPC - E ( edit ) To allow the use of UPC barcodes on smaller packages , where a full 12 - digit barcode may not fit , a ' zero - suppressed ' version of UPC was developed , called UPC - E , in which the number system digit , all trailing zeros in the manufacturer code , and all leading zeros in the product code , are suppressed ( omitted ) . This symbology differs from UPC - A in that it only uses a 6 - digit code , does not use M ( middle ) guard pattern , and the E ( end ) guard pattern is formed as space - bar - space - bar - space - bar , i.e. UPC - E barcode follows the pattern SDDDDDDE . The way , in which a 6 - digit UPC - E relates to a 12 - digit UPC - A , is determined by UPC - E numerical pattern and UPC - E parity pattern . It can only correspond to UPC - A number system 0 or 1 , the value of which , along with the UPC - A check digit , determines the UPC - E parity pattern of the encoding . With the manufacturer code digits represented by X 's , and product code digits by N 's , then : Last UPC - E digit UPC - E numerical pattern UPC - A equivalent 0 XXNNN0 0 or 1 + XX000 - 00NNN + check digit XXNNN1 0 or 1 + XX100 - 00NNN + check digit XXNNN2 0 or 1 + XX200 - 00NNN + check digit XXXNN3 0 or 1 + XXX00 - 000NN + check digit XXXXN4 0 or 1 + XXXX0 - 0000N + check digit 5 XXXXX5 0 or 1 + XXXXX - 00005 + check digit 6 XXXXX6 0 or 1 + XXXXX - 00006 + check digit 7 XXXXX7 0 or 1 + XXXXX - 00007 + check digit 8 XXXXX8 0 or 1 + XXXXX - 00008 + check digit 9 XXXXX9 0 or 1 + XXXXX - 00009 + check digit For example , a UPC - E 654321 may correspond to the UPC - A 065100004327 or 165100004324 , depending on the UPC - E parity pattern of the encoded digits , as described next : UPC - A check digit UPC - E parity pattern for UPC - A number system 0 UPC - E parity pattern for UPC - A number system 1 0 EEEOOO OOOEEE EEOEOO OOEOEE EEOOEO OOEEOE EEOOOE OOEEEO EOEEOO OEOOEE 5 EOOEEO OEEOOE 6 EOOOEE OEEEOO 7 EOEOEO OEOEOE 8 EOEOOE OEOEEO 9 EOOEOE OEEOEO Encoding table for UPC - E barcode pattern SDDDDDDE ( start ) ( odd parity digit ) ( even parity digit ) ( end ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 3 - 2 - 1 - 1 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 1 - 4 - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 3 - 2 1 - 2 - 3 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 4 1 - 3 - 1 - 2 1 - 2 - 1 - 3 3 - 1 - 1 - 2 1 - 1 - 2 - 3 1 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 1 - 1 - 4 - 1 2 - 3 - 1 - 1 1 - 3 - 2 - 1 4 - 1 - 1 - 1 2 - 1 - 3 - 1 3 - 1 - 2 - 1 2 - 1 - 1 - 3 UPC - E 654321 with `` EOEOEO '' parity pattern ( UPC - A 065100004327 ) would be encoded as 1 - 1 - 1 4 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 2 - 3 - 1 2 - 3 - 1 - 1 1 - 4 - 1 - 1 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 . The barcode would look like this : EAN - 13 ( edit ) Main article : International Article Number ( EAN ) The EAN - 13 was developed as a superset of UPC - A , adding an extra digit to the beginning of every UPC - A number . This expanded the number of unique values theoretically possible by ten times to 1 trillion . EAN - 13 barcodes also indicate the country in which the company that sells the product is based ( which may or may not be the same as the country in which the good is manufactured ) . The three leading digits of the code determine this , according to the GS1 country codes . Every UPC - A code can be easily converted to the equivalent EAN - 13 code by prepending 0 digit to the UPC - A code . This does not change the check digit . All point - of - sale systems can now understand both equally . EAN - 8 is an 8 - digit variation of the EAN barcode . UPC usage notes : All products , marked with an EAN , will be accepted in North America currently - in addition to those already marked with a UPC . Product with an existing UPC does not have to be re-marked with an EAN . In North America , the EAN adds 30 % more codes , mainly by adding digits ' 10 through 12 ' to the UPC digits ' 00 through 09 ' . This is a powerful incentive to phase out the UPC . See also ( edit ) GS1 -- International supply - chain standards organization Proof of purchase References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GS1 US > RESOURCES > Standards > EAN / UPC visuals '' . gs1us.org . Jump up ^ US patent 2612994 , Woodland , Norman J. & Bernard Silver , `` Classifying Apparatus and Method '' , issued October 7 , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` UPC - The Transformation of Retail '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Bar Code '' . Esquire. 153 ( 3 ) : 42 . March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our history - Careers - McKinsey & Company '' . mckinsey.com . Jump up ^ Nelson , Benjamin ( 1997 ) . Punched cards to bar codes : a 200 year journey ; with description and examples of over 270 different machine - readable codes . Peterborough , N.H. : Helmers . ISBN 978 - 0911261127 . Jump up ^ Alfred , Randy , `` June 26 , 1974 : By Gum ! There 's a New Way to Buy Gum '' Archived August 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Wired magazine 06.26. 08 Jump up ^ Scanning Species , Harvard Magazine , September - October 2005 Jump up ^ `` Alumni Hall Of Fame Members '' . University of Maryland Alumni Association . The University of Maryland . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . After graduating from Maryland in 1951 , George Laurer joined IBM as a junior engineer and worked up the ranks to senior engineer . In 1969 , he returned to the technical side of engineering and was later assigned the monumental task of designing a code and symbol for product identification for the Uniform Grocery Product Code Council . His solution -- the Universal Product Code -- radically changed the retail world . Since then , he has enhanced the code by adding a 13th digit . Jump up ^ rainman_63 ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Drawing UPC - A Barcodes with C# '' . codeproject.com . Jump up ^ `` UPC Symbol Specification Manual '' . Jump up ^ `` Barcodes for Pharmaceuticals and Surgical Products '' . Jump up ^ `` NHRIC ( National Health Related Items Code ) '' . HealthData . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . ^ Jump up to : http://www.adams1.com/upccode.html Jump up ^ `` UPC - E Symbology '' . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) US 3832686 , Bilgutay , Ilhan M. , `` Bar Code Font '' , published May 11 , 1972 , issued August 27 , 1974 US 3145291 , Brainerd , H.B. , `` Identification System '' , published July 2 , 1959 , issued April 18 , 1964 Railroad bar code . US 3617707 , Shields , Charles B. & Roelif Stapelfeldt , `` Automatic car identification system '' , published August 17 , 1967 , issued November 2 , 1971 US 3723710 , Crouse , William G. & John E. 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-3741430887134474602 | 1924 Winter Olympics | 1924 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 1924 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) I Olympic Winter Games Poster for the 1924 Winter Olympic Games Host city Chamonix , France Nations participating 16 Athletes participating 258 Events 16 in 6 sports ( 9 disciplines ) Opening ceremony January 25 Closing ceremony February 5 Officially opened by Gaston Vidal Athlete 's Oath Camille Mandrillon Stadium Stade Olympique Winter St Moritz 1928 > Summer < Antwerp 1920 Paris 1924 > The 1924 Winter Olympics , officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les Iers Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France . Originally called Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver ( `` International Winter Sports Week '' ) and held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics , the sports competitions were held at the foot of Mont Blanc in Chamonix , and Haute - Savoie , France between January 25 and February 5 , 1924 . The Games were organized by the French Olympic Committee , and were in retrospect designated by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as the I Olympic Winter Games . The tradition of holding the Winter Olympics in the same year as the Summer Olympics would continue until 1992 , after which the current practice of holding a Winter Olympics in the second year after each Summer Olympics began . Although Figure Skating had been an Olympic event in both London and Antwerp , and Ice Hockey had been an event in Antwerp , the winter sports had always been limited by the season . In 1921 , at the convention of the IOC in Lausanne , there was a call for equality for winter sports , and after much discussion it was decided to organize an `` international week of winter sport '' in 1924 in Chamonix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highlights 1.1 Day 2 1.2 Day 4 1.3 Day 6 1.4 Day 8 1.5 Day 10 1.6 Epilogue 2 Events 3 Venues 4 Participating nations 4.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees 5 Medal count 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Highlights ( edit ) Day 2 ( edit ) The first gold medal awarded in the Olympic Winter games was won by Charles Jewtraw of the United States in the 500 - meter speed skate . Day 4 ( edit ) Sonja Henie , at just eleven years old , skates in the ladies ' figure skating competition . Although she finishes last , she becomes popular with fans , and will take the gold at the next three Winter Olympics . Day 6 ( edit ) Finding himself in a unique situation , the figure skater Gillis Grafström is the first one ever to successfully defend his Summer Olympics title at the Winter Olympics . Day 8 ( edit ) The Canadian ice - hockey team finished their qualifying round with 3 wins , scoring a total of 85 goals against Switzerland , Czechoslovakia , and Sweden without surrendering even a single goal against . Day 10 ( edit ) Finding themselves in the same situation Gillis Grafström , the Canadian ice - hockey team is the last ever to successfully defend its Summer Olympics title at the Winter Olympics . Canada would dominate ice hockey in early Olympic competition , winning six of the first seven gold medals awarded . Epilogue ( edit ) At the closing of the games a prize was awarded for a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments : Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for ' alpinisme ' ( mountaineering ) to Charles Granville Bruce , the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922 . For the first time in the history of the modern Olympics , the host country , in this case , France , failed to win any gold medals , finishing with three bronze medals . This feat would later occur at the next Winter Olympics in St. Moritz where Switzerland won only a single bronze medal , the lowest ever output by a host nation at an Olympics . Later host nations to finish without gold medals included Canada at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and Yugoslavia at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . In 1925 , the IOC decided to organize Olympic Winter Games every four years , independent of the Olympic Games proper , and recognized the International Winter Sports Week as the first Olympic Winter games in retrospect . In 1974 the final individual medal of Chamonix 1924 was presented . Anders Haugen , who until then had been recorded as finishing fourth in the ski jumping event , received a bronze medal . After fifty years an error had been discovered in the score of Thorleif Haug . In 2006 , the IOC confirmed that the awarded medals to 1924 curling teams were official . The IOC verified that curling was officially part of the program , after the Glasgow Herald newspaper filed a claim on behalf of the families of the team . Events ( edit ) Medals were awarded in 16 events contested in 5 sports ( 9 disciplines ) . Many sources do not list curling and the military patrol , or list them as demonstration events . However , no such designation was made in 1924 . In February 2006 the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) ruled that curling was a full part of the Olympic program , and have included the medals awarded in the official count . Bobsleigh ( 1 ) ( details ) Curling ( 1 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 1 ) ( details ) Skating Figure skating ( 3 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Nordic skiing ( details ) Military patrol ( 1 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 2 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 1 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 1 ) ( details ) Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 1924 Winter Olympics La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins -- Bobsleigh Le Tremplin Olympique du Mont -- Ski jumping , Nordic combined ( ski jumping ) Stade Olympique de Chamonix -- Cross-country skiing , Curling , Figure skating , Ice hockey , Military patrol , Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing ) , and Speed skating Participating nations ( edit ) Athletes from 16 nations competed in the first Winter Olympic Games . Germany was banned from competing in the games , and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele . ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Austria ( 4 ) Belgium ( 18 ) Canada ( 12 ) Czechoslovakia ( 27 ) Finland ( 17 ) France ( 43 ) ( host ) Great Britain ( 44 ) Hungary ( 4 ) Italy ( 23 ) Latvia ( 2 ) Norway ( 14 ) Poland ( 7 ) Sweden ( 31 ) Switzerland ( 30 ) United States ( 24 ) Yugoslavia ( 4 ) Estonia speed skater Christfried Burmeister was also in the list of participants but the message about his withdrawal was n't sent to the organizers . Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Country Athletes GBR Great Britain 44 FRA France 43 SWE Sweden 31 SUI Switzerland 30 TCH Czechoslovakia 27 USA United States 24 ITA Italy 23 BEL Belgium 18 FIN Finland 17 NOR Norway 14 CAN Canada 12 POL Poland 7 AUT Austria HUN Hungary YUG Yugoslavia LAT Latvia Total 258 Medal count ( edit ) Main article : 1924 Winter Olympics medal table Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway 7 6 17 Finland 11 Austria 0 Switzerland 0 5 United States 6 Great Britain 7 Sweden 0 8 Canada 0 0 9 France ( host nation ) 0 0 10 Belgium 0 0 Total 16 16 17 49 See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 1900 Summer Olympics -- Paris 1924 Summer Olympics -- Paris List of IOC country codes Other Olympic Games celebrated in France Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games 1968 Winter Olympics -- Grenoble 1992 Winter Olympics -- Albertville Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The official website of the Olympic Movement now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . However the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called Nordic Skiing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1924 Winter Olympics -- Medals , Posters and Bobsleighs '' . My Art Deco Style . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anna ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` GB curlers awarded belated gold '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon Results - Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Medals , Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 646 : Le Programme ... II . -- Epreuves par équipes - 12 . Ski : Course militaire ( 20 à 30 kilomètres , avec tir ) . ( The Programme ... II . -- Team events - 12 . Skiing : Military Race ( 20 to 30 kilometres , with shooting ) ) . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 664 : CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE . ( Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race ) Jump up ^ `` I taliolümpiamängud Chamonix 1924 ( 25 . jaanuar -- 5 . veebruar ) '' ( in Estonian ) . Postimees. 2006 - 01 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1924 Winter Olympics . `` Chamonix 1924 '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Official Report ( 1924 ) of both Summer and Winter games : ( ed . ) M. Avé , Comité Olympique Français . Les Jeux de la VIII Olympiade Paris 1924 -- Rapport Officiel ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Paris : Librairie de France . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) 1924 Olympic Curling Medals Count : CBC News February 8 , 2006 Olympic Games in Chamonix 1.924 The program of the 1924 Chamonix Winter Olympics New sporting event Winter Olympics I Olympic Winter Games ( 1924 ) Succeeded by St. Moritz Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 1924 Winter Olympics ( Chamonix ) Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Ice hockey Military patrol Nordic combined Ski jumping Speed skating Nations at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France Austria Belgium Canada Czechoslovakia Finland France Great Britain Hungary Italy Latvia Norway Poland Switzerland Sweden United States Yugoslavia Venues of the 1924 Winter Olympics La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins Le Tremplin Olympique du Mont Stade Olympique de Chamonix VIAF : 266661525 GND : 4333034 - 4 Olympics portal France portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924_Winter_Olympics&oldid=807044106 '' Categories : 1924 Winter Olympics Olympic Games in France Winter Olympics by year 1924 in multi-sport events 1924 in French sport First events January 1924 sports events February 1924 sports events Winter sports competitions in France Hidden categories : CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first winter olympic games take place | [
"The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games (French: Les Iers Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Originally called Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver (\"International Winter Sports Week\") and held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, the sports competitions were held at the foot of Mont Blanc in Chamonix, and Haute-Savoie, France between January 25 and February 5, 1924.[1] The Games were organized by the French Olympic Committee, and were in retrospect designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the I Olympic Winter Games."
] | [
"1924"
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