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https://lisalandcooper.com/lone-star-texasan-idea-born-georgia/ | 2023-02-06T03:42:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500303.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206015710-20230206045710-00810.warc.gz | 0.959123 | 679 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__189900222 | en | The little of town of Knoxville, Georgia is so small you wouldn’t have heard of it even if you drove right through it. It’s the county seat of Crawford County, but it only has about 800 people living there.
Even John Pemberton, the inventor of Coca-Cola left town as a young boy and moved to Columbus.
Who knew that small, unassuming Knoxville, Georgia would be the birthplace of one of the most recognizable state icons in the nation…dare I say the world?
Also, who knew that particular state icon would be the brainchild of a seventeen year old girl?
First, let me set the stage a bit. The state icon I’m referring to is the Lone Star flag belonging to the state of Texas. Few know that Georgians were very instrumental in Texas independence, the Texas Republic, and the eventual statehood of Texas.
Colonel James Walker Fannin, Jr., Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, Thomas J. Rusk, and William Ward are just some of the pivotal names in Texas history who had ties to Georgia.
In fact, in 1836 it was Colonel James Walker Fannin, Jr. who oversaw the formation of the Macon Volunteers with the assistance of William Ward. On their way back to Texas they picked up a few more Georgians in Columbus and Milledgeville.
As they moved through the Knoxville area on the return trip to Texas Johanna (Joanna) Troutman was moved by the romanticism of the moment and the fervor for independence, so much so she took one of her silk white petticoats and fashioned a flag.
Yes, the FIRST Lone Star flag.
A San Antonio newspaper from 1934 mentions, “…on each side of the flag, in the center, was placed a large azure star of five points. Above the star on one side was the inscription, ‘Liberty or Death,’ and on the other the Latin motto Ubi libertas habitat ibi patria est or Where liberty dwells, there is my country.
Troutman presented the flag to Colonel William Ward and it was raised high about the American Hotel at Velasco, Texas on January 8, 1836. Later it flew as the Georgia Battalion flag at Goliad.
Colonel James W. Fannin raised it as the Republic of Texas flag upon hearing the Texas Declaration of Independence had been signed.
Troutman never set foot in Texas, but an article by A.C. Greene advises two pieces of silver belonging to Santa Ana was sent to her after his capture in appreciation for her efforts.
Wouldn’t you like to know where the silver is today?
She died in 1879 and was buried next to her first husband near Knoxville. In 1912 her body was moved to the Texas State Cemetery where a bronze statue stands to honor her.
Johanna (Joanna) Troutman’s portrait also hangs in the Texas State Capital.
The town of Knoxville has a monument to Troutman here.
Image Source: http://www.thegagenweb.com/gacrawfo/Biographies/jtroutman/JoannaTroutman-age52.jpg | history |
http://blog.zigya.com/2016/02/the-invincible-gorkhas.html | 2022-05-24T14:41:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524142617-20220524172617-00730.warc.gz | 0.964688 | 622 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__164211484 | en | The relationship that the two neighboring countries like India and Nepal enjoy is unique and unparalleled in the world. The treaty of friendship signed by the two countries in 1950 is a testimony to the same. This allows citizens of either nation to cross over to the other nation without any diplomatic formalities.
The progeny of the Himalayan nation, the Gorkha, has been acting as sentinel of India since centuries. The name has been trailed from the Medieval Hindu Warrior Saint Guru Gorakhnath. The name Gorkha has originated from the Hill town of Gorkha from which the Nepalese kingdom expanded.
The Indian Army sustains seven Gorkha regiments composed entirely of Gorkhas, who are recruited majorly from Nepal and it’s the most revered regiment of the Army. Post independence, India successfully retained regiments 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 GR whereas 2, 6, 7, and 10th GR joined the Brigade of Gorkhas in the British Army.
Both nations bestow the Honorary rank of General on each other’s Army chiefs in their respective nations. The biggest military setup of the Indian Embassy is in Kathmandu. Gorkhas were incorporated into the Indian forces in 1815 and on April 24, 2015 they completed 200 years of soldiering. The Gorkha’s valour in Anglo-Nepal war startled the British, which subsequently prompted them to integrate the Gorkhas into the British army. Initially the Gorkhas
were referred as the Nasiri Regiment; later it got christened as 1st King George’s Own Gorkha Rifles. The Regimental insignia of the entire Gorkha Rifles consists of a pair of crossed Khukris, which is their signature weapon and symbol of gallantry. Their resounding war cry ‘Joi Maa Kali Aayo Gorkha’ had been reverberating in the battlefield since centuries. This literally translates into “Hail Goddess Kali, the Gorkhas are here”.
The Gorkhas are the one of the most dreaded soldiers in the world. As the former Field Marshal Manekshaw had exclaimed “if a man says he is not afraid of dying he is either lying or is a Gorkha”. The display of valour flaunted by Gorkhas during the 1962 Operations was exemplary, especially at Leh and Namka Chu. Again, during the 1965 War, the Gorkhas fought concertedly with their comrades where they blew Pakistani Raiders in Kashmir, as well as in the Punjab. The rendition of the Gorkha regiments during the 1971 War, in Operation PAWAN, on UN Missions and in counter insurgency Operations in J&K and the north-east, has been superlative.
Gorkhas had been decorated with 3 Param Vir Chakras; the highest gallantry award in India, 33 Mahavir Chakras, 84 Vir Chakras and 5 Ashok Chakras. The current Army Chief, General Dalbir Singh Suhag also haisl from the Gorkha Rifles. | history |
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/parthian-turan-an-anti-persian-dynasty/ | 2023-06-06T09:37:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652494.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606082037-20230606112037-00771.warc.gz | 0.909433 | 2,481 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__191347963 | en | Pre-publication of chapter XII of my forthcoming book “Turkey is Iran and Iran is Turkey” (the book consists of 33 chapters)
— — — — — — — —
Parthian Arsacid times in Western and Central Asia (250 BCE – 224 CE) have also been distorted enormously by colonial Orientalists, who undertook a systematic de-Turanization of the material record, and of the interpretation effort, across this period of Late Antiquity.
This evil method begins with the continuation of the use of Ancient Greek and Latin terms for an immense part of the Earth that was never Greek or Roman. The use of Ancient Greek and Latin terms for any Oriental civilization, for any part of Oriental History, for any Orientalist discipline is erroneous, deceitful and misleading; even worse, this deliberate method keeps the average reader far from the historical realities, the linguistic originality, and the proper, direct approach to the Orient, and in this case to Iran and Turan.
In reality, there is no Achaemenid dynasty; it’s called ‘dynasty of Hakhamanesian’ (هخامنشیان).
In fact, there is no Arsacid dynasty; it’s called ‘dynasty of Ashkanian’ (اشکانیان).
And the same concerns the so-called Sassanid dynasty; it’s ‘dynasty of Sasanian’ (ساسانیان). In all three dynasty names, the accent is on the last syllable.
The same concerns the names of various Oriental nations’ kings and emperors, and those of the Iranian kings of kings. There is no ‘Arsaces’! The founder of the Parthian Ashkanian dynasty is named Ashk (اشک, Ašk) in Middle Persian and Arshak (Aršak, ارشاک) in Parthian. By mentioning the Ancient Greek or Latin deformation of the original name of the founder of Iran’s longest dynasty, pernicious Orientalists prevent people from easily understanding the name’s Turanian origin. By this, I don’t mean that the names of all Ashkanian monarchs are of Turanian origin, but many of them truly are. About:
Vologases is another case of substantially deformed (in Ancient Greek and Latin) name of Parthian ruler; it is also mistakenly vocalized by Iranologists as Walagaš. One has to have a certain background in Parthian language and Pahlavi writing to realize that the proposed term ‘Walagaš’ is a pure Orientalist reconstruction and that the name’s pronunciation was reconstructed (or rather faked) in this manner in order to dissimulate this Parthian royal name’s Turanian nature and meaning. Pahlavi Iranian – Turanian writing system was established on the basis of Aramaic, i.e. the world’s most widely used lingua franca (: international language) before the use of modern Western languages – which is due to the colonization of the world by the Western European colonial powers.
From NW Africa to China and from Siberia to Africa’s southeastern coasts, Aramaic eclipsed by far Latin and Ancient Greek, being historically the world’s second international language after Akkadian (Assyrian – Babylonian), which was the language and writing system in which all the 2nd millennium and 1st half of 1st millennium BCE Oriental monarchs communicated among them. After the diffusion of Islam, the adhesion of many Aramaeans to the faith preached by Prophet Muhammad, and the subsequent, determinant role played by the Aramaeans in the establishment of imperial administration, letters and sciences for the early caliphates, Aramaic was superseded by Arabic. However, Arabic language was in reality an Aramaic dialect, whereas Arabic alphabet is merely a cursive derivative of the Syriac Aramaic alphabet. Actually, one has to add that, long before the Aramaeans provided imperial administration, letters and sciences to the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs, they had delivered exactly the same highly valuable services to the Achaemenid Iranians.
But pretty much like the earliest form of written Arabic (before Islam and also during the times of Prophet Muhammad), Aramaic was an alphabetic writing system in which only consonants were written; this is so because in Semitic languages the distinction between consonants and vowels is phonetically different than in Indo-European languages. At this point, I must add that aleph (a), yodh (i or y) and waw (u) are viewed not as vowels but as consonants in the Semitic languages. Similarly to the Aramaic alphabet, all Pahlavi Iranian – Turanian writings systems involved only consonants (and several Aramaic archaisms: logograms or hozwarishn). Because of this situation, the vocalization of each word (or name) is nowadays a matter of modern scholarly reconstruction, and when preconceived schemes and Orientalist forgery can occur in this effort, the end result is totally distorted and absolutely misleading.
In the case of the imperial Parthian Ashkanian name ‘Vologases’, the erroneous Orientalist reconstruction (Walagaš) seems even to disregard the way Ancient Greeks and Romans vocalized the name. If W+l+g+š became ‘Vologases’ in Ancient Greek and Latin, then we have surely to deduce that the most probable Parthian vocalization would be Ulugaš (: Ulugash), which consists in a very common physical description that may eventually suit as personal name of Turanian military leaders and emperors (Ulugaş: ‘big eyebrows’ in Turkmen). However, biased in their methods and partial in their approaches, colonial Orientalists preferred to vocalize the Parthian emperor’s name after posterior sources in Middle Persian (Wardakhsh) and Farsi (Balash), instead of taking into consideration the contemporaneous Ancient Greek and Latin way of rendering the Parthian royal name. The end result is a ludicrous interpretation and a deplorable confusion of the average readership.
Similarly, Orodes (Urud) is another Parthian imperial name that seems possible to have had Turanian etymology. I cannot fully expand at this point, but it seems that a) several unsuccessful Turanian – Iranian tribal and royal intermarriages and b) a strong religious polarization and confrontation between Zendism (a successive form of Zoroastrianism that was the Parthian court religion) and the Magi priests of Mithraism created progressively an explosive situation that risked to bring the empire to its knees. About:
Names of historically known Parthian tribes and confederations of tribes (a fact that suggests Turanian nomadic and not Iranian settled environment) have also been obscured, misinterpreted and distorted by colonial Orientalists. The Dahae are an example; there have been many variants of this tribal name in historical sources (Daae, Dahae, Daai, Dai, Dasai, etc.). In Persian, the Dahae are known as داهان (Dahan); in Ancient Greek they are called Δάαι (Daae) or Δαι (Dai), and in Chinese texts, they are named 大益 (Dayi). Located in the area of today’s Turkmenistan (also known as Chorasmia / Khawarism), i.e. north of Parthia’s mainland, the Dayi were a confederation of Turanian tribes (Parni, Xanthii, Pissuri) with an evidently Turkic name (Dayı).
What a name like that may mean for a nomadic Turanian confederation is easy to grasp; they probably stated in a most marked manner that, among them and in contrast with the Iranian tribes, prevailed a system of agnatic seniority. This practice of royal or tribal succession involves a patrilineal concept of inheritance as per which the order of succession prefers the monarch’s or the tribal leader’s younger brother over the monarch’s or the tribal leader’s own sons (in case of elective succession this practice is called lateral or fraternal system of succession). This was attested among Turanians in many different periods from Siberia, Mongolia, Central Asia and China down to the Ottomans. In striking contradiction to agnatic seniority stands the practice of agnatic primogeniture. Indicatively, in 17th c. Ottoman Empire, Mustafa I succeeded his brother Ahmed I and later Suleiman II and Ahmed II succeeded their brother Mehmed IV. About:
It is interesting to note a very subtle falsification undertaken in this regard by Wikipedia: they offer entries about the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasus Albania, and the Arsacid dynasty of Iberia, which were descendants of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, but the entry about the Parthian dynasty is not named ‘Arsacid dynasty of Parthia’ but ‘Parthian Empire’! In addition to it, they offer an independent entry which is named ‘List of Parthian Kings’. About:
Download the chapter in Word doc.: | history |
http://kwcblog.net/the-tudors-2/ | 2014-10-21T15:04:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444493.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00008-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.979955 | 1,418 | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__11090436 | en | During the 2012 Winter Term (January 3-19), Professor Tamara Coy taught a travel class called The Tudors. Three students took the class, which included a 10-day trip to England to learn firsthand about life during the Tudor period (1485-1603). This page describes their trip through updates and photos from the students’ perspective.
Phoenix Jenkins, a senior psychology major
Ashley Hatcher, a junior psychology major
Jessica Hannah, a junior vocal performance major
January 8, 2012
ON OUR WAY!!
After a long overnight flight, we finally arrived in London and checked into our hotel that afternoon. We relaxed, went through orientation and got London Underground passes for the week, along with English cellphones!
When William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, he built the White Tower and fortress, which also served as a royal residence. It later became better known as a site of imprisonment and execution and home to the crown jewels.
All: We were so surprised that the Tower of London was a huge collection of buildings. We thought it was on its own, but it had a palace and lots of buildings where the Beefeaters/Yeoman Guards lived. Our Beefeater guide was great – he really liked his job!
Phoenix: It was more than I expected. I had read about the executions, but to be on the grounds and to get a sense of so much history and where these great people died was amazing. And the crown jewels were off the chain!
Ashley: For me, the Tower of London was history coming to life. It allowed me to appreciate the sacrifices people made for their beliefs.
Jessica: I’ve always heard about the Tower and wanted to see where all these people had lost their lives. It was amazing to finally see it.
Passing under London Bridge, we then walked to The Globe, a replica of William Shakespeare’s original theater. The original site is covered by another monument and cannot be excavated. The Globe Theatre in Shakespeare’s day would have been open air, and performances were in the afternoon. (Candles tended to burn places down!) Although Elizabeth I was a fan, it was James I who was a devoted patron of the arts and made Shakespeare and his company the “King’s Men,” elevating the status of theatre and having performances at court.
Shakespearean theatre was limited to a highly decorative stage and limited props. There were the ‘heavens’ in which angels and actors could drop down, and a stage trap door in which the actors could descend into the depths of hell. They had to be careful in the magical aspects and make clear that it was all make-believe — the drunken one-penny crowd who gathered in the ‘mosh pit’ of the standing area was comprised of superstitious laborers who could turn on the actors if the action seemed too real. Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus—which we read for class– must have been a terrifying specter.
Phoenix: The stage was outside and had elaborate designs on it which was like their “scenery”—very different from modern theatre and all the props they use
Ashley: I like how they did so much research to try to make it as accurate as possible. It was very insightful and educational.
Jessica: It was great that they performed plays there today true to the way they would have been performed in Shakespeare’s time. It helped me better understand some of the plays like Taming of the Shrew which we read in class, and how all the women’s parts would have been performed by men!
The castle is one of Queen Elizabeth II’s favorite residences (she has many houses!) and you know she is at home if the British flag is flying. Back in the 16th century, Windsor Castle was Elizabeth I’s retreat from the plague. The castle itself is over 900 years old. Only part of it is open to the public, but you can walk around the grounds and visit the beautiful St. George’s Chapel which houses the remains of Henry VIII, Jane Seymour, Charles I and others.
The decorative ceiling of St. Georges contains much of Henry VIII’s legacy, but no monument. The Chapel is setting to many famous events and home to St. George’s school which provides the Queen’s private choristers.
St. George’s houses the final resting place of numerous people, not least Henry VIII.
ALL: We were all so surprised that Henry VIII is just buried under a SLAB in the floor with Jane Seymour and Charles I (with his head!) and a bunch of rubble on top of the coffins, which have “shoulders.” The chaplain showed us a picture from the 19th century when they opened the tomb — it’s just a hole with the coffins there under lots of stones that have fallen on top. The coffins are wood with lead lining, but it is nothing special. Everyone just walks over Henry VIII and there are all these other tombs and monuments of people we’ve never even heard of that have gorgeous statues. And he’s just under a slab! All those executions — karma will get you!
Jessica: I finally saw where King Henry VIII was buried along with his favorite wife — she gave him King Edward — Jane Seymour. It was amazing to me that a king who left such a legacy is just buried under a plain marble slab. You can see his crest and the Tudor rose throughout the Chapel. And there is a seat where Henry sat when he was Duke of York.
Phoenix: Looking at Henry’s marble slab made me realize you treat people how you want to be remembered. It was crazy because we also got to see the words of his will. He had expected an elaborate tomb. I just can’t get over how he didn’t get the proper respect.
And then after we left the castle, I did what any royal female would do — we went SHOPPING!
Ashley: It’s hard to fathom that the castle serves as a home as well. The gardens were beautiful and green, like a postcard. History came alive for me within St. George’s Chapel. So many people are buried there. It was great when a man that worked there showed us the picture of what is beneath the floor of Henry’s slab. Four coffins have Henry, Jane Seymour, Queen Anne’s infant and Charles I.
We finished the day with a quick stop to see the Nutcracker at the Royal Opera House!
Although no Tudors are in Paris, the temptation to visit the beautiful city — which is only four hours away — was too great. Bonjour France!!! | history |
https://dsthcac.org/history/ | 2024-02-28T12:04:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474715.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228112121-20240228142121-00654.warc.gz | 0.920462 | 366 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__123886832 | en | Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. extended its span of service and established the Henrico County Alumnae Chapter on Sunday, March 26, 2000 at two-thirty in the afternoon. Forty-nine sorority members signed the charter with the assistance of Soror Mary Bennett Sutton, 1999-2003 Director of the South Atlantic Region and Soror Mamie Brown of the Richmond Alumnae Chapter. The ceremony and reception were held at Confederate Hills Recreation Center in Eastern Henrico County. Guest representatives of the Richmond, Chesterfield, Williamsburg, Petersburg, Delaware, Philadelphia and Virginia Beach Alumnae Chapters were present.
Several sorors assisted the charter members with the chartering process. The 1997-1999 South Atlantic Regional Director, Soror Dorothy White, was the group’s initial, tireless guide in successfully chartering the new chapter. Soror Phyllis Booth and Mamie Brown, president and past president of the Richmond Alumnae Chapter, respectively, assisted in the new chapter logistically and the 1999-2003 Director of the South Atlantic Region, Soror Mary Bennett Sutton, facilitated the chartering process. The Henrico County Alumnae Chapter is ever grateful for their selfless support and service.
The chapter will serve Henrico County (east of Interstate-95), New Kent County, and Charles City County excluding Hanover County and the City of Richmond. The members of this chapter bring a variety of professional, organizational, social, and recreational interests; all of which will assist the chapter in its mission to perpetuate the Sorority’s founding goals, values, and principles. The Chapter will maintain a continual thrust toward community educational development and the strengthening of the family, while being ever mindful of its pledge of mutual love and respect. | history |
https://www.hadene.co.uk/portfolio/mereworth-castle/ | 2021-11-29T16:53:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358786.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129164711-20211129194711-00345.warc.gz | 0.97628 | 149 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__133142466 | en | Mereworth Castle Kent
For the past 20 years Hadene have been helping to maintain the castle, with regard to the gas boilers, plumbing and building works, such as tile replacement, small renovation projects and reactive works. Hadene has great pleasure in trying to keep the castle maintained for the future.
Mereworth Castle was built in the 1720s for John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland. The designs were by Colen Campbell and the house is modelled closely after Palladio’s Villa Rotunda. Mereworth served as a POW camp during WWII, before becoming the property of artist Michael Lambert Tree, after inheriting the house from his uncle in 1949. | history |
https://opvp.navajo-nsn.gov/navajo-nation-president-buu-nygren-navajo-nation-council-speaker-crystalyne-curley-express-sympathy-at-loss-of-late-president-peterson-zah/ | 2023-10-01T13:09:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510888.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001105617-20231001135617-00153.warc.gz | 0.977702 | 992 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__305685585 | en | WINDOW ROCK, Ariz. — It is with great sadness and deep sympathy that Navajo Nation President Buu Nygren and Navajo Nation Council Speaker Crystalyne Curley officially announce the passing of the late Navajo Tribal Chairman and Navajo Nation President Peterson Zah. He was 85.
“The Navajo Nation lost one of its iconic leaders last night, Dr. Peterson Zah,” President Nygren said. “He was the first president of the Navajo Nation and he was a good champion even in Washington, D.C., in the 90s and the 80s.”
“It’s a big loss for the Navajo Nation. I want to let Indian Country know, as well. He was a huge tribal advocate across Indian Country and America. Thank you to his family for letting us have him lead the Navajo Nation.”
President Zah had been ill for some time. He was at home yesterday when his family took him to the Tséhootsooí Medical Center in Fort Defiance last evening. He passed away with his family around him.
President Zah was born in the Keams Canyon, Ariz., area on Dec. 2, 1937. He was Kinyaa’áanii (Towering House), born for Táchii’nii (Red Running Into Water). His maternal grandfathers were Tódích’íi’nii (Bitter Water) and his paternal grandfathers were Tó’áhaní (Near The Water). His father was Henry Zah, known in Navajo as Ólta’í yázhí, “the schooled short person.” His mother was Mae Zah.
President Nygren today proclaimed all flags on the Navajo Nation be lowered to half-staff beginning March 9 and ending March 15th in honor of President Zah’s life of accomplishments and service to the Navajo people.
“We are saddened and heartbroken by the passing of a great leader, and most importantly, a loving and compassionate grandfather and father,” Speaker Curley said. “I will always cherish and honor Mr. Zah’s guidance and support that he provided me throughout my academic and professional journey. His legacy reaches far beyond our rural communities and the Navajo Nation. His leadership, service, and contributions were known across the country. On behalf of the 25th Navajo Nation Council, I offer condolences to his wife, Rosalind, his children, grandchildren, the community of Low Mountain, and his lifelong friends. May we all take comfort in knowing that he is now with our Creator.”
Navajo Nation Council Delegate Carl Slater, who grew up knowing President Zah closely through the friendship between the President and his own late grandparents, Robert Roessel, Sr., and Ruth Roessel, offered these thoughts.
“Shida’í, Mr. Zah, molded our people to think as a nation, and, despite his age and health, he never quit in his mission to see us become who we ought to,” Delegate Slater said. “We are stronger because of his leadership, compassion, intelligence, and gift for elevating the ordinary deliberations our society into echoes of our future.”
President Zah served as Chairman of the Navajo Nation from 1983 to 1987. He was the first Navajo Nation President from 1991 to 1995.
He described himself to the late historian of Navajo history, Peter Iverson, as “an ordinary man with extraordinary experiences.”
Among his accomplishments as chairman was the establishment of the Navajo Nation’s Permanent Trust Fund with the then-controller, which continues to produce revenue to fund direct services and projects throughout the Navajo Nation to this day. He also served as an advisor to the President of Arizona State University for 15 years.
He was considered one of the 100 most important Native Americans in the last century, recognized as a key leader in Native American government and education.
Among his other accomplishments as a leader of the Navajo Nation, he:
- Led the effort to close open uranium mine sites, clean-up tailing pond spills and compensate families of uranium mine workers.
- Renegotiated oil, gas and coal leases, pipeline and electric transmission rights-of-way to increase royalty and tax revenues.
- Led the national effort to include tribes in the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act , the Clean Air Act and Superfund.
- Led a national effort in 1994 to amend the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 to protect the right of all Native Americans to use peyote as a sacrament.
President Zah received honorary doctoral degrees from Arizona State University, Colorado College and The College of Santa Fe. He was the 2008 recipient of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Servant Leadership Award. | history |
https://www.mrdowling.com/mansa-musa-the-wealthy-king-of-mali | 2022-10-04T03:36:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337473.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004023206-20221004053206-00762.warc.gz | 0.968374 | 417 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__258743790 | en | Mansa Musa captured the attention of the Arab world when he left his home in the West African kingdom of Mali to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Unlike his grandfather Sundiata, Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. A Muslim is a person who practices Islam. Islamic law requires that all faithful Muslims make a hajj, or holy visit, to the city on the Arabian Peninsula where Islam developed.
Mansa Musa was a very rich king. He was said to have taken more than 500 people with him on the hajj, each carrying a staff of solid gold. When Mansa Musa passed through the Egyptian city of Cairo, legends say he gave away so much gold that the price of gold fell, and the economy was affected for more than twenty years. The appearance of a wealthy king from a faraway land made a deep impression on the people he encountered, causing Mali to appear on maps throughout the Middle East and Europe. For the first time, sub-Saharan Africa became well-known north of the great desert, as well.
The kingdom of Mali eventually weakened, and the neighboring kingdom of Songhai developed into the last black empire of pre-colonial West Africa. Songhai was destroyed after a bloody war with Morocco. Morocco’s sultan wanted West African gold, so in 1590, he sent an army of 3000 men south across the Sahara Desert. The spears and lances of the Songhai warriors were no match for the cannons and muskets of the Moroccan army, but the fighting continued long after the Songhai government had been destroyed. After ten years, the Sultan lost interest and abandoned his army in Songhai. The Moroccans were either killed or absorbed into the local population. The Moroccan invasion destroyed Songhai and the trade routes that had brought prosperity to the region for hundreds of years.
Download this lesson as Microsoft Word file or as an Adobe Acrobat file.
Mr. Donn has an excellent website that includes a section on African History. | history |
http://atlantictravels.tumblr.com/post/23657312224/the-schomburg-center-a-division-of-the-new-york | 2014-10-21T18:20:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444657.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00327-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.947503 | 103 | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__120093838 | en | The Schomburg Center, a division of the New York Public Library, was established in 1926. It is one of the world’s leading research institutions for documenting the history and culture of the African diaspora.
Here I will mostly be working with the Richard B. Moore papers. Moore was a Barbadian civil rights activist and communist, and he remained active within Caribbean political circles while living in Harlem. Hopefully his papers will give me more of a grassroots perspective on transnational anticolonial politics. | history |
https://sstp.org/news-item/national-museum-of-nuclear-science-history-2 | 2018-08-17T05:43:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211719.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817045508-20180817065508-00002.warc.gz | 0.889738 | 108 | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__13568258 | en | News ItemNational Museum of Nuclear Science & History
Mar 3, 2014 –
The National Museum of Nuclear Science & History has achieved accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums (AAM), the highest national recognition for a museum. Accreditation is a rigorous process that examines all aspects of the Museum’s operations, and out of the nation’s estimated 17,500 museums, only 1,005 are accredited. The National Museum of Nuclear Museum of Nuclear Science & History is one of only eleven museums accredited in New Mexico. | history |
http://www.districtsix.co.za/Content/Exhibitions/Permanent/index.php | 2017-04-26T23:20:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121752.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00149-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.950166 | 727 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__255164541 | en | The museum represents a living memorial and is more than just a static display. Through this space we have created an arena which enables us to reaffirm our identity, celebrate our heritage and confront the complexities of our history.
Vincent Kolbe, ex-resident and founding member of the Museum
Using this guiding principle, the Museum has produced many diverse exhibitions involving a multitude of talented individuals. Visual artists, conceptual artists, sculptors, painters, musicians, curators, teachers, academics, youth and writers have all left their indelible mark on these creative expressions.
The current permanent exhibition, Digging Deeper, was launched in 2000 and builds on the conceptual narrative of the initial Streets: Retracing District Six exhibition which launched the Museum in 1994. It is a rich visual experience documenting various aspects of District Six life. In 2004 an extension to the core exhibition entitled Memory Traces was introduced. It marked the transition between Digging Deeper and the future work of the Museum as a site museum of consciousness.
Visitors are invited to navigate deeper into the lives of ex-residents, giving insight into their social, cultural, economic and political identities both past and present.
Digging Deeper was chosen as the title and organising framework for the exhibition that opened in the newly renovated and restored District Six Museum building in Buitenkant Street in September 2000.
The 170 year-old building, formerly the Methodist Mission Church, was closed for 18 months for restoration and alteration. The exhibition has attempted to 'dig deeper' into the Museum's collections, processes, and meanings. Digging Deeper engages with the multiple ways in which the collections, resources and spaces of the museum are used, and expresses the central intention of the Museum to enquire into the pasts of South African society and the workings of memory. The documentary material, oral histories and themes of the exhibition emerge from the collections of the museum.
The form of the exhibition is both multi-media and interdisciplinary, combining simple direct techniques (the immediacy of material, hand-mixed colour and hand-generated processes), with documentary, digital and sound elements. The voices of narrators and transcribed life histories of ex-residents are the major resource and departure point for the choice of exhibition themes. The title Digging Deeper has multiple implications. We have sought to deepen our knowledge of District Six, to ask deeper questions, and to begin to look beyond the geographic space of the District. We wish to keep alive the symbolic value of District Six's name as representative of other instances of displacement and forced removal throughout South Africa. The space is a living one, dedicated to working with memory: in remembering the events of forced removals, in considering the varied impacts of apartheid legislation on the lives of people and in choosing to focus on historical experience and subjectivity as ways of creating community and shaping society. We believe that the work of remembrance, within the context of the present, has a continuing significance for all South Africans.
The exhibition attempts to provide a framework for interpretation and for the active engagement of visitors, in particular ex-residents of places affected by forced removals, and their descendants. The aesthetic form of the Museum and its displays are rooted in the visual, verbal and material contributions, interventions and rituals of visitors. Some elements such as the large painted map in the central space and the street signs are permanent aesthetic features that signal the actual space of the District. But much else of the visible surface of the Museum will continue to shift and grow and be layered with new knowledge.view gallery | history |
http://urtesasoiak.com/?page_id=1616&lang=en | 2019-06-15T21:28:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997335.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190615202724-20190615224724-00235.warc.gz | 0.982092 | 842 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__157791814 | en | In our farmhouses it was customary in the whole of our territory to breed domestic animals, fatten them up and slaughter them to be eaten. Amongst the livestock raised for meat there were pigs, lambs and sheep, goats, rabbits and fowls (hens, cockerels…). The fresh meat of cows, calves and other cattle was reserved for wedding receptions or other extraordinary family celebrations.
The slaughtering of domestic animals took place at different times of the year so that meat and lard supplies would last throughout the year. Otherwise, and as the saying goes: “Zerririk ez bada tegian, koiperik ez zartagian” (If there is no pig in the sty, there will be no lard in the pan). Lambs and young goats were butchered in spring; sheep and pigs in autumn or beginning of winter; and birds and rabbits according to need.
Nevertheless, pig slaughter has surely been the most popular of them all, and until not so long ago! Still in the 1960s at least a pig was killed in every farmhouse. To rear and slaughter a second pig was a sign of wealth, and in those cases, the first pig was taken from the sty and put to death in November and the second in February generally.
“Txerriaren bizitza ona baina laburra da” (The life of a pig is good but short). Pigs are fed edibles from the cultivated fields: potato, cabbage, turnip, beetroot, pumpkin, acorn…, and whey in sheep farms. In the region of Bizkaia the mixture of vegetables and tuberous crops prepared to feed the pig receives the name ozala.
Although nowadays pig slaughter was normally conducted in November, around Saint Martin’s Day, in the olden days, and particularly in some localities, the custom used to be observed in December with a view to cater the Christmas dinner table with abundance of ribs, loins, black pudding… Besides, the belief that the pig should be slaughtered with a descending moon was widespread and still prevails.
Neighbours and relatives were called for the special event. There were enough jobs for all wanting to help, men and women alike. No matter how much work was waiting to be done though there was always a little time for entertainment after lunch; say playing cards or just chatting.
The pig was slaughtered early in the morning. The help of four or five men was required: the animal was taken from the sty, laid on a table and held by all. While the slaughter man did his job, a woman collected the blood for making black pudding or blood sausages to a vessel, stirring continuously the blood with her hand so that it did not curdle.
The bulk of the work came next. Let us give a brief insight into the next procedures. The dead pig is covered with fern and burned, the charred remains are washed away with water, the animal is cut open from the head down to the rear side and the innards removed. Next it is hung from a tall spot and kept there for several hours until the meat cools down. The above-mentioned steps are similarly followed nowadays. However, meat preservation has notably evolved since past times. This is in short how our ancestors did it.
The following day the pig was butchered and lean meat was cut and ground to produce various sausages. When hams, shoulders and bacon sides shed most of the water, they were stored for five to six days in chests filled with salt; then they were soaked and finally hung for them to dry cure slowly. Bones, hams, ears and snout were kept in salt all year round.
Loins and rib racks were sometimes introduced in brine or salt for twenty-four hours after having been hanging for some days, and chops and ribs were afterwards preserved in lard.
Pig slaughter provided meat and edibles for months to come. Chests were full of salt-cured meat and farmers were prepared to face winter. | history |
https://www.hiddenvalleyhomesbywendy.com/community/id/1534319/area/Lower%20Lake/ | 2023-12-10T09:46:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00369.warc.gz | 0.945847 | 504 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__102359874 | en | Historic Lower Lake is located at the southeastern end of Clear Lake where two major Native American trails crossed. Founded in the late 1850s, the town soon became the center of commerce for the region. Lake County was created out of the northern portion of Napa County in 1861. Lower Lake vied with Lakeport to become the county seat, succeeding in winning that distinction from 1867 to 1870.
The town features some of the oldest buildings in Lake County and prospered in early years from nearby mining of sulfur, borax, and quicksilver. The first jail in Lake County, a stone structure of just one room, is said to be the smallest in the United States. It is California State Historical Landmark #429.
The Lower Lake Historic Schoolhouse Museum, built in 1877, served as a schoo l house until 1935. Due to the hard work of a grass-roots organization, the schoolhouse was restored and reopened in 1993 as a fine museum. The building has a distinctive Mansard roof, remodeled in 1906 after the great California earthquake damaged the bell tower. The 16-foottall ceilings and nine-foot windows give the museum its true historic character. Displays include a schoolroom, Victorian parlor, gems and minerals, and Native American and pioneer artifacts. The upper floor auditorium serves as a venue for cultural and community events.
Other historic sites in Lower Lake are the Pioneer and Lower Lake Cemeteries, the Odd Fellows Hall, built in 1868, and the United Methodist Church, built in 1884. Anderson Marsh State Historic Park, just north of town, features a ranch house, archeological sites, and nature trails.
Lower Lake offers hometown shopping with a variety of businesses, including coffee shops, BBQ, pizza, wineries, a picturesque recreation of a Tuscan village, and antique stores. Featured on Memorial Day Weekend is a Renaissance Faire presented by Tuscan Village, and the community presents Lower Lake Daze with a parade and festival. Lower Lake offers visitors an opportunity to truly step back and “stroll around” enjoying history in rural America.
Lower Lake Properties
Based on information from Bay Area Real Estate Information Service (BAREIS).
This information is provided for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. © 2023 Bay Area Real Estate Information Services, all rights reserved. | history |
http://www.liveistria.com/?p=5106 | 2017-03-28T08:07:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00033-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.974456 | 2,711 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__121900701 | en | Of all the towns along the Istrian coast, Vrsar is probably my favourite. Set on a steep hillside, over-looking its harbour, it is a beautiful sight. With its old buildings and narrow streets, this small town is a wonderful place for an afternoon stroll, soaking up the atmosphere and admiring the glorious views. I’ve been many times, but for this visit I went with my friend Natalija from the Vrsar Tourist Office, to discover more about this Adriatic gem.
Up we go …
Until the 19th century, Vrsar only covered the top of the hill and was safely tucked behind city walls. Today, it cascades down the hillside to the harbour below, which was where we started our walk. After a stroll by the sea, admiring the fishing boats (and the gin palaces), we headed to the old town, up one of Vrsar’s two impressive stone staircases. Running straight up the hillside, these were built to link the harbour with the town on the hill-top.
After a climb, which reminded me how unfit I am, I was delighted to pause and catch my breath. “It must keep you fit living here,” I gasped, as we admired the view below. “It’s why all Vrsar women have such good legs,” laughed Natalija, who climbs these stairs every day.
My heart rate settling back to normal, we prepared to enter the old town. Originally, there were three gates through the wall: only two remain and we went through the ‘small’ gate. But before we did, we stopped to admire the pretty church of St. Anthony, standing close-by. “There was a church next to each gate,” explained Natalija. “Every evening, after mass, the town gates would be closed and anyone arriving after this would have to spend the night in the church.”
Like its gate, St. Anthony’s is small and, with its stone porch, is an excellent example of the 17th century churches dotted all over Istria. “The porches, or loggias, were extremely important,” explained Natalija. “Not only were they where people stood who could not fit inside during services, they were also where you stood if you were carrying arms. At other times, they were meeting places for conducting town business, such as court trials and council meetings. And of course, it’s where all the business deals were done!”
… to the old town …
Having caught our breath, we went through the arched 13th century gateway into the town’s main square. Originally the stout gates were made of hard Istrian oak. Bound with iron, they were strong enough to withstand a pounding. Today, they’re a ragged remnant, incapable of closing, let-alone protecting the town!
Vrsar has been occupied since prehistoric times and traces of Palaeolithic and Neolithic settlements have been found near both gates. By Roman times it had become an important market and harbour town, with its port shipping produce all over the Roman world.
Over the centuries a maze of narrow streets and small squares developed, making it a lovely place to roam and explore today. Look closely and you’ll spot a wide range of architectural styles and interesting features.
Natalija grew up in one of the tall houses near the square and her two children were born here. “These houses are beautiful to look at,” she said, “but oh so impractical for modern life. We had no air-conditioning, so in summer we lived with the windows open – and Vrsar’s a classic Mediterranean town, with lots of comings and goings, so it was always noisy. I love visiting the old town, but I’m so glad I don’t live here anymore.”
We gradually wound our way up the hill and came out next to the main church and Bishop’s Palace, where we stopped for a drink and a dose of history.
… with its wealth of history …
For over six hundred years, Vrsar belonged to the Bishop of Porec and the bishops built a summer palace here: a place they could retreat to in the heat of the summer, or to escape outbreaks of plague and disease in Porec. It started as a simple building in the 12th century and over the years, each bishop added to it so that by the late 18th century, it was a large imposing structure.
The bishops liked Vrsar so much that several of them chose to live here, rather than in their official palace in Porec. As the Bishop of Porec was an extremely important person, second only to the Pope, Vrsar became an important and influential town.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, when Istria formed part of the Venetian Republic, Vrsar remained the Bishop’s property. It was exempt from Venetian taxes and laws, and developed such a reputation as a refuge for people on the run from Venetian law, it was known as the ‘Refugium Banditorum’ or outlaw’s refuge.
That didn’t mean Vrsar was a lawless place. As Natalija explained, it was quite the opposite. “We have a long document from 1609,” she said, “which shows it was a strictly regimented and policed society. For example, all the inns were regularly checked to ensure they served good quality wine, and people could only stay in the town if they were invited by a resident.” While Vrsar might not have been the refuge for brigands its nickname suggested, it certainly must have been an irritation to Venice!
Being part of the Bishopric wasn’t all good news, though: while the Vrsari might have been exempt from Venetian tax, they still paid it to the Bishop; also, as a document from 1577 shows, ‘The peasants of Vrsar are obliged to carry the Bishop’s luggage, without any charge, whenever the Bishop is coming to the castle or leaving it.’ It’s hard enough climbing up Vrsar’s steep hill: imagine doing it carrying all the Bishop’s paraphernalia and getting nothing for your toil!
Today the Bishop’s Palace has come down in the world. “By the turn of this century, it was in a terrible state and nearly fell down,” said Natalija. “There were hopes to restore it and use part of it as an art gallery, but unfortunately this never happened. Instead, it has become expensive apartments … but at least it’s still standing.”
… and stunning views
Lying next to the Bishop’s Palace, you’d expect the town’s main church to be equally ancient: but St. Martin’s is a relatively modern building, which runs across the site of the old town walls and a Romanesque gate. It’s a rather bland, uninteresting building, which I feel the people of Vrsar weren’t totally committed to – it certainly took them long enough to finish. While the foundations were laid in 1804, it wasn’t consecrated until 1935. And the bell tower next door (which was in the original plans), wasn’t actually built until 1991!
Having walked all the way up to the church, you may be tempted to call it a day – especially if it’s hot (which is what I’d done on my first few visits) – but please, please go on. For me, the area beyond the church, past the Bishop’s Palace, is Vrsar’s crowning glory – going left takes you along the rim of the hill and then back round into the town through some characterful narrow streets; right takes you through a beautiful mish-mash of stone cottages and little gardens. And while it might have been quite a hike up the hill, it’s worth it for the stupendous views over the sea from the top, behind the church. The crystal blue sea is dotted with green islets: to the left, you can see the marina, full of sails; while below and to the right, on the edge of town, is the lovely wooded Montraker headland.
Today this high part of Vrsar is a very desirable place to live, but it wasn’t always so, as Natalija explained. “Originally this area, outside the town walls, was where the animals were kept in barns and stalls. In the mid-1950s attitudes started changing and the area was discovered by the educated, professional classes from the cities – doctors, lawyers, etc., who converted the barns into holiday homes. Artists and wealthy foreigners followed, and today it is one of the most expensive areas of real estate in the whole of Istria.” It just shows how values change!
An award-winning marina …
“The marina’s an important part of Vrsar,” said Natalija, “and we’re all very proud of it.” Built in 2001, it has 200 moorings and regularly wins the award for the best marina in the the Adriatic. Not surprisingly, all the moorings have long since been sold and there is a long, long waiting list.
… and highly-prized stone
Vrsar’s other big claim to fame is that Montraker supplied much of Venice’s decorative stone. “Because of its whiteness and exceptional quality, it was highly prized for carving,” Natalija explained.
Today, the quarry is totally overgrown and the attractive, rocky promontory is Vrsar’s main beach area, but its past isn’t forgotten. “Every year, in the first two weeks of September, we celebrate it with a sculpture school in the old quarry,” she said. “Art students come to learn and, while you can’t take part, you can watch. I love going: it’s fascinating watching the sculptures emerge from the stone.”
The finished works are displayed all over the town, with new ones added each year. The first place you’ll probably notice them is on the harbour-front, where they’re used as bollards, but start looking and you’ll find them scattered all over the town: there’s now nearly 100 in total.
So many reasons to visit
As well as the sculpture school in September, there’s always something happening in Vrsar. Here’s just a sample:
- Casanova Fest: Casanova visited Vrsar twice and is the inspiration for this three-day festival, at the end of June.
- Montraker Live: three-day rock concert in late July. I attended last year – see what I thought (it was fantastic!)
- Summer music: there’s ‘Sea and Guitars’ in the old church near the sea, every Thursday; concerts in the main church on Wednesdays, and various other small out-door events in beauty spots around the town.
If all this walking has given you an appetite, Vrsar has plenty of restaurants to choose from, mainly gathered near the harbour. Vrsar has great fresh seafood and I’d recommend seafood specialists Srdela. Alternatively, why not try either Fancita, with dynamic chef Paolo, or up and coming Monte Carlo, both with top-class cuisine. As you’ll see from our reviews, we’ve eaten in all three of these restaurants and had fantastic meals.
… and more
Natalija’s also keen to stress Vrsar is a great place to stay. “The town’s so compact, everything is easily accessible on foot, so you don’t need a car,” she said. While I don’t have specific recommendations, there’s a good selection of campsites, hotels and self-catering accomodation. For details, look on the Vrsar Tourist Office website, which also a great place for more information on the town and things to do in the area.
“And when you arrive, do pop in and see us,” concluded Natalija, with a smile. “Our office is next to the small gate, on the edge of the old town. We’re here to help you make the most of your stay and ensure you have a wonderful time in Vrsar!” | history |
http://chittlintalk.blogspot.com/2007/03/authoritative-40-acres-and-mule-order.html | 2018-03-19T14:41:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646952.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319140246-20180319160246-00341.warc.gz | 0.946108 | 418 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__98951753 | en | IN THE FIELD, SAVANNAH, GA., January 16th, 1865.
SPECIAL FIELD ORDERS, No. 15.
I. The islands from Charleston, south, the abandoned rice fields along the rivers for thirty miles back from the sea, and the country bordering the St. Johns river, Florida, are reserved and set apart for the settlement of the negroes now made free by the acts of war and the proclamation of the President of the United States.
II. At Beaufort, Hilton Head, Savannah, Fernandina, St. Augustine and Jacksonville, the blacks may remain in their chosen or accustomed vocations--but on the islands, and in the settlements hereafter to be established, no white person whatever, unless military officers and soldiers detailed for duty, will be permitted to reside; and the sole and exclusive management of affairs will be left to the freed people themselves, subject only to the United States military authority and the acts of Congress. By the laws of war, and orders of the President of the United States, the negro is free and must be dealt with as such. He cannot be subjected to conscription or forced military service, save by the written orders of the highest military authority of the Department, under such regulations as the President or Congress may prescribe. Domestic servants, blacksmiths, carpenters and other mechanics, will be free to select their own work and residence, but the young and able-bodied negroes must be encouraged to enlist as soldiers in the service of the United States, to contribute their share towards maintaining their own freedom, and securing their rights as citizens of the United States.
Negroes so enlisted will be organized into companies, battalions and regiments, under the orders of the United States military authorities, and will be paid, fed and clothed according to law. The bounties paid on enlistment may, with the consent of the recruit, go to assist his family and settlement in procuring agricultural implements, seed, tools, boots, clothing, and other articles necessary for their livelihood. | history |
https://www.brrc.net/BRRC_website/BRRC_History.html | 2023-09-22T00:38:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00445.warc.gz | 0.961312 | 632 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__257037681 | en | Other BRRC web sites:
We are proud members of the
Click on the icon to
see the RRCA website
(Click on above icon for membership registration)
BLOOMSDAY ROAD RUNNERS' CLUB HISTORY
No other road runners' club in the country began quite the way the Bloomsday Road Runners' Club (BRRC) did. In the spring of 1978, the Lilac Bloomsday Run was battling with local AAU officials over the need for sanctioning. While AAU officials were insisting that Bloomsday be sanctioned and that all participants purchase AAU cards, Bloomsday organizers refused to cooperate. Bloomsday, they said, was a fun run in which top runners also competed, not a competitive event under the AAU's jurisdiction.
In the midst of the battle, Bloomsday founder Don Kardong was encouraged to contact Jeff Darman, president of the Road Runners Club of America. Jeff had defended the rights of RRCA member clubs on the sanctioning issue. Darman pointed out that the AAU's own rules said that an event in which all participants were members of the same club did not need to be sanctioned. He suggested we form an RRCA chapter club in Spokane and automatically make every Bloomsday runner a member of the club. That way Bloomsday would sidestep the need for sanctioning. Thus began the BRRC, 5,000 members strong in its first year!
In subsequent years, the BRRC went to court with the AAU over the sanctioning issue, and won. As the years passed, the AAU battle faded into obscurity, and the BRRC developed into a solid group of running enthusiasts devoted to the promotion of a variety of running events. BRRC and USATF work well together in our area to promote long-distance running.
In 1980, the BRRC hosted the RRCA National Convention in Spokane(the first convention held in the West), and the club has been active in the RRCA ever since. Past BRRC president, Sylvia Quinn, received the Rod Steele Award as the outstanding club volunteer for the country in 1981, and she later served on the RRCA's Board of Directors. Bloomsday founder and BRRC club member, Don Kardong co-authored the RRCA Children's Running Booklet edited an edition of the RRCA Handbook, and served as RRCA president from 1996 through 2000. The club newsletter, “Running Briefs”, won the national award for medium-sized clubs in 1995. In that same year the BRRC was selected to send a team to the Jimmy Stewart Relay in California, and in 1999 the club hosted its second RRCA National Convention. Dori Robertson was preented the Scott Hamilton Outstanding Club President award in 1997.
Today, the BRRC is one of the larger member clubs of the RRCA. It remains committed to the promotion of grass-roots running. | history |
http://www.mormonhistoryassociation.org/history | 2015-03-02T04:59:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462710.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00198-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.960961 | 10,828 | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-11__0__127119002 | en | Did you know your Internet Explorer is out of date?
This website makes use of features only available in more recent versions of Internet Explorer. You can quickly and easily upgrade your browser for free by visiting BrowseHappy.com
History of the Mormon History Association
Below are three essays that give perspective on the founding and early development of MHA.
1. Leonard J. Arrington, "Reflections on the Founding and Purpose of the Mormon History Association, 1965-1983" Journal of Mormon History 10 (1983): 91-103.
2. Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, "Entre Nous: An Intimate History of MHA" Journal of Mormon History 12 (1985): 43-52.
3. Leonard J. Arrington, Adventures of a Church Historian (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 58-61.
By Leonard J. Arrington, 1982
Journal of Mormon History, 10 (1983): 91-103.
"Reflections on the
Founding and Purpose of the Mormon History Association, 1965-1983"
Leonard J. Arrington was sustained as Church Historian at the LDS General Conference, in April 1972. Since his release in October 1980 he has been director of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History at Brigham Young University and holds the Lemuel Redd Chair in Western History at BYU. He was founding president of the Mormon History Association.
During the years after World War II, partly because of the assistance given returning veterans by the G. I. Bill of Rights (Public Law 346), graduate research in the field of Mormon history began to flower. Whereas only a handful of historians had written doctored dissertations on topics connected with Mormon history before 1946, several dozen were completed in the late 1940s and early 1950s—twenty in the 1950s alone. A sizable group of scholars spent their summers working in the Church Archives in Salt Lake City and became intimately acquainted with each other and with each other's projects. We shared research finding. Perhaps more importantly, we shared strategems by which we could overcome the reluctance of A. William Lund, watchdog of the Archives, to allow us access to the rich materials housed there.
In the years that followed the granting of our degrees, as we prepared books and articles for publication, we continued to visit the Archives to fill in gaps in our research. We also kept in touch with each other by attending historical conventions, often staying up half the night in someone’s room discussing facts and interpretations of the Latter-day Saint past. Virtually all of us were practicing, believing members of the church, and we shared also our experiences in our various wards and branches. We hunted up persons we had not met who had written on the Mormons; and we speculated about the trends in church politics. We also made it a point to become acquainted with professional his-[p.92]torians who were members of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and spent some evening discussing our common heritage with them. Some of us talked about the founding of a journal of Mormon history, even toying with possible names for the journal, such as Latter-day Saint Quarterly, LDS Historical Review, or Journal of Mormon History. These discussions were temporarily ended by the founding of BYU Studies in 1959. Although the first editors of Studies were anxious to run sound historical essays, we were taken aback when an interpretive article by one of us was published in the first issue, creating such an opposition on the part of one zealous general authority that the journal was suspended for a year.
Through these activities a community of LDS historians was developed. Our interrelationships at annual meetings of the American Historical Association, Organization of American Historians, and Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association, were strengthened with the formation of the Western History Association in 1963. They were buttressed by meetings in Utah of the Utah State Historical Society, Utah Conference on Higher Education, and Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. On our various campuses there were also smaller study groups of historians and social scientists engage in Mormon studies. At Utah State University where I was teaching, for example, George Ellsworth, Eugene Campbell, Wendell Rich, and myself met once a month with our spouses to read and critique papers we had prepared on aspects of LDS history. We also shared with graduate students the excitement of seminars conducted by George Ellsworth on the sources and literature of Mormon history.
The dullest meetings Utah educators had to attend were the annual September sessions of the Utah Conference on Higher Education. At these sessions administrators from Brigham Young University, the University of Utah, Utah State University, and the various junior colleges in the state harangued us on administrative problems and policies. In anticipation of the conference to be held on September 9, 1965, at Logan, Utah, a group of us decided to hold our own “rump session” to discuss the formation of a Mormon History Association. Professors Ellsworth, Campbell, Rich, and myself arranged the meeting, to be held in the Hatch Room of the Merrill Library at Utah State University. We had strong letters of support from Davis Bitton and John Sorenson, both then at Santa Barbara, California. We also had verbal support from several scholars around the nation, as well as from many at BYU and elsewhere in Utah. In anticipation of such a meeting some of us had acquired information about the American Catholic Society which might be helpful. The following agenda was provided those expected to be in attendance:
AGENDA FOR A “RUMP” SESSION OF MORMON HISTORIANS
Hatch Room, USU Library
September 9, 1965 – 1:30-5:30 P.M.
1. Should we organize formally? If so, what is an appropriate name? Organization of Mormon Historians? Mormon Historical Association? LDS History Association? Or what? [p. 93]
2. Do we need a constitution? If so, maybe one of you would write a draft of one. At least, we ought to have a chairman or president or secretary who can serve as a focus for communications. Nominations for such a person or persons are now open!
3. Would it be desirable to publish a newsletter each quarter? If so, how to finance it? Assess each person $1 a year? There is good precedent for this in some of the professional organizations.
4. What stand should we take with respect to the new proposed journal Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought? Should we support it, at least temporarily, or make plans to sponsor our own journal?
5. What kind of arrangements should we make for meeting with other Mormon historians at the time of the American Historical Association meetings in San Francisco December 28-30? Someone should reserve a place and time for meeting and arrange for a program.
Any other business that any member would like to propose?
As the result of the meeting, the following letter went out to a wide circle of historians and social scientists interested in Mormon history.
UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY
September 15, 1965
Letter No. 1
In line with the suggestions of many persons, a group of Mormon historians met in the Hatch Room of the Utah State University Library the afternoon of September 9, 1965, to discuss the desirability or forming a Mormon history association. Fourteen persons were in attendance, and they included historians from Brigham Young University, Utah State University, and the L. D. S. Institute of Religion in Logan. The following actions were agreed upon.
(1) To arrange to go to the annual meetings of the American Historical Association in San Francisco December 28-30 as a group. Professor Thomas Alexander of Brigham Young University will attempt to arrange a time and place for Mormon historians to meet at the time of that convention, Professor Richard Bushman of Brigham Young University, with the assistance of James Allen, agreed to arrange for a program. Professor Stanford Cazier of Utah State University will attempt to coordinate the transportation so that all of us can obtain group air rates from Salt Lake to San Francisco for ourselves and wives.
(2) To suggest to the Mormon historians gathered there the formation of an organization. The group was evenly divided between two names: Mormon History Association and Association for Mormon History.
(3) Professor Eugene Campbell of Brigham Young University accepted the assignment of preparing the draft of a constitution and by-laws to present to the assembled Mormon historians in San Francisco.
(4) Professor Leonard Arrington agreed to serve as a focus for inter-communication and to send out a newsletter to prospective members. If all of you will send a paragraph mentioning the research interests which you have and research projects on which you are currently working that have any connection with Mormon history, these will be included in the newsletter. For the purposes of supporting financially the preparation and mailing of the newsletter, each prospective member is asked to send $1.00 to me. [p. 94]
(5) We discussed at some length the problems connected with organizing the group. We agreed that it ought to be intended primarily for professionally trained historians interested in Mormon history. We assumed that most of the members would be Mormons, but there might be others who would want to participate. We also assumed that there would be Mormon members whose primary field of interest is something other than Mormon history, but who would want to belong because of professional kinship. We mentioned the following possible objectives:
a. To sponsor a session at the annual meetings of the Pacific Coast Branch, Organization of American Historians, and American Historical Association. While these would be partly social, we thought it would be useful to have two or three papers on subjects connected with Mormon history.
b. To encourage publication on Mormon history topics. After considerable discussion we agreed to recommend that Mormon historians support the new journal of Mormon thought, Dialogue – at least, for the time being. We are hopeful that we might induce the editors of Dialogue to publish frequent articles on Mormon history subjects and/or to devote at least one annual issue to Mormon history. We think Mormon historians will be among the most frequent contributors, as well as enthusiastic supporters, of Dialogue.
(6) After this discussion the group listened to an interesting paper by Jim Allen on "The Historical Significance of Joseph Smith's First Vision."
Leonard J. Arrington
Within the next few weeks I received letters from many persons - perhaps thirty-five or forty. Most of them enclosed $1.00. This enabled me to send out the following Letter No. 2 on November 10, 1965.
MORMON HISTORY ASSOCIATION
Letter No. 2 November 10, 1965
1. For those of you who just joined our mailing list, it is proposed that as many of us as can – our wives, friends, and others interested – meet for two or more hours at San Francisco in December in connection with the annual meetings of the American Historical Association. Tom Alexander has arranged for us to meet from 7:30 to 10:00 P.M. on Tuesday, December 28, in the Monterey Room of the Sir Francis Drake Hotel, corner of Taylor and Center, San Francisco. There should be no convention conflicts. The room seats in excess of 60 persons, and should therefore hold all those interested. Jim Allen and Richard Bushman have arranged it program as follows:
Conducting: Leonard Arrington
Discussion of purposes and procedures: 10 minutes
Discussion of proposed name and constitution: Eugene E. Campbell 20 minutes
Election of officers for the coming year: 15 minutes
Discussion of projects and programs for the Association: Richard Bushman: 30 minutes
Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought –Its possible relationship to the Association: G. Wesley Johnson – 30 minutes
Panel and discussion – “The Writing of Mormon History: Prospects and New Approaches.” Truman Madsen, Ralph Hansen, Alfred Bush – 30 minutes
2. Many of you responded to our first letter by sending $1.00 to provide money for stamps and paper, and secretarial help in connection with getting started. To this date, I have received $30.00. Of course, this will be considered your dues for the first year. [p. 95] Most of you also appended a note giving enthusiastic support to the idea of forming the Association. Several of you added names to our list of those interested. (The list now has 80 names.) Several of you made extended comments about purposes and procedures. (This is a very exciting thing. both intellectually and emotionally, to be in touch with all these kindred spirits.) On one point, may I respond that the original list was only a beginning, and was drawn up by thinking of those who would be most likely to attend the San Francisco meeting of AHA. No attempt was made to exclude Reorganized historians, non-Mormons, lapsed Mormons, persons who are not professional historians, or anyone else.
3. I have omitted mentioning "the doings" of some of the members in this letter because of the bulk of organizational items which must be included.
Leonard J. Arrington
The organizational meeting was held in San Francisco in connection with the annual meeting of the American Historical Association (their first meeting in the American West), in the Monterey room of the Sir Francis Drake Hotel. Minutes of this founding meeting were as follows:
MINUTES OF THE FORMATIVE MEETING OF THE
MORMON HISTORY ASSOCIATION
San Francisco, California, December 28, 1965
This meeting was held in connection with the annual meeting of the American Historical Association. Leonard J. Arrington conducted, and fifty-two persons were in attendance. Among those present were representatives of the Church Historian’s Office, major western universities, L.D.S. Institutes of Religion, the Idaho Historical Society, and the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. At least one prominent non-Mormon historian was present.
I. Meeting: commenced at 7:30 P.M.
II. Invocation by Earl E. Olson.
III. Introductory comments by
Leonard J. Arrington included the following:
A. Welcome and personal introductions of all present. Each person was asked to introduce himself and indicate his interest in the Association.
B. Dr. Arrington discussed the background of the organization, indicating that for some years various people interested in Mormon history had been talking about some kind of formal organization. Last fall in Logan, Utah, a group of historians got together during the Utah Conference on Higher Education and made definite plans which resulted in this meeting. Dr. Arrington was assigned to write the newsletter and do the necessary mailing; Eugene Campbell was assigned to write a proposed constitution; Thomas G. Alexander made arrangements for the meeting place; and Richard Bushman and James B. Allen arranged the program.
C. Dr. Arrington reported that only yesterday he had met with the board of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Society. The Pacific Coast Branch agreed to allow the Mormon History Association to become affiliated with this organization and to be included in the program of its annual meetings. The only stipulation was that the Mormon History Association remain a professional organization interested primarily in scholarly research and writing. Dr. Arrington was charged personally with keeping the Pacific Coast Branch assured that this was the case. The next meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch will be held on August 30, 31, and September 1, 1966, in Portland, Oregon. This will be our first annual meeting, and we will work to make it most rewarding. Chairman of the session will be Dr. James Clayton and arrangements are under the [p. 96] direction of Davis Bitton. A question was raised concerning the reason for having our organization meet at the same time as the Pacific Coast Branch – why not in connection with some other meeting? It was explained by Dr. Arrington that the location of most of the members of the association made it most convenient for the largest number to attend this meeting. It is planned, however, to also have meetings in connection with other associations, but this one will be the official annual meeting.
D. It was announced that three annual awards of $25.00 each will be announced in the next meeting in August. These will go to the author of the best book on Mormon history published in the preceding twelve months; the author of the best article on Mormon history published in the preceding twelve months; and the author of the best thesis or dissertation on Mormon history approved during the preceding twelve months. Awards in all three categories will not necessarily be made every year. For the present, judges will consist of the officers of the Association. Nominations for the awards to be given in August 1966 are welcome.
E. LeRoy Hafen raised a question concerning membership in the Association –is it restricted to Mormons? Dr. Arrington explained that the original thought was that it should include all persons who are interested in Mormon history, regardless of their church affiliation. It should also include professional historians who may not be doing actual research and writing in Mormon history, but who have a kinship of interest. It was seemingly the consensus of the group that there should be no restriction of this nature on membership.
IV. Eugene E. Campbell discussed the proposed constitution, and general discussion from the floor was held on each item. A modified version of the constitution was adopted, and accompanies these minutes. One of the most serious items raised concerned the term of office of the officers. It was suggested that a two-year term would be more meaningful than a one-year term. Dr. Campbell explained that those involved in writing the constitution agreed with this, but felt that it should not actually be written in, in case the people constituting the nominating committee saw the necessity of changing an unsatisfactory officer. It was assumed, however, that the nominating committee would work this out and would probably re-nominate the president and other officers for a second term. It was felt best, however, not to make a constitutional fiat in this respect. The group accepted this explanation. In connection with Article IV of the constitution, dues were raised from $1.00 to $2.00, and all present members were asked to pay their additional $1.00 as soon as possible.
V. Eugene Campbell, as chairman of the nominating committee, nominated the following people as officers of the Association:
President: Leonard J. Arrington, Utah State University
1st Vice President: Eugene E. Campbell, Brigham Young University
2nd Vice President: James L. Clayton, University of Utah
Secretary/Treasurer: Dello G. Dayton, Weber State College
Council Members: Alfred Bush, Princeton University
Robert Flanders, Graceland College
Davis Bitton, University of California at Santa Barbara
Merle Wells, Idaho State Historical Society
Dr. Campbell explained that these nominations generally reflected the names which had been mentioned most frequently on the ballots that had come in. Nominations from the floor were called for. There being no further nominations, these officers were installed by acclamation.
VI. Richard Bushman discussed the general topic: “Projects and Programs.”
A. He indicated that his discussion was only to present ideas of what we might be doing, in addition to our regular meetings and research, but certainly not in-[p. 97]tended to commit the Association to any of these programs, or to call for immediate action on them.
B. Since Truman G. Madsen, who is director of the Institute of Mormon Studies at B.Y.U., could not attend because of illness, Dr. Bushman gave a brief report on some of the things the Institute might do, and which this Association might be interested in. He explained that the Institute was still involved primarily with doing special research projects of interest to church leaders. Some of these projects, however, would involve some historical research, and money may be available to scholars who are interested in working on such projects.
C. Dr. Bushman suggested that we should be looking forward to the possibility of preparing for a new comprehensive history of the church which could be published in connection with the 1980 sesquicentennial. The administration of B.Y.U. and the Institute of Mormon Studies are interested, and some money is available for appropriate projects. Several things might possibly be done in cooperation with the Institute.
D. It would be important to collect ideas on areas which need to be worked on – a broad survey which would include not only new ideas, but a way of collecting all the materials already being worked on. It would hopefully include a broad listing from many universities, libraries, etc. The Institute of Mormon Studies would volunteer to collect materials, and to dispense one-page summaries of items submitted. The Mormon History Association could contribute by collecting problems, materials, etc.
E. In discussion from the floor, objection was raised to the possibility of an official connection between this Association and the Institute of Mormon Studies. It was generally felt that this Association should stand alone, not being dependent upon any other group for its projects or its activities. Dr. Bushman explained that he did not intend to suggest an official connection, and agreed with the general feeling. He was merely presenting ideas about what needed to be accomplished
VII. Wesley Johnson, one of the managing editors of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, reported on the plans for this new publication, the first issue of which will appear in early 1966.
A. He indicated that it will include articles, a book review section (including essay reviews), and bibliographical essays.
B. The present thought is to put out three regular issues each year, plus a special issue on a particular topic or theme. He made an informal proposal that the Mormon History Association take over the third issue as the first of these special theme issues. Leonard Arrington was appointed guest editor for such an issue.
C. He expressed his hope that Dialogue would stand for the spirit of free but responsible inquiry. They have had a wide response from people in all parts of the country with a wide variety of backgrounds.
D. He indicated that Dialogue wanted to stimulate good writing as well as responsible scholarship. The editors invite all interested to submit good articles, and to help obtain good articles from others. Perhaps a series of annual prizes can eventually be awarded by Dialogue.
E. In response to a question about the relationship of the non-Mormon to Dialogue, he indicated that it was intended that basic control of the publication remain with church members. Articles, however, were solicited from all sources, regardless of church affiliation, and there would be absolutely no discrimination on the basis of church membership. The only basis for selection would be good scholarship, good writing, and appropriateness of material.
F. When Dr. Johnson finished, Dr. Arrington asked that all members submit to him ideas for articles to be included in the third issue which, it was generally assumed, the Mormon History Association would take over. He asked that mem-[p. 98]bers submit articles by June 1, 1966 and that we also inform others who have good material of this deadline, encouraging them to submit their work.
VIII. A panel discussion was held on the general topic of ideas for new approaches to Mormon history. Participants on the panel were Ralph Hansen of Stanford University and Klaus Hansen of Utah State University. James B. Allen was moderator.
A. Ralph Hansen emphasized the need for more research in primary sources. He suggested the possibility of a more concerted effort to collect more manuscripts and place them in depositories where they would be readily available for research. He decried the fact that so many valuable manuscripts were still highly restricted in their use, and suggested that the best insight into Mormon history can be obtained only when they are available.
B. Klaus Hansen suggested that many non-Mormons are now taking Mormon history very seriously and that Mormons ought therefore to take themselves a little less seriously. By this he implied that Mormons ought not to write their history with the idea of regulating the future, as some have done. An important function of the historian is that of critic. We need to clarify our criticism, and evaluate the past critically, but we should not see ourselves in the role of priest and prophet. That is, we should not assume that our history gives us all the answers. We need to explode a few myths, but we do not need to try to create a new society. We should take ourselves a little tongue-in-cheek, but we ought to consider ourselves as the memory, not the prophets of the future.
C. A brief discussion ensued.
IX. The meeting adjourned at 10:20 p.m.
James B. Allen
Secretary Pro tem
The following constitution was adopted.
MORMON HISTORY ASSOCIATION: CONSTITUTION
Article I—In order to foster scholarly research and publication in the field of Mormon history, and to promote fellowship and communication among scholars interested in Mormon history, an international organization is hereby formed with the name: “Mormon History Association.”
Article II—The officers of the Mormon History Association shall be as follows:
1st Vice President
2nd Vice President
Council – 3 year term – East: To arrange meetings in connection with the American Historical Association.
Council – 2 year term – Midwest: To arrange meetings in connection with the Organization of American Historians.
Council – 1 year term – Far West: To arrange meetings in connection with the Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association.
Council – 1 year term – Far West: To arrange meetings in connection with the Western History Association.
Council – 1 year term: Immediate Past President
Article III – The officers shall be nominated by an official nominating committee consisting of the president and any two of the council members. Nominations shall be listed in the newsletters preceding the annual meeting of the Association. Suggestions for nominations may be submitted to the nominating committee by any member, and [p. 99] additional nominations may be made from the floor at the elections to be held at the annual meeting. The term of office of the president, vice presidents, secretary-treasurer, and past presidents shall be one year. The term of office of each council member, beginning with those elected in 1966 shall be three years. All of the officers shall comprise the Executive Council of the Association.
Article IV – Annual dues of two dollars shall be assessed all members. Such dues must be paid within a month after the annual meeting in order for a member to remain in good standing for the ensuing year.
Article V – The annual meeting shall be scheduled in conjunction with the annual convention of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association. Other meetings shall be promoted by the officers in conjunction with the annual conventions of the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, the Western History Association, and at the call of officers or at the request of members.
Article VI – Membership in the Association shall consist of charter members who have paid dues before February 1, 1966, and others who indicate their desire to join by the payment of annual dues.
Article VII – Amendments to this constitution may be proposed from the floor at the annual meeting or by petition signed by five members and forwarded to the president. Voting on proposed amendments shall be by secret ballot sent to each member. The proposed amendment shall become part of the constitution when a majority of the members who submit their ballots before the established deadline shall vote in the affirmative.
Subsequent correspondence invited the submission of articles to be published in the MHA issue of Dialogue; informed members of planned get-togethers at meetings of the Organization of American Historians, Western History Association, American Historical Association, and Pacific Coast Branch: and announced that eighty charter members had paid their dues by February 1, 1966, of which two were Reorganized Church historians and three were non-Mormons (Merle Wells, Jan Shipps, P. A. M. Taylor). The memberships included a liberal sprinkling of professors outside of Utah, LDS Institute instructors, and persons not affiliated with academic or archival institutions (e.g., Juanita Brooks, David L. Wilkinson,Ward Forman). Suggestive of the important role women would play in the organization, there were five women charter members of Mormon History Association. The roster of members included persons living in all sections of the United States and at least two in foreign Countries. Some were professors or students specializing in Western American history. Others were in ancient, medieval, modern European, Latin American, and American history. Some were in such other fields as literature, economics, sociology, and anthropology. Others were "amateurs" who wished to deepen their understanding of Mormon history and to support the various undertakings of the Association.
In the three years that followed, 1966-1969, MHA held its annual meeting in August in association with conventions of the Pacific Coast Branch. In 1970 the official meeting was in Los Angeles during the April meetings of the Organization of American Historians. In 1971 the business meeting was held in October in Santa Fe, in connection with the convention of the Western History Association. During these years meetings were also held in association with the Organization of American Historians in April, Pacific Coast Branch in August, [p. 100] Western History Association in October, and American Historical Association in December.
Finally, in 1972, the officers decided to hold three-day conventions in the spring in chosen settings separate from other historical groups. The flowering of scholarship was such that there was a need for dozens of persons to present papers, and also for the hundreds of interested nonprofessional historians to hear the papers. This move also coincided with the creation of the LDS Historical Department and the appointment of a group of professional historians to do sponsored research, writing, and publication in the field of Mormon history.
Since 1972 the custom has been for MHA to hold meetings one year in historic Mormon settings (Palmyra, Kirtland, Nauvoo, Independence, and Winter Quarters) and the next year in the Far West (Logan, SL George, Rexburg, Ogden, Provo, Salt Lake City). Officers have conscientiously sent out newsletters, arranged programs, and conducted other business appropriate for the Association. In 1974 the organization, with almost one thousand members, felt itself strong enough to begin the annual publication of the Journal of Mormon History. In addition to MHA business and announcements, the Journal has contained papers presented in the annual meeting and other submitted articles.
If one of the purposes of MHA was to stimulate research and the exchange of ideas among historians, the organization has been remarkably successful. The number of papers presented at our meetings now runs into the hundreds, and the vast majority of these have been published in refereed journals. In addition to its third issue sponsored by the Association in 1966, Dialogue has also published other issues specializing in historical topics. For its part, BYU Studies has carried a section in each issue entitled "The Historian's Corner," which carries short articles, notes, and documents of interest to historians. Each summer a special issue is devoted to articles on some historical theme. The number who attend the annual conventions now averages in excess of five hundred persons.
Some reflections on the functioning of MHA in encouraging
sound scholarship seem to be warranted. All who profess to be Mormon historians
suffer from a certain amount of tension because of a dual loyalty. On the one
hand, virtually all of us are loyal, believing, practicing Latter-day Saints.
We love the Church and want to render service on behalf of it, On the other
hand, we are seekers and writers of historical truth, and are therefore loyal
to the best ideals of our profession. We would be ashamed if we, consciously or
unconsciously, distorted events as they actually happened to fit the demands of
denominational or political prejudice. No one would suggest that our members from
BYU or Graceland, or LDS Institutes or seminaries, or the Church Historical
Department, or those who write for the Ensign
or Saints' Herald, are
any more orthodox or loyal than our members at non-Church universities, or who write for Dialogue, Sunstone, Exponent II; or Courage. Clearly, all of us have our place; all can honestly search for truth and make important contributions to our common culture. We all believe in vigorous, open-minded, and creative historical thinking and writing.
[p. 101] This tension between our historical training and our religious commitments manifests itself in several ways. Our testimonies tell us that God intervenes in history, and we see abundant evidence of this both in our personal lives and in our historical research. But our historical training tells us to be skeptical; we may be imagining this, or our religious beliefs may he intruding beyond their proper limits. We see evidence that God's love and power have frequently broken in upon the ordinary course of human affairs in a direct and self-evident way. But our caution in declaring this is reinforced by our justifiable dis-approval of chroniclers who take the easy way out and use divine miracles as a short circuit of a causal explanation that is obviously, or at least defensibly, naturalistic.
The professional in us fights against religious naivete believing too much. The religionist in us fights against secular naivete believing too little. And if this internal warfare weren't enough, we have a similar two-front war externally against non-Mormons who think we LDS historians believe too much, and against super-Mormons who think we believe not enough. There is no alternative to this encounter with the four kinds. If we are to succeed as Mormon historians, we must have deep within us a faith, counted to us as righteousness I trust, that a person may be a converted Latter-day Saint and a competent and honest historian. That others support us in this calling, even while criticizing some products of our labors, is suggested by the remark of President Kimball to me before: his recent illness, "Our history is our history, Brother Arrington, and we don't need to tamper with it or be ashamed of it." A similar statement was made to me before his death by his predecessor. President Harold B. Lee. "The best defense of the church," he said (in a statement similar to the one made earlier by Pope John XXIII), "is the true and impartial account of our history."
Let me suggest four principles to help guide us in our struggles to "do the right thing" in writing the history of our people. First, we should rise as far as humanly possible above all parochialism of time and place that might narrow or distort our historical vision. We must judge the people we write about by their own standards rather than by those of our own day.
Second, granted the inevitability of having to make judgments of men, women, organizations, policy-decisions, and programs, we should obtain and weigh all the relevant data before judgment is inferred. Those of us who have been in the field for many years recognize that the result of a long and honest attempt to get at all the historical evidence about any disputed event or personality is an overwhelming sense of the complexity and relativity of the issues. In trying to be fair, we tend to show mercy. To take a concrete case, any historian who writes about the Prophet Joseph Smith is sooner or later forced to take up an attitude toward him. Our ideal must be to see him as nearly as possible as the Lord saw him, in his weaknesses and his strengths, his compromises and his triumphs, his creative decisions and his forced compliances with circumstances beyond his control. In the resulting judgment justice is tempered with mercy.
Third, we should be realistic. We must deal with the competition of individuals and groups for wealth and power, the game of power politics, the cruel-[p. 102]ties which poverty forces on people, and the awful destruction of earthquakes and wars. At the same time, however, we see instances of unexpected and unexplainable triumphs in human nature Although we must be realistic, our realism must be balanced by a certain wonder and appreciation of the potentials of goodness and greatness in human beings.
Fourth, we must be relativists; that is, understand that all policies and procedures, standards and expectations, arc subject to change. But while man is immersed in history, he may also, with God's help, transcend history. In giving economic, political, and intellectual factors their due, we must also give faith and religion their due.
In a way, we LDS historians have certain advantages in writing the history of our people. We have an obligation to apply in our professional work the doctrine of consecration and stewardship. The work of historical inquiry is a way of sanctifying ourselves—a way of exercising our stewardship. This means that we have an added incentive to be diligent, hardworking, and honest, even when honesty (i.e., fidelity to the documents] forces us to speak contrary to the usual ideas on the subject. Historical research conducted with the usual rigor is for us not only a professional requisite but a spiritual adventure as well. Research into the history of the church is not only a vocation, but capable of becoming a religious experience.
If we members of MHA do our work properly, we will come to
be associated in the minds of our nonmember colleagues with a certain attitude
reward history, with the quality of our concern about it, with the sense of
reverence and responsibility with which we approach our assignments. To say this
another way, our self-image and our public image will be influenced by the quality
of our individual religious faith and life. There will be a certain reverence
and respect for the documents we work with, a certain feeling for human tragedy
and triumph in history. We will try to understand before we condemn, and if we condemn we will do it with the sense that we, too, being human, are
involved in any judgment we may make of others. We will not use history as a storehouse
from which deceptively simple moral lessons may be drawn at random. We will not
know it all, and will submit our analyses as tentative and
subject to refinement We will neither sell our fellow human being short, nor overrate them. Behind the personal decisions and the vast impersonal forces of history we will also see divine purposes at work. We will look for the working of God both in the whirlwinds and in the still small voices.
One of the things that excites me about our work is the way
in which it enables us to have an encounter with our fellow Saints of former
years. LDS history is more than the establishment of certain objective facts -
dates, places, numbers, and names. It is a history of Saints, in their mutual
their conflicts and contacts, in their social intercourse and in their solitude and estrangement, in their high aspirations and in their errors and corruptions. In fulfilling our obligations as scholars we must be responsible to the whole amplitude of human concerns -- to human life in all its rich variety and diversity, in all its misery and grandeur, in all its ambiguity and contradictions.
I trust that we will all, as members of MHA, resolve that our histories will he marked by thorough research, superior writing, and the display of the true [p. 103] spirit of Latter-day Saintism, and that our history will give us and our readers new understandings of Mormon experiences in the past and present.
I will shortly he
turning over my file of MHA early documents to the MHA official
archives at the Utah State Historical Society. The documents included here, together with
documents supporting all the historical statements will be found there.
With respect to my reflections in the last half of the article, I have profited from reading the following: C. T. McIntire, ed. God, History, and Historians: An Anthology of Modern Christian Views of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977); Frank E. Manuel, Freedom From History and Other Untimely Essays (New York: New York University Press, 1971); Christopher Dawson, Progress and Religion: An Historical Enquiry (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1929), and The Historical Reality of Christian Culture (New York: Scribner’s Sons, Publishers, 1950); E. Harris Harbison, Christianity and History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956); Page Smith, The Historian and History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954); Arnold Toynbee, An Historian’s Approach to Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Robert N. Bellah, Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditional World (New York: Harper & Row, 1976); and George Santayana, The Life of Reason: Reason in Religion (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, Publishers, 1936).
Latter-day Saint essays, which deal with these problems include: Richard L. Bushman, "Faithful History," Dialogue 4 (Winter 1969): 11-25; Leonard Arrington, "The Search for Truth and Meaning in Mormon History,” Dialogue 3 (Summer 1968): 56--66; Richard D. Poll, "God and Man in History," Dialogue 7 (Spring 1972): 101-109; Robert B. Flanders, "Some Reflections on the New Mormon History,” Dialogue 9 (Spring 1974): 34-11; Rodman W. Paul, "The Mormons as a Theme in Western Historical Writing," Journal of American History 54 (December 1967): 511-523; Louis C. Midgley, "A Critique of Mormon Historians: The Questions of Faith and History," typescript, paper delivered at the Western History Association, San Antonio, Texas. October 15, 1981; Philip L. Barlow, "Since Brodie: The Writing of the Mormon Past, 1945-1981," 1981, typescript, copy provided the writer by the author; Davis Bitton, "Ten Years in Church History: A Personal Memoir," typescript, 1982, copy provided the writer by the author, Thomas G. Alexander, "Toward the New Mormon History: An Examination of the Literature on the Latter-day Saints in the Far West," in Michael P. Malone, ed. Historians and the American West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 344-368; James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company 1976); Leonard Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience (New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1979); Boyd K. Packer, "The Mantle is Far, Far Greater Than the Intellect," BYU Studies 2l (Summer 1981): 259-278; LeAnn Cragun, "Mormons and History: In Control of the Past" (Ph.D. diss., University of Hawaii, 1981); and Clara Viator Dobay, "Essays in Mormon Historiography" (Ph.D. diss., University of Houston, 1980).
Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, 1985
Journal of Mormon History 12 (1985): 43-52.
Entre Nous: An Intimate History of MHA
Maureen Ursenbach Beecher is a senior research historian at the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History and Associate Professor of English at Brigham Young University. This paper was delivered as her presidential address honoring the twentieth anniversary of the Mormon History Association, May 5, 1985, in Independence, Missouri. [Footnotes in the published article are represented in brackets in this transcript at the place they appeared in the original publication.]
I have spent the past few months “where angels fear to tread,” researching through documents and interviews of the Mormon History Association. That a student of comparative literature should deign to write history is foolish enough, but that she should choose to write a history of a group of historians, using as sources their own descriptions of their activities, and then deliver her findings to those same historians as audience - that is the ultimate idiocy. The only justification I can claim is the meaning that the exercise has had for me; on some very basic levels it has been a venture into a past I shared, a past I acknowledge as intensely mine. So now I offer, in acknowledgement of this, its twentieth year, an intimate history of the Mormon History Association.
For the purposes of this work, I have set aside my conviction that the historical past begins where my memory stops and have replaced the search for any sense of historical absolute with the more literary value of tenuous subjectivity. The usual sources for historical research, the dusty documents neatly flied in gray fiberdex boxes, were in this case those already collected at the archives of the Utah State Historical Society and some few still in the hands of their originators. They tell as much of the MHA story as is revealed in newsletters, convention programs, and correspondence files. But there is missing in those sources an essential element the je ne sais qua that makes this organization different from all other organizations. So in search for that essence, and with the incomparable assistance of Gordon Irving, I have interviewed, in greater or lesser length, as many of the past presidents of the association as possible, considering my time and that of secretaries and staff. The documents thus created, and others yet to be added, will in the long run prove the most significant contribution of this presentation.
The group I have chosen to focus on, the past presidents, is simply a handy collection of those MHA members who represent the geographical spread. The nominating committees of MHA have consciously chosen presidents from a variety of places and institutions; people who have come from various specialties western history, European history, economics, religious studies, philosophy, even law; and people who have represented in some way the various "constituencies" of which we are so aware. More than that, they have demonstrated, at least at some point in their careers, commitment to the Mormon History Association. The past presidents are simply a handy group; another eighteen people similarly selected would have served almost as well.
Those informal chats, which had they been conducted by a more qualified practitioner would be termed oral histories, have in themselves been an education in historical humility. Lawrence Durrell, English novelist, demonstrated in fiction a principle I have found deeply imbedded in these accounts of events viewed simultaneously by different observers, His Alexandria Quartet (1957-60) related a series of happenings through the accounts of four of the participants in the events, each telling creating its own novel. The varied tellings, independently convincing but mutually contradictory, finally wove together in the final resolving novel to suggest not only that truth is a matter of point of view, but also that that is truth which most contradicts itself. So it is with these accounts of shared real-life events and explanations of their causes and effects. The difference is that where the literary genius can weave his own story, make his own determinations, the historian must re-create the reality from external evidence, not all of which are available. Just as well, I suppose. No one can legitimately alter a novelist's "truth"; a historian's truths are always subject to revision.
In my re-creation here, then, of some of the
events of our shared history, I will surely present events not exactly as they
are remembered, even by those
individuals whose accounts I have as sources. Be humble, historians, and remember
that we all commit the same offense upon our sources, alive or dead, and that
"the truth" is not singular and simple, but multifaceted and complex.
The lesson of literature is to glory in that rich texture as we identify its
Leonard Arrington told the basic story of the beginning of the Mormon History Association in his account published in our 1983 Journal of Mormon History. [Leonard J. Arrington, “Reflections on the Founding and Purpose of the Mormon History Association,” Journal of Mormon History 10 (1983): 91-103.] His account is of the Mormon History Association as an organization. My interest here is in the MHA in the lives of its members, in those interrelationships it has fostered that in turn have enhanced the MHA and had impact on the field of Mormon historical scholarship. If these observations partake of the nature of celebration, so be it. “Ourselves we sing” is a mode made comfortable by writers contemporary with our Mormon beginnings.
“The old boys’ club” is a sometimes pejorative term
for what I see more positively as the network on which MHA is built. The
linking of scholar to scholar is the lively force behind its generation and
development, and the most satisfying aspect of its being. There is no surprise to the revelation that
the building of that network is Leonard Arrington's work, but how deliberately and
with what energy and persistence he built is not so well known. Almost
without exception every president has been brought to the organization by some
connection with Leonard. His files would provide a "how-to" for the academic entrepreneur: letters congratulating a scholar on a publication; letters inviting a colleague to present a paper; letters noting a professor's anticipated presence in Logan, accompanied by an invitation to dinner and an evening's talk (in this light, let us herewith pay tribute to Grace's culinary skill and southern hospitality, and acknowledge her co-parenthood, with Leonard, of MHA, a role now assumed by Harriet). Such letters preceded by several years the auspicious one inviting his correspondents to attend a 1965 meeting to begin the organization itself.
The Logan connection, then, was Leonard. All the signs were propitious. As he observed in his own account, there was flourishing a rebirth, since the war, of scholarship on Mormon history. Serious historians were meeting during summers in the Historian's Office of the Salt Lake church—and, presumably, also in Independence at the RLDS archives—where, overcoming official tightfistedness with documents, they were sharing both materials and strategems for obtaining materials. [Paul Edwards notes the strangeness of the sharing of materials: “I was raised in graduate school to understand that you didn’t say what you were doing, because someone would steal it. And you certainly didn’t share sources.” The MHA people, he noted, “were passing information back and forth, Xeroxing their own work and sending it to you—unbelievable, just marvelous.” Paul Edwards Oral History, interviewed by Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, 1983, typescript, p. 21.] Dissertations were coming at the rate of two or three a year (in 1952 there were five), Mormon history was no longer polemic; it was academic. Not that everyone recognized this: an LDS educator challenged Jim Allen's use of Great Basin Kingdom in a syllabus, accounting the work to be anti-Mormon. Wendell Rich, in Jim's account, "just jumped in dramatically. I've never seen Wendell quite so excited about defending somebody." Several scholars had anticipated the need for publication outlets, and BYU Studies had begun publication in 1959. [Arrington, however, relates the near doom of that publication when one piece in the mode of the current scholarship caused offense and the journal was suspended for a year. Arrington, “Reflections,” p. 92] Even as MHA was aborning, it was being twinned by Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, in what was to prove it most beneficial symbiosis.
In Logan the field was white, ready for harvest. There George Ellsworth was becoming the resident expert on historical scholarship. The young Turk of his Utah State University department, he was seldom privileged to teach in the area of his first Jove, the history of Greece and Rome, and so had created seminars on historical method. And, as Jan Shipps later discovered when she attended USU, the only materials out of which to learn proper research there were Mormon. George taught his seminars, and Leonard, already a faculty member in economics sat at his feet.
The "underground church," as Leonard calls it, flourishes wherever the organized church exists. Study groups, collections of like-minded Saints in need of a closer brotherhood based on special interests or attitudes, gather to share and compare. In that pattern, Leonard and Grace, George and Maria, together with Eugene Campbell a | history |
http://aviationnewsexpertadambadger.blogspot.com/2009/10/florida-air-museum-receives-grant-to.html | 2018-07-20T14:32:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591683.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720135213-20180720155213-00345.warc.gz | 0.91429 | 124 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__258717979 | en | Sunday, October 18, 2009
Florida Air Museum Receives Grant to Fund a February 2010 Aviation Adventures
The Florida Air Museum in Lakeland, Florida has revived a grant to fund a February 2010 Aviation Adventures lecture by Florida documentary filmmaker Jon Anderson in observance of Black History month. Jon Anderson will lecture on "Silver Wings & Civil Rights: The Fight to Fly," which focuses on the Tuskegee Airmen. The lecture by Jon Anderson will be on February 19, 2010, 7PM in the Florida Air Museum on the Sun 'n Fun campus on Lakeland Linder Regional Airport in Lakeland, Florida. | history |
http://taalikibnrad.myeweb.net/rich_text_35.html | 2019-04-26T09:10:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578762045.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426073513-20190426095513-00054.warc.gz | 0.983331 | 1,800 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__183994839 | en | DID PROPHET MUHAMMAD REALLY EXIST? a commentary
A COMMENTARY WRITTEN BY:
|Agnosticism / Atheism|
Does God Exist?What is Atheism?What is Agnosticism?Myths About AtheismQuestions About AtheismAdvice for AtheistsAtheist Activism & PoliticsSkeptics, Critical ThinkingEthics and MoralitySecular, Religious HumanismEvolution & CreationismChurch/State SeparationReligious Right, ExtremismReligion & TheismBible Analysis, Commentary
|Islam FAQ |
Not very much is known about Muhammad's early life, although he is widely believed to have been born in 570 C.E. in Mecca. The earliest accounts we have of him date to 750 C.E. with the book Life by Ibn Ishaq, more than one hundred years after Muhammad's death. Although this is the first and most basic source for information about the life of Muhammad for all Muslims, it does not present a very flattering portrait of him.
Even then, we don't have any original copies of Ibn Ishaq's work - we only have a later recension by Ibn Hisham (a recension is a critical revision of a text which incorporates plausible elements which can be found in varying sources). Because Hisham died in 834 C.E., that means that our earliest sources appear two hundred years after Muhammad died. Not even the evidence we have from the Sufyandi period, 661-684, makes any mention of Muhammad.
Surviving papyri of that era say nothing, and the coins invoke only Allah, not his Prophet. As late as the second century of the Muslim era, scholarly opinion on Muhammad's birth date differed by as much as 85 years, demonstrating that even at that point there was a great deal of variation in what people knew about Muhammad.
The focus on Mecca is also questionable. Muslim tradition teaches that Mecca was an important crossroads for trade caravans, but the location of Mecca today is not a natural stopping place for the incense route from south Arabia to Syria. Contemporary non-Muslims sources also don't make any mention of such a city, which is very strange if Mecca was indeed important for commerce and religion.
By and large, it appears that the Muslim belief that we have accurate eyewitness reports for every aspect of Muhammad's life is not unlike similar beliefs among Christians regarding Jesus and Orthodox Jews regarding Moses. The motivation lies more in a need to believe than in a sound foundation based on confirmed historical evidence.
Given that, the following description of Muhammad's life is based almost entirely upon the traditional beliefs of adherents and not upon historically confirmable fact. However, where such confirmations exist, they will be noted.
By the time of Ibn Hisham's writings, Islam had entered into extended contact with Christianity, and some scholars suggest that Muhammad's biography was deliberately constructed in an effort to offer a contrast to the gospel stories of Jesus. Indeed, for the first two hundred years of Islam, the Arab conquerors were a minority ruling a non-Muslim majority. Some scholarship estimates that by the middle of the eighth century, Muslims constituted only eight percent of the subject populations, vastly outnumbered by Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and others.
The accounts we do have suggest that Muhammad was an honest and moral man because, for example, the rich widow fifteen years his senior who had put him in charge of her trade business offered herself to him in marriage. Whatever his early life might have been like, tradition has it that as he grew older, he became more distressed at the state of society around him and regularly retired to the cave Hira' outside of Mecca. Here he would sometimes spend days at a time, contemplating life.
During one of these retreats in the year 610 C.E., at about the age of forty, Muhammad experienced "the Call," a common event for religious reformers and revolutionaries. According to his own reports, he was in a dream or dream-like state when he received instruction from God (through the angel Gabriel) on what he must believe and what he must do. These instructions were not a one-time event, however, and lasted throughout his life.
The first instruction was that there existed only one god, and that strict monotheistic belief was required of all people. The second involved socioeconomic justice for all, and the third involved the existence of a final judgment for both the just and the unjust.
Muhammad's preaching of his new revelations was not especially welcome among his fellow citizens of Mecca. Muslims today believe that this was due largely to the fact that Muhammad emphasized economic and social justice too much for the rich and greedy traders there. Even if that is true, and the preaching of these ideals did impede his efforts at first, the doctrine of zakat, or alms for the poor, was important in the development of a tightly knit community of believers - and, ultimately, of Islam's success.
After thirteen years of preaching, the small band of followers he gathered was simply not powerful enough to take control of the city of Mecca. Nevertheless, even if his standing among the city's leaders was not especially good, he must have had a good enough reputation for the city of Medina (located 200 miles north) to approach him and offer him the position of ruler there.
He thus moved his group to Medina in 622, an event which is called the hijra and marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. In Medina he established a charter which guaranteed freedom of religion for the local Jews - but evidently he expected them to quickly convert to Islam once they heard what it had to offer, and he was disappointed when they didn't.
It is at this point where we have the only really secure date for early Muslim history, 622 C.E., which has been confirmed on coins as a the beginning of a new era. What exactly this new era meant is unclear, and there is no indication that it is the hijra of tradition. The only information that we have about it is from documents 676 and 680 C.E., two Nestorian documents which refer to 622 as the year of "the rule of the Arabs."
At this time, then, Muhammad changed the nature of the salat, the daily prayers which each Muslim must recite. Previously all Muslims had faced Jerusalem when saying the prayers, but now they all faced Mecca. This was surely connected to his disappointment with the Jews, but it may have also been connected to his hope of eventually winning over the city to his new religion. Some scholars also take this as a sign of his desire to create a national/ethnic religion for Arabs.
There are normally three reasons offered for Muhammad's interest in taking Mecca. The first was that it was supposed to be an important religious center for Arabs at the time - for his new religion to become widespread, he needed that city. Second, it was supposed to be the seat of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh. If they could be won over, he could use them and their allies to further spread his message.
The third was that the Meccans simply didn't like him very much and continued to harass him and Medina in an effort to repress his efforts. The property and possessions of all of those who left with him had been seized, and a genuine state of war existed between Mecca and Medina.
Various skirmishes eventually lead to a major battle at Badr, where 300 Medinians are supposed to have defeated one thousand Meccans. Because of this, Muhammad was able to sign a treaty with several Bedouin tribes and gain their aid; but he lost it again after a defeat to the Meccans the next year.
During all of this, Muhammad accused local Jewish tribes of conspiring to aid Mecca. After Badr, the Medinese Jews were attacked and forced to emigrate to Syria. After the defeat at Uhud, the Nadir tribe of Jews received the same fate. Two years later, after a failed Meccan siege of Medina was over, the Qurayza tribe of Jews was attacked and all the men were killed.
Eventually, eight years after the hijra, Mecca was forced to negotiate a peaceful surrender to Muhammad and almost all citizens became Muslims. Thereafter Mecca would remain a center of devotion for Muslims all over the world. During the next two years, Islam swept across Arabia with most cities voluntarily joining, but a few remained stubborn and had to be brought in by force.
On June 8, 632 (eleven years after the hijra), Muhammad died. By the 640s, Arabs possessed most of Syria, Iraq, Persia, and Egypt. Thirty years later they were conquering parts of Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. | history |
http://www.gvwsg.com/2013/03/reminder-memorial-lecture-eileen-wheeler-march-7-2013/ | 2015-12-01T02:02:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464396.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00059-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.949214 | 512 | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__56939141 | en | This year’s Memorial Lecture will be presented by Eileen Wheeler. Ms Wheeler is a researcher and writer in the social history of textiles, with a particular interest in the relationship between textiles and women’s history. She is a published author and has presented her work at international textile conferences. This is going to be a fascinating talk. Come early to make sure you have a seat.
Engaging Women’s History through Textiles: Narratives of Memory by Eileen Wheeler
This lecture explores how ‘textile narratives’, stories imbedded in women’s long association with textiles, are historical sources that can help ‘clothe’ women’s history. With examples drawn from an imprisoned suffrage embroiderer, a World War II Latvian refugee knitwear designer, and a Japanese-Canadian textile artist, we see how women have negotiated particular historical circumstances that include political resistance and dislocation to give ‘voice’ to their history, culture and identity. These textile narratives, expressions of agency, can be used to enhance women’s history and its stories, too often marginalized in the past.
Time: Mark your calendar for 7:30 p.m. Thursday 7th of March. This event is free and is open to the public as well as Guild members.
Refreshments: The Guild members are asked to bring a plate of finger food as a contribution to the post-talk refreshments. Thank you.
Location: Kanata Co-operative Community Building, 7155 Blake Street, Vancouver, BC
Driving Directions: From the east and north: Get yourself onto Boundary Road travelling south. Go straight on Boundary, crossing 49th Ave and turn right at Arbor St., the first traffic light south of 49th Ave. Turn right at Matheson Ave and continue. Follow the curving road along until the road straightens out. On your right is a small parking lot beside the Community Building.
From the west and south: Travel east along 49th Avenue to the corner of Tyne Street. The Salvation Army has a building on the north east corner of this intersection you can use as a marker. Turn right down Tyne and continue past 54th Avenue. At this point Tyne becomes Champlain Crescent. Turn left at the second street on your left after 54th Avenue. This is Blake Street. The Community Building will be on your left about halfway up Blake with the parking lot adjacent to it. | history |
http://williamtellsspot.blogspot.com/2007/11/salute-to-our-veterans.html | 2018-07-16T22:07:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589470.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716213101-20180716233101-00278.warc.gz | 0.982339 | 126 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__57744876 | en | We want to pay honor to our veterans today and show them respect for the dedication and sacrifices they have made for the love of our country. Veterans have always had a special place in our heart.
A part of what makes my hometown special is our WWI Doughboy statue. It stands in front of our public library. It is one of less than 150 doughboy statues in our country and we're very proud that our little hometown has one.
So here's a big thank you for the men and women who have served our country. We're very proud to be able to pay tribute to you on Veteran's Day! | history |
http://www.bluenc.com/national-coming-out-day | 2014-08-21T02:22:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500813887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021333-00249-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.969683 | 308 | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-35__0__117669012 | en | Today was National Coming Out Day. An event that was started over 2 decades ago. Today at NCSU hundreds of students got their I <3 Diversity shirts from the NCSU GLBT CA and about 100 of them came over to my Democracy NC table and registered to vote. The free expression tunnel was painted in recognition of this event. There are a whole week of celebratory events. It was a good day for democracy and equality.
National Coming Out Day (NCOD) is an internationally observed civil awareness day celebrating gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer, etc. people and communities. The name coming out describes their process of publicly identifying their sexual orientation. It is observed annually by members of LGBT communities and their straight supporters on October 11.
A little more wikipedia history:
NCOD was founded in 1988 by Robert Eichberg, a psychologist from New Mexico and founder of the personal growth workshop, The Experience, and Jean O'Leary, an openly-gay political leader from Los Angeles and then head of the National Gay Rights Advocates. The date of October 11 was chosen because it was the anniversary of the 1987 National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights.
It is also the anchoring event of LGBT History Month:
LGBT History Month is a month-long annual observance of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender history, and the history of the gay rights and related civil rights movements. It is observed during October in the United States, to include National Coming Out Day on October 11 | history |
http://lcfanfic.com/faq_history.html | 2024-04-17T17:58:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817171.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417173445-20240417203445-00517.warc.gz | 0.975595 | 914 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__100505194 | en | Frequently Asked Questions About the History of the Lois & Clark Fanfic Archive
This FAQ page last updated Oct. 14, 2023
The very first Lois & Clark fanfic story was "Lois and Clark Meet the X-Files," written by Zoomway. She said her L&C/X-Files crossover story was written in 1994 and that it was a joke-type story "inspired by the fact that the same actor who played 'Deep Throat' on the X-Files that year also played farmer Wayne Irig in the episode 'Green Green Glow of Home' on Lois & Clark."
You set the bar very high, Zoom! Thank you.
Lois & Clark fanfiction has been around nearly as long as the show itself — from the very first season, fans were putting pens to paper (or fingers to keyboard!) and creating wonderful stories about our favorite couple.
In the early days of the fandom, there was an email distribution list to get the stories out to the fans. Beginning in 1994, Rhen Brink ran the listserv and every few months would compile an index of all the stories that had gone out. By 1995, past stories were archived on an automated majordomo server, and readers, after consulting Rhen's index of filenames and story descriptions, could send a command to the majordomo site via email, requesting that stories be sent to them. Then Rhen moved the stories into an FTP archive, which let readers more easily download stories.
In the spring of 1996, LaurenW came up with a Web-based front end to the FTP archive that allowed people to read stories from the FTP archive simply by clicking on a link. This website — which at the time was a huge innovation! — was the first incarnation of the Lois & Clark Fanfic Archive.
In the summer of 1997, Rhen decided to retire from fanfic, and L&C fanfic found itself at a crossroads — how would fans continue to get new stories? Fortunately, the answer came quickly. Demi emailed a group of people who were active in fanfic at the time with a proposal — why not form a committee to take over the running of the archive? By spreading the workload (which at that time was increasing rapidly) among several people, no one person would be have to shoulder all the work by themselves, as Rhen had done for so many years. (Sadly, Rhen passed a few years later, but she left FoLCdom with a wonderful legacy. Without her, L&C fanfic would not be what it is today.)
By September 1997, the new team was in place — including Kathy Brown in the newly created "Editor in Chief" position — and the L&C Fanfic Archive began to see a number of big changes. New stories were now uploaded once each weekend rather than sporadically as they came in. A new header format was added to each story, making it easier to find the author's name, email address, submission date, and — something else brand new to the archive — a G, PG or PG-13 content rating. Perhaps the biggest change to the way the archive operated, however, was the creation of a team of "General Editors" who began reviewing each story in order to correct grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes. All of these changes helped form the archive into the entity it is today.
In April 2001, Kathy Brown stepped down as Editor in Chief, passing the reins on to LabRat, who held the position for 22 years. The current Co-Editors-in-Chief are KSaraSara and SuperBek. Since its beginning, the archive has grown to include more than 4,000 stories, with still more being uploaded every year. The archive continues to be extremely popular, getting thousands of hits every month. And be sure to look out for the upcoming implementation of our newest feature — a keyword search function that will allow readers to generate lists of stories based on their specific tastes!
My most sincere thanks go to everyone who has contributed to the success of the L&C Fanfic Archive, either with their time or with their donation to our fundraiser. The outpouring of support that the archive has received over the years proves once again why FoLCdom is a wonderful place to be. :)
L&C Fanfic Archive
(updated with new info in 2023) | history |
https://akissonthechic.typepad.com/laura_mccollough_scrapboo/2011/03/happy-st-patricks-day-.html | 2022-12-04T08:55:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710968.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204072040-20221204102040-00633.warc.gz | 0.983449 | 1,170 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__28735029 | en | A little TRUTH about good ol' St. Patrick...
The REAL St. Patrick ~ by Ted Olsen from Christianity Today
Meet Patrick ~
Allow me to introduce myself. You may have heard of me. My name is Patrick. But before everybody celebrates another day, I decided to come back 1,500 years to set the record straight about who I am and what I've done.
You see, people say all kinds of strange things about me. They draw these pictures of me with a green hat and a red beard, short and putting out my fists or holding a mug of beer. As if I were a leprechaun. They think I carry around three or four leaf clovers. And then there's that legend that I got rid of all the snakes in Ireland. Well, how would you like your memory to forever be associated with slithering reptiles?
First, a few misconceptions about Patrick:
Patrick isn't really a Saint with a capital S, having never been officially canonized by Rome. And Patrick couldn't have driven the snakes out of Ireland because there were never any snakes there to begin with. He wasn't even the first evangelist to Ireland (Palladius had been sent in 431,about five years before Patrick went). Patrick isn't even Irish. He's from what's now Dumbarton, Scotland (just northwest of Glasgow).
Patrick was 16 years old in about the year 405, when he was captured in a raid and became a slave in what was still radically pagan Ireland. Far from home, he clung to the religion he had ignored as a teenager. Even though his grandfather had been a priest, and his father a town councilor, Patrick "knew not the true God." But forced to tend his master's sheep in Ireland, he spent his six years of bondage mainly in prayer. He escaped at the suggestion of a dream and returned home.
Patrick was in his mid-40s when he returned to Ireland.Palladius had not been very successful in his mission, and the returning former slave replaced him. Intimately familiar with the Irish clan system (his former master, Milchu, had been a chieftain), Patrick's strategy was to convert chiefs first, who would then convert their clans through their influence. Reportedly, Milchu was one of his earliest converts.
Though he was not solely responsible for converting the island, Patrick was quite successful. He made missionary journeys all over Ireland, and it soon became known as one of Europe's Christian centers. This, of course, was very important to fifth-century Christians, for whom Ireland was one of the "ends of the earth."
Why the Shamrock?
I got this image from http://www.vbs.blog.com
The shamrock is a symbol both for the Holy Trinity and St. Patrick (389-461). The shamrock is a clover plant with a yellow flower and leaflets made up of a stem with three small green leaves. The plant is very common and widely distributed throughout Ireland.
St. Patrick was a zealous missionary to the Irish, a people who upon his arrival in 432 had heard little or nothing of Jesus and his gospel. St. Patrick was an energetic traveler, a determined evangelizer, and a courageous preacher, and as he canvassed the countryside he was assailed by bitter opponents who threatened his life and undermined his message, but undeterred, he made hundreds and thousands of converts.
Whether St. Patrick was speaking to local pagans who knew nothing of the Christian faith, or to neophytes, newly-baptized disciples who were not well-grounded in the truths of the faith, he was faced with the daunting task of explaining profound mysteries such as the Trinity which are so difficult to understand.
There are several popular legends about how St. Patrick used the shamrock to explain the mystery of the Trinity. According to one story, St. Patrick went to Connaught where he met two of King Laoghaire’s daughters, Ethne and Fedelm. St. Patrick had been unable to persuade the king to convert, but he convinced the king’s daughters. During their time of instruction St. Patrick used a shamrock to visualize the mystery of the Trinity, how a single plant with three leaves is analogous to the one Triune God with three separate and distinct Persons (Thurston, H. J., ed., Butler’s Lives of the Saints, Vol. 1, 615).
According to another legend, St. Patrick used a shamrock to help explain the Trinity in a sermon he preached directly to King Laoghaire.
According to a third legend, St. Patrick was traveling and happened upon a number of Irish chieftains along a meadow. The tribal leaders were curious about the Trinity and asked St. Patrick for an explanation. So he bent down, picked a shamrock, and showed it to them, and explained how the three leaves are part of the one plant, and how similarly the three Persons, Father, Son, and Spirit, are part of one Supreme Being.
So, some very interesting FACTS about Maewyn Succat. YES, that's most likely his REAL name, though Patricius was his Romanicized name, and he was later came to be familiar as Patrick!
Have a WONDERFUL day celebrating!
And... take a moment to think about the missionaries around the world spreading the Gospel and also YOUR FAITH, and how blessed we are that so many AMAZING people before us went through SO much to share the LOVE OF GOD!
Here's a FREE vintage image from Vintage Holiday Crafts | history |
https://www.cobb-vantress.com/en_US/news/remembering-tony-barnes-former-president-of-cobb-vantress-llc/ | 2023-12-05T21:00:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00469.warc.gz | 0.962482 | 174 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__24237189 | en | Remembering Tony Barnes, former President of Cobb-Vantress, LLC.
Tony Barnes, the Englishman who helped lay the foundation for Cobb-Vantress to become one of the world’s leading poultry breeding companies, passed away on November 19, 2022 in Siloam Springs, Arkansas, USA.
As the company’s president from 1983 to 1996, he brought the Cobb500™ broiler breeder from the UK to the United States. He also stewarded the company’s move from its original home in Concord, Massachusetts to Northwest Arkansas in 1986.
He eventually was appointed as President of Cobb Inc. and helped oversee the acquisition of Cobb-Vantress by Tyson Foods in 1994. He retired from Cobb in 1996.
A service of remembrance will take place on Monday, November 28 in Siloam Springs. | history |
https://www.ls.tum.de/en/ls/about-us/history/ | 2023-10-02T11:50:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00322.warc.gz | 0.962958 | 1,526 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__58790388 | en | The St. Stephan church on the hill dates back to the early 8th century. When St. Corbinian arrived in Freising in 724, he established a cell at the site, which became the hub of his theological activities. In 843 the collegiate monastery of St. Stephan was formed by bishop Hitto, which was later destroyed by the Hungarians in 909, as was the nearby monastery St. Veit.
The first documented use of the name ‘Wihanstephan’ (Weihenstephan) can be found on a deed of donation to the two monasteries dating from 1003. St. Stephan was turned into the Benedictine monastery Weihenstephan by Bishop Egilbert in 1021 and remained so until German secularization in 1803.
Until the early 19th century, scientific education in Freising took place at Domberg (Cathedral Hill), also known as “Lehrberg” or “wisdom hill”, while Weihenstephan remained the site of the brewery – hence its nickname “Nährberg” or “nutrient hill”.
Chronology: Weihenstephan as a site for science and teaching
- 1803 Founding of the “School of Agriculture” and the “Central Tree Nursery for the Electorate Weihenstephan”. First lecturer, Max Schönleutner
- 1807 The Napoleonic Wars (1792 – 1815) force the closing of the school
- 1822 Re-opening of the School of Agriculture in Schleissheim
- 1852 Relocation of school to Weihenstephan
- 1855 Founding of the Bavarian Agricultural Experiment Institute by Justus v. Liebig
- 1895 Weihenstephan becomes the "Royal Bavarian Academy for Agriculture and Beer Brewing”
- 1928 - 1930 The Weihenstephan Academy is incorporated into the Technical College of Munich (later to become the Technische Universität München or TUM)
- 1970 Planned development of the campus, canteen and central auditorium buildings with practical training facilities
- 1998 Relocation of the TUM Department of Biology to Weihenstephan
- 1999 The Forestry Department of the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich now becomes part of the TUM
- 2000 Establishment of the Wissenschaftszentrum für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt (TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan): the four departments on campus are united to become a single school
- 2020 Transformation into the TUM School of Life Sciences (SoLS). This makes the TUM School of Life Sciences the first of seven TUM schools with a modern governance structure.
The French Bishop Corbinian first arrived in Freising in 724 on his way to Rome. According to legend, a hungry bear ate his mule. Having, now, no animal to carry his pack, the bishop tamed the bear, which then carried Corbinian’s baggage to Rome, where it was released. Freising’s coat of arms depicts the bear with Corbinian’s pack.
Corbinian was the first bishop of Freising and is considered the founder of the diocese – though the diocese and bishop’s see were only officially established by Boniface in 739. Saint Corbinian is still patron saint of the archdiocese of Munich and Freising.
Asam Hall is one of the last remaining rooms of the old monastery and served as a dining hall for guests in former times. The hall’s fresco and elaborate stucco date from the period 1705 – 1710, when the room was restructured. The stucco, depicting shells, angel heads and palm leaves, is the work of artist Nikolaus Liechtenfurtner, who also decorated the Maximilian chapel in Freising’s cathedral.
Its ceiling fresco was painted by Georg Asam, father of the famous Asam brothers. It is possible that the young Cosmas Damian Asam worked on it together with his father. The ceiling frescos consist of a large middle painting and four smaller corner paintings, depicting scenes from the life of St. Benedict. As an act of self-punishment, St. Benedict is said to have rolled in thorns, which then turned into roses.
Max Schönleutner was the first teacher at the agricultural school after its establishment in 1803. Schönleutner's teaching methods sought to convey theoretical knowledge in combination with hands-on experience. In the wake of the Napoleonic wars and subsequent conscription of numerous farmers to the cause, there were no longer enough students to keep the school alive. In 1807, the school was forced to close its doors. Schönleutner became administrator of the crown lands of Schleißheim and Fürstenried, as well as the Weihenstephan brewery.
Schönleutner was a pioneer of scientific cultivation in Germany. He was convinced that the application of scientific expertise alone could foster agricultural progress. Among other things, he introduced crop rotation, bred different seed types, planted fruit trees along the roads and encouraged new technical agricultural developments. Moreover, he published several reports and books on the management of the crown lands he administered. Due to his early death in 1831, resulting from a stroke, he was not able to complete some of the work he had planned.
Corbinian’s fountain is located on the site of the former Corbinian chapel, or Asam Chapel, as it is sometimes called, having been decorated by the Asam brothers in 1720. Asam chapel, the second chapel to have stood at this location, was demolished in the wake of German Secularization in 1803. The first chapel was built at this pilgrimage site in 1608 on the spot where a spring is said to have emanated from the earth. According to legend, St. Corbinian awakened the spring during one of his visits to the St. Stephan church. To help some thirsty craftsmen, Corbinian thrust his stick into the earth – and the spring gushed forth. The spring water is supposed to heal a variety of ailments, among others fever, leprosy, respiratory and eye problems.
In 1715 a hospital with two wards was built over the chapel – and spring – at the same level as the monastery gardens. According to legend, the spring ran dry when Corbinian’s bones were moved to Mays and buried in the church of St. Valentine after his death in 730. Apparently the spring only re-appeared after Bishop Arbeo returned the mortal remains of Corbinian to Freising in 765. The ruins of the Asam Chapel are the only remaining church ruins of Secularization in Bavaria.
The TUM School of Life Sciences today
Some 70 professors currently teach and research at the TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan. Today the “green” campus represents a unique combination of tradition and modernity, of local and global. Hundreds of scientists perform interdisciplinary research to meet the existential challenges of food provision across the globe, diminishing raw materials and climate change. Here, thousands of students prepare for the careers of the future. | history |
https://thearabweekly.com/tozeur-tunisias-oasis-town | 2020-04-03T20:32:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370518622.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403190006-20200403220006-00091.warc.gz | 0.960331 | 1,144 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__198253656 | en | Tozeur, Tunisia’s oasis town
Tozeur - Lying on the edge of the Sahara is the Tunisian oasis town of Tozeur, a charming traditional village that beckons visitors to savour the country’s mysterious desert terrain.
About 430km south-west of Tunis, Tozeur has a rich history dating to before the Middle Ages when it served as a crossing point for Sahara-bound caravans. In subsequent centuries, it was influenced by the passage of civilisations — the Romans to the Byzantines to the Muslims and Berbers, each of which added to the town’s culture and heritage.
Tozeur was an important Numidian town on the route between Algeria and the Gulf of Gabes on eastern Tunisia’s Mediterranean coast. When the Romans arrived, Tozeur served as an important outpost and metropolis. After the rise of the Hafsid dynasty, Tozeur was used as a slave market.
“Tozeur, being a source of water in the desert, has always attracted people who eventually settled there,” said Karem Dassy, president of the Association of the Safeguarding of the Old Medina of Tozeur. “This contributed to the personality of those who settled in Tozeur and their open mindedness.
“It also influenced their lifestyle and deepened the values of tolerance that can be strongly felt in this part of the south of Tunisia. It has been very open to different cultures and to the passing of tribes and travellers.”
“The type of Islam that is popular here is moderate Islam and it is very tolerant and encloses all different sects of Islam,” Dassy added. “These elements of history explain Tozeur’s peaceful present. It has never witnessed terrorist or violent events. It is against the nature of the people there.”
Tozeur’s peaceful character has reinforced its image as a resting place. Since ancient times, travellers and caravans have stopped in the area to rejuvenate and refuel before continuing their journey deep into the Sahara.
Today, visitors are fascinated by the town’s historical sites, such as the medinas of Tozeur.
“Tozeur has more than one medina,” Dassy said. “The most famous medina — Ouled Hadef — is a relatively modern neighbourhood that goes back to the 15th century, while the original old town of Tozeur goes back to the medieval times. The oldest medina is the one known today as the oasis town around the mosque.”
Dassy added: “When the Turks came in the 1800s, they destroyed the old town of Tozeur and it has since changed. The focus has shifted from the medieval town of Tozeur to the newly built one but the remains of the medieval town still exist. Now the neighbourhood that is known as the old town of Tozeur is the neighbourhood that was built between the 15th and the 18th centuries.”
Walking through the old medina’s narrow streets is an enchanting experience. Its architecture showcases beautiful brick façades and intricately patterned yellow brickwork, all in the traditional style of Tunisia’s south. Decorated with a range of geometric shapes, the brick designs bear similarities to motifs found in artefacts from the ancient Berbers, whose tribes settled in Tozeur in previous centuries.
To maintain the town’s distinct architectural style, the local government has mandated that builders conform to the traditional brickwork.
“The uniqueness of the town’s architecture is based on the use of old bricks that are unique to the Djerid region,” Dassy said. “This style was used during the antiquity period too, as it can be found in some archaeological sites.”
The town’s oasis contains beautiful palm trees and red-dirt paths, stretching across the landscape like a green paradise in the middle of the desert. The oasis can be reached by Tozeur’s main street and has many resorts.
Among the historical monuments in Tozeur is the Mosque of Sidi Abid, which dates to 1030 and “has one of the first scriptural inscriptions in the town”, Dassy said.
Dassy pointed out the town’s train station, which was built in 1913.
A few kilometres outside the town is the majestic statue of renowned Tunisian poet Aboul- Qacem Echebbi, who was from Tozeur. Another popular destination for visitors is the Museum of Art and Popular Tradition, which houses early artefacts, such as jewellery and ceramics.
Within the town limits is the Desert Zoo of Si Tijani, named after a famed Tozeur snake-handler. The zoo contains various rare animals, including desert monitors, raptors, scorpions, fennec foxes, camels and sand and horned vipers.
To celebrate its cultural heritage, the town holds the International Festival of Oases of Tozeur each November and December, paying homage to the artistic and folkloric heritage of the Djerid region.
Tozeur has also been the set of several famous Hollywood films, such as the Star Wars saga and The English Patient.
Visitors can reach the town via collective taxis, trains, buses and the Tozeur-Nefta International Airport. | history |
https://oac.web.ox.ac.uk/exeter-college | 2023-09-27T22:29:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510326.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927203115-20230927233115-00244.warc.gz | 0.95843 | 264 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__177189207 | en | Exeter College was founded as Stapeldon Hall in 1314, by Walter de Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter and later Treasurer to Edward II. Money from the rectory of Gwinear, Cornwall provided funds for 12 scholars and a chaplain. The early history of the college can be traced through the rector’s accounts kept by the head of the college and the college estates records. The college was re-founded in 1566 by Sir William Petre, a statesman who served four Tudor monarchs. He gave estates in Oxfordshire and other counties to fund 8 additional fellowships. From this date institutional records become more extensive, with information on buildings and accommodation, election and activities of rectors and fellows. Records of the undergraduate body in the nineteenth century include tuition, sports clubs and societies and photographs. Personal papers from some rectors and fellows (notably EA Barber, rector 1943-56) can also be found in the archives.
Enquiries about the archives can be sent to [email protected]
Or by post to Victoria Northridge, Archivist and Records Manager, Exeter College, Cohen Quad, Walton Street, Oxford, OX1 2HE
All appointments must be made in advance either by email or post. | history |
http://crowncemetery.ca/ | 2018-04-25T04:44:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947693.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425041916-20180425061916-00635.warc.gz | 0.986826 | 941 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__174929304 | en | Crown Cemetery Puslinch is located north of Morriston at Brock Road and 401 Highway. We are a non profit cemetery operated by a volunteer board of managers and a secretary-treasure and we welcome all Faiths for burials.
To contact us call Darlene Harrietha at (519) 822-0874
History of Crown Cemetery Puslinch
In response to a petition of the Presbyterians of Puslinch to the Crown Lands Department, Toronto in 1837, lot 28 Concession 8, was granted to certain trustees and their heirs and assigned forever to be used for a burying ground. In this way the early desire of the first settlers to bury their dead in a place set apart was met. The early years marked a growth in size of the cemetery, but there was little organized effort directed to its upkeep, there was no charge, people chose their own plots and buried their loved ones at various angles.
After fifty years the cemetery had taken on a neglected appearance, and a meeting in 1886 of all interested parties was called to face the situation. All the former trustees had died or moved away, and 5 new ones were appointed in1887. By-laws governing the cemetery were approved at a public meeting. A subscription list was circulated, money raised, Maple trees were planted in 1888 and spruce in 1890, a house was built for a caretaker and in 1893 the roads were graded and graveled.
Steps were taken in 1889 to clarify the title of the property. Since the land had been granted, there had been a disruption in the Established Church, to whom the property was deeded, and later a reunion of the Presbyterian Churches in Canada. So it was that when the trustees wished to dispose of a part of the property, they were in doubt as to what to do with the proceeds and sought the advice of the Presbytery of Guelph. In 1889 an act of the Provincial Legislature made the manner of holding the property clear in the following terms:
“It is enacted that, as soon as two trustees are nominated and appointed by each of the two congregations of the Presbyterian Church in Canada in the Township of Puslinch, shall be held by them and their successors in office, in trust, for the purpose of a burial ground for the use of members and adherents of the Presbyterian Church in Canada in the Township of Puslinch, and other denominations upon such terms as the Presbytery of Guelph of the said church may from time to time determine”
It became the custom to augment the board of four thus fixed, by others chosen by the plot-holders, to form the Board of Managers.
Again in 1929, the unsatisfactory condition of the cemetery awakened a renewed interest, and men and teams were employed to level the plots and generally improve the appearance of the cemetery. Again in 1934, work was commenced on the front part of the cemetery, filling up a depression and cutting away part of the grade.
In 1937 the Centenary Memorial Committee appealed for funds and built the memorial gates at front entrance in honor of the pioneers. The gates were erected only a few feet in front of where the original log church stood.
In the late 1930’s a system of Perpetual Care was initiated. There were many plots where all relatives have died, and there was no one to care for the plot. At this time a plot of ground ten feet by twelve was given care in perpetuity, for the sum forty dollars.
Since 1937, the Crown Cemetery has continued to be well kept. In 1953, five thousand trees were planted and in 1960 an area of 110 feet x 600 feet was purchased from the adjacent farm to the north, the former James Tawse farm, for future burial grounds. In 1981 and 1982 several work bees were held to cut trees and brush and to level an area at the rear of the burial ground. It was seeded in time for the first memorial service held on June 10, 1984 with over 200 people in attendance. Surveying or the plots was completed in 1985.
In January 1985, a motion was made at the Plot Holders’ Annual meeting to proceed with plans for a mausoleum and chapel. On July 31, 1985, the excavation began. On August 2, the mausoleum walls were poured. The work was completed in the spring of 1986.
With the generosity of Plot Holders the Board continues to improve the property, plant trees, point the 1937 stone pillars and replace the wrought iron fence. Any and all donations are very welcome. | history |
http://dlib.org/dlib/september14/summerlin/09summerlin.html | 2017-04-30T08:49:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124478.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00522-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.962434 | 4,929 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__8488344 | en | Volume 20, Number 9/10
Table of Contents
Selecting Newspaper Titles for Digitization at the Digital Library of Georgia
Digital Library of Georgia
Newspapers have been a significant target for digitization over the last decade, and libraries, archives, and other cultural institutions must decide how best to utilize their limited funds to digitize a select number of newspaper titles for public consumption. This case study examines the Digital Library of Georgia's newspaper digitization selection process and how it incorporates national standards with its own project-specific criteria. The article includes a discussion of the roles played by user demand, content significance, funding, copyright, optical character recognition, and microfilm holdings in the decision making process, with the ultimate goal of creating highly used, well-regarded, and cost effective online newspaper archives.
Newspapers have been a significant target for digitization over the last decade. The wealth of information these materials provide serves multiple audiences and disciplines, making them a particularly valuable resource to make more widely available. Libraries, archives, and other cultural institutions must decide how best to utilize their limited funds to digitize a select number of newspaper titles. Grant-driven digitization efforts, like the Library of Congress' National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP), provide clear and useful selection criteria for their participants. Organizations working to digitize newspapers outside of those programs share many of the same considerations, but they also deal with additional concerns unique to their situation. One such institution is the Digital Library of Georgia (DLG), whose newspaper digitization selection process will be examined as a case study in this paper.
In 2007, the DLG initiated a project to digitize the Red and Black, the student newspaper of the University of Georgia, from the microfilm holdings of the Georgia Newspaper Project. The venture served as a pilot project for a larger initiative to digitize the state's historical newspapers. Once a process was established, a set of criteria was needed to determine future newspaper digitization projects after it completed the Red and Black Archive. Accordingly, the DLG, GALILEO, and Georgia HomePLACE collaborated to create a selection strategy that addressed that need, resulting in the digitization of over a half million pages during the first five years of the project and unprecedented usage numbers. That strategy incorporates demand, historical significance, funding, and availability, along with restrictions including copyright and technical concerns. These factors, in the context of the project, are discussed below.
The main resource for those researching selection criteria for newspaper digitization is the guidelines set forth by the National Digital Newspaper Program. Their publications are both practical and well-organized, with particular attention paid to the technical aspects of microfilm selection. The technical guidelines are updated annually and cover microfilm selection, scanning, OCR, and the creation of metadata. Although not all of the criteria covered in their publications are applicable to those working outside of the grant, the NDNP guidelines are a valuable starting point for establishing a method for newspaper title selection.
Molly Kruckenberg of the Montana Historical Society published guidelines for its Montana Newspaper Digitization Project Selection Advisory Board. She sets forth criteria specifically addressing the history and geography of the state, in addition to coverage, availability, copyright, and other more general factors. The recommended process results in the ranking of papers by priority, with the highest ranked titles examined for technical feasibility before being included in the final list of titles to be digitized.1
Ross Harvey has discussed the newspaper selection approach as an effort to find balance between preservation needs and user demands. He concludes that the physical safeguarding of the materials through digital preservation should take precedence over demands for popular newspaper titles, but he asserts that compromise can and should be established in the newspaper digitization selection process.2
While drafting standards for deciding which newspaper titles to digitize, the goal of the DLG was to create a selection method that would result in highly used, well-regarded, cost effective, and legally sound online newspaper archives. While no specific factor was necessarily given priority over another, some criteria were non-negotiable including copyright and title availability, due to their prohibitive nature. The overall intention was to find a balance among the considerations listed below in order to pinpoint the most suitable newspaper titles for digitization. As the DLG continued its digitization work, some of the criteria were given more emphasis to create balance over time.
One consideration not discussed in this paper is digitization as a method of preservation. Many organizations identifying archival materials for digitization incorporate physical concerns, including the condition and need for preservation of the documents, into their selection criteria.3 The newspaper digitization efforts at the DLG, however, utilize microfilm copies of the publications. The Georgia Newspaper Project (the source of newspaper microfilm copies used by the DLG for digitization) conducts their microfilming with preservation as the primary concern. This frees the DLG from integrating physical considerations into its selection criteria, putting the focus instead on concerns related primarily to access.
In order to optimize access, project organizers deemed the needs of the user a major consideration when selecting newspaper titles for digitization. The NDNP doesn't include user demand in their content selection guidelines, focusing instead on research value to drive usage. While the DLG also included content significance in its decision making process, as discussed below, the organization found added value in ensuring that newspapers were digitized to meet the demands of their users. Luckily, user interest often coincides with the research value of the newspaper titles. This interest in regard to newspapers frequently differs from that of other types of research materials, as the emphasis is more often on geographic rather than subject-based considerations. For this reason, it was necessary to examine user demand specifically in relation to newspapers. Fairly early in the process, Georgia HomePLACE, in conjunction with GALILEO, conducted an informal survey of librarians from around the state and requested information on which newspapers their users most often requested access to. Two general trends emerged. First and foremost, users are interested in the newspapers from where they live, regardless of their size or historical significance. Secondly, they want access to newspaper publications from the largest cities in Georgia. The findings confirmed conclusions drawn from previous interactions with librarians and users.4
These user predilections led the DLG to place early emphasis on the most populous cities in the state, including Atlanta, Athens, Columbus, and Macon. The digitization of titles from those cities would, according to the survey, draw heavy usage from both residents of those population centers and researchers from other parts of the state who are frequently interested in the history of those larger cities. This approach would seem to preclude the digitization of smaller city newspapers due to the potential for limited use, but additional considerations and approaches were taken into account to compensate for the inclusion of other cities and titles.
Since most newspapers of the nineteenth and early twentieth century carried similar content, including national and local news, agricultural columns, serial literature, and ads, the historical and geographical importance of a city and its newspaper titles became one of the top content considerations for planning future projects. This approach required planners at the DLG to examine the history of the state and how that might affect what researchers are interested in using.
Much of Georgia's early colonial growth occurred in various locations along the state's fall line, the farthest navigable point up rivers. Some of Georgia's oldest and largest cities developed according to this geographical pattern, including Macon, Columbus, and Milledgeville. Because of their long histories as commercial centers within the state and their newspapers' coverage of some of the most significant events in the state's development, titles from those cities were among the first chosen. Moreover, organizers examined the political history of the state and its effect on nineteenth century journalism. The state of Georgia has had several capitals since its establishment and those cities, including Atlanta, Milledgeville, and Savannah, were also given high priority due to their historical importance.5
Milledgeville is an example of a city that was selected for digitization due largely to its historical significance. The state government established the city on the Oconee River along the fall line and it served as the capital of Georgia from 1804 until 1868. Milledgeville was a population center for much of the nineteenth century and hosted the state's government during a significant time in the state's history, which included the rise of plantations and slavery in the antebellum period, the Civil War, and a portion of Reconstruction. In addition, the city hosted Georgia's secession convention, served as a temporary headquarters for General William T. Sherman during his March to the Sea, and housed the largest mental hospital in the state. While its modern day population is modest, its importance as the state capital before and during the Civil War outweighed concerns about local usage. This assumption by project planners proved to be correct, as use of the site surpassed that of all previously released sites.6
Figure 1: Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive
Since 2007, the DLG's newspaper digitization project has been funded by Georgia HomePLACE with LSTA funds administered by the Institute of Museum and Library Services through the Georgia Public Library Service. To supplement the project's financial support, organizers decided to give consideration to projects that include a measure of local or additional resource support in accordance with the DLG's collection development policy. The decision was not meant to usurp practical and historical considerations; rather, it was intended to help materially support projects that were already considered significant and provide opportunities for digitization that would not normally be available. This approach is another example of a difference between the selection criteria of the DLG and the National Digital Newspaper Program. The NDNP need not include funding in their list of considerations due to the fixed nature of the grants provided to its participants.
Funding considerations have helped guide the DLG's decision making process in interesting and beneficial directions over the project's first five years. A project to digitize newspapers published in Athens received supplemental support from the local community, which allowed the DLG to add an additional twenty thousand newspaper pages and three additional titles to the online archive. Supplemental funding has also had the added benefit of allowing the project to digitize papers that cover underrepresented populations and time periods. The Southern Israelite archive, for example, was privately funded by the Bremen Museum, which also aided the DLG in obtaining permission to digitize the mid-twentieth century publication produced for the Jewish community in Atlanta. The permissions, along with the private funding granted on that project, presented the DLG with an opportunity to digitize a valuable newspaper covering an underrepresented minority within the state which had not previously been within the purview of DLG's digitization efforts.
In addition to community interest and historical considerations, more concrete concerns were also taken into account. Since a majority of the projects' newspaper image scans would be derived from the Georgia Newspaper Project's microfilm collection, the availability and quality of their holdings had to be considered when deciding which projects to undertake. This limiting factor was discussed in conjunction with previously mentioned factors to ensure that not only were the digitized papers important and in demand, but also that there were enough issues in the collection to warrant undertaking such a project.
While the microfilm collections of the Georgia Newspaper Project are extensive, they sometimes contain omissions and gaps in title availability because either the paper copies of specific titles were inaccessible or were preemptively filmed by a commercial organization. Without a significant number of microfilmed issues of a historical newspaper title available for digitization, the viability of creating an online archive for that title is reduced, regardless of its historical significance. The city of Louisville, for example, served as Georgia's capital in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and was one of cities in the path of General William T. Sherman's March to the Sea during the Civil War.7 Despite the city's historical significance, the Georgia Newspaper Project holds less than three full reels of microfilm for the city, which hardly warrants its own archive. For this reason, early consideration was given to other cities, including Macon, Columbus, and Milledgeville, because of the completeness of their microfilm availability.
Compensations were made for this limiting factor in later newspaper archive instances. Project organizers made plans to create both city and regional newspaper archives after priority was given to titles with greater microfilm availability. The archive sites containing an entire city's worth of newspaper titles allowed for the cobbling of several small but significant title runs from a large city to create a significant sized database, as was the case with the Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive. The DLG was also able to digitize the publications of smaller cities by creating regional newspaper archives. This configuration allowed for the digitization of newspapers from Albany, Valdosta, Bainbridge, and several other cities which were combined into a South Georgia newspaper archive.
The DLG scans newspapers from negative silver halide master copies of microfilm and the condition of that microfilm also carries weight in the decision making process, including the optical character recognition (OCR) accuracy that can be achieved from scanned images of the microfilm. This factor holds great significance because of user demand for keyword searchability in online archives. If OCR page readings are highly inaccurate, those pages might as well be invisible to the casual user. Taking this issue into consideration, the DLG decided that a publication's OCR accuracy must be tested before it is definitively selected for digitization. The project managers determined that readings should exceed ninety percent accuracy to be deemed appropriate for selection. If the OCR tests of a title produce results consistently below that threshold, that title is rejected in favor of a title with greater accuracy for full text searching.
The National Digital Newspaper Program has published significantly detailed guidelines in reference to microfilm and the technical specifications required to select a newspaper title for digitization. They suggest that reduction rates, density variations, and resolution should all be examined in conjunction with the testing of OCR before selecting a title for digitization. Unfortunately, this can result in the delay and possible rejection of the digitization of valuable materials. The DLG, during the planning stages of their South Georgia newspapers archive, considered digitizing several titles from the city of Brunswick, ultimately selecting one title in favor of another due to superior OCR results produced during testing.
Copyright law also must be taken into consideration when deciding which newspaper titles to digitize. According to United States copyright law, all works published and copyrighted before 1923 are now in the public domain.8 While copyright restrictions for many post-1923 newspaper publications have also passed into the public domain due to the publisher's failure to renew the copyright, confirmation of this fact would require the staff to conduct extensive research and the online publication of these materials could lead to take down notices. For this reason, project planners decided to initially concentrate almost exclusively on titles published before 1923 and priority has been given to titles with a larger nineteenth century presence. As the available nineteenth century titles are digitized and put online, the DLG can focus on researching the rights of more twentieth century titles.
This decision was complemented by the organization's desire to digitize newspapers of historical importance to the state and avoid the densely published titles of the early twentieth century; however, it limits the project's ability to cover significant events that occurred both nationally and within the state in the decades that followed, including the effects of the Great Depression, the early years of the Masters golf tournament, President Franklin Roosevelt's numerous visits to Georgia, World War II, and the three governors controversy. Copyright law has also restricted the DLG's ability to digitize newspaper titles published by racial minorities in the state, because with a few notable exceptions (the Cherokee Phoenix and the Colored Tribune), most of those materials were produced and published in the mid-twentieth century.
Chronological Density and Completeness
Whenever possible, the DLG placed emphasis on selecting titles with large date spans in relation to page count. Mid-nineteenth century Georgia newspaper titles were often circulated weekly in a four page format. The Macon Telegraph, for example, published a weekly edition from 1826 to 1895 with four pages before the Civil War and eight pages after, which amounts to between two and three years of issues on a reel of microfilm. This kind of chronological density gives a digitization project more to offer users in an efficient way.
Daily newspapers published in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are often less feasible options for immediate digitization, particularly if the desire exists to digitize a complete run of a newspaper title. When the DLG examined Savannah newspapers for possible digitization, chronological density was an immediate concern. The Savannah Morning News, currently the city's largest newspaper, accounts for nearly two hundred reels of microfilm covering daily issues between 1868 and 1922 in the Georgia Newspaper Project holdings. Organizers took the large reel count into consideration and eventually selected titles from earlier in the nineteenth century, including the Savannah Republican whose weekly publication between 1808 and 1865 amounted to less than fifty reels of microfilm.
As mentioned earlier, DLG also considered the completeness of a newspaper run when selecting titles for digitization. Newspapers can have gaps in their microfilm accessibility either due of a lack of availability of issues for microfilming or because portions of the title run were digitized by a commercial entity, making those issues unavailable due to copyright considerations. Luckily, the Georgia Newspaper Project's holdings are by and large comprehensive for cities and titles of historical and geographical significance. An exception is the Macon Telegraph online archive which has title gaps in the mid-1860s and early 1900s. Despite these interruptions in availability, the title was selected for publication due to its historical importance and user demand.
Repetition of Work
For obvious reasons, a major priority of the project was not to repeat the work of others. This consideration required the DLG to research the online newspaper landscape before coming to a final decision on which newspapers to digitize. Prior to the creation of the DLG's first newspaper archive, commercial entities had already digitized both the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and the Augusta Chronicle. For that reason, those two titles were avoided completely and the digitization of other titles from those two cities was delayed until titles representing some of the areas of the state with no digitized newspapers were added.
Initially, the DLG digitized newspapers one city at a time, and as a result, geographical distribution was not an immediate consideration. As the project addressed newspaper titles from some of the most populated and historically significant cities it became apparent that the southern portion of the state was being underserved. In the nineteenth century, South Georgia (aside from Savannah) was a rural and sparsely populated area of the state that was devoted almost solely to agricultural enterprises and this situation largely persists today. For this reason, newspaper journalism got a late start in the region and began to blossom in some of the larger cities by the mid to late 1850s.9 This left the DLG with few options for newspaper titles from the area with long chronological runs that could support an archive by themselves.
In response, organizers planned a regional newspaper archive to include newspapers from several South Georgia cities. This archive would have the benefit of including a comparable number of newspaper pages to other archives from larger cities farther north. It would also draw similar user interest by attracting researchers from cities over a large portion of the state. The venture has proved successful and has led to work on a North Georgia newspaper archive that will include titles from smaller cities and towns in the mountainous areas of the state. This regional approach has allowed the DLG to address newspaper selection with geographical distribution in mind.
Not surprisingly, the Atlanta archive is the most frequently used newspaper site in the Digital Library of Georgia, as Atlanta is both the capital of Georgia and its most populous city. The South Georgia archive is the next most used site due largely to its inclusion of newspaper titles from ten different cities. Those ten cities were added to the archive gradually, leading to constantly renewed interest in the site, which has undoubtedly boosted its visitation numbers. The Athens, Macon, and Milledgeville archives share similar numbers as the third most visited sites. Athens and Macon are among the largest cities in Georgia and share significant roles in the history of the state. Milledgeville is significantly smaller than the other two cities, but its unique history as the state's capital during the Civil War increases interest in its newspaper content.
The Columbus newspaper archive does not garner as much attention as the sites mentioned above. This low usage is particularly surprising, because Columbus is the second largest city in Georgia. Although no concrete evidence exists as to the reasons behind the site's low visitation numbers, it could relate to the city's inconspicuous role in the Civil War, which is of particular interest to Georgia researchers. Many of the DLG's other newspapers websites, including the Southern Israelite and Mercer Cluster archives, also have lower visitation numbers due largely to their specialized content.
User interest in the Savannah newspapers archive has yet to be determined. It has only recently been released to the public, so its visitation numbers are not yet comparable to the other sites. Early results, however, suggest that it will be among the most popular newspaper archives in the DLG. Furthermore, Savannah is one of the largest cities in the state and has a long and storied history as Georgia's first capital and primary port. For these reasons, it should be of particular interest to users going forward.
The newspaper digitization efforts of the DLG have been successful due in large part to the careful selection of newspaper titles. This process shares much in common with the procedures followed by organizations participating in the National Digital Newspaper Program, including factors related to content significance, copyright law, title completeness, and technical considerations related to microfilm. The selection approach differs in several key respects, however, including emphasis on user demand and supplemental funding. The selection criteria established by project planners at the DLG has helped the organization achieve the goals set forth by the initiative, but this procedure will continue to change and adapt as demand for newspaper digitization increases in the years to come.
The Digital Library of Georgia's newspaper digitization projects can be found online at http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/MediaTypes/Newspapers.html.
1 Molly Kruckenberg. Plan For Selecting Newspapers To Be Digitized. 2009.
2 Ross Harvey. "Selection of Newspapers for Digitization and Preservation: A User Perspective," International Newspaper Librarianship for the 21st Century. Hartmut Walravens, ed. (Müchen: K. G. Saur, 2006).
3 Bart Ooghe and Dries Moreels. "Analysing Selection for Digitisation, Current Practices and Common Incentives." D-Lib Magazine. September/October, 2009. http://doi.org/10.1045/september2009-ooghe
4 Historical Newspapers Survey Report. GALILEO and Georgia HomePLACE. January 2009.
5 Ed Johnson, correspondence with the author, 27 August 2010.
6 Robert J. Wilson. "Milledgeville." New Georgia Encyclopedia. 6 December 2002; James C. Bonner. Milledgeville: Georgia Antebellum Capital (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1978).
7 Carol Ebel. "Louisville." New Georgia Encyclopedia. 2005.
8 Peter B. Hirtle. Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States. 1 January 2014.
9 Louis Turner Griffith and John Erwin Talmadge. Georgia Journalism, 1763-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1951).
About the Author
Donnie Summerlin is the Digital Projects Archivist at the Digital Library of Georgia, where he oversees the ongoing effort to digitize the state's historic newspapers. He has a B. A. in history from the University of Georgia, a M. A. in history from Georgia College & State University, a MLIS from Valdosta State University, and has been a certified archivist since 2010. | history |
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https://www.connectingrentals.com/vacation-rental/id.127534 | 2023-12-10T05:42:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00840.warc.gz | 0.946499 | 12,553 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__228423078 | en | Mani house - Ktima Kriviana
HELLENIC TOURIST ADMINISTRATION LICENCE MHTE
-Mani House is located near Gythio town on the Mani Peninsula, at Laconia, an area of the Peloponnese rich in history.
Its residents, the Maniots, were forceful men and Mani has maintained its independence throughout the years.
Overlooking the “SKOUTARI” Gulf, 500 meters away from the sea, offers a stunning view of the sea along with the opposite slopes of the mountain "Taygetos".
The house of 441.32 sqm is built on a stone-fenced plot of 5015.41 sqm, with a living space of 275.75 sqm and 165..57 sqm for auxiliary space including a garage of 80 sqm and 2.7 height.
The traditional buildings of Mani were built of stone following a fortress-like design; many vendettas amongst the Mani families meant that people built homes to protect themselves. Elements of this traditional style are reflected in the design of Mani House.
The stone walls are combined with a modern interior focused on comfort. The traditional albeit unique property features all modern conveniences including, among others, a sound system for different areas of the house; satellite TV, BBQ, and wood oven as well as an infinity pool with breathtaking views.
The main entrance to the property is from the pool terrace. The infinity pool is large with dimensions: Length 12.80m x 5.45m width, 1.35m high in the shallow and 3.00m in the deep water. The wooden door leads to a bright and spacious central living area. Each part of this central living space fits beautifully into a perfectly designed interior.
The colours are simple, creams and stone, with a flagged floor that runs throughout. The shutters are painted in pale pistachio and bright magenta has been introduced throughout the soft furniture and dining chairs which give a contrast of brilliance to the colour scheme. Large French style doors lead from every area to the pool terrace which offers a perfect place to relax for every part of the day.
Enjoy your stay at Mani House using the sun loungers that surround the pool, the shaded areas to dine or sit under the shade of the huge oak tree whilst playing a game of chess or backgammon.
The kitchen is located at the rear of the large central living space and is fully equipped with all modern conveniences. It offers direct access to a patio at the back of the house which takes on a traditional, cafe-style appearance featuring pretty, metal chairs and tables and a BBQ and bread oven to conjure up the flavours of Greece.
On the same level but in a separate wing are three bedrooms. One has a double bed with an en-suite bathroom including a bathtub and a large dressing area. Next, there are two twin bedrooms, each one featuring an en-suite bathroom with shower. All bedrooms have direct access to the pool terrace.
The next floor features a bedroom with en-suite bathroom and shower and a comfortable double bed, along with an office desk. This room benefits from a balcony overseeing the pool terrace and sea view.
Finally, on the basement level, the guests can benefit from indoor parking for 2-3 cars.
On the same level, and for our guests’ comfort, the Mani house caretaker is based. He looks after the property and stays in a self-contained, totally independent apartment, on the basement level. He is very discreet and tends to the engine room located at the same level, as well as the pool, usually twice a week, very early in the morning or very late at night, leaving guests to enjoy their privacy unless he is needed.
The Mani House is located on a large piece of land which has been planted with colourful indigenous plants, shrubs, and trees. The stone paths, steps, and walkways meander through the property can lead to our old oak tree for the most wonderful shade in the heat of the day.
The property is very well located in terms of accessing the beach and taverns, shops and cafes which are all a short drive away.
The Mani House is really exceptional and is situated in a part of Greece that is truly beautiful, unspoiled and wild.
We look forward to welcoming you soon.
|Nearest Airport||Kalamata||90.3 km|
|Nearest Bar||21 km|
|Nearest Beach||Skoutari||4 km|
|Nearest Bus||Gytheio||21.5 km|
|Nearest Ferry||Gytheion||21.5 km|
|Nearest Restaurant||Ageranos||3 km|
|Nearest Train||Kalamata||90.3 km|
Upon Arrival in Kalyvia Village:
You will be met upon arrival by George, at the village of Kalyvia. Please call number, +30 6972090333 and we will come and meet you.
Directions from Athens Airport by Car: (292Κm)
1- From Athens Airport take signs of the motorway towards Corinth (Κόρινθος)
2- Once on the E94 keep going, past Corinth to E65 in the direction of Tripoli (Τίπολη)
3- Eventually you will see the city of Tripoli on your right-hand side. You now need to start looking out for your turn-off, for the road towards Sparta.
4- You will now turn right to join the national road to Sparta, (Σπάρτη) (make sure you are not going towards Kalamata!!).
5- After 45Km you will come down the mountain meeting Sparta
6- Keep going straight forward, till you meet the sign of Gythio (ύθειο).
7- Turn left to the direction of Gythio town.
8- Driving for 30Km now you have to watch so you won’t miss your turn off on the road towards “Areopoli” (Αρεόπολη).
Turn right as soon as you meet the Areopolis exit, and keep
driving till you meet the Kotronas/Skoutari/Kalyvia sign
Κότρωνας Σκουτάρι Καλύβια). At this spot a Greek
Orthodox Church will be on your right-hand side. Turn left at
“Kotronas/Skoutari/Kalyvia” sign, till you find the next sign with
direction to “Skoutari/Kalyvia/Paganea” (Σκουτάρι
Κακύβια Παγανέα). Turn left at the sign indicating the direction to “Skoutari/Kalyvia/Paganea”. Keep driving just following the road, without turning left or right, (be sure that you do not turn
right to Skoutari village). This road once followed, will lead you
straight to Kalyvia (Καλύβια) village. Once you enter the
village, keep driving through. You will drive past a small stone
built square with three trees, and a phone booth, where the main
road is following a 180/o turns to the left, sea view will be in front of you. Please park your car and Call on 0030 6972 090333.
the villa is 3 minutes by foot from this point.
Directions from Kalamata’s Airport by car: (90,3Km)
1- Leaving the airport gate, turn left. At the end of the road turn right joining E65 of “Kalamata Tripoli”. (Καλαμάτα Τρίπολη) Keep driving on the same road which changes name to “Iroon Politechniou” (ρώων Πλυτεχνείου)
2- At the end of the road turn right at “Artemidos” (Αρτέμιδος)
3- At the next turn, left at “Likourgou” (Λυκούργου) street.
4- Keep driving. Once crossing “Psaron” (Ψαρών) street the road
name changes to “Kritis” (Κρήτης). After counting 7 streets on your right-hand side, on the 8th “Akrita street ”, (Ακρίτα) you
5- This street leads to the sea water-front.
6- Turn left and follow the coastal road “Navarinou”
(Ναβαρίνου) straightforward till you meet the national road of “Areopoli" – (Αρεόπολη) "Kalamata”, (Καλαμάτα) then turn
7- Keep driving till you meet the sign to “Gythio”, (Γύθειο) few meters out of “Areopoli” town.
8- Turn left following the Areopoli-Gythio (Αρεόπολη-
Γύθειο) road for 20Km.
9- When you meet the sign to “Kotronas/Skoutari/Kalyvi
Local amenities // Surrounding area // Beaches // Taverns // Bars // Places of interest // Days out:
Groceries – fruits - vegetables - bakery shop. At Vathy village (Βαθύ), - (5.9 to 6.4 Km-12 min drive), are located two mini markets where you can cover your first needs. Besides, at the second one, you can find as well, fruits and vegetables.
Just opposite to it, fresh fruits and vegetables are offered as well, in an open-air shop. These fruits and vegetables are grown by local farmers. On the way between the two, you can find a bakery shop.
For more reasonable prices, it is suggested that you make your regular shopping from the supermarkets in Gythio or Areopolis.
Drive out the village, turn right, to the road down to the sea, follow the way until you meet, on your right-hand side, an old stone built, bridge. Turn right, (do not try to use the bridge). Keep driving in the direction of Ageranos, (do not turn right to Kamares village). Past Ageranos, continue on the main road till you reach, on your right-hand side, a mini market where you can park your car, and make your shopping, or continue driving for another half kilometre to meet the bakery shop and the next mini market.
A note has to be made that the water in the house is not potable, so do not forget to include table water among your shopping.
Butchers are situated in Gythio (22Km) in “Ermou” (ΕΡΜΟΥ) street, and in Areopoli (22Km) which is famous for its excellent - local organic meat, on the main town square, and not far from there, on the national road (highway) οf Areopoli/Mani to the direction of Mani.
Fishmonger – the local fishmonger visits the village at least twice per week, usually around 10 am Fresh fish can be bought in Gythio (22Km) on the main street of Vassileos Georgiou.
Nearest petrol station: 6Km away from the villa, on the way to Gythion town.
Post Office: – at Gythion city just opposite the city school, on “Ermou” street.
All other amenities can be found in Gythio town. (22Km drive).
Drive to the direction of Skoutari (Σκουτάρι) village meet the main road, turn right and continue driving until the end of the road. In front of you is a Greek Orthodox church. Turn right with direction to Gythio (Γύθειο) Keep driving straight forward till you meet the main national road which connects Gythio town with Sparta city. Turn right in the direction of Gythio.
* National Bank of Greece
* Alpha Bank
* Piraeus Bank
Taverns and bars near and around the village:
Vassili’s (Thalami-Θαλάμι): Fish tavern At Ageranos (Αγερανός-4,8Km 9 min drive) village
( Mainly open all day).
Grilled fresh fish, fried small fishes, squid, octopus e.t.c. Grilled meat, and traditional Greek oven, Italian pasta etc.
Located at Ageranos village is a pleasant place to sit and have your lunch in front of the sea view.
Driving out of Kalyvia, turn right with direction to Vathi/Kamares/Ageranos” (Βαθύ Καμάρες Αγερανός). The road will lead you down to the sea level and drive with slow speed, you will meet on your right hand, an old stone built the small bridge (be careful you don’t miss the spot). Turn to the right, (don’t use the bridge), just follow the road (avoid to turn right to Kamares/Καμάρες), Soon the road climbs up to a small hill. At the very top, of the hill, the Taverna is the first building to meet from the village, which climbs on your right-hand slope.
George’s Tavern: Located at "Drossopigi" village, (Δροσοπηγή-9.7Km 11.5 min drive) at the upper spot of a small mountain Open mainly at evening, A good inexpensive grilled food, some local dishes, eggs with “Syglino” (Smoked pork or pork sausage with aromatic herbs such as thyme, or oregano, mint, e.t.c, stored in lard with orange peel), traditional Greek oven dishes, such as, Mousaka, Pastitsio, stuffed vegetables etc.
Driving out of the village follow the direction to Skoutari (Σκουτάρι) village. When you meet the highway to “Areopolis/Gythion”, you turn right. Keep driving at low speed, observing for the sign to Drossopigi (Δροσοπηγή) village, on the left-hand side of the road. Turn left and
soon after that, as soon as you meet the sign (Δροσοπηγή) turn to the right following the sign, leading up to the mountaintop at the main square of the village where you park your car.
Skoutari (Σκουτάρι-4 Km 7 min drive) fish tavern (Kalamakia/Καλαμάκια): Located on the sandy beach of Skoutari village serves inexpensive fish they catch with their own boat and Greek dishes. It is a nice place for having lunch after a bath in the crystal clear sea waters, of the Skoutari gulf. It is as well recommended for an evening drink or meal. Follow the road to Skoutari village out of Kalivia. Turn left at the first road you meet on your left-hand side. Follow the sign to “Kalamakia” parking. Park your car and walk on foot to the direction of the beach.
Kotronas (Κότρονας-15.5 Km 19 min drive) is a picturesque fishing port and small seaside resort on the edge of a bay. It is a lovely place by the sea, for a coffee or a drink. You even can have your dinner or lunch, at the fish tavern located on the main square of the village.
Drive straight ahead, out of Kalivia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet the highway. Turn left, and keep following the road which leads you to “Kotronas” village.
Do not miss “Helias” tavern in Karvellas (Καρβελάς-14.3 Km 19 min drive) village. Every Saturday serves baby spit- roast pork. Try as well “Makarounes” and “Siglino” with eggs, which are both traditional dishes of “Mani”.
Drive straight ahead, out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet the national road (highway). Turn right in a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox church. Turn to the right. just follow the road at low speed looking for the sign to “Karvellas Panitsa” on your left-hand side at a turn of the road, Follow the road up to the village. You will meet the tavern a few meters before you turn right to meet the main village square, where you can park your car. Walk on foot down, to the direction of the tavern
Fish Taverna “Takis” Limeni village
Driving down the slope of the mountain, “Limeni” (ΛΙΜΕΝΙ-19.8Km 25 min drive) suddenly appears inside a small cove with old stone houses hung on the Rocky hillside with cypress. The side of the sea with its deep blue colour is a unique landscape that you rarely meet elsewhere. The turquoise waters of the seashore are not salty because they are coming through subterranean flows from the rocks. It does worth to watch the sunset from “Takis” tavern. The superb fresh fish at this small restaurant in Limeni, the port of Areopoli, draws locals from as far away as “Kalamata”, so be sure to make a reservation if you want a seaside table. This is not the place to eat if you are squeamish about seeing fish prepared a few feet away from where you are eating. On the other hand, the seafood here is so good that you may find yourself coming back for a meal after meal while you are in Mani. The seafood's price is not cheap; be sure to ask for prices unless the price is not an issue.
The lobster “Diavolo” (lobster with spaghetti in a tangy sauce with green peppers) is among the memorable "fancy" dishes, but a plain grilled fish is equally delicious.
Drive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn left with a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the left to the direction of “Areopoli” (Αρεόπολη) Before entering the town turn right at the sign to “Limeni” on your right-hand side. Keep driving down till the sea level, before the last left turn of the road, leave the main road turning to the left
Gytheio: (Γύθειο-21.5km 24 min drive) Taverna “Saga”: This is a good traditional Taverna by the sea in Gytheio. There you can find fresh fish, octopus, calamari, (squids), and other fish dishes.
Drive straight ahead, out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the right. Keep driving till this road becomes quite larger, with 2 lanes in each direction. Then drive slowly looking for a sign on your right hand, with direction to Gytheio. Gytheio is signed with two different directions. The one indicates straightforward drive while the other direction indicates turn to the right. Follow the first choice, driving straight forward. Entering the town of Gytheio, you continue driving down the road to the sea. Around the corner on the south side is the coastal road lined with fish taverns which end by the small island called Kranai”. Just opposite the small island “Kranai” park your car, and enjoy your food at the Taverna.
In Gytheio, you can find a variety of restaurants and taverns along the walk of the coastal road.
“Areopolis” and mainly ¨Gytheion” are the nearest towns where you can find a variety of bars and coffee shops.
”Paralia Skoutariou” (Παραλία Σκουτάρι 4 Km 7 min drive),
is the nearest and most lovely sandy beach, just 4 minutes by car. It is there where “Kalamakia” fish tavern is located by the beach.”
Follow the road to Skoutari village out of Kalyvia. Turn left at the first road you meet on your left-hand side. Follow the sign to “Kalamakia” parking. Park your car and walk on foot to the direction of the beach.
”Paralia “Kamares”, (Παραλία Καμάρες-3.4 Km 8 min drive) is as well, close to the house, not more than 5 minutes by car, a sandy beach extended to 1.5Km long. Visiting that beach, it is recommended that you chose its upper end in “Kamares” village. Driving out of Kalyvia, turn right, down the road to the sea. Continue driving till you meet on your right-hand side, the old Stone Bridge. Turn right to the direction of the bridge. (Do not use the bridge). At the sign to “Kamares”, turn again right and follow this road until its end. Park your car and after swimming, you can choose between two local taverns for lunch.
Paralia “Vathy”, (Παραλία Βαθύ) 5.9Km 11 min. drive. It is a sandy beach nearby hotel “Belle Helene”. Turn right driving out of the village to the direction of “Vathy /Ageranos/Kamares”. Follow the road down to the sea, continue till you meet on your right-hand side the old stone bridge, (do not use the bridge). Turn right and follow the road to “Ageranos” village (without turning right to Kamares village). Once past “Ageranos” village, keep driving down the road. At your right is now “Belle Helene” hotel. Park your car, and pass through the hotel’s entrance to the beach.
”Paganea” (Παγανέα-1.7 Km) seashore, is 2 min. drive from the cottage. This is a small port for fish boats. Leaving the entrance of the villa turn left, following down the road.
At the first turn to the right. Keep driving down till you meet the sea. Beyond “Paganea” seashore, within a distance of 3 minutes’ drive, there are two more picturesque little gulfs, 5 minutes away from each other, very quiet and calm, out of the crowds, for only a few admirers, ideal for those who seek tranquillity and isolation.
Leaving the entrance of the villa turn left, following down the road. At the first roads cross keep driving straight ahead. Drive slowly since the road becomes narrow and difficult. Meeting the first choice to turn right drive till you meet the beach
”Petalea” (Πετελέα 15.2 Km 18 min drive) beach: is located at “Mavrovouni (Μαυροβούνι) bay”, is a sandy beach organized with umbrellas, chaise long, coffee and bar service at the beach and a restaurant for those who want to have lunch after swimming.
Drive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn right with a
direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the right. Keep driving till this road becomes quite larger, with 2 lanes in each direction. Then drive slowly looking for a sign with direction to Gytheio. Gytheio is signed with two different directions. The one indicates straightforward drive while the other direction indicates turn to the right. Follow the second choice, by turning right. Keep driving carefully since the road is an old one, and is full of turns right and left. When meeting the beginning of a straight road, turn right at the wooden sign indicating "Petalea”. (Be careful so you will not miss the turn off the road). Keep driving to the sandy beach, where you park your car.
Useful Telephone numbers:
-Emergency Call 112
-Doctors SOS 1016
-Road assistance 10400 (ELPA)
-Taxi Grafakos 0030 6944534282
-Health Centre (ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ) is located in Gytheio town.
Tel: 0030 27330 22001 / 3.
Leaving Kalyvia village drive straight forward following the road (without turning right or left), till you meet the highway. Turn right with direction to Gytheio. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine Orthodox Church, turn right. Keep following the signs to Gytheio town.
-Sparta Hospital (Νοσοκομείο Σπάρτης) Tel 0030 27310 28671 / 5
Southern Mani peninsula
First, stop Areopoli / «Αρεόπολη» (20,1Km south of Kalyvia village 24 min. drive) has an austere look and plenty of towers and churches. Its name (town of Ares, ancient God of war) was bestowed for its efforts in the war of independence. You can enjoy your coffee at the main square which is the centre of life in the town and a great place to watch people.
The town sights are plenty. Its narrow alleys and cobbled streets are
a photographer’s dream and, being a historic town, there are a number of places worth visiting. (Kapetanakis tower, Mavromihalis Tower museum, (four-storey tower), Church of Taxiarhon (17th century). Drive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn left with a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church.Turn to the left to the direction of “Areopoli” Αρεόπολη).
Drive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn right in a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the left to the direction of “Areopoli” (Αρεόπολη) Following the map out of Areopolis, on the road to Diros caves (Σπήλαια Δυρού) (31 Km 39 min. drive). (Tel: 0030 733052222). They are among the most important natural sites in Greece and of great archaeological significance. The tour inside the cave is done with small gondolas.
Leaving the “Diros Caves”, drive to “Gerolimenas” / «Γερολιμένας» (44.1Km 49 min.drive) picturesque small coastal village at the southern end of the Mani Peninsula, Τhe name, which means "Old Harbor", is thought to derive from the ancient "Ιερός Λιμήν" (Ieros Limen), meaning "Sacred Harbor" One of the remotest settlements in the Peloponnese, with pebbly beach, and fresh fish taverns. Do not miss to visit for a coffee, the hotel “Kirimai” which is the result of restored old store buildings, used at old times to cover the transportation needs of the port.
Vatheia (Greek: Βαθειά, Greek pronunciation: [Βάθεια], also Vathia52.6 Km 1 hour drive) is a little town in Laconia, Greece, on the Mani Peninsula. It is part of the municipal unit Oitylo. Rarely is such a beauty encountered: a traditional residential district of Manι, full of towers. Vathia has located 65 Km from Kalyvia village and it is one of the most dramatic villages in Mani. It is famous for its grand towers (Pyrgoi). Vatheia is situated in a hilly setting and is linked with the road running north to Areopoli and Kalamata and south to Cape Tenaro/Matapan. To the north, hills and mountains overlook the town. Farmland and sparse forest cover the valley areas. On the hilltops are abandoned homes, which are coloured with earth and topaz along with its rooftops which are like fortresses and were built out of the stone south of the place (Plateia). Modern buildings exist in the centre. Now Vatheia is a tourist attraction in spring because of its wildflowers that cover the nearby hills and its breathtaking views. Not far away from Vathia, the villages Lagia (17 Km) and Alika (4 Km) are worth a visit.
The seaside villages of Archangelos (81.8 Km 1 hour and thirty-eight min drive) and Plitra are peaceful fishing villages with many beauties, sheltered port and sandy beaches with crystal clear waters. Both are an ideal place for relaxing holidays all year round, sea sports and fishing.
In Plitra (74 Km 1 hour and 27 min. drive) was an ancient city that was destroyed by an earthquake in 375 AD.
Monemvasia (Greek: Μονεμβασία 87.1 Km 1 hour and 42 min. drive), is a town and a municipality in Laconia, Greece. The town is located on a small peninsula off the east coast of the Peloponnese. The peninsula is linked to the mainland by a short causeway 200m in length. Its area consists mostly of a large plateau some 100 meters above sea level, up to 300m wide and 1 km long, the site of a powerful medieval fortress. The town walls and many Byzantine churches remain from the medieval period. The seat of the municipality is the town Molaoi.
The town's name derives from two Greek words, "mone" and" emvasia", meaning "single entrance". It's Italian form, Malvasia, gave its name to Malmsey wine. Monemvasia's nickname is the Gibraltar of the East or The Rock.
The town is built on the slope to the south-east of the rock, overlooking Palaia Monemvasia bay. Many of the streets are narrow and fit only for pedestrians. A small hamlet of about 10 houses lies to the northwest.
The town and fortress were founded in 583 by people seeking refuge from the Slavic and the Avaric invasion of Greece. A history of the invasion and occupation of the Peloponnese was recorded in the medieval Chronicle of Monemvasia.
From the 10th century AD, the town developed into an important trade and maritime centre. The fortress withstood the Arab and Norman invasions in 1147; cornfields that fed up to 30 men were killed inside the fortress. William II of Villehardouin took it in 1248, on honourable terms, after three years of siege; in 1259 William was captured by the Greeks after the battle of Pelagonia and in 1262 it was retroceded to Michael VIII Palaiologos as part of William's ransom.
It remained part of the Byzantine Empire until 1460, becoming the seat of an imperial governor, a landing place for Byzantine operations against the Franks, the main port of shipment (if not always production) for Malmsey wine, and one of the most dangerous lairs of corsairs in the Levant. The Emperors gave it valuable privileges, attracting Roger de Lluria who sacked the lower town in 1292. The town welcomed the Catalan Company on its way eastward in 1302. In 1397 the Despot of the Morea, Theodore I Palaiologos, deposed the local dynasty of Monemvasia, who appealed to Sultan Bayezid I and was reinstated by Turkish troops. In 1419, the rock appears to have come into the possession of Venice, though it soon returned to the Despot. About 1401, the historian George Sphrantzes was born in the town. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Monemvasia held out against the threats of Sultan Mehmed II in 1458 and 1460 when it became the only remaining domain of the Despot of the Morea, Thomas Palaiologos, claimant of the Imperial throne. He had no forces to defend it; he offered it to the Sultan and finally sold it to the Pope.
By 1464 the inhabitants found the Pope's representative feeble and the Pope unable to protect them; they admitted a Venetian garrison. The town was fairly prosperous under Venetian rule until the peace of 1502-3, in which it lost its farmlands, the source of its food supply and of Malmsey wine. The food had to come by sea or from Turkish-held lands, and the cultivation of wine languished under Turkish rule. The rock was governed by the Venetians until the treaty of 1540, which cost the Republic Nauplia and Monemvasia, her last two possessions on mainland Greece. Those inhabitants who did not wish to live under Turkish rule were given lands elsewhere. The Ottomans then ruled the town until the brief Venetian recovery in 1690, then again from 1715 to 1821. It was known as "Menekşe" ("Violet" in Turkish) during Ottoman rule and was a sanjak (province) centre in the Morea Eyalet.
The commercial importance of the town continued until the Orlov Revolt (1770) in the Russo-Turkish War, which saw its importance declined severely.
The town was liberated from Ottoman rule on July 23, 1821, by Tzannetakis Grigorakis who entered the town with his private army during the Greek War of Independence.
In 1971, Monemvasia became linked with the rest of the outside world through a bridge on the western side that connects to GR-86.
In more recent history, the town has seen a resurgence in importance with increasing numbers of tourists visiting the site and the region. The medieval buildings have been restored, and many of them converted to hotels.
Mystras and Sparta on Mountain Taygetos
(Μυστράς 59.8 Km 1 hour and 27 min.drive) the Byzantine city-state (59Km). Go on to the national road towards Gytheion, then, Sparta and Mystras.
Mystras occupies a steep foothill on the northern slopes of Mt. Taygetos, 5Km NW of Sparti. The castle on the top of the hill was founded in 1249 by the Frankish leader Wiliam Villeharduin. The whole of Mystras is an open-air museum, a reminder of the glorious era of power and culture.
“Taygetos” or “Pentadactylos” is the highest mountain in the Peloponnese, stretching between the river Evrotas - Megalopolis and Messinia. The top of a height of 2407 meters and is called, “Prophet Helias”. It presents a wide variety of flora and fauna due to the large size of only 25 endemic species while a passage for migratory birds. On the slopes of Taygetos are numerous small villages with great local colour and operates at an altitude mountain resort 1,600 meters.
Close to “Mystras” is “Trypi” village (ΤΡΥΠΙ 63.2 Km 1 hour and 10 min.drive).
Trypi is a small village of almost 300 inhabitants. Its main attraction is the steep ravine of "Kaiadas", where the Spartans were said to abandon their weak and deformed infants as well as the criminals, traitors, and war prisoners. “Kaiadas” is a very scenic gorge and may result a bit frightening for those who are aware of this tradition.
You can find the Byzantine churches of “Agioi Theodoroi” and “Koimisi tis Theotokou” in “Trypi” as well as the abandoned monastery of “Agios “Ioannis Prodromos”. Have also in mind that Saint Nikon lived and taught in the area and visit his cave.
Apart from historical attractions, “Trypi” is surrounded by beautiful scenery. It has many streams, among which we find the springs of “Karvasaras” and “Vasiloneri”. If you love nature, there are many hiking trails and a climbing park in the “Laggada gorge”.
”Trypi” also has some useful facilities. There are good restaurants with delicious local appetizers and traditional meals at moderate prices. It is recommended to experience Greek coffee prepared on the stove.
Oitylo - Stoupa
”Oitylo” (Οίτυλο 23.2Km 28 min.drive) is located 31Km from Kalyvia and 11Km from Areopoli and it is the hub transport of the area. It is a traditional village with long history, situated on the place of the ancient city as mentioned by Homer. The church of Saint George and the Monastery of Dekoulon with frescoes since the 18th century are worth a visit.
Drive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn left with a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the left to the direction of “Areopoli” (Αρεόπολη). Before entering the town turn right at the sign to “Limeni” on your right-hand side. Keep driving down, following the road, and then up to the hill.
South of “Stoupa” (Σούπα 50.5 Km 51 min.drive) on the coast is the picturesque fishing village of “Agios Nikolaos”(47.8 Km 47 min.drive) / «Αγιος Νικόλαος» (4Km from Stoupa) still often called by its older Slavic name, “Selinitsa”. There are three exits off the main road to the coastal road that links Selinitsa to and “Trahila”. Alternatively, there is a gentle coastal path from Stoupa which takes less than an hour on foot (see the maps of both villages, where the walk starts and finishes – you cannot get lost in between). Life is centred on the harbour- a great place to sit, eat and drink while watching the boats coming and going. In the summer, the road is closed to vehicles, as taverns make use of the space to put tables and chairs right on the water’s edge. The beach is roughly a kilometre further south; about a 10-15-minute walk.
To reach the place, just follow the direction to “Areopoli” - “Limeni” - “Itilo” - “Agios Nikolaos”, then Stoupa.
“Elafonissos” is a very small island, just 19 square km on the southern eastern Tip of Peloponnese.
The distance from the mainland is a mere 570 meters of crystal clear water on top of the thin white sand. (22 nautical miles, far away from Gytheio). There is a boat sailing to the island three times a week from the port of Gytheio.
“Kithira” island in a distance of 35 km from
“GYTHION”. The same boat sailing from Gythio to Elafonissos reach the port of Kythira three times a week from the port of “Gytheion”.
Cythera (Greek: Κύθηρα), also transliterated Kythera, Kythira,
Kithira. The Italian Cerigo can be used in speaking of late medieval and early modern Cythera.) is an island in Greece, once part of the Ionian Islands. It lies opposite the South-eastern tip of the
Peloponnese peninsula. In Ancient Greek mythology, Kythira was considered to be the island of celestial Aphrodite, the Goddess of love, (cf. Cyprus, the island of Astarte, the Goddess of Love).
Since the late 20th century, the Kythirean economy has largely focused on tourism, and in the process, has become dependent this provides the majority of the island’s income, despite the fact that Kythira is not one of the most popular tourist destinations in Greece. The popular season usually begins with the Greek holiday of Pentecost at the end of May and lasts until the middle of September. During this time, primarily during August, the island's population will often triple due to the tourists and natives returning for the vacation. The largest villages are Potamos, Agia Pelagia, Chora (The capital of the island), Ano livadi, Kalamos, and Livadi
Επίδαυρος, Epidavros-213 Km 3 hours and 20 min. drive) was a small city (polis) in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern towns bear the name Epidavros (Επίδαυρος): Palaia Epidavros and Nea Epidavros. Since 2010, they belong to the new municipality of Epidavros, part of the regional unit of Argolis. The seat of the municipality is the town Asklipieio.
Epidaurus was not independent of Argos and not included in Argolis until the time of the Romans. With its supporting territory, it formed the small territory called Epidauria. Reputed to be the birthplace of Apollo's son Asclepius, the healer, Epidaurus was known for its sanctuary situated about five miles (8 km) from the town, as well as its theatre, which is once again in use today. The cult of Asclepius at Epidaurus is attested in the 6th century BC when the older hill-top sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas was no longer spacious enough.
The "Asclepieion" at Epidaurus was the most celebrated healing centre of the Classical world, the place where ill people went in the hope of being cured. To find out the right cure for their ailments, they spent a night in the enkoimeteria, a big sleeping hall. In their dreams, the god himself would advise them what they had to do to regain their health. Found in the sanctuary, there was a guest house for 160 guestrooms. There are also mineral springs in the vicinity which may have been used in healing.
Asclepius, the most important healer god of antiquity, brought prosperity to the sanctuary, which in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC embarked on an ambitious building program for enlarging and reconstruction of monumental buildings. Fame and prosperity continued throughout the Hellenistic period. In 87 BC the sanctuary was looted by the Roman general Sulla, and in 67 BC, it was plundered by pirates. In the 2nd century AD, the sanctuary enjoyed a new upsurge under the Romans, but in AD 395 the Goths raided the sanctuary.
Even after the introduction of Christianity and the silencing of the oracles, the sanctuary at Epidaurus was still known as late as the mid 5th century, although as a Christian healing centre.
The prosperity brought by the Asklepieion enabled Epidaurus to construct civic monuments too: the huge theatre that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and beauty, which is used once again for dramatic performances, the ceremonial Hestiatoreion (banqueting hall), baths and a palaestra. The theatre was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theatres (and as opposed to Roman ones), the view of a lush landscape behind the skênê is an integral part of the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 15,000 people.
The theatre is marvelled for its exceptional acoustics, which permits almost perfect intelligibility of unamplified spoken word from the proscenium or skênê to all 15,000 spectators, regardless of their seating (see Ref., in Greek). Famously, tour guides have their groups scattered in the stands and show them how they can easily hear the sound of a match struck at centre-stage. A 2007 study by Nico F. Declercq and Cindy Dekeyser of the Georgia Institute of Technology indicates that the astonishing acoustic properties are the result of the advanced design: The rows of limestone seats filter out low-frequency sounds, such as the murmur of the crowd, and amplify high-frequency sounds from the stage.
Olympia (Greek: Ολυμπία Olympía 206Km 3 hours and 8 min. drive), a sanctuary of ancient Greece in Elis, is known for having been the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, the most famous games in history.
The Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical Antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The first Olympic Games were in honour of Zeus.
Olympia among the main Greek sanctuaries
The sanctuary, known as the Altis, consists of an unordered arrangement of various buildings. Enclosed within the temenos (sacred enclosure) are the Temple of Hera (or Heraion/Heraeum) and Temple of Zeus, the Pelopion and the area of the altar, where the sacrifices were made. The Hippodrome and later stadium were also to the east.
To the north of the sanctuary can be found the Prytaneion and the Philippeion, as well as the array of treasuries, representing the various city-states. The Metroon lies to the south of these treasuries, with the Echo Stoa to the East. To the south of the sanctuary is the South Stoa and the Bouleuterion, whereas the Westside houses the Palaestra, the workshop of Pheidias, the Gymnasion and the Leonidaion.
Olympia is also known for the gigantic ivory and gold statue of Zeus that used to stand there, sculpted by Pheidias, which was named one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by Antipater of Sidon. Very close to the Temple of Zeus which housed this statue, the studio of Pheidias was excavated in the 1950s. Evidence found there, such as sculptor's tools, corroborates this opinion. The ancient ruins sit north of the Alfeios River and Mount Kronos (named after the Greek deity Kronos). The Kladeos, a tributary of the Alfeios, flows around the area. It is located in the part of Greece which is called Peloponnese. In Ancient Greece, Olympia was sacred ground to the Greeks.
For a history of the Olympic Games, see Olympic Games or Ancient Olympic Games.
Remains of food and burnt offerings dating back to the 10th century BC give evidence of a long history of religious activity at the site. No buildings have survived from this earliest period of use. Also, the charred remains of a Homo Heidelbergensis body were found at Olympia.
Geometric and Archaic periods
Ruins of the Temple of Hera
The first Olympic festival was organized on the site by the authorities of Elis in the 8th century BC – with the tradition dating the first games at 776 BC. Major changes were made to the site around 700 BC, including levelling land and digging new wells. Elis' power diminished and at the beginning of the 7th century BC, the sanctuary fell into the hands of the Pisatans in 676 BC. The Pisatans organized the games until the late 7th century BC.
The earliest evidence of building activity on the site dates from around 600 BC. At this time, the Skiloudians, allies of the Pistans, built the Temple of Hera. The Treasuries and the Pelopion were built during the course of the 6th century BC. The secular structures and athletic arenas were also under construction during this period including the Bouleuterion. The first stadium was constructed around 560 BC, it consisted of just a simple track. The stadium was remodelled around 500 BC with sloping sides for spectators and shifted slightly to the east. Over the course of the 6th century BC, a range of sports was added to the Olympic festival. In 580 BC, Elis, in alliance with Sparta, occupied Pisa and regained the control over the sanctuary.
The classical period, between the 5th and 4th centuries BC, was the golden age of the site at Olympia. A wide range of new religious and secular buildings and structures were constructed.
The Temple of Zeus was built in the middle of the 5th century BC. Its size, scale and ornamentation were beyond anything previously constructed on the site. Further sporting facilities, including the final iteration of the stadium, and the Hippodrome (for chariot-racing) were constructed. The Prytaneion was built at the north-west side of the site in 470 BC.
In the late classical period, further structures were added to the site. The Metroon was constructed near the Treasuries c.400 BC. The erection of the Echo Stoa, around 350, separated off the sanctuary from the area of the games and stadium. The South Stoa was built BC at the southern edge of the sanctuary at approximately the same time.
Ruins of the Philippeion
The late 4th century BC saw the erection of the Philippeion. Around 300 BC the largest building on the site, the Leonidaion, was constructed to house important visitors. Due to the increasing importance of the games, further athletic buildings were constructed including the Palaestra (3rd century BC), Gymnasion (2nd century BC) and bathhouses (c.300 BC). Finally, in 200 BC, a vaulted archway was erected linking the entrance of the stadium to the sanctuary.
During the Roman period, the games were opened up to all citizens of the Roman Empire. A programme of extensive repairs, including to the Temple of Zeus, and new building, took place. In 150 AD, the Nympheum (or Exedra) was built. New baths replaced the older Greek examples in 100 AD and an aqueduct constructed in 160 AD.
The 3rd century saw the site suffer heavy damage from a series of earthquakes. Invading tribes in 267 AD led to the centre of the site being fortified with robbed material from its monuments. Despite the destruction, the Olympic festival continued to be held at the site until the last Olympiad in 393 AD, after which a decree from the Christian emperor, Theodosius I implemented a ban. Apparently, the Temple of Zeus was destroyed around 426 AD following an edict by Theodosius II enforcing the ban on pagan festivals. The workshop of Pheidias was turned into a Basilica and the site was inhabited by a Christian community. Olympia seems to have prospered during the 5th century AD until Justinian's plague and two Earthquakes devastated it by the mid-6th century. Repeated floods ensured that the settlement was finally abandoned altogether in the early 7th Century. Archaeological evidence suggests that small-scale Olympic events (possibly in Christian guise) were still being secretly held until an earthquake in AD 551 finally destroyed the place of worship, burying it under mud and debris.
Discovery and early excavations
Over time, the site was buried under alluvial deposits, up to 8 meters deep, long thought to be the result of river flooding. Modern research hypothesizes instead—based on the presence of mollusc and gastropod shells and foraminifera— that the site was buried by ocean waters resulting from repeated tsunamis.
The exact site was re-discovered in 1766 by the English antiquarian Richard Chandler. The first excavation of the sanctuary at Olympia was not carried out until 1829, by the French "Expedition Scientifique de Moree".
Since the 1870s, the excavation and preservation of Ancient Olympia have been the responsibility of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens. The first major excavation of Olympia began in 1875, funded by the German government after negotiation of exclusive access by Ernst Curtius. Other archaeologists responsible for the dig were Gustav Hirschfeld, George Treu, Adolf Furtwängler (who worked alongside architects), A. Boetticher, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, and Richard Borrmann. They excavated the central part of the sanctuary including the Temple of Zeus, Temple of Hera, Metroon, Bouleuterion, Philipeion, Echo Stoa, Treasuries and Palaestra. Important finds included sculptures from the Temple of Zeus, the Nike of Paeonius, the Hermes of Praxiteles and many bronzes. In total 14,000 objects were recorded. The finds were displayed in a museum on the site.
The excavation was continued in a more limited way by Dörpfeld between 1908 and 1929, but a new systematic excavation was begun in 1936 on the occasion of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin under Emil Kunze and Hans Schleif. Their excavation focus was on the area to the south of the stadium, the South Stoa, bath complex and gymnasion.
1950 to present
Between 1952 and 1966, Kunze and Schleil continued the excavation joined by architect Alfred Mallwitz. They excavated Pheidias' workshop, the Leonidaion and the north wall of the stadium. They also excavated the southeast section of the sanctuary and out of approximately 140 debris pits found many bronze and ceramic objects along with terracotta roof tiles.
Mallwitz took charge of the excavations between 1972 and 1984 revealing important dating evidence for the stadium, graves, and the location of the Prytaneion. From 1984 to 1996, Helmut Kyrieleis took over the site and the focus shifted to the earlier history of the sanctuary with the excavation of the Prytaneion and Pelopion.
The Olympic flame of the modern-day Olympic Games is lit by the reflection of sunlight in a parabolic mirror in front of the Temple of Hera and then transported by a torch to the place where the games are held. When the modern Olympics came to Athens in 2004, the men's and women's shot put competition was held at the restored Olympia stadium.
The town has a train station and is the easternmost terminus of the line of Olympia-Pyrgos (Ilia). The train station with the freight yard to its west is located about 300 m east of the town centre. It is linked by GR-74, and the new road was opened in the 1980s; the next stretch N and NE of Olympia opened in 2005. The distance from Pyrgos is 20 km (12 mi), about 50 km (31 mi) SW of Lampeia, W of Tripoli and Arcadia and 4 km (2 mi) north of Krestena and N of Kyparissia and Messenia. The highway passes north of the ancient ruins. A reservoir is located 2 km (1 mi) southwest, damming up the Alfeios River. The area is hilly and mountainous; most of the area within Olympia is forested.
Panagiotis Kondylis, one of the most prominent modern Greek thinkers and philosophers, was born and raised in Olympia. When Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the International Olympic Committee, died in 1937, a monument to him was erected at ancient Olympia. Emulating Evangelis Zappas, whose head is buried under a statue in front of the Zappeion, his heart was buried at the monument.
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https://www.lvmh.ru/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B/moet-hennessy-strengthens-its-global-portfolio-of-exceptional-wines-with-the-acquisition-of-joseph-phelps-vineyards-one-of-the-most-respected-and-acclaimed-wine-properties-of-the-napa-valley-in-calif/ | 2024-04-15T06:01:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816942.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415045222-20240415075222-00806.warc.gz | 0.9423 | 612 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__109795077 | en | Moët Hennessy, the world leading luxury wines and spirits division of LVMH, is pleased to announce the addition of Joseph Phelps Vineyards to its portfolio. This acquisition follows Moët Hennessy’s development strategy, which aims to satisfy its consumers and distribution partners’ aspirations with an increasingly diversified and comprehensive portfolio, adding Houses with strong values of excellence, craftsmanship and heritage.
Founded by Joseph Phelps in 1973, the Napa and Sonoma-based wine collection is one of the most respected and acclaimed in the United States. It has made its way to the best tables and cellars across the country, and its legendary Insignia, a Bordeaux-style Napa-grown blend, is considered one of the most sought-after and desirable fine wines in the world.
Moët Hennessy plans to build on the admirable legacy established by Joseph Phelps, his children and grandchildren, maintaining the shared values of quality, craftsmanship, entrepreneurship and a focus on sustainability.
After the closing of the acquisition, the entirety of the Joseph Phelps collection of exceptional Napa and Sonoma Valley wines will be welcomed by Moët Hennessy’s customers, alongside its outstanding multi-centennial Champagnes and its growing offer of exceptional still wines from Europe and the New World.
Philippe Schaus, Chairman and CEO of Moët Hennessy declares: «We are delighted and very proud to welcome Joseph Phelps Vineyards to our portfolio of luxury wines and spirits. Through the combination of the wonderful vineyards of Joseph Phelps, the unrivalled experience and excellence of the Joseph Phelps team, and the support of our global distribution organization and unique expertise with premium, family-owned brands, we will continue the wonderful journey initiated by the founder fifty years ago and pursued by his heirs today. Joseph Phelps has been to the Napa Valley what Nicolas Ruinart, Joseph Krug and Claude Moët were to the Champagne region, and likewise we will continue to develop this new House in the respect of the founder’s heritage and vision.”
The Phelps Family commented, “Our father founded Joseph Phelps Vineyards in 1973 with a passion for innovation, an unwavering commitment to quality, and joie de vivre. Nearly 50 years later, we’re proud to have grown from a 600-acre cattle ranch and early pioneer of the Napa Valley to a critically acclaimed and internationally known producer of iconic wines. As we plan for the next 50 years, we believe that passing the care of this crown jewel of the Napa Valley and Sonoma Coast to Moët Hennessy will build on our family’s legacy well into the future. During our discussions with Moët Hennessy, it was abundantly clear that they value and embrace all of our brilliant and dedicated team members and, most importantly, are committed to ensuring that our founding mission and values remain at the heart of Joseph Phelps Vineyards.” | history |
https://www.toquaht.ca/our-culture/ | 2023-12-03T03:16:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00476.warc.gz | 0.97578 | 667 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__281461803 | en | The Toquaht are the people of Toquaht Bay, Mayne Bay and western Barkley Sound, and are one of the Nuu-chah-nulth Nations who have lived along Vancouver Island’s west coast for over 10,000 years. As marine peoples, the Toquaht have always lived in respectful harmony with the sea and coastal environment. Our main summer village was Du Quah, situated at the mouth of Ucluelet Inlet, which was a strategic defence position.
Like other Nuu-chah-nulth communities the Toquaht Nation’s cultural focus was on whaling, but we were also hunters and gatherers. Salmon was foremost in fishing, along with sea mammals and shellfish.
“The whale hunters used to come from this area and they sited here in Macoah. There was a village here….and that was very important because of a big waterfall. This is where Chief Bert Mack and I lived. In the winter times, [you can get] winter springs. They were so plentiful because the small herring would come over here. All around, no matter where you are from, you can live year round on fish… there are fish all around us. If you want clams, it’s over here so there’s no shortage of anything at all. If you wanted some deer you could go up the river and there they were. That is why I always say water is very important whether you are an animal or you’re a human being. So I mentioned we have our cleansing areas. We have our waterfalls which are meaningful and have a great history to them.”
– Archie Thompson (1923-2009)
The Toquaht people relied heavily on red and yellow cedar. It was used to house and clothe the population. Large canoes were carved for whaling and fishing, as well as moving the community from one village site to another at different times of the year. Cedar was also used in basket weaving and box making to store everything from personal possessions to food and hunting gear. Planks were pulled off living cedars for house construction. Cedar bark was used in making clothing and mats for house floors. Berries, shoots and camus bulbs were gathered in the spring and summer.
Having been greatly impacted by disease and warfare throughout the 19th century, the Toquaht Nation is now one of the smallest of the Nuu-chah-nulth Nations. Despite our small size, we have been a leader within the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council and the Central Region First Nations through active political leadership, business initiatives, cultural events, and as a proponent of the Maa-nulth First Nations Final Agreement. Implemented on April 1, 2011, it is the second treaty to be implemented under the BC treaty process.
About 40 people live in the Toquaht Nation’s main community of Macoah, which is accessible off Highway 4 along Kennedy Lake. The rest of the citizens live in Ucluelet, Port Alberni and other cities along the coast. The Nation has about 175 citizens in total. | history |
http://debbieherd.blogspot.com/2011/09/buy-nothing-new-month-october-2011.html?showComment=1347406486007 | 2019-01-16T22:07:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657907.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116215800-20190117001800-00561.warc.gz | 0.993288 | 1,360 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__15338552 | en | Friday, September 23, 2011
'BUY NOTHING NEW MONTH' OCTOBER 2011
I spent a wonderful afternoon last Sunday out at what was originally my Great Grandparents farm. My Great Grandparents migrated to Australia from Paisley in Scotland in 1854 and were a pioneering family and the first people to take up the land when the first allotments were sold off to the settlers. Two of my cousins were at the farm, so I was able to scan my Grandmothers hand written cook book as it is still kept in the kitchen drawer with the tea towels. The same place it has been for most of my life. Grandma had a new kitchen built around 1966 when the house was renovated and electricity was first connected. Before that Grandma had a small kitchen off the veranda and the breakfast room as it was called, a large room with a big open fireplace where Grandma cooked in pots that hung from iron chains. The room also had a large table where the family ate and an old fashioned rocking chair that Grandma sat by the fire in. An old clock ticked away on the mantelpiece and the old miner’s couch that sat at one end of the table had one arm worn flat where the kids climbed over it to get to the table to eat. My Grandmother had seven children over a period of 25 years and with no modern conveniences, I doubt that Grandma had a lot of spare time to sit when the family was all at home. Like many people who lived with little money to spend, most thing were reused and the cook book had apparently been used before as it had 'sheep book' hand written on the cover, then the year 1957, two years before I was born. Grandma Herd was born on the 4th April 1890 and died just before what would have been her 87th birthday in 1977 when I was 17 and was the only grandparent that I ever really got to know as the others had all passed away before I began school. Grandma was a tiny woman and none of the grandchildren were very old before we were as tall as her. Like most other women of her era, Grandma had little education and I am not certain if she received her ' Merit Certificate' But she was incredibly well informed about world and local happenings, had an amazing memory that she was well known for, and crossword puzzles, the larger and more difficult were her favorites. A dictionary sat beside her chair and was so well worn that it was held together with a fowler’s vacola rubber band. You were frowned upon if you gave her recycled magazines that someone else had begun the crossword in! It is difficult to imagine what her life was like as she had never ventured more than a 50 km radius from where she was born. My father commented often that his mother was a fabulous cook as she could make a family meal out of nothing. Because that is what they had some times, meaning very little. Grandma would go up into the sheep yards and pick stinging nettles to cook if they were the only available green vegetable. My father's youngest brother never married and returned home to the farm during the Second World War and lived there for the rest of his life. The original part of the house, three bedrooms and the lounge room was built out of mud brick in1907. The timber for the house was sourced locally and the door jams, skirting boards, architrave's and window frames were all hand cut using an adze. The trendy term now would be a "hand made" house. My uncle along with all of the rest of the family was a very simple type of person. Consumerism did not run in this family. Uncle Mac had about three changes of clothes, a pair of pajamas reserved for hospital stays and a suit to wear to funerals and not one other possession to his name that he did not need, use, or had not been passed down to him from his parents. The only changes in the original interior of the house apart from the electricity were that all of the rooms except Grandma's bedroom were re wallpapered in the 1930's. Four of the seven children were born in the that room, delivered by Grandmother's mother Julia, who acted as the local midwife.
In 2002 I took this photo of my son Coen standing in front of Grandmas bed, the bed that my father had been born in 90 years before. My cousin Yvonne commented to me after Uncle Mac passed away, how little there was in the house and that the kitchen dresser's bottom cupboards was only full of old washed jam jars, ready to be reused. Which by the way I am now using when I make jam. My oldest cousin Lindsay has celebrated his 80th birthday and I am the second youngest. We are blessed that as a family we can return to our Grandparents house and nothing much has changed, it is always the same as we remember it. Daniel Thomas in the catalogue of drawings by the artist Grace Cossington Smith says of ‘Cossington’, the artists family home ' The artist's own house, which like any long-inhabited home, had become a tribal sacred site for Smith family memories.' To the Herd family this farm and house are definitely our 'tribal sacred site'
This is a photo of my Grandmother sitting on the gate at the side of the house. I am not certain how old she would have been at the time but her oldest son was born just before the house was finished in 1907. The gate is still there and Rod was doing some welding on it to fix some problem with it while I was there on Sunday.
I took this photo of Coen down at the original orchard that my Great Grandparents had planted, and earned a living from. Coen is wearing a jumper that I knitted for him. I bought a cream coloured hand knitted jumper at an op shop for 50cents and un pulled it and dyed the wool to recycle into the jumper for him. It is amazing really how the world changed in the years after the Second World War. Manufacturing and consumerism rule now. Yvonne, Julia and I all agreed on Sunday that we were born at the wrong time, life for our parents was much simpler, there was more of a sense of community and having less is actually a LOT MORE!
I noticed after I scanned these photos that the bed on the scanner must have some of the flour that fell out of Grandma’s cook book onto it still. Somehow I think that it is nice to just leave the photos how they are. | history |
http://www.northstarsheepfarm.com/fiber | 2019-09-17T16:54:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00418.warc.gz | 0.951803 | 140 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__92412049 | en | Our Sustainable Farming Philosophy Delivers Natural, Maine-Made Yarn
All our wool is shipped to Bartlett Yarns in Harmony, Maine where it is turned into some of the best yarn you can buy.
The vintage woolen mill sits on Higgins Stream and holds the last remaining working spinning mule in the United States. It was founded in 1821 with the original spinnery being powered by an undershot water wheel. This was eventually replaced by a water turbine and then converted to electricity.
Bartlett Yarn's vintage machinery is some of the last of its kind in the USA.
Watch the video below for more about our partnership with Bartlett Yarns. | history |
http://swbv.ca/portfolio/gasson-hall-boston-college/ | 2024-03-04T21:36:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00317.warc.gz | 0.976452 | 149 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__186984814 | en | Built in 1909 in the heart of Boston College, Gasson Hall had developed problems with its aging masonry: cracks, chipping of the cast stone, crumbling mortar and general wear and tear had degraded the structure and its appearance.
This century building needed major restoration, planned over six years, starting with disassembly, piece by piece, of the top of the tower and followed by reconstruction of the spires.
More than 3 000 pieces were removed from the building, identified, designed, then sent to the BPDL plant. New wet cast concrete components were fabricated to the highest quality standards and sent back to the jobsite for installation. The restoration of Gasson Hall was one of the largest restoration projects in North America. | history |
https://arealamericanbook.com/tag/tour-of-duty/ | 2023-02-09T13:06:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00351.warc.gz | 0.97873 | 921 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__68998605 | en | In our last episode, Tim and his brother Kevin bought G.I. Joe issue #94!
Part one of the NINJA COMMANDO’s spotlight reveals more about Snake-Eyes’ origin, and how he first crossed paths with the Baroness, and why she holds a grudge. (Played out in general that she’s on the Cobra side and he’s a Joe, and specifically that she goes after him in Switzerland while he’s anesthetized.) The flashback is Saigon, 1968. And Vietnam was of interest for me. Why?
My father subscribed to several military magazines, and those sat on our coffee table next to hardcover books on jets, and near novels and histories like God is My Co-Pilot, Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo, and Time Life’s WWII set. And while Dad was more interested in The Second World War than Vietnam, the latter was still fresh on the minds of many Americans. Saigon fell just two months after my brother was born. The Vietnam Veteran’s Memorial, “The Wall,” was dedicated the same year Real American Hero debuted. And President Reagan’s rebuilding of the Armed Forces was still palpable. Mom worked for Senator Dodd. Dad worked for NASA. Neither of those related to Vietnam, the place or the war, but as an “inside the Beltway” family the TV news was on every night for two hours, so though we didn’t have anyone in the family serving in the military, we were aware of it.
The Vietnam War, or I guess The Vietnam Conflict, since America still doesn’t technically consider it a war (if my 12th grade history serves me), was recent. Americans were coming to terms with it. College classes were now being taught on it. Stone’s Platoon and Kubrick’s Full Metal Jacket were earning box office dollars and winning accolades. At the same time, CBS was running a great TV series called Tour of Duty. This show only lasted for three years, and had the unfortunate timeslot of Saturdays at 10pm. (Not quite the kiss of death that it would be now, but still not great.) (This meant I would watch “The Golden Girls” with my mom at 8, Tour of Duty at 10 with my brother and father, and PBS’s broadcast of the BBC Robin Hood at 11. [Yes, I watched The Golden Girls because it was a well-written, well-acted, funny show.]
Tour of Duty was an hour long drama about the regular soldiers of Company B serving in Vietnam. Season 1 was filmed in Hawaii, so it looked great, and benefited from writing that portrayed the ups and downs, and the shades of grey the average Army grunt experienced in country. That this show came along when G.I. Joe was in full bloom, combined with my brother and father’s interest in war history and military armament, was a coincidence. But it only enhanced our appreciation of the military themes in G.I. Joe.
The show lasted three years, and was about as gritty as the accepted standards of the time. It was violent, but not overly so, and the violence was tastefully done. This was before TV ratings, back when a “Parental Discretion is Advised” disclaimer was rare, and a big deal. (The show didn’t have it. ABC’s 1989 broadcast of Robocop did, for comparison. And that was quite edited from the theatrical cut.) More importantly, Tour of Duty dealt with racism, ethnic divisions, moral ambiguity and the fog of war, and the hopelessness of the day-in, day-out slog. It, like G.I. Joe, was told from the grunt’s point of view. There were no cutaways to the White House, the Pentagon, or the Paris Peace Talks.
So with all this swirling around in the cultural ether — TV shows and movies and government — it was quite exciting when Marvel’s G.I. Joe veered into Vietnam via flashback.
Moreso, those three months of checking the spinner racks at the Montgomery Mall Waldenbooks, where we went from G.I. Joe issues 90 to 92, and then to 94, offered something even more focused: An entire comic book series about Vietnam.
What was it called? Tune in next week to find out! | history |
https://www.woodbridgeglassva.com/about-us | 2018-03-22T15:19:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647892.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322151300-20180322171300-00688.warc.gz | 0.956094 | 100 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__249605606 | en | Located in Woodbridge, Virginia
, Woodbridge Glass Company
was founded by Edward and Elmetta Nethercutt in 1964. A veteran of WWII, Edward Nethercutt has always cherished hard-work and family and has incorporated these values into his business. Family owned and operated, Woodbridge Glass Company has grown from a small glass shop
to a major contributor for local residential and commercial needs.
Contact us at 703-494-5181
and speak with one of our specialists. | history |
http://federalcircuithistoricalsociety.org/journal_vol3.html | 2020-02-28T12:39:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147154.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228104413-20200228134413-00409.warc.gz | 0.955873 | 884 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__71439237 | en | Volume 3, 2009
In this third issue of the Journal, the Society celebrates the life and contributions of Judge Giles S. Rich on the tenth anniversary of his passing. One of the nation's most enduring and accomplished jurist, Judge Rich rendered unparalleled service to the development of the U.S. patent law both during his private practice career and in his work on the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals ("CCPA") and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. He was one of the Judiciary's leading intellectual lights, and we remember him with respect, admiration and fondness in this Journal issue.
Phil Swain, former law clerk to Judge Rich, and the Society's immediate past-President, undertook the editing role for this issue of the Journal, managing the collection of original papers and reprinted articles, speeches, and tributes, and providing a biography. Through this biography, we learn about the person, Giles Sutherland Rich, and begin to get an understanding of the stellar lawyer and judge he became. Rounding out this look into the personal side, Judge Rich's daughter, Verity Rich Hallinan, and niece, Eleanor Van Staagen Mitchell, have provided their reflections on this beloved family man.
Judge Rich famously played a major role in the enactment of the 1952 codification of the patent law. The 1952 Act is the statutory foundation for the jurisprudence in that field through the last half of the twentieth century and still today. He was trained in the patent law and practiced in the field before his appointment to the CCPA in 1956. He was the first patent lawyer to serve as a judge on that court. Three years later, a second patent lawyer, Arther M. Smith, was added to the CCPA. Lynn Eccleston and Hal Wegner present a study of the impact on the patent law development under the 1952 Act during the "Rich-Smith Years of the CCPA," the period from 1959, when Judge Smith joined the court, until his death in 1968.
The writings of Judge Rich that Phil Swain selected for this issue begin with the rare publication of a 1929 primer he wrote on “Patent Law and Procedure.” We are honored to have an introduction to this document by Federal Circuit Judge Alan D. Lourie, and it is a fitting lead-in to the collection presented here, which additionally includes commentaries on the patent law written by Judge Rich in 1936, 1970, and as late as 1998.
As a preface to the selection of speeches, Dale L. Carlson, Historian and President-Elect of the New York Intellectual Patent Law Association, notes Judge Rich’s long association with the New York patent bar. Representative speeches included here span a long period of time, starting in 1952, when Judge Rich addressed the New York Patent Law Association on the Patent Act passed that year.
Many people have paid tribute to Judge Rich. We have included a transcript of the Special Session of the Federal Circuit held in 1999, which highlights the high regard and affection in which he was held, as well as the personal remarks of Senator Orrin Hatch and Federal Circuit Judge Pauline Newman. In “Turing the Corner,” “Remembrances and Memorial,” and “A Rich Legacy,” former law clerks John Witherspoon, Neil Smith and Janice Mueller, respectively, all of whom went on to have prestigious careers in their own rights, recall their personal experiences, impressions and lessons learned as a result of having Judge Rich as their mentor. Through all these tributes and remembrances, we come to better appreciate the force of the figure celebrated in these pages.
For additional information, please contact Maria Mirra at [email protected].
Current members of the Federal Circuit Historical Society will receive a free copy of the Journal and additional copies may be obtained for $25.00 at:
Payment Options: (1) PayPal (below); or (2) Check, payable to The Federal Circuit Historical Society, mailed to the following address:
George E. Hutchinson
The Federal Circuit Historical Society
c/o Finnegan Henderson
901 New York Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001-4413
Click here to become a member. | history |
https://www.tslha.org/about-the-34th-infantry | 2023-12-09T15:33:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100912.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209134916-20231209164916-00419.warc.gz | 0.955316 | 1,649 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__316098369 | en | Attack, Attack, Attack
As the potential of U.S. involvement in World War II became more evident, initial steps were taken to prepare troops what for lay ahead through "precautionary training." The 34th was deemed one of the most service-ready units, and Ellard A. Walsh was promoted to major general in June 1940, and then succeeded to division commander in August.
The 34th was subsequently activated on 10 February 1941, with troops from North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa. The division was transported by rail and truck convoys to the newly constructed Camp Claiborne in Rapides Parish, Louisiana near Alexandria.
The soldiers started rigorous training including maneuvers in Alexandria starting 7 April 1941. The 34th then participated in what became known as the Louisiana Maneuvers and became a well-disciplined, high spirited, and well prepared unit. In the early phase of the maneuvers, General Walsh, became too ill to continue in command and was replaced by Major General Russell P. Hartle on 5 August 1941.
On 8 January 1942, the 34th Division was transported by train to Fort Dix, New Jersey to quickly prepare for overseas movement. The first contingent embarked at Brooklyn on 14 January 1942 and sailed from New York the next day. The initial group of 4,508 men stepped ashore at 12:15 hrs on 26 January 1942 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. While in Northern Ireland, Hartle was tasked with organizing an American version of the British Commandos. During this organizational period, a unit of U.S. Army Rangers and the 168th Commandos were formed.
On 20 May 1942, Hartle was designated commanding general of V Corps and Major General Charles Ryder, took command of the 34th. The division continued training in Northern Ireland and Scotland until it boarded ships to travel to North Africa for Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, in November 1942.
The 34th saw its first combat in French Algeria on 8 November 1942. As a member of the Eastern Task Force, they landed at Algiers and seized the port and outlying airfields. Elements of the 34th took part in numerous subsequent engagements in Tunisia, notably at Sened Station, Sidi Bou Zid and Faid Pass, Sbeitla, and Fondouk Gap. In April 1943 the 34th assaulted Hill 609, capturing it on 1 May 1943, and then drove through Chouigui Pass to Tebourba and Ferryville. The Battle of Tunisia was won, and the Axis forces surrendered.
The 34th now stationed in Oran, trained intensively for the invasion of the Italian mainland, with the main landings being at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September 1943, D-Day. The 151st Field Artillery Battalion went in on D-Day, 9 September, landing at Salerno, while the rest of the division followed on 25 September. Engaging the enemy at the Calore River, 28 September, the 34th, as part of the VI Corps, relentlessly drove north to take Benevento, crossed the winding Volturno three times in October and November, assaulted Monte Patano, and took one of its four peaks before being relieved on 9 December.
In January 1944, the 34th was back on the front line battering the Bernhardt Line defenses fighting along the Mignano Gap. The 34th took Monte Trocchio as the German defenders withdrew to the main prepared defenses of the Gustav Line. On 24 January 1944, during the First Battle of Monte Cassino they pushed across the Gari River into the hills behind and attacked Monastery Hill. The performance of the 34th Infantry Division in the mountains has been called one of the finest feats of arms carried out by any soldiers during the war.
The unit sustained losses of about 80 percent in the infantry battalions. They were relieved from their positions 11–13 February 1944. Eventually, it took the combined force of five Allied infantry divisions to finish what the 34th nearly accomplished on its own.
After rest and rehabilitation, the 34th landed at the Anzio beachhead 25 March 1944. The division maintained defensive positions until the offensive of 23 May, when it broke out and took Cisterna, raced to Civitavecchia and the Italian capital of Rome. The 34th, now commanded by Major General Charles Bolte, drove across the Cecina River to liberate Livorno, 19 July 1944, and then took Monte Belmonte in October during the fighting on the Gothic Line. Digging in the south of Bologna for the winter, the 34th jumped off the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, 15 April 1945, and captured Bologna on 21 April. The pursuit of the routed enemy to the French border was halted on 2 May upon the German surrender in Italy and the end of World War II in Europe.
The 34th Infantry Division participated in six major Army campaigns in North Africa and Italy. The division is credited with amassing 517 days of front-line combat, more than any other division in the U.S. Army. One or more 34th Division units were engaged in actual combat for 611 days. The 34th was credited with more combat days than any other division in the war. The 34th suffered 3,737 killed in action, 14,165 wounded in action, 3,460 missing in action, and 1,368 men taken prisoner by the enemy, for a total of 21,362 battle casualties. Casualties of the division are considered to be the highest of any division in the theatre when daily per capita fighting strengths are considered. The division's soldiers were awarded ten Medals of Honor, ninety-eight Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, 1,153 Silver Stars, 116 Legion of Merit medals, one Distinguished Flying Cross, 2,545 Bronze Star Medals, fifty-four Soldier's Medals, thirty-four Air Medals, with duplicate awards of fifty-two oak leaf clusters, and 15,000 Purple Hearts.
1 Johnson, Jack (Winter 2012). "Allies". Newsletter for Members and Friends of the Military Historical Society of Minnesota. XX(1): 1–3
2 Army Navy Journal 77. Washington, DC: Army and Navy Journal, Incorporated. 1904. p. 38.
3 Background of the Selective Service System. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 7 June2013.
4 Camp Claiborne Louisiana, Western Maryland's Historical Library. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
5 Jeffers, H. Paul (2007). Onward We Charge: The Heroic Story of Darby's Rangers in World War II. Chapter 2: Penguin Books.
6 Staab, William (2009). Not for Glory. Vantage Press. p. 69.
7 Howe, George. "U.S. Army in World War II, Mediterranean Theater of Operations – Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West. Hyperwar Foundation. pp. 423–437
8 Howe, George. "U.S. Army in World War II, Mediterranean Theater of Operations – Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West". Hyperwar Foundation. pp. 423–437
9 Atkinson, Rick (2008). The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944. Macmillan. p. 260.
10 Majdalany, Fred (1957). Cassino: Portrait of a Battle. Longman, Green and Co. p. 87.
11 "34th Infantry Division". U.S. Army Center of Military History.
12 "History of the 34th Infantry Division". Minnesota National Guard.
"The Red Bull in the Winter Line"
Painted by Donna Neary, c. 1988
Thank You to Our Generous Supporters
Like any infantry section, we are only as effective as our support element. Thank you to those who help to ensure history is not forgotten.
Mr. John Maxton
Store #1490 Rockford, ILL | history |
https://conprocanada.ca/project/victory-building-heritage-envelope-rehabilitation/ | 2024-04-20T11:20:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817576.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420091126-20240420121126-00535.warc.gz | 0.984263 | 208 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__10805647 | en | To maintain the buildings heritage, we used historic stone repair techniques for the stone and brick masonry repair and conservation work. All new limestone was sourced from the same quarry as the original stonework.
Flashing replacement, caulking repairs around the windows and building cleaning was also performed as part of this contract. All work was completed while the building was occupied, and special safety measures were taken for pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
Classified as a Federal Heritage Building in 1990, the Victory Building was built under Canada’s Public Works Construction Act in 1934. It was one of the largest buildings constructed in Canada during the Great Depression era and it represents a new type of office building that efficiently housed several departments under one roof. It was also one of a very few buildings constructed in Winnipeg during the Depression era. Construction employed local contractors and labourers, created a demand for Manitoba materials like Tyndall limestone and was a key factor in stimulating the local economy. It is also know as the Federal Building and the Dominion Public Building. | history |
http://renerice.com/Rene%20Rice%20Website/6.%20Cremation%20tomb%20copy/iv.d.6.Cremation.html | 2023-12-06T17:17:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00784.warc.gz | 0.960401 | 1,406 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__240793097 | en | 1. Vrina Plain Cremation tomb in April 2007
2. Vrina Plain Cremation tomb post conservation in June 2010
3. Vrina Plain Cremation Tomb: plan and elevation (BF)
'The substantial remains of a masonry tomb can still be seen on the Vrina Plain, situated on a slight rise some 300m to the east of the settlement nucleus. The ruin was first recorded by Ugolini, along with other funerary remains in the late 1920's, more or less in the same condition it is to be seen today. The tomb survived the 1960's clearance of the Plain, and since it's exposure it has been employed as a sheep pen and as a shelter for shepherds on the otherwise exposed plain. A consequent and highly noticeable deterioration in the tomb's physical condition since the mid 1990's prompted a drawn, photographic and measured survey, in part as a heritage management excercise.
The tomb consists of two elements: a vaulted chamber with a solid tower-like superstructure above. Any traces of facing stones, or plastered outer surfaces, have long since disappeared. The surviving structure measures 2.85m wide across the vault and 1.80m along it's length. The vault walls average 0.57m in thickness and the entire lower section is 1.95m high. Above this, the superstructure is 1.40m in diameter and 1.24m high; the tomb presently stands 3.19m above ground level. Below ground it appears to be constructed on very shallow foundations.
The Tomb chamber itself is quite well preserved. This is a vaulted space 1.57m long, 1.50m wide and 1.06m high. In the centre of the eastern and western walls are two semi-circular loculi for cinerary urns. Each measures 0.44 x 0.42 x 0.56m.Their bases are raised 0.15m from the floor of the chamber. Both the northern and southern walls have largely been demolished to permit it's use as a shelter, though enough remains to show that the southern wall was once continuous. The access to the tomb chamber must, consequently, have been from the north, that is, from the side facing the lake. The surface of the interior (the vault, the floor and the loculi) is entirely covered with a layer of plaster up to 20mm thick. Limescale (sinter) covers much of the remaining plaster and may have contributed to it's survival. This does, however, make it difficult to discern whether the interior was ever painted.' ( Andrew Crowson and Oliver Gilkes: The archeology of the Vrina plain: An Assessment.)
The Vrina Plain is a flat treeless expanse prone to fierce Spring and Autumn storms which arrive swiftly with heavy rains and extreme lightning and thunder so it is no surprise that this vaulted masonry structure has been used as a shelter by man and beast alike. Nearby there is a modern memorial to a shepherd killed by lightning.
For conservation purposes the structure was first examined in the early summer of 2007 and the following major facts were noted:
1.1. That a large piece of the masonry forming the upper western section of the vault was detached from the monument resulting in a substantial diminution of support for the 'tower-like superstructure'
4. Illustrates: (a) the distance from the main mass of the fragment, (b) the source of the fragment and (c) the fragment itself (June 2007)
There is nothing to explain the distance from the monument at which the fragment now rests.
1.2. Loculi to west and east both broken into, as was infill to north and south.
5. Openings to all points of the compass (June 2007)
1.3. Poor condition of interior plaster.
5. Interior plasterwork. (June 2007)
Substantial sections of the inyerior plaster work remain intact. Although there is no obvious evidence of polychromy this plaster constitutes an important historic detail.
2. Conservation Plan.
2.1. To replace missing core work to the vault to strengthen support for the masonry above. At first it was thought that we could simply replace the missing section but this was found to be to heavy to lift carefully into place with the available equipment. it was also felt that to replace this section withouth the use of stainless steel pins to fix it in place would probably recreate the original instability that had caused the loss in the first place.The missing section was left to lie and replacement core was constructed from scavenged stones and lime mortar. The rebuilding of this section was felt to be a structural necessity.
6. Work in progress to rebuild supporting vault (June 2007 René Rice pictured)
2.2. To Fill openings to north and south and to prevent further damage to loculi to east and westby covering openings. The south opening had some of the original wall material in place and therefore it was decided to complete the rest of this opening with similar masonry. Preventing ingress into the monument's interior had to be a priority of our work. Barriers had to be strong and materially undesirable to avoid theft. The North opening had no original material and it was deceided to fill this with a single layer of concrete blocks, rendered over with a sympathetic roughcast mortar. The loculi were filled with core stone to match the surrounding stonework. All progressed smoothly except for the blockwork which was destroyed partially once by inquisitive hands and had to be rebuilt.
7. Existing masonry in south opening (June 2007)
8. Beginning of masonry infill (on plastic seperation layer) (June 2007) (Albana Hakani pictured)
9. Interior of south opening infill (June 2007)
10. South opening infill complete (June 2007)
The north opening was filled with concrete blocks and rendered over with a roughcast lime mortar.
11. North opening blocked-in (June 2007)
12. North opening roughcast rendered (June 2007)
2.2.3. Loculi: east and west
13. Eastern loculi opening blocked (June 2007)
14. Western loculi opening blocked (June 2007)
2.3. Conservation of interior plasterwork.
Fragile plasterwork was consolidated by filleting and strengthening broken edges and grouting voids where necessary,
15. Plaster conservation (June 2007)
16. Conservator (Albana Hakani) working on the interior plaster of the cremation tomb. (June 2007)
The conserved monument must be monitored at regular intervals to check the integrity of the blocked openings and prevent continued ingress of sheltering persons and beasts.
17. Conserved Cremation Tomb June 2010 | history |
http://olivet.edu/News/2012/Olivet%E2%80%99s_Roaring_Tiger_Battalion_honors_those_who_have_served.aspx | 2017-09-21T10:33:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687740.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921101029-20170921121029-00061.warc.gz | 0.973631 | 268 | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__246537930 | en | Olivet’s Roaring Tiger Battalion honors those who have served
Posted: Dec 06, 2012
“Wars may be fought with weapons, but they are won by men. It is the spirit of men who follow and of the man who leads that gains the victory,” General George S. Patton once said.
At Fortin Villa, home of Olivet’s Roaring Tiger Battalion, U.S. Army ROTC cadets stood at attention while giving homage to those who have fought before them at a recent ceremony. Their respect was shown while the “Armed Forces Medley” was played and during the flag folding ceremony. The flag was presented to General Kotter, who was the guest speaker for the service.
General Kotter stressed that, “once a soldier, a soldier for life.” He sees service in the military as a worthy endeavor.
“It’s another way for our appreciation. We serve our country. We enjoy those liberties because of them,” Gen. Kotter said.
The battalion was grateful for those who have led by example.
“I think they’re a true inspiration; a sign of selflessness, people I aspire to be,” Cadet Davina Anderson said. | history |
http://www.theturfcompany.com.ph/index.php/updates-blogs/81-the-turf-company-celebrates-with-the-toro-company-s-centennial-year | 2019-05-24T09:53:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257601.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524084432-20190524110432-00317.warc.gz | 0.959085 | 534 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__79961763 | en | The Turf Company enjoys some of the most established relationships in the industry and as its marks 25-year history, it had the privilege of being a part of yet another milestone – the centennial celebration of one of its strongest brands and long-time partner, The Toro Company.
Founded in 1914 in Minnesota, USA, The Toro Company established its legacy in turf and landscape maintenance by building market leadership through a relentless commitment to innovation. By understanding the needs of its customers, the company developed products and services including more than 1,500 patents to help its customers succeed worldwide.
In the Philippines, The Turf Company enjoys the distinction of being the exclusive distributor of the Toro brand of golf course maintenance equipment and irrigation systems which accounts for about 80 percent of the company’s turf management business.
Since its founding, The Turf Company has maintained a solid partnership with Toro, one that continues to flourish to this day and benefits some of the country’s finest golf and sporting courses as well as upscale golfing estates. Turf is also proud of its excellent after-sales service and reliable technical support, a reputation Toro also shares on a global scale.<p/P<
“To have Toro as one of our strongest brands since day one speaks volumes on the very fruitful and solid partnership that we have with them. We at Turf are very much honored to have witnessed and been part of such a momentous occasion in the history of Toro,” said Mario Lopez, General Manager of The Turf Company.
Toro centennial celebration
A dinner reception at the Radisson Blu in Minnesota kicked off Toro’s week-long centennial celebration attended by distributors, dealers and retail partners from around the world.
Delegates were given a tour around Toro’s manufacturing facility in Tomah, Wisconsin; the Windom Plant and the company’s headquarters in Bloomington, Minnesota where it all started. A product exhibit of the company’s history showcased some of its vintage products.
Highlight of the event was the Worldwide Awards Banquet and Recognition at the St. Paul RiverCentre graced by Toro top executives including incumbent Toro CEO Michael Hoffman, past CEO Kendrick Melrose, Toro’s Managing Director Australia & Asia Pacific Richard Walne, and Distributor Operations Development (Global) Manager Billy Secord.
During the awards night, red and green blazers were given to top sales people while gold bulls were presented to international distributors. Mario Lopez received the Bull Award on behalf of The Turf Company in recognition of the company’s 25-year partnership with Toro. | history |
https://thepilgrimways.com/england/ | 2023-10-01T19:07:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00477.warc.gz | 0.958565 | 599 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__302796506 | en | The Pilgrims’ Way was one of the major routes to Canterbury, the spiritual capital of England and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its Christian heritage is owed to a famous Roman missionary, St. Augustine, who was sent from Rome in 597 AD by Pope Gregory to convert the Anglo-Saxons. The mission was a success: that same year Augustine baptized King Ethelbert of Kent. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, whose modern successor is the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion.
Canterbury is also important because of St. Thomas Becket, another Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170 at the hands of the king’s knights. Miracles were reported around Thomas’ tomb almost immediately and it soon became one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in Europe. A journey of pilgrims to Becket’s shrine served as the frame for Geoffrey Chaucer’s 14th century classic “The Canterbury Tales”.
Canterbury Cathedral is one of the oldest Christian churches in England and it continues to play a central role in English Christianity. Dedicated in 602 AD by St. Augustine, it still functions as the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the symbolic seat of the Anglican Communion. The grandeur of the architecture reflects Canterbury’s historic and religious importance, as does the magnificent collection of medieval stained glass windows depicting biblical scenes and miracles experienced at Thomas’ shrine.
Canterbury continues to be a popular destination, consistently one of the most-visited cities in the United Kingdom. Many historical structures fill the area, including a city wall founded in Roman times and rebuilt in the 14th century, the ruins of St Augustine’s Abbey and a Norman castle, and the oldest extant school in the world, the King’s School.
Given the importance of Canterbury, over the centuries several important tracks were pressed into the ground by the feet of thousands of pilgrims. The North Downs Pilgrims’ Way is an ancient track between Winchester and Canterbury Cathedral following St Swithun’s and North Downs Ways. The trail provides fairly easy walking through woods, over chalk grassland, minor roads and through orchards and farmland, especially in Kent. It follows a major chalk ridge past charming villages and historic churches.
An alternative route is the South Downs Pilgrims’ Way, also known as the Old Way. It is a medieval route to Canterbury beginning in Southampton connecting 78 churches, four cathedrals, three river sources and nine holy wells.
A third major trail to Canterbury begins at London’s Southwark Cathedral and travels southeast past Rochester and through the Kent Downs before arriving at the famous cathedral. This is the trail that appears in Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales”. It is a good option for people who are short on time but want to visit both London and Canterbury. | history |
https://druidhillstour.org/2017/02/2017-druid-hills-tour-homes-gardens/ | 2022-11-26T16:40:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708010.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126144448-20221126174448-00195.warc.gz | 0.884333 | 664 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__297778784 | en | 14 Feb 2017 Druid Hills Tour & Events
Ryan Graham, Chairperson, Druid Hills Civic Association Tour Committee, announces the 2017 Druid Hills Tour of Homes & Gardens and Makers Market, April 21-23, 2017.
“The vibrant tradition continues as the historic Druid Hills neighborhood welcomes neighbors and visitors alike to tour homes featuring architecture from renowned architects, experience award winning interior design, enjoy southern fare, hear local musicians, see Georgia artists and explore Emory Village. ‘History Happens Here’ through the vibrant community culture of Druid Hills where tour goers will find inspiration, celebration, and a focus on preserving and extending the vision of noted landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.”
One of the longest running and premiere tour of homes in the nation, the 2017 Druid Hills Tour of Homes & Gardens and Makers Market celebrates its 49th year with six homes and one garden that feature the work of master renovators and landscape designers:
- 834 Lullwater Road, Honora and Dan Handley
- 1250 Fairview Road, Stephanie and John Giegerich
- 928 Oakdale Road, Charlie Andrews and Burt Tillman
- 1017 Oxford Road, Drs. Shannon and James Hamrick
- 1125 Oxford Road, Sarah and Scott Ellyson
- 1371 North Decatur Road, Emily and Andrew Webb
- 1022 Lullwater Road, Julia Roberts (Garden open for tours Saturday only)
The tour will also feature a series of events open to the public at Emory Village and throughout the neighborhood including:
- Makers Market on Saturday 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM Slice & Pint Parking Lot
- Local Bands on Saturday 6:00 – 10:00 PM, Slice & Pint Parking Lot
- Patch Dash 5K Fun Run/Walk and Tot Trot on Sunday 8:00 AM (proceeds benefit Press On To Cure Childhood Cancer: www.pressonfund.org)
- CDC Museum Tour on Friday, 11:00-12:30 (complimentary shuttle departs from Slice & Pint Parking Lot at 10:30; advance registration requested via the tour website and photo ID required)
- Bike rentals and walking maps available at Will Call / Slice & Pint Parking Lot
- Lullwater Preservation Garden Plant Sale
The tour events take place Friday, April 21, 1:00 – 5:00 PM; Saturday, April 22, 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM; and Sunday, April 23, 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM. Individual and discounted group tickets may be purchased in advance on the website: druidhillstour.org. Proceeds from the tour, events and merchandise benefit the Druid Hills neighborhood, which is on the National Register of Historic Places.
About The Druid Hills Civic Association: The Druid Hills Civic Association was founded in 1938 to preserve Atlanta’s Druid Hills neighborhood and to protect its unique heritage of parks and architecture. The Association carries out these responsibilities by exercising vigilance in zoning matters, maintaining a liaison with local governing bodies, informing the citizens of community issues, and promoting the general welfare of the community for the enjoyment of its residents today and in the future. | history |
https://salemstjoseph.org/about-us | 2024-04-13T07:02:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816586.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413051941-20240413081941-00777.warc.gz | 0.979994 | 1,582 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__102126575 | en | The St. Joseph-Salem Heritage Society is an non-profit Ohio Corporation that is qualified by the Internal Revenue Service as a tax exempt Charitable Trust under Section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
The organization was founded in 2005 to:
Recover, preserve and maintain the heritage of Salem, St. Joseph Parish Community and to show our appreciation for the 164 years of sacrifice our ancestors endured so that it may inspire future generations.
The History of St. Joseph Salem Catholic Parish
In 1831, Ezra Stewart, the first white man settled in what is now Salem Township, Wyandot Co., Ohio, on the edge of the Wyandot Indian reservation. Soon after his arrival other pioneers came, and by 1837 the portion of the township not included in the Indian land, increased rapidly the number of settlers. By 1845, after the Indians had left, over 50 persons had patented land within the township. It was named after the town of Salem in Massachusetts by Job Matheson, the first Justice of the Peace to serve as such, who came from there.
Christian Brooks, a Catholic, was the first to buy government land in 1846 in Salem Township. In 1847, John Schumacher bought land and moved onto it with his wife and her family, Henry Eberle. These first Catholics settled in the forest and before the land could be cultivated trees had to be uprooted and carried away. There were Indians to be feared, for some Indians refusing to resettle in the Southwest remained to harass the white settlers. Isolated families of Wyandot Indians who had refused to go West with the Tribes in 1843 still camped among the brush. The pioneers could not be discouraged, however; and through three years of peril, darkness and strife they persevered in building up their land and their faith.. By 1849 there was a neighborhood of Catholics consisting of John Schuhmacher, Henry Eberle, Andrew Fetter, John Stumpf, Peter Pauly, John Best, all with their families; also Christian Brooks, Matthew Haut and Anton Eberle. All settled in the deep, thick woods. These Catholics located in the thick forests had to clear their land of trees before being able to cultivate it.
The year 1849 marks the beginning of the congregation and parish of St. Joseph Church in Salem Township. In the spring of 1849, Bishop Amadeus Rappe, first Bishop of Cleveland, made a visitation of areas of his diocese. He celebrated Mass in the log cabin of John Schuhmacher. This was the first gathering of a congregation and the beginnings of the new mission. During the same year a log chapel, 20x26 feet was built on the property of John Schuhmacher. Christian Brooks who was a skilled mason, designed and built the little chapel. In it an altar of bricks was constructed. After the chapel was completed, a Sanguinist Father from New Riegel came whenver possible to conduct services. Young Henry Damian Best served as altar boy, later becoming a priest.
The little settlement gradually augmented. Between 1851 and 1859 relatives of the first settlers, surnames of Davidson, Orians, Logsdon, Arnold, Draper, Balduf, Fleck, Keller, Messmer, Fox, Moll, Brodman, Frey, Link, Myers and Payne came from Germany to join their pioneer relations. During the fifties, people already living in the surrounding regions moved in to Salem Township. These latter were descendants of the colonial day Maryland Catholics. Some of these had sons and daughters who came with them. The older boys and girls were growing up and marrying. Some remained in the settlement, others moved away. The congregation was flourishing and growing.
After ten years, they became dissatisfied with the log chapel and its location, since it was not close to the roads the county was laying out. By deed of November 13, 1858, Mr. and Mrs. Peter Pauly donated an acre of land a mile or so away at the junction of two roads. On May 7, 1859, Benjamin H. Draper and his wife, Martha, deeded about 2 ½ acres of land across the road for a cemetery. A new church 50x25 feet was built during the year 1859, a wood frame structure, at a cost of one thousand dollars.
The faith of the pioneers was kept at a peak by the hard working, self sacrificing Fathers from New Riegel. These priests thought nothing of walking the distance from their own settlement to Salem, that the pioneers might hear Mass. These priests had charge of the parish until 1875.
In the year 1875, the parish at Kirby, up to that time a mission of Upper Sandusky received its first resident pastor and St. Joseph’s congregation became attached to Kirby as a mission. The congregation at Salem now numbered over 38 families and the faithful came from Carey and Kirby to the services. The need for a larger church became evident. Construction began in August of 1883. The new edifice, completed and opened for services in early 1885, was a frame structure. It measured 40x80 feet and had a 128 foot tower. It was blessed on May 29, 1888.
Wood proved not to be the best building materials. This was found to be true in 1893 when a defective flue caused the frame structure to burn to the ground. This happened on a Sunday, shortly after noon. Rev. Henry Best, a son of the parish, held services that morning. Confirmation was held at St. Joseph’s the next day. The ceremony was held in the old church that still stood beside the charred remains of the new.
The burnt church was insured for $5,000 and the parishioners decided to add to this amount and build another church, this time of brick. On June 3, 1894 the cornerstone was laid for the new St. Joseph’s, the church which stands today in Salem Township. Though the church had been in use since December of the year it was begun, the formal dedication was not held until two years later. Much to the admiration and surprise of the Bishop, the entire cost of $11,000 was paid in full before the dedication took place.
St. Joseph’s celebrated its Diamond Jubilee on the Feast of Corpus Christi, June 19, 1924. The Centennial Celebration was on July 24, 1949. St. Joseph’s 125th Anniversary celebration was held on October 27, 1974. The Sesquicentennial celebration was held on July 4, 1999.
There was never been a resident pastor at St. Josephs. The Franciscan priests of Our Lady of Consolation Basilica, Carey, Ohio, assisted the parish through most of its 156 year history.
Being located in a rural district, the parish never had a period of great expansion. Neither was it ever forced to disband for lack of parishioners. Though the congregation was small in comparison to urban parishes, the faith is firmly rooted in the soul of each and every member.
Bishop Leonard Blair of the Toledo Diocese, through his agent - Father Kent Kaufman, closed St. Joseph Parish as of July 3, 2005. The church building and meeting hall are now owned and maintained by the St. Joseph-Salem Heritage Society to preserve and maintain the heritage of the Salem St. Joseph community and to show respect and appreciation for the 157 years of sacrifice their ancestors endured in service to the community and the Roman Catholic Church. The Society hopes to inspire future generations to live in the spirit of Christian community.
Copyright © 2021 St. Joseph - Salem Heritage Society - All Rights Reserved. | history |
http://kiss-me-hardy.livejournal.com/profile | 2017-02-27T20:52:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173761.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00245-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.930373 | 306 | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__242713053 | en | This is a community for the discussion of actual history related to Age of Sail fandoms such as Hornblower, Master and Commander, and Pirates of the Caribbean. Other non-naval fandoms of the same period (especially rare lit fandoms, historical RPS, and other 18th/19th century military fandoms) may also be discussed.
This is a slash-friendly community, and content may be adult in nature.
Topics of discussion may include, but are not limited to: tall ships and sailing, naval battles and tactics, costume, culture, etiquette, history of sexuality, crime and punishment, food and drink, literature and poetry, politics, religion, health and medicine, famous people, etc etc etc. History-related fannish meta is also welcome.
Links to fanfic etc are not welcome on this community unless they are accompanied with a discussion of the actual history relevant to the work. For instance, if you had to research the history of the grog ration for your Hornblower fic, tell us a bit about that along with your fic link. Keep it educational, in other words.
NEW MEMBERS: Upon joining, please post an introduction as follows:
* Your favourite historical fandom(s) - and tell us why * A book or website recommendation related to age-of-sail history * An interesting historical fact from the age of sail OR * A historical question you've been dying to know the answer to | history |
http://www.fauquiercounty.gov/government/departments/CommDev/index.cfm?action=historic_resources | 2016-02-13T15:12:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166739.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00125-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.938495 | 930 | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-07__0__101632920 | en | National Register Historic Districts
Main Street, Remington: Built in 1918 for Luther Allison as a post office and grocery
store. It was the post office until 1957, now a variety store with apartments above.
Historic Maps reveal a lot about our past. They can confirm a hunch we have about the location of a cemetery, as well as show us the locations of old stores, villages and old road beds. For any novice or expert, consulting historic maps is a crucial first step in conducting sound historic research.
Visit our collection today to start your journey.
Extract from Fauquier County 1914 Map identifies the village of Upperville
Civil War Education
A Fauquier County brochure commemorates the 150th anniversary of the American Civil War titled: Strategic Battlefield Sites of the Civil War.
In 2006, Fauquier County initiated a long-term, citizen-based planning effort to document its significant Civil War resources. The initial focus was on twelve battlefields included in the top 384 most important battles of the Civil War, as determined by Congress in the late 1990s. In 2007, the County obtained a grant from the National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program (ABBP) for a comprehensive, public education project to build and strengthen the capacity of community-level preservation planning involving property owners, interested citizens, and historians.
The grant, as well as donations from local organizations, helped to fund an all-day event at Fauquier High School, entitled Bivouacs and Battlefields in March 2009 Volunteers from an ad-hoc group, named the Battlefield Support Committee, helped organize the event. The group remains dedicated to offering educational tools to the community about all aspects of Civil Was history.
Over 200 people attended presentations by historians, visited a soldier’s encampment, spoke with local preservation groups, and enjoyed viewing period-artwork by local school children. Brochures on each nationally-significant battlefield can be downloaded to give you a flavor of what significant events took place right here on Fauquier County soil.
The ABPP recently completed a statewide survey of Virginia’s most significant battlefields, including those in Fauquier County. (http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/CWSII/CWSIIStateReportVA.htm).
A Fauquier Farm with deep roots: shrouded by the distant trees are
buildings that survived the Civil War. This was "Dr. Hamilton's"
place west of Remington, which was used as General Meade's
headquarters during the war.
Preservation Groups & Projects Thanks to the creativity and enthusiasm of Fauquier County’s citizens and preservation groups, a number of notable projects are underway. You can make a difference in your community by participating in one of many groups listed below, or even form your own. We love to hear about your local preservation efforts!
Citizen-based planning efforts, documentation, recognition programs, and increased levels of land preservation will undoubtedly continue to strengthen protection of historic resources.
Statistics indicate that the County is steadily losing its historic building stock. According to the U.S. Census, between 1940 and 2000, the County experienced a loss of almost 35% of its 5,296 pre-1940 residential buildings. The County also lost a considerable number of its historical barns, silos, and other agricultural outbuildings during this same fifty year period.
Another 150 historic homes were demolished or came off the tax rolls between 2000 and 2006.
Documenting the Past, Preserving a Place In the 1980s, Fauquier County enacted zoning and land use policies to protect the County’s rural heritage from intrusive suburban development. In turn, these public measures have fostered increased amounts of private land preservation initiatives and historic property stewardship.
National Register Historic Districts and Virginia Landmarks Register Districts identify the County’s most distinguished set of historic resources. Fauquier County is proud of its twenty-one nationally-significant areas. These resources provide local residents a high quality of life, as well as attract tourists. The nominations documenting the historical information on each district and other properties listed on the National Register may be obtained from the Virginia Department of Historic Resources web site.
Federal and State Rehabilitation Tax Credits are available to property owners of individually listed National Register Properties, as well as contributing resources within National Register Historic Districts for residential and commercial buildings. Please contact the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. | history |
https://baccaliterary.com/tag/jim-crow/ | 2023-06-03T18:52:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00062.warc.gz | 0.984866 | 5,421 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__124996683 | en | Spin a blindfolded child and ask her to pin the tail in the middle of a map of Virginia and she could do a lot worse than Louisa County. East of Charlottesville and north of Richmond, Louisa County is about five hundred square miles of small towns, old family farms, and a tangled crisscross of streams and rivers.
In 1926, fourteen year old H. Spurgeon Moss faced a choice. Moss was a tall, bespectacled lad who loved to read but seventh grade was the end of the line for black children in the segregated schools of Louisa County, Virginia. The Virginia Constitution of 1869 had mandated the creation of free public education for all, provided that “white and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school but in separate schools under the same general regulations as to management, usefulness, and efficiency.” (Louisa Historical Society)
Sadly, the education of African-American children in the Jim Crow south seldom lived up to this mandate. The few schools that existed for black children were usually poorly equipped log cabins, church buildings, or rooms in private homes, funded by African-American churches and northern philanthropists. (Louisa County Historical Society)
Moss’s family valued hard work and education. Grandfather Boykin (his mother’s father) had purchased five hundred acres beside the North Anna River in the northeast corner of Louisa County in 1877. How did Grandfather Boykin save enough to buy such a large plot of land? Mining gold? Or did he have a skilled trade? Either way, the land he purchased may still have had remnants from one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. The Battle of the North Anna took place along the banks of the North Anna River the first week of May 1864. Sixty-seven thousand Union forces against fifty-three thousand Confederates with a casualty count of forty-two hundred men.
Economic conditions in Louisa County were extremely difficult after the Civil War. Combined tax revenues in 1870 were one-fourth of what they had been in 1863, when property tax on slaves alone earned the county $58,389. (Louisa Historical Society) Grandfather Boykin purchased the land bordering the North Anna River, registered the deed for his land at the county courthouse, and hired an attorney to draw up a will so that when he died, the land would go to his daughter. Some neighbors thought it foolish to pay good money to a lawyer just to prove the land he was raising hogs on was actually his, but Grandfather Boykin had lived in Louisa County long enough to know that everything had to be written down, certified, and in the court house or some sheriff would come knocking on his door to take it all away. Sections were sold off over the years, a few acres here, a few acres there, some to pay for education, some to cover hospital bills, eventually whittling down the farm to 116 acres in 1926. (Daily Progress, July 26, 1970, A New Dam Brings an End to Old Ways.)
Fourteen year old H. Spurgeon Moss had grown up fishing on the banks of the North Anna River. He’d grown up raising hogs, chickens, and cattle. His precious few spare moments were spent reading under the large oak in his front yard. Moss wanted to further his education so he could help his people, but that meant leaving Louisa County. It meant leaving the farm his grandfather had built and moving one hundred miles north to Washington D.C. He packed his clothes, kissed his parents goodbye, and road in the back of a segregated Greyhound bus up to Washington DC for high school. Relatives met him at the bus station. He made the honor roll at Dunbar High School, (The Washington Post, February 24, 1929) and worked his way through school as a dishwasher then as a waiter, graduating from Minor Teachers College with a bachelor of science in education in 1934. (Miner Teachers College was the principal school to train black teachers in Washington DC for more than 70 years.) Mr. Moss would eventually take graduate level classes at Virginia State College, Virginia Union University, and Boston University, and earn a Master’s Degree in Guidance Counseling at the University of Virginia.
His first teaching job was at segregated Mount Garland Elementary School. He taught fifth and sixth grade. The arrival of this tall, handsome educator must have caused quite a stir. Mr. Moss was quickly promoted to principal. A couple of years later, in 1940, Louisa County consolidated white schools and converted some of the surplus white school buildings to black schools. Mr. Moss decided to go back to teaching at Plum Tree Elementary School. He transferred to the Louisa Training School, Louisa County’s only black high school (built in 1929, too late for Moss to attend.) He taught biology and chemistry, and served as assistant principal. In 1953, Louisa County closed the Training School and opened the A.G. Richardson High School with an enrollment of 293 students and eleven teachers. Mr. Moss was the social studies teacher and assistant principal. As the social studies teacher, he’d take busloads of students on field trips to the state capitol to see how state government functioned and to shake hands with their representatives. “Hitch your wagon to a star,” he’d tell them. Mr. Moss’s concern for his students was legendary. (Interview with Rev. Larry Lewis, November 26, 2018)
Teaching full time didn’t cover the costs of raising a family and maintaining a one-hundred acre farm. Even with the added responsibilities as an assistant principal, Mr. Moss needed to supplement his income. For year he traveled to Atlantic City, New Jersey to wait tables during summer break. “I made more money there in the summer than I made teaching the rest of the year,” he said (Daily Progress, July 26, 1970, A New Dam Brings an End to Old Ways.) Former students remembered Mr. Moss with affection. “He was a very down to earth person, personable. He was so encouraging to students. In the summers, he always went to Atlantic City, New Jersey, to work, and he would bring a group of high school students with him. He secured jobs for these young people at the various hotels there along the Boardwalk. He gave them work experience and he was their chaperone during the time they were away from home, and he took very good care of them. He made sure they went and did what they were supposed to do while they were there in New Jersey.” ( Interview with Rev. Larry Lewis, November 26, 2018 via telephone)
In May, 1954, the Brown v. Topeka Board of Education case came before the Supreme Court. In a rare unanimous ruling, the Supreme Court effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson doctrine of “separate but equal” and declared racial segregation of public schools unconstitutional. Virginia Senator Harry S. Byrd was outraged. He proposed “Massive Resistance” to the court’s ruling and in 1956 the Virginia state government adopted a policy to block the desegregation of public schools. Schools shut down in Prince Edward County, parts of Warren County, Charlottesville, and Norfolk. Unlike these places, schools in Louisa County never closed. Segregation remained deeply entrenched in the cities, but in the farmlands and outlying areas segregation was less pronounced. In areas that had only one grocery or hardware store, a kind of natural integration occurred, even friendships.
Mr. Moss came together with other educators to develop a plan to integrate the public schools. This was locally referred to as the “Freedom of Choice” plan and was sent to parents and announced in the local newspaper, The Central Virginian, on March 30, 1966. The intention was the elimination of segregation based on race, color or national origin. Students and parents had thirty days to choose the school the student would attend the next school year. (Louisa County Historical Society) Mr. Moss encouraged several of his students to choose white schools. The plan did not achieve total desegregation but it began the process. In doing so, Louisa County didn’t experience the anger, turmoil, or closing of public schools that many other Virginia counties and cities experience. Peace and civility were maintained largely due to the foresight of Mr. Moss along with other visionary educators such as Mr. Harry Nuckols. (https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/miner-teachers-college-building-african-american-heritage-trail)
By 1968, Mr. Moss had taught school in Louisa County for thirty-six years. His wife, Ruth Moss, had taught for thirty-eight years. They’d put all three of their children through college. His oldest daughter taught English in Fairfax, his son taught industrial arts in Fairfax, and his youngest daughter, the wife of a former Army officer, was secretary to the Dean of the College of Dental Science at Howard University. He’d stopped going to Atlantic City every summer to wait tables and looked forward to retirement. He raised brood sows and would sell about forty young pigs each fall. He had eight cows as well as turkeys and chickens. His favorite animals were his six saddle horses. Farming was what he wanted to do for the rest of his life. He still sat under the large oak tree in the front yard to read. This was where he wanted to grow old. This was what his grandchildren called “Grandfather’s Zoo.”
In late February 1968, when the forsythias were starting to bud, two white men drove up the newly paved road to his farmhouse in a truck with the county seal on it. Chickens scattered when the white men drove up. “Mr. Moss,” one of the men called out, “the county sent us to survey this section of land. I just wanted to let you know we’ll be working on your property.”
“What’s the survey for?”
“I don’t rightly know, Mr. Moss,” one of the men answered. “The county says jump and we jump.” Mr. Moss smiled good-naturedly and waved the men on.
The white men were still on his property when he came home from work that evening. He saw their truck drive away just after sundown. They came the next day, waving to Mr. Moss as they drove by. After the second day of strangers on his property, Mr. Moss decided it was time for him to take a look at what they were doing. He saddled his favorite mare and rode the well-worn trail down to the river. Springtime was still a few weeks away and no place on earth was prettier in the springtime than his farm. He felt a deep pride in all his family had accomplished. Neither slavery nor Jim Crow could stop his grandfather from building the farm. In time, he would pass the land to his children and grandchildren.
He rode past the stretch of pines where the deer herds liked to settle down for the night. They left their imprint on the soft beds of pine straw. He was coming up on his cattle pasture when he saw the orange survey markers. Rows and rows of them, all the way down to the North Anna River. What was the county doing? Putting in a new road? Building a new bridge across the North Anna River? Either way, he didn’t much appreciate the county not sending him a notice that the surveyors would be on his land or what they were doing. He’d lived in Louisa County almost all his life, just stepping away to go up to Washington DC for his education. He’d paid his taxes and contributed his time and talents. The very least the county owed him was to tell him the truth.
By April, Mr. Moss was making real progress bringing black and white students together. He was guidance counselor for the newly integrated Louisa County High School. A.G. Richardson High School, where he used to teach social studies, had been converted to an elementary school and renamed Thomas Jefferson Elementary school, much to the disappointment of the African-American community. As Reverend Lewis would recall, “The only thing was that when they were renaming schools, we weren’t abreast of that so much that the names of our schools were maintained. That got away from us and that’s how Thomas Jefferson Elementary and Trevilians Elementary were renamed. Those schools were originally named for a black person because they were black schools during segregation. So we lost the names of those schools.” (Interview with Rev. Larry Lewis, November 26, 2018)
Four days into the month of April, 1968, the news of The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination swept across the nation. Students came into Mr. Moss’s office with tears in their eyes. He’d listen to their fears, share his wisdom, and remind them that they were not alone. On the day of Dr. King’s funeral, four hundred Louisa County citizens, mostly African American, gathered at the First Baptist Church. A few clouds marred the morning sky. Daffodils beckoned and azaleas barely hinted at their true colors. The mourners clutched handkerchiefs and held hands as they waited for the pastor to call for their pilgrimage to begin. He gave the signal and they walked in silence the three blocks from the church to the Louisa County Courthouse. If they spoke, it was in reverential whispers. No music. No singing. No band played on this spring day, not at this memorial. They walked past the old confederate war memorial, erected in front of the courthouse before most of them were born. The single confederate soldier cast in bronze, holding his rifle at his side and nestled within a granite block, indifferent to the grief-stricken mourners.
The pastor of the Trinity Parish walked up the courthouse steps and addressed the crowd. He stood in front of white marble pillars and offered up a heartfelt prayer for peace, love and brotherhood. The pastor of the Church of Christ of Charlottesville spoke next. He acknowledged the fear that had gripped all who gathered. “We won’t be afraid anymore,” he said barely above a whisper.
Those in attendance answered, “Amen.”
“Our quest for equal rights will not be denied.”
The world was off-balance, as if the solid land under their feet had shifted. After the speakers, after the final prayers, they all left in silence. They returned to their homes and their jobs, and if Mr. and Mrs. Moss were among the mourners they returned to their farm. (Richmond Times Dispatch, April 10, 1968, Several Hundred Attended Memorial Service for Dr. King at Louisa Courthouse)
Spring was a busy time for farmers. Mr. Moss took a few minutes extra with his favorite mare that morning, brushing her mane. She rubbed against him, as if she knew what troubled him. Mr. Moss had kept saddle horses all his life and still marveled at their strength and gentleness. He stopped and pulled a handkerchief from his back pocket. He’d felt so tense since he’d learned of Dr. King’s assassination. He was worried about his children and grandchildren. Worried about his students. Worried about the county’s tentative steps toward equality. Sometimes life was nothing but a truckload of worries. Only his farm gave him peace.
“Spurgeon,” he heard his wife call from the farmhouse. “Spurgeon, you have a phone call.” Their neighbor from a nearby farm was on the phone. “He says it’s important.”
“Tell him to hold on.” Mr. Moss put away the brush and headed to the house. Ruth handed him the receiver. “Hello,” he said.
“Spurgeon, did you see the news? We’re about to be boiled out.”
Mr. Moss didn’t understand. He’d seen images on the television of buildings on fire, of the police with dogs and guns, of people running and screaming. “What? What are you talking about?”
“Front page news,” the neighbor said. Moss grabbed his hat and car keys and was halfway out the door when he stopped. These were uncertain times and he didn’t like the idea of leaving his wife all alone. He kissed her on the cheek and told her to keep the doors locked.
Mr. Moss handed the drugstore clerk a dime and picked up the April 10, 1968 Richmond Times-Dispatch. The main headline was about Dr. King’s funeral. Thousands Attend King Rites. “My, my, my,” he murmured under his breath. Below the headline was the haunting image of black-clad mourners walking beside a mule-drawn wagon bearing the shrouded coffin. Jackie Kennedy was in attendance, the newspaper said, as was Bobby Kennedy. But it was the other, much smaller headline that mentioned Louisa County: Vepco Plans Louisa County Nuclear Plant.
VEPCO, short for the Virginia Electric and Power Company, planned to turn part of the North Anna River into an 11,000 acre lake and to build on its shore a half-billion dollar nuclear generating plant. The power company said the plant would have a total output of four million kilowatts, which equal the present generating capacity of the entire Vepco system. The plant would be built in three or four units. The first would have a capacity of 800,000 kilowatts and would be completed in 1974, Vepco said.
The newspaper reported on a meeting between Vepco’s senior vice presidents, T. Justin Moore Jr., Vepco President John M. McGurn, and Virginia Governor Mills E. Godwin Jr.. Other Vepco officials sat down to a two-hour private meeting in Louisa with the county’s business and political leaders and told them of the plant and the lake. No one bothered to tell the affected landowners.
Mr. Moss walked out of the drug store without even realizing it. He was standing on the sidewalk reading the newspaper. Shoppers walked by but he didn’t see them. He felt the burning sting of betrayal. As Mr. Moss would later tell a reporter, “Then I read in the paper that county officials had given Vepco right-of-way, and assured them that the citizens of the county would cooperate 100 per cent. Surveyors had been on my land months before and when I asked them what they were surveying, they said they didn’t know. I wonder why the supervisors didn’t tell us. We didn’t know one thing about it until we read it in the papers or heard it on the television. It was a terrible bombshell.” (A New Dam Brings and End to Old Ways, Daily Progress, page C4, July 26, 1970, by Jerry Simpson)
Mr. Moss looked down Main Street. There was the police department. There was the hardware store. There was the County Courthouse with the statue of the confederate soldier in front. Did everyone know except him? He kept reading:
Besides the boating and the recreation business the lake was expected to bring into the predominately-agricultural county, the plant itself was expected to add more than $900,000 to Louisa’s annual tax revenues. It would employ between 75 and 100 persons and add a payroll of $750,000 each year to the county’s economy. “It’s the biggest thing and has more potential than anything that has ever hit Louisa. It is terrific,” said one of the business leaders who attended the Louisa meeting.
“The supervisors have assured Vepco that Louisa people will cooperate with them in every possible way,” said another leader, the Rev. Joe T. Carson, who heads the Louisa County Industrial Development Corp.
From neighboring Orange County, R. Lindsay Gordon III, chairman of the county’s board of supervisors, call the lake “manna from heaven”. Most of the profits will come to Louisa and Spotsylvania, Gordon said, but Orange will benefit also. “Anytime that much money is being spent, some of it is going to rub off on surrounding areas,” Gordon said.
Vepco planned to form the lake by building a 75-to-100 foot high dam across the North Anna River near Smith’s Mill Bridge, just west of the Hanover County line. The dam would form a 17-square mile lake, with 100 miles of shoreline. Most of the lake site is wooded. A Vepco spokesman said no more than 75 homes would have to be evacuated to make way for the lake.
“No more than seventy-five homes!” Smith’s Mill Bridge was only two miles from Mr. Moss’s farmhouse, as the crow flies. His property touched the bank of the North Anna River. Was his farm going to be flooded? What would happen to his pigs, his cattle, and his beloved saddle horses? What would happen to all the wildlife on his property? The deer and rabbits and wild turkeys? Today of all days, first Dr. King’s funeral and now this, it was a punch in the gut like he’d never felt before.
The generating plant itself would go up about five miles up the lake from the dam, on the Louisa shore. The plant would use an entirely new type of water cooling system. The plant would take in water from the lake, use it power the generating units, and then release it into cooling lagoons, a series of large ponds that would be diked off from the lake. As the water passed through the lagoons it would cool to normal lake temperature. Then it would be fed back into the lake.
“Company officials gave no date for the completion of the second unit, and they said they had no idea when the final units would be added. However, it is believed the second unit is being planned for 1975 and 1976. Ragone estimated that the total cost of the dam, the lake site, and all the units together would probably come to more than $500 million.” (April 10, 1968 Richmond Times Dispatch, Vepco plans Louisa County Nuclear Plant)
The article concluded with a map of Louisa County showing the proposed dam and power plant sites. The proposed lake was right on top of Mr. Moss’s farm. How would he break the news to his wife? How would he break the news to his children? The land was their legacy. He folded the newspaper and returned to his car. He returned to his beloved farm and quietly handed the newspaper to Ruth. She read it with the same shocked disbelief he had felt.
His heart could barely take it, one piece of bad news after another. He walked down to the small creek on his property and sat on a fallen log. Small frogs jumped in the creek at his arrival. April was a beautiful month in central Virginia. Warm enough to enjoy the sunshine but cool enough to keep the mosquitoes away. Now he knew what his neighbor had meant when he said they were about to be “boiled out.” The surveyors had left orange markers all over his property, now it all made sense. They must be for the proposed dam, lake, and nuclear power plant.
The history of Mr. Moss is part of a larger work by author Carolyn O’Neal exploring the impact of the North Anna Nuclear Power Station on the citizens of Louisa County. She is also exploring the impact of Lake Anna, which was built to provide fresh water to the nuclear power station to keep the reactors cool. Many farms were condemned and much private land was confiscated to build the lake and power plant.
If you or your family were impacted when Virginia Electric and Power Company dammed the North Anna River and built the North Anna Nuclear Power Station, please share your story. Leave a reply below.
Three schools in Virginia were named for Dr. Archie Gibbs Richardson: elementary schools in Culpeper and Blackstone, and A.G. Richardson High School in Louisa. Richardson was a prominent African-American educator and a prolific speaker and writer. His papers can be found at Johnston Memorial Library, Virginia State University. The Lexington native graduated from Virginia State University in 1927. He held a Master’s Degree from Butler University in Indianapolis, a Doctorate of Education from Columbia University and an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree awarded in 1957 from Virginia State University. Richardson served eight years as principal of the Mecklenburg Training School in South Hill. He worked for a year as director of academics at Saint Paul’s College in Lawrenceville. (Saint Paul’s College was established by former slave Russell Solomon James, a contemporary of Booker T. Washington, in1888.) In 1936 he was appointed Assistant State Supervisor of Negro Education with the Virginia Department of Education. When that post became obsolete with school integration, he was appointed Associate Supervisor of Elementary and Secondary Education. Then, in 1966 he was named Associate Director of Education, a position he held until his retirement in 1966. Dr. Richardson was the first African American to be named to the staff of the Virginia Department of Education.
(Richmond Times Dispatch, October 19, 1979, A.G. Richardson, Educator, Dies http://louisaheritage.org/schools/agrichardson.htm A.G. Richardson history from the Louisa County History Society) | history |
http://blog.wholesalefloral.com/?p=95 | 2017-06-24T19:04:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320323.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624184733-20170624204733-00083.warc.gz | 0.97618 | 962 | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-26__0__107835891 | en | Meaning and symbolism of the peacock feather
Peacock feathers have captivated us humans for quite some time. Their stunning and unique beauty has done more than please our eyes but they have enriched our souls and ignited our minds. Many cultures hold the belief that such a dazzling feather, so easily discarded during their annual molt, must be a sort of gift from an enchanted beast.
The belief that the peacock is the earthly manifestation of the Phoenix, means that it’s most prize possession, it’s feathers, hold much power. The presence of shimmering mesmerizing color and the “eye” that adorns each feather is considered promote luck, enhance one’s protection, and boost awareness. Of course their uniqueness is also thought to symbolize beauty, love, and attraction. This is the reason peacock feathers are often recommended in Feng Shui as a cure for being single and help attract a desirable mate.
From the earliest recorded times, peacocks were parts of royal collections. The Phoenicians are believed to be the first to have imported peafowl to Egypt. It is not surprising that the beautiful plumage made it a desired object for kings and the aristocracy, and to own a peacock became a royal monopoly. To possess even a small feather could only been as the result of a theft and the penalty for being caught with a feather was death. Because of the peacock’s assumed incorruptibility, the bird became a symbol of immortality and resurrection. This, in turn, led to the custom of the feathers being used at funerals, meaning that the deceased person was not really dead, the spirit survived and eventual rebirth was assured. It was even thought that the presents of the feathers actually helped in the life hereafter. This custom had a side effect. The feathers now became closely linked with death and people, forgetting the original association with immortality and rebirth. People started to dread the presence in their home of peacock feathers as they spelled death; they were no longer an assurance of life ever after but an omen of doom.
Greek and Roman Mythology
In popular Greek and Roman mythology, peacock feathers were considered all seeing. This belief was perhaps enforced by the myth of Argus. Legend has it that the eyes of the peacock were those of Argus the hundred-eyed giant. He was a loyal servant of the Goddess Hera. She transferred the eyes of her servant to the tail of the peacock so that she would always have ‘an eye’ on Zeus, her unfaithful husband. When she realized Zeus had been with the maiden Io, Zeus cleverly turned Io into a cow to conceal her from Hera. When Hera saw through the disguise she requested the cow as a gift, and Zeus could not refuse her. Hera implored Argus to keep watch over Io, so she could not be changed back to human form and be with Zues. Zeus then sent Hermes to recover Io. Hermes knew that he could not escape detection from Argus’ 100 eyes so. He began to play sleepy lullabies on his flute and soon Argus’ eyes closed and he fell asleep. Hermes then cut off his head. When Hera found Argus, dead and headless, she removed his one hundred eyes and placed them on the tail of her favorite bird, the peacock. The peacock became sacred to both the Greek and Roman civilizations, which treasured it as the guardian of their temples, wifely virtue and conjugal rights. Only priests were allowed to handle the beautiful bird and any other ordinary person doing so could be put to death for such a sacrilegious crime. Possession of even one peacock feather defied sacred tradition and therefore, to have such a feather at home would create bad luck.
Peacock feather are prominent in Hindu mythology. The feather and the bird appear in many Hindu stories and myths. The bird itself is said to have angel feathers, a devil’s voice and the walk of thieves. Several gods and goddesses are depicted at riding the bird, but Krishna was said to have worn the feathers of the peacock in his hair. Today many gurus use peacock feathers to deliver the blessing called Shaktiput to their disciples.
And it doesn’t end there. Many more religions and cultures have placed special significance and power in the peacock feather. Muslims, Ancient Japanese Mythology, many ancient and modern Chinese traditions and even Christianity all recognized the symbolic stunning beauty of the peacock feather.
To view our selection of peacock feathers, check out: http://www.wholesalefloral.com/Peacock_Feathers_s/96.htm | history |
https://travelingfoxx.wordpress.com/2017/01/26/boston-ma/ | 2018-01-17T18:10:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886952.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117173312-20180117193312-00691.warc.gz | 0.965988 | 485 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__123894080 | en | Remembered for its political and historical importance during the American Revolution, Boston, Massachusetts has knowledge to share with anyone who visits. This city is full of American history – with buildings, museums, and monuments galore – as well as having a popular shopping destination in Faneuil Hall.
5 Things to do:
If you enjoy art, then you’d probably be interested in the fourth largest museum in the U.S. Founded in 1870, this museum contains more than 450,000 works of art and attracts more than a million visitors every year. It recently became part of Tuft’s University School of Arts and Sciences and has been claimed as a “must see” by reviewers on TripAdvisor.
Much like the Civil War trails that can be found and followed in Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia, the Freedom Trail marks 16 locations significant to American history. It makes for a casual 2.5 mile walk through downtown Boston, where you can visit historic buildings and locations that are now surrounded by modern day structures. Information about the trail can be found at the office of the National Park Service on the first floor of Faneuil Hall.
This floating museum offers thorough information on what happened around the event of the Boston Tea Party. They provide interactive exhibits, authentically restored tea ships, and will even let you throw tea into the harbor! With lively staff, knowledge and unlimited tea to share, this museum is a popular destination for history buffs and tourists alike.
Putting American history aside for a moment, there’s also a beautiful memorial dedicated to the Jews who died in the Holocaust. Located in downtown Boston, this site was dedicated in October 1995 and is lit up and open to visitors 24/7.
5. Bunker Hill
Built to commemorate the Battle of Bunker Hill, this granite obelisk was completed in 1843. During visiting hours, anyone can climb to the top. Be careful – that hike includes 294 steps! (Local jogging enthusiasts can be seen including this trek in their daily run.) The site also includes a small museum commemorating generals and soldiers. Both of the buildings are free to visit.
These are just a few of the destinations to visit while staying in Boston. There are many other sites to see and places to shop, it might take more than one trip to see it all! | history |
https://salisbury.greenparty.org.uk/news/2018/07/13/cnd-60th-anniversary/ | 2019-03-20T16:15:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202433.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320150106-20190320172106-00375.warc.gz | 0.97245 | 220 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__152758278 | en | 13 July 2018
Members of Salisbury Green Party were involved in the recent celebration of the 60th anniversary of CND.
The CND 60th Anniversary Symbol was photographed at Stonehenge and again, on 14th June, at the Salisbury CND AGM and talk at Sarum College.
Kate Hudson, General Secretary of National CND, was the guest speaker. Kate spoke to a well-attended public meeting on the global situation regarding nuclear weapons.
On the positive side there is now a UN treaty banning nuclear weapons that was agreed by 120 countries, including Austria, Ireland and the Holy See in Europe. But there is also increasing international tension and fears around the spread and use of nuclear weapons.
The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists have moved the Doomsday clock to two minutes to midnight, the closest it has ever been to nuclear apocalypse since the organisation was founded shortly after the second world war. It was last at 2 minutes to midnight in 1953 at the height of the Cold War.
There is still much for CND to do as it marks its 60th anniversary. | history |
http://hercules.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2019-2020/resolutionintroduced/Senate/htm/2019-SIR-0052.htm | 2019-12-11T15:08:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540531917.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211131640-20191211155640-00432.warc.gz | 0.917175 | 666 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__20967110 | en | Senators Bullock, Wojno, Horn, Bayer, McCann, Moss, Santana, Brinks, Alexander, Polehanki, McMorrow, Chang, Geiss, Hertel, Outman, Daley, Lauwers, MacGregor, MacDonald, Stamas, Runestad, VanderWall, Theis, Lucido, Victory, Johnson, Hollier and Ananich offered the following resolution:
Senate Resolution No. 52.
A resolution to commemorate May 23, 2019, as the 120th Anniversary of the Michigan Municipal League.
Whereas, The origins of the Michigan Municipal League were initiated in 1899 when a group of mayors sought to collaborate with one another and form an organization to focus on ‘good government’ and to strengthen the concept of home rule; and
Whereas, The original bylaws envisioned an organization whose purpose was “the affiliation of municipal officials and the general improvement of every branch of municipal administration…”; and
Whereas, Michigan organized a state municipal league in 1899, following California, Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin. The organization was known as the League of Michigan Municipalities, and its founding members were: Adrian, Albion, Alpena, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Bay City, Benton Harbor, Big Rapids, Cadillac, Charlevoix, Charlotte, Coldwater, Detroit, Dowagiac, Eaton Rapids, Flint, Grand Haven, Grand Ledge, Grand Rapids, Hillsdale, Holly, Hudson, Ionia, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Ludington, Manistee, Marshall, Mason, Monroe, Muskegon, Niles, Owosso, Pontiac, Port Huron, Rochester, Saginaw, St. Louis, Stanton, St. Joseph, Traverse City, Wyandotte, and Ypsilanti; and
Whereas, The League’s continuity was secured in 1928 by creating a permanent home in Ann Arbor, hiring a full-time employee, publishing a periodical, and establishing a clearinghouse of information. Harold D. Smith was the first director and built the League into a statewide organization by doubling membership his first year and doubling it again in his second year; and
Whereas, In 1957 the League expanded its presence by establishing an additional consultation and research office in Lansing, and ten years later held its first legislative conference bolstering its advocacy and coverage of municipal issues at the state level; and
Whereas, 120 years later, the mission statement reads: The Michigan Municipal League is dedicated to making Michigan’s communities better by thoughtfully innovating programs, energetically connecting ideas and people, actively serving members with resources and services, and passionately inspiring positive change for Michigan’s greatest centers of potential: its communities; and
Whereas, The League continues its legacy of service to meet the challenges of Michigan’s 533 cities and villages; now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the Senate, That the members of this legislative body commemorate May 23, 2019, as the 120th Anniversary of the Michigan Municipal League; and be it further
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be transmitted to the Michigan Municipal League as evidence of our esteem for being Michigan’s voice for local government over the last 120 years. | history |
https://tapthelinemag.com/post/legendary-spanish-director-carlos-saura-dead-at-91 | 2024-04-16T11:53:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817081.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416093441-20240416123441-00731.warc.gz | 0.972967 | 267 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__117992733 | en | NOTE: This article is a republication- Source: IndieWire (Christian Zilko).
Carlos Saura, one of the most towering figures in the world of Spanish cinema, has died at the age of 91. The news was first announced by the Film Academy of Spain.
Born in Huesca, Aragón, Spain in 1932, Saura’s childhood in the shadows of the Spanish Civil War played a key role in shaping his creative worldview. When he began making films in the late 1950s, he rose to prominence for his willingness to criticize Francisco Franco for the effects his regime had on Spanish life.
His important early works included the 1966 drama “The Hunt,” which won Saura the Silver Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for his portrait of Spanish Civil War veterans dealing with life after the conflict. He won another Silver bear in 1968 for “Peppermint Frappé,” a movie that was immortalized in film history when Jean-Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut interrupted its Cannes screening out of solidarity with protesting students and workers. His films “La Prima Angélica” and “Cría Cuervos” later won special jury prizes at Cannes in the 1970s.
To read the full article click here | history |
https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=5989&lid=4132 | 2023-12-10T04:42:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00546.warc.gz | 0.963937 | 3,409 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__315323860 | en | Excellencies, distinguished scholars, ladies and gentlemen.
I am pleased to join you all today at the inauguration of the International Conference on Gallipoli 2021. This is the first major commemoration of the Battle of Gallipoli to be hosted by any platform of national significance in India. Perhaps, it is only appropriate that it should be done jointly by two venerable, historic bodies – the United Service Institution and the Indian Council of World Affairs. Their coming together with international participation has provided an opportunity to not only reflect on the Gallipoli campaign, but also to assess India’s contribution to World War I. I know that the specific theme today is of Gallipoli Revisited; but this is also an occasion to revisit the larger issue of India’s global participation and presence.
2. The contribution of Indian soldiers fighting in the First World War as part of the victorious Allied armies has been the focus of a joint project between India’s Ministry of External Affairs and the United Service Institution of India between 2014-2018.Prime Minister Narendra Modi has taken a personal interest in this issue, speaking about it during his official visits to Australia, France, the UK, and Israel. He had presented a silver replica of the statue of an Indian soldier of the 14th Ferozepore Sikhs to his then host, Prime Minister Tony Abbot of Australia in November 2014. I believe that the original stands at the Officers’ Mess of 4 Mech (1 Sikh), the linear descendant of this very unit that fought at Gallipoli. 16,000 Indians were part of the Gallipolimobilization, among the more prominent for any national group. One in every ten actually perished on the battlefield whose singularity is perhaps best captured in the words of a serving German General: "Seldom have so many countries of the world, races and nations sent their representatives to so small a place with the praiseworthy intention of killing one another.”
3. You are all aware that during World War I, over 1.3 million Indians served overseas at the cost of 74,000 casualties. Gallipoli was ofcourse not the only theatre where they distinguished themselves. From the trenches of the Western Front to the deserts of Mesopotamia, from Central Asia to East Africa, Indian valour and fortitude were in evidence across vast geographies of conflict. In fact, intrepid Indian aviators were even among the earliest aces in the skies of Europe. Our casualties are commemorated in numerous memorials and cemeteries around the world. 13,000 names are engraved on the stones of the India Gate that many of us pass every day in New Delhi. By rights, no account of this period should have ignored the contribution of Indian soldiers. Yet, that is not how it has always been in reality.
4. It may be understandable that other powers had their own interest in depicting history to their advantage. After all, this is, at the end of the day, a hegemonic exercise that is part of a larger strategic assertion. However, for many years, in India’s case,hesitations of history made us reluctant to claim this aspect of our heritage. It has now done so by moving beyond traditional military occasions like Armistice Day and recognizing the political significance of Indian soldiering abroad. Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself set an example by visiting the Neuve Chapelle Memorial in France during his April 2015 visit and lauding Indian courage and sacrifice there. Two years later, during his historic visit to Israel, he similarly went to the Haifa Memorial that marks the sacrifices of Indian lives during its 1918 liberation. A less reserved Indian embrace of its past was naturally reciprocated by the world.
5. In November 2017, King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium recognized the contribution of Indian soldiers to the defence of Belgium by placing a wreath at India Gate, and inaugurating an exhibition "India in Flanders Fields” in New Delhi. In January 2018, Prime Minister Modi and his Israeli counterpart Benjamin Netanyahu participated in the renaming ceremony of the Haifa-Teen Murti Memorial in New Delhi. In November 2018, Vice President Venkaiah Naidu, inaugurated the Indian Armed Forces Memorial at Villers Guislain in France, on land donated by the French Government to mark the contribution of Indian soldiers to the freedom of France during World War I. I have no doubt that we will see many more such gestures in the future.
6. In many ways, the Gallipoli campaign had a resonance far beyond its military significance. The British, French and Germans felt its political and strategic repercussions almost immediately. For Turkey, it holds a special meaning as the birthplace of its modern nationhood. The ANZAC legend too emerged from this gruelling experience, strengthening the national identities of Australia and New Zealand. Each one of the diverse contingents that were deployed obviously carried back its own memories and lessons. That for India perhaps requires more study and greater introspection. The Allied defeat shaped India’s further participation in the war and the subsequent deployment in Mesopotamia. The difference that it made to the strategic outcomes has contributed to the West Asia that we know currently. By 1918, Indian performance including at Gallipoli led to the creation of the King’s Commissioned Indian Officer. We also have some understanding of its implications for our National Movement and the quest for independence, subjects already explored by some noted scholars. Where we could do with more attention are the consequences for India’s emergence on the global diplomatic stage as a national actor.
7. In the aftermath of Gallipoli, India was included in the Imperial War Cabinet even though it was not a Dominion. This, in itself, was a recognition of the importance of its military contribution to the Allied efforts. The consequence was the inclusion of India in the British Empire Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. India thereby obtained the right to sign the Treaty of Versailles and became a founder member of the League of Nations. Decades later, India’s contribution in the next World War similarly enabled its presence at the Washington Conference in 1942 with 25 othernations. The resulting Declaration by United Nations set in motion the contemporary structures of multilateral institutions that we are familiar with today, including the UN and its specialized agencies, the IMF and the World Bank. To those who have been reluctant to recognize the significance of the Indian war effort in the 20th century, we could well ask whether the early experience of global engagement could have come without participation in these conflicts. And that is necessary to stress because these diplomatic exposures were really the foundational lessons in the evolution of India’s world view.
8. Insofar as World War I and the Gallipoli campaign were concerned, we should also remember that the war effort had the support of mainstream Indian political opinion at that time. It was hoped that by supporting Imperial Britain in its hour of need, India would place it under moral debt and thereby advance its own aspirations. This infactwas advocated by none less than Mahatma Gandhi himself. These disappointed hopes, as we all know, accelerated the movement towards complete independence. They also later shaped the Indian political attitude towards World War II. Each experience offers its own lessons in realpolitik. But cumulatively, they laid the basis for a suspicion of the West that was further reinforced by the decisions of the Cold War. Today, the rebalancing of the global order may have created new convergences.Greater national confidence with less ideological baggage has encouraged stronger interactions.But the past does explain some of the scepticism, especially on developmental issues.
9. This conference is devoted in large measure to an exchange of comparative lessons from the Gallipoli experience. It is natural that this subject should be addressed by group of military historians assembled from across the world. And I’m equally conscious that lot of the discussion would be on the political, strategic and diplomatic repercussions of this. But I would like to take the opportunity, both as a Foreign Minister and a student of international politics, to share some thoughts about the political consequences of this campaign and that era. As you would note, there is so much food for thought from this extraordinary event that its ripples are felt even a century later.
10. The most obvious question is that of soldiering for common good. It is worth recalling that Indian soldiers during the World Wars were motivated neither by conquest nor acquisition. Their driving force was infact a military ethic, honour and the dignity of a professional soldier. This shaped their self-perception and behaviour abroad, building an image of discipline and responsibility.The standards with which the Indian military is associated with at home and abroad, like so many things, has its history too.This is particularly relevant to an India that is now poised to enter a different phase of its evolution.But I would also submit that this holds points of interest for the rest of the world as well.
11. The exemplary demeanour of Indian soldiers in World War I, on or off the battlefield, has set us on the long road to peacekeeping. With 50 missions and 2,53,000 soldiers – in addition to police personnel – India has been the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping.Indians have served with distinction in regions close to Gallipoli and continue to do so even today.The largest number of UN troops who have made the supreme sacrifice are also from India. Our soldiers bring with them a culture of empathy and fairness, seeing friends and partners rather than aliens or strangers. Indian peacekeepers are rarely perceived as an external imposition; indeed, they are easily woven into the fabric of local society.As a result, they can go beyond their assigned role to become catalysts of change.
12. The story of the first ever all-female Formed Police Unit for UN Peacekeeping in Liberia in 2007 is noteworthy in that regard. The Unit was instrumental in combating sexual and gender-based violence in that country. The inspiring presence of Indian women in uniform encouraged a process of empowerment in Liberia. The number of women applicants infact to the Liberian National Police trebled in the next two months. Female enrolment in the Liberian Police Academy went up from four per class in 2006 to 30 per class in 2007, and to 100 per class in 2008. Recruitment of women in the Liberian Security Services rose from 10 to 17 per cent.So we have a case here where Indian women peacekeepers were seen as a force for good, worthy of emulation; just as the ramrod straight Indian soldiers doing duty in the cold, frosty battlegrounds of World War I Europe had won the respect of their peers and locals alike.These actually have been the best ambassadors that India could have had in contemporary times.
13. In a world that is regrettably less multilateral than it should be, and wanted to be, common good is increasingly a national initiative. In our own region, India has stepped forward as the first responder when it comes to humanitarian assistance or disaster relief. We are seeing that often, whether it is the civil war in Yemen, the earthquake in Nepal, the cyclone in Mozambique or the mudslides in Sri Lanka.Some of the travails that the Covid-19 pandemic subjected us to were also addressed by Indian military deployments. Our military medical teams contributed to stabilizing public health situations in Kuwait, Maldives, Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles and Comoros in the last year.Challenges, however, are not only in the times of crisis.The global commons, for example, struggle everyday with threats to maritime security.The dangers of terrorism or organized crime are ever present. Climate change is making natural disasters more frequent. And Human-made conflicts have not receded a century after Gallipoli.Ideally, every significant challenge should have been addressed by an agreed mechanism or regime. But the realities are far sadder and it is increasingly clearer that the responsibilities of the current times will have to be borne more by those who have the capability and willingness to do so. In that sense, the spirit of Gallipoli would continue to guide India’s contribution to global welfare.
14. Soldiering for common welfare is obviously shaped by the attitudes of a society. One that has historically embraced the world, rather than kept it at a distance, has obviously a more willing stance. In contemporary diplomacy, that is also reflected in sincere, genuine support for multilateralism.Where that falls short, it is now expressed in plurilateral initiatives.India is today a vigorous proponent of multilateralism and an articulate advocate of its reform. Those resisting changes in the global order today justify their obduracy as adherence to the military contributions and outcomes of the last World War. But in truth, Gallipoli and other World War events underline that India was among the countries that was short-changed in this respect. Whether it is the past or the future, there is a strong case for global decision-making to be more truly representative.That Indian internationalism has, in fact, only become stronger with time strengths this case. And understandably it is expressed in dimensions beyond the military one. If India leads an International Solar Alliance or a Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure now, the instincts driving them are not that different.This is true as well of the widening development partnerships in agriculture, energy, digital or education that extend today from the Pacific Islands through Africa to the Caribbean.
15. Gallipoli is, of course, but one - even though an important - example of India’s global military footprint in the modern era.The World Wars revived opportunities for far-off deployments of Indian power after a considerable gap in its history.But they do remind us of two underlying truths: one, the seamless nature of the world, and two, the global impact of India.Both realities were unfortunately obfuscated by recent history that divided the world into artificial compartments even while downsizing Indian power. However, the rebalancing of the world order and the ensuing multipolarity is driving a long-awaited correction.India is today in the midst of reclaiming history and re-asserting its interests beyond orthodox silos. It is evident in the Act East policy, the Indo-Pacific vision, reviving ties with Gulf and West Asia, and the outreach to Africa.It is equally clear that connectivity – a concept that Gallipoli so strongly symbolizes – has become even more salient in the 21st century Great Game. As Indians look at the world with fresher and clearer eyes, global battlefields where we have shed blood to determine momentous outcomes are both a reminder and an inspiration.
16. History means different things to different people at different times. Gallipoli is no exception, and all its participants had their own take of it. But our understanding of its significance also evolved with the passage of time. The past naturally continues to cast its shadow in all countries, be it in terms of a larger outlook or a narrower policy. The relationship is always stronger with those when we have bled together.Sometimes, specific experiences shaped our thinking: like those of Indian soldiers on the Western Front in 1915 subjected to the use of chemical weapons. At another level, the camaraderie of the past is always a factor in the relationships for the future. This sentiment was very much in evidence when Prime Minister Modi was in France in 2015. As India braces for a multipolar world with new equations, these are building blocks of no small value. In India, if we have been selective in our reading of past events, the subjectivity reflected the politics of the day. For decades, a great tradition and a valiant record got less than its due, even though our current capabilities are built on those very foundations.Indeed, our historical assessments were tailored to serve more contemporary and immediate objectives.As we now finally move beyond, perhaps the time is ripe for objectively revisiting our global contributions.A confident nation can be equally confident about its past.At the very least, it would be helpful to a society that should be preparing seriously for what awaits it.
17. Ladies and gentlemen let me conclude by once again expressing my appreciation for this laudable initiative at convening an international conference on Gallipoli.It is a timely message to us that India has always been relevant to global events and must continue to think in that mode. It is a reminder too that our interests and influences are much broader than competitors might suggest.And most of all, it is an affirmation of the value of India as a cross-roads ideal to encourage and hold meaningful and thought-provoking conversations.
Thank you for your attention. | history |
https://stohrer.fr/about-us/ | 2024-02-22T20:12:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00267.warc.gz | 0.957263 | 713 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__190109604 | en | The oldest patisserie in Paris, since 1730
Stohrer, the oldest patisserie in Paris, was founded in 1730 by King Louis XV’s pastry chef, Nicolas Stohrer. Still located rue Montorgueil, this establishment has taken on mythical qualities over time. Now listed as a historical site, its lavish décor was designed by a student of Paul Baudry, who decorated the Opéra Garnier.
Century after century, this mecca for both sweet and savory delicacies, where everything is prepared in-house, has offered the best of classic French pastry. Rum babas (invented by Nicolas Stohrer himself), puits d’amour, old-fashioned religieuses, exceptional vol-au-vent…
Faithful to traditions, the Dolfi family, who hold the reins of the House, wish to perpetuate the spirit of Stohrer by relying on an exceptional heritage and the know-how of its team of pastry chefs.
NICOLAS STOHRER, THE LEGACY OF A VISIONARY
Nicolas Stohrer was pastry chef to Stanislas Leszczynski, Duke of Lorraine, former King of Poland, and father of Marie Leszczynska, who married Louis XV of France. He invented the rum baba, which has since become a legendary recipe. The story goes that Stanislas once complained that his Kouglof (a brioche from Alsace) was too dry, so Nicolas doused it with Tokay or Malaga wine (according to diverging accounts), which he later replaced with rum. Nicolas Stohrer was also the creator of many other classic French pastries, such as the Chiboust cream tart, the puits d’amour and the traditional-style religieuse.
Nicolas was a visionary in the way he went about his work as a pastry chef. When he set up shop on rue Montorgueil, he brought a modern vision to his commerce by offering chou pastries in a wide array of forms. He was also the first to bring together under the same roof different skills and techniques that were separate trades before: pastry making, of course, but also confectionery, cake-baking and wafer-, waffle- and spiced-bread making. Thanks to Nicolas Stohrer, pastry chefs ceased to be just makers of savoury “pies” and embraced all forms of sweet treats as well. But that doesn’t mean he stopped making his famous vol-au-vents, for which Parisians still flock to the shop at 51 rue Montorgeuil.
Stohrer’s repertoire is unparalleled and the shop continues to propose the best of what classic French patisserie has to offer: rum babas, Chiboust cream tarts and traditional-style religeuses – all invented by Nicolas Stohrer – as well as his exceptional vol-au-vents.
A HISTORIC ALLIANCE, IN 2017
The Dolfi family took over Stohrer in 2017, marking the coming together of two histories and a new chapter for the rue Montorgueil shop. Stohrer now combines its classic excellence with the expertise of the Dolfi family, which over the years has become the “guardian” of expertise in sweet treats. | history |
https://verbasparsa.org/2017/05/21/streets-and-statues-truth-and-reconciliation/ | 2021-07-23T19:22:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150000.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723175111-20210723205111-00317.warc.gz | 0.960291 | 4,890 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__188263538 | en | Especially for my friends in my home state, Virginia.
My Virginia friends of my generation know what it was like to grow up there in the 1960s. I remember writing “reports” for assignments in elementary school and junior high school. I remember making covers for them. I used stencils that we bought at the stationery store in downtown Hopewell to put the titles on the covers of my reports. And the cover needed a picture too. Seems to me the picture was more often than not a cut-and-paste (not digital, of course, but with real metal scissors and Elmer’s Glue) from a brochure picked up out at Battlefield Park—normally one of the Confederate generals, or a Confederate flag.
Now, the elementary school where I was turning in these reports was segregated. When my middle school was integrated, and when I got to high school, I don’t recall ever asking any of my new African-American classmates how they felt about such symbols. I’m pretty sure I never asked them. The history was already learned, the culture engrained, before I ever met them.
How many Civil War battlefields did I visit as a child? Memories of the Confederacy were everywhere. There was a kind of sweet, sad, rich nostalgia for the lost elegance of the South—never mind that most of my own forebears were still somewhere in the hills of Slovakia or Switzerland or else up in Illinois the night they brought old Dixie down! Still somehow the Old South was my history, and my loss. The land, the rivers, the hills and valleys, the plantations—to have any sense of place, any connection to or rootedness in the soil all around us was to participate also in a certain veneration not only of the Revolutionary-era leaders but also of the Confederacy and its generals, who we knew were not only better soldiers and strategists but also at least in certain prominent cases (Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson) men of better manners and morals, and more devout Christians, than the dissipated riffraff who suited up as generals for the Northern cause (the corrupt and uncouth Ulysses S. Grant, the sadist-arsonist William Tecumseh Sherman).
It’s not that we didn’t know which side won the Civil War, or didn’t learn to respect Abraham Lincoln, or didn’t study the history—though in the history I learned, the main issue was not so much slavery but economics: the South’s heroic but doomed effort to hold on to a genteel, agrarian way of life over against the newfangled plagues of industrialization and urbanization. My home town—where Grant camped out before and during the siege of Petersburg—commemorated Northern generals along with the Southerners. When I was born my parents took me home to a house on Grant Street, and as a teenager I delivered papers up and down Sherman Avenue. Other streets in the neighborhoods I lived in had names like Hooker, Moultrie, Lee, Miles, Hill, Clark, Clay, Stonewall, Jackson—intermingling Northern and Southern generals—along with Norfolk, Portsmouth, Roanoke, Danville.
The most remarkable street of my childhood memories, the one most heavily suffused with reminiscences of the War, was over in Richmond. Monument Avenue featured (and still does) statues of Robert E. Lee, J. E. B. Stuart, Jefferson Davis, Stonewall Jackson, and Matthew Fontaine Maury. Sometimes when my family went over to Richmond to shop, or for my piano lessons at VCU when I was in high school, we would return to I-95 by way of Monument Avenue rather than Broad so we could see the statutes. As recently as this past November, when I flew down to Virginia and drove my mom to a cousin’s wedding in Richmond, I diverted down Monument Avenue—somehow I couldn’t not go there—and on the way down the avenue held my phone out the car window and snapped the photo displayed with this post.
If you think the names of Lee and Jackson and the soil around Manassas and the Crater exert a certain pull only on the hearts of openly racist rednecks who ride around in pickup trucks flying confederate flags, then I think you don’t know many Southerners of my generation very well. (Also, don’t identify such attitudes behavior too exclusively with the South: I have recently seen such a truck here in Michigan, on the country roads southeast of Grand Rapids.)
So why say all that? So that I can now commend to your reading the transcript of the recent remarks of New Orleans major Tom Landrieu regarding Confederate monuments. What he says seems to me entirely and undeniably true and right. There is no room any longer for the kind of nostalgia for and veneration of the Confederacy that was woven into my (Southern white) generation’s cultural formation and is still stamped onto the public landscape of many American cities. A century and a half has been enough. Reconciliation requires truth, and the subjugation and exploitation of the black race is not a matter for celebration with statues on pedestals in public streets and squares. Move them to a museum-park, and embed them in a truthful telling of the whole complicated—and yet not so complicated that the ugly central truth can legitimately be obscured—story of what those men stood for and fought for. Do not idolize them, do not demonize them, do not forget them. Remembrance enables self-knowledge, and self-knowledge can be a precondition of repentance and salvation.
The transcript of Landrieu’s speech: http://pulsegulfcoast.com/2017/05/transcript-of-new-orleans-mayor-landrieus-address-on-confederate-monuments.
(I will also paste in the text below, in case this URL expires.)
Transcript of New Orleans Mayor Landrieu’s address on Confederate monuments
Just hours before workers removed a statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee — the fourth Confederate monument to be dismantled in New Orleans in recent weeks — Mayor Mitch Landrieu gave a special address at historic Gallier Hall.
Here’s a full transcript of Landrieu’s remarks:
Thank you for coming.
The soul of our beloved City is deeply rooted in a history that has evolved over thousands of years; rooted in a diverse people who have been here together every step of the way – for both good and for ill.
It is a history that holds in its heart the stories of Native Americans: the Choctaw, Houma Nation, the Chitimacha. Of Hernando de Soto, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the Acadians, the Islenos, the enslaved people from Senegambia, Free People of Color, the Haitians, the Germans, both the empires of Francexii and Spain. The Italians, the Irish, the Cubans, the south and central Americans, the Vietnamese and so many more.
You see: New Orleans is truly a city of many nations, a melting pot, a bubbling cauldron of many cultures.
There is no other place quite like it in the world that so eloquently exemplifies the uniquely American motto: e pluribus unum — out of many we are one.
But there are also other truths about our city that we must confront. New Orleans was America’s largest slave market: a port where hundreds of thousands of souls were brought, sold and shipped up the Mississippi River to lives of forced labor of misery of rape, of torture.
America was the place where nearly 4,000 of our fellow citizens were lynched, 540 alone in Louisiana; where the courts enshrined ‘separate but equal’; where Freedom riders coming to New Orleans were beaten to a bloody pulp.
So when people say to me that the monuments in question are history, well what I just described is real history as well, and it is the searing truth.
And it immediately begs the questions: why there are no slave ship monuments, no prominent markers on public land to remember the lynchings or the slave blocks; nothing to remember this long chapter of our lives; the pain, the sacrifice, the shame … all of it happening on the soil of New Orleans.
So for those self-appointed defenders of history and the monuments, they are eerily silent on what amounts to this historical malfeasance, a lie by omission.
There is a difference between remembrance of history and reverence of it. For America and New Orleans, it has been a long, winding road, marked by great tragedy and great triumph. But we cannot be afraid of our truth.
As President George W. Bush said at the dedication ceremony for the National Museum of African American History & Culture, “A great nation does not hide its history. It faces its flaws and corrects them.”
So today I want to speak about why we chose to remove these four monuments to the Lost Cause of the Confederacy, but also how and why this process can move us towards healing and understanding of each other.
So, let’s start with the facts.
The historic record is clear: the Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, and P.G.T. Beauregard statues were not erected just to honor these men, but as part of the movement which became known as The Cult of the Lost Cause. This ‘cult’ had one goal — through monuments and through other means — to rewrite history to hide the truth, which is that the Confederacy was on the wrong side of humanity.
First erected over 166 years after the founding of our city and 19 years after the end of the Civil War, the monuments that we took down were meant to rebrand the history of our city and the ideals of a defeated Confederacy.
It is self-evident that these men did not fight for the United States of America, They fought against it. They may have been warriors, but in this cause they were not patriots.
These statues are not just stone and metal. They are not just innocent remembrances of a benign history. These monuments purposefully celebrate a fictional, sanitized Confederacy; ignoring the death, ignoring the enslavement, and the terror that it actually stood for.
After the Civil War, these statues were a part of that terrorism as much as a burning cross on someone’s lawn; they were erected purposefully to send a strong message to all who walked in their shadows about who was still in charge in this city.
Should you have further doubt about the true goals of the Confederacy, in the very weeks before the war broke out, the Vice President of the Confederacy, Alexander Stephens, made it clear that the Confederate cause was about maintaining slavery and white supremacy.
He said in his now famous ‘Cornerstone speech’ that the Confederacy’s “cornerstone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery — subordination to the superior race — is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.”
Now, with these shocking words still ringing in your ears, I want to try to gently peel from your hands the grip on a false narrative of our history that I think weakens us and make straight a wrong turn we made many years ago so we can more closely connect with integrity to the founding principles of our nation and forge a clearer and straighter path toward a better city and more perfect union.
Last year, President Barack Obama echoed these sentiments about the need to contextualize and remember all of our history. He recalled a piece of stone, a slave auction block engraved with a marker commemorating a single moment in 1830 when Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay stood and spoke from it.
President Obama said, “Consider what this artifact tells us about history … on a stone where day after day for years, men and women … bound and bought and sold and bid like cattle on a stone worn down by the tragedy of over a thousand bare feet. For a long time the only thing we considered important, the singular thing we once chose to commemorate as history with a plaque were the unmemorable speeches of two powerful men.”
A piece of stone – one stone. Both stories were history. One story told. One story forgotten or maybe even purposefully ignored.
As clear as it is for me today … for a long time, even though I grew up in one of New Orleans’ most diverse neighborhoods, even with my family’s long proud history of fighting for civil rights … I must have passed by those monuments a million times without giving them a second thought.
So I am not judging anybody, I am not judging people. We all take our own journey on race. I just hope people listen like I did when my dear friend Wynton Marsalis helped me see the truth. He asked me to think about all the people who have left New Orleans because of our exclusionary attitudes.
Another friend asked me to consider these four monuments from the perspective of an African American mother or father trying to explain to their fifth grade daughter who Robert E. Lee is and why he stands atop of our beautiful city. Can you do it?
Can you look into that young girl’s eyes and convince her that Robert E. Lee is there to encourage her? Do you think she will feel inspired and hopeful by that story? Do these monuments help her see a future with limitless potential? Have you ever thought that if her potential is limited, yours and mine are too?
We all know the answer to these very simple questions.
When you look into this child’s eyes is the moment when the searing truth comes into focus for us. This is the moment when we know what is right and what we must do. We can’t walk away from this truth.
And I knew that taking down the monuments was going to be tough, but you elected me to do the right thing, not the easy thing and this is what that looks like. So relocating these Confederate monuments is not about taking something away from someone else. This is not about politics, this is not about blame or retaliation. This is not a naïve quest to solve all our problems at once.
This is, however, about showing the whole world that we as a city and as a people are able to acknowledge, understand, reconcile and, most importantly, choose a better future for ourselves, making straight what has been crooked and making right what was wrong.
Otherwise, we will continue to pay a price with discord, with division, and yes, with violence.
To literally put the confederacy on a pedestal in our most prominent places of honor is an inaccurate recitation of our full past, it is an affront to our present, and it is a bad prescription for our future.
History cannot be changed. It cannot be moved like a statue. What is done is done. The Civil War is over, and the Confederacy lost and we are better for it. Surely we are far enough removed from this dark time to acknowledge that the cause of the Confederacy was wrong.
And in the second decade of the 21st century, asking African Americans — or anyone else — to drive by property that they own; occupied by reverential statues of men who fought to destroy the country and deny that person’s humanity seems perverse and absurd.
Centuries-old wounds are still raw because they never healed right in the first place.
Here is the essential truth: we are better together than we are apart. Indivisibility is our essence. Isn’t this the gift that the people of New Orleans have given to the world?
We radiate beauty and grace in our food, in our music, in our architecture, in our joy of life, in our celebration of death; in everything that we do. We gave the world this funky thing called jazz; the most uniquely American art form that is developed across the ages from different cultures.
Think about second lines, think about Mardi Gras, think about muffaletta, think about the Saints, gumbo, red beans and rice. By God, just think. All we hold dear is created by throwing everything in the pot; creating, producing something better; everything a product of our historic diversity.
We are proof that out of many we are one — and better for it! Out of many we are one — and we really do love it!
And yet, we still seem to find so many excuses for not doing the right thing. Again, remember President Bush’s words, “A great nation does not hide its history. It faces its flaws and corrects them.”
We forget, we deny how much we really depend on each other, how much we need each other. We justify our silence and inaction by manufacturing noble causes that marinate in historical denial. We still find a way to say “wait, not so fast.”
But like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said, “wait has almost always meant never.”
We can’t wait any longer. We need to change. And we need to change now. No more waiting. This is not just about statues, this is about our attitudes and behavior as well. If we take these statues down and don’t change to become a more open and inclusive society this would have all been in vain.
While some have driven by these monuments every day and either revered their beauty or failed to see them at all, many of our neighbors and fellow Americans see them very clearly. Many are painfully aware of the long shadows their presence casts, not only literally but figuratively. And they clearly receive the message that the Confederacy and the cult of the lost cause intended to deliver.
Earlier this week, as the cult of the lost cause statue of P.G.T Beauregard came down, world renowned musician Terence Blanchard stood watch, his wife Robin and their two beautiful daughters at their side.
Terence went to a high school on the edge of City Park named after one of America’s greatest heroes and patriots, John F. Kennedy. But to get there he had to pass by this monument to a man who fought to deny him his humanity.
He said, “I’ve never looked at them as a source of pride … it’s always made me feel as if they were put there by people who don’t respect us. This is something I never thought I’d see in my lifetime. It’s a sign that the world is changing.”
Yes, Terence, it is, and it is long overdue.Now is the time to send a new message to the next generation of New Orleanians who can follow in Terence and Robin’s remarkable footsteps.
A message about the future, about the next 300 years and beyond; let us not miss this opportunity New Orleans and let us help the rest of the country do the same. Because now is the time for choosing. Now is the time to actually make this the City we always should have been, had we gotten it right in the first place.
We should stop for a moment and ask ourselves — at this point in our history, after Katrina, after Rita, after Ike, after Gustav, after the national recession, after the BP oil catastrophe and after the tornado — if presented with the opportunity to build monuments that told our story or to curate these particular spaces … would these monuments be what we want the world to see? Is this really our story?
We have not erased history; we are becoming part of the city’s history by righting the wrong image these monuments represent and crafting a better, more complete future for all our children and for future generations.
And unlike when these Confederate monuments were first erected as symbols of white supremacy, we now have a chance to create not only new symbols, but to do it together, as one people.
In our blessed land we all come to the table of democracy as equals.
We have to reaffirm our commitment to a future where each citizen is guaranteed the uniquely American gifts of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
That is what really makes America great and today it is more important than ever to hold fast to these values and together say a self-evident truth that out of many we are one. That is why today we reclaim these spaces for the United States of America.Because we are one nation, not two; indivisible with liberty and justice for all, not some. We all are part of one nation, all pledging allegiance to one flag, the flag of the United States of America. And New Orleanians are in, all of the way.
It is in this union and in this truth that real patriotism is rooted and flourishes.
Instead of revering a 4-year brief historical aberration that was called the Confederacy we can celebrate all 300 years of our rich, diverse history as a place named New Orleans and set the tone for the next 300 years.
After decades of public debate, of anger, of anxiety, of anticipation, of humiliation and of frustration. After public hearings and approvals from three separate community led commissions. After two robust public hearings and a 6-1 vote by the duly elected New Orleans City Council. After review by 13 different federal and state judges. The full weight of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government has been brought to bear and the monuments in accordance with the law have been removed.
So now is the time to come together and heal and focus on our larger task. Not only building new symbols, but making this city a beautiful manifestation of what is possible and what we as a people can become.
Let us remember what the once exiled, imprisoned and now universally loved Nelson Mandela and what he said after the fall of apartheid. “If the pain has often been unbearable and the revelations shocking to all of us, it is because they indeed bring us the beginnings of a common understanding of what happened and a steady restoration of the nation’s humanity.”
So before we part let us again state the truth clearly.
The Confederacy was on the wrong side of history and humanity. It sought to tear apart our nation and subjugate our fellow Americans to slavery. This is the history we should never forget and one that we should never again put on a pedestal to be revered.
As a community, we must recognize the significance of removing New Orleans’ Confederate monuments. It is our acknowledgment that now is the time to take stock of, and then move past, a painful part of our history.
Anything less would render generations of courageous struggle and soul-searching a truly lost cause.
Anything less would fall short of the immortal words of our greatest President Abraham Lincoln, who with an open heart and clarity of purpose calls on us today to unite as one people when he said:
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to do all which may achieve and cherish: a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” | history |
https://brittneythenerd.com/2010/12/26/greensboros-kwanzaa-collective-umoja/ | 2023-06-05T04:36:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650620.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605021141-20230605051141-00108.warc.gz | 0.908919 | 172 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__114336992 | en | Today is the first day of Kwanzaa, a week-long celebration of recognizing African and African-American heritage and traditions. Kwanzaa was created by Maulana Karenga and In 1966, the first one was celebrated. The name Kwanzaa derives from the Swahili phrase matunda ya kwanza, meaning first fruits of the harvest.
This year The Greensboro Kwanzaa Collective, will present a week-long Kwanzaa celebration in Greensboro. This is the first ever week-long Kwanzaa celebration in the city of Greensboro. Join the families for libations, drumming, art, story-telling, and community at the Hayes Taylor (1101 E. Market St , Greensboro, NC 27401) today from 6:00pm – 9:00pm! | history |
http://chiamonline.com/News/InEnglish/2003/Feb/03chang.htm | 2019-02-22T13:54:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247518425.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222135147-20190222161147-00257.warc.gz | 0.956096 | 193 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__143210614 | en | Iris Chang has completed her long-awaited narrative history of Chinese Americans, to be published by Viking Penguin in May 2003. This will be the first Chinese American history written for a general audience that includes the story of the newest wave of immigrants, who arrived after normalization with the People's Republic of China. The book covers 150 years of Chinese contributions to America, drawn from interviews, archival research and synthesis of the scholarly literature. Chang is best known for The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (1997. She wrote her first book, Thread of the Silkworm (1995) on Tsien Hsue-Shen (Qian Xuesen), the Chinese American rocket scientist who was accused of being a Communist and deported to China during the McCarthy era. Ms. Chang was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by The College of Wooster on May 13, 2002. (Source: Committee Bridges, Fall 2002). | history |
http://laconcorde.co.za/our-story/ | 2020-08-07T01:17:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737050.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807000315-20200807030315-00092.warc.gz | 0.972683 | 587 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__151675573 | en | The founders of La Concorde Bakery, Rena and Michael Anousakis, left Greece in 1958 to start a new life in South Africa. They arrived in the country with nothing, except for the many years of experience that they had acquired working as bakers and confectioners. They soon found work at a restaurant, but set their minds to one day opening their own bakery. They had a simple vision for their future business: To introduce traditional, homemade, and authentic Mediterranean flavours to the South African bakery experience. At the time this style of food was not prevalent in Johannesburg bakeries, which fuelled their desire to share the unforgettable tastes that they grew up with.
In 1968, they were finally able to open their own restaurant with a bakery element. They named the business “La Concorde,” after the Place de la Concorde in Paris – where the world’s finest baked goods and confectionary could be found. Situated in the old Johannesburg CBD, La Concorde had an authentically European menu, store design and ambiance. It made a name for itself as the only restaurant offering traditional European and Jewish cuisine and baked goods.
In the 1970’s Rena and Michael decided to focus exclusively on their bakery, and so removed the restaurant component from the business. At this time there was a growing demand from wholesale customers requesting baked goods delivered to their premises. Unable to keep up with the large volume of wholesale orders, it was time for La Concorde to expand.
And so, during the 1970’s and 1980’s Rena and Michael’s sons opened new La Concorde bakeries in Emmerentia, Bramley, Westgate, the East Rand Mall, Kilarney and Norwood. They kept with the traditional La Concorde heritage, but now also had the operational capacity to service the ever-growing demand from wholesale customers.
This business model remained successful until the 1990’s, when it became apparent that shifting customer preferences had transformed the demand for bakery products. It was clear that the future of baking was no longer in retail stores, but rather in wholesale. They decided to take advantage of this market opportunity by leveraging La Concorde’s existing wholesale capabilities. And so, in 2000, the decision was made to focus exclusively on wholesale. All retail stores were closed, and La Concorde was consolidated into one large wholesale factory, based in Linbro Business Park. The business now had capacity to service the wholesale needs of the entire Gauteng region, making it a market leader in the industry.
In 2005 the third generation of the family took over the management of La Concorde Bakery, and currently remain in this position. In 2017 La Concorde Bakery acquired a second factory, also based in Linbro Business Park, allowing it further opportunity to expand and to focus more extensively on mass production. | history |
https://www.kirtland.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1372080/afrl-nm-celebrates-100-years-of-af-science-technology/ | 2018-09-18T19:13:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155676.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918185612-20180918205612-00293.warc.gz | 0.971868 | 527 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__183088996 | en | KIRTLAND AIR FORCE BASE, N.M. --
One hundred years ago on Dec. 4, 1917, the U.S. Army established a home for science and technology research at McCook Field, Ohio. The organization was dubbed the Aircraft Engineering Division and would ultimately become the Air Force Research Laboratory. On Nov. 9, the Air Force Research Laboratory's New Mexican directorates celebrated a century of evolving lineage from their ancestral unit at McCook.
The early pioneers at McCook understood that research was the key to military supremacy, a fact that was not lost on presenters at Kirtland's celebration, according to Dr. Kelly Hammett, director of AFRL's Directed Energy Directorate.
"When looking forward into the future, it's good to take a look back and know who you are, where you came from and what got you here," he said. "Soon the role that this organization locally, and the role that the greater Air Force Research Laboratory has will chart the course of the Air Force for the next 50 years. So it's just important and special to pause for a couple hours and look back at the tremendous accomplishments we've made here."
The event lauded breakthrough technologies developed in the Directed Energy and Space Vehicles directorates, including harnessing lasers and high-powered microwaves, and composite applications like the Roll-Out Solar Array.
AFRL NM also offered presentations on the "Impacts of Generational Development in Science and Technology," and "Agile Innovation," as well as the Counter Electronics High Power Microwave Airborne Missile Program.
AFRL NM's Matt Fetrow said the day was also special because members of the community and Team Kirtland outside AFRL joined in the celebration.
"The Air Force has been around for 70 years, but our technology history dates back to 1917," Fetrow said. "We are inviting the community and the rest of the base, and we are just thrilled to see civic leaders and other folks here to celebrate with us.
The celebration also served as an unveiling of the Heritage Annex, which includes historical memorabilia ranging from wooden bolts from the Trestle to parts from the MAX POWER counter-IED system. What was once a storage area near northeast corner of the intersection of Aberdeen and Kirtland Avenues, has become a showcase of AFRL history and a gathering place for Team Kirtland.
"This is now serving as a gathering place where we have a lot of informal meetings and it's really decked out. We are really thrilled to introduce this facility," Fetrow said. | history |
https://www.lakemartinrealty.com/property/236-east-st/23-38.html | 2023-10-02T10:44:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00620.warc.gz | 0.885475 | 625 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__75839126 | en | Welcome to this enchanting piece of history nestled on a peaceful tree-lined street. Built in 1900, this captivating home exudes timeless elegance with its classic architecture and picturesque front porch adorned with intricate gingerbread trim. Step back in time while enjoying all the modern comforts that have been thoughtfully integrated into this well-maintained residence.As you approach the property, the inviting front porch beckons you to sit and unwind, savoring the gentle breeze and the sights of the neighborhood. The gingerbread trim showcases the exquisite craftsmanship of the era, adding a touch of whimsy and character to the home's exterior. Upon entering, you are greeted with a warm and welcoming ambiance that radiates the charm of yesteryears. The living spaces boast original hardwood floors, high ceilings and abundant natural light that gives the interior an airy and spacious feel. With three generously sized bedrooms, this home offers ample space for a growing family or those who desire extra room for guests or a home office. Each bedroom boasts unique details that preserve the home's historical character, while large windows invite scenic views and gentle sunlight. The home's two renovated bathrooms are a testament to the perfect blend of classic charm and modern design. Elegant fixtures, tasteful tiling, and luxurious amenities create a spa-like retreat, ensuring a tranquil escape from the world's hustle and bustle. Stepping outside, the lush backyard provides an ideal space for outdoor gatherings, gardening, or simple relaxation. The private sanctuary is surrounded by mature trees, offering a peaceful haven in the midst of the city. Located in a desirable neighborhood, this home is conveniently close to local amenities, schools, parks, and public transportation. Its historic appeal combined with modern conveniences makes it a rare find in today's market. If you are a lover of history and an admirer of meticulous craftsmanship, this charming home with gingerbread trim is a must-see. Embrace the past while enjoying the comforts of the present in this truly captivating property. Don't miss the opportunity to own a piece of history that will surely continue to charm for generations to come. Schedule your private tour today!
Type: Residential Single Family
Listing Status: Active (00/00/0000)
Lake Name: N/A
Foundation: Crawl Space
Siding: Wood Siding
Floors: Tile, Wood Floors
Utilities: Alabama Power, City Utilities
Sewage: City Sewer
Water: Dadeville Water Co.
Heating: Central (Elec)
Cooling: Central (Elec)
Exterior: Fenced, Porch, Shrubs
Covenants Allow Rentals?: Y
Rental Term: Negotiable | history |
https://sheratonbetterwhenshared.com/the-truth-about-lottery-taxes/ | 2024-04-15T11:45:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816977.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415111434-20240415141434-00413.warc.gz | 0.972106 | 510 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__142457486 | en | The lottery is one of the oldest forms of social welfare, where the proceeds of ticket sales are donated to charitable organizations. Each state donates a certain percentage of its revenues, and the money raised is typically used for public sector initiatives. Lotteries have been around since the Old Testament, when Moses distributed land to the Israelites. Lotteries were also used by Roman emperors to give away slaves and property. They were brought to the United States by British colonists and banned between 1844 and 1859 by ten states.
Lottery games originated in the Netherlands and became popular there in the seventeenth century, when they were used to fund public purposes. As the lottery grew in popularity, it also became a popular way to tax people. The first lottery in the world is the Staatsloterij, which is still in operation today. The word lottery is derived from the Dutch word ‘lotterij,’ meaning ‘fate.’ But despite its popularity, many people consider it to be a form of hidden taxation.
The history of lottery games is ancient. Ancient Greeks and Romans used lotteries to settle legal disputes, assign property rights and even distribute unpopular jobs. In Europe, the first recorded lotteries were played in the circuses where emperors would throw numbered pieces of parchment. The winners were awarded articles of unequal value. Today, lottery games have evolved into worldwide phenomenons. Their popularity and benefits are well documented.
Strategies for winning
Several strategies for winning the lottery are available. These strategies are based on proven theory that identifies the most likely lottery numbers to be drawn. While it is impossible to beat the lottery’s odds, a lottery strategy can keep you motivated and prevent you from losing money. This article addresses some of the most common questions regarding winning strategies. We’ll also answer some common misconceptions about them. The key to successful lottery strategies is to be aware of your odds and understand how to calculate them.
Taxes on winnings
Winning the lottery is a dream come true for most of us, but the reality is that you will soon face a tax bill. In addition to the federal tax, you’ll face a state tax bill as well. If you’re the winner of a New York lottery prize, your tax rate will be 8.82 percent, while in other states it will be lower, perhaps even zero. Here are some tips to minimize the tax burden. | history |
https://www.phoenixrestorations.us/my-cars/7.1.2022_qa0h1zb4lj | 2024-04-22T15:11:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818312.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422144517-20240422174517-00467.warc.gz | 0.959287 | 1,332 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__118122052 | en | 1966 Shelby GT-350
289 4V Supercharged
Red with White Stripes
1966 Shelby GT-350 Supercharged, number matching, fully sorted showroom quality with documented history from day 1.
1966 Shelby GT350
VIN # SFM6S1108
· Numbers-matching, original engine and drivetrain
· All numbers confirmed by SAAC
· Upgraded with period correct Paxton Supercharger
· Factory red
· Factory four-speed
· Factory documentation
· Listed in the Shelby Registry
· Also has an alternative full 5-Speed set-up in the trunk
Supercharged 289 CI HiPo V-8 advertised at 377 HP. Original four-speed manual transmission car, front coil springs and rear leaf spring suspension, power-assisted hydraulic front disc and rear drum brakes; wheelbase: 108"
When it debuted midyear in 1964, the Mustang created the "pony car", and it quickly became Ford's most successful model launch since the Model A. In order to make the affordable to the masses, Ford used the existing Falcon platform and borrowed common components already in production to keep the costs down. Despite its well received sporty appearance, performance was lacking, and when the first of the muscle cars began arriving on the scene, Ford wanted to create a package that would transform the Mustang into a proper sports car capable of competing with the Chevrolet Corvette at the race track.
Initially, Ford was rebuffed by the Sports Car Club of America – the sanctioning body for amateur sports car racing - as the Mustang was a 2+2 design and thus not a true sports car. Ford then turned to former racer and resident performance expert Carroll Shelby to rectify the situation. The result was the 1965 Shelby GT350 purpose-built to homologate the Ford Mustang for SCCA racing. The original GT350 exemplified Ford’s “Total Performance” campaign and conferred an unbeatable high-performance image that the "pony car" lacked. Starting with a standard production Ford Mustang GT built at the San Jose plant, the Shelby was transformed into essentially a racecar for the street at the Shelby American facility in Venice, California. After numerous performance modifications and subtle styling changes to visually distinguish it from the base Mustang, the GT350 was ready for the competition. On the track, the GT350 immediately accomplished its mission and dominated the opposition to secure three straight SCCA B-Production championships for Shelby and Ford from 1965 through 1967. Just 562 of these potent performers were built for 1965 in order to homologate the Shelby as a production sports car for SCCA competition.
Initially Ford viewed Carroll Shelby's operation as a specialty shop, and the success of the GT350 on the track and the favorable publicity it generated justified the expense in building a limited number of high performance sports car for competition use. However, the public response to the 1965 model convinced Ford's marketing managers that they could sell a lot more than a few hundred cars and the potential profits that would come with increased production. However, this would require making several changes in production thereby giving the car wider appeal and at the same time reducing production costs.
Aside from the elimination of a few Shelby-unique features, most of the changes for 1966 were cosmetic coupled with the addition of several new options including a choice of color. Most notably clear plexiglass rear quarter windows replaced the rear quarter vents and louvers, and functional side scoops were installed on the quarter panels in order to duct air to the rear brakes. The front grills were changed as well giving the GT350 a more distinctive look from the standard Mustang. The optional GT instrument cluster was installed, and for the first time Shelbys were available with an automatic transmission, a fold-down rear seat, and even an optional factory supercharger.
The GT350 offered here is one of 1,365 non-Hertz Shelby GT350s produced in 1966. It was assigned the Shelby number SFM6S1108. Upon completion at Shelby's LAX facility, the car was shipped to Reynolds Motors, Inc. in Syracuse, New York on March 22, 1966. A few months later, it was purchased by its first owner William S. Whitley of Endwell, New York for $4400 on June 29th of that same year. This Shelby is an original Candy Apple red car with factory white Le Mans stripes, and it was fitted with a fiberglass hood with a steel frame and 14" aluminum 10-spoke wheels as documented in the Shelby Registry. At the time of purchase, Mr. Whitley specified that the dealer install 15" steel wheels and an AM radio. The Shelby would remain in Whitley's ownership for the next 39 years until it was sold to James Clark in 2005 with just over 55,000 miles on the odometer. After his purchase, Mr. Clark commissioned a full rotisserie restoration of the car to exacting standards using NOS parts and a complete mechanical rebuild at which time a period correct Paxton supercharger was sourced and installed on the car. The Shelby was sold a few years later to Reid Jenson from whom Phoenix Restorations acquired the car.
SFM6S1108 retains its original numbers-matching 'Hi-Po' engine and Borg Warner T-10 transmission. The hidden Ford VIN stamps have been verified by Howard Pardee and SAAC as corresponding with the Shelby number on file, and it is listed in the Shelby Registry. Additionally, the Shelby is documented by copies of the dealer invoice and shipping order as well as paperwork from the original owner, and the original owner’s manual remain with the car. This fully restored 1966 Shelby GT350 is a very correct and original example worthy of the show field, but with the added power from the Paxton supercharger, acceleration is exhilarating and begs to be driven.
Speaking to provenance there are multiple receipts down through the years from various owners. Reid had the engine rebuilt and installed roller rockers and generally “explosion proofed” the engine with high end components while retaining the original block and heads. Multiple point of sale documents accompany the car. In 2019 the underside of the car was detailed to correct original factory paint specs with red oxide primer, detailed upper and lower a-arms and a detailed engine bay. | history |
http://www.armyantbiology.com/history-of-games/ | 2017-05-25T01:13:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607960.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525010046-20170525030046-00558.warc.gz | 0.971406 | 638 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-22__0__242753500 | en | The historical evidence of video games dates as far back as the mid-1950s, when scholarly PC researchers started planning straightforward games and recreations as a component of their investigations. Video gaming did not achieve standard ubiquity until the 1970s and 1980s when arcade video games and gaming comforts utilising joysticks, catches, and different controllers, alongside illustrations on PC screens and home PC games were acquainted with the overall population. Since the 1980s, video gaming has turned into a famous type of stimulation and a piece of cutting edge mainstream culture in many parts of the world. One of the early games was Space War! Which was produced by PC researchers? Early arcade video games were created from 1972 to 1978. It was in the 1970s, when the first home console generation was evolved, including the prevalent game Pong and different “clones”. The 1970s was additionally the time of centralised server PC games. The peak time of arcade video games was from 1978 to 1982. Video arcades with vast, illustrations improved coin-worked machines were regular at shopping centres and well-known, moderate home consoles, for example, the Atari 2600 and Intellivision empowered individuals to play games on their home TVs. In the 1980s, gaming PCs, early internet gaming and handheld LCD games rose; this period was influenced by the video diversion accident of 1983. From 1976 to 1992, the second era of video consoles developed.
The third era of consoles, which were 8-bit units, rose up out of 1983 to 1995. The fourth era of consoles, which were 16-bit models, rose up out of 1987 to 1999. The 1990s saw the resurgence and decrease of arcades, the move to 3D video games, enhanced handheld games and PC gaming. The fifth era of consoles, which were 32 and 64-bit units, was from 1993 to 2006. Amid, this time, cell telephone gaming rose. Amid the 2000s, the 6th era reassures developed (1998–2013). Amid this period, web gaming and portable games got to be vital. The seventh era of consoles was from 2005 to 2012. This period was set apart by colossal improvement spending plans for a few games, with some having true to life representation.The dispatch of the top-offering Wi-Fi console, in which the client could control the diversion activities with genuine style developments of their hands; the ascent of easygoing PC games advertised to non-gamers; and the rise of distributed computing in video games.
In 2013, the eighth era of consoles developed, including Nintendo’s Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, Microsoft’s Xbox One and Sony’s PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. PC gaming has been holding a huge piece of the pie in Asia and Europe for a considerable length of time and keeps on becoming because of computerised conveyance. Since the improvement and across the board buyer utilisation of cell phones, portable gaming has been a driving element for games, as they can contact individuals earlier uninterested in gaming, and those not able to bear the cost of or backing devoted equipment, for example, video amusement comforts. | history |
https://www.taborfuneralhome.com/obituary/Eileen-Meehl | 2021-09-28T19:36:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060882.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928184203-20210928214203-00465.warc.gz | 0.985166 | 1,018 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__231853793 | en | Eileen Meehl passed away unexpectedly at home on September 1, 2021. Up to that moment, she had been an active 93 year old, driving locally, attending church weekly, grocery shopping, meeting with friends and family, and living a full life. She was born on September 22, 1927, in Brighton, Colorado to Thekla (Barthel) and John Wall, and was baptized on October 9, 1927. She grew up in Brighton in a tight-knit family, with her four siblings Harlan, Norma, Les and Don. Her grandparents had homesteaded near Burlington in eastern Colorado in 1888, and later moved to Brighton in 1904 where her parents met and married. Eileen was a life-long member of Zion Lutheran Church, attended Zion Lutheran School, was confirmed April 6, 1941, and graduated from Brighton High School as valedictorian of her 1945 class. If she had been a member of a subsequent generation, she would have certainly attended university, but instead she learned bookkeeping and worked first in the office at Kuner’s Cannery in Brighton, and then in the office at Brighton High School. Before WWII, she had met Paul Meehl, an intriguing son of a dairy farmer who lived just up the road from the Wall farm on west Bromley Lane. Paul was also a member of Zion Lutheran Church. They were just acquaintances when Paul left to serve in the Air Force in WWII. On his return, Paul began dating Eileen, and they married on February 8, 1948. The first test of their marriage was a move out onto the eastern plains near the Hudson dryland wheat farm that Paul’s father had purchased for him with his WWII pay. They lived in a small house next door to a larger house where Paul’s parents, his brother Louis, and Louis’ wife lived. The catch was that the small house didn’t have indoor plumbing or running water. This was a major reduction to the standard of living to which Eileen had become accustomed. By early 1951 Eileen was pregnant and Paul and Eileen moved into a house (with running water and indoor plumbing) in what is now the northern edge of Commerce City where Paul had been hired as a “ditch rider” for the Burlington ditch. First son Jerry was born shortly after their move. Paul continued farming wheat near Hudson while doing his ditch company job, and Eileen looked after Jerry and kept the household going. The family, now larger with the arrival of son Mark in 1956, moved to their new home in Brighton where they would complete their family with the arrival of Janet in 1963. While raising Jerry, Mark and Janet, Eileen taught piano lessons in the new house as well, and Paul worked as a Water Commissioner for the State of Colorado. Over her long piano teaching career, she instructed numerous young students, and many would stop by to say hello long after they had grown up. Eileen loved classical music, was a talented pianist, and taught all three of her children to play the piano and enjoy music. She sang in the church choir for 50+ years and was an active member of the Lutheran Women’s Missionary League, Bethesda Auxiliary, and numerous women’s groups. Her spiritual and social networks were formed early and lasted a lifetime. She lived out her unwavering faith through her daily life and devotion to her family. Eileen was a strong, intelligent, devout Colorado native, a true “Woman of the West”, and hers is a life to be celebrated.
Eileen was preceded in death by her husband Paul and her brothers Harlan, Donald, and Lester, and her sister Norma Hahn, and is survived by her daughter Janet Fox (Pete), sons Mark Meehl (Jan, and sons Seth and Ben) and Jerry Meehl (Marla).
The funeral service is at Zion Lutheran Church at 10:30am, Monday September 13, followed by a reception in the Fellowship Hall. Given the resurgence of the COVID Delta variant, the family encourages attendees to be vaccinated and to wear masks, and to not attend if showing any COVID symptoms. If you are uncomfortable at all with attending, the service will be recorded and will be available for viewing on the Tabor Mortuary web site after the service (taborfuneralhome.com, click on link in her obituary).
In lieu of flowers, the family suggests memorials in Eileen's name to either cause that was important to her: Zion Lutheran Church Organ Fund (zionbrighton.org, click "Give Now" and select "Memorial Fund" or mail to 1400 Skeel St., Brighton, CO 80601) - or- Bethesda Lutheran Communities (bethesdalc.org, click "Donate Now" and check "Tribute Gift.")
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Eileen Meehl, please visit our floral store. | history |
https://www.azonica.com/en-gb/editorial/the-top-10-things-to-do-in-istanbul-in-2023 | 2024-02-21T12:56:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00862.warc.gz | 0.960754 | 653 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__195853738 | en | Istanbul is a vibrant city that spans two continents - Europe and Asia. It is a melting pot of cultures, where ancient and modern collide. With its rich history, stunning architecture, delicious food, and bustling markets, Istanbul is a must-visit destination for any traveler. In this article, we will explore the top 10 things to do in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2023.
The Hagia Sophia is a world-famous landmark and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Originally a church, it was later converted into a mosque and is now a museum. Its stunning architecture, intricate mosaics, and rich history make it a must-visit attraction in Istanbul.
The Blue Mosque, also known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, is another iconic landmark in Istanbul. It is famous for its blue tiles and six minarets. The mosque is still used for prayer, so be sure to dress appropriately if you plan to visit.
The Grand Bazaar is a sprawling covered market that is home to over 4,000 shops. It is one of the oldest and largest markets in the world and is a shopper's paradise. From handmade carpets to spices and jewelry, you can find almost anything here.
The Bosphorus is a strait that separates Europe and Asia. Taking a cruise along the Bosphorus is a great way to see the city from a different perspective. You can also see some of Istanbul's famous landmarks, such as the Dolmabahce Palace and the Maiden's Tower.
Topkapi Palace was once the residence of the Ottoman sultans. Today, it is a museum that houses some of the most important artifacts from the Ottoman Empire, including the famous Topkapi Dagger and the Spoonmaker's Diamond.
The Spice Bazaar is another famous market in Istanbul. It is located in the Eminonu district and is filled with the smells of spices, herbs, and teas. You can also find other products, such as Turkish delight and dried fruit.
A Turkish bath, also known as a hammam, is a traditional bathhouse that has been used for centuries in Turkey. It is a great way to relax and rejuvenate after a day of sightseeing. Some of the most famous hammams in Istanbul include Cagaloglu Hammam and Galatasaray Hammam.
The Chora Church is a medieval Byzantine church that is famous for its stunning mosaics and frescoes. It is located in the Edirnekapi neighborhood and is a must-visit for anyone interested in art and history.
Turkish delight, also known as lokum, is a sweet treat that is famous in Turkey. It is made from sugar, cornstarch, and flavorings such as rosewater or lemon. You can find Turkish delight in almost any market or sweet shop in Istanbul.
Turkish cuisine is a blend of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian influences. Some of the most famous dishes include kebabs, meze, and baklava. Be sure to try some of Istanbul's famous street food, such as simit (a type of sesame-covered bread) and kokorec (grilled lamb intestines). | history |
https://www.hattonparishcouncil.org/hatton-sports/ | 2024-02-27T14:50:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00503.warc.gz | 0.961466 | 216 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__59105718 | en | Hatton Sports F.C (junior teams) together with T.L Darby F.C (senior teams) are part of Hatton Sports and Social Club, based at Scropton Lane Sports Ground Hatton.
T.L Darby F.C was formed in 1973 and is they believe, the oldest formed club playing regular football in both senior and junior leagues.
Starting at Hillfield Park in Stretton, in the early years the club played on various grounds around Burton including Shobnall Fields, Stapenhill Gardens and even Swadlincote Ski Slope (not literally).
The club moved to its present headquarters in Hatton in 1987 and now the social club on the Scropton Road playing fields is used as its headquarters and is central to all the activities involving the fund raising and social side of the club. The local parish council provide the pitches free of charge for the junior teams, appreciating the great effort the club goes to giving local youngsters the opportunity to play sport in a safe and organised environment. | history |
https://dccg.upc.edu/irp2018/local-festivities/ | 2018-04-26T15:13:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948285.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426144615-20180426164615-00335.warc.gz | 0.911765 | 535 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__85950158 | en | Bank holidays during the period
- May 1, labor day
- May 21, pentecost
Local festivities that may interest you
|Monday, April 23. Dia del llibre i la rosa
On Sant Jordi (saint Jorge’s day), the city of Barcelona is invaded by books and roses. The date coincides with the beginning of Spring, as well as with the burial of Miguel de Cervantes and the death of William Shakespeare (according with the Julian calendar; he died on May 3 according to the Gregorian calendar), in 1616. Traditionally, boys give girls a rose and girls give boys a book. As reported by the media, 1.6 millions books and 6 millions roses were sold in Catalonia in April 23, 2017. It is really impressive to see hoy many Barcelonians walk the streets visiting the book and roses’ stands placed along them. Do not miss visiting the streets Rambla de Catalunya, Passeig de Gràcia and La Rambla on this day!
|Thursday, May 31. L’ou com balla
On Corpus Christi it is worth visiting l’ou com balla (the dancing egg) in the courtyards of many of Barcelona’s historical buildings. Particularly, in the cloister of Cathedral, and the courtyards of the Casa de l’Ardiaca, Ateneu Barcelonès, Archives of the Crown of Aragon (at the Lloctinent Palace), among many other places. The origin of this tradition, started in the XV century, is not totally clear. Find more information here and here.
|Sunday, June 3. Sitges flowers festival
Also related to the Corpus Christi festivity, the catifes de flors (flowers carpets) cover the historical streets of Sitges. From 6pm on Saturday, the Giants Gather at Cap de la Vila. From around 8pm, flowers arrive and volunteers start sketching designs on the streets. They will be working on these until late into the night. From Sunday early morning, you will be able to visit them. More information here (sorry, no English version), here, and here.
|Thursday, June 7 – Sunday, June 10. Tast a La Rambla
Gastronomic tapas festival. Located at the bottomost part of La Rambla, downtown Barcelona, it gathers 50 well known restaurants, tapas bars, and cake shops, who prepare small portions of their specialties. Further information here. | history |
http://goforthaysstate.com/s/947/index.aspx?gid=1&pgid=2545&cid=3987&ecid=3987&crid=0&calpgid=61&calcid=667 | 2013-06-18T22:50:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707435344/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123035-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.945122 | 263 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__120739472 | en | Attention all Half Century Club members! Mark your calendar now for the 2013 Half Century Club Spring Reception to be held Friday, April 26 at the FHSU Memorial Union.
Please join us for a delightful day as we share nostalgic memories of FHSU days gone by and enjoy a University update provided by President Edward Hammond.
Reception at 11:00 a.m.
Brunch at 11:45 a.m.
Program at 12:15 p.m.
Registration Deadline: Friday, April 19, 2013
The Half Century Club was established on October 18, 1969, as a way of telling graduates, “You are important to us. You are part of our past, and you play an important role in our present and future.” Now over 40 years later, the club has grown to include more than 1,600 living members.
No alumni group better personifies the history and legacy of the university than the Half Century Club. The addition of new members annually reaffirms the heritage of excellence. Graduates of the 50-year class are inducted formally during the Homecoming meeting, and FHSU faculty become members upon retirement. New members receive the Half Century Club pin, which symbolizes our lineage from the past and our foundation for the future. | history |
http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/students/alphapsi/history.asp | 2018-11-16T12:26:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743011.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116111645-20181116133137-00058.warc.gz | 0.965086 | 381 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__69522032 | en | In 1906, veterinary students at Ohio State University saw the benefits of fraternal life but were frustrated by the lack of a national organization for their profession. After much study and work, 22 juniors and seniors founded the Alpha Chapter of Alpha Psi Fraternity and by 1915 chapters had been established at 15 schools.
Today, there are eleven active Alpha Psi chapters at veterinary schools across the country. If an honor roll were established for the all time leaders of the veterinary profession in the United States, it would be heavily weighted with Alpha Psi fraternity members. Certainly their accomplishments are the result of individual initiative and merit, but in some instances leadership and communication skills were strengthened by their fraternity experience.
Preamble to the Alpha Psi Fraternity constitution
"We, students of the College of Veterinary Medicine of the Ohio State university, in order to promote a stronger bond between the veterinary colleges of the United States and Canada; to create a better feeling among the students of all veterinary colleges, and to infuse a deeper interest in the study of veterinary science, do hereby establish this constitution for the ALPHA PSI, the national veterinary fraternity."
The constitution was written in 1907 and the objectives stated then are appropriate today. Alpha Psi is a social-professional fraternity which restricts its active membership to students who are enrolled in a school of veterinary medicine. It provides an opportunity for the development of lasting friendships between individuals in different classes or schools and is dedicated to the development of these individuals to better serve the veterinary profession.
History of Alpha Psi at VA-MD Vet Med
In early 1983, the Pi Chapter of Alpha Psi was founded at VA-MD Vet Med. Two individuals, Jim McDonald and Paul Howard, were instrumental in getting the chapter established. Members of the Lambda Chapter and National Officers of Alpha Psi conducted the first induction establishing 96 charter members of the Pi Chapter. | history |
https://remixd.co.uk/blogs/news/remixd-now-stock-xm-surf-leashes | 2024-04-21T06:16:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421040323-20240421070323-00764.warc.gz | 0.981246 | 877 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__40055657 | en | It all started back in 1973 with Bob Nealy who was a life long waterman.
He surfed, swam, was an All-American waterpolo player at University of California at Irvine, and a lifeguard. Bob's military service was para-rescue---and there is a tie-in. Back in '73 Bob was surfing and was unhappy with the leather cinch strap on his leash. He went home and was looking at the Velcro on his old military rescue vest when a light bulb went off in his head. He thought "I can make this leash so much better with Velcro". So he went out and bought an old industrial sewing machine and the rest of the materials to make a leash (which pretty much consisted of webbing and Bungee cord). He made a few samples, took them over to Hobie's Surf shop to see what they thought and they immediately ordered 50.
This invention was revolutionary and enabled more people to enjoy surfing – even weak swimmers. If they fell, they no longer would lose their board and have to swim in after it. Any surfer, regardless of ability, could comfortably retrieve the board, paddle back out and catch more waves – “SURF MORE.”
In the mid 70's, there was some latex tubing leashes showing up as alternatives to Bungee Cords. However, they proved just as dangerous as the Bungee cord in the sense that they caused the board to come flying back at you. Bob perfected a way to put several extra feet of para-cord inside the latex tubing to create a limited stretch leash that would absorb shock and not snap back. He even figured out a way to have the first 10 inches of the board end to not have any stretch thereby not thinning out and cutting into the rail. Sort of the first Railsaver now standard on all leashes.
Surf More was the first company to offer a leash that stood out and away from the ankle. Like most who used leashes back in the early days, Bob also was aware that they were easy to step on and in some cases get tangled up in. At some point in the later 70's Bob figured that if the cord was held out away from the ankle rather than dangling right off of the strap, the likeliness of a tangle up would be greatly reduced. So he set off to do something about it. He had a custom molded part made (the first of many dozens of different molds) that would allow a inner-core vinyl tubed leash to protrude 3 or 4 inches away. This evolved into the first XM leash which had a molded urethane strap and stem that worked on the new urethane cords which were becoming the industry norm by the early 80's. This feature is now standard on almost every leash made today. And once again, SURF MORE lead the way.
There was a time when leather straps and bungee cords were used as surf leashes, and to even wear a leash was considered uncool. The hard-core surfers called them “kook-cords”! If you fell, you “paid your dues” by swimming to get your board!
Leashes have become essential to most recreational and competitive surfers, and XM | SURF MORE's original garage operations has grown into a world-wide leader in the surf industry! Meanwhile, XM | SURF MORE has contributed many significant changes to leash technology, such as:
- Swivels to keep the kinks out of the cord
- Pull Tabs to make it easier to release the strap
- The XM stand-out stem on the strap to help prevent stepping on the cord
- The basic bodyboard leash anchor to attach leashes to…
- The EZ Fit™ bodyboard leash strap to provide easier entry
- A dependable, lightweight Power Clip™ quick release for quick exits!
- And the list goes on and on...
These are but a few of many contributions the original XM | SURF MORE leashes have provided surfers for the past 45+ years. We continue that commitment to provide the best product at a very reasonable price!
A BLAST FROM THE PAST (SOME OF OUR OLD ADS) | history |
http://www.aquadentata.org/2012/06/event-fire-ipswich-05-07-12/ | 2018-11-13T18:09:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741340.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113173927-20181113195927-00465.warc.gz | 0.876564 | 181 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__83548699 | en | “As the Olympic Torch rests in Ipswich on its route from Mount Olympus to the East End of London, FIRE! marks the occasion with a night of live art.
The torch relay was devised for the Berlin 1936 Olympics (yes, that one) and echoes the ancient Greek myth of Prometheus stealing fire from the Gods. FIRE! explores this tangle of history, mythology and power through live music, film, performances, curiosities and experimental artworks.
Featuring, amongst others, S.E.T.I., Aqua Dentata, Tonesucker, Ypsmael, Brideburger, Menagerie, The Curiosity Collective. Part concert, part cinema, part exhibition, part pagan rite, FIRE! will give the Olympic Torch the send off it deserves.”
Thursday 5th July
The Town Hall, Ipswich
8pm, £5 Entry | history |
http://bastille-day.org/event-2014-2/ | 2016-02-14T09:57:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701174607.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193934-00200-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.965359 | 218 | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-07__0__2376901 | en | The 70th anniversary of D-Day was the perfect occasion to celebrate the spirit of freedom and gratitude that has cemented the solid friendship between France and the United States. The musical stylings of Doc Scantlin with Chou Chou and the Palmettos, as well as costumed WWII reenactors, made for a true 1940’s feel throughout the night.
Chou Chou interacted with the crowd, guests took pictures on a 1940’s US Army Jeep, and a live DJ played music to end the night with a bang!
The wide selection of the area’s finest restaurants, hotels, and pastry shops at the event provided for a delicious and varied assortment of foods while multiple bars added to the fun where guests could enjoy numerous drinks.
The Online and Silent Auctions were a big success with guests bidding on items such as French language classes, exotic vacations, and a dinner cruise. Finally an end-of-evening raffle was awaited throughout the night, where one guest won a trip to Paris for two, courtesy of Air France! | history |
https://www.trombone.org/articles/view.php?id=302 | 2023-12-11T02:01:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103464.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211013452-20231211043452-00683.warc.gz | 0.98262 | 1,050 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__65884796 | en | The Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Two, The Swing Era
Wells, who was born in 1907 and died in 1985, eventually moved away from Harrison's influence and developed a style all his own. His was an almost comedic style of playing "full of blase yawns, dismissive grunts and sudden yelps of surprise." (Carr, Fairweather, & Priestly). Wells was fond of employing glissandos and growls during a period in jazz history when trombonists were moving away from these effects used by Dixieland trombonists. His tone has been described as "rugged, warm, and full." (Collier, 276).
Wells' bombastic style earned him work in several prominent New York bands, including Fletcher Henderson, Lloyd Scott, Benny Carter, and Charlie Johnson. In 1938 Wells began an eight-year period working with the Count Basie Orchestra. He left Basie in 1959 to work with Lucky Millinder and Sy Oliver. Wells began to slow down after leaving Basie, primarily due to his alcohol problems. In 1965 he quit music and took a day job on Wall Street. He stayed out of music until 1973, when his autobiography was published, providing him the opportunity to play again. He continued to work sporadically until his death in 1985.
Benny Morton received his music education playing in the Jenkin's Orphanage Band. His early influences included church music and Dope Andrews, the trombone soloist with Mamie Smith's band. Morton's first break came in 1923 when he was hired by Clarence Holiday. In 1926 Morton started working with Fletcher Henderson where he collaborated with Jimmy Harrison. In addition to performing with Henderson, Morton spent six years playing for Don Redman and three years with Count Basie. In the 1940s Morton was employed by Teddy Wilson and Ed Hall while also leading his own band. When he was not playing jazz Morton worked as a pit musician for many Broadway musicals. Morton died in 1985. He was called by one jazz historian "one of the most sophisticated trombonists of the swing era." (Carr, Fairweather, & Priestly).
Morton was highly regarded as a soloist. During his day he was one of a few soloists who employed chromatic passing tones, notes that did not fit in the diatonic scale (Schuller, 624-5).. He had a legato style, employed a terminal vibrato, and was technically deft (Collier, 401, 275).. Morton's phrases were usually sparse; he was fond of using fewer notes to say more (Collier, 275).
The Duke Ellington Orchestra
One of the most influential and successful bands in jazz got its start during the Swing Era - the Duke Ellington Orchestra. The three trombonists who played in this group for most of their careers were Lawrence Brown, Juan Tizol, and Joe "Tricky Sam" Nanton. These three trombonists each had their own individual style and, according to Gunther Schuller, could "cover any possible stylistic approach to the trombone," yet also, "blend chameleon-like into a single sonority." (Schuller, 47). Performing in Ellington's band made Brown, Tizol, and Nanton enormously influential. Each of their distinct styles and tonal colors were utilized the fullest by Ellington.
Lawrence Brown was born in 1907 in Kansas. He began his career with Charlie Echols and Paul Howard. In 1932 he joined Duke Ellington. His great technical command of the instrument, with its "creamy tone, neurotic vibrato and range" was featured with Ellington's band every year in compositions such as "Blue Cellophane" and "Golden Cress," (Carr, Fairweather, & Priestly). Brown left Ellington's band in 1951 to join a band led by ex-Ellington sideman Johnny Hodges, where he stayed until 1955. After leaving Hodges, Brown took a position for CBS playing studio sessions for five years. Brown rejoined Ellington in 1960 and stayed with him until 1970. After leaving Ellington's band Brown quit performing for good. He died in Los Angeles on September 5, 1988.
Brown fulfilled many roles in the Ellington Orchestra - as a balladeer, technical soloist, and section leader. His highly melodic ballad playing as well as his fast technical style inspired trombonists from Tommy Dorsey to Bill Harris. Trombonist Quentin Jackson said of Brown, "Nobody ever heard a trombone player like that. I never heard nothing [sic] so fast. I never heard a trombone player like that, not like Lawrence was playing in those days." (Dietrich, 74)
Ellington admired Brown's soloing ability, but reserved his highest complements for Brown's manner of playing behind a vocalist, calling Brown an "accompanist par excellence." (Dietrich, 78). | history |
http://www.kilebaker.com/3-big-things-didnt-know-4th-july/ | 2017-12-15T11:54:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948569405.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215114446-20171215140446-00439.warc.gz | 0.967843 | 911 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__180499038 | en | The 4th of July is here. It’s time for fireworks, hot dogs, red white and blue, and watching Will Smith punch an alien in the face. Yes that is an Independence Day reference. I dare say you can’t really celebrate the 4th without seeing this classic movie. If you just want to see the clip, you can watch it in all of it’s glory below. Either way don’t read on until you do so, it uh…sets up the rest of what you’ll be reading. Ok maybe not but it is awesome.
[This Clip courtesy of Fandango Movie Clips]
With that out of the way here are 3 Big things you didn’t know about the 4th of July. Share them as some fun trivia with friends today. Enjoy!
1. The Declaration of Independence wasn’t signed on July 4th, 1776.
On July 2nd, 1776 a vote was taken and passed by 12 of the 13 colonies whereby Congress officially adopting a position of declaring independence from Britain. However, it took two more days to revise and finalize the language of the Declaration of Independence (July 4th) and another month (August 2nd) for a majority of the 56 delegates to officially sign the document. Harvard research manager Emily Sneff of the Declaration Resources Project adds “It took several months, if not years, for all of the signatures to be added.”
2. Three of the first Five Presidents died on July 4th.
On July 4th, 1826 two of the most famous figures of America’s Independence passed away. An eerie coincidence noticed by many, this date marked the 50th anniversary of the ‘signing’ of the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson passed away at the age of 82 at his home in Monticello, Virginia of complications including: “exhaustion from intense diarrhea, toxemia from a kidney infection, uremia from kidney damage, and finally orthostatic old-age pneumonia. He might have lived longer under modern medical care, but likely not much longer if his fundamental problem was a late diagnosed prostatic cancer.” (Thomas Jefferson Foundation) . Likewise, John Adams passed away from congestive heart failure five hours later at the age of 90 at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts. Just five years later, James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, passed away from Tuberculosis at the age of 73 at his son-in-law’s home in New York City. As the New York Evening Post noted on July 5th, 1831 “Three of the four presidents who have left the scene of their usefulness and glory expired on the anniversary of the national birthday, a day which of all others, had it been permitted them to choose [they] would probably had selected for the termination of their careers,”
3. The earliest 4th of July Celebrations included guns, funerals, and a reminder to fight.
Prior to the summer of Independence in 1776, many of the colonists held birthday celebrations in honor of King George III, however after America’s declaration some of the colonists staged some celebrations of a more macabre nature. As a symbol of an independence they would soon fight for, some of the colonists enacted mock funerals for King George III as a symbolic way of celebrating their desired liberty from the King’s monarchy.
John Adams prophetically quipped in a letter to his wife that he saw Independence day (which he argued was July 2nd, not July 4th) as later being “…solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.” The following year, in the middle of the revolutionary war, the colonies did indeed celebrate with cannons, guns and explosives. Although some saw it as merely a moral boost to the soldiers fighting the British, it no doubt helped fuel the desire to pursue ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’. Although the fireworks may not have won the war, it no doubt reinforced the dream of a free America. Fireworks displays have been a tradition ever since, the U.S. Census bureau noted that in 2016 the U.S. spent almost $300 million in fireworks. | history |
http://mexicasino.blogspot.com/2009/04/bird-cage-theatre.html | 2018-07-18T22:10:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718213135-20180718233135-00507.warc.gz | 0.978365 | 345 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__129108903 | en | Long before the days of eBay themed slot machines, all-you-can eat king crab, and complimentary executive suites, Ariz. was home to one of the Wild West's most infamous gambling establishments.
The Bird Cage Theatre, located at 517 E. Allen Street in Tombstone, Ariz. now stands as a memorial to one of history's most rowdy, dangerous, and infamous places to play blackjack, poker and faro. The building, which originally opened in 1881, stayed open 24/7 for eight consecutive years, as a bar, casino, and brothel. Wild company and lawlessness lead to shootings, stabbings, and famous guests, including Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday.
As a place to drink, gamble, and sit in "cages," to watch live entertainment, the Bird Cage Theatre was one of Tombstone's most popular attractions. The theatre was also the setting for a continuous poker game that was played every day for eight years, five months and three days. The minimum buy in was $1,000, which led to the Bird Cage Theatre taking in more than $1 Million dollars between 1881 and 1889.
Today, tourists are able to see the poker and blackjack tables where some of the Old West's most famous figures tested the luck of the draw. With many of the pieces of furniture, and the entire bar still preserved, you can see your reflection in the same mirrors the Earp brothers and Doc Holliday saw their own.
Of course, you might get more than you bargained for, as the Bird Cage Theatre was the site of 26 murders, and allegedly the restless spirits of the victims still haunt the establishment. | history |
https://researchwith.montclair.edu/en/publications/the-archaeology-of-native-north-america-second-edition | 2024-02-22T20:23:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00612.warc.gz | 0.946059 | 284 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__139446958 | en | The Archaeology of Native North America presents the ideas, evidence, and debates regarding the initial peopling of the continent by mobile bands of hunters and gatherers and the cultural evolution of their many lines of descent over the ensuing millennia. The emergence of farming, urban centers, and complex political organization paralleled similar developments in other world areas. With the arrival of Europeans to North America and the inevitable clashes of culture, colonizers and colonists were forever changed, which is also represented in the archaeological heritage of the continent. Unlike others, this book includes Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, thus addressing broad regional interactions and the circulation of people, things, and ideas. This edition incorporates results of new archaeological research since the publication of the first edition a decade earlier. Fifty-four new box features highlight selected archaeological sites, which are publicly accessible gateways into the study of North American archaeology. The features were authored by specialists with direct knowledge of the sites and their broad importance. Glossaries are provided at the end of every chapter to clarify specialized terminology. The book is directed to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking survey courses in American archaeology, as well as other advanced readers. It is extensively illustrated and includes citations to sources with their own robust bibliographies, leading diligent readers deeper into the professional literature. The Archaeology of Native North America is the ideal text for courses in North American archaeology. | history |
http://keezhadi.tamilheritage.co.in/2018/05/13/digging-up-madurais-sangam-past/ | 2021-12-01T13:18:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00217.warc.gz | 0.966848 | 4,400 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__43270937 | en | At Keezhadi, a village not far from the southern bank of the Vaigai river near Madurai, the Archeological Survey of India (ASI) is undertaking a massive excavation, possibly its biggest to date in Tamil Nadu. Already 42 trenches have been dug in two locations in a coconut grove at a place called Pallichandai Thidal in the village. K. Amarnath Ramakrishna, Superintending Archaeologist, ASI’s Excavation Branch VI, Bengaluru, is leading the excavation, which has thrown up quite a few surprises and is attracting many visitors, among them schoolchildren and tourists. Amarnath takes time off to explain to visitors the significance of the finds. One such is a “deep terracotta ring well with 13 rings” that promises to go down further. “Here we have a ring well in association with a structure built of big-sized bricks. This is a peculiarity,” he tells a few visiting archaeology buffs. He contrasts this with the ring well excavated at Vasavasamudram near Kalpakkam (near Chennai), which stood independent of any other structure. The same is the case at Arikkamedu near Puducherry, he adds.
The structure associated with the well is made of burnt bricks, and the floor is also paved with big bricks. In fact, trench after trench, each five metres long and five metres wide and several metres deep, has structures made of burnt bricks. No mud bricks have been used. One trench features two brick walls, looking imposing and meeting each other. One of the walls is ten bricks thick and set in mud mortar. Each brick is 36 cm long, 24 cm wide and 6 cm thick. Another trench features a rectangular brick structure that looks like an antechamber. Large-sized hand-made grooved tiles have also been found in this trench, suggesting that the structure may have had a tiled roof. One trench has a channel made of bricks, perhaps for releasing water. In most of the trenches, below a certain level, layers of river sand have been found, signalling the existence of paleochannels in the area many centuries ago. There are big storage jars, pots with spouts, twin pots, big decorated pots, black and red pottery, white-painted black ware, and so on, jutting out of the trench walls.
There are potsherds and artefacts, too. When this writer visited the site, K. Vadivel, a research scholar in the Department of History, Government Arts College, Krishnagiri, was showing them to schoolchildren standing around him. He is one of the five research scholars from the college, led by Assistant Professor P. Venkateswaran, assisting the ASI. The others are K. Vasanthkumar, D. Balaji, R. Manjunath and G. Karthick. “What do you see engraved on this potsherd?” Vadivel asked the children, holding aloft a potsherd that he picked up from one of the several boxes on the table in front of him. “It is a fish,” exclaimed one of the children. Vadivel took out artefact after artefact and held them up for the children to see —pearl micro-beads, a big quartz bead with a superb engraving, ivory dices, terracotta human figurines, a copper rod for painting eyelashes, bangles made of conch shells, potsherds with Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions, arretine ware, and shining white-painted black pottery. At the end of it, the children appeared mesmerised. “Were all these that were shown now found here?” asked one of them.
In fact, all these and more found here point to this being a Sangam Age site. “This is definitely a Tamil Sangam Age site…. It was a habitation site. It was purely a Sangam Age site,” said Amarnath Ramakrishna. What is “impressive” is the discovery of big brick structures in the trenches. “We have got good structures. We have found big-sized walls.” Similar brick structures were found at Arikkamedu, Kancheepuram, Uraiyur, Kaveripoompattinam and Azhagankulam. “On the basis of a comparative study of Keezhadi with these sites and the availability of black and red ware at stratigraphically lower levels, we can say that this site belongs to the 3rd century BCE. This is tentative. We have not done carbon-dating yet,” the Director of Excavation said. The Sangam Age of the Early Historic period is datable from circa 3rd century BCE to 3rd century C.E. Keezhadi derives its importance from its proximity to Madurai, the capital city of the Pandya dynasty. The Pandya kings were known for their patronage in convening assemblies or gatherings, called Sangam, at Madurai, where Tamil literature was composed and compiled.
V. Vedachalam, veteran epigraphist and domain expert for the excavation, said, “The excavation provides strong evidence that a habitation site belonging to the Sangam Age existed close to Madurai. This site is important because we have got here all the evidence that we normally get from a Sangam Age site. We have got intact a portion of a beautifully built house. Nearby there is a deep ring well. A number of brick-built structures have been unearthed. These must have been elite people’s residences.” He argued that educated people must have lived there because many potsherds had on them the Tamil-Brahmi script. The trenches also yielded black and red ware, Roman arretine ware, rouletted ware, hundreds of beads made of semi-precious stones, ivory dices, iron spearheads and so on. “We have got a rich haul of antiquities. They show the nature of the habitation site of the Tamil Sangam Age and provide evidence about the culture that existed then,” said Vedachalam, who retired as Senior Epigraphist, Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department.
K. Rajan, Professor of History, Pondicherry University, who visited Keezhadi, also asserted that it was an Early Historic site that had many urban components. “It was one of the urban centres on the Vaigai river basin. It was located between the capital city of Madurai and the port city of Azhagankulam of the Pandya country,” he said. Its urban components were indicated by its civic amenities, external trade, existence of a multi-ethnic society, a communication system, use of luxury items, occurrence of expensive pottery, and so on. The discovery of carnelian beads indicated Keezhadi’s external trade links—the carnelian stone came from Gujarat. Luxury items such as pearl micro-beads and ivory dices showed that the Early Historic residents of Keezhadi had surplus wealth. Potsherds with Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions showed the prevalence of a communication system. While Brahmi was the script used, the language used was both Tamil and Prakrit. The name “Tissa” inscribed in Brahmi script on a potsherd belonged to the Prakrit language. Rajan was sure that the Prakrit name signalled that Keezhadi had maritime trade with Sri Lanka.
Keezhadi was a chance discovery. In 2013-14, the ASI conducted a survey of the Vaigai river basin, covering about 400 villages on either bank of the river in Dindigul, Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga and Theni districts. The river, a major lifeline for southern Tamil Nadu, originates near Vellimalai in Theni district in the Western Ghats and traverses about 250 km through the aforementioned districts before debouching itself in the Bay of Bengal near Azhagankulam, a port city that belongs to the Sangam Age. Amarnath Ramakrishna led the survey, and the team included Vedachalam and the assistant archaeologists N. Veeraraghavan and M. Rajesh. The aim was to identify sites for excavation in order to help in the understanding of the cultural transformation that took place in southern Tamil Nadu during the various periods.
“Despite having immense archaeological wealth, the Vaigai river basin remained neglected for an intensive excavation. Barring sporadic diggings in the pre-Independence era, no appreciable effort was made to explore and document archaeological remains along the Vaigai river valley,” said Amarnath Ramakrishna.
In the 1950s, K.V. Raman of the ASI Southern Circle undertook a village-to-village survey of Madurai, Melur, Periyakulam and Tirumangalam taluks and reported several archaeological sites and remains. The Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department excavated Kovalanpottal near Madurai. In 2006, Vedachalam, Rajan, S. Selvakumar and V.P. Yathees Kumar found several archaeological sites in the Vaigai valley, especially in its upper reaches.
“In the Vaigai river basin, the excavations done were minor in nature. The only major excavation done was at Azhagankulam by the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department for six seasons in the 1980s,” said Vedachalam. Thus, there was a felt need to document the villages on the banks of the Vaigai for their archaeological remains and, therefore, choose a site for excavation. With ASI Director General Rakesh Tewari clearing Amarnath Ramakrishna’s proposal for exploring the Vaigai basin, the four-member team embarked on the survey within a 5-km distance on either side of the Vaigai. They were assisted by Professor Venkateswaran and the research scholars mentioned above.
“We found archaeological remains in 293 sites in the form of urn burials, megalithic circles, dolmens, menhirs, hero stones, potsherds and gold bars with the Tamil-Brahmi script, Early Historic inscriptions, sculptures of the Buddha, Tamil Vattelluttu inscriptions and even inscriptions in Arabic,” said Amarnath Ramakrishna. Among the discoveries the team made were the ruins of a Siva temple and a dilapidated choultry, both at Kallikottai near Paramakudi in Ramanathapuram district. While the Siva temple, with important inscriptions and exquisite sculptures, belonged to the 13th century, of the later Pandyas, the choultry was built by Rani Mangammal of the 17th century, of the Nayaka period. “We were disappointed to find that many of the sites that had been discovered earlier had disappeared under the onslaught of urbanisation, cultivation and industrialisation,” said Vedachalam. For instance, the habitation site Uthamapuram, of the Sangam Age/Early Historic period, has vanished. In fact, expanding cultivation has erased many sites of the Sangam Age in the Cumbum valley. The habitation site at Dombichery has also disappeared. It is at Dombichery that a hoard of punch-marked silver coins of the Early Historic period was found. Called the Bodinaickanur hoard, it was important enough for the historian D.D. Kosambi to write an article about it.
As the survey was winding down, the team reached Madurai city proper. Around Madurai, its team members once again studied the Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions chiselled on the brow of natural caves situated atop hillocks at places such as Arittapatti, Keezhakkuyilkudi, Keezhavalavu, Kongarpuliyankulam, Mankulam, Melakkuyilkudi, Tiruvadavur, Varichiyur and Arittapatti. These Tamil Brahmi inscriptions are datable from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century C.E. The team documented the Jaina bas-relief sculptures, Jaina beds and Tamil Vattelluttu inscriptions of the 9th century in these sites. However, in Madurai city proper, the team found no evidence of any Early Historic habitation site because the entire cityscape had been built up.
Truck driver’s tip-off
As the team members came down further, they reached Keezhadi. There a truck driver, who was loading coconuts into his truck, suggested to them in the course of casual conversation that they go inside the coconut grove and study the place. “The grove is littered with potsherds,” he told them. They went, and what they saw took their breath away. On the surface of a sprawling mound (Pallichandai Thidal), which had become a coconut grove, they saw hundreds of potsherds, some inscribed with graffiti, lying everywhere. Big fired bricks were scattered around. An earthmover was digging a pit in a vacant space among coconut trees. The team members could not believe their eyes when an ancient brick structure—two walls meeting each other—came into view inside the pit. There were other brick structures, too, in the exposed area, besides a lot of black and red ware. The team realised that it was on to something big and that this was an ancient habitation site. For, a few days earlier they had found an urn burial site at Konthagai, about a kilometre from Keezhadi.
Of the 293 archaeological sites that the team located in the Vaigai river basin, about a hundred turned out to be habitation sites. On the banks of the Vaigai, each habitation site does not have a burial site of its own. A cluster of four or five habitation sites had one burial site.
Soon, the team shortlisted three sites: Keezhadi, Maranadu and Sithar Natham for excavation. While Sithar Natham is 50 km from Madurai city, Maranadu is 30 km away. Keezhadi is only 12 km south-east of Madurai. In fact, it is located in Tiruppuvanam taluk, Sivaganga district, adjoining Madurai district. Besides, Vedachalam had, in 1978, documented Tamil inscriptions of the later Pandya king Maravarman Kulasekara Pandya I (regnal years 1268 to 1311) on the plinth of a small Siva temple in Keezhadi village itself.
“After seeing the brick structures, we surveyed the Keezhadi site four times. It was impressive,” Amarnath Ramakrishna said. A contouring of the site was done. The area of the archaeological mound, that is, Pallichandai Thidal, was estimated at 80 acres and its circumference was 3.5 km. The mound’s height was 2.88 metres from the ground level. What was touching was the generosity of Sonai Chandran, the owner of the coconut grove, who readily handed it over for excavation. “I liked the way Amarnath spoke to me. We knew that the ASI will not take away our land permanently. Besides, we are getting important evidence that our village belonged to the Sangam Age. So I told Amarnath and Vedachalam that they can do the excavation in my grove for as long as they want,” Sonai Chandran said.
Pallichandai Thidal is surrounded by Keezhadi, Konthagai and Manalur. If these villages were to form a circle, it is as if Pallichandai Thidal forms the centre point of the circle. Keezhadi and Konthagai were together called Kuntidevi Chaturvedi Mangalam in the 13th century. The eastern portion of Kuntidevi Chaturvedi Mangalam was called Keezhadi. Kuntidevi Chaturvedi Mangalam later got corrupted to “Konthagai”.
The original credit for discovering archaeological artefacts at Pallichandai Thidal goes to V. Balasubramanian, who was the headmaster of the Government High School at Keezhadi. In 1978, Balasubramanian found 14th century terracotta artefacts at Pallichandai Thidal and informed Vedachalam. “I reached Pallichandai Thidal and saw the male, female and Ayyanar [a folk diety] terracotta figurines,” said the noted epigraphist. “Then, in the survey we did in 2014, we identified 293 sites with archaeological remains on either side of the Vaigai river. Of these 293 sites, I said Pallichandai Thidal was an important site. We went there, saw the mound, the brick structures exposed by the earthmover, and potsherds lying everywhere. So we decided to excavate at Pallichandai Thidal because there has been no major excavation in the recent past in the habitation sites in southern Tamil Nadu,” Vedachalam said.
Burnt bricks and artefacts
The first season of excavation began on March 2, 2015, and ended in September. Forty-two trenches were dug and, astonishingly, many of them yielded structures made of large-sized bricks that typically belong to the Early Historic period. For instance, a trench dug in the highest point of the mound yielded a massive brick wall. They were all burnt bricks. Another trench yielded a pot with a conical bottom, whose occurrence was rare. Yet another trench yielded a small room built of bricks, whose floor had a spread of river sand. This led to a debate on whether it was a dry toilet. The centre of the mound revealed a lot of structural activity. Small brick-built rooms threw up plenty of pots.
A bonanza of artefacts was found in almost every trench. What stood out was a big quartz bead with a superbly made engraving. “We can say with confirmation that it was made about 2,200 years ago,” Amarnath Ramakrishna said. “It was found at a depth of 180 cm,” he added. A perforated shallow dish was found as well. “This is a rarity in Tamil Nadu,” he said. Prized discoveries included gleaming pearl micro-beads and hundreds of beads made of semi-precious stones such as carnelian, agate, lapis lazuli and quartz. Glass beads were also found. From the surface of the mound, Vedachalam picked up a human terracotta figurine.
Other artefacts found in the trenches included shell bangles with decorations, ivory dice incised with concentric circles, terracotta gamesmen and spindle-whorls with iron roads (indicating the existence of a textile industry).
Amarnath Ramakrishna said: “The artefacts are a confirmation that Keezhadi was a trade centre and that a big town existed there [during the Early Historic period]. Stratigraphically, in the lower levels, we get all the material such as arretine ware, rouletted ware and white-painted black ware which are associated with the Early Historic period. A wealthy, cultured society must have lived there. Stratigraphically, we have found a lot of deposits which offer good evidence to correlate Madurai with the Sangam Age. This site definitely gives a clue to the date of the Sangam Age.”
Vedachalam also argued that the occurrence of brick houses, which were “elite people’s residences”, black and red ware, arretine ware, rouletted ware and russet-coated ware, hundreds of beads, ivory dices and so on revealed “the nature” of a habitation site of the Sangam Age. An irrigation tank, too, existed at Keezhadi. He said: “We did a complete exploration of the archaeological sites on both banks of the Vaigai river, right from the place where it originates to Azhagankulam, where it empties into the sea. Then we chose Keezhadi for excavation. The excavation at Keezhadi will help us to appreciate southern Tamil Nadu’s history and the life and culture of the people of the Sangam Age. Similar exploration should be done on the banks of every river in Tamil Nadu to locate archaeological sites, and excavations should be done in important sites to help us understand the settlement patterns in ancient times. Only then will we understand fully the sweep and magnitude of Tamil Nadu’s cultural antiquity.” | history |
https://serica.ie/graves/soothill.htm | 2021-10-23T23:34:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585828.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023224247-20211024014247-00602.warc.gz | 0.964198 | 278 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__44883434 | en | Hill Cemetery, Church Cowley Road, Oxford.
Grave reference: B1 no.147.
Soothill died on Tuesday 14 May 1935. His funeral was held at the Wesley Memorial Church in Oxford on Friday 17 May and he was interred at Rose Hill Cemetery. His grave is approximately 40 metres WNW of the cemetery chapel. It is marked by a simple rectangle of low granite kerbs, engraved as below. The letters are inlaid with lead, but about half of the inlays have fallen out, and the kerbs have sunk below their original level so that the inscriptions are partly obscured.
The first occupant of the grave was Soothill's wife Lucy, four years his elder, who died at the age of 74 and was buried on 30 March 1931.
|S||LUCY · MISSIONARY · BELOVED WIFE OF THE REV W E SOOTHILL / 1856-1931|
|N||WILLIAM EDWARD SOOTHILL MA · MISSIONARY · PROFESSOR OF CHINESE OXFORD UNIVERSITY / 1861-1935|
|W||THE PATH OF THE JUST SHALL SHINE|
|E||THEIR WORK ABIDETH|
|Grave visited with Shen Jia
沈迦 on 30 March 2009. | history |
http://bubblemeter.blogspot.com/2009/12/cnbc-bubble-decade.html | 2017-04-26T00:22:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00275-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.95757 | 397 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__182240395 | en | In The Bubble Decade, a one-hour CNBC Original documentary, Correspondent David Faber reports on one of the most dramatic periods in the history of America’s financial markets. As the first decade of the 21st century draws to a close, Faber looks back at the tumultuous era, one marked by ambition and innovation, avarice and excess, and record highs – and lows – on Wall Street.It's hard to believe this decade is almost over. Each decade goes by faster than the last.
The sweeping story of the three economic bubbles that defined the decade begins with the tech bubble, its apex marked by AOL’s audacious takeover of Time Warner. The deal signified the heights and hope of the dot-com boom, a chapter that saw the creation of scores of high-flying internet companies, many of which would die an early death. The middle of the decade brought the housing boom and the formation of the real estate bubble. It was the age of easy money, with banks all too eager to fund new construction, and developers and homeowners all too eager to take on loans they couldn’t afford. The last bubble of the decade to burst was the credit bubble, exemplified by private equity firms awash in money and on the lookout for takeover targets. In some cases, these private equity deals and leveraged buyouts resulted in a lucky few making a fortune, with the targeted company loaded up with debt and ruined in the process.
The rollercoaster ride of the past decade is told through the people who lived it: some who made millions, some who lost millions, and some who did both. Faber profiles Internet entrepreneurs, real estate speculators, and corporate takeover specialists. In addition to reporting the taped segments, Faber will moderate two panels of key players who shaped the biggest financial stories of the decade.
- Sunday, December 13th 10p ET
- Monday, December 14th 8p ET | history |
https://www.myhvar.net/the-ancient-roots-of-hvar | 2024-04-18T11:43:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817206.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418093630-20240418123630-00122.warc.gz | 0.934242 | 501 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__94430624 | en | Nestled in the azure waters of the Adriatic Sea, the island of Hvar boasts a rich history that extends far beyond its sun-kissed beaches and lavender fields. Delve into the island's ancient past, where Greek settlers left an indelible mark, introducing not only their culture but also planting the seeds of Hvar's renowned wine culture.
Greek Influence: The story begins over two millennia ago when ancient Greek colonists, seeking new horizons, established colonies along the Dalmatian coast. Among these venturesome settlers were the Greeks who landed on Hvar, bringing with them a wealth of knowledge in agriculture, trade, and viticulture.
Wine Cultivation: The Greeks recognized the island's fertile soil and ideal climate as a perfect canvas for vineyards. Harnessing their expertise, they introduced the art of winemaking to Hvar, forever altering the island's destiny. The cultivation of grapes flourished, and the hillsides of Hvar soon became adorned with terraced vineyards, each row bearing witness to the island's vinicultural legacy.
Stari Grad Plain – UNESCO Heritage: At the heart of this vinicultural heritage lies the Stari Grad Plain, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Originally plotted by the Greeks in the 4th century BC, this agricultural landscape is a living testament to ancient land division practices and, notably, the cultivation of grapes for wine production.
Legacy of the Greeks: The legacy of the Greek settlers endures in Hvar's unique grape varieties and winemaking traditions. As you wander through the island's vine-clad landscapes and sip its exceptional wines, you're savoring a heritage that dates back to those pioneering days when the Greeks first recognized Hvar's potential as a winemaking haven.
Modern Winemaking on Hvar: Today, Hvar stands as a beacon of Croatian viticulture, and its winemakers continue to honor and build upon the foundations laid by the ancient Greeks. From the indigenous varieties like Plavac Mali to the modern cellars producing award-winning wines, Hvar's vinicultural journey is an integral part of its identity.
Conclusion: So, the next time you raise a glass of Hvar's finest wine, remember that you are toasting not just to the present moment but to an ancient legacy crafted by Greek visionaries who recognized the island's potential and planted the seeds that would blossom into Hvar's illustrious wine culture. | history |
https://weston.org/Calendar.aspx?EID=8516&month=3&year=2021&day=24&calType=0 | 2021-06-12T12:12:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00616.warc.gz | 0.947227 | 227 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__44022290 | en | March 24, 2021
Massachusetts Chocolate History & Virtual Tasting
Wednesday, March 24, 2021
Most students of American history know the story of the Boston Tea Party, but did you know that when the colonists stopped drinking tea due to taxation they turned to drinking chocolate? Boston and the state of MA have many historical connections to chocolate, including being the home of the very first chocolate factory in North America, the first roadside retail confectionary operation and the
first forays into commercial white chocolate production. Learn more about our sweet history with this fascinating program hosted by chocolate educator and tour guide, Victoria Kichuk of Cocoa Beantown in Boston.
The final 30 minutes of the program will be a guided tasting of local chocolates led by Victoria. If you would like to participate in this portion, RSVP by March 17 and notify us at the time of registration. The cost is $12 for the chocolate tasting. Pick up will be at the COA on March 24, 10:00-10:30 before the presentation.
Contact the COA to register, 781 786 6280. | history |
http://www.snehabhavan.com/43 | 2019-11-17T16:18:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669183.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117142350-20191117170350-00072.warc.gz | 0.965585 | 1,703 | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__160846340 | en | |Milestones in the History of Our Church at Vellore|
A Brief History of St. Luke’s Orthodox Church
By the abundant grace of God Almighty St. Luke’s Orthodox Church, Vellore is privileged to celebrate the 71 years of the beginning of our worship in Vellore . Here is a brief history of how it all began.
A long time ago there was a small village in South India, set on the banks of a river, Palar, and surrounded by the edge of the eastern ghats. People living in and near the village referred it to as Vel-oor, the place of Velam trees. In the twentieth century this small village, Vellore, became world famous because of Christian Medical College, popularly known as C.M.C, Vellore. Another landmark which recently added to Vellore is VIT University.
The beginning of a New era:
Young Ida Sophia Scudder was the daughter of American missionary parents who lived in Vellore in late 1800’s. As she grew up she realized the need for medical help to the poor women and children and decided to study medicine in America. In 1900, she came back to Vellore as Dr. Ida S Scudder and started a clinic with one bed. Dr. Scudder’s vision and determined efforts helped this clinic to grow as the most renowned hospital of India, which at present serves over 2000 inpatients and 7000 out patients daily with devoted doctors, nurses and other staff members. Almost all the churches in India, including ours, have membership in the C.M.C. Council.
Orthodox worship at Vellore:
Dr. Ida Scudder’s fondest dream, a medical school for women came true in 1918 and it became a medical college for women in 1942; men were admitted from 1947. The rapid growth from a clinic to a medical college led to the coming of a number of students from Kerala. Many of them were Orthodox Christians who upheld their Orthodox identity. They met together for prayers regularly as a congregation. On the request of the students, Madras Church sent priest to Vellore to celebrate the first Holy Qurbana in 1944. After the formation of the Indian Orthodox Mission by the Late Metropolitan H.G Alexios Mar Theodosius, Rev. Fr. Kuriakose O.I.C., of Bethany Ashram came to Vellore from Coonoor and celebrated Holy Qurbana once in a month in All Saints Church (SPG). He continued this service till 1954.
On Jan. 18th, 1954, His Holiness Baselius Geevarghese II (Kurichy Bava) came for a surgery in C.M.C. His Holiness’ stay in Vellore was the point of the Orthodox Church here. His Holiness realized the need for a resident priest and appointed Rev. Fr. C.E. George in 1954 itself. He conducted service in the All Saints Church and C.M.C. Hospital Chapel. As a pioneer priest Fr. George had to undergo difficulties with regard to living facilities and finance, nevertheless as ideal priest he served the parish with pleasure and extended spiritual comfort and love to the patients in C.M.C. Hospital. He was here till 1962. A part of the Church plot was bought on 25th April 1959. Late Dr.P.Koshy & Late Mr.G.Idiculla have rendered invaluable service in initiating the purchase of the plot and construction of the Church.
Rev, Fr. C.M, Philipose served the parish in 1962-63. He was succeeded by Rev. Fr.K.K. Mathews (1964-67). (later H.G. Mathews Mar Barnabas) who rejuvenated the parish with his extraordinary spiritual leadership and service conducted with humility.
Rev Fr. M.A. Varghese Panicker (1967-70) (later Very Rev. Cyril Ramban). The next Vicar, contributed greatly to the construction of the present church in 1969. His Grace Thomas Mar Dionysious (the Council member of C.M.C) laid the foundation stone of the church and also consecrated the church on 6th May 1970. Late Rev. Fr. V.K. Chacko was appointed the next Vicar (1970-74). The finishing touches of the church was done during his tenure. Late Rev. Fr. C.V. John succeeded him. It was during his time that the parsonage was constructed and consecrated. Rev. Fr. P.C. Philip, Rev. Fr. Thomas Thalackkel, Rev. Fr. V.C. Jose, Rev.Fr. Mani K. Varghese, Rev. Fr. Philip Abraham , Rev. Fr. Biju P. Thomas, Rev.Fr. Thomas Issac, Rev.Fr.Iype Alex, Rev.Fr.Sanjay Pappachan, Rev.Fr.Aji Varghese, Rev.Fr. Abraham Thomas, Rev.Fr. Abey M Chacko, were the Vicars later. Rev. Fr.Joby George is the present Vicar of the Parish.
Ranipet, Chittoor and Ambur are neighboring places within a radius of about 40 km. from Vellore. Members from these places came to the church with great enthusiasm. Prayer meetings are held once a month in, Vellore, Chittoor and Ranipet. The parish has 69 family members and many nursing, medical , paramedical and engineering students.
The parish is proud of our member of the parish Rev. Fr. P.A. Johnson, Chittoor, who is the presently serving in Brahmavar Diocese.
The spiritual organizations of the church include prayer meeting, Sunday School and M.G.O.C.S.M. The students meet on all Saturday evening in C.M.C. and alternate Sunday for M.G.O.C.S.M. in church.
‘Snehabhavan’ a residential guidance center for patients who come to C.M.C. was first of its kind in Vellore. It is a part of the Madras Diocese’s charitable project. It was built by our first metropolitan His Grace Zachariah Mar Dionysious as a part of His Grace’s Shashtiabdipoorti celebrations.
The parish is now celebrating its 71 years of the beginning of our worship in Vellore and Silver Jubilee of Snehabhavan , under the leadership of Our beloved Diocesan Metropolitan H G Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros on Aug.9, 2015. We request your prayers for the success of all activities of our parish. May the Lord give the parish great strength and use it for the furtherance of His Kingdom.
|Office Bearers 2014-15|
|Trustee : Joncy Abraham
Secretary : Dr C E Eapen
|Church Building fund support|
The Vellore corporation has decided to widen & double lane the road connecting our parish & they are about to acquire about three meters[10ft] of the land from either side of the road, thus causing a loss of area &infrastructure for our parish. The proposed plan shall affect us badly which shall partially damage the existing parsonage & completely demolish the Cross Tower and compound wall. Hence we are forced to relocate the parsonage at a convenient place within the church premises at the earliest.
The church committee has decided to construct a two-storied building which includes a multipurpose mini hall, an office, parsonage, Bishop’s room[many Bishops frequent Vellore for treatment],at an estimated cost of forty lakhs. We are a small parish comprising of fifty families & student community [both CMC HOSPITAL&VIT UNIVERSITY] with a hand to mouth existence, so its difficult to garner this amount locally. Hence we call upon social philanthropists, church members & well wishers within & outside India to donate generously & bail us out from this crunch. | history |
http://news.canton.edu/blog/tag/kenneth-kirkey/ | 2020-09-27T06:21:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400265461.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927054550-20200927084550-00494.warc.gz | 0.95617 | 953 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__190379573 | en | The storied bravery and valor of North Country World War II veterans will be retold at SUNY Canton in honor of Veterans Day.
The College will be holding a Veterans’ Living History Ceremony at 7 p.m. Friday, Nov. 8, in the Richard W. Miller Campus Center’s Kingston Theater. It will be highlighting the recorded accounts of soldiers who served in all branches of the military in many notable battles. The Ceremony is free and open to the public and there will be a reception following the presentation.
“It’s our honor to recognize the brave soldiers who served during the war that permanently changed the world, and influenced our entire culture,” said SUNY Canton Acting President Joseph C. Hoffman. “These men stormed the beaches of Normandy and witnessed the horrors of Nazi concentration camps. They struggled against German occupation in France and beyond. Then, they came home and went about their lives in Northern New York.”
The event was created as a way to celebrate Veterans Day at the College and to spread the word about an ongoing project to collect oral histories from area veterans through the Southworth Library Learning Commons, according to Assistant Librarian Michael Magilligan.
“The project started when I was talking to a co-employee who has an 87-year-old neighbor who dropped out of high school to join the military,” Magilligan said. “I ended up interviewing 33 veterans from around the North Country. I feel as though I’ve captured the true experience of American servicemen during the Second World War.”
Many of the veterans Magilligan interviewed will be attending the event. Selections from their interviews, and photos they shared will be shown in a multi-media presentation assembled by the assistant librarian.
Each of the interviews will be housed on a database at SUNY Canton to provide future generations with a comprehensive understanding of World War II and how it
impacted the home front. The recordings will also submitted to the Library of Congress and the New York State Veterans’ History Museum in Saratoga.
Kenneth D. Kirkey, Massena, who was a radio operator and a paratrooper in the 82nd Airborne Division of the U.S. Army selected for a secret mission, relayed his experience for the project. Kirkey was the last one out of his plane as it was shot down. “We were sent into Normandy two days before D-Day [June 6, 1944],” Kirkey recounted to Magilligan. “We had carrier pigeons and radios half the size of a table.”
In another account, Charles H. Alexander of Canton, who served in the U.S. Navy relayed his experience ferrying soldiers to and from the beaches of Normandy on Landing Ship, Tank (LST) vessels. “It’s scary at first, the first day or two, the first two or three trips. There’s a lot of combat going on,” he said. “But it kind of moves away. You get used it. You get calloused.”
Arnold Newkofsky, Canton, was a gunner on an LST for the U.S. Navy in the Pacific Theater. Newkofsky said that when he heard the alerts he’d rush to his weapon and point it at the sun, waiting for Japanese planes to descend upon them. “Everyday was D-Day,” he said.
Magilligan has recorded many other accounts portraying many vivid and intensely personal remembrances from numerous fronts and battles, including those by SUNY Canton Alumni Frank J. White, Canton, (class of 1938) and Otis E. Van Horne, Canton (class of 1942). Van Horne also taught in the Electrical Construction program at the College.
About SUNY Canton
SUNY Canton is Northern New York’s premier College for career-driven bachelor’s degrees, associate degrees and certificate programs. The College delivers quality hands-on programs in engineering technology, health, management, and public service to students in the North Country, New York State, and beyond. Faculty members are noted for their professional real-world experience in addition to their academic credentials. SUNY Canton OnLine offers hundreds of flexible and convenient courses as well as eight exclusively online bachelor’s degrees. The College’s 14 athletic teams compete in state-of-the-art facilities as provisional members of the NCAA Division III and the USCAA. | history |
http://highlandpark.suntimes.com/news/17584204-418/highland-park-synagogue-recalls-king-visit.html | 2013-05-25T00:02:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705300740/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115500-00093-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.937315 | 425 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__39846989 | en | Highland Park synagogue recalls King visit
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. arrives at Congregation Solel in Highland Park on June 30, 1966. | Submitted photo
Updated: February 19, 2013 1:07PM
HIGHLAND PARK — Congregation Solel in Highland Park will honor Martin Luther King’s legacy with two services Friday, Jan. 18, and Friday, Jan. 25 — one remembering the congregation’s past ties to the civil rights movement, the other declaring education a pressing civil rights issue today.
In 1965, a delegation from the synagogue traveled to Selma, Ala., to join King on the historic march to Montgomery, Ala. In 1966, King spoke to an audience of about 1,000 at the synagogue in the midst of his fair housing campaign in Chicago. The congregation recently created an historical marker to remind future generations about the synagogue’s connections to King.
The service at 7:30 p.m. Friday, Jan. 18 will feature Lew Golan, a founding member of the congregation who participated in the 1965 march.
The service at 7:30 p.m. Friday, Jan. 25 will feature Marian McEllroy, former civil rights lawyer and past president of the Lake County NAACP. McEllroy helped to create the Envision Scholars program to help promising Waukegan High School students pursue their dream of attending a four-year college.
Congregation Solel has aligned with Envision Scholars, and dozens of its members are working closely with college-bound students to support their academic efforts and help them negotiate the college admissions process.
“We are creating ‘bookends’ to commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King’s transformational role on our society,” said Robin Shapiro, the congregation’s vice president of social justice. “We believe it is of vital importance to pay tribute to the past, and it is equally important to commit to the pressing issues of today.”
Congregation Solel is located at 1301 Clavey Road, Highland Park. | history |
https://piktorialismus.smb.museum/index.php?lang=en | 2024-03-04T03:58:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00594.warc.gz | 0.940902 | 1,077 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__96597532 | en | The Pictorialism Portal aims first and foremost to enable research into the history of the imagery, publications, and exhibitions associated with art photography from around 1900 in the German-speaking realm. The portal also makes available the results of current research on Pictorialism in the form of papers that were presented at the international symposium “Inspirations – Interactions: Pictorialism Reconsidered,” held on November 21–23, 2013 at the Museum für Fotografie (The Museum for Photography) in Berlin.
Pictorialism Research Project
The Pictorialism Portal’s point of departure was a 16-month research project undertaken by the Kunstbibliothek – Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (the art library of the National Museums of Berlin) to examine its own holdings of art photography from around 1900. At the heart of the project was the collection of Ernst Juhl, one of Pictorialism’s most important champions in Germany. In addition to this, indexing work on the Pictorialism research archive compiled by the photo historian Enno Kaufhold made it possible to contextualize the Kunstbibliothek’s own holdings in terms of other published and exhibited art photographs from the turn of the last century. The research project was made possible by generous support from the German Federal Commissioner for Culture and Media.
Art Photography around 1900
The project’s focus is on one of the most varied chapters in the history of photography. Aesthetically, the current of art photography around 1900 – also known as amateur photography (or, in German, “bildmässige Fotografie,” a direct translation “pictorial photography” and therefore also called Piktorialismus) – was above all characterized by the reciprocal inspiration between photography, painting, and the other graphic arts. From the 1880s on, extremely ambitious amateur photographers began to appear on the scene, organized into local associations. Their goal was to achieve recognition for photography as an art form. Their exchanges were based on regular exhibitions, publications, and association periodicals. Unlike the established professional studios of the day, these art photographers held aesthetic convictions, experimented with elaborate printing techniques, and tried out new compositional means. The painterly and graphic textures of the Pictorialist photographers make it possible to recognize the proximity to painting and the influence, in particular, of Impressionism, Jugendstil, and Symbolism. The primary motifs of art photography around 1900 were portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes.
The Kunstbibliothek’s Collection of Art Photography around 1900
The research project’s point of departure was the collection of Ernst Juhl (1850–1915), one of the most significant supporters of the art photography movement in Europe. The independently wealthy Juhl came from a family of Hamburg businessmen and was active on behalf of photography’s “artistic emancipation” as a curator, exhibition organizer, editor of the Photographische Rundschau, writer, and jury member at international exhibitions, in addition to his significant activities as a collector. His collection, assembled between 1893 and 1911, encompasses some eight hundred works, making it one of the most comprehensive private collections of Pictorialism of its day. Portions of it were first shown in Berlin in 1910 in an exhibition at the Königliche Kunstgewerbemuseum (the Royal Museum for Decorative Arts). After Juhl’s death, two institutions purchased portions of the collection: the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe (Museum of Arts and Crafts) in Hamburg and the Bibliothek des Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseum (the Library of the Berlin Museum of Decorative Arts) – the forerunner of today’s Kunstbibliothek. Other parts of the estate were destroyed during World War II.
Together with the Matthies-Masuren Collection, the Juhl Collection, which has now been opened up to researchers and conservators, constitutes the core holdings of turn-of-the-century art photography at the Kunstbibliothek – Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. From the 1890s on, the painter and writer Fritz Matthies-Masuren (1873–1938) was as energetic as Ernst Juhl in addressing the art aspirations of amateur photography. His collection first arrived at the Kunstbibliothek as a loan and then, from 1924 on, as a permanent part of the library. It was presented and published by Christine Kühn in 2003. In addition to these two major estates, there are numerous additional individual prints, pieces of job printing, albums, and groups of works in the Kunstbibliothek’s holdings that can be categorized as Pictorialist. Altogether, some 680 Pictorialist works from the Kunstbibliothek are available for examination on the Pictorialism Portal, including 162 from the Juhl Collection and 141 from the Matthies-Masuren Collection.
Claudia Pfeiffer, Ulrich Rüter, and Lars Spengler | history |
http://www.wichitasportshow.com/the-boat-shoe/ | 2020-01-24T05:48:01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00549.warc.gz | 0.983077 | 127 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__43069973 | en | The Boat Shoe
Boating shoes actually have a fairly short history. Traditional boat shoes were created by Paul Sperry in 1935. If you couldn’t tell by the name, Paul Sperry is directly tied to the “Sperry” brand.
These were and are leather or canvas shoes, designed for boating. Tread patterns on the sole of the shoe deterred slipping on boat decks.
Now we see these shoes as popular in fashion or everyday use. We should not forget what they were really made for, and where they came from. Boats and Paul Sperry! | history |
https://www.ctfbarrie.com/history | 2019-09-21T09:21:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574377.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921084226-20190921110226-00097.warc.gz | 0.969317 | 735 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__150391116 | en | In 1987, John and Carol Arnott, Jeremy and Connie Sinnott and a number of others gathered to begin a new Vineyard church in Toronto. We met in the gymnasium at Bloorlea Junior School and then in the Silverthorn high school auditorium. Early on, God called us to healing of the heart, experiencing the love of the Father and hearing His voice.
In _____, we moved to the Dixie location, where the "renewal" broke out.
In January of 1994, a little church on the end of a runway at Pearson International Airport in Toronto came to the world's attention as a place where God chose to meet with His people. As a result of this divine visitation, the members of what was at that time the Toronto Airport Vineyard were thrust into ministry to thousands of people worldwide.
The Toronto Blessing is a transferable anointing. In its most visible form it overcomes worshipers with outbreaks of laughter, weeping, groaning, shaking, falling and "drunkenness". Of greater significance, however, are the changed lives.
The renewal came to what was then the Toronto Airport Vineyard through visiting pastor Randy Clark of St. Louis, Missouri. What was originally planned as a series of four meetings exploded into a marathon of services which were being held every night of the week except Mondays for twelve years.
In early September of 1995, cumulative attendance at what was later to become known as the Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship was about 600,000, including approximately 20,000 Christian leaders and 200,000 first-time visitors from virtually every country and denomination. Attendance at evening services then numbered in the thousands, and ministry was carried out by a trained, 45-member team. Within twenty months of the beginning of this outpouring of the Holy Spirit, 9,000 people had made a first-time commitment to Christ at the Toronto Airport Vineyard. Church membership tripled in size to about 1,000 regular members from 360 in early 1994.
The original 425-seat facility became overextended by the summer of 1994. Waiting lines formed at five o'clock outside the doors in mid-winter, which opened at seven. Later in November, a former conference centre on Attwell Drive, east of the airport, became available for rent.
Senior pastor John Arnott signed a lease to rent with an option to buy, and the building was purchased on January 20, 1995, exactly one year after the first day of the renewal/revival. The new location, seating over 3,000, is equally accessible to the airport and closer to major hotels, some of which ran a shuttle service to renewal meetings.
The effects of the Toronto Blessing quickly became international in scope. Within a year of the outpouring, an estimated four thousand churches representing main denominations in the United Kingdom were touched by the renewal. The renewal arrived in England through authors Charles and Frances Hunter of Texas. Another catalyst was Eleanor Mumford, wife of Southwest London Vineyard's pastor, John Mumford. The renewal broke out in May of 1994 at an Anglican Church, Holy Trinity Brompton, where she shared her Toronto experience.
The "Toronto Blessing" has spread, not only to England, but to Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Finland, Holland, Japan, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Korea, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Guyana (South America), Cambodia, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Czechoslavakia, Russia, mainland China, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Romania, New Guinea, Kenya, Israel, and many other places. | history |
http://www.road-rash.co.uk/review/destination-unknown-uk-cinema-release/ | 2019-06-24T20:31:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999709.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624191239-20190624213239-00090.warc.gz | 0.961147 | 596 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__200043148 | en | Essential viewing for every generation.
Directed by Claire Ferguson (known for editing Aileen: The Life and Death of a Serial Killer, Concert for George, The End of the Line, Guilty Pleasures, Up in Smoke) and produced by Llion Roberts (who has spent fourteen years accumulating the testimonies on which the film is based), Destination Unknown blends intimate testimony with immersive archive to bring the stories of twelve Holocaust survivors to the screen.
The film is released on the back of Holocaust Memorial Day (Yom HaShoah) where the film’s central character and Holocaust survivor Ed Mosberg attended ‘The March of the Living’ alongside thousands of participants in Poland last week. Ed Mosberg will visit the UK for the cinema release of the film on 16th June 2017.
With no narration and no expert interviews, the film relies on the survivors’ own words, to weave a vivid narrative of lives stained by genocide. A seamless mosaic of first-hand accounts, rare archive from the time, and family Super 8 footage from after the war, the film traces their journeys from the outbreak of war, through the misery of the ghettos, to the unimaginable horrors of the camps. The survivors share their memories, some for the first time, some for the last, bringing their experiences to a new generation.
We see those who survived in hiding, those who fought as partisans, and those who endured camps such as Treblinka, Mauthausen and Auschwitz-Birkenau. While a few managed to escape, most had to try to find a way to stay alive until the end of the war.
Their stories do not end with liberation. We see how they had to survive the chaos that came afterwards, and their attempts to build new lives.
The film includes an interview with one of the few escapees from the terror of Treblinka, and an exclusive interview with Mietek Pemper, who helped Oskar Schindler compile his List, as well as a revealing story about Schindler himself from one of those he saved.
To say that Destination Unknown is compelling viewing would be a massive understatement. Although the number of people involved in the Holocaust is well known, it can sometimes be difficult to consider all the individual experiences and this documentary brings that into sharp focus.
To see the bravery of these people as they deal with the aftermath of the Nazi occupation, revisiting the sites of all the horrors they were subjected to is quite humbling indeed.
It is a remarkable feat of filmmaking, with a very important message which must be heard and understood to ensure it can never happen again. It is essential that future generations do not forget what happened during the war and hopefully this film will help with that. It’s hard to watch but thoroughly inspiring nevertheless and something which everyone should see.
Destination Unknown will be released in UK cinemas from 16th June. | history |
https://www.vignaluisa.com/rome | 2024-04-15T14:54:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817002.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415142720-20240415172720-00511.warc.gz | 0.935989 | 847 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__130616101 | en | Piazza di Spagna
The Piazza di Spagna is one of the most popular and busiest squares in Rome. The famous Spanish Steps with their 135 travertine steps are the work of Francesco de Sanctis. While the lower end of the Spanish Steps is adorned with the "Fontana La Barcaccia" fountain, it ends at the top with the French church "SS. Trinità dei Monti". Also impressive is the huge Egyptian obelisk that rises into the sky between the stairs and the church.
The area around the Piazza di Spagna, the Piazza del Popolo and the Villa Borghese is very extensive and you need a lot of time to see the most important sights, to enjoy the special atmosphere and to walk in the very large Villa Borghese.
Piazza Navona & Pantheon
The Piazza Navona is framed by beautiful churches, houses and palaces: the Palazzo Braschi (Museo di Roma), the Church of Sant'Agnese and the Palazzo Pamphili. In the center of Piazza Navona is the monumental fountain Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, built by Bernini in the 16th century. The 4 giants of the fountain represent the four largest known rivers on earth at that time - Ganges, Danube, Nile and Rio de la Plata.
Pantheon - In the Middle Ages, this Roman temple dedicated to the gods became a church. The Pantheon, with its diameter and height of 43 meters and its huge dome, is a symbol of Rome and a marvel of Roman architecture. In the Piazza del Pantheon (Piazza della Rotonda) we find the Fontana della Rotonda fountain.
Fontana di Trevi
The Trevi Fountain is located near the Piazza di Spagna and is one of the main attractions of Rome, everyone wants to have their picture taken there and toss a coin in the fountain to make sure they will come back to Rome one day. The fountain is modeled on a large stage. Part of the Fontana di Trevi is integrated into the facade of the Palazzo Poli and has the shape of a triumphal arch.
The Vatican is a city-state, the seat of the Pope and the center of the Roman Catholic Church. This place attracts believers from all over the world and contains countless famous works of art and buildings. More than 20,000 people visit St. Peter's Basilica every day, for which the foundation stone was laid in 1506 and which took around 120 years to build. The spectacular 136 meter high dome that gives the basilica its majestic dominance was designed by Michelangelo. The view from the dome of St. Peter's Square, the Tevere River and the city is fantastically beautiful.
Vatican Museums and Cappella Sistina- The buildings, which now house one of the most valuable art collections in the world, were built as a palace for the Renaissance popes. The museum complex includes the Sistine Chapel and Raphael's Rooms and Loggias.
Trastevere - The pedestrian bridge Ponte Sisto, connects the center of Rome with the Trastevere district. It is a lively district and has many beautiful streets, houses and churches. From the Trastevere district, if you climb the hill, you get to the Gianicolo Park.
Colosseum & Fori Imperiali
The Colosseum is the most famous building of the Roman Empire. The place of entertainment was 80 AD. opened with a hundred-day festival and offered space for 50,000 people. Right next to the Colosseum is the mighty triumphal arch that documents Constantine's victory over Maxentius.
From here you can walk to the Roman Forum, along the Fori Imperiali and see the remains of ancient Rome. The Roman Forum was the center of political, economic and judicial life in ancient Rome
ENJOY ROME THE ETERNAL CITY | history |
http://www.merriehansen.com/2012/04/v-is-for-vashti.html | 2023-12-02T21:09:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00540.warc.gz | 0.962553 | 752 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__46682925 | en | Women of the Bible from A to Z series
“Queen Vashti also gave a banquet for the women
in the royal palace of King Xerxes.” Esther 1:9 nlt
Vashti, whose name means beautiful, probably was quite beautiful as she was married to the powerful King Xerxes I (aka Ahasuerus) who ruled over 127 provinces from India to Ethiopia. They lived in the citadel in Susa—one of several Persian Empire capital cities (an interesting study of its own).
We meet Vashti in the opening chapter of Esther when she and the king entertained many of the Persian dignitaries—princes, attendants, army officers, and nobles—for a seven-day gala. The finest white and violet linen draped the marble columns of the courtyard. The couches of gold and silver lined decked the mosaic pavement made of porphyry (a reddish purple rock), marble, mother-of-pearl and other precious stones. The distinguished guests drank an abundance of royal wine from golden goblets, while Queen Vashti held a banquet of her own for the wives of the dignitaries in the palace.
After seven days of celebrating, Xerxes, in high spirits, ordered seven servants to bring Vashti. He wanted to parade her beauty before his distinguished visitors.
But the queen refused.
The king of Persia was furious. In his anger, he called the royal experts of the law and customs to discuss punishment options for her disobedience. The seven wise men of the province determined that according to law, she not only wronged the king, but also the princes and people because if her conduct became known in the land, other women might behave with contempt to their husbands.
They determined a law be written for all of Persia and Media, which could not be revoked or altered, that Vashti be banished from King Xerxes’ presence and that the king would choose another queen more worthy than she. Xerxes and his nobles were in agreement. He signed the decree, published it, and sent it throughout the vast empire.
Some time later, when the king’s anger waned, he regretted his order. His personal servants suggested he begin the search for a beautiful young woman among the virgins of the kingdom.
And so ends the story of Vashti. What a sad ending to a beautiful woman’s life.
To an American woman like me, it doesn’t seem fair. My society says she has the right to refuse her husband’s request. Yet, a part of me knows how she humiliated him and his status.
When I compare her to the noble, virtuous woman of Proverbs 31, I question my society’s reaction. Because of this woman’s dedication, her husband was well known and respected among the civic leaders (verse 23). Therefore maybe the wise men of Susa were correct in their concerns that if Vashti were not punished wives across the land would treat their husbands disrespectfully.
While you're here:
- Check the What’s Up page for the latest goings on with my writing (1st of month)
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- Better yet, Leave a Comment; I love hearing from you | history |
http://neymarjr.info/42-days-to-go-uruguay-the-first-champions | 2018-05-27T03:35:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867995.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527024953-20180527044953-00608.warc.gz | 0.951 | 270 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__177560599 | en | The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ is getting closer – 42 days to go! Between now and the start of the World Cup, we will take a closer look at a different statistic from the history of the tournament each day.
Uruguay secured their place in history by becoming the first team to win the FIFA World Cup™ at the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo on 30 July 1930, beating neighbours Argentina 4-2 in the inaugural Final.
Albicelestecentre forward Guillermo Stabile was the competition’s first Golden Boot winner with eight goals. Despite giving his team a 2-1 lead in the Final, he could not prevent Uruguay’s second-half comeback. Stabile had never played for Argentina before the 1930 World Cup and did not represent his country again after the tournament.
Four European sides made the long journey across the Atlantic Ocean to Uruguay in 1930. Yugoslavia set off from Marseille while Romania, France and Belgium travelled together on the SS Conte Verde, which also counted FIFA President Jules Rimet among its passengers. In the opening match on 13 July 1930, Frenchman Lucien Laurent made history by scoring the first-ever World Cup goal, firing a volley into the back of the net to inspire his country to a 4-1 victory over Mexico. | history |
http://museums.goritzville.com/ | 2017-04-23T17:38:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118740.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00395-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.937579 | 294 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__80910384 | en | 12:00pm - 4:00pm
Tuesday through Saturday,
Memorial Day through Labor Day, or by appointment
Ritzville, WA 99169
Welcome to Ritzville, WA
Situated in a prime location at the convergence of I-90 and US-395 in the heart of Eastern Washington's wheat country, Ritzville was once the largest wheat shipping point in the world. Settled in the 1880s, today it remains a community with a rich pioneer heritage.
Take a step back in time. Spend the day and discover Ritzville's past with a walking tour of our downtown National Historic District. When you're done, visit our museums and grab a bite to eat.
Ritzville's Railroad Depot Museum is home to a collection of turn of the century memorabilia. Train lovers, young and old, will enjoy our newly restored Northern Pacific caboose No. 10425 as well as the fully functional telegraphy equipment complete with telegrapher.
The Dr. Frank R. Burroughs home was built in 1889 and extensively remodeled in 1902 when electricity came to Ritzville. A collection of vintage clothes and original furnishings await your visit.
Ritzville's Heavy Metal Tour is a collection of metal sculptures which are a glimpse of Ritzville's history as seen by the local artisans who created them.
Don't forgot to visit our golf course and water park! | history |
http://www.apostolicchurch.biz/site/cpage.asp?cpage_id=180016161&sec_id=180001186 | 2019-07-19T18:51:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526337.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719182214-20190719204214-00284.warc.gz | 0.980648 | 415 | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__143661837 | en | History of The Apostolic Church
Opening services of Glory Tabernacle were held on Easter Sunday, April 21, 1946. 35 people gathered for service in a building on Sabine Pass Avenue, near Railroad Avenue (now Martin Luther King Parkway). Bro. Tracy Boutlier was the pastor. Light for the service was provided by coal oil lamps. In time, Bro. Boutlier bought land at 2650 Sabine Pass Avenue.
In October 1969, the church assembly voted unanimously for Bro. Marvin L. Cole to be their pastor.
November 2, 1969, marked Bro. Cole’s first Sunday as pastor of the United Pentecostal Church of Sabine Pass Avenue (now The Apostolic Church of Beaumont), accompanied by his wife, Sis. Marie Barbee Cole, and children, Marvin Wendell and Ruth Michelle. There were 69 present in Sunday School that day.
In 1973, the church moved to Blackmon Lane, where two acres and larger facilities would accommodate the growth of the congregation. In 1977, the metallic sanctuary was built at that location, with seating for 400. In 1982, educational facilities, a kitchen, and fellowship hall were added to this facility.
A total of five land purchases at this location has given the church 12 acres on which to expand as God’s blessings continue. On October 19, 1997, the Church family moved into their beautiful new church home near the old facility, at 3333 Eastex Freeway. The sanctuary has seating for 1,000, and the facility includes a spacious Fellowship Hall with commercial kitchen, large educational wing, bookstore, multiple nurseries, office suites, and many other beautiful features.
Rev. Jason Carr currently serves as Pastor of The Apostolic Church. Pastor Carr and his wife, Brenda, have been involved in ministry since 1992. He is a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Texas. His vision for The Apostolic Church is for it to become a thriving church, and a center for evangelism, from which new ministers and ministries are launched. | history |
https://bulletproofshops.com/news/the-evolution-of-armor-weight-throughout-history_742.html | 2023-12-07T12:44:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100674.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207121942-20231207151942-00837.warc.gz | 0.921724 | 523 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__138388128 | en | Writer： admin Time： 2023-08-25 16:13:20 Browse：
Throughout history, warriors and soldiers have relied on armor to protect themselves in battle. As armor-making techniques advanced, the weight of armor evolved, impacting the mobility and endurance of the wearers. In this article, we will explore the evolution of armor weight from ancient times to the development of steel armor.
In ancient times, armor was crafted from materials like leather, cloth, and bronze. Ancient Greek and Roman hoplites and legionnaires wore relatively light armor, which allowed for greater agility in battle. Typical armor of this period weighed around 20 to 30 pounds (9 to 13 kilograms).
Medieval knights and soldiers wore heavier armor to counter the advancements in weaponry. Suits of plate armor, made from metal plates, offered superior protection but also increased weight. A full set of plate armor could weigh between 45 to 60 pounds (20 to 27 kilograms).
During the Renaissance, armor design underwent changes, and the transition to steel armor began. Steel offered improved protection at a relatively lighter weight than earlier materials. Full suits of steel armor typically weighed around 30 to 50 pounds (13 to 23 kilograms).
In the late medieval and early Renaissance period, full plate armor became popular among knights and nobles. Full plate armor sets weighed approximately 50 to 70 pounds (23 to 32 kilograms).
With the advent of gunpowder and firearms, the effectiveness of heavy armor declined on the battlefield. As warfare changed, armor weight decreased to improve mobility and maneuverability.
During the late Renaissance and into the modern era, armor evolved into lighter combat gear, such as cuirasses and helmets made from steel or other materials. These provided essential protection without encumbering the wearer with excessive weight.
In modern times, body armor has further evolved to meet the demands of contemporary warfare. Advanced materials like Kevlar? and ceramic plates offer excellent protection at significantly lighter weights.
Today, specialized armors cater to different military and law enforcement needs, such as bulletproof vests, bomb suits, and riot gear. These are designed to protect while allowing for enhanced mobility and reduced weight burdens.
The evolution of armor weight throughout history reflects the ongoing quest to strike a balance between protection and mobility. From ancient leather and bronze armor to the development of steel and modern body armor, advancements in materials and design have influenced the weight and effectiveness of protective gear. The progression towards lighter, specialized armors has allowed warriors and soldiers to maintain their agility and endurance in the face of ever-changing battlefield challenges. | history |
http://www.petroterminal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32%3Ahistory&catid=7%3Acorporate-profile&Itemid=98&lang=en | 2015-12-01T20:04:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398471436.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205431-00311-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.930162 | 442 | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__56608130 | en | The origins of Petroterminal de Panama, S.A. (PTP) date back to the end of the 1970’s, when the production of Alaskan petroleum began with great volumes of crude oil; the production surplus needed to be transported to the eastern coast of the United States. Crude oil transportation would be a complex and expensive operation because supertankers had superior dimensions and drafts than Panamax vessels which transit the Panama Canal.
On April 10th, 1979 the Charco Azul Terminal started operations a year after its construction had started. In 1980 PTP and the Panamanian government reached an agreement to build the trans-isthmian pipeline and the Atlantic Terminal at Chiriqui Grande, Bocas del Toro. On July 1981 the American company Morrison Knudsen International, widely experienced in the design and construction of this type of facilities started the construction process to build a 130 kilometer pipeline.
The pipeline was constructed to facilitate the transportation of Alaskan North Slope Crude oil (ANSCO) from Valdez, Alaska to refineries on the Gulf coast of the US. The pipeline streamlined transportation by allowing the use of larger tankers and shortened the voyage between Panama and the US Gulf vs. transshipment of ANSCO through the Panama Canal.
With the opening of the trans-isthmian pipeline, PTP contributed with $17,000,000 to build the Chiriqui – Bocas del Toro road; this important road has enormously contributed to develop the occidental area of Panama.
In 1994 PTP shareholders and executives visualized the construction of a general cargo port at Chiriqui Grande which began operations on May 16th, 1997. Commerce, agro-industry and construction of the western section of Panama have benefitted from this pier through import and export activities.
Due to changes in U.S. petroleum by-product legislation, Alaskan surplus oil production was no longer available for transportation through the pipeline. This measure caused pipeline operations to cease in 1996. In 2003 PTP entered into an agreement with Swiss based Castor Petroleum which allowed reactivation of pipeline activities. | history |
http://www.foxteethonline.blogspot.com/ | 2013-12-09T09:36:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163954634/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133234-00090-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.982568 | 1,553 | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__155586860 | en | December 7, 1941
The first American casualties of WW ll did not occur at Pearl Harbor. Some say the first hostile action happened in the Yangtze River outside Nanking on December 12, 1937 where the USS gunboat Panay was sunk by Japanese aircraft, killing three and wounding 45. Others maintain that since WWll was not yet officially under way on that date, the first Americans to die in action were on October 17, 1941 when the USS Kearney, a Benson-Livermore Class Destroyer was attacked off the coast of Iceland, by the U-568 which was part of a wolf pack eviscerating a convoy that the Kearney was trying to protect. 11 US sailors were killed and 22 were wounded in the fight.
All of this is a reminder that great and terrible events do not happen in a vacuum.
For most of the 1930's, America in proud and defiant isolation caused in part by the Great Depression, watched as both Asia and Europe became engulfed in war and dictatorship. FDR eventually turned America into the Arsenal for Democracy after WWII began on September 1, 1939. Politically however Roosevelt had to walk a fine line with regard to American neutrality even as Churchill pressured him to join the fight and as anti-Japanese and anti-German feelings began to emerge domestically on the political left, particularly after Hitler invaded the USSR.
On October 16, 1941, the Japanese Prime Minister Prince Konoe resigned and General Hidecki Tojo assumed the post and the planning for an attack on the American Pacific Fleet was set in motion.
Simultaneously, in Washington, Japanese Ambassador Nomura Kichisaburo continued his efforts to negotiate a peace treaty between the US and Japan, unaware of what Tojo and the Japanese military were planning. He continued his diplomatic efforts becoming more belligerent right up to December 7th when he was coldly informed by Secretary of State Cordell Hull that the attack had already begun.
The plan for the attack was the work of the Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isokoru Yamamoto who had studied in the US and privately was against the attack which had as its political aim to so cripple the American Pacific Fleet that Japan could go into the Dutch East Indies for the oil and rubber they urgently needed without fear of retribution. He believed the War that would follow would allow him to "run wild for the first six months" but he had no confidence as to the second and third years.
On November 20, 1941 Japan issued an ultimatum to the U.S. demanding non-interference for Japanese actions in China and Indo-China thereby escalating the tensions between the two countries.
On November 26th the Japanese Hawaii task Force left the Kurile Islands bound for Pearl Harbor. On the same day the U.S. Secretary of State demanded the Japanese Imperial Army leave China immediately. In Tokyo, Tojo declared this to be an ultimatum, cynically using it as justification for a sneak attack he had already set in motion. The next day the United States military was placed on high alert.
Admiral Husband Kimmel was the Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. His Army counterpart was Lt. General Walter Short. In the days after the attack both men would come under intense criticism for their lack of preparedness and eventually would be forced out of the military. Both had determined that an attack on Pearl was extremely unlikely notwithstanding the heightened state of alert, Nor did they respond with alacrity to the sinking of a Japanese Midget Sub just before the first wave of the attack began or radar showing a large number of aircraft approaching Oahu.
The attack began at 7:48 A.M. on a beautiful tropical and peaceful Sunday morning when the first wave of 183 aircraft carrier based planes open fire. The 70 U.S. combat ships and 24 auxiliary ships were all lined up on Battleship Row providing excellent targets for the air forces led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. Likewise, were the 400 Army, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft lined up wing to wing on three nearby airfields.
The fist wave lasted until 8:30 A.M. and inflicted horrible damage on a half dozen ships including the Arizona, the Oklahoma and the California. The second wave came at 9:00 A.M. under the command of Lt. Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki and lasted for an hour. No third wave materialized.
The United States lost 3,600 men killed or wounded including 1,177 killed on the USS Arizona alone. 21 ships were sunk or damaged , 188 aircraft were destroyed and 159 were damaged out of 400 total. The Japanese lost 55 airmen and 9 submariners. The attack it should be remembered took place before any formal Declaration of War was ever issued by Japan.
There were numerous incidences of incredible bravery exhibited that day by both military personnel and civilians. 129 medals, including 15 Medals of Honor were awarded to American servicemen. 68 civilians were killed and 35 were wounded coming to the aid of their country.
Mess attendant Doris "Dorie" Miller won the Navy Cross for his actions that day. Miller was aboard the USS West Virginia when the attack began. He carried his wounded Captain to a safer place on the ship and while untrained, manned a .50 caliber antiaircraft gun until he was ordered to abandon ship. Two years later Miller died in action.
Perhaps no one described the horror of that day better then Seaman Second Class Eddie Jones of the USS California who wrote the following:
"When that big bomb blew up and they put the fire out, I looked down in that big hole that went down three or four decks. I saw men all blown up, men with no legs on, men burned to death, men drowned in oil, with oil coming out of their eyes and their mouth and their ears. You couldn't believe it was happening. You could see it in front of your eyes, but you couldn't believe it. Here it was, a beautiful day -- a beautiful Sunday morning -- and you see everything blowing up and ships sinking and men in the water. And you think, we're at peace with the world. This can't be happening".
The next day, December 8th, FDR called December 7th , "a day that will live in infamy" and asked Congress for a declaration of war against the Empire of Japan. Two days later Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war against the US playing right into Churchill's hands. In the days, months and years to come in the Pacific theater Americans would learn the geography of war in far away places with exotic names like Corregidor, Bataan, Wake Island, Tawawa, Kwajalien, Guadalcanal, Bougainville, Saipan, Guam, The Coral Sea, Midway, The Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, Peleliu, and Okinawa.
No one knew immediately after December 7th what the outcome of this titantic struggle would be save perhaps the architect of the attack, Admiral Yamamota who lamented "I fear all we have done today is to awaken a great, sleeping giant." Thus America cast off the shackles of isolationism and became in time a superpower...but a superpower built on the patriotism and sacrifice of the Greatest Generation comprised of young men and women who left the villages, towns, cities and farms of America to go off to war against some of the most evil forces in the history of the world. In the words of the old WW II song we remember them today and say "Bless them All". | history |
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