Datasets:
Tasks:
Text Generation
Modalities:
Text
Sub-tasks:
language-modeling
Languages:
English
Size:
10K - 100K
ArXiv:
Tags:
question-generation
License:
| denver broncos | |
| carolina panthers | |
| santa clara , california | |
| denver broncos | |
| gold | |
| `` golden anniversary '' | |
| february 7 , 2016 | |
| american football conference | |
| `` golden anniversary '' | |
| american football conference | |
| february 7 , 2016 | |
| denver broncos | |
| levi 's stadium | |
| santa clara | |
| super bowl l | |
| 2015 | |
| 2015 | |
| santa clara | |
| levi 's stadium | |
| 24–10 | |
| february 7 , 2016 | |
| 2015 | |
| denver broncos | |
| carolina panthers | |
| denver broncos | |
| 2015 | |
| denver broncos | |
| santa clara , california. | |
| super bowl | |
| denver broncos | |
| cam newton | |
| 8 | |
| 1995 | |
| arizona cardinals | |
| new england patriots | |
| arizona cardinals | |
| new england patriots | |
| new england patriots | |
| four | |
| cam newton | |
| 15–1 | |
| cam newton | |
| 12–4 | |
| 4 | |
| new england patriots | |
| cam newton | |
| arizona cardinals | |
| 2 | |
| new england patriots | |
| cam newton | |
| new england patriots | |
| arizona cardinals | |
| cam newton | |
| arizona cardinals | |
| 1995. | |
| von miller | |
| 2 | |
| broncos | |
| linebacker von miller | |
| five solo tackles | |
| newton was limited by denver 's defense | |
| seven | |
| von miller | |
| three | |
| two | |
| von miller | |
| linebacker | |
| 5 | |
| 2 | |
| von miller | |
| 5 | |
| seven | |
| three | |
| a fumble | |
| von miller | |
| linebacker | |
| seven | |
| three | |
| von miller | |
| five | |
| cbs | |
| $5 million | |
| coldplay | |
| beyoncé and bruno mars | |
| super bowl xlvii | |
| cbs | |
| $5 million | |
| beyoncé | |
| bruno mars | |
| coldplay | |
| cbs | |
| $5 million | |
| bruno mars | |
| third | |
| cbs | |
| $5 million | |
| coldplay | |
| beyoncé and bruno mars | |
| cbs | |
| coldplay | |
| beyoncé and bruno mars | |
| super bowl xlvii | |
| $5 million | |
| coldplay | |
| beyoncé and bruno mars | |
| bruno mars | |
| roger goodell | |
| the 50th super bowl | |
| 2012 | |
| roger goodell | |
| early 2012 | |
| roger goodell | |
| roger goodell | |
| roger goodell | |
| spectacular | |
| spectacular | |
| 2012 | |
| new orleans ' mercedes -benz superdome | |
| miami 's sun life stadium | |
| san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium | |
| sun life stadium | |
| levi 's stadium | |
| levi 's stadium | |
| mercedes -benz superdome | |
| sun life stadium | |
| new orleans ' mercedes -benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium | |
| three | |
| new orleans | |
| sun life stadium | |
| san francisco | |
| levi 's stadium. | |
| sun life stadium | |
| mercedes -benz superdome | |
| levi 's stadium. | |
| october 16 , 2012 | |
| 10 | |
| super bowl xliv | |
| 2010 | |
| 1985 | |
| sun life stadium | |
| october 16 , 2012 | |
| stanford stadium | |
| may 3 , 2013 | |
| 2010 | |
| two | |
| super bowl xliv | |
| two | |
| florida legislature | |
| 1985 | |
| new orleans | |
| october 16 , 2012 | |
| 10. | |
| new orleans | |
| 1985 | |
| florida legislature | |
| may 21 , 2013 | |
| nfl owners | |
| 2014 | |
| $1 .2 billion | |
| san diego | |
| boston | |
| may 21 , 2013 | |
| $1 .2 billion | |
| super bowl xxxvii | |
| san diego | |
| 2013 | |
| 2014 | |
| $1 .2 billion | |
| 1985 | |
| super bowl xxxvii | |
| may 21 , 2013 | |
| 2014 | |
| 2003 | |
| boston | |
| may 21 , 2013 | |
| 2014. | |
| $1 .2 billion | |
| 2003. | |
| john fox | |
| ten | |
| six | |
| carolina panthers | |
| super bowl xlviii | |
| john fox | |
| eight | |
| ten | |
| super bowl xxxviii | |
| six | |
| number one | |
| number one | |
| super bowl xlviii | |
| super bowl xxxviii. | |
| six | |
| one | |
| four | |
| john fox | |
| deangelo williams | |
| kelvin benjamin | |
| 7 | |
| 1978 | |
| carolina panthers | |
| ten | |
| eight | |
| kelvin benjamin | |
| 1978 | |
| 2009 | |
| 2011 | |
| torn acl | |
| kelvin benjamin | |
| deangelo williams | |
| 1978 | |
| ten | |
| carolina panthers | |
| 1978. | |
| carolina panthers | |
| ten | |
| six | |
| 45 | |
| 10 | |
| 27 | |
| greg olsen | |
| 45 | |
| 99.4 | |
| 77 passes | |
| receivers | |
| jonathan stewart | |
| six | |
| cam newton | |
| 3 ,837 | |
| 45 | |
| six | |
| 500 | |
| 3 ,837 | |
| 45 | |
| 99 .4. | |
| 39 | |
| 308 | |
| 136 | |
| 118 | |
| four | |
| kawann short | |
| 24 | |
| kawann short | |
| four | |
| four | |
| kurt coleman | |
| 24 | |
| kony ealy | |
| luke kuechly. | |
| two. | |
| gary kubiak | |
| brock osweiler | |
| indianapolis colts | |
| san diego chargers | |
| wade phillips | |
| four | |
| gary kubiak | |
| indianapolis colts | |
| 39 | |
| plantar fasciitis | |
| gary kubiak | |
| peyton manning | |
| a plantar fasciitis injury | |
| 39 | |
| four | |
| john fox | |
| peyton manning | |
| gary kubiak | |
| left foot. | |
| wade phillips | |
| 67.9 | |
| 17 | |
| demaryius thomas | |
| c . j . anderson | |
| 10 | |
| 67.9 | |
| 2 ,249 | |
| nine | |
| demaryius thomas | |
| receiver | |
| 67.9 | |
| 17 | |
| demaryius thomas | |
| 5 | |
| 67.9 | |
| 17 | |
| emmanuel sanders | |
| c . j . anderson | |
| 4.7 | |
| 4 ,530 | |
| 5½ | |
| brandon marshall | |
| three | |
| linebacker | |
| linebacker | |
| defensive ends | |
| 296 | |
| von miller | |
| brandon marshall | |
| three. | |
| von miller | |
| linebacker brandon marshall | |
| derek wolfe and malik jackson | |
| seattle seahawks | |
| arizona cardinals | |
| 487 | |
| seven | |
| 31–24 | |
| seattle seahawks | |
| 31–24 | |
| 487 | |
| seattle seahawks | |
| arizona cardinals | |
| seven | |
| seattle seahawks | |
| 49–15 | |
| arizona cardinals | |
| 487 | |
| pittsburgh steelers | |
| 11 | |
| new england patriots | |
| 20–18 | |
| 17 seconds | |
| broncos | |
| 23–16 | |
| new england patriots | |
| 17 | |
| manning | |
| pittsburgh steelers | |
| 11 | |
| new england patriots | |
| pittsburgh steelers | |
| new england patriots | |
| 17 | |
| thomas davis | |
| a broken arm | |
| three | |
| 11 | |
| acl tears | |
| arm | |
| 11 | |
| super bowl | |
| three | |
| broken arm | |
| 11 | |
| thomas davis | |
| 39 | |
| john elway | |
| 38 | |
| executive vice president of football operations and general manager | |
| broncos | |
| broncos | |
| john elway | |
| 38 | |
| peyton manning | |
| two | |
| two | |
| peyton manning | |
| john elway | |
| super bowl xxxiii | |
| peyton manning | |
| 39. | |
| john elway | |
| 1998 | |
| 2011 | |
| 26 | |
| 13 years and 48 days | |
| von miller | |
| manning | |
| newton | |
| 26 | |
| quarterback | |
| 1998 | |
| 2011 | |
| von miller | |
| 2011. | |
| 26 | |
| 13 years and 48 days | |
| super bowl xx | |
| chicago bears | |
| linebacker | |
| elway | |
| broncos | |
| linebacker | |
| elway | |
| rivera | |
| super bowl xx | |
| justin tucker | |
| bermuda 419 | |
| ed mangan | |
| baltimore ravens | |
| kicker | |
| justin tucker | |
| kicker | |
| hybrid bermuda 419 turf | |
| justin tucker | |
| a new playing surface | |
| a hybrid bermuda 419 turf. | |
| their cleats | |
| justin tucker | |
| natural grass | |
| broncos | |
| 34–19 | |
| atlanta falcons | |
| white | |
| super bowl xxxiii | |
| super bowl xxxiii | |
| 34–19 | |
| atlanta falcons | |
| white | |
| road white jerseys | |
| pittsburgh steelers | |
| super bowl xxxiii | |
| blue | |
| orange | |
| black jerseys with silver pants. | |
| san jose state | |
| stanford university | |
| san jose | |
| santa clara | |
| san jose marriott | |
| santa clara marriott | |
| san jose state practice facility | |
| stanford university | |
| san jose state practice facility | |
| san jose marriott. | |
| stanford university | |
| santa clara marriott. | |
| san jose | |
| san jose marriott. | |
| stanford university | |
| santa clara marriott. | |
| june 4 , 2014 | |
| super bowl v | |
| jaime weston | |
| super bowl xlv | |
| vince lombardi | |
| 2014 | |
| super bowl li | |
| l | |
| gold | |
| june 4 , 2014 | |
| arabic numerals | |
| l. | |
| gold | |
| super bowl li. | |
| arabic | |
| li. | |
| gold | |
| week 7 | |
| 50 | |
| gold | |
| gold | |
| golden super bowl | |
| gold footballs | |
| the 50 -yard line | |
| gold | |
| moscone center | |
| san francisco | |
| ed lee | |
| jane kim | |
| january 30 | |
| 1 million | |
| ed lee | |
| moscone center | |
| super bowl city | |
| moscone center | |
| super bowl city | |
| ed lee | |
| super bowl city | |
| more than 1 million | |
| mayor ed lee | |
| $5 million. | |
| the annual nfl experience | |
| santa clara university | |
| $2 million | |
| a week | |
| $2 million | |
| pep rally | |
| city council | |
| bellomy field | |
| a professional fundraiser | |
| city council | |
| $2 million | |
| city council | |
| monday | |
| tuesday | |
| sap center | |
| san jose | |
| the golden gate bridge | |
| tuesday | |
| monday | |
| super bowl opening night | |
| sap center | |
| san jose | |
| the tuesday afternoon prior to the game | |
| super bowl opening night. | |
| sap center in san jose. | |
| the golden gate bridge. | |
| monday | |
| super bowl opening night. | |
| sap center in san jose. | |
| golden gate bridge. | |
| february 1 , 2016 | |
| business connect | |
| $40 million | |
| dignity health | |
| gap | |
| chevron | |
| super bowl 50 host committee | |
| over $40 million | |
| sponsors | |
| business connect | |
| business connect | |
| over $40 million | |
| 25 | |
| the 50 fund | |
| 25 percent | |
| 50 fund | |
| the most giving super bowl ever | |
| 25 percent | |
| the 50 fund | |
| 25 percent | |
| 50 fund | |
| vince lombardi | |
| 18 | |
| 66 | |
| tiffany & co. | |
| tiffany & co. | |
| vince lombardi trophy | |
| 18 -karat gold -plated | |
| tiffany & co | |
| the vince lombardi trophy | |
| tiffany & co. | |
| cbs | |
| phil simms | |
| tracy wolfson | |
| 36 | |
| 5k | |
| three | |
| sidelines | |
| 360 -degree | |
| 5k resolution | |
| sidelines | |
| cbs | |
| three | |
| cbs | |
| jim nantz and phil simms | |
| tracy wolfson and evan washburn | |
| 5k | |
| cameras | |
| espn deportes | |
| john sutcliffe | |
| alvaro martin | |
| december 28 , 2015 | |
| spanish | |
| cbs | |
| espn deportes | |
| john sutcliffe. | |
| espn deportes | |
| alvaro martin and raul allegre | |
| john sutcliffe. | |
| nfl mobile | |
| watchespn | |
| cbssports .com | |
| xbox one | |
| 10 | |
| cbssports .com | |
| xbox one | |
| verizon wireless customers | |
| nfl mobile service | |
| verizon | |
| nfl mobile service. | |
| digital streams of the game | |
| verizon | |
| watchespn. | |
| the late show with stephen colbert | |
| the late late show with james corden | |
| the late show with stephen colbert | |
| the late late show with james corden | |
| the late show with stephen colbert | |
| late local programming | |
| the late late show with james corden. | |
| $5 ,000 ,000 | |
| anheuser -busch inbev | |
| doritos | |
| 20th | |
| $5 ,000 ,000 | |
| anheuser -busch inbev | |
| doritos | |
| nintendo | |
| the pokémon company | |
| anheuser -busch inbev | |
| doritos | |
| anheuser -busch inbev | |
| doritos | |
| crash the super bowl | |
| `` small business big game '' | |
| death wish coffee | |
| 30 -second | |
| nine | |
| death wish coffee | |
| nine | |
| quickbooks. | |
| death wish coffee | |
| ten | |
| quickbooks. | |
| death wish coffee | |
| jason bourne | |
| gods of egypt | |
| teenage mutant ninja turtles: out of the shadows | |
| resurgence | |
| gods of egypt | |
| teenage mutant ninja turtles: out of the shadows | |
| jason bourne | |
| captain america: civil war | |
| independence day | |
| universal | |
| fox | |
| westwood one | |
| kevin harlan | |
| jim gray | |
| boomer esiason | |
| james lofton | |
| two | |
| kevin harlan | |
| westwood one | |
| kevin harlan | |
| jim gray | |
| kevin harlan | |
| boomer esiason and dan fouts | |
| james lofton and mark malone | |
| pre -game and halftime coverage. | |
| north america | |
| krfx | |
| dave logan | |
| 1110 am | |
| chester , south carolina | |
| mick mixon | |
| dave logan | |
| ed mccaffrey | |
| wbt | |
| mick mixon | |
| koa -lrb -850 am -rrb - and krfx -lrb -103 .5 fm -rrb- | |
| wbt -fm -lrb -99 .3 fm -rrb- | |
| bbc radio 5 | |
| 5 live sports extra | |
| darren fletcher | |
| bbc | |
| greg brady | |
| bart starr | |
| chuck howley | |
| peyton manning | |
| 2001 | |
| peyton manning | |
| 39 | |
| peyton manning | |
| harvey martin | |
| 43 | |
| 39 | |
| bart starr | |
| peyton manning | |
| harvey martin | |
| six | |
| the national anthem | |
| academy award | |
| the national anthem | |
| american sign language | |
| lady gaga | |
| marlee matlin | |
| lady gaga | |
| marlee matlin | |
| lady gaga | |
| six | |
| marlee matlin | |
| december 3 | |
| british | |
| super bowl xlvii | |
| `` hymn for the weekend '' | |
| super bowl xlviii | |
| coldplay. | |
| pepsi | |
| `` hymn for the weekend '' | |
| coldplay. | |
| beyoncé | |
| hymn for the weekend | |
| bruno mars | |
| denver | |
| andre caldwell | |
| ronnie hillman | |
| brandon mcmanus | |
| c . j . anderson | |
| 18 | |
| shaq thompson | |
| brandon mcmanus | |
| a deficit. | |
| denver | |
| owen daniels | |
| c . j . anderson | |
| brandon mcmanus | |
| a deficit. | |
| mike carey | |
| cam newton | |
| von miller | |
| malik jackson | |
| super bowl xxviii | |
| jerricho cotchery | |
| mike carey | |
| von miller | |
| malik jackson | |
| 1993 | |
| mike carey | |
| von miller | |
| malik jackson | |
| super bowl xxviii | |
| jonathan stewart | |
| brad nortman | |
| 28 | |
| 61 | |
| 33 | |
| 51 | |
| jonathan stewart | |
| 11:28 | |
| jordan norwood | |
| 33 | |
| jonathan stewart | |
| field goal | |
| darian stewart | |
| linebacker | |
| kony ealy | |
| newton | |
| demarcus ware | |
| mike tolbert | |
| kony ealy | |
| 19 | |
| demarcus ware | |
| mike tolbert | |
| danny trevathan | |
| kony ealy | |
| punt | |
| demarcus ware | |
| ted ginn jr. | |
| graham gano | |
| 44 | |
| mcmanus | |
| t . j . ward | |
| ted ginn jr. | |
| the uprights | |
| t . j . ward. | |
| trevathan | |
| ted ginn jr. | |
| 26 -yard line | |
| graham gano | |
| emmanuel sanders | |
| ealy | |
| 39 | |
| devin funchess | |
| stewart | |
| 41 -yard line. | |
| ealy | |
| 50 -yard line. | |
| punts. | |
| ealy | |
| 50 -yard line. | |
| 39 -yard | |
| three | |
| 24 | |
| newton | |
| josh norman | |
| anderson | |
| bennie fowler | |
| miller | |
| wards | |
| newton | |
| josh norman | |
| 3:08 | |
| 4:51 | |
| miller | |
| wards | |
| three | |
| anderson | |
| five | |
| zero | |
| four | |
| thomas davis | |
| one | |
| one | |
| zero | |
| anderson | |
| sanders | |
| thomas davis | |
| sanders | |
| anderson | |
| all four | |
| one | |
| four | |
| 194 | |
| 11 | |
| baltimore ravens | |
| jordan norwood | |
| manning | |
| 194 | |
| 11 | |
| chicago bears | |
| broncos | |
| 21 | |
| 11 | |
| the broncos | |
| chicago bears | |
| two | |
| nobel prize | |
| 1745 | |
| maria skłodowska -curie | |
| famous musicians | |
| seven months old | |
| 100 | |
| krasiński palace garden | |
| the saxon garden | |
| east end | |
| łazienki | |
| 15 kilometres | |
| otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species | |
| 13 | |
| several | |
| to clean them | |
| city | |
| 833 ,500 | |
| around 34 % | |
| jewish | |
| migration and urbanisation | |
| warsaw university of technology | |
| 2 ,000 | |
| medical university of warsaw | |
| 1816 | |
| fryderyk chopin university of music | |
| 1816 | |
| over two million | |
| architects | |
| irena bajerska | |
| 10 ,000 m2 | |
| infrastructure | |
| three -year plan | |
| solid economic growth | |
| improved markedly | |
| warsaw | |
| children 's memorial health institute | |
| maria skłodowska -curie institute of oncology | |
| 700 | |
| developed | |
| musical | |
| events and festivals | |
| in the palace of culture and science | |
| warsaw | |
| festivals | |
| ogród saski | |
| saxon garden | |
| 1870 to 1939 | |
| momus | |
| wojciech bogusławski theatre | |
| wianki | |
| thousands | |
| midsummer’s night | |
| when they would be married | |
| the fern | |
| art posters | |
| 60 | |
| prestigious | |
| some paintings | |
| arms | |
| warsaw uprising museum | |
| katyń | |
| stereoscopic | |
| museum of independence | |
| 60 | |
| royal ujazdów castle | |
| about 500 | |
| zachęta national gallery of art | |
| polish and international artists | |
| last weekend of september | |
| polonia warsaw | |
| 1946 | |
| twice | |
| at konwiktorska street | |
| disastrous financial situation | |
| syrenka | |
| the mermaid | |
| since at least the mid -14th century | |
| 1390 | |
| a sword | |
| legend | |
| depths of the oceans and seas | |
| coast of denmark | |
| warszowa | |
| captured | |
| warsaw | |
| 1916 | |
| the art deco style | |
| poet | |
| isaac bashevis singer | |
| economist intelligence unit | |
| 2012 | |
| wide variety of industries | |
| stock | |
| frontex | |
| 1313 | |
| kraków | |
| 1596 | |
| king sigismund iii vasa | |
| survived many wars , conflicts and invasions | |
| roman catholic | |
| polish academy of sciences | |
| a unesco world heritage site | |
| architectural | |
| luxurious parks and royal gardens | |
| warszawa | |
| belonging to warsz | |
| 12th/13th -century nobleman | |
| a village | |
| miasto stołeczne warszawa | |
| jazdów | |
| the prince of płock | |
| 1300 | |
| 1413 | |
| 1526 | |
| general sejm | |
| 1569 | |
| religious freedom | |
| due to its central location | |
| 1596 | |
| until 1796 | |
| prussia | |
| napoleon 's | |
| 1815 | |
| 1816 | |
| from 4 august 1915 until november 1918 | |
| areas controlled by russia in 1914 | |
| underground leader piłsudski | |
| 1920 | |
| the red army | |
| september 1939 | |
| a german nazi colonial administration | |
| some 30 % of the city | |
| april 1943 | |
| almost a month | |
| the red army | |
| stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland | |
| august 1944 | |
| 63 days | |
| between 150 ,000 and 200 ,000 | |
| `` bricks for warsaw '' | |
| prefabricated | |
| an eastern bloc city | |
| palace of culture and science | |
| unesco 's world heritage list | |
| john paul ii | |
| growing anti -communist fervor | |
| less than a year | |
| victory square | |
| incentive for the democratic changes | |
| about 300 | |
| 325 | |
| vistula river | |
| 452 .8 ft | |
| at the right bank of the vistula | |
| two | |
| vistula valley | |
| moraine | |
| vistula river | |
| warsaw escarpment | |
| moraine | |
| former flooded terraces | |
| valleys | |
| plain vistula terraces | |
| pine | |
| turbulent history of the city | |
| during the second world war | |
| after liberation | |
| leopold kronenberg palace | |
| typical of eastern bloc countries | |
| gothic | |
| 14th century | |
| masovian gothic | |
| renaissance | |
| mannerist architecture | |
| 17th century | |
| 1688–1692 | |
| rococo | |
| neoclassical architecture | |
| 1775–1795 | |
| bourgeois | |
| not restored by the communist authorities | |
| socialist realism | |
| warsaw university of technology building | |
| the most distinctive buildings | |
| many places | |
| pawiak | |
| the warsaw citadel | |
| children | |
| warsaw uprising monument | |
| green | |
| new orangery | |
| pole mokotowskie | |
| park ujazdowski | |
| 1927 | |
| location of warsaw | |
| within the borders of warsaw | |
| masovian primeval forest | |
| kabaty | |
| two | |
| 1 ,300 ,000 | |
| 420 ,000 | |
| 1951 | |
| as better | |
| residency registration | |
| multi -cultural | |
| 711 ,988 | |
| 56 .2 % | |
| 2 .8 % | |
| 1944 | |
| a commune | |
| counties or powiats | |
| kraków | |
| warsaw city council | |
| 60 | |
| every four years | |
| committees | |
| 30 days | |
| president | |
| jan andrzej menich | |
| 1695–1696 | |
| the city council | |
| centrum | |
| śródmieście | |
| 304 ,016 | |
| emerging market | |
| 12 % | |
| 191 .766 billion pln | |
| 1817 | |
| world war ii | |
| april 1991 | |
| 374 | |
| polish united workers ' party | |
| 1951 | |
| polonez | |
| daewoo | |
| avtozaz | |
| chevrolet aveo | |
| warszawa | |
| warsaw | |
| vistula river | |
| 2 .666 million residents | |
| 9th | |
| warsaw | |
| vistula | |
| roughly 260 kilometres | |
| 2 .666 million | |
| 9th | |
| france | |
| 10th and 11th centuries | |
| denmark , iceland and norway | |
| rollo | |
| 10th century | |
| william the conqueror | |
| richard i | |
| catholic | |
| viking | |
| 9th century | |
| 911 | |
| king charles iii | |
| seine | |
| rollo | |
| catholicism | |
| north | |
| fighting horsemen | |
| 999 | |
| archangel michael | |
| monte gargano | |
| drogo | |
| william iron arm | |
| saracens | |
| 1130 | |
| squillace | |
| kitab rudjdjar | |
| the book of roger | |
| meritocratic | |
| seljuk turks | |
| 1050s | |
| 1060s | |
| alexius komnenos | |
| afranji | |
| oursel | |
| turkish forces | |
| norman mercenary | |
| robert guiscard | |
| 1082 | |
| 30 ,000 | |
| deabolis | |
| bohemond | |
| deabolis | |
| 1185 | |
| dyrrachium | |
| the adriatic | |
| king ethelred ii | |
| duke richard ii | |
| normandy | |
| sweyn forkbeard | |
| harthacnut | |
| 1041 | |
| robert of jumièges | |
| battle of hastings | |
| william ii | |
| 1066 | |
| anglo -saxons | |
| modern english | |
| 1169 | |
| ireland | |
| irish | |
| edgar | |
| king malcolm iii of scotland | |
| 1072 | |
| duncan | |
| sybilla of normandy | |
| norman | |
| hereford | |
| the welsh | |
| edward the confessor | |
| wales | |
| 1018 | |
| william of montreuil | |
| 1097 | |
| tancred | |
| jerusalem | |
| 380 years | |
| a storm | |
| berengaria | |
| 1191 | |
| isaac komnenos | |
| conrad of montferrat | |
| silver | |
| guy de lusignan | |
| richard the lion -heart | |
| 12 may 1191 | |
| double coronation | |
| 1489 | |
| knights templar | |
| africa | |
| bethencourt | |
| enrique pérez de guzmán | |
| maciot de bethencourt | |
| channel islands | |
| two | |
| romanesque | |
| rounded | |
| early gothic | |
| anglo -saxon | |
| sicily | |
| early 11th century | |
| dukes | |
| 16th century | |
| embroidery | |
| bayeux tapestry | |
| odo | |
| mosaics | |
| 11th | |
| william of volpiano and john of ravenna | |
| southern italy | |
| latin monastery at sant 'eufemia. | |
| robert guiscard | |
| singing | |
| 1856 | |
| serbian | |
| 1943 | |
| 1856 | |
| 1943 | |
| serbian | |
| alternating current | |
| 1884 | |
| thomas edison | |
| george westinghouse | |
| new york city | |
| war of currents | |
| 1884 | |
| thomas edison | |
| new york city | |
| george westinghouse | |
| transformer | |
| 1893 | |
| high -voltage | |
| mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x -ray imaging | |
| colorado springs | |
| 1893 | |
| boat | |
| wardenclyffe tower project | |
| 1943 | |
| si unit of magnetic flux density | |
| new york hotels | |
| mad scientist | |
| patents | |
| 1943 | |
| si unit of magnetic flux density | |
| 1990s | |
| showmanship | |
| croatia | |
| priest | |
| eidetic | |
| his mother 's genetics | |
| priest | |
| milutin tesla | |
| đuka tesla | |
| making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems | |
| his mother 's genetics and influence | |
| four | |
| german | |
| 1862 | |
| dane | |
| milka , angelina and marica | |
| killed in a horse -riding accident | |
| gospić , austrian empire | |
| pastor | |
| martin sekulić | |
| german | |
| integral calculus | |
| cheating | |
| 1873 | |
| 1870 | |
| to attend school | |
| martin sekulić | |
| german | |
| 1873 | |
| cholera | |
| nine months | |
| the best engineering school | |
| enter the priesthood | |
| smiljan | |
| 1873 | |
| cholera | |
| nine months | |
| enter the priesthood | |
| to send him to the best engineering school | |
| tomingaj | |
| mark twain | |
| the mountains | |
| 1874 | |
| hunter 's garb | |
| being drafted into the austro -hungarian army | |
| 1874 | |
| he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb | |
| mark twain | |
| 1875 | |
| austrian polytechnic | |
| 1879 | |
| gambling | |
| no | |
| graz , austria | |
| 1875 | |
| 1879 | |
| gambled | |
| tesla would be killed through overwork | |
| left graz | |
| to hide the fact that he dropped out of school | |
| a draftsman | |
| return home | |
| nervous breakdown | |
| 1878 | |
| that he dropped out of school | |
| his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river. | |
| draftsman | |
| nervous breakdown | |
| not having a residence permit | |
| march 1879 | |
| 60 | |
| a stroke | |
| taught | |
| for not having a residence permit. | |
| 1879 | |
| higher real gymnasium | |
| stroke | |
| prague | |
| arrived too late | |
| as an auditor | |
| charles -ferdinand university | |
| prague | |
| 1880 | |
| charles -ferdinand university | |
| two of tesla 's uncles | |
| budapest | |
| budapest telephone exchange | |
| chief electrician | |
| a telephone repeater or amplifier | |
| draftsman | |
| 1881 | |
| a telegraph company | |
| budapest telephone exchange | |
| chief electrician | |
| 1882 | |
| france | |
| new york city | |
| thomas edison | |
| edison machine works | |
| continental edison company | |
| france | |
| 1884 | |
| thomas edison | |
| manhattan 's lower east side | |
| fifty thousand dollars | |
| $10 a week raise | |
| months | |
| fifty thousand dollars | |
| american humor. | |
| us $10 a week raise | |
| robert lane and benjamin vail | |
| tesla electric light & manufacturing | |
| installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla | |
| patents | |
| dynamo electric machine commutators | |
| robert lane and benjamin vail | |
| 1886 | |
| tesla electric light & manufacturing | |
| installed electrical arc light based illumination systems | |
| tesla | |
| forced tesla out | |
| penniless | |
| ditch digger | |
| 1886/1887 | |
| assigned them to the company in lieu of stock. | |
| ditch digger | |
| various electrical repair jobs | |
| a western union superintendent | |
| april 1887 | |
| ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development | |
| manhattan | |
| 1886 | |
| western union superintendent | |
| charles f . peck | |
| 89 liberty street in manhattan | |
| tesla electric company | |
| an induction motor | |
| may 1888 | |
| a commutator | |
| sparking | |
| self -starting | |
| 1887 | |
| because of its advantages in long -distance , high -voltage transmission | |
| mechanical brushes | |
| 1888 | |
| editor of electrical world magazine | |
| american institute of electrical engineers | |
| 1888 | |
| decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market | |
| thomas commerford martin | |
| thomas commerford martin | |
| george westinghouse | |
| galileo ferraris | |
| physicist | |
| westinghouse electric & manufacturing company | |
| 1888 | |
| $60 ,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2 .50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor | |
| george westinghouse | |
| consultant | |
| $60 ,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2 .50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor | |
| 1888 | |
| $2 ,000 | |
| pittsburgh | |
| pittsburgh | |
| system to power the city 's streetcars | |
| 60 -cycle | |
| dc traction motor | |
| to power the city 's streetcars. | |
| a dc traction motor | |
| thomas edison and george westinghouse | |
| lighting systems | |
| ac development | |
| general electric | |
| ac | |
| thomas edison | |
| 1888 | |
| financial strain | |
| general electric | |
| george westinghouse | |
| chicago | |
| general electric | |
| tesla polyphase system | |
| tesla polyphase system | |
| george westinghouse | |
| chicago | |
| 1893 | |
| ac power | |
| richard dean adams | |
| niagara falls | |
| westinghouse electric | |
| general electric | |
| a two -phased system | |
| richard dean adams | |
| 1893 | |
| two -phased system | |
| most reliable | |
| 1896 | |
| $216 ,000 | |
| $2 .50 per ac horsepower royalty | |
| $200 ,000 | |
| j . p . morgan | |
| an estimated $200 ,000 | |
| $216 ,000 | |
| 35 | |
| new york | |
| electric lamps | |
| tesla coil | |
| 1891 | |
| the tesla coil. | |
| 35 | |
| wireless | |
| american institute of electrical engineers | |
| american institute of electrical engineers | |
| 1894 | |
| vice president | |
| 1892 to 1894 | |
| the institute of radio engineers | |
| he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments | |
| 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 | |
| december 1895 | |
| the metal locking screw on the camera lens | |
| 1894 | |
| x -rays | |
| lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 | |
| x -ray image | |
| mark twain | |
| x -ray imaging | |
| march 1896 | |
| radiography | |
| x -rays | |
| tesla coil | |
| 1896 | |
| tesla coil | |
| roentgen rays | |
| x -rays were longitudinal waves | |
| damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin | |
| skin damage | |
| his circuit and single -node x -ray -producing devices | |
| force -free magnetic fields | |
| ozone generated in contact with the skin | |
| longitudinal waves | |
| force -free magnetic fields | |
| in his many notes | |
| benjamin lamme | |
| 1893 | |
| westinghouse electric | |
| egg of columbus | |
| tesla | |
| 1934 | |
| physically strike him | |
| he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body | |
| bits of metal | |
| national electric light association | |
| tesla coil | |
| the franklin institute | |
| 1898 | |
| teleautomaton | |
| madison square garden | |
| an electrical exhibition | |
| monkey | |
| 1900 | |
| marconi | |
| 1901 | |
| 1943 | |
| supreme court of the united states | |
| 1899 | |
| paris | |
| 15 june 1899 | |
| five inches | |
| atmospheric | |
| stationary | |
| that the earth had a resonant frequency. | |
| lightning | |
| 135 feet | |
| 15 miles | |
| glowed even when turned off | |
| butterflies were electrified | |
| power outage | |
| repeatedly burned out | |
| powerful high frequency currents | |
| destroy | |
| communications from another planet | |
| mars | |
| collier 's weekly | |
| intercepted marconi 's european experiments | |
| july 1899 | |
| $100 ,000 | |
| for tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system | |
| to fund his colorado springs experiments. | |
| 1899 | |
| 1900 | |
| his lab was torn down | |
| 1904 | |
| sold | |
| wardenclyffe | |
| trans -atlantic wireless telecommunications facility | |
| near shoreham , long island | |
| morgan | |
| panic of 1901 | |
| shocked | |
| over 50 letters | |
| to complete the construction of wardenclyffe. | |
| marconi successfully transmitted the letter s from england to newfoundland | |
| 187 feet | |
| 200 | |
| 16 ,000 rpm | |
| 1906 | |
| 100–5 ,000 hp | |
| steam | |
| houston street lab | |
| the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building | |
| world today | |
| eventually split the earth in two | |
| application of electricity | |
| saturating them unconsciously with electricity | |
| william h . maxwell | |
| superintendent of new york city schools | |
| overseas | |
| lost | |
| sold | |
| $20 ,000 | |
| the edison medal. | |
| electrical experimenter | |
| fluorescent screen | |
| radar | |
| émile girardeau | |
| thomas edison and nikola tesla | |
| sir william henry bragg and william lawrence bragg | |
| tesla and/or edison had refused the prize | |
| announced a winner | |
| animosity toward each other | |
| 38 | |
| edison | |
| 1937 | |
| u .s. patent 1 ,655 ,114 | |
| vtol aircraft | |
| less than $1 ,000 | |
| turbine engines | |
| $125 per month | |
| rent at the hotel new yorker | |
| for the rest of tesla 's life | |
| bad publicity | |
| mechanical energy | |
| over any terrestrial distance | |
| minimal | |
| mineral deposits | |
| 1935 | |
| feed the pigeons | |
| a doctor | |
| broken | |
| early 1938 | |
| the fall of 1937 | |
| `` teleforce '' weapon | |
| van de graaff generator | |
| infantry | |
| anti -aircraft purposes | |
| death ray | |
| 1937 | |
| at a luncheon in his honor | |
| tungsten | |
| high voltage | |
| only a little | |
| charged particle beam weapons | |
| nikola tesla museum archive | |
| belgrade | |
| millions | |
| all war | |
| steal the invention | |
| in his mind. | |
| his papers | |
| 86 | |
| 7 january 1943 | |
| maid alice monaghan | |
| `` do not disturb '' sign | |
| coronary thrombosis | |
| fbi ordered the alien property custodian to seize tesla 's belongings | |
| john g . trump | |
| nothing | |
| manhattan storage and warehouse company | |
| new york city mayor fiorello la guardia | |
| louis adamic | |
| 12 january | |
| two thousand | |
| the cathedral of saint john the divine | |
| belgrade | |
| sava kosanović | |
| charlotte muzar | |
| belgrade | |
| nikola tesla museum | |
| around 300 | |
| 26 | |
| canada | |
| patent archives | |
| 8:10 p.m | |
| 9:00 a .m. until 6:00 p .m. or later | |
| 3:00 a.m | |
| headwaiter | |
| between 8 to 10 miles per day | |
| exercise | |
| squished his toes | |
| brain cells | |
| telepathy | |
| newspaper editor | |
| one | |
| pigeons | |
| over $2 ,000 | |
| broken wing and leg | |
| the park | |
| hotel room | |
| 142 pounds | |
| 6 feet 2 inches | |
| 1888 to about 1926 | |
| new york city | |
| eight | |
| visions | |
| picture thinking | |
| blinding flashes of light | |
| photographic memory | |
| more than 48 hours | |
| 84 hours | |
| graz | |
| kenneth swezey | |
| journalist | |
| chastity | |
| women | |
| toward the end of his life | |
| dorothy skerrit | |
| robert underwood johnson | |
| seclude himself | |
| asocial | |
| friend | |
| mark twain | |
| lab | |
| late 1920s | |
| overweight people | |
| secretary | |
| her weight | |
| go home and change | |
| electron | |
| ether | |
| transmitted electrical energy | |
| 19th | |
| einstein 's | |
| antagonistic | |
| relativity | |
| gravity | |
| 1892 | |
| curved | |
| 81 | |
| eugenics | |
| ruthless | |
| pity | |
| 1937 | |
| women | |
| 1926 | |
| queen bees | |
| post -world war i | |
| science and discovery | |
| 20 december 1914 | |
| league of nations | |
| orthodox christian | |
| fanaticism | |
| buddhism and christianity | |
| `` a machine to end war '' | |
| uncertain | |
| war | |
| books and articles | |
| magazines and journals | |
| ben johnston | |
| the web | |
| 1900 | |
| inventions , researches and writings of nikola tesla. | |
| science fiction | |
| books , films , radio , tv , music , live theater , comics and video games | |
| several | |
| time magazine | |
| 75th birthday | |
| electrical power generation | |
| einstein | |
| more than 70 | |
| computational complexity theory | |
| inherent difficulty | |
| computational problems | |
| if its solution requires significant resources | |
| mathematical models of computation | |
| time and storage | |
| number of gates in a circuit | |
| determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do | |
| analysis of algorithms and computability theory | |
| analysis of algorithms | |
| computational complexity theory | |
| computability theory | |
| problem instance | |
| the problem | |
| concrete | |
| instances | |
| solution | |
| 2000 | |
| round trip through all sites in milan | |
| computational problems | |
| problem instance | |
| binary alphabet | |
| bitstrings | |
| binary notation | |
| adjacency matrices | |
| decision problems | |
| yes or no | |
| 1 or 0 | |
| yes | |
| yes | |
| arbitrary graph | |
| formal language | |
| how graphs are encoded as binary strings | |
| a computational problem | |
| a single output | |
| a function problem | |
| the integer factorization problem | |
| complex | |
| decision problems | |
| set of triples | |
| how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem | |
| the instance | |
| as a function of the size of the instance | |
| bits | |
| an increase in the input size | |
| cobham 's thesis | |
| the time taken | |
| worst -case time complexity | |
| t -lrb -n-rrb- | |
| polynomial time algorithm | |
| a turing machine | |
| an algorithm | |
| the turing machine | |
| symbols | |
| a deterministic turing machine | |
| rules | |
| a probabilistic turing machine | |
| a non -deterministic turing machine | |
| randomized algorithms | |
| complexity classes | |
| time or space | |
| probabilistic turing machines , non -deterministic turing machines | |
| random access machines | |
| computational power | |
| time and memory | |
| the machines operate deterministically | |
| non -deterministic | |
| unusual resources | |
| mathematical models | |
| time | |
| state transitions | |
| difficulty | |
| dtime -lrb -f-lrb -n-rrb --rrb- | |
| time | |
| complexity resources | |
| computational resource | |
| blum complexity axioms | |
| complexity measures | |
| complexity measures | |
| best , worst and average | |
| complexity measure | |
| time | |
| inputs | |
| deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort | |
| worst -case | |
| o -lrb -n2 -rrb- | |
| the most efficient algorithm | |
| analysis of algorithms | |
| lower bounds | |
| upper bound | |
| all possible algorithms | |
| big o notation | |
| constant factors and smaller terms | |
| t -lrb -n-rrb - = o -lrb -n2 -rrb- | |
| the computational model | |
| complexity classes | |
| framework | |
| complicated definitions | |
| chosen machine model | |
| linear time | |
| single -tape turing machines | |
| cobham -edmonds thesis | |
| complexity class p | |
| time or space | |
| bounding | |
| complexity classes | |
| bpp , zpp and rp | |
| boolean | |
| quantum | |
| #p | |
| interactive | |
| computation time | |
| dtime -lrb -n2 -rrb- | |
| time and space hierarchy theorems | |
| a proper hierarchy on the classes defined | |
| quantitative statements | |
| time and space hierarchy theorems | |
| exptime | |
| pspace | |
| reduction | |
| another problem | |
| reduces | |
| karp reductions and levin reductions | |
| the bound on the complexity of reductions | |
| polynomial -time reduction | |
| multiplying two integers | |
| polynomial time | |
| input | |
| multiplication | |
| the type of reduction being used | |
| if every problem in c can be reduced to x | |
| solve any problem in c | |
| np -hard | |
| np -complete | |
| np | |
| there is no known polynomial -time solution | |
| np | |
| p | |
| cobham–edmonds thesis | |
| np | |
| boolean satisfiability problem | |
| turing machines | |
| more efficient solutions | |
| protein structure prediction | |
| $1 ,000 ,000 | |
| ladner | |
| np -intermediate problems | |
| graph isomorphism problem | |
| the graph isomorphism problem | |
| np -complete | |
| polynomial time hierarchy | |
| second level | |
| laszlo babai and eugene luks | |
| the integer factorization problem | |
| k | |
| modern cryptographic systems | |
| the general number field sieve | |
| suspected to be unequal | |
| p ⊆ np ⊆ pp ⊆ pspace | |
| between p and pspace | |
| proving that any of these classes are unequal | |
| co -np | |
| reversed | |
| not equal | |
| p is not equal to np | |
| l | |
| strictly contained in p or equal to p | |
| complexity classes | |
| nl and nc | |
| if they are distinct or equal classes | |
| intractable problems | |
| exponential -time algorithms | |
| np -complete problems | |
| presburger arithmetic | |
| algorithms have been written | |
| np -complete knapsack problem | |
| in less than quadratic time | |
| np -complete boolean satisfiability problem | |
| foundations were laid out | |
| alan turing | |
| turing machines | |
| 1936 | |
| a computer | |
| on the computational complexity of algorithms | |
| juris hartmanis and richard stearns | |
| 1965 | |
| time and space | |
| 1965 | |
| john myhill | |
| 1961 | |
| hisao yamada | |
| input encoding | |
| encoding | |
| manuel blum | |
| speed -up theorem | |
| `` reducibility among combinatorial problems '' | |
| 21 | |
| the curriculum. | |
| pedagogy | |
| university or college. | |
| lesson plan | |
| school | |
| cultures | |
| numeracy | |
| craftsmanship | |
| life skills | |
| family member | |
| home schooling | |
| formal | |
| transient | |
| knowledge or skills | |
| spiritual | |
| religious | |
| the quran , torah or bible | |
| religious and spiritual teachers | |
| homeschooling | |
| paid professionals. | |
| chartered | |
| the wider community | |
| paid professionals. | |
| school functions | |
| extracurricular | |
| study halls | |
| teachers | |
| teacher 's colleges | |
| to serve and protect the public interest | |
| the public | |
| teachers | |
| standards of practice | |
| members | |
| allegations of professional misconduct | |
| teacher 's colleges | |
| teacher 's colleges | |
| teacher 's colleges | |
| outdoors | |
| tutor | |
| academy | |
| facilitate student learning | |
| informal | |
| pedagogy | |
| field trips | |
| increasing use of technology | |
| the internet | |
| skill | |
| the relevant authority | |
| learning | |
| infants | |
| standardized | |
| particular skills | |
| self -study and problem solving | |
| encourage | |
| deflate | |
| a coach | |
| the relationship between teachers and children | |
| the whole curriculum | |
| different subject specialists | |
| primary school | |
| surrogate | |
| alternative | |
| platoon | |
| staying with the same group of peers for all classes | |
| knowledgeable | |
| united states | |
| co -teaching | |
| two or more | |
| learning | |
| harmoniously | |
| social networking support | |
| corporal punishment | |
| substitute parent | |
| all the normal forms of parental discipline | |
| the most common | |
| while a child was in school | |
| one of the most common | |
| most western countries | |
| united states | |
| supreme court | |
| physical pain | |
| 30 | |
| the south | |
| declining | |
| a specially made wooden paddle | |
| privately in the principal 's office | |
| caning | |
| some asian , african and caribbean countries | |
| see school corporal punishment. | |
| detention | |
| detention | |
| in schools | |
| quietly | |
| lines or a punishment essay | |
| assertive | |
| immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior | |
| firm , clear boundaries | |
| sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils | |
| respect | |
| some teachers and parents | |
| east asia | |
| weakness in school discipline | |
| a more assertive and confrontational style | |
| japan | |
| japan | |
| japan | |
| japan | |
| 40 to 50 students | |
| instruction | |
| motivated students | |
| attention -seeking and disruptive students | |
| motivated students | |
| popularly based authority | |
| governments | |
| persuasion and negotiation | |
| easier and more efficient | |
| good , clear laws | |
| enthusiasm | |
| passion | |
| teach by rote | |
| higher | |
| teacher enthusiasm | |
| read lecture material | |
| nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm | |
| controlled , experimental studies | |
| higher | |
| self -determined | |
| enthusiasm | |
| emotional contagion | |
| teacher enthusiasm | |
| student -teacher relationships | |
| beneficial | |
| the goals he receives from his superior. | |
| aligning his personal goals with his academic goals. | |
| student motivation and attitudes towards school | |
| friendly and supportive | |
| friendly and supportive | |
| interacting and working directly with students | |
| effective | |
| enthusiasm about the students | |
| enthusiastic | |
| in the student | |
| very influential | |
| teaching | |
| sexual misconduct | |
| 9 .6 % | |
| united states | |
| sometime during their educational career. | |
| american association of university women | |
| england | |
| priests , religious leaders , and case workers as well as teachers | |
| 2 ,869 | |
| the aauw study | |
| united states | |
| increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct | |
| fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile | |
| chris keates | |
| child protection and parental rights groups | |
| a shortage of male teachers | |
| the sex offenders register | |
| occupational stress | |
| long hours | |
| occupational burnout | |
| stress | |
| occupational stress | |
| 42 % | |
| uk | |
| twice the figure for the average profession | |
| 2012 | |
| average workers | |
| several | |
| organizational interventions | |
| individual -level interventions | |
| occupational stress among teachers | |
| organizational interventions | |
| a university or college | |
| certification by a recognized body | |
| elementary school education certificate | |
| a background check and psychiatric evaluation | |
| us | |
| the individual states and territories | |
| three | |
| tertiary education | |
| universities and/or tafe colleges | |
| primary | |
| a post -secondary degree bachelor 's degree | |
| a second bachelor 's degree such as a bachelor of education | |
| the private sector , businesses and sponsors | |
| civil servants | |
| lehramtstudien -lrb -teaching education studies -rrb- | |
| grundschule | |
| civil servants ' salary index scale -lrb -bundesbesoldungsordnung -rrb- | |
| gymnasium | |
| extra pay | |
| 27 ,814 | |
| 53 ,423 | |
| 90 ,000 | |
| the teaching council | |
| section 30 | |
| 2001 | |
| oireachtas funds | |
| 2006 | |
| new entrants to the teaching profession | |
| on a phased basis | |
| those who refuse vetting | |
| 41 ,004 | |
| experience and extra responsibilities | |
| 20 ,980 | |
| a bachelor 's degree | |
| september 2007 | |
| alternative licensing programs | |
| hard -to -fill positions | |
| vary | |
| excellent job opportunities | |
| secondary school teachers | |
| the general teaching council for scotland -lrb -gtcs -rrb- | |
| teaching | |
| seven | |
| provisional registration | |
| after a year | |
| april 2008 | |
| 20 ,427 | |
| 32 ,583 | |
| earn chartered teacher status | |
| trade unions | |
| wales | |
| welsh | |
| until the age of 16 | |
| 22 | |
| all age groups | |
| trade unions | |
| falling | |
| between 2005 and 2010 | |
| trade unions | |
| concern | |
| each state | |
| ten years | |
| a bachelor 's degree | |
| charter schools | |
| no child left behind | |
| relatively low salaries | |
| average teacher salaries | |
| more experience and higher education | |
| elementary school teachers | |
| teacherspayteachers .com | |
| many | |
| protestant | |
| not always | |
| -lrb -roman -rrb - catholic , -lrb -eastern -rrb - orthodox catholic , and protestant/non -denominational | |
| lds church | |
| many individuals | |
| spiritual | |
| the husband and father | |
| the father of the house | |
| guru | |
| extremely high | |
| their disciples | |
| the west | |
| a lama | |
| be reborn | |
| tulku | |
| often many times | |
| through phowa and siddhi | |
| ulemas | |
| ulemas | |
| sufism | |
| actions -oriented | |
| qutb | |
| german | |
| 18 february 1546 | |
| catholic church. | |
| god 's punishment | |
| excommunication | |
| gift of god 's grace | |
| faith in jesus christ | |
| the pope | |
| bible | |
| holy priesthood | |
| bible | |
| standard version | |
| tyndale bible | |
| singing in churches | |
| protestant clergy to marry. | |
| 10 november 1483 | |
| eisleben , saxony | |
| holy roman empire | |
| catholic | |
| lawyer | |
| university of erfurt | |
| beerhouse and whorehouse | |
| at four | |
| rote learning | |
| 1505 | |
| law | |
| uncertainty | |
| theology and philosophy | |
| by experience | |
| god | |
| death and divine judgment , | |
| 2 july 1505 | |
| augustinian cloister in erfurt | |
| deaths of two friends | |
| luther 's education | |
| augustinian order | |
| deep spiritual despair | |
| jailer and hangman | |
| johann von staupitz | |
| a change of heart | |
| 1507 | |
| von staupitz | |
| 1508 | |
| 9 march 1508 | |
| sentences by peter lombard | |
| 19 october 1512 | |
| 21 october 1512 | |
| doctor in bible | |
| university of wittenberg | |
| doctor of theology | |
| 1516 | |
| rebuild st . peter 's basilica | |
| roman catholic | |
| charity and good works | |
| charity and good works | |
| 31 october 1517 | |
| albert of mainz | |
| the ninety -five theses | |
| hans hillerbrand | |
| thesis 86 | |
| johann tetzel | |
| coin in the coffer | |
| luther | |
| johann tetzel | |
| god | |
| salvation | |
| punishments | |
| false assurances | |
| christ | |
| tetzel | |
| capacity to exaggerate | |
| indulgences for the dead , | |
| indulgences for the living | |
| the posting on the door | |
| posting on the door | |
| philipp melanchthon | |
| not in wittenberg | |
| little foundation in truth | |
| january 1518 | |
| printing press | |
| friends of luther | |
| two weeks | |
| two months | |
| 1519 | |
| students | |
| early part | |
| 1520 | |
| on the freedom of a christian | |
| lectured | |
| penance and righteousness | |
| corrupt in its ways | |
| central truths of christianity | |
| doctrine of justification | |
| god | |
| 1525 | |
| gift from god | |
| smalcald articles | |
| lives by faith | |
| christ and his salvation | |
| christ and his salvation | |
| sale of indulgences | |
| two points | |
| archbishop albrecht | |
| rome | |
| papal dispensation | |
| one half | |
| december 1517 | |
| pope leo x | |
| papal theologians and envoys | |
| october 1518 | |
| papacy was the antichrist | |
| arrest luther | |
| january 1519 | |
| remain silent | |
| johann eck | |
| matthew 16:18 | |
| new jan hus | |
| 15 june 1520 | |
| recanted 41 sentences | |
| 60 days | |
| karl von miltitz | |
| 3 january 1521 | |
| secular authorities | |
| 18 april 1521 | |
| estates of the holy roman empire | |
| emperor charles v | |
| prince frederick iii | |
| johann eck | |
| archbishop of trier | |
| stood by their contents | |
| next day | |
| confirmed | |
| raised his arm | |
| knight winning a bout | |
| michael mullett | |
| epoch -making oratory | |
| recant his writings | |
| luther | |
| not recorded | |
| more dramatic form | |
| private conferences | |
| 25 may 1521 | |
| emperor | |
| his arrest | |
| kill luther | |
| luther 's disappearance | |
| wartburg castle | |
| my patmos | |
| new testament | |
| shamed | |
| a sin | |
| cannot be earned | |
| 1 august 1521 | |
| trust in christ | |
| justice | |
| summer of 1521 | |
| condemned as idolatry | |
| a gift | |
| private confession and absolution | |
| break their vows | |
| prophetic faith | |
| 1521 | |
| daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 | |
| the little horn | |
| antichrist | |
| gabriel zwilling | |
| june 1521 | |
| disturbances | |
| zwickau prophets | |
| town council | |
| 6 march 1522 | |
| personal presence | |
| preached eight sermons | |
| invocavit sermons | |
| trust god 's word | |
| immediate | |
| jerome schurf | |
| after the sixth sermon | |
| joy | |
| misguided | |
| public order | |
| conservative | |
| zwickau prophets | |
| unrest and violence. | |
| established church | |
| zwickau prophet | |
| german peasants ' war | |
| 1524–25 | |
| support an attack | |
| upper classes | |
| temporal authorities | |
| tour of thuringia | |
| mad dogs | |
| the devil 's work | |
| the nobles | |
| on three grounds | |
| ignoring christ 's counsel | |
| god | |
| divine right of kings | |
| in body and soul | |
| backing for the uprising | |
| swabian league | |
| 15 may 1525 | |
| müntzer 's execution | |
| the secular powers | |
| katharina von bora | |
| in herring barrels | |
| 26 years old | |
| 41 years old | |
| april 1523 | |
| 13 june 1525 | |
| evening | |
| wedding banquet | |
| 27 june | |
| johannes bugenhagen | |
| seal of approval | |
| clerical marriage | |
| on biblical grounds | |
| death of a heretic | |
| reckless | |
| the black cloister | |
| former monastery | |
| six children | |
| riches of croesus | |
| farming the land | |
| choosing their own ministers | |
| supervisory church body | |
| new form | |
| two catechisms | |
| revolutionary | |
| extreme change | |
| electorate of saxony | |
| adviser | |
| john the steadfast | |
| under the temporal sovereign | |
| early 1526 | |
| 1523 adaptation of the latin mass | |
| simple people | |
| sacrifice | |
| freedom of ceremony | |
| 1527 | |
| visitation of the electorate | |
| christian education | |
| christian doctrine | |
| incapable of teaching | |
| catechism | |
| 1529 | |
| pastors and teachers | |
| the people | |
| questions and answers | |
| the catechism | |
| writings in volumes | |
| the catechism | |
| small catechism | |
| the bible | |
| small catechism | |
| larger catechism | |
| german vernacular | |
| as persons | |
| with the father | |
| 1522 | |
| 1534 | |
| the translation | |
| alone | |
| faith alone | |
| saxon chancellery | |
| northern and southern | |
| everyday germans | |
| read it without hindrance | |
| impediments and difficulties | |
| german -language publications | |
| bible translation | |
| evolution of the german language | |
| lucas cranach | |
| william tyndale | |
| authoring hymns | |
| high art and folk music | |
| singing of german hymns | |
| lute | |
| waldzither | |
| events in his life | |
| for lutheran views | |
| ein neues lied wir heben an | |
| john c . messenger | |
| flung to the heedless winds | |
| 1524 | |
| apostles ' creed | |
| small catechism | |
| german creedal hymn | |
| difficulty of its tune | |
| 1538 | |
| small catechism | |
| specific catechism questions | |
| multiple revisions | |
| luther 's tune | |
| 1523 | |
| psalm 130 | |
| write psalm -hymns | |
| achtliederbuch | |
| reformation doctrine | |
| nun komm , der heiden heiland | |
| veni redemptor gentium | |
| main hymn | |
| two hymns | |
| german te deum | |
| baptism | |
| johann walter | |
| prayer for grace | |
| j . s . bach | |
| halle | |
| early lutheran hymnals | |
| four | |
| 18 | |
| 24 | |
| eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn | |
| johann sebastian bach | |
| chorale cantatas | |
| 1707 | |
| 1724 to 1725 | |
| 1735 | |
| sleeps | |
| idea of torments | |
| sleep in peace | |
| rejected the existence | |
| smalcald articles | |
| franz pieper | |
| johann gerhard | |
| gerhard . lessing | |
| 1755 | |
| commentary on genesis | |
| francis blackburne | |
| 1765 | |
| gottfried fritschel | |
| dreams | |
| october 1529 | |
| landgrave of hesse | |
| doctrinal unity | |
| fourteen points | |
| nature of the eucharist | |
| words spoken by jesus | |
| body and blood of christ | |
| sacramental union | |
| symbolically present | |
| confrontational | |
| 1530 | |
| marburg colloquy | |
| schmalkaldic league | |
| the swiss cities | |
| george , margrave of brandenburg -ansbach | |
| antithetical | |
| reason | |
| no way contributes | |
| reason | |
| different epistemological spheres. | |
| jesus christ was born a jew | |
| jewish conversion to christianity | |
| jews | |
| anabaptists | |
| 1543 | |
| as a scourge | |
| to punish christians | |
| destroy the antichrist | |
| the papacy | |
| secular war | |
| qur 'an | |
| critical pamphlets on islam | |
| islam | |
| tool of the devil | |
| exposed to scrutiny. | |
| god 's wrath to christians | |
| johannes agricola | |
| city hall | |
| theses against agricola | |
| on the councils and the church | |
| second use of the law | |
| work sorrow over sin | |
| everything | |
| eliminate the accusing law | |
| essentially holy people | |
| ought to live | |
| ten commandments | |
| third use of the law | |
| illustration of the ten commandments | |
| ten commandments | |
| baptism | |
| ten commandments | |
| service to the neighbor | |
| wanted to marry | |
| bigamy | |
| one of his wife 's ladies -in -waiting | |
| holds luther accountable | |
| lasting damage | |
| expelled jews | |
| jews | |
| murder of christ | |
| divinity of jesus | |
| convert them to christianity. | |
| von den juden und ihren lügen | |
| 1543 | |
| three years before | |
| the devil 's people | |
| sanction for murder | |
| the jews | |
| martin luther | |
| doomed to perdition | |
| luther 's anti -jewish works | |
| throughout the 1580s | |
| luther | |
| anti -jewish rhetoric | |
| attacks on jews | |
| luther | |
| radically anti -semitic | |
| 17 december 1941 | |
| luther | |
| diarmaid macculloch | |
| bishop martin sasse | |
| greatest antisemite | |
| opportunistic | |
| misguided agitation | |
| modern hatred of the jews | |
| 18th and 19th centuries | |
| religious and in no respect racial | |
| violence | |
| ronald berger | |
| hysterical and demonizing mentality | |
| lutheran clergy and theologians | |
| luther 's hostile publications | |
| declining state of mind | |
| his health | |
| vulgarity and violence | |
| muslims -rrb - and catholics | |
| luther 's last battles: politics and polemics 1531–46 | |
| since the 1980s | |
| least prejudiced | |
| richard -lrb -dick -rrb - geary | |
| 1928 -1933 | |
| his health deteriorated | |
| bigamy of the philip of hesse | |
| kidney and bladder stones | |
| arthritis , and an ear infection | |
| angina | |
| poor physical health | |
| writings and comments | |
| harsher | |
| his wife katharina | |
| three times | |
| eisleben | |
| 15 february 1546 | |
| jews | |
| all german territory | |
| that they convert | |
| mansfeld | |
| negotiations | |
| late 1545 | |
| early 1546 | |
| his siblings ' families | |
| 17 february 1546 | |
| chest pains | |
| ps . 31:5 | |
| prayer of the dying | |
| 1 a.m | |
| apoplectic stroke | |
| 2:45 a.m | |
| 18 february 1546 | |
| in the castle church | |
| johannes bugenhagen and philipp melanchthon | |
| his last statement | |
| latin | |
| `` we are beggars , '' | |
| monumental | |
| frail catholic saints | |
| physically imposing | |
| religious orders | |
| 1530s and 1540s | |
| 18 february | |
| episcopal -lrb -united states -rrb - calendar of saints. | |
| 31 october | |
| church of england 's calendar of saints | |
| luther is honoured | |
| socal | |
| 10 counties | |
| economic center | |
| demographics and economic ties | |
| historical political divisions | |
| southern california megaregion | |
| 11 | |
| nevada | |
| mexican | |
| tijuana | |
| pacific | |
| seven | |
| 12 million | |
| san diego | |
| 17 .5 million | |
| colorado river | |
| colorado desert | |
| mojave desert | |
| mexico–united states border | |
| california | |
| 3 ,792 ,621 | |
| los angeles | |
| san diego | |
| south | |
| los angeles | |
| united states | |
| counties | |
| 15 | |
| counties | |
| hollywood | |
| los angeles | |
| the walt disney company | |
| music | |
| sony | |
| skateboard | |
| tony hawk | |
| shaun white | |
| oahu | |
| transpac | |
| palm springs | |
| beaches | |
| southern | |
| open spaces | |
| 37° 9 ' 58 .23" | |
| 11 | |
| ten | |
| tehachapi mountains | |
| northern | |
| mexico | |
| alta california | |
| monterey | |
| the missouri compromise | |
| free | |
| inequitable taxes | |
| cow counties | |
| three | |
| 75 | |
| milton latham | |
| los angeles times | |
| 1900 | |
| 1999 | |
| imperial | |
| seven | |
| regional tourism groups | |
| california state automobile association | |
| three -region | |
| tehachapis | |
| southern | |
| third | |
| vast areas | |
| suburban | |
| highways | |
| international metropolitan | |
| camp pendleton | |
| inland empire | |
| united states census bureau | |
| orange | |
| 1990s | |
| mediterranean | |
| infrequent rain | |
| 60 's | |
| very rare | |
| 70 | |
| pacific ocean | |
| varied | |
| topographic | |
| peninsular | |
| valleys | |
| 10 ,000 | |
| small | |
| 6.7 | |
| property damage | |
| $20 billion | |
| san andreas | |
| 6.7 | |
| puente hills | |
| usgs | |
| occurrence | |
| economically | |
| global | |
| economic | |
| 2010 | |
| high growth rates | |
| 10 .0 % | |
| tech -oriented | |
| greater sacramento | |
| metropolitan statistical areas | |
| two | |
| five million | |
| southern border region | |
| 17 ,786 ,419 | |
| los angeles | |
| 1 .3 million | |
| twelve | |
| 100 ,000 | |
| riverside | |
| petroleum | |
| hollywood | |
| the housing bubble | |
| diverse | |
| heavily impacted | |
| 1920s | |
| richest | |
| citrus | |
| cattle | |
| aerospace | |
| business | |
| central business districts | |
| south coast metro | |
| business | |
| los angeles area | |
| san fernando valley | |
| los angeles | |
| business | |
| riverside | |
| hospitality business/financial centre | |
| orange | |
| university of california , irvine | |
| west irvine | |
| south coast metro | |
| rapidly | |
| downtown san diego | |
| northern san diego | |
| north county | |
| san diego | |
| los angeles international airport | |
| passenger volume | |
| third | |
| san diego international airport | |
| van nuys airport | |
| metrolink | |
| seven | |
| six | |
| orange | |
| port of los angeles | |
| port of san diego | |
| southern | |
| the tech coast | |
| research | |
| private | |
| 5 | |
| 12 | |
| nfl | |
| nba | |
| mlb | |
| los angeles kings | |
| la galaxy | |
| chivas usa | |
| two | |
| 2014 | |
| stubhub center | |
| 2018 | |
| college | |
| ucla | |
| trojans | |
| pac -12 | |
| division i | |
| rugby | |
| high school | |
| an official school sport | |
| bskyb | |
| bskyb | |
| 2014 | |
| sky plc | |
| sky uk limited | |
| 2006 | |
| two | |
| sky | |
| £1 .3bn | |
| ondigital | |
| freeview | |
| three | |
| sky three | |
| pick tv | |
| sky+ pvr | |
| september 2007 | |
| monthly fee | |
| january 2010 | |
| sky+hd box | |
| videoguard | |
| nds | |
| cisco systems | |
| bskyb | |
| sky+ | |
| basic channels | |
| 2007 | |
| substantially increased the asking price | |
| video on demand | |
| hd channels | |
| july 2013 | |
| 2013 | |
| onedrive | |
| onedrive for business | |
| cloud storage | |
| sam chisholm | |
| astra | |
| 27 september 2001 | |
| sky digital | |
| 3 .5 million | |
| bskyb | |
| telecommunications | |
| 11 million | |
| freeview | |
| sky q hub | |
| sky q silver set top boxes | |
| share recordings | |
| 2016 | |
| 2016 | |
| dvb -compliant mpeg-2 | |
| dolby digital | |
| mpeg-4 | |
| opentv | |
| dvb -s2 | |
| 1998 | |
| astra 2a | |
| eutelsat 's eurobird 1 | |
| hundreds | |
| 28 .5°e | |
| 22 may 2006 | |
| 40 ,000 | |
| thomson | |
| 17 ,000 | |
| 4 ,222 ,000 | |
| 8 february 2007 | |
| march | |
| digital terrestrial | |
| virgin media | |
| english premier league football | |
| free -to -view | |
| monthly subscription | |
| videoguard uk | |
| ku band | |
| sky | |
| 1991 | |
| itv | |
| £34m | |
| bbc | |
| £304m | |
| ofcom | |
| £15–100 ,000 | |
| no | |
| not | |
| not | |
| 1 october 1998 | |
| sky digital | |
| sky active | |
| ondigital | |
| 100 ,000 | |
| 2007 | |
| virgin media | |
| video on demand | |
| bbc hd | |
| channel 4 hd | |
| 10 million | |
| 25m | |
| august 2004 | |
| 36 % | |
| flattened | |
| welfare cash card | |
| essentials | |
| often damaging | |
| sky tv bills | |
| a man 's presence | |
| £30m | |
| no | |
| virgin media | |
| bskyb | |
| basic channels | |
| diversified | |
| second | |
| fourth | |
| melbourne | |
| melbourne cricket ground | |
| bendigo | |
| new south wales | |
| buckland valley | |
| over 1 ,000 | |
| cramped and unsanitary | |
| multi -member proportional | |
| eight | |
| five | |
| four years | |
| every four years | |
| australian labor party | |
| liberal party | |
| national party | |
| the greens | |
| labor | |
| 61 .1 % | |
| 26 .7 % | |
| buddhism | |
| 168 ,637 | |
| 20 % | |
| south -east | |
| most densely populated | |
| second | |
| melbourne | |
| second -largest | |
| koori | |
| 1788 | |
| new south wales | |
| sullivan bay | |
| 1803 | |
| 26 ,000 square kilometres | |
| 50 % | |
| 6 ,000 square kilometres | |
| 90 % | |
| 270 ,000 | |
| 1975 | |
| 1855 colonial constitution | |
| parliament of victoria | |
| `` entrenched '' provisions | |
| victoria constitution act 1855 | |
| warmest regions | |
| 32 °c | |
| 15 °c | |
| 48 .8 °c | |
| 2009 | |
| state or government | |
| victoria department of education | |
| some extra costs | |
| roman catholic church | |
| curriculum | |
| major car brands | |
| 2017 | |
| may 2013 | |
| october 2016 | |
| ford | |
| 2 ,000 m | |
| mount bogong | |
| 1 ,986 m | |
| river systems | |
| helmeted honeyeater | |
| victorian alps | |
| great dividing range | |
| east -west | |
| below 0 °c | |
| −11 .7 °c | |
| government -owned | |
| metro trains melbourne | |
| victorian government | |
| freight services | |
| passenger | |
| 37 | |
| 12 | |
| legislative assembly | |
| legislative council | |
| linda dessau | |
| 1 july 1851 | |
| 1851 | |
| gold rush | |
| sevenfold | |
| 20 million ounces | |
| 1 ,548 | |
| 489 | |
| 540 ,800 | |
| 63 ,519 | |
| 61 | |
| victoria | |
| 3 million | |
| 60 % | |
| two -thirds | |
| asia | |
| 1 ,600 mm | |
| 1 ,435 mm | |
| 760 mm | |
| mountainous areas | |
| five | |
| 1788 | |
| new south wales | |
| new holland | |
| sydney | |
| 1854 | |
| british troops | |
| eureka stockade | |
| mining licence fees | |
| colony of victoria act | |
| most seats | |
| premier | |
| representatives | |
| daniel andrews | |
| elected | |
| $8 .7 billion | |
| 17 % | |
| 32 ,463 | |
| 136 ,000 square kilometres | |
| 60 % | |
| tourism | |
| sports | |
| melbourne | |
| regional cities | |
| surfclassic | |
| the southern and central parts of france | |
| about one -eighth the number | |
| from 1562 to 1598 | |
| the edict of nantes | |
| granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy | |
| derision | |
| geneva | |
| besançon hugues | |
| amboise plot | |
| 1560 | |
| availability of the bible in vernacular languages | |
| around 1294 | |
| guyard de moulin | |
| 1487 | |
| paris | |
| villes de sûreté | |
| montpellier | |
| edict of alès | |
| 1622 | |
| 1629 | |
| at the cape of good hope | |
| cape town | |
| maria de la queillerie | |
| dutch east india company | |
| 1700 | |
| 1624 | |
| jessé de forest | |
| l 'église française à la nouvelle -amsterdam | |
| l 'eglise du saint -esprit | |
| brooklyn | |
| the charleston orange district | |
| the british landgrave edmund bellinger | |
| pons | |
| 1697 | |
| charleston , south carolina | |
| william iii of orange | |
| king of england | |
| league of augsburg | |
| dutch republic | |
| 1672 | |
| edict of fontainebleau | |
| 1685 | |
| louis xiv | |
| 500 ,000 | |
| catholic church in france | |
| st . bartholomew 's day massacre | |
| 5 ,000 to 30 ,000 | |
| their own militia | |
| some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france | |
| between 1621 and 1629 | |
| southwestern france | |
| henry iv | |
| louis xiii | |
| huguenot rebellions | |
| one million | |
| 2 % | |
| alsace | |
| cévennes | |
| australia | |
| new rochelle | |
| new paltz | |
| `` huguenot street historic district '' in new paltz | |
| the oldest street in the united states of america | |
| staten island | |
| the dutch republic | |
| an estimated total of 75 ,000 to 100 ,000 people | |
| ca . 2 million | |
| amsterdam and the area of west frisia | |
| the revocation of the edict of nantes | |
| tours | |
| huguon | |
| the ghost of le roi huguet | |
| prétendus réformés | |
| night | |
| canterbury | |
| the weavers | |
| economic separation | |
| kent , particularly sandwich , faversham and maidstone | |
| a restaurant | |
| cork city | |
| dublin , cork , youghal and waterford | |
| dublin | |
| a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland | |
| 1696 | |
| brain drain | |
| new france | |
| non -catholics | |
| seven years ' war | |
| 1759 -60 | |
| henry of navarre | |
| 1598 | |
| granted the protestants equality with catholics | |
| the founding of new protestant churches | |
| protestantism | |
| education of children as catholics | |
| prohibited emigration | |
| four thousand | |
| `` new converts '' | |
| holland , prussia , and south africa | |
| switzerland and the netherlands | |
| 1555 | |
| france antarctique | |
| 1560 | |
| the guanabara confession of faith | |
| afrikaans | |
| wine industry | |
| western cape province | |
| surnames | |
| paul revere | |
| henry laurens | |
| charleston , south carolina | |
| manakin episcopal church | |
| texas | |
| lace | |
| 'bucks point ' | |
| twenty -five widows who settled in dover | |
| first half of the eighteenth century | |
| dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt | |
| one -fifth | |
| in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon | |
| 1806 -07 | |
| fredericia -lrb -denmark -rrb - , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden | |
| prussia | |
| cévennes | |
| camisards | |
| the catholic church in the region | |
| 1702 and 1709 | |
| jacksonville | |
| jean ribault | |
| fort caroline | |
| spanish | |
| 1565 | |
| charlesfort | |
| parris island | |
| pedro menéndez de avilés | |
| 1562 | |
| the wars of religion | |
| virginia | |
| lower norfolk county | |
| manakin town | |
| 390 | |
| 12 may 1705 | |
| 1568–1609 | |
| spain | |
| `` apologie '' | |
| william the silent | |
| calvinist | |
| foreign protestants naturalization act | |
| 1708 | |
| 50 ,000 | |
| andrew lortie | |
| the doctrine of transubstantiation | |
| williamite war | |
| william of orange | |
| dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal | |
| flax cultivation | |
| irish linen industry | |
| prince louis de condé | |
| count ludwig von nassau -saarbrücken | |
| glass -making | |
| 1890s | |
| 1604 | |
| electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate | |
| protestant | |
| quebec | |
| dutch cape colony | |
| they were accepted and allowed to worship freely | |
| hugues capet | |
| the `` hugues hypothesis '' | |
| janet gray | |
| little hugos , or those who want hugo | |
| double or triple non -french linguistic origins | |
| jacques lefevre | |
| university of paris | |
| 1530 | |
| william farel | |
| jean cauvin -lrb -john calvin -rrb- | |
| 24 august – 3 october 1572 | |
| catholics | |
| nearly 3 ,000 | |
| 1573 | |
| almost 25 ,000 | |
| louis xiv | |
| acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert | |
| he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts | |
| closed huguenot schools | |
| dragonnades | |
| westchester | |
| `` bauffet 's point '' | |
| john pell , lord of pelham manor | |
| la rochelle | |
| trinity -st . paul 's episcopal church | |
| affiliated with other protestant denominations | |
| married outside their immediate french communities | |
| e .i. du pont | |
| into the nineteenth century | |
| eleutherian gunpowder mills | |
| pierre bayle | |
| rotterdam | |
| historical and critical dictionary | |
| us library of congress | |
| saint nicolas | |
| the french protestant church of london | |
| 1550 | |
| soho square | |
| shoreditch | |
| 1724 | |
| lutheran and reformed | |
| germany and scandinavia | |
| edict of potsdam | |
| elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia | |
| huguenots furnished two new regiments | |
| frederick william | |
| theodor fontane | |
| adolf galland | |
| lothar de maizière | |
| federal minister of the interior | |
| solar | |
| rankine | |
| steam | |
| high | |
| external combustion | |
| atmospheric engine | |
| thomas newcomen | |
| 1712 | |
| steam pump | |
| papin | |
| united kingdom | |
| 21 february 1804 | |
| abercynon | |
| wales | |
| south | |
| water pump | |
| multi -stage centrifugal | |
| 1850s | |
| steam locomotives | |
| lower -pressure boiler feed water | |
| three | |
| quadruple expansion engines | |
| 19th | |
| marine triple expansion | |
| olympic | |
| corliss | |
| joy | |
| lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve | |
| lead fusible plugs | |
| melts | |
| steam escapes | |
| manually suppress the fire | |
| dampening the fire | |
| james watt | |
| rotary | |
| ten | |
| 1883 | |
| industrial revolution | |
| first | |
| hero of alexandria | |
| greek | |
| giovanni branca | |
| 1606 | |
| compound | |
| expansions | |
| shipping | |
| internal combustion engines | |
| coal | |
| steam turbines | |
| late | |
| several hundred | |
| 90 | |
| electric | |
| burning combustible materials | |
| combustion chamber | |
| solar | |
| electric | |
| steam engine indicator | |
| 1851 | |
| charles porter | |
| charles richard | |
| london exhibition | |
| 90 | |
| 180 | |
| 90 | |
| counterflow | |
| two | |
| one | |
| four | |
| expansion | |
| quasiturbine | |
| counterflow | |
| port | |
| oscillating cylinder | |
| trunnion | |
| models | |
| ships | |
| recycled continuously | |
| open loop | |
| mercury | |
| water | |
| working fluid | |
| 565 | |
| stainless steel | |
| 63 % | |
| 30 °c | |
| steam engines | |
| steamboats | |
| stanley steamer | |
| factories | |
| increase in the land available for cultivation | |
| catch me who can | |
| matthew murray | |
| twin -cylinder | |
| middleton railway | |
| stockton and darlington | |
| arthur woolf | |
| british | |
| torque variability | |
| cylinder volume | |
| 90 | |
| reciprocating steam engines | |
| gas turbines | |
| steam turbines | |
| reduction | |
| rankine cycle | |
| removed in a condenser | |
| 1990s | |
| biomass | |
| scottish | |
| duty | |
| 17 | |
| 7 million | |
| 94 | |
| watt | |
| steam turbines | |
| reciprocating piston | |
| turbine | |
| internal combustion | |
| thomas savery | |
| water pump | |
| 1698 | |
| bento de moura portugal | |
| john smeaton | |
| richard trevithick | |
| oliver evans | |
| 1802 | |
| transport | |
| power | |
| energiprojekt ab | |
| sweden | |
| 5 | |
| 8.8 | |
| 27 -30 | |
| surface condensers | |
| automobile radiator | |
| where water is costly | |
| wet | |
| 3600 | |
| centrifugal governor | |
| boulton | |
| flour mill | |
| cotton spinning | |
| hold a set speed | |
| 1880 | |
| railway locomotives | |
| complicated | |
| 1930 | |
| road engines | |
| shortening the cutoff | |
| kick back | |
| evacuate the cylinder | |
| fixed | |
| jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont | |
| spanish | |
| 1606 | |
| 1698 | |
| 1712 | |
| rotating discs | |
| drive shaft | |
| static discs | |
| turbine casing | |
| 3600 revolutions per minute | |
| lower | |
| electric motors | |
| steam turbine | |
| advanced steam | |
| pollution | |
| wankel | |
| cylinders and valve gear | |
| thermal expansion | |
| 1775 | |
| condenser | |
| half | |
| newcomen 's | |
| piston | |
| two | |
| plug valve | |
| adjustable spring -loaded | |
| seal | |
| more power | |
| corliss steam engine | |
| 1849 | |
| 30 % | |
| four | |
| rumford medal | |
| thermodynamic | |
| watt | |
| condenser | |
| joseph black | |
| latent heat | |
| during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump | |
| liquid | |
| 1 % to 3 % | |
| 1500 °c | |
| injector | |
| recover the latent heat of vaporisation | |
| superheaters | |
| bunker | |
| stoking | |
| feed water | |
| british | |
| dreadnought battleships | |
| ocean liners | |
| 1905 | |
| water | |
| turbine | |
| electrical generator | |
| turbo -electric transmission | |
| britain | |
| practical carnot cycle | |
| in the condenser | |
| constant pressure | |
| isothermal | |
| liquid | |
| 8 | |
| helium | |
| two atoms | |
| almost half | |
| diatomic oxygen | |
| 20 .8 % | |
| oxygen | |
| 8 | |
| monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend | |
| by mass , oxygen is the third -most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium | |
| 8 | |
| chalcogen | |
| oxides | |
| third | |
| dioxygen | |
| photosynthesis | |
| sunlight | |
| high -altitude ozone layer | |
| oxygen | |
| water | |
| photosynthesis | |
| water | |
| ozone | |
| robert boyle | |
| john mayow | |
| nitroaereus | |
| 1679 | |
| robert boyle | |
| nitroaereus | |
| 17th century | |
| respiration | |
| john mayow | |
| joseph priestley | |
| clergyman | |
| hgo | |
| mercuric oxide -lrb -hgo -rrb- | |
| mercuric oxide | |
| dephlogisticated air | |
| 1775 | |
| published his findings first | |
| active | |
| leonardo da vinci | |
| philo of byzantium | |
| 2nd century bce | |
| incorrectly | |
| philo of byzantium | |
| fire | |
| pneumatica | |
| leonardo da vinci | |
| air | |
| heat or a spark | |
| oxygen is the oxidant | |
| compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative | |
| oxygen | |
| ignition event | |
| oxidant | |
| rapid combustion | |
| chemical energy | |
| compounds of oxygen | |
| pure o | |
| oxygen | |
| 1⁄3 | |
| special training | |
| combustion | |
| storage vessels | |
| special training | |
| apollo 1 crew | |
| oxides of silicon | |
| carbon dioxide | |
| mantle | |
| carbon dioxide | |
| earth 's crustal rock | |
| earth 's mantle | |
| mantle | |
| complex silicates | |
| monatomic | |
| simplest | |
| ho | |
| hydrogen | |
| avogadro 's law | |
| phlogiston | |
| non -combustible | |
| air | |
| metals | |
| become lighter | |
| covalent double bond | |
| two | |
| aufbau | |
| chemically | |
| molecular orbitals | |
| 1773 | |
| 1774 | |
| work was published first | |
| antoine lavoisier | |
| phlogiston theory | |
| spin triplet state | |
| triplet oxygen | |
| unpaired electrons | |
| spontaneous | |
| antibonding | |
| air | |
| weight | |
| weight | |
| 1777 | |
| azote | |
| ozone | |
| allotrope | |
| lung tissue | |
| protective radiation shield | |
| uv | |
| dioxygen | |
| o2 | |
| major | |
| energy content | |
| cellular respiration | |
| james dewar | |
| 1891 | |
| 1895 | |
| oxyacetylene | |
| oxygen | |
| temperature | |
| 6 .04 milliliters | |
| seawater | |
| twice | |
| most abundant | |
| third | |
| 0 .9 % | |
| world 's oceans | |
| ultraviolet radiation | |
| late 19th | |
| compressing and cooling | |
| raoul pierre pictet | |
| few drops | |
| march 29 , 1883 | |
| sun | |
| oxygen -16 | |
| genesis spacecraft | |
| unknown | |
| earth | |
| singlet | |
| organic molecules | |
| photosynthesis | |
| photolysis of ozone | |
| carotenoids | |
| paleoclimatologists | |
| climate | |
| 12 % | |
| oxygen -18 | |
| lower global temperatures | |
| 687 and 760 nm | |
| carbon cycle | |
| satellite platform | |
| global | |
| remote sensing | |
| paramagnetic | |
| liquid oxygen | |
| unpaired electrons | |
| magnetic field | |
| powerful magnet | |
| dangerous by -products | |
| destroy invading microbes | |
| pathogen attack | |
| anaerobic | |
| 2 .5 billion years ago | |
| 90 .20 k | |
| clear | |
| liquefied air | |
| liquid nitrogen | |
| combustible materials | |
| water | |
| lower | |
| higher oxygen content | |
| algae | |
| biochemical oxygen demand | |
| 3 .5 billion years ago | |
| paleoproterozoic | |
| banded iron formations | |
| 1 .7 billion years ago | |
| 3–2 .7 billion years ago | |
| oxygen cycle | |
| biogeochemical | |
| three | |
| photosynthesis | |
| oxygen | |
| zeolite molecular sieves | |
| 90 % to 93 % | |
| nitrogen | |
| non -cryogenic | |
| major method | |
| water | |
| oxygen and hydrogen | |
| dc | |
| oxides and oxoacids | |
| chemical | |
| recreational | |
| mild euphoric | |
| performance | |
| placebo | |
| aerobic | |
| hyperbaric -lrb -high -pressure -rrb - medicine | |
| carbon monoxide | |
| anaerobic bacteria | |
| decompression sickness | |
| oxygen therapy | |
| heart | |
| oxygen supplementation | |
| respiration | |
| gaseous oxygen. | |
| electronegativity | |
| oxides | |
| feo | |
| oxide | |
| corrosion | |
| cabin depressurization | |
| chemical | |
| exothermic | |
| oxygen gas | |
| storage | |
| insulated tankers | |
| liquid | |
| compressed gas | |
| hospitals | |
| organic solvents | |
| organic compounds | |
| feeder materials | |
| epoxides | |
| important | |
| biomolecules | |
| only a few | |
| carbohydrates | |
| proteins | |
| bones | |
| oxygen toxicity | |
| pulmonary fibrosis | |
| 160 kpa | |
| acute oxygen toxicity | |
| seizures | |
| low total pressures | |
| 30 kpa | |
| 1 .4 times normal | |
| no damage | |
| only marginally more | |
| at elevated partial pressures | |
| 50 kilopascals | |
| 50 % oxygen | |
| mechanical ventilators | |
| 30 %–50 % | |
| october 1973 | |
| nearly $12 | |
| 1979 | |
| first oil shock | |
| members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries | |
| to avoid being targeted by the boycott | |
| they arranged for israel to pull back from the sinai peninsula and the golan heights. | |
| january 18 , 1974 , | |
| march 1974 | |
| on august 15 , 1971 | |
| to `` float '' -lrb -rise and fall according to market demand -rrb- | |
| industrialized nations increased their reserves | |
| in september 1971 | |
| oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased | |
| risen by less than two percent per year | |
| after 1971 | |
| 1973–1974 | |
| until the oil shock | |
| on october 6 , 1973 | |
| iran | |
| ten times more | |
| iran | |
| renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict | |
| in response to american aid to israel | |
| october 16 , 1973 , | |
| until their economic and political objectives were met | |
| $2 .2 billion | |
| american aid to israel | |
| over 100 billion dollars | |
| al -qaeda and the taliban | |
| middle east | |
| shrinking western demand | |
| wahhabism | |
| distribution and price disruptions | |
| ussr | |
| 1973 | |
| kissinger | |
| the embargo | |
| automobiles | |
| macroeconomic problems | |
| arctic | |
| five to ten years | |
| netherlands | |
| america | |
| uk | |
| israel | |
| ted heath | |
| uk | |
| a series of strikes | |
| winter of 1973–74 | |
| germany | |
| sweden | |
| price controls | |
| encourage investment | |
| price controls | |
| rationing | |
| william e . simon | |
| in 1973 | |
| coordinate the response to the embargo | |
| last week of february 1974 , | |
| 55 mph | |
| emergency highway energy conservation act | |
| bill clinton | |
| november 28 , 1995 | |
| 1977 | |
| energy crisis | |
| market and technology realities | |
| congresses and presidents | |
| u.s | |
| british prime minister edward heath | |
| 10 years | |
| arabs and much of the rest of the third world | |
| japan | |
| 71 % | |
| 5 % production cut | |
| november 22 | |
| december 25 | |
| ussr 's invasion | |
| saudi arabia and iran | |
| saudi arabia | |
| january 1979 | |
| november 1979 | |
| large cars | |
| japanese imports | |
| v8 and six cylinder engines | |
| japan | |
| a decade after the 1973 | |
| toyota corona mark ii | |
| power steering | |
| lexus | |
| toyota hilux | |
| dodge d -50 | |
| ford , chrysler , and gm | |
| captive import policy | |
| an increase in imported cars | |
| at least four passengers | |
| 1985 | |
| lincoln continental , | |
| chevrolet bel air | |
| 1979 | |
| 1981 | |
| mustang i | |
| 1981 | |
| 1980s | |
| recover market share | |
| nearly $40 per barrel | |
| project mercury | |
| national aeronautics and space administration -lrb -nasa -rrb- | |
| 1968 | |
| dwight d . eisenhower | |
| two | |
| 1961 to 1972 | |
| gemini program | |
| soviet union | |
| skylab | |
| 1967 | |
| prelaunch test | |
| budget cuts | |
| five | |
| oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon | |
| apollo 8 | |
| apollo 17 | |
| 382 kg | |
| avionics , telecommunications , and computers | |
| one | |
| three | |
| abe silverstein | |
| manned lunar landings | |
| early 1960 | |
| 1960 | |
| maxime faget | |
| three | |
| hugh l . dryden | |
| john f . kennedy | |
| soviet union | |
| massive financial commitment | |
| james e . webb | |
| missile gap | |
| yuri gagarin | |
| soviet union | |
| one day | |
| refusing to make a commitment | |
| april 20 | |
| lyndon b . johnson | |
| approximately one week | |
| neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary | |
| robert r . gilruth | |
| nasa 's langley research center | |
| houston , texas | |
| rice university | |
| florida | |
| merritt island | |
| kurt h . debus | |
| director | |
| kennedy | |
| three | |
| apollo spacecraft | |
| 250 ,000 feet | |
| 130 million cubic foot | |
| dr . george e . mueller | |
| july 23 , 1963 | |
| d . brainerd holmes | |
| mueller | |
| air force missile projects | |
| united states air force | |
| general samuel c . phillips | |
| january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969 | |
| apollo program director | |
| a rendezvous —let alone a docking | |
| 1961 | |
| robert seamans | |
| nicholas e . golovin | |
| july 1961 | |
| manned spacecraft center | |
| joseph shea | |
| marshall space flight center | |
| jerome wiesner | |
| golovin | |
| nasa | |
| july 11 , 1962 | |
| wiesner | |
| `` no , that 's no good '' | |
| lunar excursion module | |
| grumman | |
| spacecraft to be used as a `` lifeboat '' | |
| apollo 13 | |
| propulsion , electrical power and life support | |
| 1964 | |
| cone -shaped | |
| command/service module | |
| two | |
| three | |
| ocean | |
| ablative heat shield | |
| parachutes | |
| 5 ,560 kg | |
| service module -lrb -sm -rrb- | |
| high -gain s -band antenna | |
| discarded | |
| 51 ,300 pounds | |
| orbital scientific instrument package | |
| north american aviation | |
| twice the thrust | |
| 1964 | |
| saturn v | |
| two | |
| not | |
| 15 ,100 kg | |
| 3 days | |
| wernher von braun | |
| army | |
| june 11 , 1962 | |
| dummy upper stages filled with water | |
| 1964 and 1965 | |
| pegasus satellites | |
| frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts | |
| saturn ib | |
| 200 ,000 lbf | |
| third stage | |
| 40 ,000 pounds | |
| three -stage saturn v | |
| 33 feet | |
| three | |
| burned liquid hydrogen | |
| mercury and gemini | |
| all missions | |
| dr . harrison schmitt | |
| apollo 17 | |
| last mission | |
| 32 | |
| distinguished service medal | |
| 1969 | |
| discipline problems | |
| apollo 8 | |
| 1966 | |
| 265 .7 nautical miles | |
| 25 ,700 km | |
| heat shield | |
| unmanned | |
| new apollo spacesuit | |
| traditional visor helmet | |
| a water -cooled undergarment | |
| lunar module pilot | |
| deke slayton | |
| mercury | |
| 1966 | |
| donn f . eisele | |
| as -205 | |
| canceled | |
| august 1967 | |
| as -205/208 | |
| apollo 1 backup crew | |
| samuel phillips | |
| `` tiger team '' | |
| 1967 | |
| george mueller | |
| altitude chamber | |
| grissom , white , and chaffee | |
| launch countdown | |
| north american | |
| strange odor in their spacesuits | |
| january 27 , 1967 | |
| electrical fire | |
| asphyxiated | |
| 100 % oxygen | |
| both houses of congress | |
| deficiencies | |
| george low | |
| immediately | |
| nitrogen/oxygen mixture | |
| flammable cabin and space suit materials | |
| quick -release , outward opening door | |
| discontinued | |
| fire -resistant block ii | |
| sequence | |
| successful | |
| letters | |
| as -501 | |
| heat shield | |
| april 4 , 1968 | |
| third unmanned test | |
| apollo 5 | |
| pad 37 | |
| grumman | |
| success | |
| `` fire -in -the -hole '' | |
| two saturn ibs | |
| zond 5 | |
| christmas eve | |
| orbit the moon | |
| human cosmonauts | |
| gemini | |
| july 1969 | |
| black -and -white television | |
| neil armstrong , michael collins and buzz aldrin | |
| july 24 | |
| apollo 12 | |
| surveyor 3 | |
| returned to earth | |
| the sun | |
| lunar roving vehicle -lrb -lrv -rrb- | |
| block ii spacesuit | |
| eight | |
| over three days | |
| mass | |
| liquid oxygen tank exploded | |
| rookies | |
| grounded | |
| oxygen tank | |
| april 1970 | |
| apollo 20 | |
| began to shrink | |
| museum exhibits | |
| 1971 | |
| extremely old | |
| 4 .6 billion years | |
| kreep | |
| genesis rock | |
| micrometeoroid impact craters | |
| impact process effects | |
| materials melted near an impact crater. | |
| $170 billion | |
| 15 | |
| $20 .4 billion | |
| apollo x | |
| apollo applications program | |
| venus | |
| 1973 | |
| on the ground | |
| february 8 , 1974 | |
| apollo telescope mount | |
| lunar reconnaissance orbiter | |
| apollo 11 | |
| unknown | |
| apollo 8 | |
| book of genesis | |
| one -quarter | |
| inspiring end | |
| special apollo tv camera | |
| incompatible | |
| magnetic tape shortage | |
| newer satellite data | |
| stan lebar | |
| nafzger | |
| without destroying historical legitimacy | |
| kinescope recordings | |
| lowry digital | |
| black and white | |
| primary law , secondary law and supplementary law. | |
| a body of treaties and legislation | |
| treaties establishing the european union | |
| regulations and directives | |
| european parliament and the council of the european union | |
| a body of treaties and legislation | |
| direct effect or indirect effect | |
| primary law , secondary law and supplementary law | |
| european parliament and the council of the european union | |
| primary law , secondary law and supplementary law | |
| the treaties establishing the european union | |
| the european parliament and the council of the european union | |
| three | |
| courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union | |
| courts of member states | |
| treaty on the functioning of the european union | |
| the european court of justice | |
| international law | |
| courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union | |
| the treaty on the functioning of the european union | |
| the european court of justice | |
| international law | |
| the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union | |
| the courts of member states | |
| the european court of justice | |
| case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law | |
| treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb - and the treaty on the functioning of the european union -lrb -tfeu -rrb- | |
| the european commission | |
| citizens | |
| the european court of justice | |
| the `` european council '' | |
| treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb- | |
| the faroe islands | |
| can interpret the treaties , but it cannot rule on their validity | |
| if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional. | |
| as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise | |
| treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb - and the treaty on the functioning of the european union -lrb -tfeu -rrb- | |
| gibraltar and the åland islands | |
| treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise | |
| the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties | |
| with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy | |
| treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 | |
| 1985 | |
| in 1972 -lrb -though norway did not end up joining -rrb- | |
| greenland | |
| common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy | |
| 1992 | |
| 1986 | |
| 1972 | |
| 1985 | |
| following the nice treaty | |
| referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands | |
| very similar | |
| an amending treaty | |
| altered the existing treaties | |
| there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent | |
| this would have also produced a single constitutional document | |
| the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands | |
| the lisbon treaty | |
| the european commission | |
| the commission | |
| the commission 's president | |
| one commissioner for each of the 28 member states | |
| federica mogherini | |
| article 17 -lrb -3-rrb- | |
| the commission 's president | |
| simple majority vote | |
| ireland | |
| commissioners | |
| the santer commission | |
| did in fact not break any law | |
| committee of independent experts | |
| european council | |
| do not have voting rights | |
| 1999 | |
| commission v edith cresson | |
| a committee of independent experts | |
| the european anti -fraud office | |
| 2012 | |
| the european parliament and the council of the european union | |
| cannot initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes | |
| every five years | |
| two -thirds majority | |
| the commission and council | |
| the commission | |
| the european parliament and the council of the european union | |
| 1979 | |
| every five years | |
| the conservative european people 's party | |
| different ministers of the member states | |
| donald tusk | |
| inversely | |
| 352 | |
| 260 | |
| the council | |
| each six months | |
| 352 | |
| at least 55 per cent of the council members -lrb -not votes -rrb - representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu | |
| a majority | |
| qualified majority | |
| harder | |
| teu articles 4 and 5 | |
| court of justice | |
| tfeu article 294 | |
| legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission | |
| teu articles 4 and 5 | |
| conciliation committee | |
| judicial branch | |
| court of justice of the european union -lrb -cjeu -rrb- | |
| 28 | |
| member state courts | |
| ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed | |
| by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration | |
| the court of justice of the european union | |
| civil service tribunal | |
| three years | |
| to `` ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed '' | |
| eu law | |
| nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958 | |
| 1964 and 1968 | |
| the european court of justice and the highest national courts | |
| 1964 | |
| the court of justice | |
| eu law | |
| foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights | |
| 1972 | |
| the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people. | |
| if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles | |
| administrative law | |
| 1986 | |
| all actions | |
| constitutional law | |
| van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen | |
| article 30 | |
| a postal company | |
| treaty provisions | |
| directives | |
| 4 weeks | |
| 28 days | |
| early 1990s | |
| the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action | |
| a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company | |
| 10 years | |
| british gas plc | |
| women retire at age 60 and men at 65 | |
| national courts | |
| incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons | |
| failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent | |
| 6 million lira | |
| the european court of justice | |
| fundamental rights -lrb -see human rights -rrb - , proportionality , legal certainty , equality before the law and subsidiarity | |
| since the 1950s | |
| in article 5 | |
| the least onerous | |
| since the 1960s | |
| international law and public law | |
| a proper legal basis | |
| the principles of legal certainty and good faith | |
| from the constitutional traditions common to the member states | |
| fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states | |
| none | |
| member states | |
| 1950 | |
| european court of human rights. | |
| 1999 | |
| 2007 | |
| the charter of fundamental rights of the european union | |
| european union law | |
| european court of justice | |
| 1997 treaty of amsterdam | |
| 1997 | |
| 1989 | |
| 30 | |
| 40 | |
| 11 of the then 12 member states | |
| the uk | |
| the `` social chapter '' | |
| 1992 | |
| the election of the uk labour party to government | |
| 1997 | |
| works council directive | |
| 1996 | |
| workforce consultation in businesses | |
| france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany | |
| 1951 | |
| cartels | |
| article 66 | |
| 1957 | |
| article 101 -lrb -1-rrb- | |
| the abuse of dominant position | |
| articles 106 and 107 | |
| article 102 | |
| 2007 | |
| 1957 | |
| consumer prices | |
| free trade | |
| the court of justice | |
| a customs union , and the principle of non -discrimination | |
| parallel importers like mr dassonville | |
| private actors | |
| commission v france | |
| a protest that blocked heavy traffic | |
| 25 | |
| france | |
| 2003 | |
| cocoa butter | |
| motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers | |
| keck and mithouard | |
| cut throat competition | |
| konsumentombudsmannen v de agostini | |
| the unfair commercial practices directive | |
| to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement | |
| the european community | |
| citizenship | |
| steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie | |
| to stay , so long as there was at least an `` indirect quid pro quo '' for the work he did | |
| articles 1 to 7 | |
| jean -marc bosman | |
| gaelic | |
| hendrix v employee | |
| between 3 and 14 hours a week | |
| citizenship of the eu | |
| the number of social services that people can access wherever they move | |
| commission v austria | |
| higher education | |
| the treaty on the functioning of the european union | |
| if they were non -discriminatory | |
| reyners v belgium | |
| article 49 | |
| commission v italy | |
| 2006 | |
| shipping toxic waste | |
| october 2007 | |
| 2005 | |
| to people who give services `` for remuneration '' | |
| because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice | |
| narcotic drugs | |
| the treatment | |
| the daily mail | |
| £1 | |
| 200 ,000 danish krone | |
| creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes | |
| überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh | |
| also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , | |
| 5 ,500 ,000 square kilometres -lrb -2 ,100 ,000 sq mi -rrb - are covered by the rainforest. | |
| this region includes territory belonging to nine nations. | |
| states or departments in four nations contain `` amazonas '' in their names. | |
| the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests | |
| amazoneregenwoud | |
| the amazon rainforest | |
| brazil | |
| over half | |
| 16 ,000 | |
| moist broadleaf forest | |
| 7 ,000 ,000 square kilometres -lrb -2 ,70 | |
| nine nations | |
| brazil | |
| 16 ,000 species | |
| the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. | |
| climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. | |
| during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. | |
| it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. | |
| however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species. | |
| the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate | |
| 45 | |
| climate fluctuations | |
| oligocene | |
| it expanded | |
| cretaceous–paleogene extinction event | |
| 66–34 mya | |
| middle miocene | |
| last glacial maximum | |
| 34 million years | |
| during the mid -eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch. | |
| water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , | |
| solimões basin | |
| within the last 5–10 million years | |
| joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic. | |
| during the mid -eocene | |
| the atlantic | |
| the pacific | |
| amazonas basin | |
| the solimões basin | |
| the mid -eocene | |
| purus arch | |
| the atlantic | |
| the pacific | |
| solimões basin | |
| last glacial maximum | |
| rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present | |
| the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland | |
| this debate has proved difficult | |
| explanations are reasonably well supported | |
| 21 ,000 | |
| the last glacial maximum -lrb -lgm -rrb - and subsequent deglaciation | |
| sediment deposits | |
| reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin | |
| 21 ,000 | |
| sediment deposits | |
| moist tropical vegetation cover | |
| open forest and grassland | |
| data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin | |
| calipso | |
| 182 million tons | |
| 1 ,600 miles | |
| amazon basin | |
| 132 million tons | |
| nasa 's calipso satellite | |
| 182 million tons | |
| 27 .7 million tons | |
| 132 million tons | |
| 43 million tons | |
| calipso | |
| nasa | |
| 182 million tons | |
| 1 ,600 miles | |
| 27 .7 million tons | |
| man and culture in a counterfeit paradise | |
| 0 .52/sq mi | |
| agriculture | |
| anthropological | |
| 5 million | |
| the poor soil | |
| betty meggers | |
| 0.2 | |
| amazonia: man and culture in a counterfeit paradise | |
| betty meggers | |
| amazonia: man and culture in a counterfeit paradise | |
| 0 .2 inhabitants per square kilometre | |
| 5 million people | |
| 200 ,000. | |
| francisco de orellana | |
| 1540s | |
| diseases from europe | |
| 1970s | |
| ad 0–1250 | |
| francisco de orellana | |
| 1542 | |
| ad 0–1250 | |
| ondemar dias | |
| 11 ,000 years | |
| black earth | |
| large areas | |
| agriculture and silviculture | |
| xingu tribe | |
| michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida | |
| terra preta -lrb -black earth -rrb- | |
| agriculture and silviculture | |
| xingu tribe | |
| michael heckenberger and colleagues | |
| roads , bridges and large plazas | |
| 2 .5 million | |
| one in five | |
| 40 ,000 | |
| one in five | |
| 96 ,660 and 128 ,843 | |
| 2 .5 million | |
| 2 ,000 | |
| 40 ,000 | |
| 378 | |
| one in five | |
| 62 acres | |
| 1 ,100 | |
| 90 ,790 | |
| 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare | |
| 438 ,000 | |
| highest on earth | |
| 1 ,100 | |
| 90 ,790 tonnes | |
| 356 ± 47 tonnes | |
| 438 ,000 | |
| electric eels | |
| black caiman | |
| piranha | |
| lipophilic alkaloid toxins | |
| vampire bats | |
| deforestation | |
| the early 1960s | |
| slash and burn method | |
| loss of soil fertility and weed invasion | |
| areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye | |
| 415 ,000 | |
| 587 ,000 | |
| pasture for cattle | |
| second -largest global producer | |
| 91 % | |
| soy farmers | |
| increased settlement and deforestation | |
| 8 ,646 sq mi | |
| deforestation has declined | |
| 18 % higher | |
| loss of biodiversity | |
| destruction of the forest | |
| carbon contained within the vegetation | |
| 10 % of the carbon stores | |
| 1 .1 × 1011 metric tonnes | |
| reduced rainfall and increased temperatures | |
| greenhouse gas emissions | |
| 2100 | |
| though the 21st century | |
| climate change in addition to deforestation | |
| indigenous territories | |
| community -based conservation | |
| deforestation and ecocide | |
| urarina | |
| lowland south american | |
| remote sensing | |
| trio tribe | |
| southern suriname | |
| to help strengthen their territorial claims | |
| to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests | |
| tree growth | |
| carbon related emissions | |
| tatiana kuplich | |
| 2006 | |
| synthetic aperture radar -lrb -sar -rrb- | |
| 2005 | |
| brazilian national institute of amazonian research | |
| deforestation | |
| savanna or desert | |
| woods hole research center | |
| 2010 | |
| 1 ,160 ,000 | |
| three epicenters | |
| 2005 | |
| 1 .5 gigatons | |
| comb jellies | |
| marine waters worldwide. | |
| a few millimeters to 1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb - in size. | |
| phylum of animals that live in marine waters | |
| ‘combs’ – groups of cilia | |
| water flow through the body cavity | |
| 1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb- | |
| ‘combs’ – groups of cilia | |
| comb jellies | |
| 1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb- | |
| water flow through the body cavity | |
| κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' | |
| marine waters | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| 100–150 | |
| possibly another 25 | |
| 100–150 species | |
| tentilla | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| tentacles | |
| groups of large , stiffened cilia | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| tentilla | |
| groups of large , stiffened cilia | |
| colloblasts | |
| 100–150 species | |
| most species are hermaphrodites | |
| miniature cydippids | |
| in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size | |
| can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg | |
| can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time | |
| sequential | |
| platyctenids | |
| hermaphroditism and early reproduction | |
| a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm | |
| can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. | |
| the eggs and sperm mature at different times | |
| platyctenids | |
| beroids | |
| the black sea | |
| mnemiopsis | |
| over -fishing and long -term environmental changes | |
| other ctenophores | |
| mnemiopsis | |
| fish larvae and organisms | |
| in bays | |
| in bays | |
| planktonic plants | |
| mnemiopsis | |
| causing fish stocks to collapse | |
| introduction of beroe | |
| 66 million years ago | |
| monophyletic | |
| 515 million years | |
| tentacles | |
| 515 million years | |
| cretaceous–paleogene extinction | |
| monophyletic | |
| tentacles | |
| cnidarians | |
| by having colloblasts | |
| bilaterians | |
| ctenophores | |
| colloblasts | |
| cnidarians | |
| colloblasts | |
| colloblasts | |
| ctenophores and cnidarians | |
| bilaterians | |
| mesoglea | |
| diploblastic | |
| sponges and cnidarians , ctenophores | |
| sponges | |
| cilia | |
| method of locomotion | |
| ctenes | |
| comb -bearing | |
| pleurobrachia | |
| oceanic species | |
| to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles | |
| pleurobrachia , beroe and mnemiopsis | |
| epithelium | |
| bioluminescence | |
| pharynx | |
| a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx -lrb -`` throat '' -rrb -; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. | |
| the mouth and pharynx; | |
| swimming -plates | |
| also called `` ctenes '' or "comb plates | |
| supporting function | |
| in the direction in which the mouth is pointing , | |
| 2 millimeters -lrb -0 .079 in -rrb- | |
| osmotic pressure | |
| the mesoglea | |
| increase its bulk and decrease its density | |
| pump water out of the mesoglea | |
| aboral organ | |
| at the opposite end from the mouth | |
| a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia | |
| a statocyst | |
| a balance sensor | |
| sea gooseberry | |
| a pair of long , slender tentacles | |
| more or less rounded | |
| a sheath | |
| at the narrow end | |
| tentilla | |
| specialized mushroom -shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis | |
| they contain striated muscle , | |
| three types of movement | |
| capturing prey | |
| eight rows | |
| from near the mouth to the opposite end | |
| evenly round the body | |
| ciliary groove | |
| lobes | |
| gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents | |
| four | |
| help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth | |
| suspended planktonic prey | |
| by clapping their lobes | |
| jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly. | |
| nerves | |
| water disturbances created by the cilia | |
| nuda | |
| the beroida | |
| zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding , | |
| `` zip '' the mouth shut | |
| large pharynx | |
| the cestida | |
| cestum veneris | |
| belt animals | |
| by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb -rows. | |
| velamen parallelum | |
| a pair of tentilla -bearing tentacles | |
| cling to and creep on surfaces | |
| comb -rows | |
| on rocks , algae , or the body surfaces of other invertebrates | |
| via pores in the epidermis | |
| internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch. | |
| mnemiopsis | |
| in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows | |
| external | |
| tentacles and tentacle sheaths | |
| among the plankton | |
| after dropping to the sea -floor | |
| more like true larvae | |
| beroe | |
| they produce secretions -lrb -ink -rrb - that luminesce | |
| are disturbed , | |
| ink | |
| juveniles will luminesce more brightly | |
| almost all ctenophores are predators | |
| jellyfish | |
| incorporate their prey 's nematocysts -lrb -stinging cells -rrb - into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts | |
| smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae. | |
| lampea | |
| their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water | |
| chum salmon | |
| ctenophores | |
| the red sea | |
| ctenophores , | |
| ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi | |
| via the ballast tanks of ships | |
| by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis -eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata , | |
| in the late 1980s | |
| significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism | |
| because of their soft , gelatinous bodies | |
| comb jelly. | |
| cambrian period. | |
| three additional putative species | |
| lacked tentacles | |
| 515 million years | |
| cambrian sessile frond -like fossil stromatoveris | |
| stromatoveris | |
| vendobionta | |
| ediacaran period | |
| all other animals | |
| porifera | |
| beroids | |
| monophyletic | |
| 65 .5 million years ago | |
| richard harbison | |
| fresno | |
| 220 miles -lrb -350 km -rrb- | |
| ash tree | |
| ash leaf | |
| -lrb -/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez -noh -rrb- | |
| 1872 | |
| the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding | |
| 1885 | |
| 47 streetcars | |
| store | |
| 2 .7 % | |
| chinatown | |
| pinedale | |
| an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps | |
| an assembly center | |
| bankamericard | |
| bankamericard | |
| to revolve a balance | |
| 1976 | |
| visa inc. | |
| bill aken | |
| bob gallion | |
| madera | |
| the fresno barn | |
| lupe mayorga | |
| three | |
| roeding park | |
| kearney park | |
| shinzen japanese gardens | |
| kearney park | |
| between the 1880s and world war ii | |
| fresno county courthouse -lrb -demolished -rrb - , the fresno carnegie public library | |
| san joaquin light & power building | |
| hughes hotel | |
| 1964 | |
| fulton mall | |
| pierre -auguste renoir | |
| near their current locations | |
| wide sidewalks | |
| fresno 's far southeast side | |
| kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue | |
| 1950s through the 1970s | |
| sunnyside | |
| william p . bell | |
| tower theatre | |
| 1939 | |
| water tower | |
| fresno normal school | |
| one -half mile | |
| late 1970s | |
| second and third run movies , along with classic films | |
| 1978 | |
| fresno | |
| evita and the wiz | |
| live theater | |
| all within a few hundred feet of each other | |
| tower district | |
| tower district | |
| tower district | |
| early twentieth century homes | |
| storybook houses | |
| contrasts | |
| in recent decades | |
| huntington boulevard | |
| william stranahan | |
| 1914 | |
| 267 | |
| fresno traction company | |
| `` southwest fresno '' | |
| southwest | |
| african -american | |
| hmong or laotian | |
| `` west side '' | |
| m . theo kearney | |
| tall palm trees | |
| fresno street and thorne ave | |
| brookhaven | |
| the isolated subdivision | |
| between the 1960s and 1990s | |
| fresno and b streets | |
| cargill meat solutions and foster farms | |
| the west side | |
| very little | |
| ralph woodward | |
| 300 acres | |
| 2 ,500 | |
| 22 miles | |
| april through october | |
| 1946 | |
| william smilie | |
| sierra sky park | |
| automobiles | |
| there are now numerous such communities across the united states | |
| hot and dry | |
| july | |
| around 11 .5 inches | |
| northwest | |
| december , january and february | |
| 115 °f | |
| january 6 , 1913 | |
| 1885 | |
| 2 .2 inches | |
| 3 .55 inches | |
| 494 ,665 | |
| 49 .6 % | |
| 8 ,525 | |
| 30 .0 % | |
| 4 ,404 .5 people | |
| 68 ,511 | |
| 19 .3 % | |
| 1 ,388 | |
| 3 .62 | |
| 3 .07 | |
| 427 ,652 | |
| 149 ,025 | |
| 8 .4 % | |
| a third | |
| 4 ,097 .9 people per square mile | |
| to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations | |
| kmj -tv | |
| june 1 , 1953 | |
| nbc affiliate ksee | |
| kgpe | |
| state route 99 | |
| the sierra freeway | |
| state route 41 | |
| west | |
| fresno | |
| 1950s | |
| 99 | |
| rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along sr 99 | |
| amtrak san joaquins | |
| downtown fresno | |
| burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad | |
| san joaquin valley railroad | |
| fresno | |
| paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| provide a fault -tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages | |
| this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre -allocation of network bandwidth | |
| davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe | |
| the concept distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| to provide a fault -tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages | |
| davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe | |
| circuit switching | |
| circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time | |
| by a fee per unit of information transmitted | |
| circuit switching | |
| a method which pre -allocates dedicated network bandwidth | |
| by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred | |
| by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages | |
| with or without intermediate forwarding nodes | |
| asynchronously using first -in , first -out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing | |
| the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme | |
| with or without intermediate forwarding nodes | |
| by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first -in , first -out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing | |
| the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme | |
| the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| survivable communications networks | |
| use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks | |
| delivery of these messages by store and forward switching | |
| a general architecture for a large -scale , distributed , survivable communications network | |
| by store and forward switching | |
| distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets | |
| independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran | |
| packet switching | |
| proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk | |
| use in the arpanet | |
| donald davies | |
| packet switching | |
| suggested it for use in the arpanet | |
| each packet includes complete addressing information | |
| individually , sometimes resulting in different paths and out -of -order delivery | |
| each packet is labeled with a destination address , source address , and port numbers . it may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet | |
| the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order , based on the packet sequence number | |
| the packet header can be small , as it only needs to contain this code and any information , such as length , timestamp , or sequence number | |
| routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table | |
| a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking | |
| a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication | |
| connection -oriented operations . but x .25 does it at the network layer of the osi model . frame relay does it at level two , the data link layer | |
| supplanted by the internet protocol -lrb -ip -rrb - at the network layer , and the asynchronous transfer mode -lrb -atm -rrb - and or versions of multi -protocol label switching | |
| frame relay was used to interconnect lans across wide area networks . however , x .25 and well as frame relay have been supplanted | |
| a typical configuration is to run ip over atm or a version of mpls | |
| 1969 | |
| two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core | |
| in the virtual call system , the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host | |
| user datagram protocol | |
| a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by apple inc . in 1985 | |
| that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server | |
| automatically assigned addresses , updated the distributed namespace , and configured any required inter -network routing | |
| a plug -n-play system | |
| cyclades packet switching network | |
| to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself | |
| using unreliable datagrams and associated end -to -end protocol mechanisms | |
| later arpanet architecture | |
| a suite of network protocols created by digital equipment corporation | |
| connect two pdp -11 minicomputers | |
| initially built with three layers , it later -lrb -1982 -rrb - evolved into a seven -layer osi -compliant networking protocol | |
| were open standards with published specifications , and several implementations were developed outside dec , including one for linux | |
| a data network based on this voice -phone network was designed to connect ge 's four computer sales and service centers | |
| the world 's first commercial online service | |
| they lost money from the beginning , and sinback , a high -level marketing manager , was given the job of turning the business around | |
| that a time -sharing system , based on kemney 's work at dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from ge—could be profitable | |
| as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development | |
| an interactive host to host connection was made between the ibm mainframe computer systems at the university of michigan in ann arbor and wayne state | |
| ethernet attached hosts , and eventually tcp/ip and additional public universities in michigan join the network | |
| the first fcc -licensed public data network in the united states | |
| larry roberts | |
| making arpanet technology public | |
| host interface to x .25 and the terminal interface to x .29 | |
| telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte | |
| an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca | |
| connect host computers -lrb -servers -rrb -at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies | |
| connected via dial -up connections or dedicated async connections | |
| government agencies and large companies -lrb -mostly banks and airlines -rrb - to build their own dedicated networks | |
| private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network | |
| there were two kinds of x .25 networks . some such as datapac and transpac | |
| datapac was developed by bell northern research | |
| a user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the dnic of the remote network as part of the destination address | |
| austpac was an australian public x .25 network operated by telstra | |
| supporting applications such as on -line betting , financial applications | |
| access can be via a dial -up terminal to a pad , or , by linking a permanent x .25 node to the network | |
| was the public switched data network operated by the dutch ptt telecom | |
| datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines | |
| public pad service telepad -lrb -using the dnic 2049 | |
| use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of kpn contributed to the confusion | |
| the computer science network | |
| to extend networking benefits , for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to arpanet | |
| role in spreading awareness of , and access to , national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global internet | |
| a not -for -profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government | |
| the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest | |
| abilene | |
| a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network | |
| internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network | |
| the national science foundation network | |
| advanced research and education networking in the united states | |
| it developed into a major part of the internet backbone | |
| the very high -speed backbone network service | |
| provide high -speed interconnection between nsf -sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states | |
| the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf | |
| by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3 | |
| vbns installed one of the first ever production oc -48c -lrb -2 .5 gbit/s -rrb - ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc -48c | |
| the arid plains of central asia | |
| merchant ships. | |
| 30–60 % of europe 's total population | |
| the 17th century | |
| until the 19th century | |
| commonly present | |
| dating to 1338–39 | |
| china | |
| 1331 | |
| an estimated 25 million | |
| genoese traders | |
| jani beg | |
| infected corpses | |
| sicily | |
| war , famine , and weather | |
| northwest across europe | |
| northwestern russia | |
| parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours | |
| germany and scandinavia | |
| 1349 | |
| serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures | |
| autumn 1347 | |
| y through the port 's trade with constantinople , and ports on the black sea | |
| the city 's residents fled to the north | |
| gasquet | |
| atra mors | |
| j .i. pontanus | |
| 1823 | |
| scandinavia | |
| the heavens | |
| the king of france | |
| that the plague was caused by bad air | |
| miasma theory | |
| yersinia pestis | |
| hong kong in 1894 | |
| french -swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin | |
| the mechanism by which y . pestis was usually transmitted | |
| two populations of rodents | |
| francis aidan gasquet | |
| some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague | |
| 1908 | |
| rats and fleas | |
| the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce. | |
| 30–75 % | |
| 100–106 °f | |
| 80 percent | |
| 90 to 95 percent | |
| purple skin patches | |
| in october 2010 | |
| a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death | |
| with polymerase chain reaction -lrb -pcr -rrb- | |
| from the tooth sockets in human skeletons | |
| unambiguously demonstrates that y . pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague | |
| genetic branches | |
| y . p . orientalis and y . p . medievalis | |
| the plague may have entered europe in two waves | |
| through the port of marseille around november 1347 | |
| spring of 1349 | |
| confirmed and amended | |
| east smithfield | |
| may no longer exist | |
| october 2011 | |
| british bacteriologist j . f . d . shrewsbury | |
| rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th -century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague | |
| contemporary accounts were exaggerations | |
| the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly | |
| samuel k . cohn , jr. | |
| epidemiological account of the plague | |
| the lack of reliable statistics from this period | |
| by over 100 % | |
| the clergy | |
| between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377 | |
| the rat population was insufficient | |
| of marginal significance | |
| temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas | |
| the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague | |
| 5 to 15 years | |
| a form of anthrax | |
| a combination of anthrax and other pandemics | |
| typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections | |
| -lrb -a type of `` blood poisoning '' | |
| 25 | |
| about a third. | |
| half of paris 's population of 100 ,000 people | |
| at least some pre -planning and christian burials | |
| as much as 50 % | |
| most isolated areas | |
| throughout the 14th to 17th centuries | |
| the plague was present somewhere in europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. | |
| almost a million people | |
| propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million | |
| by the end of 1350 | |
| 10–15 % of the population | |
| 1665 | |
| 40 ,000 | |
| russia | |
| the italian plague of 1629–1631 | |
| the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654. | |
| 22 times between 1361 and 1528 | |
| some 1 .7 million victims | |
| about half of naples ' 300 ,000 inhabitants | |
| reduced the population of seville by half | |
| sweden v . russia and allies | |
| 1720 in marseille. | |
| between 1500 and 1850 | |
| 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants | |
| until the second quarter of the 19th century. | |
| two -thirds of its population | |
| melt -lrb -magma and/or lava -rrb- | |
| metamorphic rock | |
| new magma | |
| igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic | |
| heat and pressure | |
| seafloor spreading | |
| the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle | |
| asthenosphere | |
| the convecting mantle | |
| the 1960s | |
| divergent boundaries | |
| convergent boundaries | |
| transform boundaries | |
| alfred wegener | |
| the convecting mantle | |
| seismic waves | |
| crust | |
| the mantle | |
| wave speeds | |
| the outer core and inner core | |
| second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale | |
| quaternary | |
| the holocene | |
| the quaternary period | |
| the principle of cross -cutting relationships | |
| younger than the fault | |
| the key bed | |
| older than the fault | |
| xenoliths | |
| magma or lava flows | |
| clasts | |
| the principle of inclusions and components | |
| gravel | |
| the principle of faunal succession | |
| william smith | |
| complex | |
| organisms | |
| charles darwin | |
| at the beginning of the 20th century | |
| stratigraphic correlation | |
| absolute ages | |
| to one another | |
| fossil sequences | |
| thermochemical techniques | |
| particular closure temperature | |
| isotope ratios of radioactive elements | |
| dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence | |
| horizontal compression | |
| in the shallow crust | |
| antiforms | |
| synforms | |
| anticlines and synclines | |
| extension | |
| boudins | |
| within the maria fold and thrust belt | |
| metamorphosed | |
| normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning | |
| dikes | |
| in areas that are being actively deformed | |
| topographic gradients | |
| continual motion along the fault | |
| deformational events | |
| layered basaltic lava flows | |
| acasta gneiss | |
| sedimentary rocks | |
| cambrian time | |
| slave craton in northwestern canada | |
| the study of rocks | |
| the study of sedimentary layers | |
| the study of positions of rock units and their deformation | |
| modern soils | |
| identifying rocks | |
| birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties | |
| geochemical evolution of rock units | |
| the laboratory | |
| petrographic microscope | |
| pressure physical experiments | |
| physical experiments | |
| metamorphic processes | |
| structural geologists | |
| microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections | |
| plot and combine | |
| analog and numerical experiments | |
| orogenic wedges | |
| those involving orogenic wedges | |
| sand | |
| all angles remain the same | |
| numerical models | |
| stratigraphers | |
| geophysical surveys | |
| well logs | |
| computer programs | |
| water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction | |
| provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition | |
| biostratigraphers | |
| magnetic stratigraphers | |
| geochronologists | |
| persia | |
| abu al -rayhan al -biruni | |
| shen kuo | |
| ibn sina | |
| his observation of fossil animal shells | |
| james hutton | |
| theory of the earth | |
| 1795 | |
| earth must be much older than had previously been supposed | |
| william maclure | |
| 1809 | |
| 1807 | |
| observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map | |
| the american philosophical society | |
| principles of geology | |
| uniformitarianism | |
| uniformitarianism | |
| catastrophism | |
| charles darwin | |
| 103 miles | |
| 8 .5 mi | |
| eurocities | |
| northumberland | |
| geordie | |
| robert curthose | |
| wool | |
| coal | |
| 16th century | |
| the great north run | |
| pons aelius | |
| tyne | |
| 2 ,000 | |
| hadrian 's | |
| pictish | |
| england 's | |
| elizabeth | |
| 25 -foot | |
| william the lion | |
| three times | |
| coal | |
| the hostmen | |
| a pointless pursuit | |
| an eccentric | |
| ruin him | |
| their families | |
| boats | |
| 7 ,000 | |
| 47 % | |
| devastating loss | |
| the king | |
| the scots | |
| drummes | |
| triumphing by a brave defence | |
| charles i | |
| urbanization | |
| the maling company | |
| electric lighting | |
| prosperity | |
| the steam turbine | |
| medieval | |
| narrow alleys | |
| stairs | |
| modern | |
| a restaurant | |
| tyneside classical | |
| england 's best -looking city | |
| grey street | |
| in the 1960s | |
| shopping centre | |
| town moor | |
| graze | |
| the hoppings funfair | |
| june | |
| freemen | |
| large -scale regeneration | |
| gateshead council | |
| norman foster | |
| tourist promotion | |
| ten | |
| the grainger town area | |
| between 1835 and 1842 | |
| four stories | |
| 244 | |
| the butcher market | |
| 1835 | |
| 2000 | |
| a painting | |
| english heritage | |
| oceanic | |
| warming | |
| rain | |
| january 1982 | |
| the british isles | |
| 2010 | |
| eldon square shopping centre , | |
| bainbridge 's | |
| by department | |
| 2007 | |
| shopping | |
| suburban | |
| tesco | |
| the metrocentre | |
| gateshead | |
| the tyneside flat | |
| terraces | |
| the ouseburn valley | |
| architects | |
| high density | |
| 7 .8 % | |
| 5 .9 % | |
| overinflated | |
| authorities | |
| tunbridge wells. | |
| 2001 | |
| metropolitan | |
| student | |
| universities | |
| student populations | |
| 37.8 | |
| ancestors | |
| border reiver | |
| 500 | |
| 1 % | |
| geordie | |
| anglo -saxon populations | |
| many elements | |
| strong | |
| stream | |
| scandinavia | |
| northern united kingdom | |
| scots | |
| many words | |
| dutch | |
| a report | |
| noisiest | |
| 80.4 | |
| negative | |
| a motorway underpass | |
| collingwood street | |
| indoor complex | |
| 12 | |
| 'the pink triangle ' | |
| bars , cafés and clubs | |
| theatre | |
| stephen kemble | |
| many celebrated seasons | |
| 1788 | |
| grey street | |
| theatres | |
| the theatre royal | |
| royal shakespeare | |
| local talent | |
| arts capital of the uk | |
| the literary and philosophical society of newcastle | |
| 8000 | |
| green | |
| lecture theatre | |
| joseph swan | |
| the newcastle beer festival | |
| may | |
| biennial | |
| eat! | |
| 2 | |
| the hoppings | |
| every june | |
| temperance | |
| a cycling festival | |
| the northern pride festival | |
| newcastle mela | |
| sage gateshead music and arts centre | |
| design event festival | |
| east asian | |
| newcastlegateshead | |
| folk -rock | |
| 1971 | |
| venom | |
| skyclad | |
| duran duran | |
| november 2006 and may 2008 | |
| old town hall | |
| three | |
| classic | |
| roof | |
| centre for life | |
| life on tyneside | |
| shipbuilding | |
| 2009 | |
| seven stories | |
| on the night of the fire | |
| get carter | |
| gangster | |
| mike figgis | |
| sting | |
| gosforth park | |
| the newcastle eagles | |
| newcastle diamonds | |
| brough park | |
| blaydon race | |
| 6 miles | |
| metro light rail system | |
| 20 minutes | |
| over five million | |
| over 90 | |
| victorian architecture | |
| six | |
| victoria | |
| robert stephenson. | |
| manors | |
| half -hourly | |
| about three | |
| edinburgh | |
| crosscountry | |
| northern rail | |
| tyne and wear metro | |
| five | |
| deep -level | |
| a bridge | |
| over 37 million | |
| metro: all change . ' | |
| smart ticketing | |
| tracks , signalling and overhead wires | |
| an entirely new fleet of trains | |
| trams | |
| the a1 | |
| the a696 | |
| the old `` great north road '' | |
| the roads | |
| the capacity of the tyne tunnel | |
| 3 | |
| two | |
| stagecoach | |
| the tyne and wear passenger transport executive. | |
| go -ahead | |
| 1998 | |
| highlighting the usage of cycling | |
| healthy | |
| one way | |
| national networks | |
| danish dfds seaways | |
| end of october 2006 | |
| high fuel prices and new competition from low -cost air services | |
| late 2008 | |
| thomson | |
| eleven | |
| seven | |
| the royal grammar school | |
| newcastle college | |
| catholic | |
| two | |
| newcastle university | |
| sunday times university of the year award | |
| polytechnics became new universities | |
| northumbria university | |
| three | |
| 1474 | |
| coptic | |
| thomas | |
| parish churches | |
| the parish church of st andrew | |
| 1726 | |
| the main porch | |
| ancient churchyards | |
| the church tower | |
| city road | |
| a new facility | |
| the entrance to studio 5 | |
| result of its colouring | |
| bbc radio newcastle | |
| ne1fm | |
| newcastle student radio | |
| since 1951 | |
| radio lollipop | |
| newcastle university 's student 's union building | |
| 1770 | |
| archbishop of westminster | |
| george stephenson | |
| the incandescent light bulb | |
| thailand | |
| rutherford grammar school | |
| international footballers | |
| nobel prize | |
| keyed northumbrian smallpipes | |
| newcastle | |
| the v&a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea | |
| a permanent collection of over 4 .5 million objects. | |
| it was founded in 1852 | |
| named after queen victoria and prince albert | |
| royal borough of kensington and chelsea | |
| 1852 | |
| queen victoria and prince albert | |
| department for culture , media and sport | |
| 2001 | |
| 12.5 | |
| 145 | |
| 5 ,000 | |
| europe , north america , asia and north africa | |
| post -classical sculpture | |
| great exhibition of 1851 | |
| henry cole | |
| museum of manufactures | |
| somerset house | |
| gottfried semper | |
| queen victoria | |
| 22 june 1857 | |
| george wallis | |
| late night openings | |
| 1949 | |
| between september and november 1946 | |
| nearly a million and a half | |
| festival of britain -lrb -1951 -rrb- | |
| festival of britain | |
| 1948 | |
| a rock concert | |
| gryphon | |
| roy strong | |
| mediaeval music | |
| dundee | |
| £76 million | |
| on the city 's waterfront | |
| fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography | |
| within five years | |
| brompton park house | |
| sheepshanks gallery | |
| captain francis fowke | |
| secretariat wing | |
| offices and board room | |
| oriental courts | |
| italian renaissance | |
| james gamble & reuben townroe | |
| isaac newton | |
| titian | |
| philip webb and william morris | |
| edward burne -jones | |
| james gamble | |
| alfred stevens | |
| sir edward poynter | |
| henry young darracott scott | |
| school for naval architects | |
| cadeby stone | |
| prints and architectural drawings | |
| 2008 | |
| sgraffito | |
| starkie gardner | |
| southeast of the garden | |
| art library | |
| reuben townroe | |
| aston webb | |
| red brick and portland stone | |
| 720 feet | |
| a statue of fame | |
| top row of windows | |
| alfred drury | |
| four | |
| alfred drury | |
| marble | |
| queen victoria | |
| art library | |
| henry cole wing | |
| a new entrance building | |
| christopher hay and douglas coyne | |
| the spiral | |
| main silverware gallery | |
| mosaic floors | |
| futureplan | |
| south kensington | |
| mcinnes usher mcknight architects | |
| kim wilkie | |
| john madejski garden | |
| elliptical | |
| receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes | |
| american sweetgum | |
| 2004 | |
| royal institute of british architects | |
| over 600 ,000 | |
| riba drawings and archives collection | |
| over 700 ,000 | |
| andrea palladio | |
| zaha hadid | |
| over 330 | |
| sir christopher wren | |
| sir edwin lutyens | |
| bishopsgate | |
| great fire of london | |
| c1600 | |
| montal | |
| alhambra | |
| over 19 ,000 | |
| 2006 | |
| ardabil carpet | |
| spain | |
| 1909 | |
| nearly 60 ,000 | |
| about 10 ,000 | |
| 6000 | |
| 1991 | |
| jawaharlal nehru | |
| more than 70 ,000 | |
| china , japan and korea | |
| the t . t . tsui gallery | |
| 1991 | |
| ming and qing | |
| toshiba | |
| 1986 | |
| 13th | |
| from 1550 to 1900 | |
| bronze | |
| from the 14th to the 19th century | |
| sri lanka | |
| hindu and buddhist sculptures | |
| mother -of -pearl | |
| ivory | |
| leonardo da vinci | |
| forster i , forster ii , and forster iii | |
| over 14 ,000 | |
| 1869 | |
| 1876 | |
| charles dickens | |
| beatrix potter | |
| from the 12th to 16th | |
| the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc | |
| lucas horenbout | |
| word and image department | |
| modes | |
| encoded archival description | |
| newly accessioned into the collection | |
| search the collections | |
| 2007 | |
| factory project | |
| andy warhol | |
| 15 ,000 | |
| to catalog everything | |
| british patrons | |
| asia | |
| gian lorenzo bernini | |
| horace walpole | |
| porcelain , cloth and wallpaper | |
| increase in tea drinking | |
| increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure | |
| john ruskin | |
| the growth of mass production | |
| arts and crafts | |
| trajan 's column | |
| cut in half | |
| david | |
| sculptures , friezes and tombs | |
| in a glass case | |
| 1731 | |
| frederick ii the great | |
| 1762 | |
| 1909 | |
| chinese and japanese ceramics | |
| josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach | |
| britain and holland | |
| ceramic stoves | |
| from the 16th and 17th centuries | |
| germany and switzerland | |
| 4000 | |
| over 6000 | |
| ancient egypt | |
| rené lalique | |
| louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé | |
| 1994 | |
| danny lane | |
| 2004 | |
| dale chihuly | |
| 13th | |
| over 10 ,000 | |
| 2 ,000 | |
| dürer | |
| rembrandt | |
| jean auguste dominique ingres | |
| over 14 ,000 | |
| word and image department | |
| because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived | |
| 1913 | |
| harrods | |
| 2002 | |
| vivienne westwood | |
| 178 | |
| costiff | |
| modern | |
| italian and french renaissance | |
| between 1859 and 1865 | |
| french 18th -century art and furnishings | |
| 1882 | |
| £250 ,000 | |
| 1580 | |
| hans vredeman de vries | |
| c1750 | |
| germany | |
| charles and ray eames | |
| over 6000 | |
| ancient egypt | |
| 1869 | |
| 154 | |
| william and judith bollinger | |
| secular and sacred | |
| 1496–97 | |
| 8 | |
| sir george gilbert scott | |
| over 10 ,000 | |
| c1110 | |
| gilt bronze | |
| st thomas becket | |
| c1180 | |
| gilt copper | |
| over 5 ,100 | |
| bryan davies | |
| horniman museum | |
| 35 | |
| 2010 | |
| 1130 | |
| 650 | |
| 6800 | |
| queen elizabeth ii | |
| andrés marzal de sax | |
| 1857 | |
| 233 | |
| forming a 'a national gallery of british art ' | |
| the hay wain | |
| british | |
| continental art 1600–1800 | |
| madame de pompadour | |
| carlo crivelli 's virgin and child | |
| françois , duc d 'alençon | |
| eadweard muybridge | |
| 1887 | |
| 781 | |
| animals and humans performimg various actions | |
| james lafayette | |
| post -classical european | |
| 22 ,000 | |
| from about 400 ad to 1914 | |
| all | |
| national galleries of scotland | |
| neptune and triton | |
| chancel chapel | |
| giuliano da sangallo | |
| 1493–1500 | |
| more than 20 | |
| the sculptor | |
| 1914 | |
| world war i | |
| st john the baptist | |
| george frampton | |
| thomas brock | |
| sir francis chantrey | |
| europeans who were based in britain | |
| dorothy and michael hintze | |
| 1950 | |
| by theme | |
| henry moore and jacob epstein | |
| tate britain | |
| more than 53 ,000 | |
| all populated continents | |
| from the 1st century ad to the present | |
| western europe | |
| by technique | |
| cloth of st gereon | |
| 15th | |
| the netherlands | |
| hunting of various animals | |
| john vanderbank 's workshop | |
| late 14th -century | |
| william morris | |
| 1887 | |
| marion dorn | |
| serge chermayeff | |
| theatre museum | |
| 2009 | |
| material about live performance | |
| shakespeare | |
| research , exhibitions and other shows | |
| conservation | |
| temperature and light | |
| interventive | |
| v&a museum of childhood | |
| preventive | |
| the walt disney company | |
| 1957 | |
| manhattan | |
| columbus avenue and west 66th street | |
| disney media networks | |
| october 12 , 1943 | |
| radio network | |
| 1948 | |
| espn | |
| capital cities communications | |
| 232 | |
| citadel broadcasting | |
| eight | |
| canadian radio -television and telecommunications commission | |
| citadel broadcasting | |
| radio corporation of america | |
| nbc blue and nbc red | |
| major cities | |
| drama series | |
| nbc blue | |
| mutual | |
| 1938 | |
| 1940 | |
| nbc red network | |
| nbc blue | |
| mark woods | |
| nbc blue network | |
| dillon , read & co. | |
| david sarnoff | |
| $7 .5 million | |
| life savers candy | |
| october 12 , 1943 | |
| george b . storer | |
| president and ceo | |
| june 30 , 1951 | |
| magnetophon tape recorder | |
| paul whiteman | |
| abc | |
| bing crosby | |
| public service | |
| $155 million | |
| abc1 | |
| september 8 , 2007 | |
| abc international | |
| united states | |
| 1959 | |
| satellite television | |
| japan and latin america | |
| legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties | |
| coronation of queen elizabeth ii | |
| beirut | |
| mainichi broadcasting system | |
| flight delays | |
| technical problems | |
| peanuts | |
| emmy awards | |
| 1965 | |
| the academy awards | |
| it 's the great pumpkin | |
| 1974 | |
| ryan seacrest | |
| 1954 | |
| times square | |
| tlc | |
| general hospital | |
| 1975 | |
| the edge of night | |
| the view and the chew | |
| 1963 | |
| x games | |
| 2006 | |
| 12:00 to 6:00 p .m. eastern time | |
| nba | |
| the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments | |
| frank marx | |
| channels 2 through 6 | |
| 1947 | |
| vhf channel 7 | |
| 108 | |
| two | |
| dumont television network | |
| cbs and nbc | |
| u .s. supreme court | |
| paramount pictures | |
| nine | |
| cbs | |
| prudential insurance company of america | |
| leonard goldenson | |
| william s . paley | |
| june 6 , 1951 | |
| 1952 | |
| february 9 , 1953 | |
| american broadcasting -paramount theatres , inc | |
| the paramount building | |
| august 10 , 1948 | |
| october 1948 | |
| mount wilson | |
| the prospect studios | |
| september 30 , 1960 | |
| 1960s | |
| william hanna and joseph barbera | |
| 1960s | |
| 1959 | |
| nbc | |
| 1961 | |
| 1985 | |
| circle logo | |
| troika design group | |
| black -and -yellow | |
| the dot | |
| pittard sullivan | |
| 2015 | |
| `` we love tv '' image campaign | |
| abc on demand to the beginning of the abc show | |
| 1993–94 season | |
| 1995–96 season | |
| 1983 | |
| that special feeling | |
| 1977 | |
| black background | |
| glossy gold | |
| paul rand | |
| bauhaus typeface | |
| herbert bayer | |
| 1963–64 season | |
| abc radio | |
| october 19 , 2005 | |
| six divisions | |
| 2004 | |
| grey 's anatomy | |
| anne sweeney | |
| nascar | |
| 2002 | |
| michael eisner | |
| the bachelor | |
| the bachelorette | |
| time warner cable | |
| abc | |
| abc | |
| afternoon of may 2. | |
| 2000 | |
| the wb | |
| cbs | |
| august 1999 | |
| regis philbin | |
| buena vista television | |
| meredith vieira | |
| july 31 , 1995 | |
| abc inc. | |
| knight ridder | |
| robert iger | |
| sports night | |
| 1965–66 season | |
| third place | |
| beating the odds: the untold story behind the rise of abc | |
| may 1 , 1953 | |
| 7 west 66th street | |
| baltimore | |
| robert kintner | |
| dumont television network | |
| abc -dumont | |
| $5 million in cash | |
| paramount pictures | |
| the lone ranger | |
| the adventures of ozzie and harriet | |
| cheyenne | |
| sugarfoot | |
| walt disney | |
| warner bros . presents | |
| roy | |
| $500 ,000 | |
| 1954 | |
| disneyland | |
| allen shaw | |
| harold l . neal | |
| love radio | |
| seven | |
| 1969 | |
| duel | |
| 1971 | |
| $400 ,000– $450 ,000 | |
| early 1970s | |
| abc | |
| behavioral and demographic data | |
| monday night football | |
| 2006 | |
| espn | |
| 15 %–16 % | |
| 1970 | |
| 1972 | |
| worldvision enterprises | |
| cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks | |
| january 2 , 1971 | |
| henry plitt | |
| elton rule | |
| 1966 | |
| happy days | |
| youth -oriented programming | |
| paramount pictures | |
| fred pierce | |
| fred silverman | |
| s .w.a.t | |
| november 3 , 1975 | |
| president of nbc 's entertainment division | |
| laverne & shirley | |
| jiggle tv | |
| alex haley | |
| aaron spelling | |
| nine seasons | |
| 1976–77 season | |
| soap | |
| roone arledge | |
| abc sports | |
| 7 lincoln square | |
| june 1979 | |
| june 1978 | |
| hugh downs | |
| barbara walters | |
| mca inc. | |
| abc cable news | |
| abc news now | |
| wjrt -tv | |
| wtvg | |
| writers guild of america | |
| duel | |
| caris & co. | |
| abc entertainment | |
| abc entertainment group | |
| citadel media | |
| itunes | |
| 2010 | |
| 2004 | |
| fridays | |
| wednesdays | |
| 1970 | |
| worldvision enterprises | |
| abc circle films | |
| turner broadcasting system | |
| disney–abc domestic television | |
| buena vista television | |
| buena vista international television | |
| selznick library | |
| wabc -tv and wpvi -tv | |
| eight | |
| 235 additional television stations | |
| 96 .26 % | |
| 1946 | |
| the seal of the federal communications commission | |
| 1957 | |
| 2011 | |
| extreme makeover: home edition | |
| hd | |
| litton 's weekend aventure | |
| 720p high definition | |
| 1080i hd | |
| 11 | |
| 720p high definition | |
| body of proof | |
| happy endings | |
| nbc | |
| v | |
| all my children and one life to live | |
| prospect park | |
| hulu | |
| the revolution | |
| 18–49 demographic | |
| 2004 | |
| cbs | |
| agents of s .h.i .e.l .d. | |
| the neighbors | |
| the middle and modern family | |
| dragon 's den | |
| sundays | |
| tim allen | |
| daniel burke | |
| thomas murphy | |
| nypd blue | |
| steven bochco | |
| ten seasons | |
| 1993 | |
| dic entertainment | |
| time warner cable | |
| 23 .63 % of american households | |
| wls | |
| may 9 , 1960 | |
| john bassett | |
| cfto -tv | |
| wide world of sports | |
| edgar scherick | |
| roone arledge | |
| sports programs , inc. | |
| american broadcasting companies | |
| the dating game | |
| the newlywed game | |
| 1330 avenue of the americas in manhattan | |
| 90 % | |
| dynasty | |
| mork & mindy | |
| alpha repertory television service -lrb -arts -rrb- | |
| infinity broadcasting corporation | |
| getty oil | |
| the entertainment channel | |
| arts & entertainment television -lrb -a&e -rrb- | |
| daniel b . burke | |
| chairman and ceo | |
| $465 million | |
| america 's funniest home videos | |
| home improvement | |
| general hospital | |
| the view and the chew | |
| 7:00 to 9:00 a .m. weekdays | |
| jimmy kimmel | |
| new jersey , rhode island and delaware | |
| wbma -ld | |
| wbnd -ld | |
| wlqp -lp | |
| abc circle films | |
| abc studios | |
| abc television center | |
| abc television center , east | |
| times square studios | |
| good morning america and nightline | |
| peter jennings | |
| world news tonight | |
| abc on demand | |
| hulu | |
| july 6 , 2009 | |
| 27 % ownership stake | |
| the day after their original broadcast | |
| eight | |
| fast forwarding of accessed content | |
| january 7 , 2014 | |
| loyalkaspar | |
| four variants | |
| abc modern | |
| espn | |
| 14 | |
| 74 | |
| all -channel receiver act | |
| uhf tuning | |
| youngstown | |
| five times lower viewership | |
| wtrf -tv | |
| 1980s | |
| walt disney presents | |
| desilu productions | |
| its use of violence | |
| april 1959 | |
| abc sunday night movie | |
| $15 .5 million | |
| hanna -barbera | |
| the jetsons | |
| april 1 , 1963 | |
| itt | |
| donald f . turner | |
| department of justice | |
| january 1 , 1968 | |
| capital cities communications | |
| $3 .5 billion | |
| warren buffett | |
| e . w . scripps company | |
| 12 television stations | |
| september 5 , 1985 | |
| capital cities/abc , inc. | |
| president of abc 's broadcasting division | |
| michael p . millardi | |
| roone arledge | |
| laverne & shirley | |
| three 's company | |
| nbc | |
| the love boat | |
| comedies and family -oriented series | |
| the `` tgif '' block | |
| thank goodness it 's funny | |
| miller -boyett productions | |
| warner bros. | |
| seven radio stations | |
| charly | |
| ralph nelson | |
| 1985 | |
| redwood city , california | |
| westerns and detective series | |
| 500 % | |
| between 10 % and 18 % | |
| ollie treiz | |
| dick clark | |
| counterprogramming | |
| zorro | |
| life | |
| detective shows | |
| watch abc | |
| new york city o&o wabc -tv and philadelphia o&o wpvi -tv | |
| hearst television | |
| watchespn | |
| sinclair broadcast group | |
| wabm -dt2/wdbb -dt2 in the birmingham market | |
| e . w . scripps company | |
| 28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel -only affiliates | |
| 15 | |
| start here | |
| troika | |
| the entertainment division | |
| abc news | |
| wfts -tv and wwsb | |
| kmbc -tv and kqtv | |
| wzzm and wotv | |
| wtsp | |
| the mongol empire | |
| many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia | |
| khwarezmian and xia controlled lands | |
| a substantial portion of central asia and china | |
| the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties | |
| ögedei khan | |
| 1227 | |
| western xia | |
| his sons and grandsons | |
| somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location | |
| delüün boldog | |
| yesügei , a khamag mongol 's major chief of the kiyad | |
| 1162 | |
| a tatar chieftain , temüjin -üge , whom his father had just captured | |
| temülen | |
| hasar , hachiun , and temüge | |
| börte | |
| khongirad | |
| dai setsen | |
| begter | |
| hoelun | |
| temüjin and his brother khasar | |
| during one hunting excursion | |
| the tayichi 'ud | |
| with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks | |
| chilaun | |
| jelme and bo 'orchu | |
| a river crevice | |
| arranged marriages | |
| temüjin 's mother hoelun | |
| the chinese dynasties to the south | |
| the need for alliances | |
| the onggirat | |
| the merkits | |
| jamukha , and his protector , toghrul khan of the keraite tribe | |
| jochi | |
| 1185 | |
| three | |
| chagatai | |
| 1241 | |
| tolui | |
| six | |
| sworn brother or blood brother | |
| toghrul | |
| the keraites | |
| 20 ,000 | |
| jamukha | |
| the traditional mongolian aristocracy | |
| kokochu | |
| 1186 | |
| battle of dalan balzhut | |
| qara khitai | |
| the yassa code | |
| wealth from future possible war spoils | |
| orphans from the conquered tribe | |
| his protection | |
| jochi | |
| jamukha | |
| jamukha | |
| the keraite | |
| the naimans | |
| 1201 | |
| universal ruler | |
| subutai | |
| 1206 | |
| his friendship | |
| he did not want disloyal men in his army | |
| a noble death | |
| breaking the back | |
| the chinese | |
| jamukha | |
| khasar | |
| yam route systems | |
| wang khan | |
| 1206 | |
| khuruldai | |
| khagan | |
| ögedei | |
| a council of mongol chiefs | |
| the jin dynasty | |
| ming -tan | |
| 1215 | |
| kaifeng | |
| ögedei khan | |
| kuchlug | |
| the liao dynasty | |
| 20 ,000 | |
| jebe | |
| the arrow | |
| inciting internal revolt | |
| west of kashgar | |
| lake balkhash | |
| khwarezmid empire | |
| a muslim state | |
| shah ala ad -din muhammad | |
| inalchuq | |
| the muslim | |
| 100 ,000 | |
| the silk road | |
| tien shan | |
| three | |
| the southeast | |
| tolui | |
| samarkand | |
| fragmentation | |
| otrar | |
| silver | |
| fled | |
| subutai and jebe | |
| samarkand | |
| bukhara | |
| a river | |
| captured enemies | |
| reneged | |
| pyramids of severed heads | |
| opened the gates | |
| a unit of turkish defenders | |
| artisans and craftsmen | |
| the flail of god | |
| young men who had not fought | |
| 1220 | |
| subutai | |
| near the black sea | |
| kalka river | |
| mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev | |
| batu | |
| the golden horde | |
| subutai and jebe | |
| 1225 | |
| on the road back to samarkand | |
| 1226 | |
| autumn | |
| the mongols | |
| the yellow river | |
| a line of five stars arranged in the sky | |
| ning hia | |
| ma jianlong | |
| arrows | |
| liupanshan | |
| executed | |
| jochi | |
| chagatai | |
| invasion of the khwarezmid empire | |
| ögedei | |
| chagatai and jochi | |
| chagatai | |
| tolui | |
| ögedei | |
| 1226 | |
| khorasan | |
| urgench | |
| sultan muhammad | |
| sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223 | |
| yinchuan | |
| hunting | |
| arrow | |
| western xia | |
| oirads | |
| without markings | |
| khentii aimag | |
| onon river | |
| the genghis khan mausoleum | |
| edsen khoroo | |
| dongshan dafo dian | |
| kumbum monastery or ta 'er shi near xining | |
| 1954 | |
| red guards | |
| october 6 , 2004 | |
| a river | |
| sumerian king gilgamesh of uruk and atilla the hun | |
| horses | |
| genghis khan | |
| yassa | |
| meritocracy | |
| genghis khan and his family | |
| muhammad khan | |
| tax exemptions | |
| ong khan | |
| a personal concept | |
| shamanist , buddhist or christian | |
| töregene khatun | |
| the pax mongolica -lrb -mongol peace -rrb- | |
| the chinese | |
| legal equality of all individuals , including women | |
| chu 'tsai | |
| they were nomads | |
| jin | |
| khitan rulers | |
| his generals | |
| karakorum | |
| muqali | |
| subutai and jebe | |
| unwavering loyalty | |
| rivers | |
| muslim and chinese | |
| feigned retreat | |
| driving them in front of the army | |
| sea of japan | |
| caspian sea | |
| ögedei khan | |
| 1279 | |
| the silk road | |
| turkey | |
| tolerant | |
| increased | |
| 1990s | |
| uniting warring tribes | |
| genghis khan 's children | |
| his brutality | |
| unfairly biased | |
| tögrög | |
| genghis khan | |
| chinggis khaan international airport | |
| to avoid trivialization | |
| ulaanbaatar | |
| ikh zasag | |
| corruption and bribery | |
| tsakhiagiin elbegdorj | |
| traditional mongolian script | |
| inner mongolia region | |
| 5 million | |
| kublai khan | |
| yuan | |
| grandson | |
| iran | |
| three -fourths | |
| 10 to 15 million | |
| hulagu khan | |
| the mamluks of egypt | |
| ghazan khan | |
| 1237 | |
| novgorod and pskov | |
| mughal emperors | |
| timur | |
| nishapur | |
| tenggis | |
| lake baikal | |
| `` right '' , `` just '' , or `` true '' | |
| zhèng | |
| chinggis | |
| chinggis khaan | |
| cengiz han | |
| tiěmùzhēn | |
| chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz | |
| chéngjísī hán | |
| its root word pharma | |
| ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines | |
| sorcery or even poison | |
| outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent | |
| many other herbs not listed | |
| healthcare professionals | |
| optimal health outcomes | |
| optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual | |
| small -business proprietors | |
| specialised education and training | |
| other senior pharmacy technicians | |
| the general pharmaceutical council -lrb -gphc -rrb - register | |
| regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians | |
| health care professional | |
| manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice | |
| writing a five volume book in his native greek | |
| de materia medica | |
| materia medica | |
| diocles of carystus | |
| many middle eastern scientists | |
| highly respected | |
| the taihō code -lrb -701 -rrb - and re -stated in the yōrō code -lrb -718 -rrb- | |
| the pre -heian imperial court | |
| status superior to all others in health -related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists | |
| ranked above | |
| botany and chemistry | |
| muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi | |
| abu al -qasim al -zahrawi | |
| al -muwaffaq | |
| sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate | |
| 1317 | |
| church of santa maria novella in florence , italy | |
| museum | |
| albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs | |
| 1221 | |
| pharmacy legislation | |
| within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications | |
| automation | |
| patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues | |
| storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc. | |
| a pharmacy practice residency | |
| various disciplines of pharmacy | |
| effectiveness of treatment regimens | |
| pharmacists practicing in hospitals | |
| within the premises of the hospital | |
| unit -dose , or a single dose of medicine | |
| high risk preparations and some other compounding functions | |
| the high cost of medications and drug -related technology | |
| hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications | |
| optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention | |
| inside hospitals and clinics | |
| physicians and other healthcare professionals | |
| patient care rounds drug product selection | |
| all health care settings | |
| creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient -specific problems | |
| an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy | |
| drug choice , dose , route , frequency , and duration of therapy | |
| potential drug interactions , adverse drug reactions | |
| full independent prescribing authority | |
| north carolina and new mexico | |
| 2011 | |
| board certified ambulatory care pharmacist | |
| the va , the indian health service , and nih | |
| medication regimen review | |
| nursing homes | |
| omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica | |
| because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings | |
| employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services | |
| about the year 2000 | |
| brick -and -mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door | |
| online pharmacies | |
| another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take | |
| the method by which the medications are requested and received | |
| to avoid the `` inconvenience '' of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe | |
| those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication. | |
| dispensing substandard products | |
| sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription | |
| sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription | |
| the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances | |
| it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor -patient relationship | |
| the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances | |
| it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor -patient relationship | |
| to ensure that the prescription is valid | |
| individual state laws | |
| vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone | |
| to reduce consumer costs | |
| canada | |
| international drug suppliers , rather than consumers | |
| there is no known case | |
| to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries | |
| pharmacy practice science and applied information science | |
| information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies | |
| major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals | |
| medication management system development , deployment and optimization | |
| quickly | |
| specialty pharmacies | |
| 19 | |
| cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis | |
| novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed | |
| lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost -containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs | |
| separately from physicians | |
| only pharmacists | |
| the american medical association -lrb -ama -rrb- | |
| 7 to 10 percent | |
| form business partnerships with physicians or give them `` kickback '' payments | |
| austria | |
| in some rural areas in the united kingdom | |
| 1 .6 kilometres | |
| more than 4 kilometers | |
| the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers | |
| because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient | |
| the checks and balances system of the u .s. and many other governments. | |
| exaggerating their seriousness | |
| in obtaining cost -effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side -effects | |
| expected to become more integral within the health care system | |
| increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills | |
| clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients | |
| thorough analysis of all medication -lrb -prescription , non -prescription , and herbals -rrb - currently being taken by an individual | |
| a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system | |
| alberta and british columbia | |
| the australian government | |
| medicine use reviews | |
| pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy | |
| doctor of pharmacy -lrb -pharm . d . -rrb- | |
| the mortar and pestle and the ℞ -lrb -recipere -rrb - character | |
| the show globe | |
| the netherlands | |
| germany and austria | |
| france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india | |
| a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease | |
| a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms | |
| the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| the neuroimmune system | |
| biological structures and processes within an organism | |
| pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms | |
| innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| disease | |
| pathogens | |
| neuroimmune system | |
| blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier | |
| pathogens | |
| innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| humoral immunity versus cell -mediated immunity | |
| neuroimmune system | |
| pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt | |
| enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections | |
| eukaryotes | |
| creates immunological memory | |
| bacteriophage | |
| defensins | |
| vaccination | |
| adaptive -lrb -or acquired -rrb - immunity | |
| autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer | |
| when the immune system is less active than normal | |
| recurring and life -threatening infections | |
| genetic disease | |
| rheumatoid arthritis | |
| immunodeficiency | |
| autoimmunity | |
| immunology | |
| hiv/aids | |
| plague of athens in 430 bc | |
| scorpion | |
| louis pasteur | |
| walter reed | |
| robert koch | |
| microorganisms | |
| yellow fever virus | |
| athens in 430 bc | |
| immunological memory | |
| the innate immune system | |
| the adaptive immune system | |
| innate immune systems | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| immunological memory | |
| physical barriers | |
| self and non -self | |
| self molecules | |
| non -self molecules | |
| antigens | |
| specific immune receptors | |
| pattern recognition receptors | |
| innate immune system | |
| microorganisms | |
| non -specific | |
| exoskeleton | |
| the waxy cuticle | |
| coughing and sneezing | |
| mucus | |
| tears | |
| β -defensins | |
| lysozyme and phospholipase a2 | |
| defensins and zinc | |
| gastric acid and proteases | |
| menarche | |
| commensal flora | |
| fungi | |
| lactobacilli | |
| ph or available iron | |
| inflammation | |
| increased blood flow into tissue | |
| eicosanoids and cytokines | |
| prostaglandins | |
| interleukins | |
| phagocytes | |
| cytokines | |
| phagosome | |
| phagolysosome | |
| acquiring nutrients | |
| neutrophils and macrophages | |
| neutrophils | |
| 50 % to 60 % | |
| chemotaxis | |
| interleukin 1 | |
| leukocytes | |
| leukocytes -lrb -white blood cells -rrb- | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells | |
| dendritic cells | |
| neuronal dendrites | |
| t cells | |
| t cells | |
| missing self | |
| natural killer cells | |
| mhc i -lrb -major histocompatibility complex -rrb- | |
| killer cell immunoglobulin receptors -lrb -kir | |
| vertebrates | |
| antigen presentation | |
| pathogens or pathogen -infected cells | |
| killer t cell and the helper t cell | |
| regulatory t cells | |
| class i mhc molecules | |
| class ii mhc molecules | |
| γδ t cells | |
| killer t cells | |
| cd8 | |
| t cell receptor -lrb -tcr -rrb- | |
| granulysin | |
| perforin | |
| cd4 co -receptor | |
| around 200–300 | |
| a single mhc:antigen molecule | |
| cytokines | |
| cd40 ligand | |
| helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells | |
| alternative t cell receptor -lrb -tcr -rrb- | |
| γδ t cells | |
| receptor diversity | |
| vγ9/vδ2 t cells | |
| b cell | |
| proteolysis | |
| lymphokines | |
| long -lived memory cells | |
| adaptive | |
| passive short -term memory or active long -term memory | |
| specific pathogen | |
| microbes | |
| igg | |
| breast milk or colostrum | |
| passive immunity | |
| immunomodulators | |
| adaptive and innate immune responses | |
| lupus erythematosus | |
| immunosuppressive | |
| nfil3 | |
| heart disease , chronic pain , and asthma | |
| sleep deprivation | |
| decline in hormone levels with age | |
| vitamin d | |
| hormones | |
| cholecalciferol | |
| killer t cells | |
| mhc class i molecules | |
| viral antigens | |
| antibodies | |
| phagocytic cells | |
| pathogen -associated molecular patterns | |
| apoptosis | |
| systemic acquired resistance -lrb -sar -rrb- | |
| rna silencing mechanisms | |
| autoimmune disorders | |
| self and non -self | |
| thymus and bone marrow | |
| `` self '' peptides | |
| immunodeficiencies | |
| the young and the elderly | |
| around 50 years of age | |
| obesity , alcoholism , and drug use | |
| malnutrition | |
| vaccination | |
| immunization | |
| an antigen from a pathogen | |
| natural specificity of the immune system | |
| enzymes | |
| type iii secretion system | |
| shut down host defenses | |
| elude host immune responses | |
| frank burnet | |
| pathogens , an allograft | |
| histocompatibility | |
| niels jerne | |
| glucocorticoids | |
| cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs | |
| methotrexate or azathioprine | |
| cyclosporin | |
| cytotoxic natural killer cells and ctls -lrb -cytotoxic t lymphocytes -rrb- | |
| cortisol and catecholamines | |
| melatonin | |
| free radical production | |
| a vitamin d receptor | |
| calcitriol | |
| symbiotic relationship | |
| gene cyp27b1 | |
| dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages | |
| pattern recognition receptors | |
| defensins | |
| phagocytic cells | |
| rna interference pathway | |
| immunoglobulins and t cell receptors | |
| the lamprey and hagfish | |
| variable lymphocyte receptors -lrb -vlrs -rrb- | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| lymphocytes | |
| the restriction modification system | |
| bacteriophages | |
| crispr | |
| `` cellular '' and `` humoral '' theories of immunity | |
| elie metchnikoff | |
| phagocytes | |
| robert koch and emil von behring | |
| soluble components -lrb -molecules -rrb- | |
| cancers | |
| mhc class i molecules | |
| cytokine tgf-β | |
| macrophages and lymphocytes | |
| hypersensitivity | |
| four classes -lrb -type i – iv -rrb- | |
| type i | |
| ige | |
| type ii hypersensitivity | |
| intracellular pathogenesis | |
| salmonella | |
| plasmodium falciparum | |
| mycobacterium tuberculosis | |
| protein a | |
| antigenic variation | |
| hiv | |
| trypanosoma brucei | |
| antigens | |
| immune surveillance | |
| human papillomavirus | |
| tyrosinase | |
| melanomas | |
| melanocytes | |
| >500 da | |
| hydrophilic amino acids | |
| immunoproteomics | |
| b cells | |
| immunoinformatics | |
| leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin | |
| apcs | |
| th1 | |
| th1 immune responses | |
| carbohydrates | |
| disrupting their plasma membrane | |
| signal amplification | |
| catalytic cascade | |
| civil disobedience | |
| apartheid | |
| singing revolution | |
| ukraine | |
| georgia | |
| egyptians | |
| the british | |
| nonviolent resistance | |
| unfair laws | |
| american civil rights movement | |
| antigone | |
| former king of thebes | |
| creon | |
| oedipus | |
| giving her brother polynices a proper burial | |
| antigone | |
| sophocles | |
| creon , the current king of thebes | |
| giving her brother polynices a proper burial | |
| obey her conscience rather than human law | |
| percy shelley | |
| nonviolent | |
| satyagraha | |
| free india | |
| henry david thoreau | |
| percy shelley | |
| unjust forms of authority | |
| principle of nonviolent protest | |
| doctrine of satyagraha | |
| gandhi | |
| muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti -war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins | |
| marshall cohen | |
| ambiguity | |
| utterly debased | |
| become utterly debased | |
| marshall cohen | |
| code -word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders | |
| vice president agnew | |
| ambiguity | |
| legrande | |
| impossible | |
| lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience | |
| semantical | |
| specific | |
| legrande | |
| voluminous literature | |
| semantical problems and grammatical niceties | |
| nonviolent civil disobedience | |
| violent civil disobedience | |
| constitutional impasse | |
| citizen 's | |
| to the state and its laws | |
| the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official | |
| civil disobedience | |
| the state and its laws | |
| refuse to enforce a decision | |
| head of government | |
| private citizen | |
| sovereign branches of government | |
| thoreau | |
| imprisonment | |
| not necessarily right | |
| resign | |
| elite politicians | |
| the individual | |
| individuals | |
| thoreau | |
| resign | |
| not necessarily right | |
| governmental entities | |
| trade unions , banks , and private universities | |
| legal system | |
| international organizations and foreign governments | |
| brownlee | |
| a larger challenge to the legal system | |
| only justified against governmental entities | |
| universities | |
| civil disobedience | |
| covert lawbreaking | |
| hiding a jew in their house | |
| -lrb -exodus 1: 15 -19 -rrb- | |
| shiphrah and puah | |
| must be publicly announced | |
| rules that conflict with morality | |
| fabricating evidence or committing perjury | |
| the dilemma faced by german citizens | |
| book of exodus | |
| non -violence | |
| black 's law | |
| civil rebellion | |
| tolerance | |
| violence | |
| non -violent | |
| civil rebellion | |
| destructive | |
| help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience | |
| revolutionary civil disobedience | |
| hungarians | |
| ferenc deák | |
| gandhi 's | |
| cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs | |
| disobedience of laws | |
| judged `` wrong '' by an individual conscience | |
| render certain laws ineffective | |
| revolutionary civil disobedience | |
| gandhi | |
| during the roman empire | |
| gathered in the streets | |
| was not covered in any newspapers | |
| rose to higher political office | |
| after the end of the mexican war | |
| during the roman empire | |
| prevent the installation of pagan images | |
| refuse to sign bail | |
| jail solidarity | |
| until after the end of the mexican war | |
| illegal | |
| propaganda | |
| voice in the wilderness | |
| 738 days | |
| successfully preventing it from being cut down | |
| illegal acts | |
| trespassing at a nuclear -missile installation | |
| entirely symbolic | |
| social goal | |
| julia butterfly hill | |
| sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors | |
| `` wise up or die . '' | |
| criminalized behavior | |
| supreme court case of fcc v . pacifica foundation | |
| 1978 | |
| pure speech | |
| broadcasting | |
| threatening government officials | |
| sending an email | |
| system to function | |
| by padlocking the gates | |
| using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes | |
| limited coercion | |
| coercive | |
| refusals to pay taxes | |
| coercion | |
| engage in moral dialogue | |
| padlocking the gates | |
| criminal investigations | |
| not to grant a consent search | |
| suspect 's talking to criminal investigators | |
| lack of understanding of the legal ramifications , | |
| use the arrest as an opportunity | |
| accept punishment | |
| validity of the social contract | |
| legitimacy of a particular law | |
| anarchists | |
| does not infringe the rights of others | |
| whether or not to plead guilty | |
| submit to the punishment prescribed by law | |
| i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law | |
| guilt implies wrong -doing | |
| creative plea | |
| camp mercury nuclear test site | |
| tempted to enter the test site | |
| arrested | |
| nolo contendere | |
| suspended sentences | |
| a way of continuing their protest | |
| reminding their countrymen of injustice | |
| protest should be maintained all the way | |
| accept jail penitently | |
| plea bargain | |
| no jail time | |
| solidarity tactics | |
| blind plea | |
| mohandas gandhi | |
| defiant speech | |
| explaining their actions | |
| lack of remorse | |
| likelihood of repeating | |
| mistreatment from government officials | |
| acquittal and avoid imprisonment | |
| use the proceedings as a forum | |
| inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances | |
| vietnam war | |
| jury nullification | |
| general disobedience | |
| neither conscientious nor of social benefit | |
| breaking the law for self -gratification | |
| not being a civil disobedient | |
| avoiding attribution | |
| indirect civil disobedience | |
| direct civil disobedience | |
| vietnam war | |
| competing harms defense | |
| the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence | |
| incapacitation | |
| would do more harm than good | |
| the state | |
| moral reasons to follow this law | |
| construction | |
| manufacturing | |
| six to nine percent | |
| planning , -lsb -citation needed -rsb - design , and financing | |
| a known client | |
| an architect | |
| a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager | |
| effective planning | |
| megaprojects | |
| those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure | |
| buildings , infrastructure and industrial | |
| residential and non -residential | |
| heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering | |
| infrastructure | |
| industrial | |
| a trade magazine for the construction industry | |
| enr | |
| 2014 | |
| transportation , sewer , hazardous waste and water | |
| building construction , heavy and civil engineering construction , and specialty trade contractors | |
| construction service firms -lrb -e .g. , engineering , architecture -rrb - and construction managers | |
| the standard industrial classification and the newer north american industry classification system | |
| firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project | |
| building construction | |
| small renovations | |
| the owner of the property | |
| structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation | |
| make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight | |
| local building authority regulations and codes of practice | |
| materials readily available in the area | |
| a lot of waste | |
| cost of construction | |
| 3d printing technology | |
| around 20 hours | |
| working versions of 3d -printing building technology are already printing | |
| 2 metres -lrb -6 ft 7 in -rrb- | |
| plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts | |
| designs into reality | |
| the property owner | |
| a quantity surveyor | |
| the most cost efficient bidder | |
| previously separated specialties | |
| entirely separate companies | |
| `` one -stop shopping '' | |
| `` design build '' contract | |
| design -build , partnering and construction management | |
| architects , interior designers , engineers and constructors | |
| establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design -build process | |
| preventable financial problems | |
| when builders ask for too little money to complete the project | |
| when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials | |
| fraud | |
| mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers | |
| the mortgage banker | |
| accountants | |
| identified change orders or project changes that increased costs | |
| cost engineers and estimators | |
| zoning and building code requirements | |
| the owner | |
| the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad | |
| things that are a matter of custom or expectation | |
| an attorney | |
| a construction project | |
| a contract | |
| that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive | |
| that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out | |
| poorly drafted contracts | |
| relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co -operative relationship | |
| public -private partnering | |
| private finance initiatives -lrb -pfis -rrb- | |
| co -operation | |
| the architect or engineer | |
| the project coordinator | |
| the architect 's client and the main contractor | |
| the main contractor | |
| the building is ready to occupy. | |
| the owner | |
| d&b contractors | |
| the owner | |
| a consortium of several contractors | |
| they design phase 2 | |
| contractors | |
| damage | |
| electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities | |
| the municipal building inspector | |
| an occupancy permit | |
| $960 billion | |
| $680 billion | |
| 667 ,000 firms | |
| fewer than 10 employees | |
| 828 ,000 | |
| £42 ,090 | |
| £26 ,719 | |
| us/canada | |
| construction | |
| falls | |
| electrocution , transportation accidents , and trench cave -ins | |
| proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding | |
| independent | |
| academic | |
| tuition | |
| to select their students | |
| $45 ,000 | |
| 'tuition -free | |
| australia | |
| north america | |
| lower sixth | |
| upper sixth | |
| prep schools | |
| peer tuitions | |
| teachers | |
| roman catholic | |
| orthodox christians | |
| religious | |
| expulsion | |
| blazer | |
| more expensive | |
| presbyterian | |
| catholic | |
| sydney | |
| girls | |
| 7 | |
| second gleichschaltung | |
| 7.8 | |
| 11.1 | |
| 0.5 | |
| sonderungsverbot | |
| ersatzschulen | |
| very low | |
| ergänzungsschulen | |
| vocational | |
| tuition | |
| religious | |
| independent | |
| cbse | |
| 30 | |
| union government | |
| societies | |
| india | |
| annual status of education report | |
| evaluates learning levels in rural india | |
| english | |
| scoil phríobháideach | |
| teacher 's salaries are paid by the state | |
| €5 ,000 | |
| society of jesus | |
| €25 ,000 per year | |
| 1957 | |
| chinese | |
| english | |
| national school | |
| 60 | |
| aided | |
| fully funded by private parties | |
| kathmandu | |
| english | |
| nepali | |
| 88 | |
| 28 ,000 | |
| 3.7 | |
| catholic | |
| auckland | |
| anglican | |
| wellington | |
| presbyterian | |
| christchurch | |
| society of st pius x | |
| 7.5 | |
| 32 | |
| 80 | |
| august 1992 | |
| natural science | |
| education service contracting | |
| tuition fee supplement | |
| private education student financial assistance | |
| south african schools act | |
| 1996 | |
| independent | |
| traditional private | |
| nineteenth | |
| government schools formerly reserved for white children | |
| better | |
| higher | |
| 10 | |
| 10 ,000 | |
| 700 | |
| the knowledge school | |
| voucher | |
| 13 | |
| public | |
| 9 | |
| 13 | |
| £21 ,000 | |
| brown v . board of education of topeka | |
| segregation academies | |
| south | |
| white | |
| african -american | |
| endowments | |
| first | |
| blaine | |
| charter | |
| massachusetts | |
| 1852 | |
| 1972 | |
| 268 u .s. 510 | |
| mccrary | |
| $40 ,000 | |
| $50 ,000 | |
| groton school | |
| fundraising | |
| john harvard | |
| 1977 | |
| james bryant conant | |
| association of american universities | |
| charles w . eliot | |
| harvard library | |
| 79 individual libraries | |
| 18 million volumes | |
| eight u .s. presidents | |
| 150 nobel laureates | |
| boston metropolitan area | |
| $37 .6 billion | |
| charles river | |
| eleven separate academic units | |
| harvard yard | |
| 1636 | |
| massachusetts bay colony | |
| 1638 | |
| 1639 | |
| 1650 | |
| puritan ministers | |
| english university model | |
| it was never affiliated with any particular denomination | |
| 1804 | |
| samuel webber | |
| 1805 | |
| louis agassiz | |
| intuition | |
| thomas reid and dugald stewart | |
| charles w . eliot | |
| transcendentalist unitarian | |
| william ellery channing and ralph waldo emerson | |
| james bryant conant | |
| identify , recruit | |
| 1945 | |
| about four men attending harvard college for every woman studying at radcliffe | |
| 1977 | |
| the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased , mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the united states | |
| 3 miles | |
| twelve residential houses | |
| charles river | |
| half a mile northwest of the yard | |
| allston | |
| the john w . weeks bridge | |
| longwood medical and academic area | |
| approximately fifty percent | |
| new and enlarged bridges , a shuttle service and/or a tram. | |
| enhanced transit infrastructure , possible shuttles open to the public , and park space which will also be publicly accessible. | |
| 2 ,400 | |
| 7 ,200 | |
| 14 ,000 | |
| 1875 | |
| 1858 | |
| $32 billion | |
| 30 % loss | |
| allston science complex | |
| $4 .093 million | |
| $159 million | |
| late 1980s | |
| south african vice consul duke kent -brown. | |
| $230 million | |
| accepted 5 .3 % of applicants | |
| 2007 | |
| disadvantage low -income and under -represented minority applicants | |
| 2016 | |
| core curriculum of seven classes | |
| eight general education categories | |
| reliance on teaching fellows | |
| beginning in early september and ending in mid -may | |
| four -course rate average | |
| summa cum laude | |
| 60 % | |
| $38 ,000 | |
| $57 ,000 | |
| nothing for their children to attend , including room and board | |
| $414 million | |
| 88 % | |
| widener library | |
| cabot science library , lamont library , and widener library | |
| pusey library | |
| 18 million volumes | |
| three museums. | |
| western art from the middle ages to the present | |
| peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology | |
| 2003 | |
| 2011 | |
| second most commonly | |
| 42 | |
| yale university | |
| every two years when the harvard and yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined oxford university and cambridge university team | |
| 1875 | |
| 1903 | |
| 1906 | |
| former captain of the yale football team | |
| lavietes pavilion | |
| malkin athletic center | |
| three weight rooms | |
| 23 years | |
| thames river | |
| strong rivalry against cornell | |
| 2003 | |
| general ban ki -moon | |
| juan manuel santos | |
| josé maría figueres | |
| benjamin netanyahu | |
| conan o 'brien | |
| leonard bernstein | |
| yo yo ma | |
| w . e . b . du bois | |
| shing -tung yau | |
| alan dershowitz and lawrence lessig | |
| stephen greenblatt | |
| jacksonville | |
| 1 ,345 ,596 | |
| 12th | |
| duval | |
| 1968 | |
| st . johns | |
| 340 miles | |
| fort caroline | |
| the timucua | |
| andrew jackson | |
| third largest | |
| golf | |
| two | |
| `` jacksonvillians '' or `` jaxsons '' | |
| thousands | |
| a university of north florida team | |
| timucua | |
| the historical era | |
| ossachite | |
| jean ribault | |
| france | |
| pedro menéndez de avilés | |
| san mateo | |
| fort caroline | |
| french and indian war | |
| constructed the king 's road | |
| cattle were brought across the river there. | |
| spain | |
| february 9 , 1832 | |
| confederate | |
| the skirmish of the brick church | |
| battle of olustee | |
| warfare and the long occupation | |
| battle of cedar creek | |
| gilded age | |
| grover cleveland | |
| yellow fever outbreaks | |
| extension of the florida east coast railway further south | |
| railroad | |
| spanish moss | |
| over 2 ,000 | |
| declare martial law | |
| great fire of 1901 | |
| new york–based filmmakers | |
| silent film | |
| winter film capital of the world | |
| hollywood | |
| highways | |
| 55 .1 % | |
| `` white flight '' | |
| mayor w . haydon burns | |
| world war ii | |
| much of the city 's tax base dissipated | |
| unincorporated suburbs | |
| annexing outlying communities | |
| voters outside the city limits | |
| old boy network | |
| 11 | |
| jacksonville consolidation | |
| public high schools lost their accreditation | |
| voters approved the plan | |
| hans tanzler | |
| `` bold new city of the south '' | |
| better jacksonville plan | |
| authorized a half -penny sales tax | |
| 874 .3 square miles | |
| the st . johns river | |
| the trout river | |
| 13 .34 % | |
| baldwin | |
| tallest building in downtown jacksonville | |
| barnett center | |
| 617 ft | |
| 28 | |
| its distinctive flared base | |
| subtropical | |
| may through september | |
| mild | |
| low latitude | |
| 104 °f | |
| thunderstorms | |
| high humidity | |
| july | |
| hurricane dora | |
| 110 mph | |
| tropical storm beryl | |
| saffir -simpson scale | |
| 2008 | |
| arab | |
| 821 ,784 | |
| largest | |
| filipino | |
| 29 .7 % | |
| 23 .9 % | |
| females | |
| 91.3 | |
| 40 % | |
| about 3 .5 billion people | |
| $759 ,900 | |
| the methodology used | |
| a diversion | |
| 40 % | |
| financial assets | |
| nearly $41 trillion | |
| half | |
| greater tendency to take on debts | |
| 400 | |
| new york times | |
| inherited wealth | |
| grew up in substantial privilege | |
| wealth | |
| richest 1 percent | |
| inherited wealth | |
| over 60 percent | |
| institute for policy studies | |
| neoclassical economics | |
| differences in value added by labor , capital and land | |
| different classifications of workers | |
| productivity gap | |
| marginal value added of each economic actor | |
| differences in value added by labor , capital and land | |
| value added by different classifications of workers | |
| wages and profits | |
| worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord | |
| productivity gap between highly -paid professions and lower -paid professions | |
| reduce costs and maximize profits | |
| less workers are required | |
| increasing unemployment | |
| rising levels of property income | |
| labor inputs | |
| reduce costs and maximize profits | |
| substitute capital equipment | |
| productivity | |
| stagnant | |
| workers wages | |
| supply and demand | |
| business is chronically understaffed | |
| offering a higher wage | |
| unfair | |
| the market | |
| prices | |
| wages | |
| markets | |
| unfair | |
| competition amongst workers | |
| low demand | |
| high wages | |
| collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption | |
| professional and labor organizations | |
| low wage | |
| competition between workers | |
| expendable nature of the worker | |
| high | |
| employers | |
| entrepreneurship rates | |
| necessity -based entrepreneurship | |
| push | |
| pull | |
| opportunity -based entrepreneurship | |
| higher economic inequality | |
| necessity | |
| necessity -based | |
| achievement -oriented | |
| positive | |
| progressive tax | |
| top tax rate | |
| social spending | |
| tax system | |
| the tax rate | |
| level of the top tax rate | |
| steeper tax | |
| the gini index | |
| access to education | |
| optional education | |
| lower wages | |
| poor | |
| savings and investment | |
| access to education | |
| high wages | |
| lower | |
| lower incomes | |
| education | |
| increasing access to education | |
| $105 billion | |
| boom -and -bust cycles | |
| standard & poor | |
| 2014 | |
| 2008 -2009 | |
| increasing access to education | |
| $105 billion | |
| boom -and -bust cycles | |
| 1910–1940 | |
| increase | |
| decrease | |
| gender inequality in education | |
| period of compression | |
| from 1910–1940 | |
| a decrease in the price of skilled labor | |
| designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work | |
| education | |
| gender inequality in education | |
| unions | |
| continental european countries | |
| little | |
| continental european liberalism | |
| economic inequality | |
| social exclusion | |
| cepr | |
| little | |
| lower | |
| scandinavia | |
| high inequality | |
| decline of organized labor | |
| technological changes and globalization | |
| sociologist | |
| university of washington | |
| decline of organized labor | |
| high | |
| weak labor movements | |
| reduced wages | |
| increased wages | |
| technological innovation | |
| machine labor | |
| global | |
| workers in the poor countries | |
| trade liberalisation | |
| minor | |
| machine labor | |
| 53 % | |
| -40 % | |
| less willing to travel or relocate | |
| males | |
| gender | |
| males in the labor market | |
| women | |
| thomas sowell | |
| a difference | |
| social welfare | |
| relatively equal | |
| more capital | |
| redistribution mechanisms | |
| economist | |
| levels of economic inequality | |
| more capital | |
| more wealth | |
| lower levels of inequality | |
| 1910 to 1940 | |
| 1970s | |
| service | |
| manufacturing | |
| kuznets | |
| kuznets curve | |
| very weak | |
| eventually decrease | |
| effect | |
| wealth concentration | |
| means to invest | |
| greater return of capital | |
| larger fortunes | |
| the possession of already -wealthy individuals | |
| those who already hold wealth | |
| wealth condensation | |
| thomas piketty | |
| higher returns | |
| market | |
| economist | |
| rare and desired | |
| political power generated by wealth | |
| rent -seeking | |
| inequality | |
| human capital is neglected | |
| life expectancy | |
| inequality | |
| life expectancy is lower | |
| 2013 | |
| rising inequality | |
| negative | |
| unemployment | |
| economic | |
| british | |
| higher | |
| lower | |
| 23 | |
| equality | |
| better health and longer lives | |
| poorer countries | |
| life expectancy | |
| americans | |
| more equally | |
| income inequality | |
| authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett | |
| nine | |
| among states in the us with larger income inequalities | |
| greater equality | |
| inequality | |
| homicides | |
| fifty | |
| differences in the amount of inequality | |
| tenfold | |
| the greatest good | |
| distributive efficiency | |
| a great deal of utility | |
| decreases | |
| higher aggregate utility | |
| consumption | |
| libertarian | |
| 2001 | |
| thomas b . edsall | |
| journalist | |
| economist | |
| systematic economic inequalities | |
| the financial crisis of 2007–08 | |
| easier credit | |
| easier credit | |
| inequality in wealth and income | |
| quality of a country 's institutions | |
| declines | |
| higher gdp growth | |
| the poor and the middle class | |
| economists | |
| economic growth | |
| subsequent long -run economic growth | |
| because it is a waste of resources | |
| inequality -associated effects | |
| evidence | |
| by limiting aggregate demand | |
| economist | |
| increasing importance of human capital in development | |
| widespread education | |
| 1993 | |
| detrimental | |
| channels through which inequality may affect economic growth | |
| redistributive taxation | |
| politically and socially unstable | |
| reduce | |
| encourage | |
| growth and investment | |
| harvard | |
| between 1960 and 2000 | |
| kuznets curve hypothesis | |
| first increases | |
| thomas piketty | |
| economist | |
| wars and `` violent economic and political shocks '' | |
| the 1970s | |
| reduced consumer demand | |
| risen with increased income inequality | |
| several years | |
| more equality in the income distribution | |
| special efforts | |
| existing level of inequality | |
| reduction | |
| the united nations | |
| reducing poverty | |
| much land and housing | |
| through various associations and other arrangements | |
| extra -legal | |
| 200 | |
| government land | |
| a shortage of affordable housing | |
| quality rental units | |
| demand for higher quality housing increased | |
| residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing | |
| ad valorem property tax policy | |
| by everyone | |
| their finances | |
| aspirational consumption | |
| taking on debt | |
| economic instability | |
| created | |
| emissions per person | |
| environmental degradation | |
| if -lrb -as wwf argued -rrb - , population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level | |
| private ownership of the means of production | |
| a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income | |
| wage or salary | |
| socially | |
| reflective | |
| robert nozick | |
| taxation | |
| force | |
| forceful taking of property | |
| when they improve society as a whole | |
| capability deprivation | |
| the end itself | |
| to “wid -lsb -en -rsb - people’s choices and the level of their achieved well -being” | |
| through increasing functionings | |
| the ability to pursue valued goals | |
| deprived of earning as much | |
| earn as much as a healthy young man | |
| gender roles and customs | |
| for fear of their lives | |
| a better relevant income. | |
| bbc | |
| 1963 | |
| tardis | |
| a blue british police box | |
| science -fiction | |
| 1963 to 1989 | |
| russell t davies | |
| k -9 and company | |
| bbc wales | |
| christopher eccleston | |
| twelve | |
| peter capaldi | |
| the time of the doctor | |
| after sustaining an injury | |
| new personality | |
| gallifrey | |
| mark i type 40 tardis | |
| time and relative dimension in space | |
| chameleon circuit | |
| due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit | |
| rarely | |
| the master | |
| regenerate | |
| humans | |
| time lord | |
| 23 november 1963 | |
| the daleks -lrb -a .k.a . the mutants -rrb- | |
| the programme was not permitted to contain any `` bug -eyed monsters '' | |
| terry nation | |
| 25 minutes of transmission length | |
| 26 | |
| jonathan powell | |
| doctor who: more than 30 years in the tardis | |
| the series would return | |
| bbc 1 | |
| relaunch the show | |
| philip segal | |
| the fox network | |
| 9 .1 million | |
| the united states | |
| rose | |
| 2005 | |
| 2009 | |
| chris chibnall | |
| christmas day specials | |
| 1963–1989 | |
| the 2005 version | |
| 1996 | |
| battlestar galactica and bionic woman | |
| mission impossible , | |
| 30 november 1963 | |
| eighty seconds | |
| ten minutes | |
| the assassination of us president john f . kennedy | |
| a series of power blackouts across the country | |
| hiding behind -lrb -or 'watching from behind ' -rrb - the sofa | |
| the museum of the moving image | |
| behind the sofa | |
| scariest tv show of all time | |
| digital spy | |
| doctor who | |
| 3 % | |
| philip howard | |
| monopoly | |
| the times newspaper | |
| the tardis | |
| blue police box | |
| time machine | |
| the metropolitan police authority | |
| 2002 | |
| 26 | |
| 6 december 1989 | |
| 12 | |
| the master | |
| black guardian trilogy | |
| 2005 | |
| 60 minutes | |
| christmas day | |
| journey 's end | |
| 2010 | |
| 826 | |
| 25 -minute | |
| eight | |
| 72 minutes | |
| 2009 | |
| william hartnell and patrick troughton | |
| 97 | |
| 3 , 4 , & 5 | |
| 1978 | |
| between about 1964 and 1973 | |
| bought prints for broadcast | |
| fans | |
| mission to the unknown | |
| 8 mm cine film | |
| home viewers who made tape recordings of the show | |
| the bbc | |
| cosgrove hall | |
| 1968 | |
| theta -sigma | |
| november 2006 | |
| regeneration | |
| the doctor 's third on -screen regeneration | |
| william hartnell 's poor health | |
| renewal | |
| change of appearance | |
| 12 | |
| 13 | |
| the time of the doctor | |
| the deadly assassin and mawdryn undead | |
| 1996 | |
| john hurt | |
| the day of the doctor | |
| michael jayston | |
| the trial of a time lord | |
| mcgann and eccleston 's doctors | |
| the war doctor | |
| the three doctors | |
| peter davison | |
| the space museum | |
| the day of the doctor | |
| peter davison , colin baker and sylvester mccoy | |
| zagreus | |
| peter davison , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and paul mcgann | |
| colin baker and sylvester mccoy | |
| 2003 | |
| the time of the doctor | |
| the brain of morbius | |
| mawdryn undead | |
| the lodger | |
| 1983 | |
| an unearthly child | |
| susan foreman | |
| 2005 | |
| destroyed | |
| smith and jones | |
| a human | |
| the deadly assassin | |
| his granddaughter susan foreman | |
| teachers | |
| romana | |
| female | |
| mickey smith -lrb -noel clarke -rrb - and jack harkness -lrb -john barrowman -rrb- | |
| the eleventh | |
| pearl mackie as bill | |
| catherine tate | |
| russell t davies | |
| series 1 | |
| cybermen | |
| 3 | |
| zygons | |
| the dalek race | |
| skaro | |
| to `` exterminate '' all non -dalek beings | |
| davros | |
| their eyestalk | |
| the master | |
| time lord | |
| eric roberts | |
| professor moriarty to the doctor 's sherlock holmes | |
| roger delgado | |
| derek jacobi | |
| utopia | |
| 2014 | |
| missy | |
| michelle gomez | |
| ron grainer | |
| the bbc radiophonic workshop | |
| musique concrète | |
| 17 | |
| did i write that ? | |
| peter howell | |
| dominic glynn | |
| seventh | |
| murray gold | |
| the christmas invasion | |
| voyage of the damned | |
| classic fm 's hall of fame | |
| 2010 | |
| 228 | |
| gold | |
| jon pertwee | |
| mankind | |
| number 24 | |
| doctorin ' the tardis | |
| doctorin ' the tardis | |
| dudley simpson | |
| planet of giants | |
| the 1960s and 1970s | |
| the horns of nimon | |
| the talons of weng -chiang | |
| the bbc national orchestra of wales | |
| the bbc national orchestra of wales | |
| 27 july 2008 | |
| music of the spheres | |
| murray gold and ben foster | |
| six | |
| the first two series | |
| music from the 2008–2010 specials | |
| a christmas carol | |
| 8 november 2010 | |
| the original logo | |
| the logo for the twelfth doctor | |
| the logo used for the third and eighth doctors | |
| the logo from 1973–80 | |
| the eleventh doctor | |
| the assassination of john f . kennedy | |
| on the bbc 's mainstream bbc one channel | |
| the late 1970s | |
| circa 1964–1965 | |
| bbc three | |
| during the itv network strike of 1979 | |
| its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers | |
| coronation street | |
| the most popular show at the time | |
| after the series ' revival in 2005 | |
| pbs | |
| new zealand | |
| edmonton , canada | |
| 15 days | |
| 23 november | |
| australian broadcasting corporation -lrb -abc -rrb- | |
| partial funding | |
| syfy | |
| weekly screenings of all available classic episodes | |
| abc1 | |
| 1976 | |
| the three doctors | |
| space | |
| the talons of weng -chiang | |
| judith merril | |
| christopher eccleston | |
| excerpts from the doctor who confidential documentary | |
| the christmas invasion | |
| 9 october 2006 | |
| thanksgiving | |
| the united kingdom , australia , canada and the united states | |
| eight original series serials | |
| the infinite quest | |
| spearhead from space | |
| from 2009 onwards | |
| trevor martin | |
| doctor who – the ultimate adventure | |
| the curse of the daleks | |
| doctor who and the daleks in the seven keys to doomsday | |
| david banks | |
| torchwood | |
| 22 october 2006 | |
| 2008 | |
| children of earth | |
| torchwood: miracle day | |
| elisabeth sladen | |
| 24 september 2007 | |
| 2009 | |
| 2010 | |
| due to the death of elisabeth sladen | |
| dimensions in time | |
| children in need | |
| eastenders | |
| glasses with one darkened lens | |
| the pulfrich effect | |
| doctor who and the curse of fatal death | |
| four | |
| rowan atkinson | |
| joanna lumley | |
| head writer and executive producer | |
| the neutral zone | |
| `` blue harvest '' and `` 420 '' | |
| queer as folk | |
| oliver | |
| brisingr and high wizardry , | |
| the chase | |
| 21 -minute | |
| doctor who and the pescatons | |
| 1981 | |
| slipback | |
| the fifth , sixth and seventh doctors | |
| destiny of the doctor | |
| big finish productions | |
| 1999 | |
| 2012 | |
| 1991 | |
| the mid -sixties | |
| since 1979 | |
| panini | |
| bbc books | |
| the early 1960s | |
| bbc television | |
| producers of the show | |
| the bbc | |
| 2006 | |
| 2005–2010 | |
| 2011 | |
| michelle gomez | |
| best supporting actress | |
| guinness world records | |
| doctor who | |
| electronic | |
| 2013 | |
| 50th anniversary special | |
| season 11 | |
| doctor who | |
| third | |
| sfx magazine | |
| eight | |
| best drama series | |
| five | |
| 25 | |
| 2009 | |
| a mind award at the 2010 mind mental health media awards | |
| six | |
| over 200 | |
| over a hundred | |
| matt smith | |
| the waters of mars | |
| spike milligan | |
| jon culshaw | |
| a soap sponge | |
| doctor who fandom | |
| bbc dead ringers | |
| a private research university | |
| 1890 | |
| seven | |
| four | |
| 5 ,000 | |
| various academic disciplines | |
| chicago 's physics department | |
| beneath the university 's stagg field | |
| university of chicago press | |
| 2020 | |
| the american baptist education society | |
| john d . rockefeller | |
| william rainey harper | |
| 1891 | |
| 1892 | |
| marshall field | |
| silas b . cobb | |
| cobb lecture hall | |
| $100 ,000 | |
| charles l . hutchinson | |
| several regional colleges and universities | |
| 1896 | |
| made a grade of a for all four years | |
| passed | |
| 1910 | |
| robert maynard hutchins | |
| the common core | |
| to emphasize academics over athletics | |
| 24 -year tenure | |
| 1929 | |
| 1950s | |
| a result of increasing crime and poverty | |
| after their second year | |
| hyde park | |
| allowed very young students to attend college | |
| 1962 | |
| the university 's off -campus rental policies. | |
| 1967 | |
| a two -page statement | |
| social and political action | |
| mid -2000s | |
| milton friedman institute | |
| around $200 million | |
| the chicago theological seminary | |
| david g . booth | |
| the main quadrangles | |
| six | |
| cobb , shepley , rutan and coolidge , holabird & roche , | |
| oxford 's magdalen tower | |
| christ church hall | |
| the 1940s | |
| eero saarinen | |
| school of social service administration | |
| harris school of public policy studies | |
| 2003 | |
| singapore , london , and the downtown streeterville neighborhood of chicago | |
| seine | |
| 2010 | |
| renmin university | |
| 2015 | |
| a board of trustees | |
| 50 | |
| fourteen | |
| andrew alper | |
| robert zimmer | |
| the higher learning commission | |
| four | |
| seven | |
| 50 | |
| 28 | |
| five | |
| the new collegiate division | |
| the common core | |
| 17 | |
| the most rigorous , intense | |
| uni in the usa | |
| university of chicago laboratory schools | |
| the sonia shankman orthogenic school | |
| four | |
| four public charter schools | |
| the university of chicago campus | |
| six | |
| 9 .8 million | |
| the regenstein library | |
| 2011 | |
| more than 1 .3 million | |
| 12 | |
| 113 | |
| the oriental institute | |
| fermilab | |
| sunspot , new mexico | |
| shaping ideas about the free market | |
| chicago pile-1 | |
| miller–urey experiment | |
| 1953 | |
| 1933 | |
| 2000 | |
| 1996 | |
| 2002 | |
| several thousand | |
| 5 ,792 | |
| 3 ,468 | |
| 5 ,984 | |
| 15 ,244 | |
| international students | |
| the university athletic association | |
| ncaa 's division iii | |
| the big ten conference | |
| jay berwanger | |
| robert maynard hutchins de -emphasized varsity athletics | |
| over 400 | |
| recognized student organizations | |
| the university of chicago college bowl team | |
| doc films | |
| off -off campus | |
| graduate and undergraduate students | |
| an executive committee | |
| two | |
| greater than $2 million | |
| fifteen | |
| seven | |
| alpha phi omega | |
| alpha phi omega | |
| ten | |
| may | |
| 1987 | |
| festival of the arts | |
| kuviasungnerk/kangeiko | |
| summer breeze | |
| satya nadella | |
| larry ellison | |
| larry ellison | |
| jon corzine | |
| james o . mckinsey | |
| saul alinsky | |
| david axelrod | |
| robert bork | |
| masaaki shirakawa | |
| eliot ness | |
| allan bloom | |
| kurt vonnegut | |
| lauren oliver | |
| studs terkel | |
| philip roth | |
| philip glass | |
| alex seropian | |
| halo | |
| ed asner | |
| mike nichols | |
| carl sagan | |
| john m . grunsfeld | |
| david suzuki , | |
| john b . goodenough | |
| clair cameron patterson | |
| milton friedman | |
| george stigler | |
| paul samuelson | |
| eugene fama | |
| david graeber and donald johanson | |
| samuel reshevsky | |
| samuel p . huntington | |
| a . a . michelson | |
| arthur h . compton | |
| enrico fermi | |
| edward teller | |
| maria goeppert -mayer | |
| james henry breasted | |
| alberto calderón | |
| ted fujita | |
| yuan t . lee | |
| charles brenton huggins and janet rowley | |
| raghuram rajan | |
| goldman sachs | |
| david bevington | |
| john mearsheimer and robert pape | |
| neil shubin and paul sereno | |
| yuán cháo | |
| the great yuan | |
| kublai khan | |
| kublai khan | |
| 1271 | |
| mongol empire | |
| song dynasty | |
| ming dynasty | |
| genghis khan | |
| 1271 | |
| the commentaries on the classic of changes -lrb -i ching -rrb- | |
| dai ön ulus , also rendered as ikh yuan üls or yekhe yuan ulus | |
| great mongol state | |
| great khan | |
| mongol and turkic tribes | |
| 1206 | |
| ögedei khan | |
| 1251 | |
| nephew | |
| the jin | |
| xiao zhala | |
| shi tianze , liu heima | |
| 10 ,000 | |
| 3 | |
| han chinese | |
| jin dynasty | |
| between han and jurchen | |
| shi bingzhi | |
| song dynasty | |
| möngke khan | |
| southern china | |
| 1259 | |
| ariq böke | |
| zhongtong | |
| ogedei | |
| south | |
| wonjong | |
| northeast | |
| 1262 | |
| preserving mongol interests in china and satisfying the demands of his chinese subjects | |
| local administrative structure of past chinese dynasties | |
| han chinese | |
| three , later four | |
| salt and iron | |
| karakorum | |
| khanbaliq | |
| 1264 | |
| zhongdu | |
| confucian propriety and ancestor veneration | |
| commercial , scientific , and cultural | |
| mongol peace | |
| southern china | |
| daidu in the north | |
| marco polo | |
| the song emperor | |
| 1115 | |
| 1234 | |
| kong duancao | |
| 30 ,000 | |
| northern china | |
| between 1268 and 1273 | |
| yangzi river basin | |
| hangzhou | |
| drowned | |
| after 1279 | |
| an inauspicious typhoon | |
| annam -lrb -dai viet -rrb- | |
| battle of bạch đằng | |
| 1288 | |
| 1253 | |
| his eldest son , zhenjin | |
| before kublai in 1285 | |
| emperor chengzong | |
| 1294 to 1307 | |
| buyantu khan | |
| actively support and adopt mainstream chinese culture | |
| li meng | |
| the department of state affairs | |
| 1313 | |
| gegeen khan | |
| 1321 to 1323 | |
| baiju | |
| `` the comprehensive institutions of the great yuan '' | |
| five | |
| shangdu | |
| the war of the two capitals | |
| four days | |
| el temür | |
| tugh temür | |
| his cultural contribution | |
| academy of the pavilion of the star of literature | |
| spring of 1329 | |
| jingshi dadian | |
| supported zhu xi 's neo -confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism | |
| 1332 | |
| emperor ningzong | |
| 13 | |
| nine | |
| liao , jin , and song | |
| struggle , famine , and bitterness | |
| mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese | |
| both the army and the populace | |
| outlaws ravaged the country | |
| administration | |
| from the late 1340s onwards | |
| the red turban rebellion | |
| fear of betrayal | |
| the red turban rebels | |
| 1368–1644 | |
| the political unity of china and much of central asia | |
| the mongols ' extensive west asian and european contacts | |
| the ilkhanate | |
| carrots , turnips , new varieties of lemons , eggplants , and melons , high -quality granulated sugar , and cotton | |
| western | |
| nestorianism and roman catholicism | |
| taoism | |
| confucian | |
| travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education | |
| marco polo | |
| cambaluc | |
| travels of marco polo | |
| il milione | |
| through contact with persian traders | |
| guo shoujing | |
| 26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar | |
| granaries were ordered built throughout the empire | |
| beijing | |
| sorghum | |
| non -native chinese people | |
| the eternal heaven | |
| song | |
| ming | |
| a period of foreign domination | |
| han chinese , khitans , jurchens , mongols , and tibetan buddhists | |
| tang , song , as well as khitan liao and jurchen jin dynasties | |
| liu bingzhong and yao shu | |
| tripartite | |
| civil , military , and censorial offices | |
| the privy council | |
| since the sui and tang dynasties | |
| mongols and semuren | |
| the ministry of war | |
| 1269 | |
| mongolian , tibetan , and chinese | |
| could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well | |
| tugh temur | |
| emperor wenzong | |
| 1290 | |
| 1291 | |
| income from the harvests of their chinese tenants | |
| painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater | |
| painting , poetry , and calligraphy | |
| song | |
| the qu | |
| zaju | |
| western | |
| buddhism , especially the tibetan variants | |
| tibetan buddhism | |
| bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs | |
| sakya | |
| 1249 | |
| 1314 | |
| matrices | |
| polynomial algebra | |
| 1303 | |
| applied mathematics to the construction of calendars | |
| a cubic interpolation formula | |
| shoushi li | |
| calendar for fixing the seasons | |
| 1281 | |
| non -mongol physicians | |
| herbal remedies | |
| spiritual cures | |
| imperial academy of medicine | |
| it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues | |
| four | |
| inherited from the jin dynasty | |
| chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the mongols | |
| acupuncture , moxibustion , pulse diagnosis , and various herbal drugs and elixirs | |
| 1347 | |
| muslim medicine | |
| jesus the interpreter | |
| 1263 | |
| its humoral system | |
| yin -yang and wuxing | |
| through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries | |
| wang zhen | |
| in the 12th century | |
| töregene khatun | |
| 1273 | |
| chao | |
| bark of mulberry trees | |
| 1275 | |
| woodblocks | |
| 1294 | |
| patrimonial feudalism | |
| traditional chinese autocratic -bureaucratic system | |
| allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire | |
| colonial | |
| ilkhanate | |
| central asian muslims | |
| han chinese and khitans | |
| besh baliq , almaliq , and samarqand | |
| artisans and farmers | |
| a qara -khitay -lrb -khitan | |
| restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision | |
| kosher butchering | |
| zhu yuanzhang | |
| thanks | |
| muslims in the semu class | |
| frederick w . mote | |
| degrees of privilege | |
| rich and well socially standing | |
| lived in poverty and were ill treated | |
| northern | |
| southern | |
| southern china withstood and fought to the last | |
| the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed | |
| private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants | |
| uighurs | |
| the karluk kara -khanid ruler | |
| the korean king | |
| the uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting | |
| the central region | |
| the central secretariat | |
| khanbaliq | |
| beijing | |
| zhongshu sheng | |
| in africa | |
| east african community | |
| nairobi | |
| tanzania | |
| 45 million people | |
| a warm and humid tropical climate on its indian ocean coastline | |
| the climate is cooler | |
| mount kenya | |
| somalia and ethiopia | |
| its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks | |
| lower paleolithic period | |
| by the first millennium ad | |
| bantu and nilotic | |
| 19th century | |
| december 1963 | |
| mount kenya | |
| kirinyaga , kirenyaa and kiinyaa | |
| god 's resting place | |
| both kenia and kegnia | |
| a very precise notation of a correct african pronunciation | |
| joseph thompsons | |
| 1862 | |
| the `` big five '' | |
| lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant | |
| masai mara | |
| between june and september | |
| 2 ,900 kilometres -lrb -1 ,802 mi -rrb- | |
| more than 20 million years ago | |
| in the pleistocene epoch | |
| richard leakey | |
| .6 -million -year -old | |
| mary leakey and louis leakey | |
| the swahili | |
| mombasa | |
| duarte barbosa | |
| the kenyan coast | |
| city of malindi | |
| 14th century | |
| august 1914 | |
| governors of british east africa -lrb -as the protectorate was generally known -rrb - and german east africa | |
| lt col paul von lettow -vorbeck | |
| effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated | |
| northern rhodesia | |
| the central highlands | |
| as itinerant farmers | |
| banned the growing of coffee , introduced a hut tax , and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour | |
| 80 ,000 | |
| 15 january 1954 | |
| the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure | |
| 24 april 1954 | |
| 4 ,686 mau mau | |
| the swynnerton plan , which was used to both reward loyalists and punish mau mau. | |
| 1957 | |
| kenya african national union -lrb -kanu -rrb - of jomo kenyatta | |
| 12 december 1963 | |
| 1963 | |
| republic of kenya | |
| where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot | |
| agitation for constitutional reform | |
| daniel arap moi | |
| a presidential representative democratic republic | |
| the head of state and head of government | |
| exercised by the government | |
| both the government and the national assembly and the senate | |
| the judiciary | |
| low | |
| gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries | |
| 139th out of 176 total countries | |
| the establishment of a new and independent ethics and anti -corruption commission | |
| party of national unity | |
| the orange democratic movement -lrb -odm -rrb- | |
| kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later | |
| odinga | |
| programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future | |
| truth , justice and reconciliation commission | |
| evangelical lutheran church | |
| kenya national dialogue and reconciliation process | |
| 28 february 2008 | |
| prime minister | |
| both pnu and odm camps | |
| depending on each party 's strength in parliament | |
| until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then | |
| pm will have power and authority to co -ordinate and supervise the functions of the government | |
| annan and his un -backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete | |
| the steps of nairobi 's harambee house | |
| 29 february 2008 | |
| the two political parties would share power equally | |
| eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president | |
| august 2010 | |
| delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights | |
| 27 august 2010 | |
| the second republic | |
| december 2014 | |
| to guard against armed groups | |
| opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries | |
| it infringed on democratic freedoms | |
| of the united states , britain , germany and france | |
| h international criminal court trial dates in 2013 for both president kenyatta and deputy president william ruto | |
| us president barack obama | |
| china | |
| in july 2015 | |
| in peacekeeping missions around the world | |
| violence that subsequently engulfed the country | |
| human rights violations | |
| kenya’s armed forces | |
| because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security” | |
| credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of armoured personnel carriers | |
| , the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement | |
| 0 .519 , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world | |
| kenya | |
| less than $1 .25 a day | |
| a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market | |
| rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity | |
| food security | |
| industry and manufacturing | |
| 75 % of the labour force | |
| 61 % | |
| tourism | |
| steady growth | |
| the coastal beaches and the game reserves | |
| germany and the united kingdom | |
| 24 % | |
| tea , horticultural produce , and coffee | |
| agriculture | |
| weather -related fluctuations | |
| international crops research institute for the semi -arid tropics -lrb -icrisat -rrb- | |
| pigeon peas are very drought resistant , | |
| by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro -dealer networks for distribution and marketing | |
| , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 % | |
| enabling some farmers to buy assets | |
| the fertile highlands | |
| tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat | |
| the semi -arid savanna to the north and east | |
| 53 % of the population | |
| kenyans for kenya | |
| kenya | |
| 14 % | |
| nairobi , mombasa and kisumu | |
| small -scale manufacturing of household goods , motor -vehicle parts , and farm implements | |
| kenya 's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the us government 's african growth and opportunity act -lrb -agoa -rrb- | |
| 2000 | |
| hydroelectric stations at dams | |
| tana river , as well as the turkwel gorge dam | |
| 1997 | |
| in turkana | |
| around 10 billion barrels. | |
| exploration | |
| r 20 % to 25 % | |
| $474 million | |
| kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment | |
| support from china for a planned $2 .5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda | |
| base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia | |
| environmental and social problems | |
| vision 2030 | |
| an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030 | |
| national climate change action plan | |
| having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight | |
| climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months | |
| in agriculture | |
| up to 30 % | |
| 9–18. | |
| poverty , the lack of access to education and weak government institutions | |
| kenya 's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities | |
| english and swahili | |
| in commerce , schooling and government | |
| in the country | |
| christian | |
| protestant | |
| 3 million followers | |
| nairobi | |
| 2 .4 % | |
| sixty percent | |
| mostly christian | |
| around 300 ,000 | |
| nurses | |
| clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners | |
| 65 ,000 | |
| 7 ,000 doctors | |
| diseases of poverty | |
| half | |
| diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition | |
| weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector | |
| 15 million | |
| british colonists. | |
| 12 december 1963 | |
| ominde commission | |
| focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time | |
| the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted | |
| look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system | |
| 8–4–4 system | |
| 8–4–4 system | |
| 1992 | |
| january 1985 | |
| vocational subjects | |
| the new structure would enable school drop -outs at all levels either to be self -employed or to secure employment in the informal sector | |
| january 2003 | |
| increased by about 70 %. | |
| age six years | |
| eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school. | |
| join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program | |
| join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years | |
| 85 % | |
| age three to five | |
| a key requirement for admission to standard one -lrb -first grade -rrb- | |
| those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training | |
| the kenya certificate of secondary education | |
| the kenya national library service | |
| establish , equip , manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country | |
| a peoples university | |
| it is open to all irrespective of age , literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life | |
| cricket , rallying , football , rugby union and boxing | |
| its dominance in middle -distance and long -distance athletics | |
| kenyan athletes -lrb -particularly kalenjin -rrb- | |
| morocco and ethiopia | |
| six gold | |
| africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics | |
| iaaf golden league jackpot | |
| the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries | |
| economic or financial factors | |
| women 's volleyball within africa | |
| cricket | |
| 2003 | |
| rakep patel | |
| march 2007 | |
| the world famous safari rally | |
| one of the toughest rallies in the world | |
| björn waldegård , hannu mikkola , tommi mäkinen , shekhar mehta , carlos sainz and colin mcrae | |
| three meals in a day | |
| 10 o 'clock tea -lrb -chai ya saa nne -rrb - and 4 pm tea | |
| tea or porridge with bread , chapati , mahamri , boiled sweet potatoes or yams | |
| ugali with vegetables , sour milk , meat , fish or any other stew | |
| the united nations | |
| the world meteorological organization -lrb -wmo -rrb - and the united nations environment programme -lrb -unep -rrb- | |
| greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere | |
| united nations framework convention on climate change | |
| resolution 43/53 | |
| hoesung lee | |
| korean | |
| ismail el gizouli | |
| bert bolin | |
| february 2015 | |
| representatives appointed by governments and organizations | |
| 350 | |
| government officials and climate change experts | |
| about seven -eighths | |
| 1989 | |
| the united nations environment programme -lrb -unep -rrb - and the world meteorological organization -lrb -wmo -rrb- | |
| united nations environment programme | |
| the financial regulations and rules of the wmo | |
| world meteorological organization | |
| does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data | |
| available information about climate change based on published sources | |
| non -peer -reviewed sources | |
| model results , reports from government agencies and non -governmental organizations , and industry journals | |
| two | |
| ten to fifteen | |
| a somewhat larger number | |
| the coordinating lead authors | |
| the working group chairs | |
| substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations | |
| additional warming of the earth 's surface | |
| over half | |
| `` business as usual '' -lrb -bau -rrb- | |
| increased by 0 .3 to 0 .6 °c | |
| 2001 | |
| 16 national science academies | |
| science | |
| at least 90 % | |
| between 1 .4 and 5 .8 °c above 1990 levels | |
| richard lindzen | |
| does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report | |
| john houghton | |
| a co -chair of tar wgi | |
| scientific evidence | |
| the same procedures as for ipcc assessment reports | |
| 2011 | |
| 2011 | |
| requested by governments | |
| the data distribution centre and the national greenhouse gas inventories programme | |
| default emission factors | |
| fuel consumption , industrial production and so on | |
| wmo executive council and unep governing council | |
| the date | |
| `` the poor application of well -established ipcc procedures in this instance '' | |
| the wwf report | |
| `` variations of snow and ice in the past and at present on a global and regional scale '' | |
| ipcc chairman | |
| making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact | |
| co -chair of the ipcc working group ii | |
| himalayan glaciers | |
| `` generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment '' | |
| 1999 | |
| michael e . mann , raymond s . bradley and malcolm k . hughes | |
| the `` hockey stick graph '' | |
| jones et al . 1998 , pollack , huang & shen 1998 , crowley & lowery 2000 and briffa 2000 | |
| between 1000 and 1900 | |
| fred singer | |
| capitol hill , washington , d .c. | |
| 18 july 2000 | |
| united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation | |
| rep . joe barton | |
| ed whitfield | |
| 23 june 2005 | |
| sherwood boehlert | |
| sherwood boehlert | |
| 2001 | |
| 2007 | |
| ten | |
| divergence | |
| 14 | |
| 1 february 2007 | |
| temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates | |
| actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given | |
| actual sea level rise was above the top of the range | |
| projected rises in sea levels | |
| 9–88 cm | |
| 50–140 cm | |
| 2001 | |
| coordinating lead author of the fifth assessment report | |
| science magazine | |
| concurring , smaller assessments of special problems | |
| the montreal protocol | |
| climate change | |
| states and governments | |
| sheldon ungar | |
| varying regional cost -benefit analysis and burden -sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions | |
| regional burden sharing conflicts | |
| the uk government | |
| other scientific bodies | |
| significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science | |
| ipcc | |
| five | |
| the journal nature | |
| turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated `` living '' wikipedia -ipcc | |
| remove government oversight from its processes | |
| to conduct photosynthesis | |
| energy | |
| energy | |
| the calvin cycle | |
| 1 | |
| pinch in two | |
| environmental factors like light color and intensity | |
| contain their own dna | |
| a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell | |
| must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division | |
| plants and algae | |
| russian | |
| biologist | |
| 1905 | |
| andreas schimper | |
| cyanobacteria | |
| prokaryotes | |
| they have two cell membranes | |
| peptidoglycan | |
| blue -green algae | |
| eukaryotic | |
| around a billion years ago | |
| two innermost lipid -bilayer membranes | |
| phagosomal | |
| many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host | |
| almost the same thing as chloroplast | |
| three | |
| red algal chloroplast | |
| green chloroplast | |
| the green chloroplast lineage | |
| glaucophyte | |
| alga | |
| glaucophyte chloroplasts | |
| a carboxysome | |
| icosahedral | |
| chlorophyll a and phycobilins | |
| phycobilisomes | |
| the phycobilin phycoerytherin | |
| catch more sunlight in deep water | |
| a form of starch | |
| phycobilisomes | |
| accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors | |
| the peptidoglycan wall | |
| chloroplast division | |
| chlorophyll b | |
| double | |
| additional membranes outside of the original two | |
| a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast -containing alga but failed to digest it | |
| sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane | |
| its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus | |
| chloroplasts derived from a green alga | |
| common flagellated | |
| stacked in groups of three | |
| starch | |
| the membrane of the primary endosymbiont | |
| cryptomonads | |
| red -algal derived chloroplast | |
| nucleomorph | |
| in granules found in the periplastid space | |
| stacks of two | |
| helicosproidia | |
| chromalveolates | |
| the malaria parasite | |
| a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast | |
| in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm | |
| fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron -sulfur clusters | |
| apicomplexan -related diseases | |
| isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis | |
| photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids | |
| four | |
| peridinin | |
| peridinin -type chloroplast | |
| triplet -stacked | |
| the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane | |
| fucoxanthin dinophyte | |
| fucoxanthin dinophyte | |
| four | |
| a six membraned chloroplast | |
| a cryptophyte | |
| its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes | |
| a phycobilin -containing chloroplast | |
| a two -membraned chloroplast | |
| heterokontophyte | |
| a diatom -lrb -heterokontophyte -rrb - derived chloroplast | |
| up to five | |
| the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast | |
| granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm | |
| the dinophyte nucleus | |
| lepidodinium | |
| their original peridinin chloroplast | |
| a green algal derived chloroplast | |
| a green algal derived chloroplast | |
| first set of endosymbiotic events | |
| acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently | |
| about a million | |
| around 850 | |
| three million | |
| ctdna , or cpdna | |
| the plastome | |
| 1962 | |
| 1986 | |
| two japanese research teams | |
| the inverted repeat regions | |
| direct repeats | |
| stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome | |
| electron microscopy | |
| two | |
| a theta intermediary form | |
| a cairns replication intermediate | |
| with a rolling circle mechanism | |
| a → g deamination | |
| when it is single stranded | |
| linear | |
| homologous recombination | |
| in branched , linear , or other complex structures | |
| bacteriophage t4 | |
| linear | |
| circular | |
| via a d loop mechanism | |
| endosymbiotic gene transfer | |
| the lost chloroplast 's existence | |
| a red algal derived chloroplast | |
| green algal derived chloroplast | |
| nonfunctional pseudogenes | |
| around half | |
| participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance | |
| the cell membrane | |
| a ribosome | |
| in the cytosol | |
| helps many proteins bind the polypeptide | |
| keeping it from folding prematurely | |
| lens -shaped | |
| 5–8 μm in diameter | |
| 1–3 μm | |
| a net | |
| a cup | |
| a double membrane | |
| the product of the host 's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium | |
| homologous | |
| the mitochondrial double membrane | |
| run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation | |
| generate atp energy | |
| the internal thylakoid system | |
| the inner chloroplast membrane | |
| stromules | |
| stroma -containing tubule | |
| to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross -membrane transport | |
| 1962 | |
| in the chloroplasts of c4 plants | |
| in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms | |
| the chloroplast peripheral reticulum | |
| increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross -membrane transport | |
| the thylakoids and intermembrane space | |
| synthesize a small fraction of their proteins | |
| 17 nm | |
| 25 nm | |
| motifs for shine -dalgarno sequence recognition | |
| is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes | |
| plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule -lrb -s-rrb- | |
| spherical bubbles | |
| lipids and proteins | |
| 45–60 nanometers across | |
| a lipid monolayer | |
| either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid | |
| the thylakoid network | |
| singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid | |
| in old or stressed chloroplasts | |
| the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae | |
| roughly spherical | |
| highly refractive | |
| starch | |
| divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced `` de novo '' | |
| the helical thylakoid model | |
| flattened circular | |
| anywhere from two to a hundred | |
| 10–20 | |
| helicoid stromal thylakoids | |
| light energy | |
| light energy | |
| energize electrons | |
| pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space | |
| a dam turbine | |
| two | |
| are arranged in grana | |
| are in contact with the stroma | |
| pancake -shaped circular disks | |
| about 300–600 nanometers in diameter | |
| about thirty | |
| help transfer and dissipate excess energy | |
| their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green | |
| a bright red -orange carotenoid | |
| orange -red zeaxanthin | |
| e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria | |
| red | |
| red algae | |
| relatively large protein complexes | |
| about 40 nanometers across | |
| an enzyme called rubisco | |
| it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen | |
| at high oxygen concentrations , rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors | |
| the calvin cycle | |
| atp energy | |
| light reactions | |
| rubisco | |
| normal grana and thylakoids | |
| a four -carbon compound | |
| to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar | |
| all green parts | |
| the chlorophyll in them | |
| parenchyma cells | |
| collenchyma tissue | |
| a plant cell which contains chloroplasts | |
| in the stems | |
| concentrated in the leaves | |
| 8–15 per cell | |
| half a million | |
| the mesophyll layers | |
| low -light conditions | |
| under intense light | |
| photooxidative damage | |
| to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out | |
| mitochondria | |
| two | |
| infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death | |
| infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence | |
| by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system | |
| reactive oxygen species | |
| salicylic acid , jasmonic acid , nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species | |
| after detecting stress in a cell | |
| pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule | |
| signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus | |
| photosynthesis | |
| photosynthesis | |
| food in the form of sugars | |
| water -lrb -h2o -rrb - and carbon dioxide -lrb -co2 -rrb- | |
| sugar and oxygen -lrb -o2 -rrb- | |
| generate atp energy | |
| into the thylakoid space | |
| up to a thousand times | |
| phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate | |
| adenosine triphosphate | |
| nadp+ | |
| cyclic photophosphorylation | |
| in c4 plants | |
| more atp than nadph | |
| the calvin cycle | |
| unstable six -carbon molecules that immediately break down | |
| three -carbon molecules called 3 -phosphoglyceric acid | |
| one out of every six | |
| glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together | |
| under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations | |
| distorting the grana and thylakoids | |
| waterlogged roots | |
| another photosynthesis -depressing factor | |
| add o2 instead of co2 to rubp | |
| when the oxygen concentration is too high | |
| it consumes atp and oxygen , releases co2 , and produces no sugar | |
| up to half the carbon fixed by the calvin cycle | |
| they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism | |
| in their stroma | |
| cysteine and methionine | |
| it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed | |
| whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol | |
| chloroplasts | |
| undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg | |
| in an adult plant 's apical meristems | |
| the formation of starch -storing amyloplasts | |
| proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts | |
| a plastid that lacks chlorophyll | |
| invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma | |
| a yellow chlorophyll precursor | |
| gymnosperms | |
| chromoplasts | |
| pigment -filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit | |
| chromoplasts | |
| chromoplasts | |
| chloroplasts and other plastids | |
| filaments | |
| proteins | |
| a structure called a z -ring | |
| within the chloroplast 's stroma | |
| the min system | |
| plastid -dividing rings | |
| two | |
| about 5 nanometers across | |
| 6 .4 nanometers | |
| chloroplasts have a third plastid -dividing ring | |
| light | |
| bright white light | |
| large dumbbell -shaped | |
| poor quality green light | |
| transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen | |
| environmental risks | |
| 3 in 1 ,000 ,000 | |
| transplastomic | |
| itself | |
| composite number | |
| the fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| a product of primes | |
| because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization | |
| primality | |
| trial division | |
| the miller–rabin primality test | |
| the aks primality test | |
| 22 ,338 ,618 decimal digits | |
| infinitely many | |
| euclid | |
| the statistical behaviour | |
| the prime number theorem | |
| at the end of the 19th century | |
| goldbach 's conjecture | |
| the twin prime conjecture | |
| algebraic aspects | |
| public -key cryptography | |
| prime ideals | |
| 2 | |
| 1 , 2 , and n | |
| odd prime | |
| 9 | |
| even numbers | |
| 1 | |
| christian goldbach | |
| leonhard euler | |
| 10 ,006 ,721 | |
| its own special category as a `` unit '' | |
| euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| if 1 were considered a prime | |
| euler 's totient function | |
| the sum of divisors function | |
| only the single number 1 | |
| the rhind papyrus | |
| the ancient greeks | |
| euclid 's elements | |
| euclid | |
| compute primes | |
| in 1640 | |
| euler | |
| 22n + 1 | |
| 2p − 1 | |
| up to n = 4 -lrb -or 216 + 1 -rrb- | |
| trial division | |
| if a complete list of primes up to is known | |
| greater than 1 | |
| only three divisions | |
| less than or equal to the square root of n | |
| two main classes | |
| probabilistic -lrb -or `` monte carlo '' -rrb- | |
| deterministic | |
| deterministic | |
| 1/ -lrb -1-p -rrb-n | |
| the fermat primality test , | |
| np≡n -lrb -mod p -rrb- | |
| composite numbers -lrb -the carmichael numbers -rrb- | |
| baillie -psw | |
| solovay -strassen tests | |
| 2p + 1 | |
| 2p − 1 | |
| the lucas–lehmer test | |
| primorial primes | |
| fermat primes | |
| distributed computing | |
| in 2009 | |
| us $100 ,000 | |
| the electronic frontier foundation | |
| -lsb -256kn + 1 , 256k -lrb -n + 1 -rrb - − 1 -rsb- | |
| the floor function | |
| chebyshev | |
| any natural number n > 3 | |
| n < p < 2n − 2 | |
| wilson 's theorem | |
| their greatest common divisor is one | |
| dirichlet 's theorem | |
| 1/6 | |
| at most one prime number | |
| infinitely many prime numbers | |
| the zeta function | |
| a finite value | |
| diverges | |
| exceeds any given number | |
| identity | |
| 1859 | |
| s = −2 , −4 , ... , | |
| random noise | |
| asymptotic distribution | |
| asymptotic distribution | |
| goldbach 's conjecture | |
| 1912 | |
| all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 | |
| vinogradov 's theorem | |
| chen 's theorem | |
| twin prime conjecture | |
| pairs of primes with difference 2 | |
| polignac 's conjecture | |
| n2 + 1 | |
| brocard 's conjecture | |
| number theory | |
| g . h . hardy | |
| the 1970s | |
| hash tables | |
| pseudorandom number generators | |
| a recurring decimal | |
| p − 1 | |
| -lrb -p − 1 -rrb -! + 1 | |
| -lrb -n − 1 -rrb-! | |
| p is not a prime factor of q | |
| rsa | |
| the diffie–hellman key exchange | |
| 512 -bit | |
| modular exponentiation | |
| 1024 -bit | |
| cicadas | |
| as grubs underground | |
| 17 years | |
| make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators | |
| up to 2 % higher | |
| indecomposability | |
| the smallest subfield | |
| as a connected sum of prime knots | |
| any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components | |
| it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots | |
| commutative ring r | |
| prime elements | |
| irreducible elements | |
| it is neither zero nor a unit | |
| cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units | |
| the fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| the gaussian integers z -lsb -i-rsb- | |
| a + bi | |
| arbitrary integers | |
| 4k + 3 | |
| in ring theory | |
| prime ideals | |
| algebraic number theory | |
| the fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| a noetherian commutative ring | |
| prime ideals | |
| ramification in geometry | |
| ring of integers of quadratic number fields | |
| the solvability of quadratic equations | |
| norm gets smaller | |
| completed -lrb -or local -rrb - fields | |
| the absolute value | |
| local -global principle | |
| olivier messiaen | |
| la nativité du seigneur | |
| quatre études de rythme | |
| the third étude | |
| the movements of nature | |
| swiss canton | |
| north sea | |
| cologne , germany | |
| danube | |
| 1 ,230 km -lrb -760 mi -rrb- | |
| europe | |
| netherlands | |
| 1 ,230 km | |
| gaulish name rēnos | |
| rhin | |
| rīnaz | |
| 1st century bc | |
| gaulish name rēnos | |
| rhin | |
| rijn | |
| rīnaz | |
| rhijn | |
| rhine -kilometers | |
| 1939 | |
| old rhine bridge at constance | |
| hoek van holland | |
| canalisation projects | |
| rhine -kilometers" | |
| 1939 | |
| old rhine bridge at constance | |
| canalisation projects | |
| hoek van holland | |
| north | |
| 86 km long , | |
| rhine valley | |
| sargans | |
| austria | |
| chur | |
| 86 km | |
| 599 m | |
| rhine valley | |
| switzerland | |
| lake constance | |
| alter rhein | |
| modern canalized section | |
| isel | |
| donkey | |
| lake constance | |
| modern canalized section | |
| alter rhein | |
| small islands | |
| isel | |
| diepoldsau | |
| fußach | |
| strong sedimentation | |
| parallel to the canalized rhine | |
| silt | |
| fußach | |
| constant flooding | |
| diepoldsau | |
| dornbirner ach | |
| continuous input of sediment | |
| three | |
| lower lake | |
| lake rhine | |
| swiss -austrian border | |
| upper lake | |
| three | |
| austria | |
| alps | |
| 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47 .650°n 9 .317°e / 47 .650; 9 .317. | |
| baden -württemberg | |
| greater density of cold water | |
| lake überlingen | |
| rheinbrech | |
| entire length | |
| lindau | |
| rheinbrech | |
| lindau | |
| lake überlingen | |
| rhine gutter | |
| water level | |
| westward | |
| river aare | |
| 1 ,000 m3/s -lrb -35 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb- | |
| finsteraarhorn | |
| basel | |
| westward | |
| aare | |
| 1 ,000 m3/s -lrb -35 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb - , | |
| finsteraarhorn | |
| german | |
| basel | |
| rhine knee | |
| central bridge | |
| 300 km long | |
| 40 km wide | |
| basel | |
| rhine knee | |
| north | |
| high rhine | |
| central bridge | |
| 19th century | |
| increased | |
| fell significantly | |
| grand canal d 'alsace | |
| large compensation pools | |
| upper rhine | |
| 19th century | |
| increased | |
| fell significantly | |
| grand canal d 'alsace | |
| germany | |
| 300 m3/s -lrb -11 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb- | |
| rhine | |
| moselle | |
| 400 m -lrb -1 ,300 ft -rrb-. | |
| germany | |
| germany | |
| moselle | |
| france | |
| 2 ,290 m3/s -lrb -81 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb- | |
| middle rhine | |
| rhine gorge | |
| erosion | |
| the romantic rhine | |
| middle rhine | |
| rhine gorge | |
| castles | |
| romantic rhine | |
| plants and factories | |
| duisburg | |
| ruhr | |
| drinking water | |
| switzerland | |
| pollution | |
| lower rhine | |
| switzerland | |
| duisburg | |
| ruhr | |
| tourism | |
| rüdesheim am rhein | |
| lorelei | |
| middle rhine valley | |
| tourism | |
| unesco world heritage site. | |
| rüdesheim am rhein | |
| lorelei | |
| sankt goarshausen | |
| duisburg | |
| wesel -datteln canal | |
| lippe | |
| emmerich rhine bridge | |
| 400 m | |
| lower rhine | |
| rhine -ruhr | |
| duisport | |
| emmerich rhine bridge | |
| 400 m wide | |
| meuse | |
| rijn | |
| two thirds | |
| west | |
| waal | |
| meuse | |
| the oude maas | |
| pannerdens kanaal | |
| nederrijn | |
| lek | |
| noord river | |
| pannerdens kanaal | |
| nederrijn | |
| one ninth | |
| lek | |
| wijk bij duurstede | |
| rijn | |
| draining the surrounding land | |
| kromme rijn | |
| bent rhine | |
| old rhine | |
| rhine -meuse | |
| millingen aan de rijn , | |
| rhine delta | |
| nederrijn at angeren | |
| three | |
| waal | |
| old meuse | |
| the rip | |
| st . elizabeth 's | |
| 1421 | |
| merwede -oude maas | |
| 1421 to 1904 | |
| archipelago -like estuary | |
| drainage channels | |
| construction of delta works | |
| dammed | |
| 20th century | |
| tidal delta | |
| tidal currents | |
| tear huge areas of land into the sea. | |
| zaltbommel | |
| tethys sea | |
| jurassic period | |
| mediterranean geography | |
| mesozoic era | |
| iberia | |
| n–s | |
| upper rhine graben | |
| miocene | |
| danube | |
| stream capture | |
| pliocene period | |
| vosges mountains | |
| ice ages | |
| six | |
| 120 m | |
| northwest | |
| brest | |
| 74 ,000 -lrb -bp | |
| 11 ,600 bp | |
| west | |
| 120 m | |
| english channel | |
| glacier | |
| tundra | |
| 22 ,000–14 ,000 yr bp | |
| ice -sheets | |
| loess | |
| 22 ,000 years ago | |
| thaw | |
| rhine | |
| 13 ,000 bp | |
| 9000 bp | |
| 7500 yr ago | |
| rates of sea -level rise | |
| last 7000 years | |
| tectonic subsidence | |
| 1–3 cm -lrb -0 .39–1 .18 in -rrb - per century | |
| 11 ,700 years ago | |
| 8 ,000 years ago | |
| late -glacial valley | |
| netherlands | |
| 3000 yr bp | |
| increased flooding and sedimentation | |
| sediment load | |
| 11–13th century | |
| 80 | |
| north sea | |
| meuse estuary | |
| ijsselmeer | |
| freshwater lake | |
| three | |
| 1st century bc | |
| germania | |
| 6th century bc | |
| maurus servius honoratus | |
| ad 14 | |
| danube | |
| the empire fell | |
| eastwards | |
| southern | |
| eight | |
| army of germania inferior | |
| ubiorum | |
| threat of war | |
| town of the ubii | |
| 5th century | |
| kingdoms | |
| dragons rock | |
| siegfried | |
| hagen | |
| 6th century | |
| 10th century | |
| lower lorraine | |
| archduke sigismund | |
| 1469 | |
| peace of westphalia | |
| establishing `` natural borders '' | |
| napoleon | |
| 1806 | |
| 1840 | |
| end of world war i | |
| 1935 | |
| german army | |
| adolf hitler 's rise to power | |
| 1936 | |
| arnhem | |
| formidable natural obstacle | |
| september 1944 | |
| ludendorff bridge | |
| seven days to the river rhine | |
| 1 ,230 kilometres -lrb -764 miles -rrb- | |
| knaurs lexikon | |
| typographical error | |
| 1 ,320 kilometres -lrb -820 miles -rrb- | |
| 2010 | |
| following a referendum in 1997 | |
| scotland act 1998 | |
| in which it can make laws | |
| parliament of the united kingdom | |
| westminster | |
| lack of a parliament of scotland | |
| three hundred | |
| first world war. | |
| the late 1960s | |
| directly elected scottish assembly | |
| north | |
| `` it 's scotland 's oil '' | |
| 1974 | |
| not benefitting scotland as much as they should | |
| 1978 | |
| edinburgh | |
| majority | |
| 51 .6 % | |
| failed | |
| 32 .9 % | |
| a scottish parliament | |
| the conservative party | |
| 1989 | |
| blueprint | |
| scottish parliament building | |
| enric miralles | |
| spanish | |
| leaf -shaped | |
| queen elizabeth ii | |
| meeting of the church 's general assembly | |
| general assembly hall of the church of scotland | |
| courtyard | |
| university of aberdeen | |
| former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow | |
| city of edinburgh council | |
| lothian regional council | |
| demolished | |
| parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh | |
| main | |
| one msp | |
| tricia marwick | |
| secret | |
| 129 | |
| a vote clerk | |
| presiding officer | |
| the parliamentary bureau | |
| five | |
| the presiding officer | |
| hemicycle | |
| encourage consensus amongst elected members | |
| 131 | |
| 2 | |
| vote | |
| scottish rivers | |
| silver | |
| the queen | |
| wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity | |
| a glass case suspended from the lid | |
| april | |
| debating chamber | |
| the public | |
| free | |
| the official report | |
| wednesdays | |
| up to four minutes | |
| presiding officer | |
| religious beliefs | |
| nominate speakers | |
| the presiding officer | |
| amount of time for which they are allowed to speak | |
| different viewpoints | |
| ministers or party leaders | |
| gaelic | |
| 5 pm | |
| `` decision time '' | |
| vote | |
| electronic consoles on their desks | |
| seconds | |
| votes | |
| political parties | |
| whips | |
| moral | |
| deselected as official party candidates during future elections | |
| immediately after decision time | |
| not a scottish minister | |
| 45 minutes | |
| other members | |
| winds up | |
| committee | |
| stronger | |
| no revising chamber | |
| principal role | |
| other locations throughout scotland | |
| a small number of msps | |
| balance of parties | |
| functions | |
| mandatory | |
| fourth | |
| beginning of each parliamentary session | |
| one | |
| current subject committees | |
| session | |
| type of committee | |
| large -scale development projects | |
| scottish government. | |
| private bill | |
| scotland act 1998 | |
| queen elizabeth ii | |
| devolved competencies | |
| parliament of the united kingdom at westminster | |
| scottish parliament | |
| schedule 5 | |
| scottish parliament | |
| automatically devolved | |
| up to 3 pence in the pound | |
| 2012 act | |
| reserved | |
| scottish parliament | |
| westminster | |
| uk government ministers | |
| bills | |
| the scottish government | |
| a private member | |
| an outside proposer | |
| in a number of stages | |
| introductory | |
| accompanying documents | |
| whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament | |
| in the relevant committee or committees | |
| stage 2 | |
| stage 3 | |
| two | |
| final | |
| wrecking | |
| decision time | |
| the monarch | |
| royal assent | |
| a 4 -week period | |
| supreme court of the united kingdom | |
| -lsb -date -rsb- | |
| hold the majority of seats | |
| any member | |
| first minister | |
| elected msps | |
| the sovereign | |
| thursday | |
| may | |
| the monarch | |
| supplant it. | |
| 28 | |
| several procedures | |
| msps | |
| legislative programme for the forthcoming year | |
| issues related to the substance of the statement | |
| parliamentary time | |
| thursday | |
| any member of the scottish government | |
| issues under their jurisdiction | |
| four | |
| 73 | |
| 2005 | |
| one | |
| dispersed population and distance | |
| 55 ,000 | |
| proportionally to the number of votes received | |
| the d 'hondt method | |
| quotient | |
| constituency seats | |
| iteratively | |
| a number of qualifications | |
| 1981 | |
| over the age of 18 | |
| police and the armed forces | |
| mental health -lrb -care and treatment -rrb - -lrb -scotland -rrb - act 2003 | |
| a party has commanded a parliamentary majority | |
| labour | |
| 151 votes | |
| eight | |
| scottish independence | |
| the conservatives | |
| edinburgh pentlands | |
| five seats | |
| annabel goldie | |
| cameron | |
| able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland | |
| domestic legislation of the scottish parliament | |
| west lothian question | |
| the conservative | |
| england | |
| islamism | |
| all spheres of life. | |
| reordering | |
| poles | |
| revolution or invasion | |
| democratic | |
| palestine | |
| abolish the state of israel | |
| democracy | |
| religious | |
| major division | |
| sunni pan -islamism | |
| sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions , | |
| democracy | |
| to maintain their legitimacy | |
| political | |
| islam | |
| its supporters | |
| illiberal islamic regimes | |
| religion from politics | |
| muslims | |
| americans | |
| a historical fluke | |
| between 1945 and 1970 | |
| non -political islam | |
| dangerous enemies | |
| during the 1970s | |
| considerable impact | |
| the mujahideen muslim afghanistan | |
| leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition | |
| considerable impact | |
| anwar sadat | |
| peace | |
| political support | |
| 1975 | |
| assassinated | |
| conservative | |
| hate | |
| wars | |
| infidels | |
| saudi | |
| islamist | |
| incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful | |
| housing | |
| rhetoric | |
| avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands | |
| law and philosophy | |
| the all india muslim league | |
| the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress | |
| 1908 | |
| the reconstruction of religious thought in islam | |
| secularism and secular nationalism | |
| crowd out | |
| nationalist differences | |
| 1930 | |
| pakistan movement | |
| sayyid abul ala maududi | |
| journalism | |
| 1941 | |
| through his writing | |
| in a modern context | |
| sayyid abul ala maududi | |
| journalism | |
| through his writing | |
| a modern context | |
| sharia | |
| an islamic state | |
| unity of god | |
| gradual | |
| an educational process | |
| 1928 | |
| ismailiyah , egypt | |
| hassan al banna | |
| the qur 'an | |
| imperialist | |
| violence | |
| 1949 | |
| egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi | |
| 1948 | |
| gamal abdul nasser | |
| one of the most influential movements | |
| 75 % of the total seats | |
| `` semi -legal '' | |
| field candidates | |
| mohamed morsi | |
| quick and decisive | |
| a pivotal event | |
| economic | |
| a steep and steady decline | |
| anti -democratic islamist movements | |
| ideological | |
| ali shariati | |
| somewhere between | |
| the prophet mohammad | |
| conspiracy | |
| islamic | |
| shia terrorist | |
| economic | |
| during the 2006 israel -lebanon conflict | |
| president mahmoud ahmadinejad | |
| the soviet union | |
| an islamic rebellion | |
| send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith | |
| marginal | |
| 16 ,000 to 35 ,000 | |
| worked to radicalize the islamist movement | |
| saddam hussein | |
| islamist | |
| saudi | |
| the west | |
| conservative muslims | |
| domestic islamists | |
| in the kingdom | |
| algeria | |
| osama bin laden | |
| qutb 's | |
| 1966 | |
| the brotherhood | |
| fringe or splinter | |
| by the 1970s | |
| egyptian islamic jihad organization | |
| 1981 | |
| apostate | |
| promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies | |
| muhammad abd al -salaam farag | |
| violence | |
| al -gama 'a al -islamiyya | |
| in 2003 | |
| unsuccessful | |
| political figures | |
| quiescent | |
| hamas | |
| destruction of israel | |
| alcohol | |
| palestine | |
| hamas | |
| 542 | |
| majority of the seats , | |
| 2007 | |
| driving israel out of the gaza strip | |
| islamist | |
| hassan al -turabi | |
| national islamic front | |
| money from foreign islamist banking systems | |
| university and military academy | |
| 1985 | |
| with the help of the military | |
| sharia law | |
| osama bin laden | |
| american attack on iraq | |
| staying home | |
| 1989 | |
| algeria | |
| front islamique de salut | |
| a military coup d 'état | |
| justice and prosperity | |
| vicious and destructive | |
| 1992 | |
| one of the poorest countries on earth | |
| 80 % | |
| the taliban | |
| pakistan | |
| neofundamentalist | |
| sharia | |
| osama bin laden | |
| july 1977 | |
| alcohol and nightclubs | |
| islamism | |
| his means of seizing power | |
| 1988 | |
| wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant | |
| sunni arabs | |
| ten million | |
| recognition | |
| a caliphate | |
| 2004 | |
| 2003 | |
| notorious intransigence | |
| march 2011 | |
| a terrorist organisation | |
| a different view | |
| 7th century | |
| 1924 | |
| true islamic | |
| ended the true islamic system | |
| armed | |
| ideological struggle | |
| elites | |
| egypt | |
| terrorist groups | |
| over 900 ,000 | |
| strong islamist | |
| 2007 | |
| londonistan | |
| incitement to terrorism | |
| since 2001 | |
| state | |
| christian whiton | |
| u .s. defense secretary | |
| undermining the communist ideology | |
| latin | |
| military force | |
| japan | |
| technologies and ideas | |
| influence | |
| `` formal imperialism '' | |
| othering | |
| direct | |
| `` informal '' imperialism | |
| `` formal '' | |
| aggressiveness | |
| ownership of private industries | |
| informal | |
| distinction | |
| the world systems theory | |
| lenin | |
| empires | |
| seaborne | |
| colonialism | |
| political focus | |
| ideological | |
| ottoman | |
| person or group of people | |
| imperialism and colonialism | |
| taking physical control of another | |
| conquering the other state 's lands | |
| exploitation | |
| characteristics | |
| empire -building | |
| imperialism | |
| highest 'social efficiency ' | |
| theory of races | |
| whiteness | |
| germany | |
| britain | |
| political | |
| geographical societies in europe | |
| fund | |
| environmental determinism | |
| temperate | |
| orientalism | |
| uncivilized | |
| superior | |
| terra nullius | |
| the eighteenth century | |
| the british empire | |
| aboriginal | |
| empty land | |
| an imaginative geography | |
| irrational and backward | |
| inferior | |
| orientalism | |
| progressive | |
| nineteenth -century maps | |
| blank spaces on contemporary maps | |
| unexplored territory | |
| nineteenth -century cartographic techniques | |
| french | |
| the pre -columbian era | |
| genghis khan | |
| dozens | |
| ethiopian empire | |
| sub -saharan africa | |
| cultural imperialism | |
| soft power | |
| dallas | |
| roman | |
| bans | |
| around 1700 | |
| colonizing | |
| thousands | |
| middle of the 20th century | |
| open door policy | |
| 1919 | |
| 1999 | |
| historians | |
| the world 's economy | |
| many imperial powers | |
| economic growth | |
| mid -18th century | |
| colonies | |
| the mughal state | |
| communication | |
| deadly explosives | |
| the machine gun | |
| arrows , swords , and leather shields | |
| european | |
| british | |
| in the late 1870s | |
| philanthropy | |
| to constantly expand investment | |
| aristocracy | |
| the 1950s | |
| before world war i | |
| disease | |
| taxation | |
| environmental determinism | |
| the environment in which they lived | |
| less civilized | |
| africa | |
| orientalism and tropicality | |
| geographic scholars | |
| northern europe and the mid -atlantic | |
| guidance | |
| orientalism | |
| colonizing empires | |
| the sixteenth century | |
| 1599 | |
| queen elizabeth | |
| exploitation | |
| the portuguese | |
| 1830 | |
| 1850 | |
| catholicism | |
| africa | |
| when germany started to build her own | |
| civilize the inferior | |
| assimilation | |
| small numbers of settlers | |
| christianity and french culture | |
| algeria | |
| overseas colonies | |
| anti -colonial movements | |
| vietnam | |
| algeria | |
| 1960 | |
| scandinavia | |
| muslim iberia | |
| middle period of classical antiquity | |
| 800 ce | |
| central europe | |
| late 19th century | |
| 1862 | |
| after the franco -german war | |
| napoleon | |
| europe | |
| the south pacific | |
| prestige | |
| 1884 | |
| new guinea | |
| hamburg merchants and traders | |
| japan took part of sakhalin island | |
| 1894 | |
| thailand | |
| manchuria | |
| china | |
| 1932 | |
| lenin | |
| eastern europe | |
| bolshevik leaders | |
| a world revolution | |
| lenin | |
| mao zedong | |
| nikita khrushchev | |
| socialism in one country | |
| mercantilism | |
| 1776 | |
| free trade | |
| about 1820 | |
| 1815 | |
| the british empire | |
| pseudo -sciences | |
| the british spirit of imperialism | |
| middle east | |
| the monroe doctrine | |
| interventionism | |
| a war erupted | |
| the philippines | |
| a `` racket '' | |
| isiah bowman | |
| 1917 | |
| american delegation from the paris peace conference | |
| u .s authorship of a 'new world ' | |
| wilson 's geographer | |
| internal strife | |
| `` internal colonialism '' | |
| 12 to 15 million | |
| the contemporary orient | |
| 1923 | |
| suleiman the magnificent | |
| 32 | |
| europe | |
| during the 16th and 17th centuries | |
| istanbul | |
| germany | |
| world war i | |
| turkey | |
| united methodist church | |
| mainline protestant methodist denomination | |
| 1968 | |
| union of the methodist church -lrb -usa -rrb - and the evangelical united brethren church | |
| wesleyan | |
| united methodist church | |
| 80 million | |
| mainline protestant denomination | |
| 3 .6 % | |
| mid -18th century | |
| within the church of england | |
| being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their bible study | |
| 1735 | |
| colony of georgia | |
| american indians | |
| salvation by god 's grace | |
| american revolution | |
| 1784 | |
| thomas coke | |
| lovely lane methodist church | |
| lovely lane methodist church | |
| st . george 's united methodist church | |
| st . george 's united methodist church | |
| 1767 | |
| sail loft on dock street | |
| 1784 | |
| richard allen and absalom jones | |
| st . george 's church | |
| 1784 | |
| 1830 | |
| issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church | |
| 1844 | |
| because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination | |
| april 23 , 1968 | |
| constituting general conference in dallas , texas | |
| bishop lloyd christ wicke | |
| holy catholic -lrb -or universal -rrb - church | |
| the book of discipline | |
| meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy church invisible | |
| result of the american revolution | |
| dr . thomas coke | |
| thomas vasey and richard whatcoat. | |
| 1968 | |
| john wesley and charles wesley | |
| albert c . outler | |
| albert c . outler | |
| prevenient grace | |
| prevenient grace | |
| the grace that `` goes before '' us | |
| prevenient grace | |
| justifying grace or accepting grace | |
| justifying grace | |
| conversion | |
| conversion | |
| new birth | |
| grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey toward christian perfection | |
| sanctifying grace | |
| a genuine love of god with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves | |
| christian perfection | |
| wesleyan theology | |
| prima scriptura | |
| umc | |
| book of discipline | |
| 2008 | |
| pro -choice | |
| religious coalition for reproductive choice | |
| the general board of church and society , and the united methodist women | |
| all women | |
| the mother | |
| taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality -lrb- | |
| 2012 | |
| rev . paul t . stallsworth | |
| temperance movement | |
| 2011 and 2012 | |
| the use of money | |
| unfermented grape juice | |
| capital punishment | |
| john 8:7. | |
| matthew 5:38 -39 | |
| the general conference | |
| same -sex unions | |
| 1999 | |
| 2016 | |
| connectional table | |
| lgbt | |
| same -gender marriages with resolutions | |
| 1987 | |
| 2005 | |
| baltimore -washington conference of the umc | |
| conscription | |
| the way of military action | |
| all war | |
| christ 's message and teachings | |
| instrument of national foreign policy | |
| general and complete disarmament | |
| the sexual ethics task force of the united methodist church | |
| violence , degradation , exploitation , and coercion | |
| girls and women | |
| ivf | |
| stem cells | |
| research | |
| sunday service of the methodists in north america | |
| when the methodists in america were separated from the church of england | |
| the book of common prayer | |
| africa | |
| book of common prayer | |
| anointing with oil | |
| methodist institutions | |
| william booth | |
| john wesley | |
| united methodist church | |
| general conference | |
| the book of discipline | |
| general conference | |
| every four years | |
| five | |
| seven | |
| to elect and appoint bishops | |
| bishops | |
| episcopal areas | |
| mission council | |
| church bishops | |
| 36 | |
| for the george w . bush presidential library | |
| southern methodist university | |
| nine | |
| judicial council | |
| eight -year term | |
| twice a year | |
| various locations throughout the world | |
| the annual conference | |
| geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting | |
| their annual conference | |
| the book of discipline | |
| three | |
| nine | |
| church conference | |
| church conference | |
| one hundred | |
| three hundred sixty | |
| international association of methodist -related schools , colleges , and universities | |
| john wesley | |
| pastors | |
| annual conference order of elders | |
| annual conference order of deacons | |
| annual conference cabinet | |
| one year at a time | |
| bishop has read the appointments at the session of the annual conference | |
| elders | |
| the local church | |
| 2–3 years | |
| district superintendents | |
| 2–3 years | |
| deacons | |
| deacons | |
| granted sacramental authority | |
| 1996 | |
| the provisional elder/deacon | |
| 1996 general conference | |
| licensed local pastor | |
| licensed local pastor | |
| five | |
| associate membership | |
| baptized members | |
| confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith | |
| transfer from another christian denomination | |
| baptism | |
| confirmation and membership preparation classes | |
| the book of discipline | |
| church and the methodist -christian theological tradition | |
| lay servants | |
| they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , and complete the basic course for lay servant | |
| annually | |
| at least one advanced course every three years | |
| united methodist church | |
| observer status | |
| blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity | |
| 2000 | |
| may 2012 | |
| 1985 | |
| 11 million | |
| 42 ,000 | |
| 8 million | |
| 34 ,000 | |
| texas | |
| 11 .4 million | |
| 7 .9 million | |
| 3 .5 million | |
| wesleyan holiness consortium | |
| world methodist council | |
| july 18 , 2006 | |
| 1754–1763 | |
| colonies of british america and new france | |
| roughly 60 ,000 european settlers | |
| 2 million | |
| primarily along the frontiers between new france and the british colonies | |
| dispute over control of the confluence of the allegheny and monongahela rivers , called the forks of the ohio | |
| battle of jumonville glen in may 1754 , | |
| 1755 | |
| disaster; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela | |
| combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies | |
| fort beauséjour | |
| expulsion of the acadians | |
| william pitt | |
| unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in new france | |
| against prussia and its allies in the european theatre of the war. | |
| sainte foy in quebec | |
| territory east of the mississippi to great britain | |
| french louisiana west of the mississippi river -lrb -including new orleans -rrb - to its ally spain | |
| confirming britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern north america | |
| 1740s | |
| indians fought on both sides of the conflict , and that this was part of the seven years ' war | |
| much larger conflict between france and great britain | |
| fourth intercolonial war and the great war for the empire | |
| declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 | |
| six years | |
| 1760 | |
| battle of jumonville glen | |
| about 75 ,000 | |
| heavily concentrated along the st . lawrence river valley , with some also in acadia | |
| st . lawrence and mississippi watersheds , did business with local tribes , and often married indian women | |
| 20 to 1 | |
| from nova scotia and newfoundland in the north , to georgia in the south | |
| along the coast , the settlements were growing into the interior | |
| native tribes | |
| mi 'kmaq and the abenaki | |
| present -day upstate new york and the ohio country | |
| iroquois rule , and were limited by them in authority to make agreements | |
| catawba , muskogee -speaking creek and choctaw | |
| western portions of the great lakes region | |
| iroquois six nations , and also by the cherokee | |
| no french regular army troops were stationed in north america | |
| few british troops | |
| mustered local militia companies , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , to deal with native threats , but did not have any standing forces. | |
| about 3 ,000 miles -lrb -4 ,800 km -rrb - between june and november 1749. | |
| 200 troupes de la marine and 30 indians | |
| british merchants or fur -traders , céloron informed them of the french claims on the territory and told them to leave. | |
| informed céloron that they owned the ohio country and that they would trade with the british regardless of the french | |
| village of pickawillany | |
| threatened `` old briton '' with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the british | |
| ignored the warning. | |
| very badly disposed towards the french , and are entirely devoted to the english | |
| proposing that action be taken | |
| british colonists would not be safe as long as the french were present | |
| 1749 | |
| ohio company of virginia | |
| christopher gist | |
| treaty of logstown | |
| mouth of the monongahela river -lrb -the site of present -day pittsburgh , pennsylvania -rrb- | |
| king george 's war | |
| 1748 with the signing of the treaty of aix -la -chapelle | |
| conflicting territorial claims between british and french | |
| frontiers from between nova scotia and acadia in the north , to the ohio country in the south , were claimed by both sides | |
| marquis de la jonquière | |
| 300 men , including french -canadians and warriors of the ottawa | |
| punish the miami people of pickawillany for not following céloron 's orders to cease trading with the british | |
| capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the miami nation , including old briton | |
| paul marin de la malgue | |
| fort presque isle -lrb -near present -day erie , pennsylvania | |
| fort le boeuf -lrb -present -day waterford , pennsylvania | |
| protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british | |
| tanaghrisson | |
| british superintendent for indian affairs in the new york region and beyond | |
| warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' | |
| colonel of the iroquois | |
| mohawk chief hendrick | |
| ohio company | |
| major george washington | |
| jacob van braam as an interpreter; christopher gist , a company surveyor working in the area; and a few mingo led by tanaghrisson | |
| december 12 | |
| jacques legardeur de saint -pierre | |
| dinwiddie demanding an immediate french withdrawal from the ohio country | |
| as to the summons you send me to retire , i do not think myself obliged to obey it. | |
| france 's claim to the region was superior to that of the british | |
| contrecœur led 500 men south from fort venango on april 5 , 1754 | |
| early months of 1754 | |
| fort duquesne. | |
| with tanaghrisson and his party , surprised the canadians on may 28 in what became known as the battle of jumonville glen | |
| killed many of the canadians , including their commanding officer , joseph coulon de jumonville | |
| regain authority over his own people . they had been inclined to support the french , with whom they had long trading relationships | |
| dislodge the french | |
| plans leaked to france well before braddock 's departure | |
| dispatched six regiments to new france under the command of baron dieskau in 1755. | |
| blockade french ports , sent out their fleet in february 1755 | |
| albany congress | |
| formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal | |
| the plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown | |
| format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the war of independence | |
| braddock -lrb -with george washington as one of his aides -rrb - led about 1 ,500 army troops | |
| the expedition was a disaster | |
| approximately 1 ,000 british soldiers were killed or injured. | |
| washington and thomas gage | |
| shirley and johnson. | |
| efforts to fortify oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by shirley 's inexperience | |
| planned to attack fort niagara | |
| garrisons | |
| marquis de vaudreuil. | |
| sent dieskau to fort st . frédéric to meet that threat | |
| inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field | |
| fort william henry | |
| ticonderoga point , | |
| colonel monckton | |
| deportation of the french -speaking acadian population from the area. | |
| petitcodiac in 1755 and at bloody creek near annapolis royal in 1757 | |
| william shirley | |
| albany | |
| capture niagara , crown point and duquesne , he proposed attacks on fort frontenac on the north shore of lake ontario | |
| through the wilderness of the maine district and down the chaudière river to attack the city of quebec | |
| major general james abercrombie | |
| major general louis -joseph de montcalm | |
| may 18 , 1756 | |
| oneida carry | |
| battle of fort bull | |
| 45 ,000 pounds | |
| hopes for campaigns on lake ontario , and endangered the oswego garrison | |
| abercrombie | |
| ticonderoga | |
| oswego | |
| disposition of prisoners ' personal effects | |
| attack on new france 's capital , quebec | |
| to distract montcalm | |
| william pitt | |
| returned to new york amid news that a massacre had occurred at fort william henry. | |
| french irregular forces -lrb -canadian scouts and indians -rrb- | |
| lake george | |
| attacked the british column , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves. | |
| british blockade of the french coastline limited french shipping. | |
| poor harvest | |
| st . lawrence , with primary defenses at carillon , quebec , and louisbourg , | |
| british failures in north america , combined with other failures in the european theater | |
| loudoun | |
| three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops | |
| two of the expeditions were successful , with fort duquesne and louisbourg | |
| 3 ,600 | |
| 18 ,000 regulars , militia and native american allies | |
| sent john bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed fort frontenac | |
| recalled and replaced by jeffery amherst , victor at louisbourg. | |
| invasion of britain , to draw british resources away from north america and the european mainland | |
| the invasion failed both militarily and politically , as pitt again planned significant campaigns against new france | |
| lagos and quiberon bay. | |
| james wolfe | |
| cut off the french frontier forts further to the west and south | |
| battle of sainte -foy | |
| naval battle of the restigouche | |
| governor vaudreuil | |
| freedom to continue worshiping in their roman catholic tradition , continued ownership of their property , | |
| general amherst. | |
| signing of the treaty of paris on 10 february 1763 | |
| treaty of hubertusburg on 15 february 1763 | |
| continental north american possessions east of the mississippi or the caribbean islands of guadeloupe and martinique | |
| value of the caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent | |
| 80 ,000 | |
| 1755 | |
| throughout its north american provinces | |
| new orleans | |
| king george iii | |
| outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory | |
| west of the appalachian mountains | |
| most went to cuba , | |
| military roads to the area by braddock and forbes | |
| 1769 | |
| choctaw and the creek | |
| disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession | |
| force | |
| fundamental error | |
| sir isaac newton | |
| nearly three hundred years | |
| einstein | |
| standard model | |
| gauge bosons | |
| strong | |
| gravitational | |
| electroweak interaction | |
| aristotle | |
| aristotelian cosmology | |
| four | |
| on the ground | |
| unnatural | |
| 17th century | |
| galileo galilei | |
| impetus | |
| galileo | |
| friction | |
| newton | |
| lack of net force | |
| newton | |
| newton 's first | |
| the same | |
| laws of physics | |
| parabolic | |
| at rest | |
| inertia | |
| inertia | |
| rotational inertia of planet | |
| albert einstein | |
| weightlessness | |
| principle of equivalence | |
| newton 's second law | |
| kinematic | |
| general relativity | |
| general relativity | |
| fixed | |
| newton 's third | |
| newton 's third | |
| unidirectional | |
| magnitude | |
| center of mass | |
| closed | |
| mass of the system | |
| intuitive understanding | |
| standard measurement scale | |
| newtonian mechanics | |
| experimentation | |
| vector quantities | |
| denoted scalar quantities | |
| associating forces with vectors | |
| ambiguous | |
| associating forces with vectors | |
| static equilibrium | |
| magnitude and direction | |
| net force | |
| respective lines of application | |
| parallelogram | |
| independent components | |
| two | |
| the original force | |
| orthogonal | |
| three -dimensional | |
| static friction | |
| static friction | |
| applied | |
| applied force | |
| forces | |
| spring reaction force | |
| gravity | |
| gravity | |
| isaac newton | |
| galileo | |
| rest | |
| galileo | |
| behind the foot of the mast | |
| foot of the mast | |
| dynamic equilibrium | |
| kinetic friction force | |
| kinetic friction | |
| aristotle | |
| schrödinger | |
| newtonian | |
| classical position variables | |
| quantized | |
| force | |
| spin | |
| pauli | |
| spin | |
| antiparallel | |
| parallel | |
| mathematical by -product | |
| force | |
| conservation of momentum | |
| feynman | |
| straight | |
| four | |
| strong and weak | |
| electromagnetic | |
| masses | |
| pauli exclusion principle | |
| isaac newton | |
| 20th | |
| unification | |
| self -consistent unification | |
| isaac newton | |
| galileo | |
| about 9 .81 meters per second squared | |
| sea level | |
| force of gravity | |
| at larger distances. | |
| the moon | |
| mass | |
| radius -lrb --rrb - of the earth | |
| newton 's universal gravitation constant , | |
| henry cavendish | |
| 1798 | |
| newton | |
| mercury | |
| vulcan | |
| theory of general relativity | |
| albert einstein | |
| albert einstein | |
| general relativity | |
| ballistic trajectory | |
| gravitational force | |
| global | |
| electric current | |
| unified electromagnetic | |
| lorentz 's law | |
| electrostatic force | |
| james clerk maxwell | |
| 1864 | |
| 20 | |
| 4 | |
| maxwell | |
| electromagnetic theory | |
| quantum mechanics | |
| quantum electrodynamics | |
| photons | |
| quantum electrodynamics | |
| repulsion of like charges | |
| the pauli exclusion principle | |
| energy | |
| as a structural force | |
| repulsion of like charges | |
| the pauli exclusion principle | |
| energy | |
| as a structural force | |
| elementary particles | |
| residual of the force | |
| nuclear | |
| as gluons | |
| color confinement | |
| weak force | |
| beta decay | |
| radioactivity | |
| 1013 | |
| approximately 1015 kelvins | |
| normal force | |
| pauli repulsion | |
| fermionic nature of electrons | |
| normal | |
| ideal strings | |
| ideal pulleys | |
| action -reaction pairs | |
| conservation of mechanical energy | |
| movable pulleys | |
| idealized point particles | |
| three -dimensional objects | |
| extended | |
| other parts | |
| extended structure | |
| stress tensor | |
| pressure terms | |
| pressure terms | |
| formalism | |
| rotational equivalent for position | |
| unbalanced torque | |
| newton 's second law of motion | |
| toward the center of the curving path | |
| perpendicular | |
| centripetal | |
| radial | |
| tangential force | |
| kinetic | |
| potential | |
| net mechanical energy | |
| difference in potential energy | |
| artifact | |
| forces | |
| gradient of potentials | |
| friction | |
| nonconservative | |
| statistical mechanics | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| second | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| kilogram -force | |
| kilopond | |
| slug | |
| kip | |
| sthène |