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Where do the reactions of the urea cycle take place almost exclusively? | In the liver. | In the skeletal muscle. | In the intestinal mucosa. | Pharmacology | In the kidney. | 127 | 2 | 7983c222-ac6a-4751-aeb4-5e1b20458683 | 2023 |
A patient underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (complete resection of the duodenum, gallbladder, and head of the pancreas) 6 months ago. He received multiple cycles of broad-spectrum antibiotics due to being colonized by a multi-resistant bacterium during admission, and currently presents with hematuria. What statement would be most likely?: | Due to the partial resection of the pancreas and total resection of the gallbladder, the hematuria could be secondary to thrombocytopenia due to a deficiency of tocopherol. | Due to a resection of this type and the prolonged use of antibiotics, hematuria could be secondary to a deficiency of naphthoquinones. | Due to the duodenal resection, hematuria could be one of the typical hemorrhages of Schoenlein-Henoch purpura, caused by a deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins. | Pharmacology | Due to the duodenal resection, the hematuria could be secondary to a vitamin B12 absorption deficiency. | 128 | 1 | 522bf12a-589e-40a7-bfbd-111d439a84b1 | 2023 |
Indicate which answer is incorrect in relation to heteropolysaccharides: | Proteoglycans are heterosides that have a higher percentage of sugars than glycoproteins. | Hyaluronic acid is the glycosaminoglycan that is most commonly found forming the glucidic part of proteoglycans. | The glycosaminoglycans are made up of different monosaccharide units, one of which is always N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine. | Pharmacology | Fondaparinux is an anticoagulant drug that features a heteropolysaccharide sequence similar to heparin, to which a methoxy group has been added. | 129 | 1 | dc11cca4-3ae2-4688-8d6b-991c302c752d | 2023 |
In which of the following actions would you expect a higher percentage of ATP production to come from the oxidative system?: | Perform a round of 30 push-ups (60 seconds, predominantly using chest and upper body muscles). | Sprinting during a tennis match (10 seconds, predominantly using lower limb muscles). | Competing in a 100m butterfly swimming race (70 seconds, use of upper limbs, lower limbs and chest). | Pharmacology | Play a game of chess against Hans Niemann (30 minutes, without major use of any muscle group). | 130 | 3 | 97ebf9a8-9942-45f4-8374-23c741e4ad56 | 2023 |
Regarding the hepatic metabolism of alcohol (ethanol), which statement is correct?: | It generates an excess of acetyl-CoA that can be used for the synthesis of fatty acids. | It begins with an oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol decarboxylase. | To be metabolized, NADH is consumed and consequently NAD+ is generated. | Pharmacology | It causes an increase in blood pH due to the final action of the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme. | 131 | 2 | 5bc196ef-4586-4115-9347-c8f0f2342ae8 | 2023 |
What role does apolipoprotein E play in the elimination of chylomicron remnants and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from the bloodstream? | It is recognized by hepatic cellular receptors that belong to the family of low-density lipoprotein receptors. | It promotes the transfer of lipid material from both lipoproteins to the HDL. | It stabilizes the structure of the lipoproteins and disappears from them by the transfer of fatty acids to the peripheral cells. | Pharmacology | Acts as an activating cofactor of serum lipoprotein lipase. | 132 | 2 | a89ead75-f514-48df-be5a-3ad4cc93d20e | 2023 |
Regarding restriction endonucleases, which statement is incorrect?: | They cut the DNA molecule at a precise site. | They recognize palindromic sequences; GATC would be an example of these. | They can generate both blunt and cohesive ends, depending on the enzyme. | Pharmacology | They cannot be used in cloning processes due to their thermolability, being restricted to simpler genetic modification processes. | 133 | 3 | 13d6fd08-5461-4182-8152-8c2f9528479d | 2023 |
Regarding polycistronic mRNA, which statement is true? | They are synthesized inside the cell nucleus and then exit from it to be translated in the cytoplasm. | Despite being very long, they encode a single protein. | We can find them in prokaryotes and viruses, but not in eukaryotes. | Pharmacology | One of its particular characteristics is that they are the only mRNAs where we find codons formed by 4 bases, instead of 3. | 134 | 4 | 62c06e59-172c-4c4b-bc96-2299d0558664 | 2023 |
Which of the following options is not a point mutation in the DNA sequence?: | Deletion. | Substitution. | Translocation. | Pharmacology | Insertion. | 135 | 4 | e2288164-b6b7-46bf-a061-029196f96b75 | 2023 |
Regarding the helical structure of the A and B conformation of double-stranded DNA, which statement is true?: | Both conformations present a helix with a right-hand turn (right-handed DNA). | Both conformations present a helix with a left turn (left-handed DNA). | Conformation A presents a helix that turns to the left (left-handed DNA) and conformation B presents a helix that turns to the right (right-handed DNA). | Pharmacology | The A conformation presents a right-handed helix (right-handed DNA) and the B conformation presents a left-handed helix (left-handed DNA). | 136 | 2 | c7c85c69-bad2-4b2e-aff4-ae2db7969061 | 2023 |
Which of the following options is not a DNA repair system?: | Nucleotide excision repair. | Base excision repair. | Repair of erroneous pairs. | Pharmacology | Repair of single-strand pairings. | 137 | 3 | f6fbc92e-3dbc-4add-af5e-33f212981a6a | 2023 |
In which of the following cases do we expect to find a high amount of copper in the urine?: | Patient with a pathology that involves a deficit in ceruloplasmin synthesis. | Patient with Menkes disease. | Patient with mutations in the transporter encoded by the ATP7A gene. | Pharmacology | Patient who ingests large amounts of zinc chronically. | 138 | 2 | db41a36f-f711-4bae-8176-7edbb4689030 | 2023 |
AR is a patient who is admitted for treatment of lymphoma, and has a diagnosis of severe glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Upon reviewing her prescription, you find that one of the drugs she is receiving poses a special risk of triggering a hemolytic anemia crisis. What is that drug? | Tramadol. | Meropenem. | Bisoprolol. | Pharmacology | Rasburicase. | 139 | 3 | 8e746689-9ecf-4866-8219-818efe1c3c7a | 2023 |
Regarding the amino acid cysteine, indicate the correct statement: | It has the ability to absorb ultraviolet light at 280 nm. | It is one of the essential amino acids in adults. | It is generally classified as polar despite having a positive hydropathy index. | Pharmacology | It is part of the glutathione tetrapeptide, which protects from oxidation through the glutathione peroxidase enzyme. | 140 | 4 | 259b1daa-a962-4c46-8320-4040658fc01d | 2023 |
MB is a 73-year-old patient admitted following a colon surgery due to his underlying oncological condition. The surgeon prescribes standard parenteral nutrition, as the patient suffers from paralytic ileus after the operation and has been fasting for several days. The next day, his blood test shows hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia, as well as a vitamin B1 deficiency. What is the most likely scenario that explains this situation? | Due to the underlying process, the patient was malnourished and appears to present a refeeding syndrome after the start of nutrition. | Commercial parenteral nutrition lacks electrolytes, so they should have been added in the Pharmacy Service. | This is a common situation in elderly patients, who respond poorly to treatments with parenteral nutrition. | Pharmacology | Parenteral nutrition has interacted with the medication the patient is taking, causing an electrolyte imbalance. | 141 | 2 | 8b50e998-3c22-4cd5-adfd-450c0f9b347b | 2023 |
In a sample from a patient, we found elevated LDH and K+, and decreased haptoglobin. Which of the following pathologies is most likely?: | Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome. | Pyruvate kinase deficiency. | Severe hyperkalemia with anemia due to chronic renal failure. | Pharmacology | Hurler Syndrome. | 142 | 1 | a128d3ec-cfe0-4b4b-9f6e-26e49eee5cd9 | 2023 |
When a blood sample analysis device gives us the serum index value, it refers to: | An indicator of the sample quality, which informs us about the validity of the results we can obtain. | An index that accurately measures the degree of a patient's anemia. | A quantitative index that calculates the amount of serum proteins present, although it does not distinguish between α-1 and α-2 proteins. | Pharmacology | A measure of the cellularity of the serum, which reports both the red blood cells present and the white blood cells. | 144 | 2 | 0fa58675-c4d1-44f9-85ff-3930e979d5e2 | 2023 |
Direct homogeneous methods for the quantification of HDL cholesterol allow the determination of non-HDL cholesterol. Which lipoproteins does this lipoprotein fraction include? | IDL and LDL. | LDL. | Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, and LDL. | Pharmacology | VLDL and remnant lipoproteins. | 145 | 4 | 1898b2db-14c1-4dda-bea6-4e8496539eec | 2023 |
In a patient with a diagnosis of jaundice due to hemolytic anemia, which of the following statements is incorrect?: | It is expected that there will be an increase in bilirubin in the urine. | It will present hyperbilirubinemia due to an increase in indirect bilirubin. | They usually show a reticulocyte production index equal to or greater than 2.5 times the normal value. | Pharmacology | There will be a decrease in haptoglobin, and an increase in lactate dehydrogenase. | 146 | 2 | 6e9436fe-7646-49c6-8959-3259a9c7cef2 | 2023 |
What is the most likely explanation for the results of the following urinalysis? Nitrite (2+), Leukocyte Esterase (3+), Ketones (Negative), Glucose (Traces): | Urinary tract infection. | Contamination of the sample due to poor handling. | Glomerular inability to conserve macromolecules. | Pharmacology | Anorexia or very prolonged fasting. | 147 | 2 | 8724fee7-d40f-4a61-a8ee-06e343bc0647 | 2023 |
ML is an 86-year-old woman who is seeking advice due to poor general health. Her personal medical history includes diabetes and gastroesophageal reflux disease, for which she has been undergoing treatment with omeprazole for the past 10 days. She is currently without fever, and a urine dipstick test reveals hematuria and leukocyturia, with negative nitrites. Noteworthy from her lab results is a glomerular filtration rate of 40 mL/min (CKD-EPI) and slightly elevated proteins in a 24-hour urine sample. From a lab result taken 30 days ago, her glomerular filtration rate was normal (100 mL/min). Which of the following diagnoses would be the most probable?: | Diabetic nephropathy. | Acute interstitial nephritis. | Urinary tract infection. | Pharmacology | Nephrotic syndrome. | 148 | 1 | 13f61082-cc96-4bf8-a9b4-46028bc3e072 | 2023 |
After initiating chemotherapy treatment in a hematological patient with a high disease burden, which of the following hydroelectrolytic alterations would be most likely to be found?: | Hypernatremia. | Hyperphosphatemia. | Hypomagnesemia. | Pharmacology | Hypercalcemia. | 149 | 1 | 7dee5af0-d0f8-40f8-befe-f53a2040ae35 | 2023 |
A 72-hour-old newborn presents with a picture of hyperammonemia, suspecting a congenital metabolic error. Analytically, the absence of acidosis stands out, as well as low plasma citrulline levels, and a high level of orotic acid in urine. What would be the most likely diagnosis? | Maple syrup urine disease. | Carbamyl-P-synthetase 1 deficiency. | Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. | Pharmacology | Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. | 150 | 3 | 62fd638a-6302-48f0-9dd9-a2301d641363 | 2023 |
Of the following acids, which is the most appropriate to prepare a buffer solution with a pH=5? | Carbonic acid, (pKa1 = 6.35; pKa2 = 10.32). | Phosphoric acid, (pKa1 = 2.14; pKa2 = 7.19; pKa3 = 12.34). | Hypochlorous acid, (pKa = 7.52). | Pharmacology | Acetic acid, (pKa = 4.75). | 151 | 3 | 834c77f0-4e5d-45ce-83a9-3b117b1fed00 | 2023 |
By increasing the ionic strength of a solution where Ca2+ and Ag+ ions are present, the variation of the activity coefficient of an ion with respect to the value of 1 (ideal behavior) will be: | Smaller for the Ca2+ cation than for the Ag+ cation. | Greater for the Ca2+ cation than for the Ag+ cation. | Being natural ionizations, neither of the two will show variation in relation to the ideal behavior. | Pharmacology | Same for both cations. | 152 | 1 | 5527b60a-7ed8-4603-abf6-9841d92ff221 | 2023 |
With which of the following volumetric analyses would you relate the displacement titration?: | Complex formation. | Acid-base. | Precipitation. | Pharmacology | Oxidation-reduction. | 153 | 2 | 8f5ba836-2da4-4e76-b943-05fbf6826ad7 | 2023 |
In an iodimetric assessment using triiodide as a titrant, the prior standardization of this reagent is done with: | Potassium dichromate. | Potassium permanganate. | Chlorine dioxide. | Pharmacology | Anhydrous sodium thiosulfate. | 154 | 3 | 88bbfbe6-1452-4b57-9046-8c6859a3c5cd | 2023 |
In the validation of an analytical method, the quantification limit of the method is calculated through the signal xLC, obtained by adding the blank signal XB, and the standard deviation corresponding to repeated signals of the blank used σB using the formula: xLC = XB + nσB. What should the value of n be? | 2. | 1. | 10. | Pharmacology | 5. | 155 | 4 | 727943c5-efa0-40c2-ac6f-39034ef930d9 | 2023 |
The total absorbance of a solution at a given wavelength is: | Independent of the pH of the solution. | Regardless of the solvent used. | Equal to the absorbance of the most absorbing component. | Pharmacology | Equal to the sum of the absorbances of the individual components in the solution. | 156 | 3 | 2f7c74f6-166f-425f-bab6-990606731fa4 | 2023 |
In atomic absorption spectrophotometry, an increase in the atomizer temperature produces: | A reduction in interference because it increases the broadening of the atomic lines due to the Doppler effect. | An increase in sensitivity because it enhances the effectiveness of atomization. | An increase in interferences because the broadening of atomic lines due to the Doppler effect is reduced. | Pharmacology | An increase in sensitivity because it reduces the efficacy of atomization. | 157 | 1 | afdd73f2-b1e4-4939-93b7-28ad16fa53cb | 2023 |
What process does the analytical technique of nephelometry rely on? | In the emission of radiation. | In the absorption of radiation. | In the refraction of radiation. | Pharmacology | In the dispersion of radiation. | 158 | 3 | 493e0b88-f9d1-48bf-a933-644b63489c02 | 2023 |
The most appropriate technique for multielemental analysis is: | Atomic emission spectrometry in plasma. | Atomic emission spectrometry with arc and spark. | Atomic absorption spectrometry with furnace. | Pharmacology | Flame atomic absorption spectrometry. | 159 | 2 | 6e30b49d-1508-4a3a-9b8a-17a6a3975e98 | 2023 |
Fluorescence is a process in which the following takes place: | A radiant transition in which a photon is emitted with a change in multiplicity. | A radiant transition in which a photon is emitted without a change in multiplicity. | A non-radiative transition in which a photon is emitted without a change in multiplicity. | Pharmacology | A non-radiant transition in which a photon is emitted without a change in multiplicity. | 160 | 1 | d82f8a6d-d615-4837-b588-7f845a6a4b35 | 2023 |
Which of the following ionization systems used in mass spectrometry uses reactive gaseous ions to achieve ion generation?: | Electron impact ionization. | Chemical ionization. | Matrix-assisted ionization/desorption. | Pharmacology | Ionization by bombardment of fast atoms. | 161 | 1 | 3e1cb723-c20b-44f2-bbb7-4b39887dbe54 | 2023 |
The membrane of a fluoride ion selective electrode, made up almost entirely of LaF3, is a membrane: | Crystalline solid. | Made of glass. | Liquid with an ion exchanger. | Pharmacology | Liquid with an ionophore. | 162 | 2 | c4a2c1ef-d286-4470-aec0-20c8e3c20607 | 2023 |
In the quantitative determination of atomic species through ICP plasma emission spectrometry, the samples are introduced into the plasma torch: | As a nebulizer or aerosol, drawn by the air flow through the central concentric quartz cylinder. | As a nebulized or aerosol, tangentially and through the outer cylinder, carried by the airflow. | As a nebulized or aerosol, dragged by the flow of argon through the central concentric quartz cylinder. | Pharmacology | As a nebulizer or aerosol, tangentially and through the outer cylinder, carried by the flow of argon. | 163 | 4 | 4cbc026e-57b1-43c2-ad92-1d7b0eaf2345 | 2023 |
In an infrared absorption spectrum, the wave number of a diatomic functional group: | Increases as the reduced mass increases. | It increases as the bond force constant decreases. | It is independent of the reduced mass. | Pharmacology | It increases as the bond force constant increases. | 164 | 3 | 38f134b7-9582-4c3b-abba-cb1e523461a3 | 2023 |
The "loop" or 6-way valve injector is a crucial part of the liquid chromatograph because, from a quantitative point of view, it improves the: | Sensitivity of the separation. | Selectivity of the separation. | Reproducibility of the separation. | Pharmacology | Resolution of separation. | 165 | 4 | 65f3c63d-c4be-4928-a7c3-822dde705a75 | 2023 |
The electronic transitions with smaller molar absorptivities that produce an absorption band in the region of the visible spectrum are: | Field-ligand. | Orbital 𝜋 - antibonding 𝜋 orbital (𝜋 -𝜋*). | Non-binding Orbital - Anti-bonding 𝜎 orbital (n - 𝜎*). | Pharmacology | Non-bonding orbital - anti-bonding 𝜋 orbital (n -𝜋*). | 166 | 2 | 095a54ec-1257-43d1-acf9-259988ef048a | 2023 |
The first law of thermodynamics states that: | It is not possible to reach absolute zero in a finite number of steps. | If a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B and this one is in turn in thermal equilibrium with a body C, A and C are in thermal equilibrium. | It is impossible for a system to perform a cyclic process whose only effects are the flow of heat towards the system from a heat source and the system carrying out an equivalent amount of work. | Pharmacology | A thermodynamic system can exchange energy with its environment in the form of work and heat, thus varying its internal energy. The relationship between these three quantities is given by the principle of energy conservation. | 167 | 3 | 1aee060f-29fc-42f9-ab53-94fcaff0bfa4 | 2023 |
In a 0 order reaction (with k being the speed constant): | The representation of concentration versus time yields a straight line whose slope is -1/k. | The speed of the reaction is dependent on the concentration. | The unit of the constant k is (t-1). | Pharmacology | The half-life time is proportional to the concentration and inversely proportional to k. | 168 | 3 | fd05dabb-db99-4155-b086-f4444dd15ce8 | 2023 |
The average quadratic distance that a molecule travels in a liquid: | It has an inversely proportional relationship to the hydrodynamic radius of the molecule. | It is proportional to the viscosity of the liquid. | It is dependent on the concentration gradient. | Pharmacology | Shows an inversely proportional relationship with absolute temperature. | 169 | 2 | 5ca028c1-d7e1-40e9-8e64-b31b9191f9e6 | 2023 |
Which of the following statements is false?: | Overdose of benzodiazepines in the presence of alcohol can cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. | Flumazenil is indicated for the differential diagnosis of coma induced by benzodiazepines. | Flumazenil is used to reverse the sedative effect of benzodiazepines used in minor surgical procedures. | Pharmacology | Flumazenil is a non-competitive antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor. | 170 | 3 | f4fdd7b9-0366-4b21-a370-0c9cd02ee0f7 | 2023 |
Which of the following diseases does not occur as a result of chronic exposure to asbestos?: | Fibrosis. | Pleural Mesothelioma. | Emphysema. | Pharmacology | Lung cancer. | 171 | 4 | 1521a03b-0fbe-47b1-a326-a73853b853b7 | 2023 |
What is the toxicity mechanism of saxitoxin, synthesized by some dinoflagellates? | Blockage of voltage-dependent sodium channels. | Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. | Antagonist of the glycine receptors. | Pharmacology | Activation of the glutamate receptor. | 172 | 2 | 5ae4d7db-634d-4cd8-ae45-7f7bf5b6cbfe | 2023 |
What treatment is used to reverse the effect of methemoglobinizing agents? | Hydroxocobalamin. | Methylene Blue. | Thiamine. | Pharmacology | Deferoxamine. | 173 | 1 | 07a5bd40-dcab-405c-9e99-205125a1dfbf | 2023 |
Which of the following treatments would be recommended in the case of poisoning with organophosphorus pesticides?: | Diazepam and acetylcholine. | Neostigmine and pyridoxine. | Chlorpromazine and calcium salts. | Pharmacology | Atropine and pralidoxime. | 174 | 3 | 2617e36b-e2df-4aac-9f45-ab96e2b11117 | 2023 |
In relation to tautomerism, indicate which of the following statements is correct: | The tautomers of ketones present similar stability. | The tautomers of ketones are resonant forms. | The reactivity of the tautomers of a ketone is similar. | Pharmacology | The tautomerism of ketones can be catalyzed by acids and bases. | 175 | 3 | fcaeebd8-9617-450d-9063-8b3660344cb1 | 2023 |
Which of the following compounds could undergo an aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction when treated with aqueous NaOH?: | 2,4,6-Trimethylbromobenzene. | 2,4,6-Trinitrochlorobenzene. | 3-Amino-5-nitrochlorobenzene. | Pharmacology | 3,5-Dimethoxyfluorobenzene. | 176 | 1 | 791769a7-5ace-4142-b6fe-66eb0a62fb82 | 2023 |
The Strecker synthesis of α-amino acids (treatment with NH3 and HCN followed by hydrolysis) starts from: | Diethyl acylaminomalonates. | α-Bromocarboxylic acids. | Aldehydes. | Pharmacology | Alpha-keto acids. | 177 | 4 | f9923e90-6da3-4ba3-9ef8-103333177d3e | 2023 |
Which of the following compounds has greater acidity?: | Methanol. | Acetaldehyde. | Ethyl acetate. | Pharmacology | 2,4-Pentanedione. | 178 | 3 | ae570bb8-6909-48d9-be63-e89e77153b1c | 2023 |
Given the species: H, He+ and Li2+, the energy required to remove an electron from each of them: | It would be higher in Li2+. | It would be the same since they are isoelectronic. | It would be greater in He+. | Pharmacology | It would be higher in the H. | 179 | 2 | 2e86381c-b4e7-40ae-ad79-d18371455d6d | 2023 |
Which of the following statements referring to the boron trifluoride molecule is correct?: | The molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal. | The molecule is polar. | BF3 is a Lewis base. | Pharmacology | All the bonds of this molecule are polar. | 180 | 3 | 22f16637-4e89-4012-8c94-136d127956e5 | 2023 |
Given the following species: a) CO32- b) SO2 c) CCl4 d) CO, indicate which ones present sp2 hybridization in the central atom: | b and d. | a and b. | a. | Pharmacology | b and c. | 181 | 1 | 8b05fee3-f0f8-4515-aa22-658ac051f6f8 | 2023 |
O2 and O3 are examples of: | Allotropes. | Isotopes. | Conformers. | Pharmacology | Isomers. | 182 | 2 | c3618802-6991-4428-a847-5534052a914e | 2023 |
A violin plot: | It is a harmonized distribution of two qualitative variables with similar dispersion. | It is a musical figure related to the homonymous instrument. | It is a combination of a box plot and the probability density graph of a given variable. | Pharmacology | It is a harmonized distribution of two quantitative variables with similar dispersion. | 183 | 4 | 5e9fd6b3-b458-4c81-bb4c-08ad5528e4be | 2023 |
An odds: | Expresses the relative frequency of an event per unit. | It is the quotient between the probability of occurrence of an event and the probability of non-occurrence of said event. | It is the probability that an event will occur. | Pharmacology | It is a rate that includes the time factor. | 184 | 1 | b7101fbd-dc32-4c0c-a048-3bcb29c163f3 | 2023 |
In which of the following cases is a Type I error committed in a hypothesis test? | When the null hypothesis is accepted while the alternative hypothesis is true. | When the null hypothesis is accepted as the true null hypothesis. | When the null hypothesis is rejected while the alternative hypothesis is true. | Pharmacology | When the null hypothesis is rejected while the null hypothesis is true. | 185 | 3 | d480ec77-5491-43bb-bd30-d7362e8f41b0 | 2023 |
If a diagnostic test has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95%: | Its positive predictive value is 100%. | Its positive predictive value is 0%. | Its negative predictive value is 100%. | Pharmacology | Its negative predictive value is 0%. | 186 | 4 | da5dfb8a-c3bd-4b8a-9ec7-e2ec4413076f | 2023 |
The Mann-Whitney U test is used for comparison: | Two independent samples that do not meet normality criteria. | Two independent samples that meet normality criteria. | Two paired samples that do not meet normality criteria. | Pharmacology | Two paired samples that meet normality criteria. | 187 | 2 | 717bb762-69c2-42c3-8621-67689036bac7 | 2023 |
In a simple logistic regression: | The dependent variable is always quantitative. | The dependent variable is always binary. | The independent variable is always quantitative. | Pharmacology | The independent variable is always binary. | 188 | 1 | e41bbd44-3a6a-4016-925a-1169c379d14d | 2023 |
Which situation is not covered by the Royal Decree 1015/2009, of June 19, that regulates the availability of medicines in special situations? | Access to drugs in the clinical research phase within the context of a clinical trial. | Access to compassionate use drugs. | Access to authorized medications when used under conditions different than those authorized, which in all cases will have an exceptional character. | Pharmacology | Access to medicines not authorized in Spain as long as they are legally marketed in other states. | 189 | 2 | 0899af9c-323a-4739-adc3-5e149ac686b8 | 2023 |
No drug can be marketed in Spain without prior authorization from the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products. If the applicant, who does not have community marketing authorization, submits their application for authorization simultaneously in several European Union countries, we refer to this as an authorization procedure. | Mutual recognition. | Decentralized. | Multinational. | Pharmacology | Centralized. | 190 | 1 | fd9e4e2e-25af-4533-951c-a9be2e924dd7 | 2023 |
In clinical trials with minors, from what age, in addition to the consent of parents or legal guardians, should the subject also give consent? | 14 years. | 12 years. | 18 years. | Pharmacology | 16 years. | 191 | 1 | 5b14c92a-ba62-4d11-bc6c-6485ae014f67 | 2023 |
Which of the following medication errors is considered an adverse drug reaction and must be reported to the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System? | Any administration error of a medication by a healthcare professional. | Any therapeutic failure due to omission of treatment. | Any error that causes harm to the patient. | Pharmacology | Any administration error of a medication by the patient themselves. | 192 | 4 | 14b12cc6-db4a-4d74-aac2-7c8624a8e9c0 | 2023 |
Which of the following definitions of observational study with drugs is correct?: | Research that involves the collection of individual health data from people in order to obtain information about patterns of medication use in the population. | Research in which the decision to prescribe the drugs under investigation is made together with the decision to include the subject in the clinical study. | Research aimed at discovering or verifying the clinical, pharmacological or other pharmacodynamic effects of one or more drugs. | Pharmacology | Research in which diagnostic or monitoring procedures are applied to trial subjects that go beyond usual clinical practice. | 193 | 2 | d131c8b6-57b0-4fed-a6ba-a7e41a1b648d | 2023 |
Indicate the correct answer about the use of antibodies attached to drugs in antitumor immunotherapy: | This represents an advantage, as it uses the specificity of the antibodies so that the action of the drug is exerted on the cells to which the antibody binds. | This is an advantage, as antibodies are proteins that are very resistant to the stomach's pH and prevent the denaturation of the drug. | This is an advantage, as the generation and purification of antibodies is very straightforward and therefore the cost of treatment is low. | Pharmacology | Despite having many benefits, they present a drawback, since the antibodies have associated cross-reactivity and can bind to both cancerous tissue and healthy tissue. | 194 | 2 | 4acd0b84-8a98-4f50-b247-9531e782e5cc | 2023 |
If we develop a knock-out animal for the C4 component of the Complement system, which of the following processes will not be able to be carried out?: | Formation of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC). | Formation of anaphylatoxins. | Formation of the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway. | Pharmacology | Formation of the C3 convertase of the lectin pathway. | 195 | 3 | 8d43e6ef-d074-4e55-ba3b-a1e11acd00ad | 2023 |
The reaction in the germinal center is an important part of the antigen-dependent development of B lymphocytes. By what of the following mechanisms does it occur?: | Somatic hypermutation, TCR editing, isotype switching, and differentiation. | Clonal expansion, proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching, and allelic exclusion. | Somatic hypermutation, the rearrangement of the variable segment of the BCR, and the activation of B lymphocytes. | Pharmacology | Clonal expansion, isotype switching, somatic hypermutation, and differentiation. | 196 | 3 | 9964af61-a893-415c-a21a-8c9dd0427a2a | 2023 |
The activation of B cells to produce high affinity antibodies requires the binding of the antigen by the B cell receptor (BCR): | As direct contact with an activated CD4+ T helper cell in the thymus. | As direct contact with an activated CD8+ helper T cell in the thymus. | As direct contact with an activated CD8+ helper T cell in the lymph node. | Pharmacology | As direct contact with an activated CD4+ helper T cell in the lymph node. | 197 | 3 | 3c7d32cc-2b26-46ad-928d-31b826b4da18 | 2023 |
Which of the following molecules participates in signaling and activation of T lymphocytes, constituting the second activation signal?: | CD4 and CD8. | CD3. | CD28. | Pharmacology | CD5. | 198 | 4 | e4ae128a-2c5a-4189-ad94-87d9f13771de | 2023 |
Indicate which of the following statements about immunodeficiencies (IDs) is incorrect: | The protein IDs of the complement system cause a higher incidence of viral infections. | The IDs that affect the mechanisms of phagocytosis are frequently associated with infections by extracellular bacteria. | Primary IDs are congenital and secondary ones are induced by external agents. | Pharmacology | The severity of the IDs caused by B lymphocytes depends on the isotype of the affected Ig. | 199 | 2 | b203a04e-bd0b-4b46-aae9-316752eef60d | 2023 |
A hematological patient with fever, hypotension, and respiratory distress is admitted to the ICU, requiring the use of norepinephrine and mechanical ventilation to maintain vital signs within range. This happens after the administration of a new bispecific monoclonal antibody. What syndrome is most likely in this patient?: | Cytokine release syndrome. | Serotonin syndrome. | DRESS syndrome (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms). | Pharmacology | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. | 200 | 2 | 1ac75593-3abd-47da-960b-24eda13a8634 | 2023 |
Which of the following modifications in the structure of tetracyclines increases their stability without loss of biological activity?: | Removal of the hydroxyl group in position 6. | Substitution of the amide group in position 2 with a nitrile. | Elimination of a βhydroxycarbonyl grouping. | Pharmacology | Introduction of bulky alkyl groups into the amide nitrogen. | 201 | 2 | 94b408e7-23c1-4e1c-80d0-d03fba57da91 | 2023 |
Which of the following microorganisms is transmitted by a rat bite?: | Bartonella bacilliformis. | Streptobacillus moniliformis. | Coxiella burnetii. | Pharmacology | Rickettsia typhi. | 202 | 1 | 13287242-1843-4eb8-8faf-93214f5ddfbf | 2023 |
In a pediatric emergency unit, a 1/3 glucose saline solution is routinely used as a maintenance solution (contains 3.3% glucose and 0.3% NaCl; or in other words, 183 mmol/L glucose and 51 mmol/L NaCl). What is the correct statement regarding this serum?: | It is hyperosmotic in relation to human plasma. | It is hypoosmotic in relation to human plasma. | It is isosmotic with respect to human plasma. | Pharmacology | It is hypertonic in relation to human plasma. | 203 | 4 | 4ee1c6af-2255-44d9-bd28-a1c10b93efa1 | 2023 |
Which of the following antivirals is indicated only for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and not for the treatment of the disease caused by this virus in transplant recipient patients?: | Letermovir. | Foscarnet. | Valganciclovir. | Pharmacology | Cidofovir. | 204 | 2 | 1d1a0742-9d0a-404a-a6ed-c3293a7a091b | 2023 |
Indicate the correct option in relation to phosphoglycerides: | They are unsaponifiable lipids if they have a neutral net charge, and saponifiable if negative. | The platelet activating factor belongs to this class. | Cardiolipin is the main component of the plasma membrane of striated cardiac muscle. | Pharmacology | The phosphatidylinositol, which is freely found in the cellular cytoplasm, is an important precursor of intracellular second messengers. | 205 | 1 | 67b1e19f-1012-4dde-bd45-a84bc8aa57de | 2023 |
Which of the following antibiotics is inactivated by pulmonary surfactant?: | Levofloxacin. | Ceftriaxone. | Daptomycin. | Pharmacology | Linezolid. | 206 | 4 | c689867f-930f-4431-956e-5519e44721ba | 2023 |
Which of the following pairings between antidiabetic drug and adverse effect is incorrect?: | Sulfonylureas - weight loss. | Insulin - hypoglycemia. | Glitazones - fluid retention and edemas. | Pharmacology | Biguanides - nausea and diarrhea. | 207 | 2 | 28d71aca-1198-406d-bd9e-c453bc16f5d8 | 2023 |
The so-called mixed inhibitors are a type of enzymatic inhibitors. Regarding these: | They affect the apparent Km, but not the maximum speed (Vmax). | They are so named in reference to the fact that they can attach to the same site as the substrate or to a different one. | They can cause an increase or decrease in the apparent Km, depending on the form of the enzyme to which the inhibitor binds most strongly. | Pharmacology | In practice, they are only observed in enzymes with a single substrate. | 208 | 4 | 44e76125-b1ef-43fc-b5ba-90cd63a65f71 | 2023 |
The body mass index: | It is an odds. | It is a proportion. | It is a reason. | Pharmacology | It is a rate. | 209 | 4 | 0df42f38-e3eb-464d-88ec-bf897ce3233b | 2023 |
In an analytical method, the agreement between the measured value and the real value is related to the following analytical property: | The precision. | The selectivity. | The sensitivity. | Pharmacology | The accuracy. | 210 | 3 | 0b15a9c0-9e0e-4ad2-a911-e7ae4b61e190 | 2023 |
What is the advantage of using acyloxymethylesters instead of simple esters in the design of prodrugs for carboxylic acids? | Increases the stability of the prodrug. | Decreases the rate of hydrolysis. | It facilitates selective bioactivation at the site of action. | Pharmacology | The external ester group is more accessible to the active center of the esterases. | 1 | 3 | 6f0562b6-0e08-4de7-ad2c-edc6ae80fb61 | 2022 |
What is the disadvantage of using Mannich bases as prodrugs of amides? | They excessively increase lipophilicity. | They are unstable in vitro. | They easily form very stable crystalline networks. | Pharmacology | They are too stable in vivo. | 2 | 1 | 14d59c8a-2840-4124-bb6b-40516b30ca4d | 2022 |
Which of the following substituents present in the structure of angiotensin II receptor antagonists is acidic and contributes to lipophilicity?: | Hydroxymethyl. | Biphenyl. | n-Butyl. | Pharmacology | Tetrazol. | 3 | 3 | 9d602317-5052-4fb9-a3f8-6416c6cba9d1 | 2022 |
What role do the betahydroxycarbonyl fragments of anthracyclines play in their biological activity? | They establish hydrogen bonds with topoisomerase I. | They establish covalent bonds with the DNA. | They form chelates with Fe3+ promoting the formation of hydroxyl radicals. | Pharmacology | They establish the active conformation through intramolecular hydrogen bonds. | 4 | 4 | 112b3e05-5697-4264-a92b-e7a28dfeba8e | 2022 |
What is the consequence of changing the position of one of the hydroxyl groups in the catechol ring of arylethanolamine derivatives that act on adrenergic receptors? | Activity is lost when the analogy with the endogenous ligand decreases. | Degradation is favored by the catechol-O-methyltransferase. | Degradation by monoamine oxidases is facilitated. | Pharmacology | Increases metabolic stability. | 5 | 3 | b91fac67-de2d-48fa-8d40-f5fae9016def | 2022 |
The methyldiazonium cation is an active metabolite of: | Cyclophosphamide. | Procarbazine. | Busulfan. | Pharmacology | Mechlorethamine. | 6 | 1 | cf0b1938-70a4-4620-99f9-b57738a5ba73 | 2022 |
Which of the following drugs is considered a suicide inhibitor?: | Captopril. | Lopinavir. | Rivastigmine. | Pharmacology | Selegiline. | 7 | 3 | 404beecd-684b-453b-8671-95f397e2f082 | 2022 |
Which of the following phase II metabolic reactions does not lead to a metabolite of higher polarity?: | Acetylation. | Glucuronidation. | Conjugation with glutathione. | Pharmacology | Conjugation with sulfate. | 8 | 2 | e4f526e7-a64d-4872-8eeb-28178a52b3ac | 2022 |
A general method for obtaining barbituric acid derivatives consists of the reaction between: | A 1,3-diamine and ethyl carbonate. | Phenylhydrazine and an enolizable carbonyl compound. | A suitably substituted malonic ester and urea. | Pharmacology | Ethyl acetoacetate, ammonia and aromatic aldehydes. | 9 | 4 | 14be5f39-fd2c-4368-b709-979e0606ed9b | 2022 |
Sulfonylureas exert their hypoglycemic effect by interacting with: | Voltage-dependent sodium channels. | Voltage-dependent calcium channels. | ATP-dependent potassium channels. | Pharmacology | ATP-dependent ion pumps. | 10 | 4 | 7c5605f9-6908-444d-a15b-e14a39dd7752 | 2022 |
The synthesis of peptides from an amino acid anchored on an insoluble polymeric support in the reaction medium is called synthesis of: | Corey. | Hantzsch. | Skraup. | Pharmacology | Merrifield. | 11 | 3 | a4c67748-7d13-4788-8576-9da8f5765ad4 | 2022 |
The toxicity of paracetamol [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide] at high doses is due to the formation of a highly electrophilic metabolite. What is the chemical nature of this metabolite? | Aziridinium cation. | Epoxide. | Isocyanate. | Pharmacology | Iminoquinone. | 12 | 3 | a3668c74-9930-4387-a4bc-32de7abe9111 | 2022 |
In the quantitative relationships between chemical structure and biological activity, the Hammett parameter is related to: | The steric effect of the substituents. | The lipophilicity of the molecule. | The electronic effect of the substituents. | Pharmacology | The fraction of the drug that reaches the target. | 13 | 4 | 9c96dc62-0cd7-457a-834b-9dfc87217152 | 2022 |
Carbachol is an acetylcholine analog that has a carbamate group in its structure instead of an ester group. What are the consequences of this substitution? | The carbamate group gives carbachol chemical and metabolic stability. | Carbachol hydrolyzes in an acidic environment more easily than acetylcholine due to the presence of the carbamate group. | The bioisosteric substitution of the methyl group with the amino group in carbachol increases the steric effect, thereby enhancing its affinity for its therapeutic target. | Pharmacology | The carbamate group allows increasing the affinity for the receptor through a π-π interaction. | 14 | 2 | 386ed386-113d-4c5c-9a92-2e1bb7347685 | 2022 |
Which of the following structural features is typical of alkylating agents belonging to the group of nitrogen mustards?: | The presence of a group capable of forming an aziridinium cation. | The presence of groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds. | The presence of a flat aromatic structure that is poor in electrons. | Pharmacology | The presence of a short, positively charged peptide chain. | 15 | 2 | 72cf39db-b525-480e-b840-56eef0fe1dfb | 2022 |
The following strategy was used for the design of antidotes against the neurotoxic gases sarin and tabun: | Design hydroxylamine-derived compounds capable of hydrolyzing the acetylated residue in acetylcholinesterase and thus reactivate the enzyme in a controlled manner. | Design hydroxylamine-derived compounds capable of hydrolyzing the phosphorylated position in acetylcholinesterase and thus quickly reactivate the enzyme. | Design hydrazine-derived compounds capable of hydrolyzing the carbamoylated position in acetylcholinesterase and quickly reactivating the enzyme. | Pharmacology | Design hydroxychloroquine derivatives that, due to their high electrophilicity, are capable of hydrolyzing the carbamoylated residue in acetylcholinesterase, quickly reactivating the enzyme. | 16 | 1 | bfd4feba-8779-4aa5-a5c8-ab9bd13e9933 | 2022 |
Amphotericin B is an antifungal that belongs to the following group: | Triazoles. | Polyenes. | Sulfonamides. | Pharmacology | Candinas. | 17 | 1 | fa0050b0-343b-4453-9849-f48d719d8c20 | 2022 |
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