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Which of the following statements about the antitumor mechanism of 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas is incorrect?: | They cause the fragmentation of DNA. | They inhibit topoisomerase II, an enzyme associated with DNA. | They establish a cross-link between complementary strands of DNA. | Pharmacology | They cause the depurination of DNA. | 12 | 1 | e04ef072-2fe4-4887-9041-cce6a8b601d4 | 2021 |
What is the nature of the electrophilic metabolite formed by oxidative metabolism of aflatoxin B1 that is responsible for its hepatotoxicity? | Alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone. | Imina. | Epoxide. | Pharmacology | Hemiacetal. | 13 | 4 | afca733e-900f-4a3a-8a69-f9bc4ad09d7f | 2021 |
The following species are dermatophytes, except for: | Trichophyton rubrum. | Microsporum canis. | Epidermophyton floccosum. | Pharmacology | Trichosporon asahii. | 14 | 3 | 9b5fa986-f7ae-4bfc-9f63-f5bafe598883 | 2021 |
The biomarker 1-3-beta-D-glucan is useful for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections except those caused by: | Candida albicans. | Aspergillus terreus. | Pneumocystis jirovecii. | Pharmacology | Cryptococcus neoformans. | 15 | 3 | 869aaf28-e972-4516-bca5-a40b832e9572 | 2021 |
In the cultivation of an otic exudate, after 24 hours of incubation at 35 ºC, there is growth on chocolate agar plates, but not on blood agar or on MacConkey agar. The colonies are oxidase positive and Gram staining reveals gram-negative coccobacilli. What would be the most probable identification? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | Klebsiella pneumoniae. | Staphylococcus aureus. | Pharmacology | Haemophilus influenzae. | 16 | 3 | de20b23f-5e09-4bbd-8d74-452758fc8337 | 2021 |
What is the most common mechanism of resistance to quinolones in gram-negative bacteria? | Mutations in the RNA polymerase gene (rpoB). | Mutations in the DNA gyrase gene (gyrA). | Ambler class C beta-lactamases. | Pharmacology | Modification of the target by methylation of the ribosome (erm genes). | 17 | 1 | ba188bd2-001c-4706-969a-fecdf3d00894 | 2021 |
Which of the following characteristics is not typical of pneumococcus?: | In the Gram stain, gram-positive diplococci are observed. | It can cause pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, and otitis, among other infections. | The detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen C in urine is useful in the diagnosis of pneumonia in the adult population. | Pharmacology | Colistin is the drug of choice for the treatment of pneumococcal meningitis. | 18 | 3 | 0d86babf-2492-4bd6-a160-aaf4a2259b63 | 2021 |
Indicate the false option regarding Legionella: | The infection is acquired by inhaling aerosols of contaminated water. | Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 causes more than 95% of community-acquired legionellosis cases. | Pontiac fever caused by Legionella has a mortality rate of over 30% without treatment. | Pharmacology | Levofloxacin and azithromycin are drugs of choice for the treatment of severe disease in immunocompromised patients. | 19 | 4 | d1f080ef-dccf-4d44-9840-5bae72cb8ef4 | 2021 |
Which option do you consider correct in relation to Neisseria?: | The presence of gram-positive diplococci in the Gram stain, suggests a presumptive diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in males. | Nesseria gonorrhoeae is a pathogen exclusively found in humans. | Neisseria subflava is a pathogen of the human oropharynx that is always associated with invasive disease. | Pharmacology | Based on its polysaccharide capsule, only 4 serogroups have been described in Neisseria meningitidis (A, C, W, Y). | 20 | 1 | 61d37215-5adc-443a-a8b8-f3af7bea9980 | 2021 |
The most common etiological agent causing bacterial pharyngitis is: | Group G beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. | Streptococcus dysgalactiae. | Streptococcus pyogenes. | Pharmacology | Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. | 21 | 4 | 2cb166e9-5b19-4ea9-bec1-6808c71c1710 | 2021 |
What is the correct answer regarding the diagnosis of the infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis? | The reactivity of the tuberculin skin test is interpreted at 24 hours. | For the diagnosis of lung disease, three morning respiratory samples taken on consecutive days should be obtained. | The release of IFN-γ produced by B lymphocytes sensitized by the antigens of M. tuberculosis can be measured. | Pharmacology | The Ziehl-Neelsen microscopic stain uses fluorescent dyes. | 22 | 1 | a5ed2c88-8350-4605-8aa8-f5c330665e95 | 2021 |
What is the correct answer regarding the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes?: | It is very sensitive to high concentrations of NaCl. | It is obligatorily intracellular. | The treatment of choice for the disease it causes is ciprofloxacin. | Pharmacology | Neonates, the elderly, and pregnant women have a higher risk of suffering from bacteremia and meningoencephalitis caused by it. | 23 | 3 | b8c36322-9c8a-44a9-ae6f-e9c5ad1d5783 | 2021 |
Which of the following associations is correct?: | Clostridium tetani - Welch's Bacillus. | Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Pfeiffer's Bacillus. | Mycobacterium leprae - Hansen's Bacillus. | Pharmacology | Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Löffler's Bacillus. | 24 | 4 | 74c9706f-ec56-43d5-bf31-b4958d4063e6 | 2021 |
Which of the following enterobacteria ferments lactose?: | Citrobacter. | Salmonella. | Shigella. | Pharmacology | Proteus. | 25 | 2 | 2c079c0b-2e8f-4f8e-8b75-4e3506486aa4 | 2021 |
The SARS-CoV2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, is a virus of the type: | Naked DNA. | Naked RNA. | Wrapped DNA. | Pharmacology | Wrapped RNA. | 26 | 3 | 2d3640b2-2621-48c6-ac27-b3f7799441ad | 2021 |
What is the main mechanism of resistance to cephalosporins in gram-negative bacteria? | Presence of antibiotic expulsion pumps. | Modification of the antibiotic target. | Production of beta-lactamases. | Pharmacology | Loss of porins. | 27 | 4 | be523c34-312a-4f00-add0-4531dc158d14 | 2021 |
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of aminoglycosides?: | Hair loss. | Nephrotoxicity. | Elevation of liver enzymes. | Pharmacology | Discoloration of the teeth. | 28 | 1 | a326c6ca-4140-4179-b4a7-32e70ed5c7b9 | 2021 |
Which of the following parasites can cause everything from mere asymptomatic colonization to variable intestinal involvement between mild diarrhea and severe malabsorption syndrome?: | Endolimax nana. | Entamoeba dispar. | Entamoeba hartmanni. | Pharmacology | Giardia lamblia. | 29 | 3 | 3d5c03d3-f067-4d4a-884f-9dcc6682aa4e | 2021 |
What parasite follows the next biological cycle? After the ingestion of eggs, the larvae hatch in the small intestine and migrate to the cecum, where they penetrate the mucosa and mature into adult worms: | Trichuris trichiura. | Ascaris lumbricoides. | Trichinella spiralis. | Pharmacology | Ancylostoma duodenale. | 30 | 2 | ede6147b-15b6-4f08-8ea2-702ef0c1e09d | 2021 |
A young diver is admitted to the hospital with complicated acute sinusitis that slowly progresses to present a picture of necrotizing hemorrhagic acute meningoencephalitis. The patient is treated by neurosurgery and the presence of trophozoites is observed in the biopsy of brain tissue. What pathogen is compatible with the clinical picture described? | Toxoplasma gondii. | Taenia solium. | Cryptococcus neoformans. | Pharmacology | Naegleria fowleri. | 31 | 3 | edfbb564-1466-45dd-9aa3-591f5f3af0cb | 2021 |
Which of the following is not found within the control trials described in the Spanish Royal Pharmacopoeia to ensure the therapeutic efficacy of dry powder inhalers?: | Dosage of fine particles. | Uniformity of emitted dose. | Number of doses per container (for multidose inhalers). | Pharmacology | Minimum number of downloads to obtain the recommended minimum dose. | 32 | 3 | c55af390-f15f-4086-a9ef-2eeb8cb95efb | 2021 |
Which of the following statements does not correspond to an advantage of capsules?: | In general, the bioavailability of the drug from the capsules is higher than that of the tablets. | They are easily identifiable, both by the manufacturer and the patient, through an appropriate selection of colors or screen printing. | Its preparation can be carried out in the pharmacy office, which allows for the individualization of doses according to the patient's needs. | Pharmacology | They present a lower production cost, on an industrial scale, compared to tablets. | 33 | 3 | af23b5a5-2c84-40cf-a0dd-8219884aada8 | 2021 |
The segregation processes in ordered mixtures arise as a result of: | The low cohesiveness of its components. | The saturation of the available binding sites on the surface of the carrier particles. | The downward movement of the smallest particles in the mixture (especially if they are denser) through the inter-particle spaces, concentrating at the bottom of the containers. | Pharmacology | The action of gravity when there are differences in the density of the mixture's components. | 34 | 1 | ca764c11-8598-44a5-9197-9f99d9709a90 | 2021 |
Can injectable suspension preparations present visible sediment? | Yes, as long as it is a sediment that can be easily and completely redispersed by shaking. | Yes, as long as they are small volume injectable preparations. | No, unless they are small volume injectable preparations. | Pharmacology | No, in no case, since one of the requirements of parenteral preparations is clarity. | 35 | 2 | c30eac72-8a45-46b0-a000-e104c3009629 | 2021 |
The parametric release of a batch of a sterile parenteral administration formulation involves its release based on: | Certain critical quality parameters of the sterile manufacturing area. | The results of certain critical control parameters on a sample from the final batch. | The data collected during the manufacturing process, which includes a validated terminal sterilization. | Pharmacology | If the final product's specifications are met on a representative sample. | 36 | 4 | 8a0567f9-8d44-4c6f-844f-38e0831dc8b4 | 2021 |
The Hausner index describes the relationship between the: | Viscosities obtained in a rheogram at two shear rates, indicating the thixotropy of the material. | Initial and final densities in a compression process and indicates the plasticity of a material. | Forces applied and transmitted in a compression process and indicates the plasticity of a material. | Pharmacology | Tapped and apparent densities and it indicates the flowability of a powdered material. | 37 | 3 | 3d472acf-474e-4a6d-be97-4fc3d3770386 | 2021 |
According to the official definition of the Royal Spanish Pharmacopoeia, is it possible to make suppositories by compression? | No, because they are solid single-dose preparations that are exclusively manufactured by molding and subsequent cooling. | Yes, because they are solid single-dose preparations manufactured by any process that guarantees compliance with their specifications. | No, because only tablets can be made through a compression process. | Pharmacology | Yes, because they are solid unit-dose preparations that can be prepared by compression and molding. | 38 | 3 | e240d1f1-6f96-4217-b1b0-fc1994869145 | 2021 |
Indicate the name of the protein that interacts with cholesterol and is present in the invaginations of the membrane of various types of cells (such as, for example, endothelial cells): | Caveolin. | Cathelicidin. | Calsequestrin. | Pharmacology | Cathepsin. | 39 | 2 | b02a7bb2-0071-4992-82ec-fe1a921f2892 | 2021 |
The receptors located in the deepest layer of the dermis, which adapt slowly and mediate the sensations of intense or persistent contact, are known as: | Merkel Discs. | Meissner's Corpuscles. | Pacinian Corpuscles. | Pharmacology | Ruffini Corpuscles. | 40 | 3 | e84a87d7-e454-4097-9a2f-ae73a2a1e9f8 | 2021 |
Indicate which factor causes the inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion: | Decrease in blood volume. | Nausea and vomiting. | Excessive filling of the atrium. | Pharmacology | Stress. | 41 | 4 | 615256a5-ce20-4149-9a1b-d5678877bf9e | 2021 |
Indicate the effect that is not provoked by aldosterone: | Decrease in potassium secretion. | Increase in renal tubular reabsorption of sodium. | Increase in intestinal absorption of sodium. | Pharmacology | Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. | 42 | 2 | ae3432bf-b44f-4ec2-8355-a2195d625854 | 2021 |
The perception of depth, obtained from the differences between the images of both retinas that appear as a result of the horizontal separation of the eyeballs, is called: | Stereopsis. | Color Blindness. | Prosopagnosia. | Pharmacology | Accommodation. | 43 | 2 | 03246b8e-0cd4-4497-a2cd-292d483b05e6 | 2021 |
Which law defines and calculates blood flow through the blood vessels based on the pressure gradient and resistance? | Weber-Fechner Law. | Frank-Starling Law. | Ohm's Law. | Pharmacology | Poiseuille's Law. | 44 | 4 | 6dc9a1db-1407-41fa-8bdd-3889c7fc5342 | 2021 |
Indicate which of the following situations does not lead to hypoxia: | Increase in lung distensibility. | Increase in physiological dead space. | Heart failure. | Pharmacology | Carbon monoxide poisoning. | 45 | 2 | b39ca133-93e4-493a-a141-2d591b62910c | 2021 |
Indicate the incorrect statement about the physiological effects of insulin: | It activates the Na+-K+ ATPase in many cells, increasing the uptake of potassium into them, which can lead to hypokalemia associated with increased intracellular potassium. | It inactivates hepatic phosphorylase, the main enzyme that breaks down glycogen into glucose. | It stimulates the uptake of amino acids into cells. | Pharmacology | It increases the lipase activity that hydrolyzes the fats of the adipose tissue and decreases the activity of the lipoprotein lipase that stimulates the intestinal absorption of fatty acids. | 46 | 3 | b88be43a-265a-4c1a-9e1a-abfdf17a58b3 | 2021 |
Which bundle does not lead to the propagation or transmission of the cardiac impulse through the atria? | Wenckebach, or medial. | Thorel, or posterior. | Hist. | Pharmacology | Bachmann. | 47 | 4 | ee9652c1-5705-4348-97d7-085f451f03bd | 2021 |
Different situations or physiological alterations can cause abnormal voltages of the QRS complex. Indicate which of the following does not decrease the voltage of the electrocardiogram: | Fluid in the pericardium. | Pulmonary emphysema. | Old myocardial arterial infarctions. | Pharmacology | Hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle. | 48 | 3 | 0e91c464-ef7c-43cc-8566-3f8d1d4e35ca | 2021 |
Regarding the cortical collecting duct, point out the incorrect statement: | The principal cells absorb potassium and secrete sodium. | The intercalated cells secrete hydrogen and reabsorb bicarbonate and potassium. | The intercalated cells secrete hydrogen through a H+-ATPase pump. | Pharmacology | It is regulated by aldosterone. | 49 | 2 | 857fe1ed-12ca-4c88-aefe-838c2d8cf1fd | 2021 |
Which coagulation factor is known as the Stuart factor? | Factor XII. | Factor XIII. | Factor X. | Pharmacology | Factor XI. | 50 | 4 | 2db2f79a-0b1e-465b-a787-d335d39e3d5a | 2021 |
The periventricular regions of the hypothalamus and thalamus, the central gray matter of the midbrain, the areas of the amygdala and hippocampus are locations of: | Limbic cortex. | Reward Centers. | Basal ganglia. | Pharmacology | Punishment centers. | 51 | 3 | 541e72c7-175c-487a-836d-711f86c4d2d8 | 2021 |
Indicate which are not erythrocytic inclusions: | Cabot's Rings. | Heinz Bodies. | Pappenheimer Bodies. | Pharmacology | Döhle bodies. | 52 | 3 | 2e77371b-d240-4c82-9cac-13f20868d47a | 2021 |
Indicate the false statement regarding lymphocytes: | The main function of T lymphocytes is to mediate cellular immunity. | B lymphocytes acquire their immunological competence in the bone marrow. | Suppressor T lymphocytes can be identified by their lack of reaction to the anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody. | Pharmacology | Helper T lymphocytes express the CD4 surface antigen. | 53 | 4 | 050f8b5d-9110-41ee-84fb-ea174d0ccd69 | 2021 |
Indicate the correct answer about the ABO system: | A patient with blood group A has antigen B in the red blood cells. | A patient with AB blood type does not have anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the serum. | A patient with blood type O has A and B antigens in the red blood cells. | Pharmacology | A patient with blood group B has anti-B antibodies in the serum. | 54 | 1 | cfd2c8e3-8131-4450-bf86-ed0eef2a7ded | 2021 |
Indicate the false statement about erythrocytic indices: | The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is the ratio between the concentration of erythrocytes and the concentration of hemoglobin. | The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is the ratio between the hematocrit and the concentration of erythrocytes. | The Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is calculated based on the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH). | Pharmacology | The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the ratio between the concentration of hemoglobin and the hematocrit. | 55 | 2 | 1109ab5d-e344-4dac-91e5-2acccb68ea3a | 2021 |
Which of the following is not a cause of iron deficiency anemia? | Gastroduodenal ulcer. | Achlorhydria. | Treatment with methotrexate. | Pharmacology | Growth during childhood and adolescence. | 56 | 4 | da17775f-2e44-447d-af35-c30286cbde75 | 2021 |
What is the most commonly used biochemical parameter for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction? | Total creatine kinase (CK). | D-Dimer. | Myoglobin. | Pharmacology | Troponins. | 57 | 3 | 3099ee3f-818e-4a50-899f-7d4677b7abf1 | 2021 |
What is the most common cause of the reduction of coronary flow in patients with ischemic heart disease? | Atherosclerosis. | Increase in the release of adenosine. | Increase in sympathetic tone of the coronary arteries. | Pharmacology | Increase in the release of nitric oxide. | 58 | 2 | 003dcae1-3d1f-4e62-ba57-a4fdae4fdc19 | 2021 |
Indicate the correct statement regarding ataxia: | It is usually accompanied by paralysis or paresis. | It is an impairment of motor coordination. | It does not affect the patient's balance. | Pharmacology | It is often associated with hearing loss. | 59 | 1 | d1de4d1c-fe9c-4069-8858-b7a8deed6b92 | 2021 |
What situations lead to Cor Pulmonale? | Left heart failure caused by lung disease. | Right heart failure caused by lung disease. | Congestive heart failure. | Pharmacology | Pulmonary insufficiency caused by heart disease. | 60 | 1 | afad5308-33fa-48fd-90c7-567d192ad7f8 | 2021 |
What is the main risk factor in the onset of ischemic or hemorrhagic STROKE? | Diabetes mellitus. | Heart disease. | High blood pressure. | Pharmacology | Hyperlipidemia. | 61 | 4 | 9b4a8937-dd41-4e6c-9be7-28dc8f99fd8e | 2021 |
Indicate which of the following pathogenic mechanisms is most frequently involved in the development of acute pancreatitis: | Idiopathic. | Gallstone. | Helicobacter pylori bacteria. | Pharmacology | Epstein-Barr Virus. | 62 | 1 | e84d19bd-0e6b-4b55-95d5-c566fce9c7d0 | 2021 |
Which amino acid has reduced levels in phenylketonuria? | Tyrosine. | Phenylalanine. | Cysteine. | Pharmacology | Phenylpyruvic acid. | 63 | 2 | 9b732583-6141-4051-bae7-7b6f43f974af | 2021 |
The retinoblastoma gene and the p53 protein can be classified as: | Cyclins. | Growth factors. | Oncogenes. | Pharmacology | Tumor suppressor genes. | 64 | 3 | 512e2014-d7c6-44d4-8c53-ec716f6fc6b6 | 2021 |
In an individual with resistance to growth hormone due to failure in its receptor (Laron syndrome), how would the levels of growth hormone and IGF-I be? | The levels of both molecules are elevated. | Elevated growth hormone levels and low IGF-I levels. | Low growth hormone levels and elevated IGF-I levels. | Pharmacology | Both molecules are low. | 65 | 1 | 6ad956fb-ec75-4c03-aea9-af9f8ede6291 | 2021 |
What etiological characteristic occurs in Graves' disease? | Neutralizing antibodies against the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor. | Activating antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. | Antibodies against deiodinase 2. | Pharmacology | Activating antibodies against the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor. | 66 | 3 | af493e38-df4b-4357-94f7-5f9608ee4afe | 2021 |
Indicate the correct statement in relation to drugs that act as receptor agonists: | The maximum effect of an agonist depends on its potency. | It is said that an agonist is very effective when it produces its maximum effect at low doses. | The efficacy of an agonist is altered in the presence of a competitive antagonist. | Pharmacology | A competitive antagonist of a receptor does not reduce the efficacy of the agonists of said receptor. | 67 | 3 | 364daa07-546d-4743-b010-3e1fdc1a228d | 2021 |
In relation to the quantitative aspects of the drug-receptor interaction, how is the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) defined? | Concentration of the drug at which 50% of the receptors are occupied. | Drug concentration that produces 50% of the maximum effect. | Association rate constant of the drug to its receptor. | Pharmacology | Dissociation rate constant of the drug-receptor complex. | 68 | 2 | 409806b8-fb70-4b7c-8f14-e21c4b975224 | 2021 |
In relation to drugs that act on G protein-coupled receptors, what subtype of G proteins regulate the activity of phospholipase C? | Gi Proteins. | Gs Proteins. | Gq Proteins. | Pharmacology | Go Proteins. | 69 | 4 | f121f042-4d21-47b3-a3c6-3ecf4bda685b | 2021 |
In relation to salmeterol, indicate the correct option: | This is a beta-2 receptor antagonist, present in the bronchial smooth muscle. | It is a short-acting beta-2 receptor agonist, used in the rescue treatment of bronchial asthma. | It is a drug used in the treatment of severe persistent asthma. | Pharmacology | Cannot be combined with inhaled glucocorticoids. | 70 | 4 | f86dc2d0-f4e0-4634-82b1-0c7873f2f473 | 2021 |
Which of the following drugs is a short-acting benzodiazepine? | Alprazolam. | Diazepam. | Flurazepam. | Pharmacology | Triazolam. | 71 | 3 | 4b7a7e89-0319-48d5-9917-2457d15c0cf0 | 2021 |
Which of the following pharmacological actions does not affect the renin-angiotensin system? | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. | Inhibitors of the release and activation of renin. | Angiotensin I receptor antagonists. | Pharmacology | Angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonists. | 72 | 4 | 9a736383-3015-448e-b73e-4c767a81223e | 2021 |
Considering that almost all opioid drugs are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, indicate the correct statement regarding their oral bioavailability: | It is 25% for morphine. | It is 60% for loperamide. | Morphine lacks it. | Pharmacology | It is 90% for codeine. | 73 | 2 | 7bf4d54d-c3c6-449a-bce9-3c1555a79aa0 | 2021 |
The mechanism of action of levosimendan consists of: | Inhibit phosphodiesterase III. | Increase the levels of cAMP. | Its sympathetic-mimetic action. | Pharmacology | Increase the sensitivity of contractile proteins to calcium. | 74 | 3 | eca65f04-7dcf-4294-ae8b-8f84310e6f2b | 2021 |
Indicate the incorrect statement regarding the use of statins: | They cause anomalies in protein prenylation, which leads to dysfunction of muscle cells. | They cause myalgia, muscle cramps, myopathies, and, exceptionally, rhabdomyolysis. | The muscular symptoms associated with its use usually do not disappear when the treatment is stopped. | Pharmacology | Before administration, predisposing factors to muscular alterations must be assessed. | 75 | 4 | 109944eb-7071-4cc1-a427-803aae1a5540 | 2021 |
Which is considered the antipsychotic of choice in Parkinson's patients? | Olanzapine. | Clozapine. | Risperidone. | Pharmacology | Quetiapine. | 76 | 3 | 2b847753-7e93-4871-bfe2-59415667a9ba | 2021 |
What is the mechanism responsible for the hyperkalemia caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? | The activation of the renin-angiotensin system. | The suppression of prostaglandin-induced renin release. | The inhibition of leukotrienes synthesis. | Pharmacology | The inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis. | 77 | 1 | 6aa4b2ac-f555-46bf-9701-66ab89af48c8 | 2021 |
Indicate the adverse effect whose incidence increases in individuals treated with drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system: | Headache. | Angioedema. | Hypokalemia. | Pharmacology | Reflex tachycardia. | 78 | 1 | 573b5b7e-140a-4c82-8cf8-f606f7ebe82c | 2021 |
In relation to the use of sacubitril in the treatment of heart failure, indicate the correct option: | It reduces the plasma concentration of the natriuretic peptides ANP, BNP and CNP. | It is used in combination with valsartan or enalapril, interchangeably. | It is used in conjunction with an AT1 receptor antagonist of angiotensin 2. | Pharmacology | It is an antagonist of mineralocorticoid receptors. | 79 | 4 | 8284195a-ce92-448c-899a-b28247f80494 | 2021 |
In a patient on multiple medications, which of the following drugs would you attribute the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension to?: | Isosorbide dinitrate. | Acetylsalicylic acid. | Atorvastatin. | Pharmacology | Omeprazole. | 80 | 2 | fd452d37-63fe-4709-834a-c4ea2bf6db70 | 2021 |
What is the reason that stopping a long-term glucocorticoid treatment can cause acute adrenal insufficiency? | Due to the increase in the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). | Due to the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. | Due to an increase in the hypothalamic production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). | Pharmacology | Due to the stimulation of endogenous cortisol production, which abruptly stops when the treatment is discontinued. | 81 | 1 | 7725aeb1-87d1-4e10-9cf8-96ba65d24845 | 2021 |
What is the main mechanism responsible for the antidiabetic action of metformin? | Blockage of ATP-dependent potassium ion channels in pancreatic beta cells and subsequent increase in insulin secretion. | Activation of PPARγ and increase in glucose uptake in liver and adipose tissue. | Activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) and increase in tissue glucose uptake. | Pharmacology | Activation of GLP-1 receptors in beta cells and increased insulin release. | 82 | 4 | a3190dd7-8c26-4eee-8da3-0716a777263c | 2021 |
What advantage do low molecular weight heparins have over heparin?: | They do not require routine monitoring of aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time). | They can be administered orally. | In case of hemorrhage, they are more sensitive to the antidote action of protamine than heparin. | Pharmacology | They do not pose a risk of bleeding. | 83 | 2 | fd4b574d-c0a9-469a-9951-ae6feb6a2b1d | 2021 |
Which receptor blockage is responsible for the increased release of prolactin caused by antipsychotic drugs? | Of histamine H-1. | Alpha-1 adrenergic. | Of dopamine D-2. | Pharmacology | Of dopamine D-1. | 84 | 4 | e53ee64b-34a6-4139-80fa-e9d1b0dd3712 | 2021 |
Which of the following antidepressant drugs lacks anticholinergic effect?: | Doxepin. | Imipramine. | Nortriptyline. | Pharmacology | Escitalopram. | 85 | 3 | d1e6b668-0d4b-417a-843f-b7da93e1ae79 | 2021 |
What mechanism is the antimigraine effect of "triptans" due to? | They are antagonists of the 5-HT2 serotonin receptors. | They are agonists of the serotonin receptors 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D. | They are agonists of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. | Pharmacology | They are antagonists of the 5-HT1C serotonin receptors. | 86 | 1 | aed8cef9-fe02-4d17-98b8-7d0a352fe950 | 2021 |
It is referred to as "suicide inhibitor" to: | An enzymatic inhibitor that, upon coming into contact with its pharmacological target, transforms into an active molecule that reversibly inhibits the enzyme. | A drug lacking activity that, upon coming into contact with the enzyme that is its pharmacological target, transforms into an active molecule that irreversibly inhibits that target. | A drug that, when introduced into a reaction catalyzed by enzymes, becomes inactive and triggers the activation of said reaction. | Pharmacology | A molecule that is introduced into an enzyme-catalyzed reaction acting as the original substrate. | 87 | 1 | dc6befb7-9c79-49cf-9156-3d458867e9e2 | 2021 |
Which antipsychotic/s is associated with a higher metabolic risk?: | Clozapine and risperidone. | Clozapine and olanzapine. | Quetiapine. | Pharmacology | Aripiprazole. | 88 | 1 | aee5070f-4622-4a3c-bcc8-8c9705452cf3 | 2021 |
According to the European Pharmacopoeia, the drug of Valeriana officinalis L. is composed of: | The dried roots and peeled stolons. | The rhizomes, roots, and stolons dried at a temperature below 40 ºC. | The secondary tuberized roots, chopped and dried at a temperature below 40 ºC. | Pharmacology | The root dried at a temperature below 60 ºC and generally fragmented. | 90 | 1 | 54d41870-bcc7-4ced-a196-38829093c4b7 | 2021 |
The active ingredients of Lobelia inflata L. are alkaloids of the following structural type: | Tropanics. | Indolic. | Piperidines. | Pharmacology | Benzylisoquinolinics. | 91 | 4 | 7a7d9c7e-1bef-439c-b4b8-a7a427c488b5 | 2021 |
Indicate which of the following statements is false: | The tropane alkaloids biogenetically derive from tryptophan. | Caffeine exhibits cortical stimulating activity. | The underground organs of medicinal plants should be collected in winter. | Pharmacology | Ephedrine is a phenylethylamine alkaloid. | 92 | 2 | 657d6ba6-70cc-4a0a-9dea-bb7d7de3a8dc | 2021 |
When comparing release profiles in drug release studies through the treatment of the similarity factor (f2), with which of these results would it be concluded that there is similarity in the dissolution profiles?: | 15. | 5. | 80. | Pharmacology | 30. | 93 | 4 | 6f4ae733-3a1b-45ea-909d-c5b66af33dbd | 2021 |
When a decrease in bioavailability occurs in oral administration and the plasma clearance remains constant, we can affirm that: | Reduces the time at which the maximum concentration appears. | Increases the maximum concentration. | The plasma half-life is not affected. | Pharmacology | Increases the area under the curve of plasma concentrations. | 94 | 4 | c828047f-4eab-4879-8204-ab35ee1da8d2 | 2021 |
Which of the following pharmacokinetic parameters can only be obtained through compartmental treatment?: | Microconstant of distribution from compartment 1 to 2. | Biological half-life. | Plasma clearance. | Pharmacology | Area under the plasma level curve. | 95 | 2 | 7fb313c1-097b-43dd-93cf-3cadddc9100a | 2021 |
In the absorption process by the mechanism of facilitated diffusion using transporters, which of the following statements is false?: | It is a selective process. | The number of transporters is limited. | It is carried out in favor of concentration gradient. | Pharmacology | Requires metabolic energy consumption. | 96 | 3 | 0fc8d563-4414-4c3f-9c75-1cadb9fdec13 | 2021 |
The plasma clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter that relates: | The plasma concentration of the drug with the area under the curve of plasma levels vs time. | The elimination rate of the drug with its plasma half-life. | The elimination rate of the drug with its plasma concentration at the same time. | Pharmacology | The elimination rate constant with the area under the curve of plasma levels vs time. | 98 | 4 | c4848099-9eeb-4cfc-96d8-2053062fd884 | 2021 |
Which part of the plasma concentration vs time graph would you use to calculate the magnitude of bioavailability (F) after the oral administration of a single dose of a medication? | The concentration in dynamic equilibrium state (Css). | The maximum concentration (Cmax). | The integral of the curve (area under the curve). | Pharmacology | The slope of the elimination phase. | 99 | 4 | f11f0cd2-65e0-4ef2-b2db-31a726b6b4cd | 2021 |
In the dissolution test of solid oral pharmaceutical forms with delayed release described in the Spanish Royal Pharmacopoeia, what is the duration of the acid stage? | Two hours. | One hour. | It is not specified. | Pharmacology | Three hours. | 100 | 2 | 69143b14-f7eb-4e7b-8f60-a523430de028 | 2021 |
The mechanism by which the P-glycoprotein located in the membrane of the enterocytes intervenes in the process of incorporating a drug administered orally into the organism consists of: | Facilitated diffusion absorption. | Absorption by active diffusion. | Ionic pairs transport. | Pharmacology | Active secretion. | 101 | 3 | ba600ec8-ed5d-42fa-9057-99c9dc17529e | 2021 |
If, when administering two medications orally that contain the same drug, different maximum plasma concentration values (Cmax) are obtained with the same tmax, what is this due to? | The fraction of drug that is absorbed is different for each medication. | The value of Cmax must be the same with both medications. | The plasma half-life is different for each medication. | Pharmacology | The absorption rate of the drug is different for each medication. | 103 | 2 | 994dc88d-37cb-4936-8952-174c464a5bcf | 2021 |
What function do aminoacyl t-RNA synthetases carry out? | They are involved in the synthesis of transfer RNA. | They participate in the synthesis of proteins. | They do not show specificity for amino acids. | Pharmacology | They carry out the synthesis of amino acids. | 104 | 1 | 375b803f-285b-43d8-8f46-00d820f0bf3a | 2021 |
Which of the following molecules has a large and negative standard free energy of hydrolysis that exceeds in absolute value that of ATP? | Fructose 6-phosphate. | Glucose 6-phosphate. | 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate. | Pharmacology | Glycerol 3-phosphate. | 105 | 4 | 4df85745-6f71-4fbf-89a8-f90e48dcf57e | 2021 |
In the calculation of ATP yield in the complete oxidation of glucose, one of the following numbers of final ATP molecules is false: | Oxidation of 2 pyruvates: 5 ATP. | Glycolysis: 3 or 5 ATP. | Total yield per glucose: 30 or 32 ATP. | Pharmacology | Oxidation of 2 acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle: 20 ATP. | 106 | 1 | c8475dbe-5606-452d-a2e9-7f5c267029bb | 2021 |
One of the following agents does not interfere with electron transfer or photophosphorylation: | CO2. | Cyanide. | Thermogenin. | Pharmacology | Oligomycin. | 107 | 2 | 30e05fd8-7625-4b67-8f34-4a44553784be | 2021 |
The hormone response elements (HREs) are ______________, which when bind _________________ alter gene expression at the transcription level: | Nuclear proteins; to the hormone. | Intron sequences; to the activated hormonal receptor. | DNA sequences; to the hormone-receptor complex. | Pharmacology | RNA sequences; to the hormone-receptor complex. | 108 | 4 | 7ad08b73-b2f3-4c9d-9bd2-198bbf1ab3d7 | 2021 |
The necessary glycerol-3-phosphate for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue is obtained through: | The beta-oxidation of fatty acids. | The phosphorylation of glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate by the enzyme glycerol kinase. | The degradation of ketone bodies. | Pharmacology | The reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate originated from glucose. | 109 | 3 | 1481ec76-9e14-415d-9e7e-405c9d6b6c69 | 2021 |
During prolonged fasting (starvation), indicate the incorrect option: | Hepatic gluconeogenesis is activated. | The mobilization of triglycerides in adipose tissue is activated. | The synthesis of ketone bodies is inhibited. | Pharmacology | Glycogenolysis is activated. | 110 | 4 | cf9f11f1-8e1b-4680-bec3-6bfc95ba01c2 | 2021 |
Indicate the correct statement: | The liver can perform glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis. | The brain can perform glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. | The brain can use fatty acids from the circulatory stream as energy fuel. | Pharmacology | The muscle can carry out glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis. | 111 | 2 | 09555ab2-f5de-4a41-a599-1f6b77aec0ae | 2021 |
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency leads to an inhibition of the cycle of: | From Cori. | The urea. | Of the tricarboxylic acids. | Pharmacology | Of glucose-alanine. | 112 | 1 | 2224df2a-eca7-4000-8fbe-ace57e7095e0 | 2021 |
In the metabolism of glycogen: | The adrenaline in the muscle and the glucagon in the liver activate the signal cascade that ultimately leads to the activation of glycogen phosphorylase and the breakdown of glycogen. | The increase in the concentration of cytosolic cAMP acts on glycogen in a reciprocal way, activating its synthesis and inhibiting its degradation. | Insulin produces the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase, and with it stimulates the degradation of hepatic glycogen, but not of muscular glycogen. | Pharmacology | The glycogen synthase and the glycogen phosphorylase are activated by reversible covalent phosphorylation. | 113 | 2 | a4089ba6-d6ad-4645-a6d8-bbdbc81ad1bd | 2021 |
The presence of the antibiotic antimycin A, an inhibitor of the ubiquinone:cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, produces: | The inhibition of succinate oxidation, but not of NADH + H+. | An increase in proton flow towards the mitochondrial matrix. | That the electronic carriers prior to the action of antimycin are reduced, while those after the blockade remain oxidized. | Pharmacology | The blocking of proton flow through the Fo subunit of ATP synthase. | 114 | 4 | 7debb92b-719b-4311-8ef8-490f5914202e | 2021 |
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