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https://sylvia-pippen.com/cyanotype-uv-printing-on-cloth.htm | 2024-02-22T19:55:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00031.warc.gz | 0.936062 | 4,972 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__89451302 | en | The Cyanotype Process
by Christopher James
Here are some excerpts:
Cyanotype is an ultraviolet (UV) sensitive contact printing process that uses transparent, translucent, or opaque objects to make cyanotype photos on cloth or paper. The blue color of the cyanotype print is the result of the reaction of ferrous ions to the photo reduction of ferric ammonium citrate in combination with potassium ferricyanide. The cyanotype image is highly stable but can be degraded by something alkaline, such as sodium carbonate or perspiration. It will also fade, like most things, if exposed to strong direct sunlight over a period of time. Should you experience this fading, your image can generally be restored to its original blue intensity by storing it in a dark environment for a short time. Contrary to popular lore, the cyanotype print can be controlled in process to yield wonderful and technically exquisite images. The prints can also be toned in a wide variety of ways to provide alternatives to the color blue.
The Chemistry: There are two principal chemicals employed in the traditional cyanotype formula, and these are mixed together in equal parts to create a working sensitizing solution that will be applied to paper with a brush. They are: Part A, ferric ammonium citrate and Part B, potassium ferricyanide. Neither of these chemicals poses a serious health risk unless you are one of the very few people who may have an allergic reaction to the chemistry. Ferric ammonium citrate is often found in iron and vitamin supplements and Potassium ferricyanide is a stable compound that only becomes a risk if it is heated beyond 300°F
The cyanotype is a contact printing process like a photogram. As is the case with other non-silver processes, a cyanotype sensitized paper or cloth is exposed with sunlight or an ultraviolet (UV) light source and will require a negative(s) that is the same size as your intended print. I have had success with a wide assortment of negative types and can usually get a good-looking print by adjusting the way I work to fit the negative’s potential. This is one of the primary reasons that the process is such a great one to begin learning alternative techniques with, because success comes quickly to the rookie. I really do not have a specific general recommendation for a cyanotype negative. I’ve heard a lot of advice that recommends using a negative that would print well on a paper grade of 0 to 1 (indicating a fairly high-contrast negative density of about 1.5 to 1.7) and that this particular type will do well with using a standard A + B sensitizing formula. This is true, but the same success can come from negatives that do not specifically meet this recommendation. My best advice is to make a nice negative and learn the process with it. Paper and Fabric Surfaces Almost any type of paper or fabric can be used in the cyanotype process. Generally speaking, the best paper to use for a single image will be a quality hot or cold press paper like Arches Platine, Fabriano Artistico, Lana, Arches Acquarelle, Saunder’s Waterford, Somerset Book, and Crane’s Platinotype. These papers are neutral pH (in the middle of being acidic or alkaline) and already have a good sizing built into them during manufacturing. They are also specifically made to withstand the rigors of extended immersion times in liquids. Other paper options, some of them esoteric, that withstand the rigors of wet processing are those such as the 22˝230˝ Gampi Torinoko and Hahnemuhl etching paper that you can purchase by the roll. There are a wide variety of rice papers available at well-stocked art supply stores, and I recommend buying small pieces to test before committing to large amounts. One recommendation that I read about was a roll paper, 18˝250’, that was simply labeled Oriental Rice Paper for Sumi. The paper was tenaciously strong in water.
A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE SUN Before we begin exploring all of the alternative processes that follow in the book I want to mention the sun as the best light source you can use for contact printing. Unless you are working in a cold and dark climate most of the year, in which case you might think about becoming a poet, the sun provides the most efficient and least expensive means of exposing your contact negatives in printing frames. However, serious or cold climate based alternative process printers swear by a UV exposure unit because they feel it provides a consistent and controllable light source year round. Why is sun best? It’s free, really bright, and nothing can come close to the good feeling you’ll have sitting around outdoors printing with your friends and family. Secondly, in the summer your exposure times are short and pleasant, and it is easy for you to monitor your progress. Outside, the light is bright enough to read the exposure of your edges and their density. Simply observing the changes will give you a lot of information because alternative process exposures are easily determined by this evaluation method. When you think that you are close to being done, it is a simple matter of picking up the frame and moving into a shaded area to check on the details of shadows and highlights. Of course there are variables with the sun that you will not find with a UV printer unit. The time of year, time of day, humidity level outside, and overall atmospheric conditions will all have something to do with your exposure. A misty and foggy day that makes you squint your eyes will often be an ideal one to print. Use the winter to enrich your life with other interests or make (see Appendices) or buy a UV exposure unit equipped with daylight tubes. Do not waste your time with filtered “black-light” tubes like the ones that make Jimi Hendrix posters come to life because they are very inefficient exposure sources. You may, however, successfully use an unfiltered UV tube.
Exposing the Cyanotype When your coated and sensitized paper or fabric is completely dry, place your negative in contact with the coated emulsion and double check to see that it will read correctly when it is completed. The negative that you use will work very well if it has an average negative density in the range of 1.4 to 1.6. Be aware that you will be losing a considerable amount of density in the wash and development stages, so it is important that your highlights are able to print. Next, load the negative and coated paper into your contact frame so that the negative is next to the glass of the contact printer and the coated paper is behind the negative. Be sure that the hinge part of the frame back straddles the negative/coated area so that you can undo one side of the frame during exposure if you wish to check on your progress without losing registration. The most common problem in cyanotype printing is underexposure, where the highlights and middle values wash out in the water development. It is not a question of whether they will wash out, but to what degree. Depending on your negative, you will have a short or a long exposure, with darker negatives obviously taking more time than lighter ones. In summer sunlight, a short exposure might last 1 to 3 minutes, and a long one up to a half an hour. It is generally a good idea to make a test print. There are several ways to test exposure time during the exposure. When I am teaching a workshop class how to make cyanotype murals in the sun, I often use the students as photogram objects on a sensitized bedsheet. During the exposure I periodically lift their fingers to check on the comparative densities. This allows me to see what the base emulsion is doing in adjacent comparison to the open exposure next to the student’s finger. Unless they are sweating a lot, this is a good method of calibration. In a contact printing frame, I often place a small opaque object on the glass so that it covers a separate swatch of emulsion that I had added to the bottom of the paper during coating. By quickly lifting the opaque object I can determine where the exposure is and how long I have before the processing begins. As you will discover, overexposing a cyanotype is a difficult thing to do. A test strip can be easily made by coating a piece of paper with the sensitizer, drying it completely, and placing a negative in contact with the emulsion. Put the sensitized paper and negative in your contact frame and lay a series of opaque strips over the coated test piece. These strips will be removed, one at a time, at predetermined intervals and then processed for the information. You can also use a transparent step wedge for this task, but I feel the negative’s information from the test is often more important than how many gradations you might achieve with it. When the test exposure is done, process it in tap water until the whites have cleared and there is no evidence of yellow in the wash water. Then quickly blow-dry the strip, and you’ll get a rough idea of approximately what the best exposure will be. Be aware that cyanotype print values will darken over a period of days as the print oxidizes. You can accelerate this oxidization by immersing the washed print in a weak solution of hydrogen peroxide. Cyanotype is a printing-out process, so you can examine your exposure as you go, providing you are using a hinged contact printing frame. I generally like to see, in a predevelopment examination of the exposure, highlight detail that is a great deal denser than I would be happy with in a finished print. Occasionally, I want my deepest shadow details to have a nearly solarized look (the density has begun to reverse itself and is transforming to a lighter, almost metallic-negative-gray). I also watch the outside-coated borders that have no negative covering them. Often the best cyanotypes will be realized when the outside borders have reversed themselves to a near silvergray. Another general piece of information is that thicker papers often take a bit longer to expose than do thinner papers. Always write down your exposure time on the paper so that you can evaluate your progress over the course of a printing sessionJudy Seigel has suggested a technique where the exposure is stopped halfway through the exposure and then resumed to completion after a wait of several minutes. She reports that this interrupted printing results in noticeably better shadow details and separation without losing highlight or D-max integrity. I haven’t tried this technique in a formal experiment yet, but Judy’s suggestions are always worthwhile, and this may be another good control option to use.
Development: Water or Acid
Traditionally, the cyanotype is developed out in a water bath. This is the least complicated step possible and is the preferred development by most everyone who works with the process. The one shortcoming of water development may be a moderately limited tonal scale. An alternative development process, one that often produces a longer tonal scale, is the use of diluted acidic solutions such as distilled white vinegar or acetic acid. The nice part of this alternative is that the tonal range of values will be extended without having to lengthen the exposure. The downside is that by trading for a longer tonal scale you will often lose on the comparative highlight to shadow contrast in the print. You might think of an acid or vinegar development bath as one that turns the cyanotype into a soft graded paper. The simplest solution to begin experimenting with would be household white vinegar, which is generally the equivalent of a 5% concentration of acetic acid. White vinegar can be used straight from the bottle or diluted with water to give you more flexibility. In its pure state, it is worth about 2 to 4 levels on a step table. Here are a few signs to look for if you decide to use vinegar as a development option. ◆ White vinegar out of the bottle: A significant increase in the range of values (2 to 4 steps) but a relative decrease in the contrast. This might be a good formula for negatives that are hopelessly too high-key. A hydrogen peroxide “oxidation-hit” will have little effect on this straight vinegar developed print. ◆ Vinegar and water 1:1: Some of the image’s highlight crispness begins to return without a loss in the step table. Hydrogen peroxide has a negligible effect in deepening the blue in the print. ◆ Vinegar and water 1:3: A 2 to 3 step increase in midtone values, better highlight detail, and the hydrogen peroxide adds a little “intensification” to the blue. ◆ Vinegar and water 1:5: Still a pretty decent range in the additional steps and the highlights are better. Decent D-max (maximum density) equal to the other prints in the test sequence, and the hydrogen peroxide has a modest effect. Using Mike Ware’s New Cyanotype Process, explained later, the effects of vinegar development are less distinct. That fact is somewhat irrelevant if you are using Ware’s formula, which has a longer and similar tonal scale and a softer look to the overall image. Ware’s process does employ an acid development that has a softening impact on the contrast. Acid Post development Bath Another alternative in developing cyanotypes for additional tonal range is a technique of rinsing your water developed print in a mild acid bath following the development. Adding this acid bath step will often result in an intensification of the darker values while reducing the lighter ones. Traditional manuals, such as the Kodak Encyclopedia of Practical Photography, suggest a postdevelopment bath of 4 to 5 drops of hydrochloric acid per 1,000 ml of water for a few minutes. I have also heard of cyanotype artists who use weak solutions of citric acid, both chemical and natural, in this step. For fun, try squeezing a few lemons intoWashing and Oxidization After exposure and development, wash your developed cyanotype print in running water for 5 to 15 minutes or until the highlights have cleared to white. You should no longer see any yellow-green coloration in the water. Shorter washing times may leave ferric salts in the paper. Too long a washing time will cause both fading, through a pigmentation loss, and a decrease of highlight details in the print. If you need instant gratification, try this: After the first wash, remove the print from the water and add a splash of drugstore grade hydrogen peroxide to the water bath. Re-immerse the print and watch the blues go to an immediate and intense deep blue. This action causes the highlights to appear super white because of their relationship to the dark blues. This intensification “trick” is everyone’s favorite. Really, though, all that is happening is that you are accelerating the oxidization of the iron in the print that would happen naturally in a few days without this step. Don’t forget the wash stage after being thrilled a water bath and note the effect. You will likely see a bit of clearing and a marginal intensification of darker valueA 1% to 5% solution of oxalic acid can be used (1 to 5 grams of oxalic acid to 100 ml of water). This solution is particularly successful for spotting blue stains out of highlight areas. Take all necessary precautions when using oxalic acid because it is toxic. If your print is overexposed (which is pretty hard to do), mix up a solution of sodium carbonate, approximately a pinch to 1,000 ml of water, and immerse your image in it until it begins to fade. Watch for the first signs of yellow. Too strong a concentration or too long in the sodium carbonate solution will have a serious bleaching effect. If you feel you went too far with this, you can consult the toning section for techniques on where to go next. Tannic acid would be a likely option. If you opt to do nothing at all, save your overexposed cyanotype for a Blue-Van-Dyke print or a gum or simply throw it out and do a new one.
Toning the Cyanotype: There will be times when you simply do not want a blue image but still want to use the cyanotype technique due to its flexibility and simplicity. The following are some formulas for changing the color of cyanotypes once they have completed the final wash. In general, it is a good idea to overexpose your prints if you intend to tone them. Many of the following formulas utilize sodium carbonate or ammonia, which tend to radically reduce print density if the solutions are too strong.
A word of encouragement—many times the formulas will not work as you want them to due to water types, contamination, time of year, etc. Take these formulas with a grain of salt (sorry, bad pun) and adapt them to your own aesthetic. Very often, during workshops, I will simply pour and sprinkle formulas together to reinforce the idea that the results from these toning suggestions are not set in stone, either alone or in combination with other toners. Besides, what have you got to lose? The process is simple, inexpensive, and accidents often become individual and unique techniques. There is the issue of permanence to consider. The cyanotype, in a pure Prussian-blue state and handled correctly, is permanent and one of the most stable alternative processes. The toning steps change the chemical composition of the cyanotype image, and it is occasionally questionable if all of these formulas can be described as “permanent” after the fact. I have found virtually no deterioration in the images I toned with tannic acid over 20 years ago. This is not the case with images done during group toning demonstrations, where inadequate washing times between steps are often the rule. It is a good idea to dry your cyanotype prints before to The Big Thrill Hydrogen peroxide (3% drugstore grade) added to water will seem to super “intensify” the blue in your cyanotypes. The actual effect is simply an accelerated oxidation of the iron. This intense blue will occur eventually, given time, in any well-processed cyanotype. Hydrogen peroxide can be used immediately after the yellow has been washed out of your print. Mix it casually and without fear, because this chemical is used to clean wounds and as a mouthwash. Removing Blue: Yellow Toning There are several chemicals that will alter the intensity of the blue in your cyanotypes. As mentioned, hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid, and sodium carbonate will all cause the blue to change, as well as solutions of chlorine bleach, sodium sulfate, sodium silicate, trisodium phosphate, and commercial laundry soaps. You may mix solutions of these chemicals and apply them selectively to remove areas of blue, and in some cases you can alter the entire color of the print or fabric in complete baths. For example, to make a yellow and white print, make a solution of trisodium phosphate in a ratio of 1 tablespoon to every quart of water. Dissolve the trisodium phosphate in hot water in a plastic tub or tray, and immerse the cyanotype in the solution until it fades to yellow. Rinse the print with running water for 30 minutes, or run the fabric through a cold wash cycle without soap. The resulting image will be permanent. Hang them and to let them oxidize for a day or so. This
The Basic Tea Toner Buy some basic and inexpensive household tea (tannic acid) and make a very strong solution in hot water. Immerse your print in it until you have the desired tonality. Using a solution of tea as a toner is a nice way to create a duotone image. The print’s highlights exhibit a pleasant tan color while the blue takes on a slightly warmer hue. If you don’t want any blue, just go through the yellow toning stage with trisodium phosphate and then move on to the tea toning. Using green and herbal teas without tannic acid in them does not work as well. Brown Toning #1 PART A 28 ml nondetergent, household strength ammonia added to 240 ml of water PART B 14 g tannic acid added and mixed well and added to 750 ml of water Tannic acid mixing takes a little patience because it does not dissolve readily in water. Break up the clumps and keep stirring until the chemical is in solution. Immerse the washed and wet print in Part A for a few minutes or until it becomes pale. Then rinse the print for several minutes and transfer it to Part B for the conversion to brown. In all of the toning formulas, too short a rinsing time between stages is the primary culprit in the discoloration of highlights and paper base white. Black Toning #1 Immerse the print in a solution of Dektol. The stronger the Dektol solution the more intense the goldenrod color that will present itself to you. When the blue is almost entirely bleached out and converted, rinse the print for several minutes in water and then immerse it in a solution of tannic acid mixed to 30 to 50 g per 1,000 ml of water. You should see a smokey black color within 5 minutes. Wash the toned print for 15 minutes. Eggplant/Red/Black Tones Use the black toning #1 procedure and after the final wash immerse the print in the strong Dektol solution again or in an ammonia bath solution consisting of 250 ml ammonia to 1,000 ml water. Black Toning #2 PART A 3 drops nitric acid* added to 1 liter water PART B 14 g sodium carbonate added to 160 ml water (5.3 oz) PART C 14 g gallic acid added to 160 ml water Begin by immersing your washed and wet print into Part A (nitric acid) for 2 minutes. Then rinse the print for several minutes, transfer it to Part B, and leave it in the solution until the image disappears and then reappears as a very light orange image. Then rinse the print for several minutes and transfer it into Part C, where the black tones should become evident. Finally, wash the print for at least 15 minutes. Blue/Gray Split Toning Allow the cyanotype to age for a day or two and then rewet the print. Mix a solution of 3 drops of nitric acid in 1,000 ml water and immerse your print in it for 2 minutes. Then wash the print for several minutes. Next, immerse the print in a weak (a pinch to 1,000 ml of water) sodium carbonate solution until a yellow split occurs, and then wash the print for several minutes. Mix up a solution of tannic acid of 25 g to 1,000 ml water and place your print in it until a blue/gray split appears. Finally, wash the print well for 15 to 20 minutes. Red Toning Follow the directions for the blue/gray toning. Immerse the print in a light sodium carbonate solution (a pinch to 1,000 ml of water) until red and then wash the print for
Eggplant Black #1 This is a very casual kitchen formula when you don’t have a gram scale. PART A 1 to 2 tsp sodium carbonate (very flexible) stirred into solution in 1 quart water Be aware of how much sodium carbonate you use in Part A. You may find that 1 to 2 tsp is far too strong a mix for your prints. If this is the case, then either make a new Part A with a pinch of sodium carbonate or add more water to the solution. PART B 4 to 10 Tbs tannic acid added and mixed really well into 1 quart water This tannic mix is much stronger than you may need to get the job done but I have found it works for me, so include it in this formula. If you find it is too strong for your prints then simply reduce the amount of tannic acid in the Part B formula. | chemistry |
http://lsrworld.plasticsnews.com/article/20180223/LSRWORLD/302239999&template=printthis | 2018-05-27T19:14:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870082.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527190420-20180527210420-00274.warc.gz | 0.919711 | 1,610 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__114919697 | en | Düsseldorf, Germany — Medical molders need liquid silicone rubber materials that cure quickly and at lower temperatures. Dow Performance Silicones featured the novel, innovative elastomers at two recent presentations.
Stéphane Cornelis, responsible for medical application engineering and technical service at Dow Performance Silicones in Seneffe, Belgium, spoke Nov. 14 about development and benchmark evaluation of the new QP1-33XX series medical quality LSR.
The material, launched at the Compamed trade fair in Düsseldorf, cures well below 140° C, which enables molders to use thermally sensitive additives and to do two-component molding of LSR with thermoplastics with lower heat resistance than glass-fiber-reinforced nylon or polybutylene terephthlate, which are the plastics most frequently used for LSR/thermoplastic molding.
Starting in 2016, Dow submitted QP1-3350 (Shore A50) to benchmarking tests on its Engel all-electric e-Max 100 liquid injection molding press. The machine, in Dow's Seneffe technical center, has 100 metric tons of clamping force.
Dow compared QP1-33XX with two standard LSR grades available at that time from two competing LSR producers, varying injection speed, holding pressure and mold temperature.
It also included its standard QP1-50 in the tests and another new Dow medical grade, QP1-250, a slow storage modulus and low “structure rebuild” Shore A50 LSR with its low dynamic viscosity rheology enabling easier flow for fast molding at lower injection pressure.
Cornelis observed “slow structure rebuild capability was demonstrated by fast constant rate metering without any delay after holding time.”
Dow showed the molded part of a respiratory mask at its Compamed booth, molded in QP1-250 by Sankt Augustin, Germany-based Intersurgical GmbH.
There was little difference between the materials in cure time at 180° C, but there was 15 seconds faster cure with QP1-3350 than the fastest curing of the competitors’ LSR at 120° C, which widened to a 133-second advantage at 100° C.
Although QP1-3350 tear strength at 30 kN/m (without post-cure) was lower than 44 and 46 kN/m for QP1-50 and QP1-250, it was higher than the 21 and 25 kN/m values for the competitors’ LSRs. There was little difference in tensile strength values between the different LSRs.
QP1-3350 post-molding compression set at 52 percent was slightly lower than competitors’ 60 to 62 percent values, but it was higher than the 39.1 percent for QP1-50. Post-cure tests were made at 200° C/4h and 200° C/8h, the latter showing significant differences, with QP1-3350 almost twice as high at 19 percent than competitors’ grades at 10 percent and much higher than the 6 percent value for QP1-250, while QP1-50 achieved 17 percent.
Based on 180 mm x 130 mm x 2 mm test plaque molding, Cornelis pointed out that one of the competitor’s grades had been found to need 100 tonnes clamping force due to 608 bar injection pressure, but that QP1-3350 with 325 bar and QP1-250 with 365 bar (injection speed 50 cm3/s) could be molded on a 50 tonnes clamping force machine.
Cornelis supported this by showing a chart in which the new QP grades had lower injection pressure at a given injection speed. Overall, 44-second cycle time at 120 °C (560 bar) was faster for QP1-3350 than the 78 seconds needed for the above-mentioned competitor’s material (540 bar).
So aside from widening additive and thermoplastic co-molding options, there are productivity and cost benefits from QP1-3350 with a smaller molding machine and faster cycle time, Cornelis said. He said it is also easier to mold thick wall parts, such as optical lenses, faster with this new material.
QP1-250, on the other hand, also offers particular advantages when producing LSR parts in molds with large numbers of mold cavities.
In a separate Dow Performance Silicones presentation at the Nov. 15 Compamed suppliers forum, Pennadam Sivanand, EMEA manager in Seneffe medical technology development, application engineering and technical service, talked about another new low-temperature and fast-cure Dow material, the QP1-5040 self-adhesive (SA) Shore A40 hardness medical-grade LSR.
Sivanand illustrated the material’s low-temperature cure by showing the same 100° C cure profile chart for QP1-3350 as Cornelis had done the previous day — the one with up to 133 seconds faster cure than competitors’ LSR grades.
Sivanand said medical industry OEMs seek biocompatible elastomer solutions that withstand disinfection requirements and can be molded with fast cycle times. He said attractiveness of the new SA LSR is due to ability to eliminate mechanical interlocking and primers, with the higher efficiency and faster molding cycle time resulting in cost reduction.
Dow chose to investigate QP1-5040 bond strength in two-component molding with Tritan copolyester from Capelle aan den Ijssel, Netherlands-based Eastman Chemical BV, a thermoplastic resin similar in cost to medical-grade polycarbonate, yet free of bisphenol A and with higher stress cracking resistance to aggressive chemicals. Sivanand also talked about Tritan’s high clarity and UV resistance.
The SA technology behind QP1-5040 is based on use of “well-known system D adhesion promoters” acting as coupling agents to establish bonded interfaces through “diffuse interphase interpenetrating networks,” Sivanand said. LSR/copolyester adhesive pull-off tests on compression molded plaques with co-polyesters with 66 psi (0.46 MPa) heat distortion temperatures (HDT) of 95° C, 100° C and 110° C showed pull-off force rising from 154 N/25 mm for one of two 95° C HDT grades to 183 N/25 mm for the 110° C HDT copolyester.
Cohesive failure, meaning extent of damage to the substrate with which the LSR was bonded, was understandably 0 percent for stainless steel, with large differences between PC grades (below 1 percent and 65 percent), yet highest at 95 percent with copolyester.
Target applications for the new SA-LSR/Tritan material combinations include respiratory care masks (as an alternative to more expensive transparent nylon and similar-cost PC substrates). Potential is also seen in medical components, devices, enclosures, wearable monitors and various molded-on gaskets and seals.
Aside from the presentations by Cornelis and Sivanand in the Compamed suppliers forum, Dow Medical global strategic marketing director Gary Lord held a short material science choices presentation in the Medica medical industry fair. Dow exhibited at both of the parallel shows.
Lord talked about how Dow contributes with its silicone materials to the “growing phenomenon of the internet of medical things.”
Dow Performance Silicones is a global business unit of DowDuPont Inc. | chemistry |
https://scps.sumterschools.org/sys/content/newspost/78094aaff3444e1ba3e2cc0aecad80e9 | 2021-12-05T02:05:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363134.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205005314-20211205035314-00401.warc.gz | 0.935189 | 116 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__32326642 | en | PRE-K PUMPKIN EXPERIMENT
Sumter County Primary School Pre-K students in Mrs. Cynthia Reuda and Ms. Laquinitha Williams' class did a chemical reaction experiment by making a pumpkin volcano. Students learned that mixing the base, baking soda, and the acid, vinegar, produced a gas called carbon dioxide. Each student had the chance to add in dish soap or food coloring for the pumpkin volcano.
Pictured: Mrs. Cynthia Rueda with her class and Natalie Prince and Estefany Ardon Ramos pouring in dish soap | chemistry |
https://petcann.com.au/faqs/ | 2024-02-26T18:44:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00749.warc.gz | 0.944365 | 987 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__168398521 | en | Discover answers from our PetCann experts
Cannabidiol, commonly known as CBD, is the second most abundant phytocannabinoid that comes from the cannabis plant. It is characterised by very low toxicity and is non-psychoactive and non-addictive. CBD is a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and exerts therapeutic effects by interacting with multiple receptors in the body. It can be used to improve treatment outcomes for a wide variety of conditions in pets including chronic pain, osteoarthritis, epilepsy and anxiety.
Cannabidiol, CBD, works through its interactions with multiple body systems and particularly, through the relationship it has with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). Through these various mechanisms and interactions with various receptors, CBD may help reduce inflammation, pain and also exert anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and anti-nausea benefits.
In Australia, veterinarians can only legally prescribe medical cannabinoids for animals which satisfy the requirements for cannabidiol (CBD) formulations under Schedule 4 (this means the formulation contains 98% or more CBD and less than 2% of total other cannabinoids). In contrast, medicinal cannabis formulations available for humans are available with varying levels of CBD, THC (another phytocannabinoid with psychoactive properties) and other cannabinoids. Human medicinal cannabis products are often Schedule 8 and not allowed for pets.
Because of the size and species differences between pets and humans, the concentration and dosing of medicinal cannabis for pets will also vary significantly from human products. Human preparations have varying concentrations of the active molecules as well as other ingredients that most likely are unsuitable and potentially unsafe for pets.
Both THC and CBD are phytocannabinoids from the cannabis plant.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most commonly known compound from the cannabis plant and known for its psychoactive effects.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the second most abundant part of the cannabis plant and is known best for its strong anti-inflammatory benefits. CBD is non-psychoactive, non-addictive and has a low level of toxicity.
CBD preparations are becoming increasingly used by veterinarians to help treat and / or manage a range of diseases and signs in our pets. In Australia, vets can legally prescribe medical cannabinoids for animals which satisfy the requirements for CBD under Schedule 4 and must contain 98% or more CBD and less than 2% of total other cannabinoids.
CBD, a phytocannabanoid derived from the cannabis plant, possesses various therapeutic benefits and can only be legally obtained with a prescription from your vet.
Hemp products are being increasingly marketed as healthy treats for both humans and pets. While hemp may provide health benefits, it doesn’t contain CBD oil or the therapeutic benefits attributable to CBD oil. Hemp seed oil is a good source of omegas and has health benefits of its own. Hemp seed oil is not the same as CBD oil and does not offer the same therapeutic benefits.
Medical cannabis can be administered to pets orally (by mouth) or topically (direct to skin). Currently, PetCann provides oils, topicals, treats and chews for dogs and oils and topicals for cats. Your vet may prescribe a CBD isolate product (only contains CBD) or a CBD isolate:broadspectrum blend (that still contains >98%CBD).
If you have a pet other than a dog or cat that you think would benefit from CBD, please reach out to us.
Yes, your pet needs a prescription to obtain CBD products in Australia. In Australia, CBD oils that are 98% CBD and 2% or less other cannabinoids, are classed as a Schedule 4 substance. Veterinarians can legally prescribe medical cannabinoids for animals that satisfy the requirements for CBD under Schedule 4.
If you are a vet, please head over to our vet page to register.
In short, no. CBD is a non-psychoactive extract from the cannabis plant. If you are only giving pure CBD without THC, it will not make your pet feel high.
There’s an increasing amount of CBD products available online. The key thing to remember is that CBD and other medicinal cannabis products sold online in Australia are illegal. CBD products bought online with no prescription come with no guarantee of contents. They may be ineffective or worse still, toxic and dangerous; potentially containing an unknown blend of cannabinoids, contaminants including pesticides, microbial or even heavy metal contamination.
PetCann supports pet parents throughout Australia by connecting them to local vets with an understanding of and access to cannabidiol medicines specifically formulated for pets.
PetCann supports vets throughout Australia with education on and access to cannabidiol medicines for treating animals, with a simple prescription process and timely delivery. | chemistry |
https://www.magcraft.com/electricity | 2024-04-17T18:27:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817171.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417173445-20240417203445-00325.warc.gz | 0.977971 | 2,144 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__125669074 | en | Your cart is empty!
It was discovered centuries ago that certain types of materials would mysteriously attract one another being rubbed together. For example: after rubbing a piece of silk against a piece of glass, the silk and glass would tend to stick together. Indeed, there was an attractive force that could be demonstrated even when the two materials were separated:
Glass and silk aren't the only materials known to behave like this. Anyone who has ever brushed up against a latex balloon only to find that it tries to stick to them has experienced this same phenomenon. Paraffin wax and wool cloth are another pair of materials early experimenters recognized as manifesting attractive forces after being rubbed together:
This phenomenon became even more interesting when it was discovered that identical materials, after having been rubbed with their respective cloths, always repelled each other:
It was also noted that when a piece of glass rubbed with silk was exposed to a piece of wax rubbed with wool, the two materials would attract one another:
Furthermore, it was found that any material demonstrating properties of attraction or repulsion after being rubbed could be classed into one of two distinct categories: attracted to glass and repelled by wax, or repelled by glass and attracted to wax. It was either one or the other: there were no materials found that would be attracted to or repelled by both glass and wax, or that reacted to one without reacting to the other.
More attention was directed toward the pieces of cloth used to do the rubbing. It was discovered that after rubbing two pieces of glass with two pieces of silk cloth, not only did the glass pieces repel each other, but so did the cloths. The same phenomenon held for the pieces of wool used to rub the wax:
Now, this was really strange to witness. After all, none of these objects were visibly altered by the rubbing, yet they definitely behaved differently than before they were rubbed. Whatever change took place to make these materials attract or repel one another was invisible.
Some experimenters speculated that invisible "fluids" were being transferred from one object to another during the process of rubbing, and that these "fluids" were able to effect a physical force over a distance. Charles Dufay was one the early experimenters who demonstrated that there were definitely two different types of changes wrought by rubbing certain pairs of objects together. The fact that there was more than one type of change manifested in these materials was evident by the fact that there were two types of forces produced: attraction and repulsion. The hypothetical fluid transfer became known as a charge.
One pioneering researcher, Benjamin Franklin, came to the conclusion that there was only one fluid exchanged between rubbed objects, and that the two different "charges" were nothing more than either an excess or a deficiency of that one fluid. After experimenting with wax and wool, Franklin suggested that the coarse wool removed some of this invisible fluid from the smooth wax, causing an excess of fluid on the wool and a deficiency of fluid on the wax. The resulting disparity in fluid content between the wool and wax would then cause an attractive force, as the fluid tried to regain its former balance between the two materials.
Postulating the existence of a single "fluid" that was either gained or lost through rubbing accounted best for the observed behavior: that all these materials fell neatly into one of two categories when rubbed, and most importantly, that the two active materials rubbed against each other always fell into opposing categories as evidenced by their invariable attraction to one another. In other words, there was never a time where two materials rubbed against each other both became either positive or negative.
Following Franklin's speculation of the wool rubbing something off of the wax, the type of charge that was associated with rubbed wax became known as "negative" (because it was supposed to have a deficiency of fluid) while the type of charge associated with the rubbing wool became known as "positive" (because it was supposed to have an excess of fluid). Little did he know that his innocent conjecture would cause much confusion for students of electricity in the future!
Precise measurements of electrical charge were carried out by the French physicist Charles Coulomb in the 1780's using a device called a torsional balance measuring the force generated between two electrically charged objects. The results of Coulomb's work led to the development of a unit of electrical charge named in his honor, the coulomb. If two "point" objects (hypothetical objects having no appreciable surface area) were equally charged to a measure of 1 coulomb, and placed 1 meter (approximately 1 yard) apart, they would generate a force of about 9 billion newtons (approximately 2 billion pounds), either attracting or repelling depending on the types of charges involved.
It discovered much later that this "fluid" was actually composed of extremely small bits of matter called electrons, so named in honor of the ancient Greek word for amber: another material exhibiting charged properties when rubbed with cloth. Experimentation has since revealed that all objects are composed of extremely small "building-blocks" known as atoms, and that these atoms are in turn composed of smaller components known as particles. The three fundamental particles comprising atoms are called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms are far too small to be seen, but if we could look at one, it might appear something like this:
Even though each atom in a piece of material tends to hold together as a unit, there's actually a lot of empty space between the electrons and the cluster of protons and neutrons residing in the middle.
This crude model is that of the element carbon, with six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons. In any atom, the protons and neutrons are very tightly bound together, which is an important quality. The tightly-bound clump of protons and neutrons in the center of the atom is called the nucleus, and the number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines its elemental identity: change the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, and you change the type of atom that it is. In fact, if you could remove three protons from the nucleus of an atom of lead, you will have achieved the old alchemists' dream of producing an atom of gold! The tight binding of protons in the nucleus is responsible for the stable identity of chemical elements, and the failure of alchemists to achieve their dream.
Neutrons are much less influential on the chemical character and identity of an atom than protons, although they are just as hard to add to or remove from the nucleus, being so tightly bound. If neutrons are added or gained, the atom will still retain the same chemical identity, but its mass will change slightly and it may acquire strange nuclear properties such as radioactivity.
However, electrons have significantly more freedom to move around in an atom than either protons or neutrons. In fact, they can be knocked out of their respective positions (even leaving the atom entirely!) by far less energy than what it takes to dislodge particles in the nucleus. If this happens, the atom still retains its chemical identity, but an important imbalance occurs. Electrons and protons are unique in the fact that they are attracted to one another over a distance. It is this attraction over distance which causes the attraction between rubbed objects, where electrons are moved away from their original atoms to reside around atoms of another object.
Electrons tend to repel other electrons over a distance, as do protons with other protons. The only reason protons bind together in the nucleus of an atom is because of a much stronger force called the strong nuclear force which has effect only under very short distances. Because of this attraction/repulsion behavior between individual particles, electrons and protons are said to have opposite electric charges. That is, each electron has a negative charge, and each proton a positive charge. In equal numbers within an atom, they counteract each other's presence so that the net charge within the atom is zero. This is why the picture of a carbon atom had six electrons: to balance out the electric charge of the six protons in the nucleus. If electrons leave or extra electrons arrive, the atom's net electric charge will be imbalanced, leaving the atom "charged" as a whole, causing it to interact with charged particles and other charged atoms nearby. Neutrons are neither attracted to or repelled by electrons, protons, or even other neutrons, and are consequently categorized as having no charge at all.
The process of electrons arriving or leaving is exactly what happens when certain combinations of materials are rubbed together: electrons from the atoms of one material are forced by the rubbing to leave their respective atoms and transfer over to the atoms of the other material. In other words, electrons comprise the "fluid" hypothesized by Benjamin Franklin. The operational definition of a coulomb as the unit of electrical charge (in terms of force generated between point charges) was found to be equal to an excess or deficiency of about 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons. Or, stated in reverse terms, one electron has a charge of about 0.00000000000000000016 coulombs. Being that one electron is the smallest known carrier of electric charge, this last figure of charge for the electron is defined as the elementary charge.
The result of an imbalance of this "fluid" (electrons) between objects is called static electricity. It is called "static" because the displaced electrons tend to remain stationary after being moved from one material to another. In the case of wax and wool, it was determined through further experimentation that electrons in the wool actually transferred to the atoms in the wax, which is exactly opposite of Franklin's conjecture! In honor of Franklin's designation of the wax's charge being "negative" and the wool's charge being "positive," electrons are said to have a "negative" charging influence. Thus, an object whose atoms have received a surplus of electrons is said to be negatively charged, while an object whose atoms are lacking electrons is said to be positively charged, as confusing as these designations may seem. By the time the true nature of electric "fluid" was discovered, Franklin's nomenclature of electric charge was too well established to be easily changed, and so it remains to this day.
Lessons In Electric Circuits copyright (C) 2000-2002 Tony R. Kuphaldt, under the terms and conditions of the Design Science License. | chemistry |
http://melbournerapidhivtests.com.au/hiv-news/important-interactions-between-hiv-treatments-and-recreational-drugs/ | 2017-08-19T05:20:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105304.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819051034-20170819071034-00690.warc.gz | 0.918765 | 478 | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-34__0__106569939 | en | If you are treated with any HIV drug, in particular ritonavir or cobicistat it’s vital you understand these can interact in a dangerous fashion with recreational drugs such as MDMA, Ketamine but also doctor prescribed medications such as Viagra or benzodiazapines such as Valium.
As reported at AidsMap:
The most important ‘take-home’ message of the review is that the two prescribed medications which are most likely to be involved in harmful interactions with recreational drugs are ritonavir (Norvir) and cobicistat (Tybost)…
Several widely used recreational drugs are metabolised by either CYP2D6 or CYP3A4, the same liver enzymes which metabolise ritonavir and cobicistat. These are:
- Crystal methamphetamine (crystal, tina, meth)
- MDMA (ecstasy, X, mandy)
- Mephedrone (miaw miaw, plant food, bath salts)
- Ketamine (K, vitamin K, special K)
- Erectile dysfunction drugs (Viagra, Cialis, Levitra)
- Benzodiazepines (benzos, Valium, Xanax)
The authors judge the potential for interactions with the first three drugs listed to be ‘moderate’ and with the last three to be ‘high’. Although erectile dysfunction drugs and benzodiazepines may be safely prescribed by doctors, when they are obtained through informal channels, the authors say that much larger doses may be taken and there will be no monitoring of side effects.
With each party drug, an interaction with ritonavir and cobicistat may increase the intensity of the effect of the illicit drug, sometimes to unpleasant or dangerous levels.
There have been case reports of deaths in people using crystal meth and ritonavir, and in people using MDMA and ritonavir. Post-mortems showed that the level of the recreational drugs in these individuals’ blood was much higher than would normally be expected. There have been case reports of acute, serious side-effects in people using ketamine and ritonavir. The authors acknowledge that only a few of these cases have ever been documented.
Dr George Forgan-Smith | chemistry |
https://www.energuide.be/en/questions-answers/hydrogen-cars-a-promising-solution/2135/ | 2023-12-02T18:06:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00413.warc.gz | 0.945679 | 996 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__136090916 | en | Hydrogen is cheap and its combustion produces only water (no CO2). It produces 3 times as much energy as an equivalent quantity of petrol. So, why don’t all we drive on hydrogen?
Simply because there is a flip side of the coin. Besides all these advantages, hydrogen has a series of disadvantages for running a car.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical component in the universe. Contrary to petrol, gas or coal, hydrogen cannot be found in its raw form in nature. It is not extracted by mining but manufactured by a chemical process.
To obtain hydrogen, two processes are possible:
At present, 4% of the hydrogen produced worldwide is made by electrolysis and 96% by chemical transformation of fossil fuels, mainly natural gas (48%).
If hydrogen were produced solely from renewable electricity, it would be the ideal fuel: unlike petrol, diesel and natural gas, its combustion with oxygen from the air produces only pure water, no CO2 and no particulates whatsoever. It is also non-toxic.
Hydrogen contains three times more energy per kilogram than petrol and can be used in different ways, which is not the case for all other fuels:
Hydrogen can be used to store excess electrical energy produced by renewable energy generation systems that depend on weather conditions:
Hydrogen is very useful in the chemical industry. Moreover, there is a European network of more than 900 km of hydrogen pipelines connecting the north of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the German industrial basin of the Ruhr.
Here are some more examples:
Oil companies and electricity producers also have projects related to hydrogen. And others are even thinking of reviving hydrogen-filled airships to replace aircraft in the transport of non-urgent goods.
On the automotive side, however, the offering remains very limited: Hyundai and Toyota are the only manufacturers to offer a model priced at around 65,000 to 80,000 euros. Mercedes, BMW and Honda also have hydrogen car projects in the pipeline.
The classic combustion engine which equips petrol cars is not suitable for using hydrogen. We have to use an electric motor powered by a fuel cell, which transforms hydrogen into electricity.
This process raises questions about efficiency as it involves 2 electrochemical processes. First, the up-front manufacturing of the hydrogen and second, the conversion into electricity. At best, the fuel cell has an efficiency of 40%, and therefore an energy loss of 60%.
Furthermore, the fuel cell is very expensive (although some car manufacturers announce considerable price cuts) and is delicate and complex to operate. It also requires the use of precious metals, such as platinum, to manufacture it.
However, fuel cells can be useful for heavier technologies such as the space industry.
One kilogramme of hydrogen releases as much energy as three litres of petrol. However, hydrogen is the smallest and lightest element in the universe, and its energy density (energy per unit of volume) is very low. That means we need to store a lot of it under high pressure (700 bar) to obtain the amount needed to operate a car.
Specifically, a tank filled with 60 l of hydrogen (i.e. 5kg) equals only 13 litres of petrol.
Price full fuel tank
|Hydrogen car||15 €/kg||5 kg||€ 75||0,8 kg/100 km||625 km|
|Petrol car||1,45 €/l||60 l||€ 87||5-6 l/100 km||1090 km|
This high-pressure tank presents an additional risk if the vehicle is in a crash, especially as hydrogen is very volatile and highly inflammable.
Another solution consists of liquefying the hydrogen to store it in large quantities in a suitable tank, but that consumes a lot of energy and raises efficiency questions once again.
To complete the picture, there are only a few hundred service stations in the world offering hydrogen (of which one is in Zaventem and another in Hal). Four more Belgian service stations are already planned. By 2020 the Benelux should count 8 hydrogen service stations in total. That means filling up is not easy!
With regard to mobility, hydrogen is one of the avenues being explored to replace petrol and combustion engines. While not everyone believes in the future of hydrogen for this particular use, everyone agrees that we will need multiple solutions to meet the energy challenge.
In the field of alternative vehicles, cars powered by natural gas are another very interesting concept and easier to implement technically. Just like the electric car. Take a look at our dossier to find out everything about electric and natural gas vehicles.
At the European level, the Hytrec project aims to develop the hydrogen pipeline network as an energy carrier across northern Europe, from Scotland to Denmark, Belgium and Germany.
Subscribe to our newsletter and stay informed about energyfacts. | chemistry |
https://avesis.erciyes.edu.tr/yayin/dc298ea0-77b5-4bac-8981-c44b2a896e7d/s-p-coupling-induced-unusual-open-shell-metal-clusters | 2022-08-18T04:39:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00793.warc.gz | 0.938397 | 174 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__49669142 | en | Metal clusters featuring closed supershells or aromatic character usually exhibit remarkably enhanced stability in their cluster series. However, not all stable clusters are subject to these fundamental constraints. Here, by employing photoelectron imaging spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, we present experimental and theoretical evidence on the existence of unexpectedly stable open-shell clusters, which are more stable than their closed-shell and aromatic counterparts. The stabilization of these open-shell Al-Mg clusters is proposed to originate from the S-P molecular orbital coupling, leading to highly stable species with increased HOMO-LUMO gaps, akin to s-p hybridization in an organic carbon atom that is beneficial to form stable species. Introduction of the coupling effect highlighted here not only shows the limitations of the conventional closed-shell model and aromaticity but also provides the possibility to design valuable building blocks. | chemistry |
https://facilities.utsa.edu/announcements/scheduled-exhaust-fan-system-maintenance-at-the-fln-building/ | 2021-04-20T14:10:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039398307.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420122023-20210420152023-00603.warc.gz | 0.920431 | 113 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__174821421 | en | (March 31, 2021) – A routine preventive maintenance has been scheduled for the exhaust fan system at the Flawn Sciences Building (FLN). Work will begin on Monday, April 5 at 6 a.m. and end on Friday, April 9.
Throughout the maintenance, fume hoods will not be available for use, and chemicals should not be stored inside them. All other systems such as building power, air conditioning, and exhaust will not be affected.
For additional information, contact the Facilities Service Center at (210) 458-4262. | chemistry |
https://www.cerebellumcarnival.com/product/doughlab-bake/ | 2020-09-26T11:10:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400241093.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926102645-20200926132645-00158.warc.gz | 0.950443 | 164 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__293490666 | en | This kitchen science kit is the newest take on the iconic easy-bake-oven. The DoughLab Bake and Learn will walk your child through how to work with yeast and make tasty loaves of bread. What’s even better is that you can do this activity from the comfort of your own kitchen. You’ll learn all about science while getting to reap the rewards of eating tasty bread at the end of the experiment.
With this kit, you’ll have enough supplies for over 5 different experiments (3 loaves of bread total, though) to learn about yeast and gluten. The kit includes 1 pound of high-protein flour, 7g dry yeast, three baking tins, 3 graduated mixing containers, inflatable gloves, wooden mixing sticks, measuring spoons, sugar and salt. | chemistry |
https://artpostgallery.com/category/etchings/ | 2017-04-26T19:29:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121644.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00173-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.945134 | 196 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__23055836 | en | In traditional pure etching, a metal (usually copper, zinc or steel) plate is covered with a waxy material that is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the material with a pointed etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece, so exposing the bare metal. The plate is then dipped in a bath of acid. The acid "bites" into the metal where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate. The remaining protective material is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, leaving only the ink in the etched lines. The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper. The paper picks up the ink from the etched lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times. Prints can be printed on various kinds of paper to create specific effects and further enhanced with hand coloring. | chemistry |
https://www.jobsinscience.com/jobs/details.asp?job=graduate-formulation-technician--5-1606 | 2019-04-19T20:52:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528058.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419201105-20190419223105-00480.warc.gz | 0.958994 | 179 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__117150200 | en | Contact one of our consultants
Graduate Formulation Technician in Hampshire
The company help to optimise the development of products in the agrochemical and associated industries. They are located near Portsmouth and use formulation, analytical & testing equipment to develop & evaluate crop protection formulations.
They are looking for a Formulation Technician to work on a variety of challenging projects. You would be preparing and testing formulations using a wide range of techniques. They are a well-known company and offer great opportunities for learning and progression.
They are looking for a graduate with a 1st or 2:1 BSc or MSc degree in chemistry or similar. They would also consider non graduates, with a BTEC or HTEC in Chemistry, with at least 2 years of relevant experience.
They are offering a competitive salary, as well as flexible working hours, private health care and a stakeholder pension scheme. | chemistry |
https://colospeed.uk/articles/how-do-aspirin-and-omega-3-fatty-acids-prevent-bowel-cancer-an-investigation-from-the-seafood-polyp-prevention-trial/ | 2024-02-21T01:03:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00770.warc.gz | 0.963996 | 230 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__172397362 | en | A paper from our STOP-ADENOMA study (which follows on from a completed clinical trial called seAFOod) has been published in the Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids journal.
Below is a summary of the paper (which can also be viewed online):
Some researchers have suggested that substances called resolvins and lipoxins, which are derived from naturally-occurring fats in the body, might explain how aspirin and the omega-3 EPA reduce bowel cancer risk. In this study, we analysed blood and bowel wall samples from individuals who took part in the seAFOod trial, during which aspirin and EPA was prescribed for 12 months. We did not detect resolvin E or aspirin-triggered lipoxin in any of the samples that were tested. This is the longest study that tested for these substances. The results do not support the idea that resolvins or lipoxins are important for the anti-cancer activity of aspirin or EPA.
For more information on STOP-ADENOMA, please see the study page below. | chemistry |
https://jack-joseph.com/pages/lab-grown-diamonds | 2023-09-24T11:26:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506632.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924091344-20230924121344-00543.warc.gz | 0.939475 | 1,356 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__86318674 | en | Lab Grown Diamonds
How Lab Grown Diamonds Are Made
As technology and scientific expertise progresses, humans have found ways to replicate the natural world. Whether it be growing foods that are bigger and more plentiful than in generations past or medicines that supplement deficiencies in our bodies, we have found ways to work past natural limitations. Diamonds are no different. The biggest positive in the differences between lab grown diamonds and mined diamonds are that lab grown diamonds improve on the difficulties faced when mining diamonds. Without having to deal with limited reserves and socioeconomic controversies, lab diamonds are able to provide consumers with the same product they desire with less of a negative impact.
From Myth to Mastercraft
So how are they actually made? Lab grown diamonds, also referred to as man made diamonds or engineered diamonds, are formed by simulating the conditions that diamonds experience while naturally forming over billions of years.
The idea of conjuring diamonds at will has been a fantasy as old as time but Scientists have been trying to replicate diamonds since the late 18th Century. In 1797, it was discovered that diamonds are a form of pure carbon. Centuries would pass as scientists tried to produce their own diamonds by exposing carbon to high pressure and temperatures. It wouldn’t be until the mid 20th century, when scientists, such as Percy Bridgman and Tracy Hall would establish the methods we use today. In the decades since, laboratory diamond techniques have been mastered to a point where it is now financially viable to produce lab made diamonds for public consumption.
There are two methods that are most popular when it comes to creating diamonds in a laboratory. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and High Pressure High Temperature (HTHP). These practices originated from Bridgman and Hall’s studies and are now commonplace for lab grown diamond companies.
Both the CVD and HPHT methods utilize diamond seeds. Diamond seeds are small samples of mined diamonds used to start the diamond growing process. Usually a type IIA diamond seed is used as it provides a high quality starting point. These diamond seeds might be miniscule but they are just what is needed to kick off the chemical reaction necessary to form diamonds.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Diamonds
CVD diamonds are formed when a diamond seed reacts to hydrocarbon gasses under low pressure microwaves. In normal circumstances this process would create a carbon byproduct like grafite. In the controlled environment of a CVD growth chamber the gas creates a plasma, whose molecules break apart at a high enough temperature and the carbon bonds with the diamond seed.
Initially, CVD growth chambers could only process one diamond seed at a time but as technology has improved, so has the capabilities of CVD. The best lab grown diamond companies can take on dozens of diamond seeds at a time.
High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)
HPHT diamonds are formed by providing pressure and high temperatures to a diamond seed and carbon. This strenuous process provides the tension needed to trigger the chemical reaction needed to form diamonds.
The HPHT process is a replication of the natural diamond growing process. Instead of having the natural pressures and temperatures beneath the earth form diamonds over billions of years, we are able to recreate that same conditions in a controlled environment; allows us to speed up the process.
Another positive of creating diamonds in a controlled environment such as a lab is that the diamonds cannot be contaminated and are as pure as can be. In nature, diamonds often have other chemicals entering the formation process, diluting the purity of the finished product. Laboratory grown diamonds can guarantee that they’ve been watched every step of the way, ensuring we provide the best lab created diamonds available.
Whether using the CVD method or the HPHT method the outcome should be the same; a high quality diamond. Now that the formation process is over, the diamond goes through the same process of cleaning and shaping that a mined diamond would go through. Clearing away any ecess carbon and creating the clean cuts that make a diamond a true object of adoration. To the human eye a manufactured diamond and a mined diamond are identical.
Colors and Other Possibilities
One of the unique and great possibilities available with lab grown diamond is the amount of options for creating a special gem. As stated before, lab diamonds are formed in a controlled environment, adding color or increasing size is only a matter of demand. If you are looking for a fancy pink engagement ring lab grown diamonds are your way to go. Aside from the previously mentioned carbons, adding color pigment is an easy solution to providing new options in designer jewelry. Blue yellow and pink diamonds are popular options that show diamonds in a new light.
The other big opportunity in lab diamonds is the ability to provide sizes only imaginable for royalty. Increasing the ratio of the diamond growing process is the key to providing gems that would usually be impossible to afford. Of course there are limits when it comes to lab capabilities and consumer demand but if you’re looking to go big you’d be pressed to find a mined diamond of similar size.
At first it might seem strange that diamonds can be made in a lab but once you know how it actually works it's not actually so different. It’s less about finding a new way to acquire diamonds and more about replicating the earth’s natural methods and working from there. By simulating the same pressure and temperature that a natural diamond goes through we aren’t creating a near diamond we’re creating the real thing.
This centuries long process of trial and error has taught us that creating diamonds is less like witchcraft and more like growing any other natural produce. Diamond growing is a science that is always evolving. While we are able to create some truly extraordinary jewels at this moment, who knows what we might be capable of providing in the coming years?
Whether it be a demand for jewelry or manufacturing needs the popularity of diamonds is here to stay. Regardless of if it’s for practicality or adornment, diamonds are an intrinsic mineral that we covet more than most but like any natural resource it is limited. Lab diamonds solve this issue allowing for more opportunities to be had. Especially when traditional diamond suppliers limit their supply or threaten scarcity through methods of questionable ethics.
Lab diamonds serve as an option that provides more opportunities, is less detrimental to the environment, and overall less costly. Getting a quality stone that offers more of what you are looking for with less boundaries restricted by inventory, price, or physical limitations.
With all the possibilities available, buying a diamond engagement ring should have a lot more options thanks to lab grown diamonds. | chemistry |
https://grabpiece.com/products/super-ceramic-car-coating | 2021-01-16T11:24:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116104719-20210116134719-00256.warc.gz | 0.894966 | 434 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__56207343 | en | Super Ceramic Car Coating
Original Price $50.95
Current Price $29.95
- 100% colorless and transparent nanotech coating
- Easy application - Apply at normal temperature and pressure. No need heating. Natural drying for 48 hours
- Act as a barrier coating over the surface from any possible harm to your car or glass
- It protects your car from aging, fading, weather and sunlight erosion, acid rain, industry powder, etc.
- Anti-static, weather-resistant nano-coating that shines and protects your vehicle
- Super-hydrophobic glass coating, h9 hardness
- One application can last two years
- The super durable high gloss finish will never crack, peel off or turn yellow.
- Can be applied to Painted Surface, Rim, Lamp Cover, Plastic, Rubber, Metal surface, etc.
- Non-toxic, harmless and environmentally friendly
- Offers a deep, rich gloss with self-cleaning properties, making future washing of your vehicle, faster and easier
How to apply?
Prepare the car with a deep wash to create the perfect surface to apply your Ceramic Car Coating!
- Add a few drops of liquid to the cloth that is wrapped around the sponge.
- Apply the liquid gently to the surface and spread it evenly.
- Wipe the surface with a lint-free cloth.
- Material: Polysiloxane and other Nanomaterials
- Hardness: 9H hardness
- Durability: 3-5 years
- Coating Thickness: 30um
- Gloss: Excellent high gloss effect, shiny as a mirror
- Anti-corrosion: PH tolerance: PH2-12
- Heat Resistance: Up to 760 degree
- Consumption: 30ml
- We ship Worldwide!
- The product gets shipped out within 2-3 days of placing the order. There could be a slight delay in the delivery of shipments as we are experiencing a heavy rush due to the holiday season. Please allow for a maximum of 1-4 weeks for our product to deliver. | chemistry |
https://fun-backyard-activities.com/is-epoxy-resin-toxic-in-depth-report/ | 2023-12-11T05:32:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00609.warc.gz | 0.914611 | 3,316 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__190146709 | en | Do you plan to implement epoxy resin on a patio floor, renovate a kitchen countertop, or work on an outdoor pool? It’s incredible stuff with a gorgeous finished product. However, the toxicity of epoxy resin poses several small risks that might become a serious health problem if proper measures and safety equipment such as safety glasses and excellent ventilation are not taken.
People have numerous concerns, and rightfully so since your lungs, skin, and overall health are essential. Is epoxy Resin toxic? The answer is not straightforward. Yes, but it’s near enough, so learn about all the hazards that high amounts of exposure can have and how to avoid them here.
Is Epoxy Resin Toxic?
Pure Epoxy Resin is generally non-toxic to animals and humans. Furthermore, the risk of ingestion is relatively low too. However, using it for a long time without common sense and proper precautions might create health issues in the future. For instance, about 10% of individuals working with epoxy resin experience irritating contact dermatitis symptoms.
Nearly all of the primary components in epoxy resins are irritants and occupational allergens in varying degrees. Excessive or long-time use of epoxy resins and hardeners usually is dangerous.
However, Epoxy is usually food safe once cured, provided it adheres to the FDA’s stringent guidelines. For an epoxy resin item to be food-safe, it must meet the FDA approval and the minimum basic standard for food non-interference. For example, it must not change the taste, smell, or composition of the food. Besides, it also must not have any toxic elements harmful to men.
According to NIOSH, dealing with or being exposed to certain epoxy resins might lead to fertility issues, stillbirth, miscarriage, or babies suffering from birth abnormalities. Some epoxy products are skin sensitizers, which might cause eczema or contact dermatitis.
Referring to findings released in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 15 participants out of 113 evaluated exhibited asthma symptoms after being exposed to liquid epoxy resins. Besides, according to the study, epoxy resins only induce asthma when it is fluid, not solid plastic.
Side Effects of Epoxy Poisoning
Well, epoxy resin poisoning causes a variety of symptoms. However, these signs and symptoms differ among individuals. The following are some of the most common side effects of epoxy poisoning:
- Chemical Burns
- Contact Dermatitis
- Respiratory Irritation
- Irritation of lungs, throat, and nose.
Is Epoxy Harmful to Your Respiratory System and Lungs?
When you mix the epoxy resin and curing agent, a reaction lasts until the Epoxy hardens. The combination creates adhesive vapours throughout this process. Breathing these vapours can cause discomfort and asthma, among other respiratory problems.
One can get respiratory problems and lung problems by sanding partly hardened epoxy resin. Sanding generates responsive dust particles, which is why it is the case. Allergies and discomfort result from these particles becoming lodged in the respiratory system.
The most common health effects of inhaling Epoxy are irritation and inflammation of the lungs, throats, and nose. Sensitization and asthma can develop due to repeated and high exposure levels to such gases.
Epoxy resin fumes can be poisonous and harmful to your lungs. Difficulty breathing, coughing, and chest pain can be symptoms of exposure to such hazardous fumes. Furthermore, it can even damage your lungs or cause death in severe circumstances.
Breathing very intense epoxy vapours may irritate and sensitize your respiratory system. Even tiny amounts of epoxy fumes can cause an allergic response if someone is allergic to Epoxy. Epoxy vapour volume increases at higher temperatures or in poorly ventilated areas.
What to Do If You Inhale Vapors: Basic First Aid Procedures?
Well, if you inhale vapours, the first thing you have to do is leave the place right away. Or, open all windows and doors to let the air pass. If you experience throat irritation only, try drinking milk or other cold fluids. Nonetheless, if you inhale any toxic vapours, you should seek immediate medical attention.
Is Epoxy a Skin Irritant?
Getting into contact with liquid epoxy resins may irritate your skin. These are most commonly absorbed through the skin. When it happens frequently enough, even minimal contact with the skin might result in long-term health issues. The skin might absorb hazardous epoxy components after repeated or prolonged exposure in rare situations.
The most prevalent adverse reactions of contact with epoxy resin are eczema or allergic dermatitis. Whenever the body overreacts to an allergen, this disease develops. Additionally, note that such ailment can develop after a single or multiple encounters.
More importantly, your immune response plays a role in developing this disorder. The intensity and frequency of your resin exposure also determine the severity of the side effect.
Again, allergy symptoms may result in breathing issues or inflamed skin. However, the most typical consequence is skin irritation. Itching, swelling, and red eyes are a few skin irritation symptoms.
Well, when working with a hardener, chemical burns are uncommon. However, if you leave the combination on your skin for too long, it may lead to severe irritation and serious burns. It all begins with a bit of ache and discomfort. With time, the burn may leave a minor scar or discolouration on your skin.
However, the damaged area and the concentration of the hardener will determine the severity of your burn or skin effects. So, remember to remove the epoxy resin from your skin as soon as possible.
How Long Do Epoxy Fumes Last?
Generally, epoxy fumes last about one to three days in an adequately ventilated area. However, the epoxy resin may linger in the environment for up to a week and emit a foul odour. If you don’t ventilate the room properly, the fumes will last longer.
Till the Epoxy entirely dries, there could be a residual odour. Well, how long the smell and the fumes would last depends on several factors, including the coating thickness, moisture level, and temperature, to name a few.
The Epoxy will take far longer to set in a chilly, damp climate, possibly resulting in toxic fumes for so much more than three days. In areas that are not adequately ventilated, fumes generally take considerably longer to evaporate. Most epoxy coatings will cure entirely in 7 days under usual circumstances.
However, you can use several ways for shortening the time it would take for the fumes to go away. For instance, you can ensure the room has appropriate airflow. Besides, you can open the doors and windows for natural circulation. Furthermore, you may also utilize air conditioning vents or exhaust fans for this purpose.
Is There a Reason Why Epoxy Resin Is Harmful?
The chemical composition of epoxy products determines whether it is harmful or not. Epoxy resins contain various chemicals that connect and harden as they cure. Some goods, thankfully, have natural components, whereas others contain hazardous toxins.
Non-toxic epoxy resin contains safe elements such as BPF and BPA. On the other hand, toxic resins include dangerous ingredients such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These chemicals, unlike BPA, are incredibly poisonous and might lead to long-term health issues.
Regrettably, different manufacturers produce their goods in different ways. Furthermore, most firms do not list the components utilized in their epoxy resins. It makes determining whether or not their items include dangerous ingredients difficult. In sum, it’s difficult to tell whether an epoxy is toxic or not unless one identifies its composition.
Is Epoxy Resin Toxic After Curing
Epoxy resin is non-toxic after curing. It is when the resin is completely dried and solid. Since photopolymerization has happened already, and the plastic has become inert, dried or cured, Epoxy is not hazardous.
To begin with, it implies that the resin substance dries and hardens entirely, preventing any harmful toxins from leaking out. That makes it skin-friendly.
Second, because the whole reaction process of molecules is complete, there will be no more VOCs or fumes polluting the environment or irritating the skin. As a result, cured resins are safe to touch, use or walk on.
Is Epoxy Resin Cancerous
Some of the epoxy resin might be cancerous. For example, epichlorohydrin might be present in certain epoxy resins. It is a pollutant that has been linked to skin cancer among laboratory animals. Besides, epichlorohydrin can also develop cancer in humans. When searching for epoxy resin, ensure it is free and safe of contaminants like these.
Is Epoxy Resin Harmful to the Environment in Any Way?
Epoxy resin harms the environment. It generates hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), posing health risks. It is also extremely harmful to marine creatures, making it bad for the water.
Epoxy resin is a potentially dangerous and poisonous substance for the environment. Epichlorohydrin, one of epoxy resin’s major components, is an insecticide and pesticide ingredient.
It can readily get airborne if you heat or utilize it in open-air locations, such as building sites, since it is volatile and tends to vaporize at room temperature. Epichlorohydrin evaporates into a gas, which mixes into the external environment. So, people breathe it without recognizing it, resulting in prolonged consumption. Thus, it can lead to various health problems, even cancer-related disorders such as leukemia!
Moreover, epoxy resins are hazardous for humans and other living creatures. It is dangerous to plant habitats and aquatic life. So, overall, using epoxy resin and not disposing of it properly may have significant environmental consequences.
Does Epoxy Resin Smell?
Most epoxy resins have a distinct odour. The degree of the scent is determined by the epoxy resin type and its brand. The smells vary from subtle and hardly detectable to intense, unpleasant, and noxious.
When the resin cures, it involves chemical reactions, causing the Epoxy to dry. When dealing with Epoxy, the smell released by this reaction plus the solvents employed throughout the hardening process is what people smell.
However, the smell levels of more expensive epoxy brands are not too strong would not last for a long time. On the other hand, low-quality epoxy resins smell very bad, and the odour doesn’t disappear quickly.
Epoxy Safety Precautions Should be Taken
One must follow certain safety precautions while dealing with epoxy resins. Doing the work in a well-ventilated place, wearing gloves and safety goggles, etc., are some of the precautions you must take.
Since epoxy resin might cause some health hazards, it is a must to stay cautious. When handling Epoxy, here are a few points to bear in mind:
- Wear nitrile gloves, a plastic apron to protect your skin from toxic liquid epoxy resin.
- Put on some safety goggles to protect your eyes.
- Use a respirator mask if working with highly poisonous epoxy dust resin.
- Start your work after ventilating the area properly.
- Check the ingredients carefully before working with epoxy resin.
Basic First Aid
Barrier skin lotions can be used as an extra layer of defence while dealing with epoxy resins. If epoxy chemicals or combinations come into direct contact with the skin, wash it well with water and soap. You can also apply oil-based or citrus cleansers to the affected region. Remove epoxy leaks from your clothes using skin cleansers if feasible.
Why Epoxy Remains a Viable Option?
Epoxy resins have the unique flexibility to cope with every application, one of their key advantages. And due to their eyecatching beauty, affordability, and longevity, they remain a viable option.
Epoxy resins have both benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered. The following table lists some of their pros and cons:
|High flexibility level.||The application process might be time-consuming.|
|Suitable for multiple applications.||Generate toxic fumes.|
|Highly durable.||Irritate the skin.|
However, you can make many creative kinds of stuff using epoxy resins, and you can also polish Epoxy for a glossy shine. For example, you can make jewellery, decoration pieces, and so on. The beauty and flexibility of epoxy resin make it perfect for creative works.
Moreover, epoxy resin is a good choice if you want to put up outside flooring. Their toughness makes it a good choice for outdoor pools and patios. Epoxy Resin has a lengthy lifespan due to its durability; this is an ideal sealant for covered patio floors, outdoor kitchen tabletops, and many other items.
Environmentally Friendly Epoxy Substitutes
Concrete and hard plasters can be a fantastic alternative to epoxy resins. Paraffin wax, Ecopoxy, metal, etc., are also environmentally friendly epoxy substitutes.
As I have mentioned earlier, epoxy resin is not an environment-friendly product. It is harmful to humans and other living beings. So, if you want to protect the environment, you must use other alternatives such as concrete, Ecopoxy, latex, alabaster, and so on.
What May Be Substituted for Epoxy In This Case?
You can substitute Ecopoxy for Epoxy in this case. Ecopoxy is a biodegradable, organic epoxy resin designed exclusively for woodworking. Besides, you can also use hard plasters, paraffin wax, etc., as an alternative.
Ecopoxy works the same as epoxy resin, but it is not toxic to the environment. It is because it is made from plant sources. Thus, it does not have any harmful contaminants that might cause health problems for humans and other animals. So, Ecopoxy is no doubt the best substitute for epoxy resin.
By now, you’ve got your answer to the question, “Is epoxy resin toxic?” The answer is yes. Most epoxy resin contains harmful elements dangerous for humans and the environment. However, the key takeaway with the growing demand for epoxy resins, different companies have started to make eco-friendly epoxy resins! These might be a little costly but no doubt worth it.
Thanks for reading through. Hopefully, you’ve found this article helpful. Best regards!
Sources of Information
Coatings, L. G. (2020, January 21). How do Epoxies Negatively Affect our Health? | Lifetime Green Coatings. Lifetimegreencoatings.Com. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://blog.lifetimegreencoatings.com/
Richardson, H. (2021, October 12). Is Epoxy Resin Toxic? A Guide to Epoxy Resin Safety | AeroMarine. Aeromarine Products Inc. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://www.aeromarineproducts.com/epoxy-resin-safety-guide/
Arnold, J. (2021, September 14). The 4 Best Food Safe Epoxy Resins. Wood Epoxy World. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://woodepoxyworld.com/
The Journal of Allergy & The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. (2018, August 1). Unhardened epoxy chemicals can cause asthma. www.aaaai.org. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://www.aaaai.org/ | chemistry |
https://appilitherapeutics.com/2017/04/11/appili-therapeutics-receives-funding-from-the-government-of-canada-to-support-development-of-new-antibiotic-to-treat-gram-negative-infections/ | 2023-12-10T16:56:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102612.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210155147-20231210185147-00066.warc.gz | 0.87813 | 609 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__221828385 | en | HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, April 11, 2017 – Appili Therapeutics Inc.(“Appili”), an anti-infective drug development company, announced today that it will be receiving an additional $400,000 from the National Research Council of Canada Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP), bringing IRAP support for this project to a total of up to $759,000. This funding supports the development of ATI-1503, an antibiotic targeting drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobactor baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These superbugs cause potentially deadly infections, including pneumonia and blood infections.
“Doctors are fast running out of treatment options and IRAP funding is an important part of our financial strategy for helping Appili develop a new antibiotic that can treat these deadly diseases,” said Kimberly Stephens, CFO of Appili Therapeutics.
ATI-1503 is a synthetic version of the naturally-occurring Negamycin antibiotic. Using IRAP funding, Appili’s expert drug development team will employ advanced X-ray crystallography to visualize the exact structure of ATI-1503 binding to the bacterial target. The crystal structure data is then used to systematically and precisely optimize the potency of ATI-1503 against these drug-resistant infections.
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobactor baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are Gram-negative bacteria with two cellular walls, making it hard for antibiotics to penetrate. ATI-1503 holds promise for treating these superbugs because it penetrates the double exterior membranes and attacks the protein generating machinery of Gram-negative bacteria.
Additionally, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobactor baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa thrive in hospitals and residential care facilities, infecting already vulnerable patients. Because these bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics, they are among the priority pathogens for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization because they pose the highest threat to human health.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States over two million cases of drug-resistant infections are reported annually and, with limited treatment options, hospitalization costs for these drug-resistant infections exceed $20 billion a year.
About Appili Therapeutics
Appili is dedicated to identifying, acquiring and advancing novel therapeutics for infectious disease. The company has two anti-infective programs, ATI-1501 and ATI-1503, in its pipeline. ATI-1501 is a taste-masked treatment for anaerobic infections, including C. difficile. Appili’s second product, ATI-1503, is a novel antibiotic with broad potential to treat drug-resistant Gram-negative infections. For more information visit www.AppiliTherapeutics.com. | chemistry |
https://camelliablack.com/blogs/article/the-influence-of-terroir-on-tea-flavor-profiles | 2024-04-25T14:48:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297295329.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425130216-20240425160216-00036.warc.gz | 0.911674 | 426 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__32306201 | en | Just as with wine, the concept of terroir plays a crucial role in shaping the distinct flavors and characteristics of tea. Terroir encompasses the environmental factors—such as soil, climate, altitude, and weather conditions—that contribute to the unique taste profiles of tea leaves. Understanding the influence of terroir allows tea enthusiasts to appreciate the diversity and complexity present in their favorite brews.
The composition of the soil in which tea plants grow has a profound impact on the flavor of the leaves. Minerals and nutrients from the soil are absorbed by the roots, imparting specific taste elements to the tea. For example, volcanic soils may contribute to teas with a mineral-rich and robust profile.
Climate and Altitude:
The interplay between climate and altitude is another critical factor. Teas grown at higher altitudes often experience cooler temperatures, resulting in slower leaf growth. This slower growth can intensify flavor compounds, yielding teas with more nuanced and complex taste profiles.
Weather conditions, including rainfall and sunlight, also contribute to the terroir of tea. The timing and intensity of these elements can affect the rate of photosynthesis, altering the chemical composition of the leaves and influencing the tea's aroma, color, and taste.
Different tea-producing regions worldwide have become renowned for specific flavor profiles attributed to their unique terroir. For instance, the Darjeeling region in India is celebrated for its muscatel notes in black tea, while Japanese green teas often exhibit a distinctive umami flavor influenced by the country's terroir.
The influence of terroir on tea flavor profiles is a testament to the intricate relationship between nature and the final product in your cup. By recognizing and appreciating the impact of soil, climate, altitude, and weather conditions, tea enthusiasts can deepen their understanding of the diverse and nuanced world of tea. Each sip becomes a journey through the landscapes where the tea leaves have flourished, unveiling the artistry of terroir in every infusion. | chemistry |
http://sjziam.cas.cn/sourcedb_sjziam_cas/zw/lw/201904/t20190430_5286549.html | 2019-09-21T13:00:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574501.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921125334-20190921151334-00432.warc.gz | 0.944249 | 413 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__23366698 | en | Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) plays an important role in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Biochar has becoming a great of interest as a mean for carbon sequestration, resulting from its high content of carbon and long-term persistence in soil. Moreover, there is abundance of information about the effect of biochar on the turnover of soil organic carbon; however, up to date, no study has been done on the impact of biochar on soil inorganic carbon pool despite biochar contains inorganic carbon. This study was conducted in a long-term field condition to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha(-1)) on soil inorganic carbon content and composition in the soil profile (0-100 cm). Using stable delta C-13 isotope signatures, the SIC was distinguished into lithogenic and pedogenic inorganic carbon. The results showed that long-term biochar application, at 30, 60 and 90 t ha(-1), increased soil total inorganic carbon by 18.8, 42.4 and 62.3% and native soil inorganic carbon by 7.8, 20.2 and 28.3%, respectively, in the 0-20 cm soil layer. Biochar application at these rates also increased total inorganic carbon in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 13.4, 22.8 and 30.5%, respectively, but did not influence the total inorganic carbon content below the 40 cm soil depth. Moreover, as biochar application rate increased, delta C-13 of native soil inorganic carbon decreased, which indicated that pedogenic inorganic carbon was formed. Biochar application rates were positively related to the pedogenic inorganic carbon contents, however, it did not influence the lithogenic inorganic carbon contents. This is the first study about the effect of biochar application on native inorganic carbon content and its composition, which strengthens the understanding about the role of biochar in soil C sequestration. | chemistry |
https://www.newmindnutrition.com/what-is-cbd-a-basic-guide/ | 2022-07-07T05:21:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683683.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707033101-20220707063101-00591.warc.gz | 0.959248 | 1,630 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__200336740 | en | Confused about what CBD is and if it’s legal? Get a registered dietitian’s take on this plant-based compound now on New Mind Nutrition.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the many active compounds found in the cannabis plant, with another being tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
THC is what most people think of when they think of cannabis as it’s responsible for the psychoactive properties — a.k.a getting high.
CBD, on the other hand, has no psychoactive effects. In other words, consuming it won’t get you high.
Instead, there are a bunch of proposed medicinal benefits of CBD, which we’ll touch on more below.
But before we do, there’s one important thing to clear up in order to understand what you’re buying and what’s legal when it comes to CBD: hemp vs. marjuana.
Personally, I think this is the most confusing part about learning more about CBD.
There are two main types of cannabis plants: sativa and indica.
Hemp plants only belong to the Cannabis sativa family and contain less than 0.3% of THC by weight (in the US).
As a result, hemp is usually grown for industrial uses (such as clothing, paper, rope, etc) and medicinal uses thanks to its CBD concentration.
Marijuna plants can be either sativa or indica. These plants can contain up to 30% THC by weight as well as many other cannabinoids, including CBD.
Still with me? Good, because it’s about to get a little confusing.
CBD can come from either hemp or marjunana-labeled cannabis. You can tell which one it’s from as the label will say “hemp-derived” or “marijuna-derived.
It’s important to know which you’re getting as with hemp-derived contains less than 0.3% THC; whereas marijana-derived could potentially have higher amounts of THC.
As a result, marijuana-derived CBD oils may have psychoactive properties and could show up in a drug test depending on the product.
So, when buying CBD products, make sure that you know exactly what you’re getting so that there aren’t any surprises!
While CBD is the same, regardless of whether it’s from a hemp or marjuana plant, the other compounds that could be present in the product may be different.
Additionally, there may be a benefit from having higher amounts of THC found in some marijana-deriverd CBD products.
While more research is needed, it’s thought that THC and CBD may have synergistic effects and be more effective than CBD on its own for certain medical conditions.
This is also known as the entourage effect, which you can learn more about here.
Now, this also doesn’t mean that all CBD oils are created equally.
Before buying, make sure to do your research to make sure you know not only how much THC and CBD is in the product, but also any heavy metals or other contaminants. We’ll touch on this in another post!
Another difference between hemp and marijuana-derived products is that one is federally legal and the other isn’t.
Thanks to the 2018 Farm Bill, hemp-derived CBD with less than 0.3% THC by weight (and any other hemp-based products) is now legal federally and considered as supplement — meaning it isn’t FDA regulated.
However, before you run off to your local pharmacy or supplements store, you’ll want to make sure it’s also legal in your state and city. Texas, for example, does not allow the sale of products containing any level of THC as of the time of this post.
Marjunana is still considered a Schedule I drug, and CBD derived from it (even if it contains less than 0.3% THC) is still Federally illegal. However, some states, like my home state of Colorado, have made marjunana (including marjuana-derived CBD) legal.
Now, we’ll touch on the actual research behind each potential benefit of CBD in later posts, let’s quickly take a look at why there’s so much hype around this plant compound.
But first, it’s important to remember that while some of the research is promising, the actual amount of research is limited. While we could get into the politics of why that’s the case, it’s more fun to just skip on to the good stuff 😉
So what are the possible benefits? Taking CBD could help with the following conditions:
And remember, CBD may help relieve the symptoms associated with these conditions, but it is not a cure.
Again, I’ll touch on most of these in their own posts, but if you have one of these conditions and are curious if CBD could help then it’s worth talking to a trusted medical professional.
There’s no “best” way for everyone, but there are pluses and minuses to different methods.
If you’re looking for a straight-forward answer, I’m afraid I have to disappoint.
There’s simply just not enough research right now to say what’s an effective dose. In fact, dosages used in research can vary from as little as 20 mg per day up to 1,500 mg per day.
While a common rule of thumb is to just follow the recommended amounts on the product you purchase, I always stress starting with less and gradually increasing as your body gets used to it.
Not feeling any benefit from the recommended dose? I strongly encourage you to talk with a trusted medical professional before upping your dose.
This is the section that finally convinced me to give CBD a try.
After all, as I was dealing with anxiety, the last thing I needed was to be even more stressed, wondering if something awful was going to happen after taking a few drops (it’s amazing how imaginative a worried mind can be 😉 ).
Again, research is still ongoing. However, CBD is overall well-tolerated.
Still, there have been some reported side effects including:
Additionally, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid CBD as it’s unclear what effects it could have on the developing baby.
Finally, CBD can interact with certain medications including:
If you take any of these, speak with a doctor first so that you can have your prescription adjusted as needed.
Unfortunately, only you can answer this one. But here at New Mind Nutrition, my goal is to provide you with all the information you need to make an educated decision.
Here are a few other articles to check out to help with the research process:
If you do decide to try CBD, be sure to check out my recipes page for healthy ways to infuse CBD into beverages, breakfasts, snacks, and desserts!
The information contained in this website is not intended to recommend the self-management of health problems or wellness. It is not intended to endorse or recommend any particular type of medical treatment. Should any reader have any healthcare-related questions, promptly call or consult your physician or healthcare provider. No information contained in this website should be used by any reader to disregard medical and/or health-related advice or provide a basis to delay a consultation with a physician or a qualified healthcare provider. The statements on this website have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Products discussed are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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https://bloombyzelda.com/prp-vs-prf-which-one-is-better-all-detailed-information-given/ | 2024-04-23T06:59:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818468.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423064231-20240423094231-00621.warc.gz | 0.908193 | 1,567 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__27693560 | en | Natural Growth Factors vs. PRP: Which One is Better? All Detailed Information Given
PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments are remarkably similar substances used for similar reasons. However, there must be some difference between the two. This post discusses PRP vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections; which one is better for you?
We will cover the purposes of these two substances, their effects, what treatments use them, their side effects and potential risks, and more. Let’s get to it!
PRP vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections: The Primary Differences
First off, the main difference between PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are their names, which stand for platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin, respectively. What do these names mean?
What is PRP?
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a substance found in the blood. It is responsible for making repairs on the body when injuries occur. The blood transports the PRP through the blood vessels, and the PRP reconstructs damaged tissues.
PRP nurtures cells that can heal themselves and augments the healing processes of damaged tissues. Medical doctors inject high concentrations of PRP from a person’s bloodstream into damaged areas when injuries occur. However, the use of PRP extends beyond the medical world and into the aesthetics field.
What is Natural Growth Factor Injections?
Platelet-rich fibrin (Natural Growth Factor Injections) is a derivative of platelet-rich plasma. Platelet-rich plasma contains platelets, fibrin, and white blood cells. Isolating the fibrin from PRP produces Natural Growth Factor Injections.
Natural Growth Factor Injections contains high concentrations of fibrin, white blood cells, and stem cells that circulate in the bloodstream. It also helps repair damages and aids in increased collagen and elastin production – the two most important skin proteins. Additionally, Natural Growth Factor Injections releases growth factors over time once injected under the skin.
Lastly, Natural Growth Factor Injections becomes a gel upon 15 to 20 minutes of isolation, making it useful for cosmetic volume.
Differences in Effect
The differences in the effects of both PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are not overly subtle. Natural Growth Factor Injections is considered the better substance in general because of the growth factors it releases over time, something that PRP does to a lesser degree. Natural Growth Factor Injections releases the growth factors over the span of ten days, making its tissue and cell rejuvenation properties far more effective.
However, this does not make Natural Growth Factor Injections better in all respects.
Extracting PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections
The extraordinary thing about PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments is that they minimize any potential risks because they take the substance right out of the patients. Because the substances are from your own body, the chances of any allergic or adverse reactions are essentially zero.
The injector takes a sample of the patient’s blood and puts it in a vial or container. Then, the container is placed in a centrifuge at 3000 rotations per minute for about 10 minutes. The centrifugal force will separate the different components of the blood – it will separate the PRP from the red blood cells and other blood elements.
The substance must be extracted from the PRP if you want the Natural Growth Factor Injections treatment.
Once extracted, the injector can proceed with the procedure. The injector will inject the PRP Vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections into the treatment area.
What Treatments Use PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections
Since their effects are highly similar, except that Natural Growth Factor Injections releases more growth factors in the long run, there is no PRP vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections when it comes to what treatments use them.
Both treatments are suitable for facial injections, scar treatment, and hair restoration procedures. Due to their capability to enhance collagen and elastin production, PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections can significantly enhance the quality and health of the skin. And due to their restorative and healing properties, they can even perform reparative operations to the cellular level.
Due to their collagen and elastin enhancement properties, PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments are excellent for facial injections, especially for aging-prone areas like around the eyes, sides of the mouth, or forehead. They tighten the skin, improve skin texture, and lessen the severity of fine lines or wrinkles.
Because of their restorative properties (combined with the increased collagen), PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments are perfect for scar treatment. Scars are nothing more than irregular formations of collagen around the skin.
When the skin gets injured severely, the body tries to repair the damage as fast as possible using collagen. The hurried repair makes the collagen form in an unorganized manner; instead of the basket-weave pattern it has on undamaged skin. Over time, the collagen proteins might try to organize themselves, but they can only soften the appearance of a scar.
A PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatment allows the skin to correct scars more effectively. The combination of cell repairs and increased collagen is enough to do the job.
Lastly, again due to their restorative qualities, PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments can restore hair. If a person suffers from alopecia (the medical term for hair loss), their hair follicles suffer damage, making them unable to produce hair. The growth factors of PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are powerful enough to restore hair follicles so that they can grow hair again.
Side Effects and Potential Risks
The potential severe risks of PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are incredibly minimal. The substances are derived from the bodies of the patients. Severe reactions to PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are highly unexpected.
However, if the patient reacts adversely to PRP or Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments, they should let a physician know immediately.
The possible side effects of PRP or Natural Growth Factor Injections are slight pain, infection, and bleeding. These side effects are natural and expected of injection treatment. They should dissipate within some time after the treatment.
If the side effects last for days, you should let your doctor know immediately.
Who to Call About PRP or Natural Growth Factor Injections Treatments?
As with any medical or aesthetic procedure, you should talk with a professional beforehand to know if you are suitable for the treatment. Bloom Aesthetics staffs one of the most experienced, highly-trained, and certified advanced registered nurse practitioners in Washington state. Zelda Swain, ARNP, can provide you with all the information you need about either PRP or Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments.
For more information about PRP vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections, talk to Bloom Aesthetics through phone at (509) 990-3054, email at [email protected], or send us a message through our Contact Us page. Our location is at 16201 E. Indiana Ave.,Ste. 2260 Spokane Valley 99216 Spokane WA 99201-7003
The post Natural Growth Factors vs. PRP: Which One is Better? All Detailed Information Given appeared first on Bloom Aesthetics. | chemistry |
https://lesacollection.us/blogs/news/the-art-of-crafting-leather-a-comprehensive-guide | 2024-04-23T15:21:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818711.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423130552-20240423160552-00702.warc.gz | 0.902896 | 932 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__113432202 | en | Leather is a timeless material prized for its durability, beauty, and natural feel. From jackets and handbags to shoes and furniture, it graces our everyday lives in countless forms. But have you ever wondered how this versatile material is created? This blog post delves into the fascinating process of leather production, unveiling the steps that transform animal hides into the luxurious leather we know and love.
The Transformation: A Step-by-Step Look
The journey of leather begins with a raw hide, most commonly sourced from cows. However, hides from animals like sheep, goats, and pigs can also be used for leather production. Here's a breakdown of the key steps involved:
Freshly removed hides are perishable and prone to decomposition. To prevent this, they undergo curing. This process typically involves applying a generous amount of salt or other drying techniques to draw out moisture and inhibit bacterial growth. The curing time can vary depending on the hide thickness and desired outcome.
Soaking and Liming:
Once cured, the hides are rehydrated through soaking in large vats of water. This makes them pliable enough for further processing. Next comes liming, a crucial step that involves soaking the hides in a solution containing calcium hydroxide (lime). The lime helps loosen the hair and epidermis (outer layer) from the dermis, the inner layer of the hide that forms the foundation of leather.
Fleshing and Splitting:
After liming, the hides undergo fleshing. This process removes any remaining meat, fat, and tissue clinging to the underside of the dermis. Thicker hides might be split into multiple layers using specialized machinery. This creates hides of varying thicknesses suitable for different leather applications.
This is the heart of the leather-making process, transforming the raw hide into a stable and usable material. Tanning halts the natural decomposition process and strengthens the protein structure (collagen) within the dermis. There are two main tanning methods
This traditional method utilizes natural tannins extracted from plants like tree bark or quebracho wood. The hides are soaked in tannin solutions over extended periods, resulting in a slow and eco-friendly tanning process. Vegetable-tanned leather is known for its natural look, strength, and develops a beautiful patina with age.
This more modern method uses chromium salts to achieve a faster tanning process. Chrome tanning takes significantly less time than vegetable tanning and results in a softer, more water-resistant leather with a more uniform appearance. However, it is considered less environmentally friendly due to the use of chromium.
Neutralization and Fatliquoring:
After tanning, the leather might still have residual tanning agents or lime. A neutralization process removes these chemicals to achieve a consistent pH level. Next comes fatliquoring, where natural or synthetic oils are added back into the leather. This restores suppleness and improves the leather's workability for further processing.
Drying and Staking:
The leather is then stretched on frames and dried in controlled temperature environments to achieve a consistent thickness and texture. Staking machines might be used to further soften the leather and achieve a desired grain texture. The grain refers to the natural surface variations on the leather, which can be smooth, pebbled, or embossed with various patterns.
The final stage involves applying various finishing treatments depending on the desired outcome for the leather. This might include:
Dyeing: Leather can be dyed a wide range of colors using pigments or dyes.
Buffing and Polishing:
Buffing creates a smooth, even surface, while polishing enhances the leather's shine.
A protective coating might be applied to enhance water resistance or stain repellency.
Conclusion: A Material Steeped in Tradition and Innovation
The transformation of a raw hide into finished leather is a fascinating testament to human ingenuity. Over centuries, the techniques used in leather production have evolved, but the core principles remain the same. Today, tanneries combine traditional methods with modern advancements to produce high-quality leather that caters to a wide range of applications. Understanding this process allows us to appreciate the craftsmanship behind leather goods and the value they hold. So, the next time you admire a leather jacket or experience the comfort of a leather couch, remember the remarkable journey that brought this timeless material to life. | chemistry |
http://bluecoastgroup.ca/ | 2017-02-20T22:33:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170613.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00375-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.93731 | 267 | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__106707226 | en | Blue Coast provides bankable metallurgical laboratory testwork services. Our 10,000 sq. ft. laboratory facility, located in Parksville, BC specialises in precious and base metals metallurgical flowsheet development, evaluating a wide range of processes and technologies including grinding, froth flotation, gravity concentration at scales from micro-testing to full continuous pilot plant. In addition Blue Coast has extensive capability in cyanidation, including heap leach amenability testwork. Our experienced team of metallurgists, technicians and support staff provide a high quality, customer focused and dependable testwork service. Our in house, captive analytical laboratory employs both wet chemistry and fire assay to allow us to provide rapid assay turnaround to advance projects quickly and efficiently. Our clients range from Junior to Major mining companies predominantly focused in the base and precious metals sectors.
Complementing our laboratory testwork services, Blue Coast boasts a team of experienced Consulting Metallurgists that add value to our client’s projects during the testwork phase as well as providing testwork support, NI 43-101 technical report writing and consulting services. This consulting team averages over 18 years’ experience in the industry, within both the project development and production environments. This includes more than 400 flowsheet development projects and operational assignments on a wide variety of ore types. | chemistry |
https://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2004/12/008794.php | 2019-03-18T21:56:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201707.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318211849-20190318233849-00443.warc.gz | 0.972657 | 188 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__96483318 | en | An Austrian doctor said today that Ukrainian presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned with dioxin:
Dioxin poisoning caused the mysterious illness of Ukrainian presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko, a doctor said Saturday, adding that the poison could have been put in his soup.
Yushchcenko was in satisfactory condition and his dioxin levels have returned to normal, Dr. Michael Zimpfer, director of Vienna’s private Rudolfinerhaus clinic, said at a news conference.
“There is no doubt about the fact that Mr. Yushchenko’s disease has been caused by a case of poisoning by dioxin,” Zimpfer said.
Dr. Zimpfer said further that tests showed Yushchenko’s body had 1,000 times the normal concentration of dioxin, and the chemical was administered orally. I wonder who could have done it? | chemistry |
http://cleanairmakemore.com/our-air/ | 2015-05-28T05:46:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929256.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00069-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.934875 | 1,160 | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-22__0__12221706 | en | Facts About Air Pollution
To reduce air pollution, it helps to understand what it is and where it comes from. Here are some facts about air pollution and its most common types in Maricopa County.
What is ozone? Ozone is a colorless gas made up of three oxygen atoms (or O3). This gas is a powerful chemical that causes damage to rubber, plastics, and vegetation. It also irritates people’s eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory system when they are exposed to it. Permanent lung damage also occurs.
Stratospheric ozone forms high in the atmosphere (six to 30 miles above the Earth) when intense sunlight causes oxygen molecules (O2) to break up and re-form as ozone molecules (O3). Popularly called “good ozone,” it shields people, trees, crops, property, and microorganisms from the harmful effects of the sun’s ultraviolet light (UV-B radiation) because it adsorbs UV radiation before it can get to the earth’s surface (this radiation causes sunburns and skin cancer).
Ground-level ozone is often called “bad ozone.” This pollutant forms at ground level when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) chemically react under the influence of heat and sunlight. Examples of VOCs are vapors of gasoline, alcohol, paint thinner, and many solvents. The sources of the NOx and VOCs are motor vehicles, industrial operations such as paint shops, manufacturing, and energy production. Some VOCs even come from vegetation. Because of the nature of its formation, ozone is also known as photochemical smog. It is a pollutant of great concern because it harms people when they are exposed to it. Although it is invisible, it causes eye, nose, throat and lung irritation along with permanent lung damage (scarring and decreased lung function) as we breathe it in.
One of the unfortunate facts about air pollution is that ground-level ozone is a man-made phenomenon. It would not be a problem for humankind if there were only natural sources emitting VOCs (plants) and NOx (wildfires) because very little ozone would form at ground-level. However, man-made emissions have resulted in ground-level ozone becoming the most wide-spread air quality problem in the United States. It is most severe in the summer months when there is plenty of heat and sunlight to cook trapped pollutants into ground-level ozone.
What Are They?
Particulate pollution (PM-10 and PM-2.5) is made up of tiny particles of solid or liquid droplets containing smoke, dust, ash and condensed vapors introduced into the air through natural and man-made causes. It occurs year-round, but is dominant during winter months. Smaller than a human hair, it passes through the throat and nose and enters the lungs, and can lead to health problems.
One Serious Pollutant
Maricopa County and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have designated six criteria pollutants, Particulate matter being the Valley’s toughest to battle. Here they are:
Particulate matter: very small solid or liquid droplets such as dust, dirt, soot or smoke from wood-burning fires.
Ozone: a colorless and mostly odorless gas that is a natural and beneficial component of the upper atmosphere. At ground level, ozone is a respiratory irritant that forms from a photochemical reaction from sunlight reacting with fumes from fuel, paint, cleaners, tailpipes and vegetation. Ozone pollution is typically worse in summer.
- Carbon Monoxide: a colorless, odorless gas that results primarily from combustion in cars and trucks.
- Nitrogen Dioxide: a reddish brown gas formed as a byproduct of fuel combustion.
- Sulfur Dioxide: a colorless gas with a pungent odor produced from the smelting of copper oxide ore, and also from burning sulfur-containing gasoline and diesel fuel.
- Lead: once a gasoline additive which resulted in high lead air pollution levels, this element is no longer found in gasoline within the United States.
The Maricopa County Air Quality Department monitors for these criteria pollutants. Its Air Monitoring Division offers enhanced data from the monitoring network including:
- Real-time updates for PM-10
- Hourly updates for remaining criteria pollutants
- Real-time meteorology
- National Weather Service radar
- Satellite imagery
- Air Quality Index ratings
The “Quick and Dirty”
- In the warmer months, ozone pollution is the most severe because the heat and sunlight combine with trapped pollutants such as fumes from fuel, paint, tailpipes and vegetation to form ground-level ozone. Not surprisingly, the months of April through September make up our Valley’s longer-than-normal “ozone season.”
- The Environmental Protection Agency introduced new ozone standards in March 2008. These new ozone standards are more demanding than ever and are continuously being updated by the EPA. That’s why we need the help of all Maricopa County residents to take action and help make our air healthier to breathe.
- Everyone feels the effects of high levels of ozone in the air. Children, the elderly, and people with heart disease, lung disease and asthma are especially at risk, but even healthy adults are likely to have problems.
- How ozone pollution affects you.
- What Maricopa County is doing about ozone pollution.
- What you can do to make a difference about ozone pollution? | chemistry |
http://mercysfancy.com/blog/en/tag/pate-de-metal/ | 2018-02-21T22:53:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813818.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221222354-20180222002354-00638.warc.gz | 0.95875 | 1,373 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__18675718 | en | After a long time spent researching, wondering, and hesitating, I have finally tried working with metal clay.
From what I had found on the internet, the best known metal clay is silver clay. As I love silver jewellery but have no skill whatsoever in metal working, this is a great alternative.
The concept is simple: around the 1990s, some smart Japanese people came up with a way of recycling the precious metals dust created in the making of electronic components. Adding water and a specific binder to the dust, they obtained a paste very much like polymer clay or play-doh… only it’s still metal.
You can then model an object, leave it to dry then fire it at very high temperature. The binder burns and the water evaporates, leaving only the pure, now solid, metal. That is to say, making stuff in copper, bronze or silver is now possible for anyone!
Sometimes I really like living in this century.
What can I say? I’m cheap.
On the downside, silver metal clay is outrageously expensive. 25 g of clay cost almost 60 €, plus there is an important investment to make into the material.
If that wasn’t enough, all precious metals are strictly controlled in France. I couldn’t sell silver jewellery without going through a long and painful administrative process that I am not even sure would succeed.
And lastly, silver clay, once fired, is very pure: it’s 999 silver. That way, there is no need for a special oven: a blowtorch or a gas cooker are enough, unlike copper or bronze. It makes silver clay easier to fire, but this is utterly absurd in terms of professional jewellery making. Silver is a soft metal. What you buy in a jewellery shop is usually 925 silver, which means 925 ‰ silver mixed with 75 ‰ copper to make it more resistant. Selling jewellery that might easily break is not my idea of being professional.
Hence my hesitation: I needed to be sure I would enjoy the possibilities enough to justify overcoming all these obstacles. I found out later that there was many other metals available in clay form, which solved the selling problem. So I decided to start there!
At my initiative, three of my friends and I signed up for a beginners workshop with Météor Clay, a French small business I can’t recommend enough. Farida, the business owner, came to my flat with all the required material and introduced us to metal clay: either copper, steel, or several types of bronze. She is a sweet lady whose business is crazily upstanding. Their general goal is to offer good material for a very reasonable price, and they stand by it even if it means their profit is lessened.
I won’t tell all the details of the workshop as it would take too long (it lasted from 10 a.m. till at least 6 p.m.), but I’ll highlight the best parts. The quality of my pictures is not the best, unfortunately, as we were inside during a cloudy sunday.
I tried my hand at copper as I am hopelessly in love with this metal.
Météor’s clays come in powder: the binder is already mixed in, all you have to do is add water. That way, you can preserve it indefinitely. Once you’ve made the wet clay, you can keep it in the refrigerator, but it won’t last more than a few weeks.
In many ways, this is similar to cooking. You make a dough, give it a shape, then bake it!
Just as, I assume, polymer clay, it is easy to stamp textures and shapes on it, and cut, roll, or model it. As long as the firing temperature is the same, you can also mix metals. Clays can be mixed or ‘glued’ to one another. For example, you could make a flat copper surface and put white bronze parts on it. Or you can try something close to mokume gane. Or you could make 925 silver (doesn’t solve the selling problem, though).
The possibilities are huge, to say the least.
Once you are done playing with the dough, you leave it to dry.
Once dry, the clay has hardened but is still fragile and will break if you are not gentle. This is when you can sand, engrave, and make holes to set them on a finding later. Once fired, you won’t be able to alter it much aside from polishing it or, on the contrary, patinate it. Therefore, your piece has to be as finished as possible.
Météor also created their own high-temperature oven and sell it for 100 €. It’s basic but you actually don’t need anything more sophisticated. Apart from theirs, this type of oven starts with the Prometheus, for more than 500 €. It is not specifically designed for firing metal clays, so it takes longer and uses more energy than necessary. I might buy one eventually if I end up dabbling with enamels, glass and the likes, but that budget is unreasonable for me right now.
Apart from silver, the metal clay pieces must be fired in active carbon. You put them in a stainless steel container, covered in carbon, into the oven and plug it. You leave it for the relevant time depending on the metal.
I am amazed at how simple it is. Of course, you need to be very careful and wear protections when using it: you are firing metal up to 900° C. You can see by the bright orange colour how hot it is.
Once the time is up, you can leave the pieces to cool inside the oven. But it’s best to take them out of the oven after only a few minutes: you will later obtain a shinier finish that way.
The stainless steel is bright red when out of the oven… There should definitely be gloves on this picture (it’s not my hand).
As soon as they are fired, the pieces make a beautiful metal sound when you put them down, even if they still look like dry clay! Very satisfying.
Looks like jewellery
After some polishing, it shines! All that is left to do is set them on hooks and clasps. That, I am familiar with.
At the end of the workshop, we each left with our creations and several tubes of metal powder. I bought an oven and can’t wait to try again! | chemistry |
http://www.downeydevening.com/amalgam-removal/ | 2017-09-26T03:33:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818694719.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926032806-20170926052806-00494.warc.gz | 0.920625 | 444 | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__43559532 | en | D. Clayton Devening, Jr., DDS - Dental Amalgam Removal Procedures:
There is a lot of information and controversy about the use of mercury in dentistry. You, as the patient, need to be the judge of what you think is important to you. It does appear that some people are very much affected by mercury while others seem unaffected in any obvious way. If you wish to have your mercury fillings replaced by non-mercury materials, we implement a system of dental procedures to protect you from further mercury exposure during the removal of amalgam fillings.
Patient Preparation for Amalgam Removal:
Patients that have experienced sensitivity to certain materials should have a Dental Materials Biocompatability Test prior to the removal of their amalgam fillings.
Dental Procedures for Patient Protection during Amalgam Removal:
D. Clayton Devening, Jr., DDS adheres to the following method for amalgam removal, based on the Dr. Hal Huggins protocol. We will provide our patients with the following support during the procedure:
measurement of electrical charges for sequential removal of mercury fillings
placement of a dam around the tooth to isolate it from the body & then sealing the dam so that no mercury seeps under the dam
provide a dedicated source of air to the patient
use of a high volume air filter to eliminate mercury vapor from the air , for your protection as well as ours
use of high volume oral evacuation, with lots of water to capture the amalgam material as it is removed
section amalgams and remove in as large pieces as possible
- remove and properly dispose of dam and mercury after amalgam removal
use of nutritional, herbal and homeopathic therapies for mercury detoxification
Dr. Devening is a member of the Holistic Dental Association, International Association of Mercury Free Dentist, and DAMS .
For more information on dental amalgam removal: Contact the Dental Welllness Institute, International Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology , Mercury Safe Dentistry at www.mercuryfreenow.com and Dr. Hal Huggins Applied Healing | chemistry |
http://mysteriousworld.us/tiny-robots-may-save-earth-from-radioactive-waste/ | 2020-09-24T20:40:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400220495.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924194925-20200924224925-00054.warc.gz | 0.897898 | 323 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__104804127 | en | Scientists developed microrobots that remove radioactive uranium in simulated wastewater, mimicking the wastewater generated by nuclear power plants.
These tiny, self-propelling robots may offer a gleam of hope into removing the radioactive isotopes from both the wastewater and the environment, should a spill happen. The new study appears in ACS Nano.
Industrial accidents, like the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear plant failures, have detrimental consequences for the environment and for humanity as a whole.
Scientists have been working on coming up with ways to capture and remove radioactive materials from water, but encountered many limitations.
The most effective recent technique involves using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are compounds capable of trapping particular substances.
Researchers wanted to add a micromotor to a MOF called ZIF-8 to see if it can help with the cleanup of radioactive waste.
ZIF-8 is shaped like a rod and has a diameter of 1/15 the width of a human hair. Researchers added iron atoms and iron oxide nanoparticles to both stabilize and magnetize the structure. Platinum nanoparticles at one end of each ZIF-8 rod converted hydrogen peroxide in the water into oxygen bubbles, thus propelling the tiny robots.
As a result, the microrobots recovered 96% of the uranium they were cleaning up in an hour. At the end, the research team collected the rods with a magnet and stripped off the uranium, thus allowing the microbots to be reused.
The hope is that someday, microbots can be the answer to radioactive waste management, the team said. | chemistry |
https://biosylx.com/portfolio/acacia/ | 2024-02-22T17:46:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00758.warc.gz | 0.910575 | 870 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__202795842 | en | Gum Acacia or more commonly referred to as Gum Arabic is a plant-derived fiber. It is simpler to think of it as being an edible “glue” and natural thickening agent and binder that assists in holding ingredients together.
Being water soluble makes it easy to use it in different applications. Its gluten-free and usually non-GMO properties make it a well-tolerated ingredient when used in small quantities.
The bark of the branches is meticulously tapped by harvesters, producing a pale white orange fluid – Gum Arabic. This flows out naturally in the form of thick frothy spherical lumps and speedily solidifies under the sun and air exposure. Our factories oversee the sorting, cleaning, kibbling and storing of the gum, in addition to running QC laboratory, application and functional tests. They also dispose of a mechanical powdering line.
Biosylx has two ISO22000 certified affiliated factories set up in the heart of the Gum Belt.
The first is located in the city of El Obeid, a province in the North of Kordofan. This region is considered to be the heart of the Gum Belt where Gum Arabic is grown and collected.
The second factory is located close to the capital Khartoum. We also have established facilities and partnerships in other countries within the Gum Belt.
We carry the following grades, but other grades are available on request:
|Biogum HPS: Handpicked Cleaned Lumps (Hashab – Acacia senegal)
|Biogum HC: Cleaned & Sifted Kordofan Type (Hashab – Acacia senegal)
|Biogum H08: Kibbled & Sifted Kordofan Type (Hashab – Acacia senegal)
|Biogum HP: Mechanical Powder < 250μm (Hashab – Acacia senegal)
|Biogum TC: Cleaned (Talha – Acacia seyal)
|Biogum TP: Mechanical Powder < 250μm (Talha – Acacia seyal)
No grade is particularly better than the other, but rather, better suited to its functionality. All grades have full traceability.
Most recently, Biosylx has ventured into South Sudan, where we now have a central warehouse in Juba. There, we are able to collect Gum Acacia from various producing areas, starting from the Upper Nile region, and extending west, all the way to Northern and Western Bahr Al Ghazal.
|Acts as a vegetal texturizing and coating agent in gum drops or medication confectionery, boiled candies or pastilles.
|Improves textures, brings thickness and acts as an anti-crystallisation agent.
|In association with polyols, acacia gum is extremely efficient as a sugar-free coating and emulsifying agent.
|Gum Acacia as a polysaccharide and a resin-like substance stabilises colour, helps reduce astringency, softens tannins and gives a rounder mouthfeel.
|It lowers the risk of the formation of potassium bi-tartrate crystals, helps with the microbiological stability of wine, and prevents the formation of the colloidal complexes of metals from occurring.
|Can be used to improve the perlage of sparkling wines.
Flavour Encapsulation & Emulsions
One of its uses is to create a natural envelope for flavour encapsulation, adapted to encapsulate liposoluble substances. It also contributes to the stabilizing of water-based oil emulsions. These functionalities enable many food formulations to benefit from its film forming and protective carrier effects.
|Gum Acacia as a prebiotic fibre boosts gut populations of specific non-digestible bacteria (Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli bacteria).
|Note: Prebiotics are defined as substances that provide a beneficial physiological effect on the host by selectively stimulating the favourable growth or activity of a limited number of indigenous bacteria, benefits which are reported to include improving bone health, reducing the risk of colorectal cancer, boosting immunity, enhancing satiety and aiding weight management. | chemistry |
https://dartmoordeli.co.uk/products/natural-candle-orange-and-clove | 2022-05-26T04:05:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00004.warc.gz | 0.889644 | 281 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__243568628 | en | Natural Candle - Orange and Clove
The Dartmoor Soap Company's natural candles are created using their special in-house blend of soy and coconut waxes, scented with 100% pure aromatherapy essential oils, filling your room with a subtle natural scent.
The Dartmoor Soap Co. natural candles are hand-poured into reusable glass jars in their studio near Okehampton using a bespoke blend of soy and vegetable waxes, scented with 100% pure essential oils. Each are presented in a beautiful white box.
All our natural wax candles are vegan-friendly and free from palm oil and plastic.
Why use vegetable waxes…
- Vegetable wax candles generally burn longer than paraffin candles and throw the scent further.
- Paraffin is a refined gasoline by-product containing several carcinogen (cancer-causing) compounds, considered toxic by various environmental agencies. When burnt, its soot particles so small, they can potentially penetrate deep into the lung.
- Vegetable wax, unlike paraffin wax, is 100% biodegradable.
- Vegetable wax can be easily cleaned with soap and water while paraffin wax spills are very difficult to remove.
- Paraffin wax candles leave black residues on containers and walls, giving an indication of their harmful contents. | chemistry |
https://www.topcookery.com/how-to-make-brown-eggs-white/ | 2024-04-15T02:16:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816939.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415014252-20240415044252-00898.warc.gz | 0.925501 | 1,040 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__50379801 | en | To make brown eggs white, immerse them in a solution of water and vinegar, then heat and remove the foam as it boils. Wipe the eggs with a sponge and rinse them in water, being careful not to break the shell.
This method lightens the eggs by cooking them in vinegar, which thins the shell. However, it’s important to note that the color of chicken eggs is determined by the hen’s genetics and cannot be permanently changed. The trick described here only lightens the shell temporarily.
1. Natural Methods To Whiten Brown Eggs
To naturally whiten brown eggs, you can try soaking them in a mixture of vinegar and water. Another method is using whipped cream and food coloring to achieve a lighter color. Additionally, you can dye the eggs with onion skins for a natural and unique effect.
Soaking the eggs in a vinegar and water mixture is a simple process – just place the eggs in a bowl, cover them with the mixture, and let them sit for a while. Using whipped cream and food coloring involves covering the eggs with whipped cream and then adding drops of food coloring to create the desired shade.
Dying eggs with onion skins requires boiling the eggs with the skins, resulting in a beautiful, earthy color. These natural methods are a great way to transform brown eggs into white eggs for various purposes.
2. Easy Home Method To Whiten Eggs
To easily whiten brown eggs at home, start by placing the eggs in a bowl filled with water and vinegar. Then, heat the mixture until foam begins to form. Once it starts boiling, reduce the heat and remove the foam.
Next, use a sponge to wipe the eggs and rinse them with water. Be careful not to break the eggs, as their shells may be thinner due to the vinegar. Finally, compare the white eggs with the original brown ones to see the transformation.
This method is a simple and effective way to make brown eggs white using vinegar and water.
3. Common Misconceptions About Egg Color
Common misconceptions about egg color are often rooted in the belief that feather color affects eggshell color. However, understanding the genetics behind egg color reveals that this is not the case. It is a common misunderstanding that white hens lay white eggs.
In reality, the color of the hen’s feathers has no impact on the color of the eggs they lay. Exploring the science, we find that eggshell color is determined genetically, and white hens can lay eggs of various colors depending on their genetic makeup.
While chickens with lighter earlobes and white feathers tend to produce white eggs, those with colored feathers and darker earlobes may produce eggs of different colors. Therefore, if you’re looking to make brown eggs white, it’s essential to understand the genetics behind egg color rather than relying on misconceptions about feather color.
Frequently Asked Questions Of How To Make Brown Eggs White?
How Do You Lighten Brown Eggs With Vinegar?
To lighten brown eggs with vinegar, follow these simple steps: 1. Place the eggs in a bowl and cover them with water and vinegar. 2. Heat the mixture on low heat until it starts to boil, removing any foam that forms.
3. Wipe the eggs with a sponge and rinse them in water. 4. Be careful not to break the eggs, as the shells will be thinner from cooking in vinegar. This method will help lighten the color of brown eggs.
Do You Bleach Eggs To Make Them White?
No, eggs are not bleached to make them white. The color of the eggs is determined by the genetics of the hen.
How Do You Make Chicken Eggs White?
To make chicken eggs white, you cannot change their color as it is determined by the hen’s genetics.
Can Brown Egg Layers Lay White Eggs?
Yes, brown egg layers can lay white eggs. The color of the chicken’s feathers does not affect the color of the eggs they produce.
To summarize, there are several methods to make brown eggs white for Easter or any occasion. Using ingredients already available at home like onion skins, red beet, or hibiscus tea can naturally dye brown eggs and give them a vibrant color.
Additionally, using whipped cream and food coloring can create unique and fun patterns on the eggs. However, if you want the eggs to be pure white, you can try a simple trick of boiling them in water and vinegar. This process will make the shell thinner and, as a result, the eggs will appear white.
It is important to handle the eggs with care to prevent them from breaking while rinsing. Remember, the color of a bird’s feathers has no relation to the eggshell color. Lastly, using white vinegar can also help strip the color from brown eggshells, providing a bright and vibrant result.
With these tips and tricks, you can transform your brown eggs into beautiful, white creations for any occasion, particularly Easter. | chemistry |
https://news.curtin.edu.au/media-releases/research-suggests-how-jurassic-ichthyosaurs-adapted-to-low-oxygen-levels/ | 2022-09-28T05:50:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335124.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928051515-20220928081515-00228.warc.gz | 0.943251 | 693 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__176166493 | en | The presence of well-preserved biological material found in an Early Jurassic ichthyosaur vertebra suggests that fossils preserved through carbonate concretion could play a major role in understanding the biology of extinct species, as well as evolution, according to Curtin University research published in Scientific Reports.
An interdisciplinary research team led by organic geochemist John Curtin Distinguished Professor Kliti Grice, as part of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Outstanding Research Award Fellowship, analysed a 182.7 million year old vertebra from an ichthyosaur – a large, prehistoric lung-breathing marine reptile, resembling the modern-day dolphin.
Professor Grice explained that the sample, which was collected from a cement quarry in Germany, was fossilised in a way that preserved cholesterol, red blood cells and collagen fibres.
“A carbonate concretion encapsulated the Early Jurassic period vertebra, forming a tight seal that helped protect its tissue and cellular remains from full decomposition,” Professor Grice said.
Carbonate concretions are most commonly associated with organic matter-rich mudstones, such as black shales, and are formed under highly anoxic (low oxygen) conditions.
Professor Grice and Chloe Plet, a PhD researcher at Curtin University, assessed the trabecular and cortical bones of the vertebra, where they discovered the presence of fossilised soft tissue.
“During our analyses of the sample, we discovered red blood cell structures that were up to five times smaller than those reported in most modern organisms,” Professor Grice said.
This discovery led the researchers to propose the small size of these blood cell structures was related to the ichthyosaurs evolutionary adaptation to environmental conditions.
“Ichthyosaurs evolved during a time when atmospheric oxygen levels were continuously low over a period of 70 million years,” Ms Plet said.
“We propose that small red blood cells were favourably produced by the species to provide efficient oxygen transport and diffusion. For example, modern-day mammals living at elevated altitudes with lower oxygen levels make small and abundant red blood cells.”
Professor Grice continued to explain that similar, small-sized red blood cells had been reported previously in 70 million year old dinosaur bones – creatures that would have also adapted to low oxygen levels during evolution.
“This research suggests that not only could carbonate concretions play a major role in the investigation of the palaeobiology of extinct species, but also an understanding of the evolutionary adaptation of life under different paleoenvironmental conditions,” Professor Grice said.
The full research paper, Palaeobiology of red and white blood cell-like structures, collagen and cholesterol in an ichthyosaur bone, has been published by Scientific Reports and can be found as open access at DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-13873-4
This project was supported by an Australian Research Council (ARC) grant.
The vertebra sample analysed by Professor Grice and Ms Plet was recovered from the Posidonia Shale Konservat Fossil Lagerstätte in south-west Germany, with research co-author Professor Lorenz Schwark from University of Kiel, who is also an Adjunct Professor at Curtin University. | chemistry |
https://thegoodgrocer.ca/products/nature-clean-multi-surface-spray-cleaner-lime-tea-tree-740ml | 2021-12-06T15:30:38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363301.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206133552-20211206163552-00545.warc.gz | 0.76616 | 194 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__150687931 | en | Nature Clean® Multi-Surface Spray Cleaner has a unique West Indian Lime and Australian Tea Tree formula that will leave your home clean and smelling fresh! This spray removes tough grease, grime, sticky residues and scum without the use of petroleum solvents, alcohol ethoxylates, potentially dangerous sulfates (SLES), synthetic perfumes, dyes and animal by-products. This product is biodegradable and not tested on animals.
No Ethoxylated Alcohols, No Petroleum Solvents, No Potentially Dangerous Sulphates (SLES), No Dyes, No Synthetic Perfumes
Ingredients: Aqua/Water/Eau, Decyl Glucoside, Sodium Citrate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Silicate, Tetrasodium Iminodisuccinate, Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Leaf Oil, Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Oil | chemistry |
https://bugclinic.com/products/contrac-blox-18-lbs | 2023-12-11T15:04:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00487.warc.gz | 0.853141 | 152 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__257034625 | en | Contrac Blox - 18 Lbs
Not for Sale to: CA
Safety: Always use a tamper-resistant bait station to keep pets and children away.
CONTRAC BLOX is specially formulated with an optimal blend of food-grade ingredients and a small amount of paraffin Highly palatable, yet weatherable, CONTRAC works well in wet and dry conditions. Single-feeding anticoagulant rodenticide containing the active ingredient, Bromadiolone.
Application: Recommend changing bait out every 40-60 days.
Pet safe: Contrac is LESS toxic to non-target animals in both primary and secondary poisoning situations than other single-feeding baits. The antidote, Vitamin K1, is readily available. | chemistry |
https://jrenhep.com/index.php/jrenhep/article/view/49 | 2020-03-30T09:29:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00460.warc.gz | 0.922132 | 180 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__80012866 | en | Main Article Content
hepatic lipogenesis, hydroxy pyridine, MK-8245, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, SCD1
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a microsomal enzyme that controls fatty acid metabolism and is highly expressed in hepatocytes. SCD1 may play a key role in liver development and hepatic lipid homeostasis through promoting monounsaturated protein acylation and converting lipotoxic saturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids. Imbalanced activity of SCD1 has been implicated in fatty liver induction, inflammation and stress. In this review, the role of SCD1 in hepatic development, function and pathogenesis is discussed. Additionally, emerging novel therapeutic agents targeting SCD1 for the treatment of liver disorders are presented. | chemistry |
https://www.engineeringcredits.com/2018/09/05/scientists-find-new-behavior-of-water/ | 2021-11-28T11:17:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358520.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128103924-20211128133924-00194.warc.gz | 0.942364 | 353 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__100363635 | en | Scientists Find New Behavior of Water
The current state of the art theoretical models and computer simulations have predicted a fundamental asymmetry in the mechanisms by which water transports the protons from H2O, (H+) and (OH-). For nearly a century, it was thought that the mechanisms were mirror images of each other. Identical in all ways except the direction the bonds move. New research has discovered that this line of thinking is not true.
This asymmetrical movement has been extremely difficult to capture because scientists only get a glimpse of the predicted asymmetry. However, a team of researchers from New York University has devised a novel experiment for nailing down this movement. The experiment involves cooling down water to the maximum density temperature of 39 degrees. This is the temperature that asymmetry is expected to be the strongest. Using nuclear magnetic resonance to show the difference in the lifetimes of the two ions, the asymmetry became glaringly clear.
“The study of water’s molecular properties is of intense interest due to its central role in enabling physiological processes and its ubiquitous nature,” says Jerschow, the corresponding author of this study. “The new finding is quite surprising and may enable a deeper understanding of water’s properties as well as its role as a fluid in many of nature’s phenomena.”
With the theory now proven scientists can use this information to design new materials for clean energy applications. Further research will also be done using this new information to discover enzyme function in the body and to better understand how living organisms can thrive in harsh conditions, including sub-freezing temperatures. This remarkable property of water makes it a critical component of life, without this characteristic life itself would not be possible. | chemistry |
https://protochips.shop/products/shadow-mask-package | 2023-06-01T13:23:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647810.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601110845-20230601140845-00065.warc.gz | 0.87069 | 381 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__228470701 | en | The Protochips shadow mask enables precise, reproducible deposition of your sample to a targeted location. The shadow mask is compatible with all Poseidon, Atmosphere, and Fusion E-chips* and works with most physical vapor deposition methods (sputtering, e-beam evaporation, thermal evaporation) and drop casting. Using the shadow mask as part of your sample prep routine will aid with:
- Prevention of accidental E-chip shorting that occurs from sample spread
- Concentrating more sample in the viewing area to ensure there is plenty present for analysis
- Keeping spacers on closed-cell E-chips clean to prevent leaks
The shadow mask package contains: shadow mask plate with lid, sample pack of mask E-chips (10 total mask E-chips), set of 10 blank E-chips to fill unused pockets in the plate (to prevent sample build-up in the pockets).
The sample pack of mask E-chips comes with to mask designs: a square opening and a narrow opening. While either one can be used for many applications, the square opening is recommended for use with Fusion heating and Atmosphere heating E-chips, and the narrow opening is recommended for use with Poseidon E-chips and Fusion electrical E-chips.
- Shadow Mask plate and lid are made of PEEK
- Max temperature recommendation for the plate and lid: 100C
- Size of mask plate and lid: (70 L x 35 W x 12 H) mm
- Vacuum compatible
- Mask E-chips openings: Square - 120 x 120 µm | Narrow - 120 µm x 240 µm
*The FIB-optimized E-chip is not to be used with the Shadow Mask. Please use the FIB stub with this E-chip instead. | chemistry |
http://glenjackson.faculty.wvu.edu/presentations | 2017-09-23T12:37:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689661.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923123156-20170923143156-00548.warc.gz | 0.735663 | 2,258 | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__50781227 | en | Invited presentations (non-conference)
West Virginia Law Review Symposium, Morgantown, WV
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
US FDA, College Park, MD
Roads Scholar Academy, Naples, FL
Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Sept 2014
Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS) Speaker Tour, John Carroll University, Cleveland, OH
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
Appalachia State University, Boone, NC
Bennett Careers for Chemists Program, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
NSF Workshop of Strengthening Forensic Science Through Connections with Analytical
Sciences, Arlington, VA
Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL
Alumni College, Ohio University, Athens, OH
Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Department of Chemistry, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH
MFRC Forensic Education Forum, Indianapolis, IN
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State U., Kent, OH
Department of Chemistry, U. Akron, Akron, OH
Pittsburgh Mass Spectrometry Discussion Group, Pittsburgh, PA
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richmond, WA
FDA Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH
Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Truman State University, Kirksville, MO
Oxford Roundtable on Criminal Law and Justice, Oxford University, Oxford, England
Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
Department of Chemistry, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, PA
Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
Ohio Academy of Science, Dayton, OH
NIH, Bathesda, MD
Invited conference presentations
F. M. Fernandez and G. P. Jackson, “ Forensic Mass Spectrometry: #TellMeSomethingIDontKnow” Opening Tutorial at the 64th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, San Antonio, TX, June 2016
G. P. Jackson, “The Future of Forensic Instrumental Methods of Analysis” at the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Las Vegas, NV, Feb 2016
W. D. Hoffmann, B. Lv, G. P. Jackson, “Isobaric drug analysis using direct analysis in real time (DART) and hydrogen/deuterium exchange” ACS Meeting, Boston, MA, Aug 2015
G. P. Jackson, K. I. Konstantynova, M. V. P de Matos, R. Mohr,”Forensic Attribution using Stable Isotopes: Hairs to Humans and Insects to Carrion” Pittsburgh Conference, New Orleans, LA, Mar 2015
G. P. Jackson “Linking Insects to Humans and Hair to Human Phenotypes using Stable Isotopes” ASMS Sanibel Conference on Security and Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Clearwater Beach, FL, Jan 2015
G. P. Jackson, R. Mohr, K. I. Konstantynova “Forensic Attribution using Stable Isotopes: Hairs to Humans and Insects to Carrion” SciX Conference, Reno, NV, Oct 2014
G. P. Jackson “Metastable Atom Activated Dissociation: Status and Outlook” ASMS Sanibel Conference on Ion Activation: Fundamentals, Applications, and New Frontiers, Clearwater Beach, FL, Jan 2014
G. P. Jackson, Y. An, K. I. Konstantynova “Biometrics from the Stable Isotope Analysis
of Amino Acids in Human Hair” FACSS Innovation Award Session, SciX Conference,
Milwaukee, WI, Oct
G. P. Jackson, F. Jin, W. D. Hoffman, G. F. Verbeck “Development of a Loeb-Eiber
Mass Filter for Portable Mass Spectrometry” 9th Harsh Environment Mass Spectrometry
Workshop (HEMS), St. Pete Beach, FL, Sept
G. P. Jackson, Y. An, K. Konstantynova “Biometrics from the delta13C Values of Amino Acids in Human Hair” FIRMS Conference, Montreal, Canada, Sept 2013
G. P. Jackson, R. E. Deimler, T. Razunguzwa, B. Reschke and M. Powell “Direct Analysis of Forensic Samples by Laser Ablation Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LAESI-MS/MS)” SciX 2012, 39th FACSS Conference, Kansas City, MO, Oct 2012
G. P. Jackson “Development of a Portable Loeb-Eiber Mass Spectrometer” 38th Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Reno, NV, Oct 2011
G. P. Jackson, B. Deimler, S. L. Cook, C. M. Zimmernmann, R. Hoffman “Comparison of CID, ETD, and Metastable Atom-Activated Dissociation (MAD) of Phosphorylated Tau Peptides” Central Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Indianapolis, IN, Jun 2011
G. P. Jackson “Metastable Atom-Activated Dissociation of Glycopeptides, Nitrosylated Peptides and Non-Peptidic Analytes” 38th Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Raleigh, NC, Oct 2010
S. L. Cook, G. P. Jackson “Metastable-Atom Activated Dissociation (MAD) within a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (QIT-MS)” 7th Uppsala Conference on Electron Capture and Transfer Dissociation, Nara, Japan, Dec 2009
G. P. Jackson “Quantitative Assessment of the Growth in Forensic Science Degree Programs in the US” 18th Triennial Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, New Orleans, LA, Jul 2008
G. P. Jackson “A Faster Method of Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Fast or Complex GC and LC Separations” 34th Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Memphis, TN, Oct 2007
G. P. Jackson, O. L. Collin, C. Zimmermann, Ü. A. Laskay, M. Beier “Fast Gas Chromatography With Quadrupole Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry Applied to the Detection of Explosives” 33rd Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Orlando, Fl, Oct 2006
O. L. Collin, G. P. Jackson “Analysis of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters by Fast Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry” 33rd Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Orlando, Fl, Oct 2006
G. P. Jackson “Metastable-Activated Dissociation Mass Spectrometry for the Structural Determination of Proteins” University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Mar 2005
G. P. Jackson “Recent Developments in Mass Spectrometry: Instrumentation and Applications” Upper Ohio Valley Section of the American Chemical Society, Marietta College, Marietta, OH, Feb 2005
More than 100 authored and co-authoroed presentations (oral and poster).
2015 FORENSIC & INVESTIGATIVE SCIENCE OUTREACH, MORGANTOWN, WV
Forensic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Workshop. Taught a three-day workshop to 17 practicing forensic professionals.
2015 LAS VEGAS METROPOLITAN CRIME LABORATORY, LAS VEGAS, NV
Taught a 3-day Forensic GC/MS course with EI Spectral Interpretation to ~17 practicing forensic professionals.
2014 HOUSTON FORENSIC SCIENCE CENTER, HOUSTON, TX
Taught a two-day Forensic GC/MS Workshop to ~23 practicing forensic professionals.
2014 FORENSIC & INVESTIGATIVE SCIENCE OUTREACH, MORGANTOWN, WV
Forensic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Workshop. Taught a three-day workshop to ~18 practicing forensic professionals.
2013 WEBINAR SERIES ON THE APPLICATIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE FOR THE LEGAL PROFESSIONAL, MORGANTOWN, WV
Taught a live webinar on The Use of Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science, including real-time question and answer session to more than 120 registrants.
2011 CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR FORENSIC PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM, JACKSON HOLE, WY
Mass Spectrometry Workshop: Drug and Trace. Taught a two-day workshop to 25 practicing forensic professionals. Uncertainty of Measurements Workshop. Taught two ½-day workshops to a total of ~30 practicing forensic professionals.
2010 CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR FORENSIC PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM, BOSTON, MA
Workshop 1: Mass Spectrometry: Drug and Trace. Taught a two-day workshop to 25 practicing forensic professionals. Mass Spectrometry
Workshop 2: Mass Spectrometry: HPLC for Toxicology. Taught a one-day workshop to 25 practicing forensic professionals.
2009 INDIANA STATE POLICE, LABORATORY DIVISION, INDIANAPOLIS, IN
Mass Spectrometry Interpretation Workshop. Taught a three-day workshop to a total of 25 practicing forensic professionals in trace and drug units.
2009 CEDAR CREST COLLEGE CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAM, ALLENTOWN, PA
Forensic Mass Spectrometry Workshop. (NIJ-funded). Taught a three-day workshop to 27 practicing forensic professionals.
2009 CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR FORENSIC PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM, LAS VEGAS, NV
Forensic Mass Spectrometry Workshop. (NIJ/FSI Funded). Taught a two-day workshop to 25 practicing forensic professionals.
2007 CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR FORENSIC PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM, ORLANDO, FL
Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry Workshop. (NIJ/FSI Funded). Taught two workshops to a total of 40 practicing forensic professionals. | chemistry |
https://www.vynova-group.com/press-releases/launch-renewable-chlor-alkali | 2024-02-21T02:46:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00440.warc.gz | 0.905757 | 788 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__180835124 | en | Vynova has started commercialisation of ISCC PLUS-certified renewable caustic soda, which is manufactured using renewable energy sources. Vynova’s renewable caustic soda has a significantly lower carbon footprint than conventionally produced caustic soda and will help customers across a variety of industries to manufacture more sustainable products.
For the production of its renewable caustic soda, Vynova uses electricity generated from renewable energy input like wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal or water (including hydrothermal sources, waves and tides) in its membrane electrolysis process. The renewability of the electricity is proven via renewable energy Guarantees of Origin (GOs), renewable power purchase agreements (PPAs) or via a direct connection to the processing unit producing the renewable electricity.
Mass balance approach
Vynova’s renewable caustic soda is certified under the ISCC PLUS framework according to a mass balance concept using a proportional approach. ISCC is a globally applicable sustainability certification system. The ISCC PLUS certification scheme requires strict traceability and is verified by independent third-party auditors. Vynova is the first company worldwide to obtain the ISCC PLUS certification for renewable caustic soda. Vynova’s renewable caustic soda will be produced at its membrane electrolysis plant in Tessenderlo, Belgium.
“This product launch is another important step in improving the sustainability performance of our products in the chlor-alkali chain. Using the mass balance approach, we can now attribute a renewable energy share across all the products coming from our Tessenderlo electrolysis unit. Caustic soda is primarily used as a process chemical and our renewable caustic soda will help our customers across a wide range of industries to achieve their sustainability goals,” comments Peter Oosterveer, Vynova Vice President Caustic Soda Business.
Same product quality and specifications
The renewable caustic soda meets the same rigorous product quality and specifications as Vynova’s conventionally produced caustic soda. Customers will be able to process it with their existing equipment, under identical process conditions.
Vynova’s renewable caustic soda will be marketed under the VynoEcoSolutions brand, Vynova’s portfolio of circular and renewable products, which also includes the company’s bio- and circular-attributed PVC ranges.
The membrane electrolysis unit at Vynova's site in Tessenderlo, Belgium.
Vynova's renewable caustic soda is manufactured using electricity generated from renewable energy input.
Download a series of press images
Vynova is a leading European PVC and chlor-alkali company. Our products play a key role in manufacturing numerous industrial products and consumer goods that improve our quality of life. With production sites in five countries and 1,250 committed employees, we generate annual sales of 1 billion euros.
Established in 2015, Vynova is the chlor-vinyls platform of the International Chemical Investors Group (ICIG). Our product offering comprises multiple grades of suspension PVC (S-PVC), KOH and other potassium derivatives, caustic soda (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).
For more information, visit www.vynova-group.com.
ISCC is a globally applicable sustainability certification system and covers all sustainable feedstocks, including agricultural and forestry biomass, circular materials and renewables. With currently over 4,000 valid certificates in more than 100 countries, ISCC is among the world’s largest certification systems. It has been developed through an open multi-stakeholder process and is governed by an association with more than 150 members, including research institutes and NGOs.
Group Communication Manager Vynova Group
Phone: +32 479 32 34 99 | chemistry |
https://arc-refuellers.be/temperature-jet-fuel-burn/ | 2024-02-26T10:41:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00098.warc.gz | 0.891687 | 2,317 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__155696943 | en | Every time we witness the awe-inspiring sight of jets soaring through the sky, we can’t help but wonder about the incredible power that propels them forward. The secret lies in the remarkable properties of jet fuel burn and the intricate combustion process that takes place within a jet engine.
In this article, we will delve deep into the science behind jet fuel burn, uncovering its components, properties, and the factors that affect its performance. Fasten your seatbelts and prepare for an illuminating journey through the world of jet fuel.
Understanding Jet Fuel’s Composition and Characteristics
Aviation turbine fuel (ATF), commonly known as Jet fuel, is a highly refined, combustible liquid that is specially designed to be used in aircraft engines. The fuel is primarily composed of a variety of complex hydrocarbon compounds that are derived from crude oil and natural gas. These compounds include paraffins, cycloparaffins or naphthenes, aromatics, and olefins, with proportions varying depending on the source of the fuel and the refining process used.
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The production of Jet fuel involves meticulous formulation to meet the stringent requirements of aviation, ensuring optimal performance, safety, and reliability during flights.
Several key components influence the properties of jet fuel:
- Combustion Quality: Determines the efficiency of fuel burn, impacting power output and emissions.
- Energy Content: The amount of heat released per unit mass of fuel, directly affecting engine performance and range.
- Volatility: The tendency to evaporate, influencing ignition and atomization within the engine.
- Lubricity: Important for reducing wear and tear on engine components.
- Stability: Resistance to degradation during storage and use.
Comparing Jet A and Jet A-1
Jet A and Jet A-1 are two commonly used jet fuels known for their high efficiency and effectiveness in powering turbo aircraft engines. Both fuels have flash points above 38 °C (100 °F) and autoignition temperatures reaching up to a staggering 210 °C (410 °F). These properties make them highly efficient jet fuels, enabling them to power turbo aircraft engines effectively.
The Combustion Chamber: Where the Magic Happens
Jet fuel consists primarily of hydrocarbon molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons release energy when they undergo combustion, which powers the aircraft. The long-chain hydrocarbons in jet fuel provide a high energy density, allowing for efficient fuel consumption and prolonged flight durations.
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The combustion chamber of a jet engine is where the magic happens. It is the space where the jet fuel reacts with oxygen to produce an incredible amount of energy, propelling the aircraft forward. The combustion process can be broken down into several stages:
- Intake: Air is pressurized in the engine’s compressor, increasing its pressure several times over atmospheric pressure.
- Atomization: Nozzles spray the fuel into a fine mist, maximizing its surface area for efficient mixing with air.
- Vaporization: The intense heat within the chamber converts the atomized fuel into vapor, creating a combustible mixture.
- Ignition: The high pressure and heat cause the fuel-air mixture to ignite spontaneously, releasing a surge of energy in the form of hot, expanding gases.
- Expansion and Thrust: The hot gases blast through the turbine blades, rotating the engine’s compressor and generating thrust.
- Exhaust: The remaining gases exit through the nozzle, propelling the aircraft forward.
This combustion process, known as “jet” or “turbo-jet” combustion, utilizes higher pressures and combusts faster with greater efficiency, resulting in reduced pollutant production.
The Net Heat of Combustion: Powering Jet Engines
The net heat of combustion is a crucial parameter that directly affects the efficiency and performance of jet engines. It refers to the quantity of heat released by the combustion of a unit quantity of fuel with oxygen. The net heat of combustion influences the economics of engine performance, as a reduction in heat energy would result in increased fuel consumption and decreased range.
Jet fuels are carefully formulated to have high net heat of combustion values, ensuring efficient energy release during combustion and maximizing the power output of the engine. By selecting the composition and properties of jet fuels meticulously, manufacturers strive to achieve the ideal balance between energy content and fuel consumption.
Flammability and Ignition Characteristics of Jet Fuel
Understanding the flammability and ignition characteristics of jet fuel is crucial for ensuring safe operations. Jet fuels must possess specific properties to support the combustion process and maintain stable ignition.
Flash Point: A Measure of Flammability
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a fuel vapor can ignite when exposed to an open flame or spark. Jet fuels, such as Jet A and Jet A-1, have flash points above 38 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit), making them less volatile and safer to handle. The flash point serves as a reference for determining safe handling and storage practices, as dictated by local regulations and insurance requirements.
Flammability Limits Versus Altitude
Self-sustained combustion occurs within specific ranges of fuel vapor-to-air ratios, influenced by temperature and pressure. The flammability limits vary with altitude, as changes in temperature and pressure affect the composition of the fuel-air mixture. Understanding these limits is crucial for maintaining safe operating conditions throughout different altitudes.
Minimum Spark Ignition Energy
The minimum energy needed for a spark to ignite a hydrocarbon fuel/air mixture is 0.20 mJ. The ideal conditions are a rich mixture near the stoichiometric point, glass flanged metal electrodes with a gap of 0.4 cm. Any deviation from ideal conditions increases the energy requirement for ignition. Different fuel/air mixtures, electrode geometry, or gap distance will affect the energy needed. Fuel in mist or spray form requires more energy for ignition than vapor. Higher oxygen concentration decreases ignition energy. The ignition energy needed for fuel sprays depends on temperature, fuel volatility, nozzle configuration, and fuel pressure.
Unveiling the Effects of External Factors on Jet Fuel Burn
The successful combustion of jet fuel is influenced by various external factors that must be taken into consideration. Weather conditions, altitude, and humidity levels can affect the efficiency and performance of the fuel-burning process.
Extreme temperatures and high-altitude conditions can pose challenges to the combustion process. The lower oxygen levels at higher altitudes necessitate adjustments to the air-fuel mixture to maintain proper combustion. Moreover, changes in ambient temperature can impact the viscosity of the fuel, affecting its flow rate and combustion characteristics.
Pressure Levels Required for Jet Fuel Combustion
Jet fuel needs to be pressurized for optimal combustion. At ground level, 3-5 atmospheres are required, while higher altitudes may require up to 7-8 atmospheres. Higher pressures lead to improved combustion efficiency and lower emissions. Fuel composition and characteristics determine the specific pressure requirements.
The humidity of jet fuel affects its combustion performance. Too much moisture can cause incomplete combustion and more emissions, while too little can result in inefficient fuel distribution. Modern jet engines have advanced humidifiers and dehumidifiers to maintain optimal humidity levels, which reduces emissions and lowers fuel consumption costs.
Temperatures at Which the Jet Fuel Burn
The combustion of jet fuel is a process that is significantly influenced by temperature. The ignition of jet fuels typically occurs within the temperature range of 300 to 400 degrees Celsius, although the precise parameters may vary depending on the specific additives used in the production process. If the temperature falls below this range, the fuel may not ignite, and combustion efficiency may be compromised due to increased viscosity. Conversely, if the temperature exceeds this range, there may be an upsurge in emissions such as CO and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC).
It is imperative to focus on optimizing the temperature range for jet fuel burning to reduce emissions and maximize efficiency. Various techniques such as fuel pre-heating and fuel temperature control systems can be implemented to maintain the most appropriate combustion conditions.
Maximum Flame Temperature
When burning hydrocarbons in pure oxygen, the maximum flame temperature can be precisely determined. Carbon can reach 3200°C, while hydrogen can reach 2750°C. However, when air is used instead of pure oxygen, the maximum flame temperature decreases by two-thirds. Burning in air requires heating three times as many molecules as burning in pure oxygen, resulting in only a 1/3rd rise in temperature. Burning hydrocarbons in the air can increase temperature by 1000°C, but reaching the maximum temperature is complex with a diffuse flame.
Debunking Jet Fuel Myths
Jet fuel has been the subject of numerous misconceptions and myths over the years. Let’s debunk some of the most common misunderstandings surrounding jet fuel:
Myth: Jet Fuel Melts Steel Beams
One persistent myth is the belief that jet fuel can melt steel beams. However, this claim is not supported by scientific evidence. Steel melts at a temperature of 2,750 degrees Fahrenheit, while jet fuel burn at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit. While jet fuel can cause structures to catch fire and potentially weaken them, it does not reach temperatures high enough to melt steel.
Myth: Jet Fuel is Just Kerosene
While jet fuel and kerosene share some similarities, they are not the same. Jet fuel is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds derived from crude oil and natural gas. Kerosene, on the other hand, is primarily refined from petroleum. The flash point and other properties of kerosene may differ from those of jet fuel, making it unsuitable for use in aircraft.
Safety Considerations for Handling and Storing Jet Fuel
Jet fuel is a highly regulated and tightly controlled substance due to its critical role in aviation. Minor changes in fuel properties, cleanliness, or contaminant levels can have significant and unexpected effects on engine performance. Therefore, stringent specifications and handling procedures are in place to ensure utmost safety and reliability.
One crucial safety consideration when dealing with jet fuel is its flash point, the temperature at which the fuel vapor ignites. To minimize the risk of accidental fuel explosions during handling and storage, jet fuel should have a high flash point. Additionally, jet fuel must exhibit thermal stability, especially when subjected to temperature extremes encountered during flight.
Handling and storing jet fuel requires meticulous care due to its highly flammable and potentially hazardous nature. From transportation to storage facilities, strict safety protocols must be followed to minimize the risk of accidents or fuel contamination.
The science behind jet fuel burn is a complex yet fascinating subject. Understanding the properties, combustion process, and safety considerations of jet fuel is crucial for the efficient and safe operation of aircraft. By adhering to stringent regulations and implementing proper handling and storage practices, the aviation industry ensures that jet fuel is used safely and efficiently in aircraft engines. The power and reliability of jet engines are a testament to the remarkable properties of jet fuel and the meticulous engineering that goes into its combustion process. | chemistry |
http://www.daham.org/basil/leedswww/ftir/ftir_principle.htm | 2017-07-24T08:45:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424770.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724082331-20170724102331-00574.warc.gz | 0.910787 | 1,303 | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__142877695 | en | Principles of Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy
The application of traditional infrared spectroscopy to low concentration measurements, such as ambient air measurements, is limited by several factors. First is the significant presence of water vapour, CO 2 and methane, which strongly absorb in many regions of the infrared (IR) spectrum. Consequently, the spectral regions that can easily be used to search for pollutants are limited to 760-1300cm -1 , 2000-2230 cm -1 , and 2390-3000 cm -1 . Another problem is that the sensitivity is not enough to detect very small concentrations in the sub-ppm level. Finally, spectral analysis was difficult since subtraction of background spectra had to be carried out manually.
The development of Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) in the early 1970s provided a quantum leap in infrared analytical capabilities for monitoring trace pollutants in ambient air. This technique offered a number of advantages over conventional infrared systems, including sensitivity, speed and improved data processing.
The basic components of an FTIR are shown schematically in Figure 1 . The infrared source emits a broad band of different wavelength of infrared radiation. The IR source used in the Temet GASMET FTIR CR-series is a SiC ceramic at a temperature of 1550 K. The IR radiation goes through an interferometer that modulates the infrared radiation. The interferometer performs an optical inverse Fourier transform on the entering IR radiation. The modulated IR beam passes through the gas sample where it is absorbed to various extents at different wavelengths by the various molecules present. Finally the intensity of the IR beam is detected by a detector, which is a liquid-nitrogen cooled MCT (Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride) detector in the case of the Temet GASMET FTIR CR-series. The detected signal is digitised and Fourier transformed by the computer to get the IR spectrum of the sample gas.
Figure 1: Basic components of FTIR
The unique part of an FTIR spectrometer is the interferometer. A Michelson type plane mirror interferometer is displayed in Figure 2 . Infrared radiation from the source is collected and collimated (made parallel) before it strikes the beamsplitter. The beamsplitter ideally transmits one half of the radiation, and reflects the other half. Both transmitted and reflected beams strike mirrors, which reflect the two beams back to the beamsplitter. Thus, one half of the infrared radiation that finally goes to the sample gas has first been reflected from the beamsplitter to the moving mirror, and then back to the beamsplitter. The other half of the infrared radiation going to the sample has first gone through the beamsplitter and then reflected from the fixed mirror back to the beamsplitter. When these two optical paths are reunited, interference occurs at the beamsplitter because of the optical path difference caused by the scanning of the moving mirror.
Figure 2: Michelson interferometer
The optical path length difference between the two optical paths of a Michelson interferometer is two times the displacement of the moving mirror. The interference signal measured by the detector as a function of the optical path length difference is called the interferogram. A typical interferogram produced by the interferometer is shown in Figure 3 . The graph shows the intensity of the infrared radiation as a function of the displacement of the moving mirror. At the peak position, the optical path length is exactly the same for the radiation that comes from the moving mirror as it is for the radiation that comes from the fixed mirror.
Figure 3: A typical interferogram
The spectrum can be computed from the interferogram by performing a Fourier transform. The Fourier transform is performed by the same computer that ultimately performs the quantitative analysis of the spectrum.
The degree of absorption of infrared radiation at each wavelength is quantitatively related to the number of absorbing molecules in the sample gas. Since there is a linear relationship between the absorbance and the number of absorbing molecules, multicomponent quantitative analysis of gas mixtures is feasible.
To perform multicomponent analysis we start with the sample spectrum. In addition, we need reference spectra of all the gas components that may exist in the sample, if these components are to be analysed. A reference spectrum is a spectrum of one single gas component of specific concentration. In multicomponent analysis we try to combine these reference spectra with appropriate multipliers in order to get a spectrum that is as close as possible to the sample spectrum. If we succeed in forming a spectrum similar to the sample spectrum, we get the concentration of each gas component in the sample gas using the multipliers of the reference spectra, provided that we know the concentrations of the reference gases.
For example, suppose we have a sample spectrum and reference spectra like those shown in Figure 4 . In this case, we know that the sample gas consists of gases Reference 1 and Reference 2. We have the reference spectra available and we know that these reference spectra represent concentrations of 10 ppm and 8 ppm respectively. To find out the concentration of each component in the sample gas, we try to form the measured sample spectrum using a linear combination of the reference spectra. We find out that if we multiply the spectrum Reference 1 by 5 and the spectrum Reference 2 by 2, and combine these two spectra, we get a spectrum that is similar to the sample spectrum. Accordingly, the sample gas contains reference gas 1 at five times the amount in the reference spectrum 1, and reference gas 2 at two times the amount in the reference spectrum 2. The analysis indicates that the sample indeed consists of these two reference gases. The concentration of the reference gas 1 in the sample is found to be 50 ppm, and the concentration of the reference gas 2 in the sample is 16 ppm.
Figure 4: An example of spectra for multicomponent analysis
This multicomponent ability of FTIR means that theoretically, any spectrum obtained with the FTIR can be reprocessed at a future date to determine the concentration of any newly calibrated gases. Therefore it is worth saving the spectra obtained from FTIR since they potentially contain so much information about the sample gas.
More information from the manufacturer's website can be found here where you can download a pdf document all about the theory of FTIR spectroscopy. | chemistry |
https://www.sporomex.co.uk/applications/cosmetics | 2024-04-21T21:45:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817819.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421194551-20240421224551-00725.warc.gz | 0.929779 | 417 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__171821404 | en | Cosmetics and Personal Care
Here the two important factors tend to be the anti-oxidant protection provided by the exine shell coupled with the ability of the finger or thumb or other pressure to release an encapsulated liquid from the exines onto such as fabric or the skin. The exine shells are a natural replacement for the plastic beads that have for many years been used in cosmetic, personal care and laundry products.
The encapsulated active ingredient may be applied to the skin in a cosmetic formulation and release from the exine shells onto the skin over a period of time achieved by continued rubbing. The encapsulated active ingredient in a cosmetic, personal care or laundry formulation may also be sprayed onto fabric or other surface and release achieved by pressure. However, depending on the encapsulation process a continuous diffusion from the exines (that act as a reservoir) can be achieved.
The encapsulated ingredients form a dry powder, which can be added to a cream or lotion. Several different powders can be used in a single product so for example, sun screen, sun tan and an aroma could be present in a sun lotion. The colour of the powder can be varied from chocolate-brown to light cream depending upon the application for which it is required.
Where the active ingredient is volatile a co-encapsulating substance is required to block the pores in the exine shell or to form an inner or outer protective layer. In order to obtain effective release on application however, this substance must be easily broken or able to be pushed out. One possibility is cocoa butter which can easily be applied as a liquid during the filling procedure. It then becomes solid at ambient temperatures, but melts again when put on the skin. Rubbing will release both the cocoa butter and the active ingredients it is helping to contain.
We have licensed our exine shell technology to a multi-national cosmetic ingredients company for use in the decorative cosmetics market. A variety of cosmetic formulations have been manufactured and cosmetic products incorporating our exine microcapsule technology were placed on the market late 2012. | chemistry |
https://onepotwellness.com/crispy-air-fried-chicken-wings/ | 2023-11-28T14:44:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099514.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128115347-20231128145347-00158.warc.gz | 0.8776 | 1,728 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__135543643 | en | If you're obsessed with your air fryer like I am, you'll love making crispy chicken wings in the air fryer.
Air fryers have changed the way that I cook. They are a healthier alternative to frying and make things like crispy chicken wings possible without the excess oil.
In this recipe, we'll show you how to make irresistibly crunchy air fryer chicken wings using a salt brine and baking powder.
Why you'll love this recipe
You'll want to save this one for your next superbowl party.
How to Make Crispy Chicken Wings
What are the secrets to achieving crispy skin chicken wings in the air fryer?
Using a salt brine is an essential first step in this air fryer chicken wings recipe.
The overnight salt brine works by infusing the chicken wings with moisture and seasoning, resulting in a juicier and more flavorful end product.
If you don't have time for an overnight soak, aim for at least 2 hours.
When the chicken is immersed in the saltwater mixture, the salt molecules penetrate the meat, breaking down its protein structure and allowing the wings to retain more water during the cooking process.
This moisture retention not only prevents the chicken from drying out but also enables the flavors of the brine to be absorbed deeply into the meat. As a result, the chicken wings become thoroughly seasoned from the inside out.
Incorporating baking powder into the seasoning mixture is another important aspect of this air fryer chicken wings recipe that contributes to the chicken wings' exceptional crispiness.
It is important to use baking powder, not baking soda for this.
Baking powder is a leavening agent that contains both an acid and a base. When exposed to heat, it produces carbon dioxide gas, causing the wings' surface to puff up and create a light, airy texture.
This reaction occurs during the air frying process, helping to create a delicate and crispy crust on the chicken wings.
Additionally, the alkaline properties of baking powder promote browning, resulting in a beautifully golden and crunchy chicken wing.
How much baking powder for crispy wings?
For every pound of chicken wings that you're cooking, you should use 1-2 tablespoons of baking powder.
Two different temperatures
Cooking the chicken wings on a lower heat first before cranking up the temperature to a higher heat is a secret technique to achieving exceptionally crispy wings.
Starting at a lower temperature allows the chicken skin to render its fat slowly, resulting in a tender and moist interior.
As the fat renders, it also helps to create a perfect base for the desired crispiness.
After this initial cooking phase, increasing the heat to 400°F (200°C) or higher for the final cooking stage rapidly crisps up the chicken skin, giving it that irresistible crunch.
The combination of the low-and-slow rendering followed by the high-temperature crisping ensures that the chicken wings retain their juiciness while achieving a delectable golden-brown and crispy exterior.
Can I use frozen chicken wings?
For the best results, it's recommended to use fresh or thawed chicken wings. Frozen wings may not absorb the seasoning and brine as well.
Can I use other seasonings?
Absolutely! Feel free to experiment with different seasonings to suit your taste preferences. You can also add herbs, lemon zest, or other spices for more variety.
Garlic Parmesan Wings
After air frying, toss the wings in a mixture of 1 tablespoon melted butter, 1 tablespoon minced garlic, ½ cup grated Parmesan cheese, and chopped parsley for a rich and indulgent treat.
Cajun Spice Wings
Coat the wings with a blend of 1tsp Cajun seasoning, ½ teaspoon paprika, ½ teaspoon garlic powder, and ½ teaspoon onion powder for a bold and spicy Cajun-inspired flavor.
Create a mix of dried herbs with 1 teaspoon each of thyme, rosemary, oregano, and basil to sprinkle over the wings for a burst of aromatic and earthy flavors.
Smoky Chipotle Wings
Combine 1 teaspoon chipotle chili powder, 1 teaspoon smoked paprika, ½ teaspoon cumin, and a pinch of cayenne for smoky and spicy wings.
What happens if you use baking soda instead of baking powder on wings?
Using baking soda instead of baking powder on wings can result in a significantly different outcome.
Baking soda is a stronger leavening agent than baking powder, which means it will create more air bubbles and cause the wings to rise more during cooking.
However, using baking soda alone can also lead to an unpleasant bitter taste in the wings.
Can I use cornstarch for crispy chicken wings?
Yes, when used on chicken wings, cornstarch can add a unique crispiness to the outer layer of the wings.
To use cornstarch on chicken wings, you can toss the wings in a mixture of cornstarch and your desired seasonings before cooking them in the air fryer. The cornstarch creates a light and crunchy coating on the wings, enhancing their overall texture.
How long do I brine the wings?
Brine the wings for at least 1 hour or up to 4 hours for the best flavor and texture.
Can I reuse the brine?
No, it's best to discard the brine after use due to potential contamination from the raw chicken.
The Crispiest Air Fryer Chicken Wings
For the Salt Brine:
- 2 pounds approx. 907g of chicken wings
- 4 cups 960ml of water
- ¼ cup 60g of kosher salt
For the Seasoning:
- 1 teaspoon 5g of garlic powder
- 1 teaspoon 5g of smoked paprika
- 1 teaspoon 5g of onion powder
- ½ teaspoon 2.5g of cumin
- ½ teaspoon 2.5g of cayenne pepper (adjust according to spice preference)
- ½ teaspoon 2.5g of black pepper
- 1 tablespoon 15g of baking powder
Step 1: Prepare the Salt Brine
- In a large bowl, combine 4 cups of water and ¼ cup of kosher salt, stirring until the salt dissolves completely.
- Add the chicken wings to the saltwater mixture, ensuring they are fully submerged.
- Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and refrigerate for at least 1 hour or up to 4 hours. For even juicier wings, you can brine them overnight.
Step 2: Season the Chicken Wings
- Remove the chicken wings from the brine and pat them dry with paper towels.
- In a separate bowl, mix the garlic powder, paprika, cayenne pepper, black pepper, and baking powder to create the seasoning mixture.
- Toss the dry chicken wings in the seasoning mixture until each wing is evenly coated.
Step 3: Air fry
- Preheat your air fryer to 250°F (120°C) for about 5 minutes.
- Lightly grease the air fryer basket with cooking spray or brush with a small amount of oil to prevent sticking.
- Place the seasoned chicken wings in a single layer in the air fryer basket, ensuring they are not overcrowded. You may need to cook them in batches.
- Cook the chicken wings at 250°F (120°C) for 20 minutes.
- Increase the temperature to 400°F (200°C).
- Cook for an additional 15-20 minutes, flipping them halfway through to ensure even cooking and browning.
- For extra crispiness, you can cook the wings for an additional 2-3 minutes, but be careful not to overcook.
Step 4: Serve and Enjoy!
- Once the chicken wings are cooked to perfection, remove them from the air fryer and let them cool for a minute or two.
- Serve the hot and crispy air fryer chicken wings with your favorite dipping sauce or alongside some fresh veggies for a delightful meal.
The combination of the salt brine, flavorful seasoning, and the magic of baking powder creates chicken wings that are crispy on the outside and tender on the inside.
This air fryer chicken wing recipe is a healthier and equally tasty alternative to traditional fried chicken wings.
If you're looking for other easy and healthy dinners, check out these recipes. | chemistry |
https://mandingold.com/mineral.html | 2022-08-13T07:15:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00428.warc.gz | 0.925043 | 248 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__181790373 | en | Pervasive gold mineralisation ranging from 1g/t to 10g/t occurs along FZ over a strike length ranging
from few meters to a km..
Gold mineralisation occurs in all of the four major rock types (greywacke,
diorite and quartz-feldspar porphyry), and is spatially associated with a complex alteration pattern.
Alteration assemblages identified to date include calcsilicate, potassic, chlorite–calcite and carbonate and
point to a mesothermal origin for gold mineralisation
Gold is associated with both arsenic and antimony
dominated sulphide assemblages including arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, stibnite and gudmundite.
Primary gold is extremely fine grained, dominantly less than 15 microns, with rare grains approaching 50 microns
The grains of gold from primary deposits are worn down and transported to sink to the bottom of creeks
and lineaments as alluvial gold
The deposit has been intensely weathered and mainly exploited soft oxide
ore since start up with the current known oxide reserves expected to be mined out by 2016. | chemistry |
https://ameps.net/what-is-eps/ | 2024-03-01T23:43:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475711.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301225031-20240302015031-00613.warc.gz | 0.937731 | 1,195 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__193332926 | en | Polystyrene is one of the most widely used kinds of plastic. It is a polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic substance, it melts if heated and becomes solid again when cool.
Polystyrene is most commonly found in three forms. Rigid Polystyrene (PS), Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Extruded Polystyrene (XPS).
Rigid polystyrene has many applications including disposable cutlery, cd cases, video/casette casings, components for plastic model toys as well as some margarine and yoghurt containers. Extruded polystyrene foam has good insulating properties making it important as a non-structural construction material. XPS is sold under the trademark Styrofoam by Dow Chemical, however this term is often used informally for other foamed polystyrene products.
How to produce foam?
Expandable Polystyrene / EPS:
This is PS Foam that uses Pentane gas (C5H12) as the blowing agent. During the material production process called “Polymerisation” the polystyrene resin granules impregnated with the blowing agent. EPS production processes begin in the pre-expansion process where the EPS bead will expand by the heat of steam usually 50 times in volume. The next step in the process is moulding process where expanded foam bead will be heated again with steam then they expand further until they fuse together, forming as foam products.
- Shape moulding machine that produce various shapes of foam products according to the molds such as icebox, helmet and packaging foam.
- Block moulding machine that produce block foam and sheet foam Expanded EPS foam bead contains 98% air per volume, only 2% is plastic. This make EPS foam very light weight, has low thermal conductivity because air is the best insulation, high compressive strength and excellent shock absorption. These properties make EPS to be ideal material for packaging and construction.
Polystyrene Paper (PSP):
This is a PS Foam which is produced by extruding process as another plastic. Production process start when put polystyrene resin pellets into the extruder that heated by electric. Foaming process occur at the end of extruder where the blowing agent, butane (C4H10) gas react with the melt plastic then become foam. The melted polystyrene foam is then extended as sheet then rolled as paper roll, that is why it is commonly known as “Polystyrene Paper”. The polystyrene foam sheet or polystyrene paper can be produced as many shape according to the mould by thermal forming process such as food tray, cups, bow, and food box.
There’s no any CFC’s in PS foam
Both EPS and PSP contain 95 -98 % air another 2-5% is polystyrene which is pure hydrocarbon. CFC’s is Chlorofluorocarbons which is totally different in its chemical structure from polystyrene. CFC’s has very low blowing point and uneasy to be maintained in EPS beads. Therefore, EPS Foam never use CFC’s at any stage of its production. The blowing agent used since EPS Foam was first introduced in 1952 by BASF is Pentane gas which, does not contain any chlorine atoms as CFC’s. PSP Foam in the beginning used CFC’s as blowing agent. In the past two decades CFC’s are gradually phased out from plastics and refrigerator industries. PSP moulders in Thailand already use Butane (C4H10) as the blowing agent since the last 15 years. Butane gas is the gas that we use at home for cooking. The blowing agents that use in producing PS Foam are Pentane and Butane, which are pure hydrocarbon as polystyrene. They belong to the same chemical family, the paraffin series as methane, ethane, and propane gas.
How to manage the EPS foam waste
Apart from recycling by melting and compacting, there are many ways to manage the EPS waste as the followings:
- Crush in to small particle and mix with soil. Foam waste will improve ventilation in the soil, organic substances in the soil will become easier the humus.
- Mixing the crushed bead with cement to reduce the weight and increase insulation properties.
- Combustion at 1000 C with sufficient air supplies in to generate heat. Burning EPS require no any additional fuel, in fact EPS can replace the fuel normally required for combustion, l kg of EPS saves 1 kg = 1.2 – 1.4 Litre of fuel oil.
The Recycling of PS:
Since both EPS and PSP Foam are made of Polystyrene, which is thermoplastic, so that it will become again a polystyrene plastic when recycled. AMEPS members recycle both EPS and PSP Foam by first crushing into small particle then melting or compacting it. Melting can be done by heated roller, disk or screw extruders, where the regrind scraps is heated usually by electrical power for some time above the melting temperature. Compacting can be done by rotary compactors where pressure and frictional force create heat below melting temperature to soften the regrind scraps for only few seconds. This method also called “agglomeration”.
Magic EPS Recycling OVEN
Improved paddle for mixing
Pavement made from PS waste foot
Catwalk, Board, Synthetic timber plank
Easy Ways To Recycle EPS
Feeding of waste EPS
Setting of temperature 160c
Removal of mould from the machine | chemistry |
http://chemistryannauniv.com/about.php | 2022-07-01T14:55:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103941562.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701125452-20220701155452-00788.warc.gz | 0.962559 | 164 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__145918717 | en | The department of Chemistry located at College of Engineering, Guindy campus of Anna University, Chennai provides an outstanding environment for studies in Chemistry, is among the most research active departments in Anna University.
One of our key objectives is to create good quality human resource. It was established in the year 1975 to pursue teaching, research, consultancy and impart training programmes in different fields of Chemistry.
Since its inception the Department offers core courses in chemistry like M.Sc (Applied Chemistry) and Ph.D programs. In addition, Applied Chemistry courses for the various B.E. / B. Tech. programs are being offered by the Department. M. Phil. (Chemistry) program was started in 1980 and M. Tech. (Polymer Science and Engineering), as an inter-disciplinary program, in 1995. | chemistry |
https://stainless-steel-washers.dyifo.com/18-8-washers-explained-in-online-resource/ | 2023-02-01T03:24:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499899.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201013650-20230201043650-00190.warc.gz | 0.929563 | 403 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__179980719 | en | Dyifo continues to expand its online information resources for parts buyers at construction companies and manufacturers. Dyifo’s latest publication explains the characteristics and uses of 18/8 stainless steel washers.
The resource page includes a video produced by Superior Washer & Gasket Corp. and a written discussion about the best applications for 18/8 stainless steel washers. Common questions about the washer’s food safety and how they compare to other stainless steel washers are also addressed in the content.
18/8 stainless steel washers appeal to manufacturers and builders who need an attractive metal fastener assembly resistant to corrosion under normal conditions. Manufacturers stamp these washers from an 18/8 stainless steel alloy that contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. This material can be polished to a bright metallic sheen. It resists rusting, staining, or tarnishing.
This alloy is largely similar to 304 stainless steel. Both are food safe, but 304 stainless steel can encompass both 18/8 and 18/10 stainless steel alloys. An 18/10 alloy has 2% more nickel.
Load distribution on fasteners assemblies represents the primary function of washers. Washers balance fastener tension and protect the materials being joined from damage by the bolt or screw pressing into a surface. Washers also guard against over tightening while still producing a secure connection.
In addition to flat washers, 18/8 stainless steel offers the same benefits when used to make lock washers, slotted washers, and other spaces. ASTM specifications for A240 and A240M can be applied to 18/8 stainless steel washers.
Overall, 18/8 stainless steel washers are a common type of washer sold by many suppliers. Parts purchasers in need of specialty washers, large quantities, or many sizes often choose to work directly with a stamping manufacturer. Resources published by Dyifo allow buyers to research products and connect with fastener manufacturers. | chemistry |
https://bamford.co.uk/product/moisturising-cream/ | 2018-06-25T03:43:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867424.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625033646-20180625053646-00539.warc.gz | 0.726001 | 575 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__106168270 | en | There aren't any products in your bag yet
Extra-rich for very dry or dehydrated skin. Our intensely hydrating cream is enriched with strawberry seed oil to deeply nourish. Safflower and cotton thistle extracts aid repair. Can also be used as an overnight cream.
98% natural ingredientsSee more
Safflower extract – ability to rejuvenate dry skin due to high levels of oleic acid. Contains vitamins a, b1, b2, b5, b6 and e.
Strawberry Seed Oil – Containing essential fatty acids which boost skin lipid content and protect cell membrane integrity, restoring moisture levels. Rich in gamma-tocopherol, it provides antioxidant advantages, protecting from free radicals and environmental stress.
Cotton thistle flower extract – stimulates epidermal reconstruction, repairing damaged skin.
Full ingredients list:
Aqua (water), oleyl alcohol , glycerin, argania spinosa (argan) kernel oil*, butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*, squalane, cetearyl olivate, cetearyl alcohol, myristyl myristate, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil, sorbitan olivate, alcohol, benzyl alcohol, fragaria ananassa (strawberry) seed oil, sodium benzoate, parfum (fragrance), anthemis nobilis (camomile) flower oil, cananga odorata (ylang ylang) flower oil, citrus limon (lemon) leaf/peel/stem oil, pelargonium graveolens (geranium) flower/leaf/stem extract, ribes nigrum (black currant) bud extract, rosa centifolia (rose) flower extract, sodium citrate, safflower oil/palm oil aminopropanediol esters, xanthan gum, salicylic acid, tocopherol, aloe barbadensis (aloe vera) leaf juice powder*, sodium hyaluronate, ethyl ferulate, onopordum acanthium (cotton thistle) flower/leaf/stem extract, polyglyceryl5 trioleate, sorbic acid, rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf extract, disodium uridine phosphate, limonene, geraniol, citronellol.
* organically grown ingredient
“Life at Daylesford follows the natural flow of the seasons. A favourite time is early summer when the first strawberries are deliciously ripe. Strawberry seed oil is intensely moisturising, making it perfect for daily skincare.”
Please select your gift wrapping at the checkout.
Share this product | chemistry |
https://www.afterhoursautoparts.com/ammex-binpf49100-nitrilepowderfreeblacktextured-xxl-100pack.aspx | 2021-07-30T04:04:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153931.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730025356-20210730055356-00498.warc.gz | 0.957252 | 160 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__57051432 | en | This is the GloveWorks Black Nitrile, a premium Industrial Grade disposable nitrile glove that is 30% thicker than standard nitrile gloves for added durability, so that each pair of gloves lasts longer while you're working. GloveWorks Black Nitrile gloves feature excellent protection against common chemicals, like carburetor cleaner, and many other specialty chemicals, such as iodine and butane, that you may encounter on the job. The glove holds up to brake fluid and, even after being dipped in gasoline, stays true to form. Work environments are always changing, and in wet or dry conditions you're going to need a strong grip. That's why GloveWorks Black Nitrile gloves are micro-roughened on the palm and textured on the fingertips. | chemistry |
https://www.dinerosinfin.com/who-else-wants-converio-theme/ | 2020-08-05T08:39:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735916.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805065524-20200805095524-00078.warc.gz | 0.856713 | 383 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__176139552 | en | We are taking the lead in the world’s water ionizer industry through stringent quality management and efforts to provide our customers with the best alkaline water ionizer.
We are committed to the advancement of and educating the world about water ionizer technology. Enjoy all the benefits of drinking alkaline ionized water for an ion-balanced body.
• Produces Strong Antioxidant Water Typically Exceeding -500mV
• Features Platinum-coated Titanium Electrodes
• 7 Stage Filter Cartridge with electronic integrated filter recognition
• Innovative reverse polarity self cleaning system
• Auto change color LCD panel
• Built-in water control valve
• Unique fold-down, rotating dispenser
• State of the art self-diagnostic system
• Voice supported alerts
• Easy to Install
• Antioxidants are considered beneficial because they slow the chemical process of oxidation or aging.
• These electrodes are made of the finest quality materials in the world which means a lifetime of reliability and worry free maintenance.
• Provides twice the peace of mind by eliminating harmful impurities while keeping beneficial minerals required to produce alkaline water which neutralizes acidity in your body.
• Allows for continuous, uninterrupted production of ionized water. Eliminates waste and prevents scaling thereby extending life span of electrodes.
• At a glance, allows user to confirm pH level, filter life, water temperature, inflow rate, and all important diagnostics.
• Allow for the most precise adjustment of water inflow to maximize pH results.
• Stunning design also reduces overall footprint of unit and consumes less space.
• Unit shuts off automatically when water inflow is too low or water temperature is too high, preventing internal damage to the unit.
• Indicates which setting or process is occurring in a pleasant voice.
• No plumbers required. Takes minutes to install. | chemistry |
https://www.lookfantastic.cz/brands/keracare.list | 2021-05-08T04:34:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988837.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508031423-20210508061423-00494.warc.gz | 0.905118 | 271 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__114732448 | en | The KeraCare® Conditioning Haircare System is packed with high performing conditioners which help to protect, strengthen and leaves your hair looking and feeling healthy without sacrificing the health and strength of your hair or scalp.
Treat dry, flaky, itchy scalp and hair with the KeraCare® Dry and Itchy System Each product contains active moisturisers which help preserve the scalp’s natural moisture balance.
Specifically formulated for naturally curly, non-relaxed hair textures. A carefully selected mixture of Shea Butter, Cocoa Butter, Alma and Shikakai, in each product to infuse moisture and shine.
A versatile thermal protection system for naturally curly hair that detangles and helps straighten hair for easy manageability.
Formulated by renowned Master chemist, Dr Ali N. Syed, who is widely thought of as the world’s leading authority on textured hair.
When Dr Ali N. Syed created the KeraCare® Haircare brand he had one vision which was to create the most technologically advanced conditioning haircare products for women with African descent hair to celebrate their rich and unique beauty using the finest natural ingredients.
The KeraCare® Conditioning Haircare System * is widely used and loved by stylists and consumers in over 44 countries.
*not tested on animals. | chemistry |
https://nisshinkagaku.com/en/activities/oem_about.php | 2024-04-14T14:17:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816879.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414130604-20240414160604-00863.warc.gz | 0.937174 | 125 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__174286896 | en | We are engaged in a wide range of manufacturing operations from general aerosol sprays covering cosmetics, quasi drugs and household and industrial items to liquid fillings centered on hair and skin care products. Our factories are equipped with numerous mixing and filling facilities, allowing for the construction of multiple production lines. This lets us flexibly handle everything from single-item orders to entire product lines with services that cover both small quantities of diverse items to large-scale mass production. We also offer comprehensive support, from formulation development and container proposals to regulatory filings and more. If you are interested in learning more, please contact us any time for details. | chemistry |
https://www.trovercoats.com/product/dog-hair-day-aloe-vera-nettle-shampoo | 2023-09-22T19:18:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00491.warc.gz | 0.868262 | 301 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__189024538 | en | In each bottle of Dog Hair Day shampoo you get:
- 97% naturally derived ingredients – no Parabens and no harsh chemicals. All the ingredients used in Dog Hair Day shampoos are selected for their quality. A pH balanced shampoo to suit your dog’s skin, which differs from that of a human.
- None of the ingredients or finished products are tested on animals. We have been awarded the Leaping Bunny Award by Cruelty Free International and have received accreditation by Naturewatch Foundation and The Ethical Shopping Guide.
- We believe in being totally transparent about what goes into our shampoos. All our ingredients are listed on the bottles and on our website.
- Also the shampoos are tested to human cosmetic standards.
Every Dog Deserves a Dog Hair Day
Dog Hair Day Aloe Vera & Nettle Shampoo Ingredients List:
Aqua, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Sodium Coco-Sulfate, Glycerin, Coco-Glucoside, Sodium Chloride, Polysorbate 80, Citrus Nobilis Peel Oil, Boswellia Carterii Oil, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Urtica Dioica Leaf Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Benzyl Alcohol, Caprylhydroxamic Acid, Citric Acid, Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate, Limonene. | chemistry |
https://travellingpagan.wordpress.com/2016/08/ | 2018-04-24T06:46:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946565.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424061343-20180424081343-00009.warc.gz | 0.936018 | 810 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__145859433 | en | An infusion is a form of water based potion, similar to a tea, and best suited for immediate ingestion of delicate ingredients such leaves or petals. To make a magical infusion: pour boiling water over your ingredients in goblet and leave to infuse for 5-10 minutes, stirring frequently. Strain before drinking if necessary. The leaves in an infusion need to steep longer than your average herbal tea, to allow enough time to release their phytochemicals, which are the active ingredients of the potion.
A decoction is another water based potion designed for immediate ingestion. However, it is a more concentrated brew than an infusion and is usually reserved for tougher ingredients such as roots or bark – where prolonged stewing is needed to release the phytochemicals. A decoction can also be reduced, which is to say, it can be made more concentrated by prolonged simmering which evaporates the water. To make a decoction: simmer your ingredients in water in a cauldron over low heat for 10-30 minutes; then strain. Reduce if necessary with further simmering over a low heat.
A tincture is an alcohol based potion. It fulfills the same function as an infusion or decoction but with the added advantage that it will keep for up to a year. A tincture is suitable for both delicate leaves and tougher materials such as bark as the alcohol releases the chemicals very effectively and in a similar way to the prolonged simmering of a decoction. To make a tincture: steep your ingredients in vodka or another spirit for a week. This allows time for the alcohol to release the active elements in your plant materials. After a week, strain off the liquid into a vial and store for up to a year. Administer sparingly, a tablespoon at a time.
A vinegar fulfils the same purpose as a tincture except that vinegar is used instead of alcohol. Prepare your vinegar in the same manner as a tincture and store for up to a year. A vinegar is useful in the case of alcohol intolerance or where the herb used is particularly bitter as the vinegar will mask it to a great extent.
A syrup is the most palatable form of potion. Here magical ingredients are preserved in a sugar solution. A syrup is another potion that will keep for up to a year. It is best suited for occasional use at it is very sweet and could cause tooth decay if taken regularly. A syrup can be taken by the spoonful or alternatively diluter in water in a similar manner to a fruit squash. To make a syrup: first make an infusion or decoction of your ingredients and reduce if necessary. Strain and add sugar to the potion, stirring frequently, until the brew won’t dissolve any more sugar and resembles a syrup. Store in an airtight bottle in a cool, dark place.
A poultice is a wad of chopped plant material that is held in place directly over a wound by a bandage. To prepare a poultice: chop your fresh herb and apply directly to a wound or infection. Hold in place over the wound with a bandage. If using chopped dried herbs rehydrate them with some water first. If the herb is tough and hard to handle, try adding some vinegar diluter in water to your poultice.
Fomentations or compresses are cloths that have been dipped in an herbal solution – such as an infusion, decoction, or a tincture – and then are applied to a wound. To prepare a fomentation: first create the required infusion, decoction, or tincture. Then dip your cloth into the liquid, quite liberally, and apply. It is important to use a very clean cloth to prevent the spread of infection.
A salve is very similar to a lotion or a cream. Magical ingredients are mixed in base of oils or fats for external application to the skin. | chemistry |
https://www.usm.edu/chemistry-biochemistry/faculty/angela-o-bedenbaugh | 2017-04-29T17:39:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123549.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00363-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.738503 | 265 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__258848998 | en | Angela O. Bedenbaugh
Research Associate Professor (Retired)
B.S. Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin
Ph.D. Physical-Organic Chemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia
- Angela O. Bedenbaugh, John H. Bedenbaugh, James D. Adkins, and W. A. Bergin, "Lithium-Methylamine Reduction. I. Reduction of Furan, 2-Methylfuran, and Furfuryl Alcohol," J. Org. Chem., 35, 543 (1970).
- Angela O. Bedenbaugh, John H. Bedenbaugh, W. A. Bergin, and James D. Adkins, "Synthesis of Aldehydes and Secondary Amines from Carboxylic Acids via Imines,” J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 92, 5774 (1970).
- James D. Adkins, Angela O. Bedenbaugh, John H. Bedenbaugh, and W. A. Bergin, "Conversion of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids to N-Methyl- and N-Ethylaldimines," U. S. Patent, 3,819,704 (1974). | chemistry |
https://www.links4.co.uk/product/xtm50-performance-cpu-gpu-thermal-paste-kit-5g-ct-9010002-ww/ | 2021-01-24T01:44:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703544403.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124013637-20210124043637-00783.warc.gz | 0.748588 | 384 | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__179949036 | en | CORSAIR XTM50 High Performance Thermal Paste is the most complete solution to help lower your PC component temperatures. XTM50’s premium zinc oxide-based compound efficiently transfers heat from your PCs hottest components, lowering temperatures compared to common thermal paste. Non-conductive and easy to apply, XTM50 ensures your PC stays cool under pressure.
Enthusiast CPU Thermal Compound: Premium Zinc Oxide based thermal compound for optimal thermal performance.
Cools your CPU and GPU: Install new, or replace existing, thermal compound on your CPU and GPU to improve heat transfer and lower temperatures.
Improved CPU Cooling: Ultra-low thermal impedance lowers CPU temperatures vs common thermal paste.
Installation Made Easy: An included application stencil and spreader take the guesswork out of applying XTM50 to your CPU cooler.
Filling the Gap: XTM50’s low-viscosity allows it to easily fill microscopic abrasions and channels for peak thermal transfer.
Long Service Life: XTM50’s high-stability liquid compound lasts for years with no drying, cracking or change in consistency.
Keep it Clean: Includes a specially formulated cleaning solution and lint-free wipes to help remove existing compounds without leaving unwanted residue.
Safe For You And Your PC: Non-conductive, non-toxic and contains zero volatile compounds.
– Type: XTM50 High Performance Thermal Paste
– Weight: 5g
– Thermal Conductivity: 5.0 W/mk
– Thermal Impedance: 0.009°C -in/w
– Viscosity: 2300K cPs
-Specific Gravity: 2.7g/cm
– 1x 5 gram CORSAIR XTM50 High Performance Thermal Paste
– 1x Applicator kit (Thermal paste stencil and applicator) | chemistry |
https://www.tysonfoods.com/news/viewpoints/packaging | 2024-04-20T13:53:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817650.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420122043-20240420152043-00131.warc.gz | 0.929738 | 328 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__171699274 | en | Tyson Foods does not manufacture, distribute, or supply product packaging or packaging components. We do, however, work with our food packaging suppliers to ensure product packaging used for Tyson Foods’ products comply with all applicable laws and meets stringent quality, safety, and durability requirements. Packaging used for Tyson Foods’ products must, at a minimum, meet packaging requirements established in regulations and guidelines from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We also require suppliers of food contact packaging to be certified against and comply with the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) guidelines for food contact packaging.
In sourcing product packaging or packaging components for food products, Tyson Foods is guided by the recommended packaging metrics and definitions set forth by the Sustainable Packaging Coalition (SPC) and the Global Packaging Project. We have also worked with our suppliers to eliminate packaging and packaging components from our supply chain known to contain chlorinated fluorocarbons, phthalates, heavy metals (i.e., lead, mercury, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium), Bisphenol-A (BPA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as additives, components in the packaging’s formulation, or for a continued presence in the final package to provide a specific characteristic, appearance, or quality. Further, we continuously work with suppliers to ensure compliance with emerging state laws on packaging components, including restrictions on substances and requirements for recyclability and compostability. | chemistry |
http://writingresearchpapers.net/recycling-catalytic-converters-promotes-a-clean-environment/ | 2017-09-24T06:33:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689897.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924062956-20170924082956-00675.warc.gz | 0.922096 | 351 | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__160975499 | en | Platinum is a valuable metal contained within a catalytic converter that may be extracted when the converter is no longer functioning. Converter Guy delivers the highest values for scrap converters. Click here for a free quote for the value of your scrap converter.
A significant portion of platinum supplied to world markets is used in the production of catalytic converters for the sole purpose of regulating emissions to improve air quality. Due to this benefit, the demand for platinum has expanded beyond catalytic converter manufacturing to the possibility of other car parts producing emissions. These rising demands have contributed to the increase in platinum prices, therefore, making scrap catalytic converters all the more attractive for recycling!
Catalytic converters are used to filter harmful emissions within a converter. There are approximately 3 to 7 grams of platinum in a standard catalytic converter. Platinum continues to be one of the rarest, most sought-after precious metals. Found and mined primarily in South Africa and Russia, about eight tons of ore is mined to produce just one ounce of platinum! Beyond its undeniable allure in jewelry production, it has significant implications for industrial usages as well. This metal is used in products ranging from fuel cells to computer hard drives and LCDs. Platinum’s usefulness lies in the fact that it is corrosion-proof and has a very high melting point. Also, it is highly conductive.
All catalytic converters manufactured for automobiles contain platinum. Typically, some import auto models have larger catalytic converters, which in turn, contain more significant amounts of platinum. If you have a scrap converter, contact Converter Guy for the best price for recycling your scrap converter. You will be helping the environment as well as putting some cash in your pocket. | chemistry |
https://store-hml7iwqa3w.mybigcommerce.com/epi-2-0-by-vital-labs | 2024-04-15T17:06:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817002.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415142720-20240415172720-00821.warc.gz | 0.925079 | 1,862 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__110161375 | en | Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy
Vital Alchemy presents Epi 2.0, one of the most potent non hormonal anabolic agents available today!
Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy
Anabolic Invasion is upon us!
Technological advancements are pushing the limits of what's naturally possible! Not just slightly pushing, but massively pushing, resulting in the development of a new anabolic agent!
The Anabolic Alchemy collection welcomes its newest member Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy - A Strong Supplement Shop Exclusive and Game-Changing Lean Bulking Anabolic Agent!
What makes Epi 2.0 a Game-Changer?
It utilizes a recent advance in anabolic research, a non-hormonal agent that vastly increases lean mass, muscle hardness, and muscle endurance. The new ingredient is called Epicatechin (Epi).
But leave it to the innovators at Vital Alchemy to keep on advancing the technology, they didn't just settle for packaging one of the most effective lean muscle gainers available today, they studied it and made it even better.
Brand new advances in pharmaceutical research, discovered after the development of standard Epicatechin allowed Vital Alchemy to greatly improve the ingredients effectiveness, making it up to 3 times more potent than plain Epicatechin!
These advances not only allowed Vital Alchemy to increase the ingredients potency, it also allowed them to almost double the amount of time it stays active in your body to promote maximum muscle growth!
As if a 3X increase in potency wasn't enough they took that ingredient and increased its value with a larger dose that is up to 225% more product than competing products.
The end result is Epi 2.0, a new product that allows you to cheat your genetics!
How does it do that?
By reducing a natural growth factor protein called Myostatin, which is a protein that exists in your body to genetically limit your muscle growth. Epi reduces Myostatin by boosting another protein called Follistatin. Follistatin is a blocker of Myostatin, so the more Follistatin you have, the less Myostatin you will have; and a recent study showed that Epi was able to boost Follistatin levels by up to 250%, ripping down the restrictions of muscle growth!
Taking down those restrictions supports:
- Increases in Lean Mass
- Increases in Strength
- Increases in Muscle Hardness
- Increases in Muscle Endurance
- Increases in Muscle Recovery
- Decreases in Body Fat
- Increases in Muscle Pumps
- Increases in Protein Synthesis
Take down those restrictions and fuse it with technological advancements, and you have entered a new paradigm for muscle growth!
While the competition is still trying to figure out how to get their version of Epi 1.0 to work, Vital Alchemy brings to you Epi 2.0 - The most effective and potent Epicatechin supplement available today.
Why Is Epi 2.0 So Much More Effective Than the Competition?
Vital Alchemy carefully analyzed Epicatechin, and the unfortunate truth was that when people were taking it, their body was deactivating and barely absorbing majority of it, limiting its effectiveness.
The compound that helps you push past your own genetic potential, wasn't even coming close to meeting its own potential.
The problem was the way your body metabolized the compound. Once in your system, the enzyme that metabolizes Epi would attach a sulfur atom to it - this is what causes the deactivation of the compound. Those same enzymes are also highly present in your skin, so Vital Alchemy had to immediately rule out a version of the product that you would rub on your skin (transdermal), as that would make the ingredient even less effective.
Vital Alchemy then discovered the answer to this problem.
The answer lies with an ingredient called Quercetin: an ingredient that inhibits this process, preventing the compound from being deactivated.
In fact, it prevents the deactivation so well, that it is almost doubles the amount of time the compound remains active (half-life) in your system.
Vital Alchemy went and upped the ante by adding in a massively strong, selective absorption promoter to the formula called Sodium Caprate. An ingredient that temporarily loosens the barriers between your intestines and blood stream selectively allowing compounds like Epi in, and allowing you to get the maximum amount of Epi absorbed!
This combination of ingredients increases the potency of Epi by up to 300%.
To top it all off, Epi 2.0 packs a hardcore dose of Epicatechin providing you with up to 225% more product per serving for maximum muscle growth!
There's no question about it, Epi 2.0 is the most potent product of its kind.
Build Lean Hard Muscle with Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy! Get it Now!
Additional Benefits of Epi 2.0:
- All Natural Formula
- Works in Addition to Your Testosterone
- Helps Improve Energy
- Can be Used by Both Men and Women
- Can be Used for up to 12 weeks at a Time
- No On Cycle Support or PCT Needed
Key Ingredients of Epi 2.0:
Epicatechin: Epicatechin is a flavanol found in certain plants such as green tea and cocoa; and is a powerful antioxidant that helps decrease Myostatin. Myostatin is the greatest single catabolic limiting factor of muscle growth. This natural growth factor protein exists in our bodies and works to regulate and limit muscle growth in a genetically predetermined pattern. Myostatin actually suppresses muscle growth! Epicatechin works to decrease Myostatin which helps to reduce these limiting factors, promoting muscle development beyond your genetic potential.
Quercetin: A flavanol commonly found in fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains primarily used to support normal respiratory health, cardiovascular health, and balanced blood pressure. In the case of Epicatechin, Quercetin inhibits the enzyme class known as “sulfotransferases” from binding to Epicatechin and attaching a sulfur atom to it, preventing its deactivation.
Sodium Caprate: Sodium Caprate is a salt of capric acid and is an absorption promoter, increasing the oral bioavailability of poorly permeable compounds across the gut wall. Sodium Caprate temporarily dilates tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium allowing small molecules to pass through into the bloodstream.
Suggested Usage of Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy
With Epi 2.0 you will be taking a total of 4 capsules daily. Take 2 capsules in the morning with food, and 2 capsules roughly 6 hours later with food. Ideally, take one of the doses pre-workout.
For optimal results, cycle Epi 2.0 for 8-12 weeks (2-3 bottles).
Suggested Add Ons:
Bio-Gro by iSatori: Bio-Gro contains Bio-Active peptides which helps increase your body's protein turnover rate. The more protein your body can synthesize, the more muscle you can build.
Eradicate by Blackstone Labs: Adding and an estrogen control agent will help to decrease body fat and raise your natural testosterone levels - helping to increase lean mass and serving as a strong recomp agent.
DAA Max by Vital Labs: The #1 rated testosterone booster, D-Aspartic acid is a safe, natural way to effectively raise the body's natural testosterone levels. Increased testosterone levels lead to increased energy levels, increased strength, lean muscle mass gains, increased fat burning, and elevated sex drive.
Get the Most Effective Epicatechin Supplement and Build Lean Hard Muscle with Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy! Get it Now!WARNING: Not for use of persons under the age of 18. Do not use if you are currently breast feeding, pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Keep out of reach of children. Consult your doctor prior to use if you have any medical conditions or if you are taking any other medications. Discontinue use immediately if you experience rapid heartbeat, dizziness, vomiting or other similar symptoms.
**These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult your doctor before beginning any diet, supplement, or exercise regimen.
Supplement Facts Panel
Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy Ingredients
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Individual results may vary.
Read Customer Reviews about their first-hand experience with Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy
Strong Supplement Shop encourages you to read reviews below from other Customers and hear their real world experience with this supplement in and out of the Gym. Reasearch is important but we also value the testimonials of individual results who actually used Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy and can describe how the supplement felt. *Individual results may vary | chemistry |
https://www.wickfreescentedcandles.co.uk/clothesline-scentsy.html | 2022-07-06T16:19:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104675818.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706151618-20220706181618-00245.warc.gz | 0.893894 | 685 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__218463640 | en | Clothesline Scentsy. This strong, fresh Scentsy fragrance is one of our top sellers. Clothesline Scentsy is available in a range of gorgeous products including Scentsy bars, pods, car bars, scent paks and our loved laundry range. Crisp greens, orange flower, creamy violet and even a hint of white wicker basket will let you savor the scent of just-washed laundry — dried naturally in the fresh air anytime you please.
If you love clean, strong and fresh fragrances you are guaranteed to love our Clothesline Scentsy scent!
The easiest way to buy Scentsy products in our Clothesline scent is to visit my Scentsy shop online, use the search bar to enter 'Clothesline', all products available for purchase in that scent will come up.
Our Clothesline Scentsy Scentsy Candle Bar is made of high-quality paraffin wax for long-lasting fragrance, Scentsy Bars are composed of eight break-apart cubes designed to use with any Scentsy Warmer. As the cubes melt, they fill your space with our exclusive scents, inspiring imagination and memories. Safe to use with no wick, flame, smoke or soot. Made in Idaho, USA. Net wt 2.6 oz. Each Scentsy Candle bar offers 8 cubes of luxury fragrance for you to break off and warm in your warmer to provide you with a luxury safe scented experience. When you warm our Clothesline Scentsy candle wax bar in your warmer, the scent lingers through your whole home, giving off an amazing freshly washed laundry scent.
It's hardly surprising our Clothesline Scent made it into our laundry range as it has become so popular.
If you have not tried our laundry range yet, you don't know what you are missing!
Enzyme the grime with Clothesline Scentsy Laundry Liquid! A powerful 6-enzyme formula attacks difficult stains while penetrating cleaning agents lift away dirt. Leaves laundry remarkably clean as it enlivens your clothes, linens and towels with signature Scentsy fragrance. 591 mL (50 medium loads).
Crisp greens, orange flower, creamy violet and even a hint of white wicker basket will let you savor the scent of just-washed laundry — dried naturally in the fresh air anytime you please.
• Cleaning power comparable to leading laundry brands.
• A powerful blend of six enzymes targets hard-to-remove stains. (tried and tested this is great for removing stains pre wash!)
• Surfactants lift away dirt and grime.
• Scentsy’s signature long-lasting fragrances enliven your clothes, linens and towels.
• Highly efficient and ultra-concentrated formula works well in hot or cold water.
• Free of dyes and colouring agents; will not stain laundry.
Clothesline Laundry Liquid is best used with our Clothesline Washer whiffs for extra freshness to have your laundry and clothing smelling amazing!
Clothesline Washer Whiffs by Scentsy are scent granules to give clothes, towels, and blankets a fragrance boost with just one scoop! Add to your washer drum. 453 g | chemistry |
https://windsor-eyelashes.com/spray-tan/ | 2022-11-27T19:42:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127173917-20221127203917-00688.warc.gz | 0.927255 | 407 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__210063781 | en | Get your summer glow without the sun damage. We now offer natural looking spray tans featuring Sjolie spray tanning products.
Do you want the summer glow of a tan but not the sun damage or time consuming laying out in the sun? Do you have a special occasion such as a wedding or modelling photo shoot to get ready for and want a natural looking, healthy tan in 4-8 hours? Our spray tans can give you a healthy, natural looking, tanned glow in no time at all that will last up to 10 days. You will lose approximately 10% of your tan every time you shower. We also offer spray tan add ons such as coconut scent, tan accelerator and sparkles. View our services page for our spray tan prices. Call to book your spray tan appointment today.
Why we only use Sjolie Spray Tan Solutions
Naturally Derived – Our entire spray tan solution product line is made of naturally derived ingredients certified vegan by PETA Foundation. We stand by our products and in our commitment to making the safest and most ethical solution in the spray tanning industry.
Made Fresh – Our direct partnership with ingredient farmers allow us to send our blending experts their ingredients at peak freshness, with minimal time in transit, and at a better value than they can find anywhere else. These direct partnerships provide our agriculturalists with guaranteed demand for their harvest, allowing them to better plan their crop rotations to grow specialty ingredients just for our spray tanning products, and improving their livelihoods in the process.
How safe are our products? Our entire spray tan solution product line is Paraben free, erythrulose free and fragrance-free. Do not risk using other spray tan solution that use erythrulose which is a tetrose carbohydrate with the chemical formula of one ketone group and so is part of the ketose family. It is not currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a self-tanning agent. | chemistry |
https://chenhanghuanbao.en.alibaba.com/company_profile.html?spm=a2700.icbuShop.88.28.392c1a5dSqvKBL | 2020-04-06T21:29:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00419.warc.gz | 0.954622 | 268 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__150599814 | en | Cangzhou Chenhang Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise integrating scientific research, design, production, maintenance and sales. With its professional level and mature technology in the field of environmental protection, it is rapidly rising. It is our constant pursuit to rely on science and technology for development and continuously provide users with satisfactory high-tech products.On the basis of fully introducing and absorbing foreign advanced technology, our company has successfully developed a series of products, such as environmental protection purification equipment, dust treatment equipment, waste gas treatment equipment, etc., and has been widely used in metallurgy, chemical industry, welding, pharmaceutical, garbage treatment, spraying and many other fields. With the first-class product quality and exquisite technical service, it has received unanimous praise from users.Cangzhou Chenhang Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd. pursues the policy of "aggressive, realistic, rigorous and united". It constantly develops and innovates. It takes technology as its core, quality as its life, and users as its God. It wholeheartedly provides you with the most cost-effective environmental protection products, high-quality waste gas and dust engineering design, transformation and meticulous. After-sale service. The company has a professional design team, production team, can be customized according to customer requirements. Welcome to consult. | chemistry |
https://www.kamagra4europe.to/en/what-are-generic-drugs | 2022-12-06T01:30:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711064.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205232822-20221206022822-00810.warc.gz | 0.948301 | 340 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__214366952 | en | Generic drugs are substitutes for expensive tablets to treat erectile dysfunction. You certainly have noticed this "generic boom" and asked why generics are also cheap. Companies producing expensive Viagra, Cialis, Levitra and Spedra had to invest in the development of active substances.
They have been asking for money back from you already for several years in the form of a high price for popular color pills. Pharmaceutical companies generating generic drugs do not have to invest in active substances. Due to expiration of the patent, they can use the active substances that have already been developed. This offers you the ability to address erectile dysfunction with tablets with the same content - at a lower price.
Generic drugs contain an active drug substance that is the same as in the reference drug. The generic drug is a bioequivalent (the time course of blood levels in the original and its equivalence is the same), consistent with effectiveness, safety and quality standards. Generic drugs are approved on the basis of the same standards; they may vary in the content of inactive substances (dyes, sugar) and in the visual design. Are you suffering from erectile dysfunction? Address it immediately, without an unnecessarily high investment.
Generic drugs are considerably cheaper than their original variants. The companies producing them are not obliged to perform lengthy and especially costly toxicological and clinical studies that have been conducted in the development of the active ingredients in the original. By saving development costs, generic companies can provide alternative tablet replacements at much more suitable prices, with the same clinical effect.
Forget about erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation and address these issues with tablets that may cost you four times the price of generic drugs. | chemistry |
https://www.oxfordni.com/applications/single-molecule-fret | 2018-10-20T07:00:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512592.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020055317-20181020080817-00387.warc.gz | 0.92266 | 504 | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__158789107 | en | The Nanoimager is the world’s first commercial solution for wide-field single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) studies. FRET is a non-radiative energy transfer between two fluorophores that reports on their intermolecular distance. It operates on the 2-10 nm range. In smFRET studies a ‘donor’ fluorophore is excited by a laser, and depending on their proximity, transfers energy to a second ‘acceptor’ fluorophore. The excited acceptor then emits this energy as fluorescence. The donor and acceptor can be attached to the same or to separate molecules, and the energy transfer signature reports on the separation of the dyes. Any changes to this separation are detected as they happen, with millisecond resolution in time.
smFRET can measure intramolecular distances in a single protein or nucleic acid, or the specific interaction between subunits in a protein complex, in real time. Applications might include the effect of drugs on the conformational dynamics of enzyme binding sites, or the study of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. smFRET can be used to infer binding constants, reaction pathways and dwell time distributions at the stochastic single-molecule level, not obscured by ensemble averaging as in techniques such as fluorimetry or calorimetry.
The image at the top shows raw single-molecule data from a DNA Holliday junctions experiment. Holliday junctions are involved in homologous recombination and lead to genetic variation. In this experiment, individual Holliday junctions were labeled at two sites, and in the presence of magnesium ions they stochastically and dynamically changed conformation, leading to a change in the separation of the two fluorophores. This dynamic transition was detected by smFRET, and the FRET traces and associated intensity traces were plotted in real time using the Nanoimager software suite.
Key features of the Nanoimager that highlight its suitability for smFRET include:
ALEX extends the potential of smFRET for understanding single molecules. The impact of photophysics and photobleaching on the fluorescence signal from a single molecule becomes fully characterized and decoupled from the FRET measurement. The stoichiometry and labeling properties of individual complexes or molecules are reported, allowing reaction kinetics to be determined even the absence of a FRET signal. | chemistry |
https://m.detergentindia.com/levender-floor-cleaner-500-ml-7988226.html | 2023-09-30T16:38:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510697.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930145921-20230930175921-00689.warc.gz | 0.878632 | 184 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__67968732 | en | Unique and specially formulated Sindhu Super Clean Floor cleaner is safe to use on all floorings like vinyl, epoxy, ceramics , marble, formica and wooden floors. The solution is PH neutral which makes it safe for the user and the surface cleaning effectively and leaving a fresh lavender fragrance. It also protects from fading and gives a shining appearance to the floor.
How to Use
Add the solution in water
Dip and squeeze mop and then clean floors for excellent results.
Cash Against Delivery (CAD), Letter of Credit (L/C), Letter of Credit at Sight (Sight L/C), Cash Advance (CA), Cash in Advance (CID)
1 Per Week
Free samples are available
Australia, North America, South America, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Central America, Asia, Western Europe | chemistry |
https://www.lucida-ds.com/the-skin-s-key-antioxidant | 2024-02-23T14:56:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474412.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223121413-20240223151413-00056.warc.gz | 0.923912 | 910 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__134447894 | en | L-Glutathione, The Skin’s Key Antioxidant: A Synopsis
Source: Theodore Hersh, MD, MACG
Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, Emory University
No Copyright Infringement Intended
To retaliate against invaders, countries set up armies and other defensive measures. To retaliate against toxic chemicals called free radicals, the body has a well-developed antioxidant system.
The prime antioxidant is L-glutathione, known as GSH by the scientific community and this summary will introduce you to this remarkable molecule.
What are free radicals? Free radicals are created during a cell’s normal metabolism, but countless more are produced from many other sources including inflammatory reactions and infectious conditions, environmental pollutants in the air we breathe, the tobacco we smoke and smoke inhaled from other smokers, as well as from chewing tobacco.
Free radicals are also created from exposure to ultraviolet sunlight, artificial radiation, and radio therapy. These free radicals alter DNA, causing mutations that lead to cancers. Free radicals may cause premature cell death and are contributors to premature aging and more than 50 diseases including cardiovascular disease, bronchitis and emphysema, cancer of the skin, mouth, throat, esophagus and lung, immune disorders, arthritis, neurological disorders, AIDS and Alzheimer’s disease, to name but a few.
What are antioxidants? Antioxidants scavenge and neutralize oxygen and other free radicals species to a less toxic or non-toxic compound. While the human body has built-in antixidant mechanisms to suppress uncontrolled free radicals, which may lead to cellular damage, these mechanisms may fail due to a combination of overwhelming production of free radicals or a depletion of critical compounds used by the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms. An overabundance of free radicals in the body can lead to a condition known as “oxidative stress”, which causes cell death.
What is L-glutathione? L-glutathione (GSH), the body’s prime antioxidant is composed of three amino acids, glycine, cysteine and glutamine. Glutathione is synthesized mainy in the liver and can be transported from the blood to most of the body’s cells. Glutathione plays a critical role in the aging process and in preventing the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation to the skin, a phenomenon known as photoaging. It helps the fight against wrinkles. The oxygen and other free radicals generated in the skin by the sun’s rays or by artificial lights as in tanning booths, also increase the skin’s damage and the risk of developing skin cancers, including malignant melanomas. GSH and its synergistic antioxidants in skin help protect against photoaging and lessen the occurrence of these malignancies. Sun protection with clothing, hats, sun glasses and sunscreens are paramount defenses. Cosmetics with antioxidants help restore the skin’s own defenses and combat free radicals generated by ultraviolet radiation.
GSH levels inside the cells must be maintained in order to have healthy cells and a strong defense system. Cells die without adequate levels of glutathione. However, to provide its beneficial effect, GSH must work synergistically with the other cellular and tissue antioxidants including selenium and vitamins C and E. Much of glutathione is supplied from the diet, either as intact GSH or its component amino acids, particularly cysteine, from fruits, vegetables, liver, meats, fowl and fish. GSH protects against inhaled or ingested environmental pollutants and chemicals both in the respiratory tract and in the small intestine. GSH helps protect our lungs and also helps regulate immunologic function in the white blood cells called lymphocytes. Low GSH levels in lymphocytes allow easier replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus. Thus, the importance of maintaining GSH and its synergistic antioxidant partners.
Much is certain: GSH is the prime antioxidant in our body’s cells and fluids, and it works in concert with the other antioxidants to prevent or protect us from oxidative stress. GSH levels are decreased in the elderly, the sun lover, the tanning enthusiast, the smoker, the alcohol imbiber, the fatty foods glutton, among others. In this era of preventive medicine, L-glutathione plays a significant role in helping to maintain health and probably even youth! | chemistry |
https://bermudagas.com/safety-information/ | 2024-03-03T21:19:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00463.warc.gz | 0.933057 | 499 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__130268844 | en | It’s important to know how to turn your propane tank valves on and off as needed. On most Bermuda Gas valves, the hand wheel is turned clockwise several turns until tight to turn it off.
While propane is odorless when it is created, an additional chemical is added to the gas in order to give it its recognizable scent. Familiarize yourself with this distinct smell in order to quickly identify a leak should one occur.
If there is a leak or another emergency, be sure to shut off the gas completely and call Bermuda emergency services on 298-6114.
Water is damaging! The internal safety mechanism of your appliances can be affected by water and cause them to malfunction. If this is the case, call us at 295-3111, to have our technicians replace them immediately.
Safety for your gas ranges
Check the color of the flame. If it is blue, your gas range is operating as it should. If the flame is yellow the air inlets may be clogged, or the burners may need adjusting.
Do not cover the bottom of your oven with foil – it can restrict air circulation.
Always use your grill outdoors, in a well-ventilated area.
Always follow all of the manufacturer’s instructions and keep written materials and manuals in a safe, accessible place.
Make sure the grill burner controls are turned off and keep the cylinder valve closed and disconnected when not in use.
Make sure the gas grill is shut off and cool to the touch before covering your grill after use.
Store cylinders upright at all times (in transport, storage and in use) and outdoors away from dryer and furnace vents or other sources of heat.
After filling, take your cylinder home immediately. Keep the cylinder upright and your car ventilated. Do not leave the cylinder in your car.
Before lighting your propane gas grill burner, check all connections for tightness.
Never use matches or lighters to check for leaks!
If there is a significant release of gas or a fire, call the Bermuda Fire Service immediately and move all people and pets away from the unit.
Do not store the cylinder indoors or in an enclosed area.
Keep appliances such as heaters and fire-logs clean! Lint and dirt need to be regularly removed to ensure safe and secure operation of your heating appliances.
Bermuda Gas is a Bermuda-based carrier of propane gas products… | chemistry |
https://www.indianachieversstory.com/asima-chatterjee-first-women-scientist-of-india/ | 2024-02-23T05:37:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474361.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223053503-20240223083503-00510.warc.gz | 0.976666 | 723 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__54377176 | en | Asima Chatterjee (née Mookerjee) was born on 23 September 1917 in Bengal. She was an Indian organic chemist and an astounding scientist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine. Her most notable work includes research on vinca alkaloids, the development of anti-epileptic drugs, and the development of anti-malarial drugs.
Asima Chatterjee was the eldest of the two children of a medical doctor Indra Narayan Mukherjee and his wife, Kamala Devi. She grew up in Calcutta in a middle-class family. Her father was very interested in botany and Chatterjee shared in his interest. She graduated with honours in chemistry from the Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta in 1936. Asima Chatterjee received a master’s degree (1938) and a doctoral degree (1944) in organic chemistry from the University of Calcutta. She was the first Indian woman to earn a doctorate in science. Her doctoral research focused on the chemistry of plant products and synthetic organic chemistry.
She joined the Lady Brabourne College of the University of Calcutta and founded the department of chemistry there. In the year 1954, Asima Chatterjee joined the University College of Science of the University of Calcutta, as a reader in pure chemistry.
Asima Chatterjee has made many great achievements and contributions to science. She initiated a chemical investigation of alkaloids in Rauwolfia canescens, which is commonly known as the be still tree or devil-pepper. Growing as a bush or small tree. Investigated the chemistry of almost all principal types of indole alkaloids. She carried out synthetic studies on several complex indoles, quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids. Developed procedures for the preparation of beta-phenylethanolamines in connection with alkaloid synthesis. Introduced the use of periodic acid as a reagent for the detection and location of both terminal and exocyclic double bonds in organic compounds. And has made many such contributions.
Asima Chatterjee received many awards and recognitions in her life. She was a Premchand Roychand Scholar of the University of Calcutta. She was Khaira Professor of Chemistry from the year 1962 to 1982, one of the most prestigious and coveted chairs of the University of Calcutta. In the year 1972, she was appointed as the Honorary Coordinator of the Special Assistance Program to intensify teaching and research in natural product chemistry, sanctioned by the Indian University Grants Commission(UGC). She was elected a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi. In the year 1961, she received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in chemical science, becoming the first female who received this award. In the year 1975, she was granted the prestigious Padma Bhushan and became the first female scientist to be elected as the General President of the Indian Science Congress Association. She was granted the D. Sc. (honoris causa) degree by several universities.
She was nominated by the President of India as a Member of the Rajya Sabha.
Asima Chatterjee proved to be a great inspiration. She contributed her knowledge for the betterment of society. When women in society were rarely encouraged for their career, she made her name in the field of science and became the first women scientist. She made India proud in the field of organic chemistry. | chemistry |
https://www.kimptonacoustics.co.uk/category/uncategorised/ | 2024-02-25T02:49:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00225.warc.gz | 0.962448 | 590 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__114719215 | en | The Kimpton Acoustic Team have just completed the installation of a series of Acoustic Barriers within a large Bitumen production plant in the UK. The acoustic barriers were designed to reduce reflective noise from the machinery used in the production process and shield workers within the plant from potentially unsafe noise levels.
The acoustic barriers that you can see below in place have been designed to be removable for access to the workings of the machinery for servicing. They also needed to allow
It’s a potentially challenging problem, but one that was overcome with a well planned and executed design solution.
Prior to the installation, the machinery was contained within skids, but offered no noise shielding. Increasingly machine noise reduction within production environments is something the Kimpton Acoustic Team are addressing under The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 (Noise Regulations 2005) which require employers to prevent or reduce risks to health and safety of their employees, from exposure to noise at work.
Bitumen has been used in the UK construction industry, since it was first used as a pavement material in around 1836. Since those early days, its uses have been extended to the roofing industry in many forms and for sealing and insulating applications elsewhere.
In the UK market, bitumen is predominantly produced through fractional distillation of crude oil. This is known as Refined Bitumen. In other markets, similar to tar, Crude Bitumen can be found occurring in nature within areas such as the ill named La Brea Tar Pits in LA or various Oil Sands found in the likes of Alberta, Canada.
Within the fractional distillation process, lighter fuels such as LPG and Petrol are removed at lower temperatures, leaving the heavier Bitumen to make up around 3-4% of the final product. During this process, it needs to be brought up to around 300 degrees Centigrade or more to separate the Bitumen product. The final Bitumen product as we know it is produced after one further distillation process within a vacuum distillation column.
You can see the full refining process in this diagram.
Bitumen is surprisingly one of the more environmentally friendly bi products of Petrol and Gas production. Not because it isn’t full of nasty carbon material, but by the fact that it isn’t burnt and therefore doesn’t produce any CO2 emissions. It’s also readily recyclable. Worldwide, as much as 70% of Bitumen is recycled.
Unless it is kept at a temperature above 150 degrees Centigrade it forms into a solid wax like substance that is completely waterproof. It’s this property that has made it so useful in road construction.
So for us, it’s another step in our efforts to create safer, quieter industrial work environments. If you have a noise issue at work, the Kimpton Acoustic Team have a noise reduction solution. | chemistry |
https://meaningfulmag.wordpress.com/2013/01/18/pulling-fuel-out-of-thin-air/ | 2018-06-25T00:27:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867304.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624234721-20180625014721-00110.warc.gz | 0.955323 | 214 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__144897297 | en | “We’ve taken carbon dioxide from air and hydrogen from water and turned these elements into petrol,” said Air Fuel Synthesis Chief Executive Peter Harrison. The process of separation involves combining the air with sodium hydroxide and passing it through an electrolyzer. A similar method is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The CO2 and hydrogen are then synthesized to make methanol, and eventually petrol.
Sound suspiciously too good to be true? There are problems. Namely with production scale and efficiency.
However history repeatedly shows us that when the problem is a question of scale, innovation eventually finds the solution. The route from Kitty Hawk to the Concord was anything but direct, but commercial supersonic flights (and space tourism) are the direct descendants of the first flight.
We are looking forward to keeping an eye on this firm and their competition, which will also likely materialize out of thin air as well. And most important: how political dynamics will shift when the dependence of energy is no longer a regional issue. | chemistry |
https://homecarewholesale.com/blogs/news/enhancing-home-health-with-ozone-technology-an-in-depth-look-at-recent-research | 2024-04-15T05:43:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816942.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415045222-20240415075222-00794.warc.gz | 0.902218 | 638 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__118522509 | en | No Products in the Cart
In recent years, the importance of maintaining a clean and healthy living environment has become increasingly evident. The ongoing global pandemic has heightened our awareness of the need to eliminate harmful pathogens and chemical substances from our surroundings. One promising technology that has gained attention is ozone generation, which has been shown to effectively eliminate various pollutants and promote a healthier lifestyle. In this blog post, we will explore a recent scientific study published on PubMed and discuss how ozone generators, such as the one offered by Home Care Wholesale, can contribute to a cleaner and safer living environment.
Linking the Research: The study in question, titled "Assessment of Ozone as a Potential Tool for Indoor Chemicals Elimination," was published on PubMed, a reputable database for scientific publications. The study investigates the effectiveness of ozone in removing chemical substances from indoor environments. You can find the study by following this link: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37356308/]. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of using ozone generators to create a healthier living space.
Understanding the Study: The research study delves into the impact of ozone on the elimination of chemical substances. It demonstrates that ozone, a powerful oxidizing agent, can break down and neutralize a wide range of chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, and other pollutants commonly found in indoor environments. This breakthrough research highlights the potential of ozone generators to improve air and water quality, ultimately contributing to a healthier life for individuals and families.
Introducing Home Care Wholesale's Ozone Generator: Home Care Wholesale recognizes the importance of providing individuals with access to effective tools for maintaining a healthy living environment. Their ozone generator, available at [https://homecarewholesale.com/collections/sanitizer-cleanser/products/ozone-generator-ozone-air-purifier-ozone-water-purifier?variant=32054841180254], offers a convenient solution for eliminating harmful substances from the air and water. By leveraging the power of ozone, their product can effectively neutralize odors, kill bacteria and viruses, and eliminate various chemical pollutants.
Benefits of Ozone Generation: Ozone generators provide numerous benefits that can significantly improve the quality of your living space:
Conclusion: Maintaining a clean and healthy living environment is paramount to our overall well-being. The recent study discussed in this blog post emphasizes the potential of ozone generation in eliminating harmful chemical substances from indoor spaces. By utilizing ozone generators, such as the one offered by Home Care Wholesale, individuals can significantly enhance air and water quality while reducing exposure to hazardous pollutants. Visit [https://homecarewholesale.com/collections/sanitizer-cleanser/products/ozone-generator-ozone-air-purifier-ozone-water-purifier?variant=32054841180254] to learn more about how ozone technology can bring you one step closer to a healthier and safer life. | chemistry |
https://www.savageservices.com/industries/chemical-processing/ | 2020-09-18T06:51:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187354.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918061627-20200918091627-00380.warc.gz | 0.888067 | 184 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__42419285 | en | Savage understands chemical and petrochemical Customers. We have extensive experience handling plastics, corrosives, dilutions, flammables, combustibles, and many other dry and liquid bulk chemicals. We also handle a variety of unrefined, refined, and spent petrochemical products; plus olefins, aromatics, and synthetic gas mixtures.
Savage is one of the most experienced chemical and petrochemical handlers in the country. We safely load or transload hundreds of thousands of railcars of chemical and petrochemical products annually. For example, we load or unload 40,000 railcars of polymers each year, and have broad polymer handling experience that includes:
- Managing warehouses
- Intermediate bulk container handling
- Receiving, managing, and inserting additives into the chemical process
- Loading 1-ton and half-ton super sacks
- Loading 25-ton containers | chemistry |
http://timinvermont.com/fitness/fatmusle.htm | 2023-04-01T19:32:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950247.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401191131-20230401221131-00674.warc.gz | 0.947384 | 1,834 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__36049671 | en | Following is an article written by Tom McCullough MEd., MSS which appeared in National Bodybuilding and Fitness Magazine
Many of us are under the false impression that it is possible to cut body fat while gaining muscle. Is this possible or is this just another gym myth? To arrive at an answer to this question, we need to know exactly what happens to cause fat to be mobilized from it's storage place in the adipose tissue.
The large stores of triglyceride within adipose tissue or fat are mobilized at relatively slow rates, even during exercise. In this process, exercise or a negative energy balance caused by caloric restriction, stimulates an enzyme hormone sensitive lipase, to dissolve the lipid or triglyceride molecule into three molecules of unbound or free fatty acids (FFA) and one glycerol molecule. This process of breaking down triglycerides is known as lipolysis. The glycerol released from this reaction is water soluble and diffuses freely into the blood. It's rate of appearance in the blood provides a direct measure of the amount of triglyceride hydrolyzed in the body.
The primary factor thought to be responsible for the stimulation of adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise or a negative energy balance is the increasing plasma concentration of epinephrine, which activates beta receptors in adipocytes (Arner et al. , 1990). Of course exercise greatly affects the mobilization of FFA in to the blood stream. During prolonged sub maximal exercise FFA oxidation is about 10 fold from a resting state and reesterification of FFA is also decreased.
What happens when the intensity of the exercise is increased ->70& VO2 max-? Sure the oxidation rate of FFA increased but lactate production also increases. Lactate decreases the FFA mobilization rate and increases FFA reesterification rate. Carbohydrates then become an increasingly important source of fuel. However, during prolonged sub maximal exercise blood lactate levels are very low, thus not affecting FFA mobilization significantly. Thus, carbohydrates are used much less as a fuel and oxidated fats become the most abundant source of energy.
When we cut the calories so as to create a negative energy balance are we still able to build muscle? Well, to answer this we must next understand that if our body does not have enough calories to meet the demands of exercise and basal metabolism it must start breaking down stores. Of course, as we have seen, fat stores are broken down to meet these energy demands. However, the body is not selective in its needs, it also breaks down protein and carbohydrate stores. During this period of negative energy, the body's insulin production also is much lower. Thus, the body releases glucagon and other glucocorticoids such as cortisol. These catabolic hormones quickly go to work by breaking down the whole body tissue and converting it into usable energy. So obviously, low insulin levels and high glucagon levels for long periods of time are not very conductive to building muscle. Thus, the longer we are in a negative energy balance, the more our body degrades protein to meet energy needs.
Most of us are also mislead by the 'gym myth' that says by increasing dietary protein during a negative energy period, you will stop this protein degradation from ever taking place. Is this myth true? Our body has a choice of three places to get these reserves of amino acids needed for energy: 1) dietary protein; 2) tissue free amino acid pools; and 3) endogenous tissue protein (muscle). Unfortunately dietary protein is a relatively minor source of amino acids even when consumed in large amounts. So eating more protein when dropping weight will not slow this degradation process significantly.
The free amino acid pool is next best source of amino acids. However, it is also used quickly in a negative energy balance as it is only estimated to supply less than 1% of the metabolically active amino acids. The largest, most abundant supply of amino acids is from the endogenous protein breakdown. This simply means that the majority of the amino acid broken down for energy, due to a negative energy balance, comes from the breakdown of muscle.
By increasing the dietary protein intake, we may minimize the loss of lean tissue, but not completely stop it. However, it is widely accepted that the larger the energy deficit the more the body must utilize its stores of energy. So slow weight loses are perhaps the best. We lose much less muscle that way.
What are the causes of protein degradation? Of course, as described, the decreased energy state of the cell due to either a negative energy balance created by caloric restriction or a negative energy balance created by exercise is the most obvious cause. Also the rise in glucocorticoids, reduced dietary protein, and the decreased infusion of leucine cause higher rates of protein degradation.
Once again, it is obvious that calories are most important. So will doing resistance exercise while cutting body fat stop lean body mass loses? NO! Exercise decreases protein synthesis and it also increases protein degradation. Exercise also stimulates growth hormone production as well as other anabolic hormones which combined with calories (ie. amino acids) result in stimulation of protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation. However, if there is not enough energy to the cell, as in enough calories, protein synthesis is slowed or stopped and degradation rates are increased. So exercise might well help to protect or slow degradation, by causing increases in synthesis afterwards. However, it doesn't stop degradation in periods of negative energy, because rates of protein synthesis are very dependent on caloric intake and, once again, energy to the cell.
What about eating these new low carbohydrate diets? Newsholme, E.A., et al. (1983), as well as many others, reported that decreased availability of total carbohydrate sources, also result in a decrease in FFA oxidation. Low carbohydrate availability impairs high rates of aerobic energy production because the shift to fats as the predominant fuel leads to either a reduction in the rate of acetyl-CoA units or an inability to maintain an adequate level of Krebs cycle intermediates. Not only is FFA oxidation reduced, but it seems that plasma FFA mobilization is remarkably sensitive to even small increases in plasma insulin (Jensen et al., 1989), and it seems that lipolysis is influenced for a long time after eating carbohydrate (Montain et al., 1991).
Diets that are lower in carbohydrate or that contain carbohydrates that cause less insulin secretion (low glycemic foods), probably still elicit enough of an insulin response to reduce plasma FFA mobilization. Therefore, any commercially available product or diet that claims to increase FFA mobilization and oxidation would have to almost totally eliminate the insulin response to the carbohydrate in their product, which seems unlikely. At any rate, any increased FFA mobilization would certainly not seem to be of any value for untrained people because their mobilization of FFA normally exceeds the ability of the muscles to oxidize FFA.
So is it possible to gain mass while cutting fat and losing weight? No! If you want to lose body fat you are going to have to face the fact that you will lose some muscle in the process. It is possible to lose fat and minimize muscle loses by increasing dietary protein consumption and by avoiding severe negative energy balances through either exercise or caloric restriction or the combination of the two. So slow weight loses (~1lb/wk) are best. Another way to minimize protein loses is by increasing protein synthesis by taking advantage of induced post-exercise insulin rebound. Within two hours post-exercise there is a time frame where protein synthesis can be greatly stimulated. The consumption of simple carbohydrates and amino acids during this time period increases the body's insulin production and forces nutrients (amino acids) in to the cell at a much quicker rate. So take advantage of this time!
What can we do to increase FFA oxidation? Well, sub-maximal aerobic exercise seems to be the best method. This intensity causes the rise in the hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and growth hormone inhibit the release of insulin from the pancreas. This hormonal environment enhances liver glucose output and promotes greater fat utilization.
In summary, it's the caloric deficit resulting from the exercise session that best helps promote body fat loss. A gradual loss of body fat comes from burning more calories during exercise than you take in at the table, not from some special dietary ratio. Since aerobic training already creates a metabolic environment advantageous for fat metabolism, the best way to increase the body's fat-burning proficiency is to start doing exercise . Keep pumping the weight! But expect to lose some muscle in the process.
Elite powerlifter Tom McCullough MEd.,MSS of Excel Sport Nutrition, Inc., specializes in strength and conditioning for sport, sport nutrition, weight loss, and personal fitness, and is a consultant for the International Sport Sciences Association, a national certification agency for strength coaches and personal trainers, and also works as a full-time physical education instructor and football coach. Info: [email protected] | chemistry |
https://www.miamibeachlaserandaesthetics.com/products/alastin-skincare/ | 2019-09-15T20:20:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572289.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915195146-20190915221146-00517.warc.gz | 0.878703 | 269 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__126526120 | en | ALASTIN Skincare® formulates products with TriHex Technology, a proprietary blend of active peptides and botanicals specifically engineered to work with the skin to clear out old collagen and elastin proteins that have been damaged by sun exposure and aging, while supporting the skin’s natural ability to produce new collagen and elastin.
Restorative Eye Treatment with TriHex Technology®
Delivers unique benefits to the delicate eye area which are essential for a rejuvenated appearance.
- Reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles around the eye
- Diminishes the appearance of puffiness around the eye
- Helps improve appearance of skin firmness around the eye
- Promotes even skin tone and helps reduce appearance of dark circles
HydraTint Pro Mineral Broad Spectrum Sunscreen SPF 36
A lightweight, all physical, broad-spectrum sunscreen that provides powerful daily protection from damaging UVA/UVB rays. The formulation is rich in antioxidants that shield against pollution- induced damage and improve skin hydration, while adding a natural hint of tint, compatible with all skin types.
- All physical, lightweight formulation
- Broad Spectrum UVA/UVB sun protection
- Environmental pollution protection
- Universal tint enhances most skin tones
- Oil-Free, PABA free | chemistry |
http://dentalreview.news/practice-management/2528-continu-from-nuview-the-all-in-one-solution | 2018-06-19T18:03:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863109.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619173519-20180619193519-00242.warc.gz | 0.928585 | 249 | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__186394688 | en | For a surface decontamination solution that thoroughly cleans surfaces as well as delivering fast, effective and long lasting disinfection, choose the Continu 2 in 1 Cleaner and Disinfectant from Nuview.
HTM 01-05 states that, “If there is obvious blood contamination, the presence of protein will compromise the efficacy of alcohol based wipes,” so using the Continu 2 in 1 Cleaner and Disinfectant, which is alcohol free, minimises this risk.
Furthermore, because the Continu 2 in 1 solution is water-based, it delivers a non-corrosive cleaning and disinfection process that is gentle on surfaces or equipment.
The products are both HTM 01-05 compliant and CE marked under the Medical Devices Directive. They have also been proven to combat Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses in independent EN testing, providing reassurance that the solution meets all relevant standards.
To provide the best choice for your Practice, the 2 in 1 solution is available either as a 750ml trigger spray or in the form of impregnated wipes with a refill option.
To find out more about the surface Cleaner and Disinfectant that does it all, contact Nuview. | chemistry |
https://aabcchemdry.com/services/pet-odor-removal | 2024-02-29T10:49:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474808.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229103115-20240229133115-00279.warc.gz | 0.902322 | 662 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__6108496 | en | Pet Urine and Odor Removal in DFW
We love our pets and we know you do, too! At A-abc Chem-Dry, we are proud to offer Dallas & Fort Worth's most effective process to handle pet accidents. Our Pet Urine Removal Treatment (P.U.R.T.) doesn't use perfumes to mask the smell, like some other products and services do. We eliminate the odor at the source, by exploding the urine crystals that cause the odors, so the smell is gone for good.
Why A-abc Chem-Dry Pet Odor Removal Services?
About Our Pet Carpet Cleaning and Odor Removal Service
Our revolutionary pet carpet cleaning process is called Pet Urine Removal Treatment (P.U.R.T.®). It attacks odors at their source - deep in carpet fibers. Other methods can’t do this and typically only mask odors with perfumes. P.U.R.T. causes a chemical reaction that destroys the urine crystals and eliminates the odors for good.
Proven Cleaning for Pet Stains and Urine Odors
An independent laboratory conducted multiple tests of our Pet Urine Removal Treatment to determine its impact on pet urine odors.
In tests against the most common odor sources found in cat and dog urine, the study determined that P.U.R.T. removes an average of 99.9% of pet urine odors from carpets*.
These results definitively show that our P.U.R.T. process is much more efficient than store-bought cleaners and processes used by other pet carpet cleaning services.
Eliminate Pet Urine Odors
Dealing with pet accidents that you see is difficult, but what about those you may not be aware of until the smell hits? Our trained technicians use a special UV light to detect all pet urine accidents in your house, even those you might not have noticed.
If not treated properly when they happen, pet urine can soak your carpet fibers, backing, padding, and even the subfloor. As the urine dries, the liquid will evaporate, but the urine crystals left behind will become even more concentrated and pungent.
Simple cleaning and DIY methods won’t be able to remove this odor. The Chem-Dry P.U.R.T. process attacks these odors at the source, causing a chemical reaction that breaks down all of the odor-causing matter in the 24 to 36 hours following application. P.U.R.T. is a pet odor cleaning method you can count on!
We offer our P.U.R.T. service to everyone in our area. Our professionally trained technicians will take care to inspect your home, identify any issues you may have, and provide a free, no-obligation quote.
Contact us today!
Schedule a Free P.U.R.T. Home Inspection Today!
Contact us to schedule a free, in-home inspection for our P.U.R.T. process. We'll conduct a detailed review of your home, provide you with a no-obligation quote and begin the cleaning process at your convenience. | chemistry |
https://www.isecoeco.org/3rd-water-research-conference-call-for-abstracts/ | 2023-02-03T03:47:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500042.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203024018-20230203054018-00668.warc.gz | 0.910936 | 318 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__221849057 | en | 3rd Water Research Conference
11-14 January 2015, Shenzhen, China
The 3rd Water Research Conference aims to present results of state-of-the-art exploration in water/wastewater treatment and discuss conceptually novel ideas that are necessary to develop well-tuned energy- and resource-efficient treatment technologies designed to remove a wide range of known and emerging pollutants and/or to recover increasingly limited and valuable resources like chemicals, nutrients, energy and water itself.
As such, the conference will provide a unique opportunity for the presentation of results of cutting-edge exploratory activities, associated technological applications and, most importantly, extensive exchange of ideas that will ultimately lead to a shared understanding of most promising and critically important directions of future research concerned with the improvement of water quality and the recovery of resources on local and global scales.
The program will be particularly focused on water treatment approaches that utilise highly efficient processes, for instance those of catalytic nature or involving interfacial interactions and other microscopic level controls of transformation of pollutants in engineered systems. Specific challenges on recovering resources from water/wastewater, especially water reuse, nutrient/energy/chemicals recovery will be addressed.
Call for Abstracts
Submit abstracts by 1 August 2014
Abstracts for oral and poster presentations are invited on the conference topics and should be submitted using the online abstract submission system.
The conference will address two main topics:
- Catalytic processes and new materials and technologies in water/wastewater treatment
- Water reuse and product recovery from water/wastewater treatment | chemistry |
https://www.primeserviceprovider.com/stretching-the-boundaries-the-role-of-pe-in-revolutionizing-flexible-packaging-solutions.html | 2024-04-24T02:53:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818999.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424014618-20240424044618-00652.warc.gz | 0.916097 | 716 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__107766919 | en | The versatility and innovation in the packaging industry have taken a significant leap forward with the advent of polyethylene (PE) in creating flexible packaging solutions. As the demand for durable, lightweight, and cost-effective packaging continues to grow, PE flexible packaging stands out for its remarkable ability to meet these needs while also offering enhanced sustainability benefits.
Unwrapping PE: A Material of Choice
The Essentials of PE Flexible Packaging
Polyethylene’s unique properties make it an ideal candidate for flexible packaging. Known for its strength, flexibility, and adaptability, PE can be tailored to various thicknesses and densities, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. From food packaging to medical supplies, PE flexible packaging offers protection and convenience, all while reducing material use and transportation costs due to its lightweight nature.
Sustainability and PE: A Greener Future
PE’s role in sustainable packaging solutions is increasingly recognized. Its lower carbon footprint compared to traditional packaging materials, coupled with its recyclability, positions PE as a frontrunner in the push towards more environmentally friendly packaging options. Efforts to enhance PE recycling processes further underscore the material’s commitment to sustainability.
The Innovation Spectrum: PE’s Versatility Unleashed
Advancements in Barrier Technologies
Innovation in PE-based materials includes the development of high-barrier films that effectively protect against moisture, oxygen, and other external elements. These advancements extend the shelf life of products, particularly in the food and beverage sector, thereby reducing waste and enhancing consumer satisfaction.
Customization and Design Flexibility
PE flexible packaging offers unmatched design flexibility, allowing for customization in shapes, sizes, and functionalities. This adaptability not only meets specific product requirements but also provides opportunities for branding and consumer engagement through eye-catching and informative packaging designs.
Enhancing User Experience
Convenience and Usability
The convenience of PE flexible packaging, evidenced in features like resealability and easy-open mechanisms, significantly enhances the user experience. This focus on functionality ensures that packaging is not just protective but also user-friendly, addressing consumers’ needs for convenience and efficiency.
Safety and Compliance
PE materials are manufactured with safety and compliance at the forefront, particularly for applications in food packaging and pharmaceuticals. Meeting strict regulatory standards, PE ensures that products are safely protected, maintaining their integrity from production to consumption.
The Future Is Flexible
Pioneering Biodegradable and Bio-based PE
Research and development efforts are increasingly directed towards producing biodegradable and bio-based PE alternatives. These innovations aim to retain the material’s beneficial properties while improving its environmental footprint, signaling a promising direction for the future of flexible packaging.
The Circular Economy and PE
The integration of PE into the circular economy is facilitated through initiatives that promote recycling and reuse. By designing for recyclability and supporting infrastructure improvements, the packaging industry is working towards a model where PE flexible packaging not only serves immediate packaging needs but also contributes to long-term sustainability goals.
Embracing PE in flexible packaging solutions represents a significant step forward in balancing functionality with environmental responsibility. As innovations continue to unfold, the focus on sustainability, consumer satisfaction, and regulatory compliance ensures that PE remains at the forefront of the packaging industry’s evolution. The transformative impact of PE on flexible packaging is clear, offering a glimpse into a future where packaging solutions are not just about protection and presentation but also about contributing positively to our planet’s well-being. | chemistry |
http://www.ccr1978.cn/date/2019/11 | 2020-08-09T20:35:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738573.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809192123-20200809222123-00209.warc.gz | 0.899938 | 1,446 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__189007365 | en | Pay attention to the poisonous serum of Chinese patent medicine
It is generally believed that Chinese patent medicines have fewer side effects, are safe to take, and sometimes they are not taken according to the doctor’s advice. This practice is extremely detrimental to health.
Some proprietary Chinese medicines contain potent and toxic ingredients, and some contain western medicine ingredients.
These Chinese medicines have certain damage to the human body, and accidentally may cause adverse reactions or drug-induced diseases.
For example, a proprietary Chinese medicine for treating diabetes contains glibenclamide; a cough-relieving Chinese medicine contains ephedrine, ammonium chloride, and clenbuterol; the digestive system contains atropine, procaine, and sucralfate.Etc.; Chinese medicine for depressurization contains hydrochlorothiazide, clonidine hydrochloride and the like.
Although the content of western medicine contained in proprietary Chinese medicines is generally reduced, if the patient exceeds the dosage, the risk will be greatly increased, and even serious cases may be life-threatening.
When using proprietary Chinese medicines, the efficacy of single-flavor Chinese medicine or western medicine is more reliable, and it is generally recommended to avoid mixing medicine.
If the drug must be mixed, the drug composition should be clarified and the risk of repeated drug use should occur.
In general, good safety is one of the advantages of proprietary Chinese medicines.
The Chinese medicinal materials used in the production of proprietary Chinese medicines are mostly natural medicines, but they are still toxic substitutes. It can be said that there is no non-toxic alternative to proprietary Chinese medicines.
“Shen Nong tastes the herb, and encounters seventy poisons in one day.” In the process of searching for and identifying food, ancient people accidentally ate some poisonous herbs. After the toxic reaction, they cured some diseases, so they found out.traditional Chinese medicine.
Toxicity is a basic attribute of traditional Chinese medicine, but toxicity is not equal to poison. The key is how to apply it correctly.
In order to avoid the occurrence of toxic side effects, the first thing to do is to comply with the drug certificate.
In the ancient book “Medical Statement”: “Where a doctor uses medicine, it must be certified first, and the certification must be examined first.
The trial is clear, the certification is true; the certification is true, and the medicine is used.
“The diagnosis is unknown, the drug certificate does not match, the “heat syndrome” uses “hot medicine”, the “cold certificate” uses “cold medicine”, which is tantamount to refueling on the fire and aggravating the condition.
Must understand the main ingredients of Chinese patent medicines, usage, dosage, compatibility and so on.
The book “Poisonous Chinese Herbal Medicine” records 487 kinds of toxic Chinese herbal medicines, among which 22 kinds of extremely poisonous drugs with a lethal dose of less than 1 gram, the therapeutic amount is close to the amount of poisoning, and 50 kinds of large poisons which can cause serious consequences are used excessively.
There are 28 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines used in the Regulations on the Administration of Toxic Drugs for Medical Use issued by the State Council.
For example, a proprietary Chinese medicine containing Chinese herbal medicine, Huang Yaozi, has obvious hepatotoxicity. Excessive or long-term application can cause liver damage; Chinese patent medicines containing Mutong, Guangfang, and Aristolochia have obvious aristolochic acid.Nephrotoxicity, improper use can lead to kidney damage; Chinese medicines containing glutinous rice, improper use can lead to heart damage and arrhythmia; Chinese medicine containing Strychnos, excessive use can cause nervous system damage.
External proprietary Chinese medicines generally avoid oral administration.
Sometimes in order to improve the curative effect, a variety of proprietary Chinese medicines may be used in combination, and it is possible to reuse some of them, and the conversion dose is increased. If it is a toxic medicine or a medicinal medicinal taste, toxic anisotropy is likely to occur.
It is also possible that there is a contraindication between different proprietary Chinese medicines, such as Fuzi Lizhong Pill and Jinshang Shenqi Pill, because both Chinese patent medicines contain aconite (the main ingredient aconitine), which may cause toxic side effects.
For example, if a proprietary Chinese medicine containing aconite is used in combination with a Chinese patent medicine containing Fritillaria and Pinellia to treat cough, there will be incompatibility contraindications (“18 anti-Chinese wolfberry, anti-Pinus, Fritillaria”).
Finally, we must pay attention to “the disease is only a stop”, can not be taken for a long time.
Some Chinese medicines are less toxic, but they can be used for long-term use to accumulate poisoning.
In order to avoid the side effects of proprietary Chinese medicines, doctors should not only fully grasp the basic knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine’s taste, function, usage and dosage, toxicity, compatibility and other aspects, but also be familiar with the modern pharmacological knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine and understand the main ingredients of each traditional Chinese medicine., metabolism in the body, side effects and so on.
As a patient, you should not buy medicines without permission. You must purchase medicines under the guidance of a doctor.
Remember to take taboo diet taboos that are usually called taboos.
In the ancient literature, Changshan Boss, Shouwu, Dihuang Boss, garlic, radish, peppermint, jealous vinegar, honey and raw onions are recorded.
This means that when taking a proprietary Chinese medicine containing the above Chinese herbal medicines, it is not allowed to eat certain foods.
In addition, during the medication, should not eat cold, not easy to digest and irritating food.
Pregnancy contraindications Some Chinese medicines have a damaging effect on the fetus. According to the different degrees of damage to the damage, the medicine can be divided into two categories.
Most of the traditional Chinese medicines containing high concentrations of toxicity or medicinal properties, such as musk scent, scorpion, scorpion, croton, etc.; most of the cautions contain some blood circulation, diarrhea and stagnation drugs, such as peach kernel,Safflower, rhubarb, medlar, aconite, dried ginger, etc.
Absolutely absolutely impossible to use, discretion should be used as appropriate, but should be avoided to prevent accidents.
Also pay attention to the special contraindications commonly found in drug instructions, such as Chinese patent medicine containing ephedra, glaucoma supplement, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, prostatic hypertrophy patients with caution.
Compound Wuji Capsules stipulates that “the use of dampness and other evidence is used with caution”. | chemistry |
https://fryface.com/taxonomy/term/1593 | 2019-02-21T20:21:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247508363.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221193026-20190221215026-00069.warc.gz | 0.967403 | 135 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__108796789 | en | Lanolin is an ointment like material isolated from sheep wool. Actually, it is produced by the sebaceous gland of the sheep. Lanolin can be seperated into a liquid oil or a solid wax form. If heated, a mixture of organic lanolin acids and lanolin alcohols can be produced.
These lanolin derivatives are frequently found in skincare products as they impart a smooth soft feel to the skin and act as conditioning agents in hair products. They are lubricants. In addition, lanolin helps the water and oil phases of skincare products to blend. So they also act as emulsifiers. | chemistry |
https://ecomineral.cz/en/about/ | 2024-03-02T06:52:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475757.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302052634-20240302082634-00513.warc.gz | 0.91183 | 250 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__119298467 | en | Dear business partners,
Welcome to the webpages of Ecomineral, a company established as an outcome of your long-term cooperation with the Italian company Kerakoll.
Kerakoll develops original systems and products based on actual market demand for environmentally friendly construction materials in its GreenLab futuristic research centre. Kerakoll’s production program offers a unique range of products focused on improving the health conditions and the quality of life.
Kerakoll’s products we deliver to the Czech market are environmentally friendly and gentle to the processors’ and users’ health, and delivery significant economic benefits of up to 40% in energy savings, increase in the value of properties, etc.
With more than 25 years of experience in the field and owing to our long-term and close cooperation with Kerakoll – the world leader in solutions for GreenBuilding, we offer the best of the world’s production of hygienic products free of chemical additions. A satisfied customer is our sole aim. This is why we decided to supply premium quality materials and systems focusing on health, economic benefits, affordability and design to the market.
Pavel Jarolím – Company Executive of Ecomineral | chemistry |
https://www.sensor-technology.com.br/thermocouplesensors | 2021-06-24T06:42:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488551052.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624045834-20210624075834-00250.warc.gz | 0.888383 | 818 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__164255431 | en | Sensor Technology is a key supplier of materials for the production of temperature sensors using noble metal thermocouples.
Our technical team is available to support our customers with wire specifications and thermocouple types according to the needs of each application.
In addition to the most commonly used wire diameters in the market, Sensor Technology also supplies other diameters on demand, which are more suitable for each application.
The thermocouple type temperature sensors consist of two different wires (different metals and/or alloys) which, joined at one of their ends, produce an electric voltage. This electric voltage is directly related to the temperature, that is, at each temperature variation at the junction of one of the extremities, the electric voltage will present a proportional variation, thus making its measurement possible.
For there to be electrical voltage and therefore measurement, the joining of two metals of known properties should occur in the following way:
One of the two ends of the two distinct joined wires are inserted into the environment to be measured (measurement junction or "hot joint"), while the other two ends are inserted into an environment with a known and controlled temperature (reference junction or "cold joint").
Thermocouples are divided into two groups:
- Basic Thermocouples (T,J,E,K): They are so called the thermocouples of greater general use in industry, because the wires are relatively low cost and its application admits a higher error limit.
- Noble thermocouples (S,R,B): They are those in which the pairs of wires are made up of a pair of noble metal wires such as platinum and rhodium. They are expensive and require high sensitivity receiving instruments, but present a very high accuracy, given the homogeneity and purity of the wires.
Sensor Technology is specialized in solutions for Noble Thermocouples, being able to provide products with the most diverse applications and specifications.
Types of thermocouples and their characteristics
Alloy: (+) Platinum 90% Rhodium 10% / (-) Platinum 100%
• Temperature range: 0°C to 1480°C.
• Electromotive Force (FEM) produced: 0 to 15.336mV.
• Average thermoelectric power: 1.04mV / 100°C.
Application: oxidizing or inert atmospheres. Not indicated for vacuum applications and atmospheres with metallic vapors. Also used as a standard in the calibration of other thermocouples.
- Alloy: (+) Platinum 87% Rhodium 13% / (-) Platinum 100%
• Usage range: 0 to 1480°C.
• Electromotive Force (FEM) produced: 0 to 17.163mV.
• Average thermoelectric power: 1.16mV / 100°C.
Application: oxidizing or inert atmospheres. Not indicated for applications in vacuum and atmospheres with metallic vapors.
- Alloy: (+) Platinum 70% Rhodium 30% / (-) Platinum 94% Rhodium 6%
• Usage range: 870 to 1705°C.
• Electromotive Force (FEM) produced: 3.708 to 12.485mV.
• Average thermoelectric power: 1.05mV / 100°C.
Application: Oxidizing or inert atmospheres. Not indicated for applications in vacuum and atmospheres with metallic vapors. Type of thermocouple more stable and robust than the "S" and "R" types at high temperatures.
The quality policy of Sensor Technology aims to increase its participation in the world market of platinum temperature sensors, offering the best solutions in care and products, through:
prompt service to its customers;
the continuous generation of profit to its shareholders;
reduction of costs;
continuous improvement of their processes;
the use of raw materials from qualified suppliers;
recognition and development of its employees. | chemistry |
https://ihealthmama.com/fulvic-acid-benefits-side-effects/ | 2024-04-20T14:24:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817650.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420122043-20240420152043-00283.warc.gz | 0.931338 | 1,503 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__94632387 | en | What is Fulvic Acid?
Fulvic acid is an acid that occur naturally and is found in humus, a decomposed material on the surface of the earth. It is difficult to obtain fulvic acid from a healthy diet1, 3.
Fulvic acid acts as a vehicle that transports vitamins and other nutrients to their right places in the body. One molecule of fulvic acid is capable of carrying at least 60 minerals and traces the elements to their cells.
Health Benefits of Fulvic Acid
Fulvic acid can offer numerous health benefits such as1, 2, 4, 5:
It protects and repairs damaged skin
There is evidence that fulvic acid can protect your skin and cure wounds or itching caused by insect bites and rashes linked with microorganisms. Studies have also shown that fulvic acid is able to relieve symptoms of eczema.
Eczema is a term that describes medical conditions that cause your skin to become inflamed. Atopic eczema is one of the common forms of eczema. Atopic are diseases that are inherited and can develop other allergic conditions such as asthma. The symptoms of eczema include itchiness in the skin and rashes. The rash can form on your hands, feet and at the backside of the knees.
Fulvic acid has been used for a long time to treat skin rashes from spider bites, viral infection and athlete foot. Fulvic acid boosts your body’s immunity against infections.
It boosts energy level
Fulvic acid has trace minerals, electrolytes and vital nutrients that help people improve their energy levels. Many studies have documented that fulvic aid helps energize the body’s biological process; it assists the body cells remain active when constrained by stress, unhealthy diet and oxidative damage. An electrolyte dissolves in water and is used to conduct electrical currents hence assisting cells to function when they are damaged.
Fulvic acid supplements and its derivatives have been found to improve physiological energy.
It helps reduce damage to free radicals
Every individual has free radicals in the body which help fight pathogen, control hormones and supply energy in the body. Excess radicals in the body can be dangerous since they accelerate aging process. Damage to free radicals result from our exposure to environmental pollutants, consuming insufficient nutrients, smoking and exposure to excess ultraviolet radiations. Another cause is consuming processed foods that have chemicals that may damage the free radicals.
Fulvic acid has antioxidant properties that help to neutralize the effects of free radicals. The acid also helps to detoxify the body of harmful substances that promote aging. These toxic substances include the following: radioactive wastes, heavy metals and chemicals used in agricultural activities. Fulvic acid assists to increase the life of the cells and make them more permeable by supplying them with electrolytes.
It enhances detoxification
Fulvic acid is useful in digestion and boosts energy due its detoxifying abilities. Fulvic acid is able to bind and break down harmful substances such as metals that enter the body through water, food, air pollution and medications.
In the environment, fulvic acid is found in ocean, lakes, streams, rivers, soil and rocks. Fulvic acid form complexes with ions found in the environment which creates firm colloid binds that help filter water and detoxify toxic substances.
Fulvic acid has phenolates and carboxylate which make it act like natural chelators. This implies that it will form natural chemical complexes that are capable of controlling availability of metals ions such as copper, calcium, iron, and magnesium in the environment and human body.
Several studies have shown that fulvic acid have ion selective electrodes that can attract heavy metals and help filter soil and water. They do this by binding to metals such as copper and iron.
It supports Cognitive health
Fulvic acid contains nutraceutical and antioxidant properties that can help prevent cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a disease that damages your memory and other vital mental functions. In this disease, your brain cells degenerate and eventually die.
Normally brain cells rely on internal support and transport system to move nutrients and other vital materials all over their additional structures. The transport system needs a protein called tau to perform this function properly.
In case of Alzheimer’s disease, tau protein threads entwine into unusual tangles in the brain cells. This leads to the failure of the transport system which causes reduction and death of brain cells. Damage to free radicals which supply energy and fight pathogens in the body can also cause cognitive disorders.
The use of fulvic acid can reduce the length of tau proteins fibrils and their morphology and halt Alzheimer’s disease from progressing.
It enhances digestion and absorption of nutrients in the body
Having sufficient electrolytes and trace minerals are vital in proper metabolic function, assimilation of nutrients and the health digestion. Fulvic acid contains organisms although in fewer doses that promote improvement in the population of good bacteria in your digestive system. This helps lower digestion problems like constipation.
Taking fulvic acid supplements helps to reinstate your body’s pH. This prevents an acidic environment from being formed in the body which enables fulvic acid to prevent illness from developing and enhances immunity against harmful bacteria, virus and fungus.
Fulvic acid transports nutrients and minerals to the cells and facilitates their absorption by making the cells more permeable. It also relieves inflammation in your digestion system making it easy for nutrients to be absorbed.
Fulvic acid can be taken in the following ways1, 2:
Fulvic acid come as liquid extracts and you are supposed to take around 12 drops at a time with 16-20 ounces of filtered water. Avoid using fulvic acid with chlorinated or tap water because chlorine reacts with fulvic acid and may cause health complications.
When you are using fulvic acid, take it at the time you are eating since it helps counteract and detoxify harmful substances such as pesticides found in food. You can take one before meals or one hour after so as to boost detoxification ability.
There are numerous fulvic acid supplements available but the most known is shilajit. It has been used for a long time and many research studies recommend it.
Studies have shown that fulvic acid is not harmful to many people. It can cause side effects when you take too much of it. There is no research done to demonstrate its effects in pregnant women. Avoid fulvic acid if you are pregnant and breastfeeding.
People with immune disorders such as arthritis or multiple sclerosis should not use fulvic acid unless under the supervision of a qualified health professional.
- Fulvic acid. https://draxe.com/fulvic-acid/
- Fulvic acid. Available at https://www.victoriahealth.com/editorial/fulvic-acid-the-elixir-of-life | chemistry |
https://www.staticjam.com/blogs/in-the-press/staticjams-key-anti-frizz-ingredients | 2024-02-22T23:38:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00588.warc.gz | 0.928827 | 671 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__175045932 | en | In a world where ingredients are now at the forefront of our minds. At Static Jam, we are committed to crafting products that go beyond the surface, rooted in a deep understanding of the science behind hair health and frizz-free perfection. Let's take a look, ingredient by ingredient.
Wheat Protein Wonders
Wheat protein, a key ingredient in Static Jam's formulations, is loved for its ability to strengthen hair strands. Comprising amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, wheat protein works to repair damaged hair, restoring its natural strength and vitality. It forms a protective barrier around the hair shaft, reducing moisture loss and imparting a lasting shine. By nourishing the hair from within, wheat protein ensures that each strand is fortified, resilient, and free from the frizz that often accompanies weakened dehydrated hair.
Vegetable Keratin: The Natural Elixir
Static Jam's infusion of vegetable keratin takes inspiration from nature's own remedy for hair repair and protection. Derived from plant sources, this natural elixir mimics the structure of human hair keratin, ensuring compatibility and absorption. Vegetable keratin works wonders by filling in gaps and fissures along the hair shaft, smoothing the cuticle and preventing frizz-inducing factors from penetrating. The result is a silky, sleek finish that withstands the challenges posed by environmental stressors, leaving hair not only repaired but also shielded against future damage.
Cleansing Agents: A Sulphate-Free Symphony
Static Jam's decision to not include sulfates from its formulations allows for the balance required for effective cleansing without compromising hair health. Sulfates, commonly found in many shampoos, are powerful detergents that can strip the hair of its natural oils, leading to dryness and frizz. By opting for a sulfate-free approach, Static Jam ensures a symphony of cleanliness that gently removes impurities while preserving the hair's essential oils. This balance allows for a thorough cleanse without the harsh aftermath, leaving hair clean, moisturised, and naturally frizz-resistant.
pH Balancing Act: Harmonizing Your Hair
Maintaining the optimal pH balance is crucial to Static Jam's frizz-free formula. The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity, and the natural pH of hair is slightly acidic. Traditional hair care products can disrupt this balance, leading to frizz and dullness. Static Jam's commitment to pH balancing ensures that its products maintain the hair's natural acidity, sealing the cuticle and preventing moisture loss. This harmonious approach not only fights frizz but also promotes a healthy scalp environment, laying the foundation for consistently sleek and manageable hair.
Essential Ingredients for Frizz-Free Success
Static Jam's pledge to be sulfate and paraben-free is grounded in the recognition of the potential harm these additives can inflict on hair health. Sulfates are known for their harsh cleansing power. Parabens, commonly used as preservatives, have been associated with potential health concerns. By removing these additives, Static Jam ensures that its products prioritize the long-term health and resilience of the hair, promoting a frizz-free texture that is nurtured rather than compromised.
Shop these key ingredients that are good for you and your scalp, here. | chemistry |
https://catalog.century.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=9&coid=16151 | 2024-02-22T10:18:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00618.warc.gz | 0.825948 | 1,114 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__12911666 | en | CHEM 1041 - Principles of Chemistry I Credits: 5
Hours/Week: Lecture 5 Lab 3
Course Description: This is the first course in a two-course introduction to chemistry. Students will investigate the basic concepts of chemistry, including atomic theory and structure, chemical nomenclature, chemical equations and stoichiometry, electron configuration and periodicity, chemical bonding, molecular structure, enthalpy changes associated with chemical reactions, the behavior of gases, and an introduction to organic chemistry. Quantitative laboratory experiments emphasize observation, organization of data, and analysis of data. This course is intended for students who need a course in general chemistry to fulfill a requirement for a variety of majors such as: chemistry, medicine, biology, nursing, dentistry, physical therapy and liberal arts.
3 Natural Science
Prerequisite(s): Course placement into MATH 1061 or above, or completion of MATH 0070 with a grade of C or higher. Course placement into college-level English and Reading OR completion of ENGL 0950 with a grade of C or higher OR completion of RDNG 0940 with a grade of C or higher and qualifying English Placement Exam OR completion of RDNG 0950 with a grade of C or higher and ENGL 0090 with a grade of C or higher OR completion of ESOL 0051 with a grade of C or higher and ESOL 0052 with a grade of C or higher.
- Matter and Measurement
- Atomic Structure
- Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
- Electron Configuration and Periodicity
- Inorganic Nomenclature
- Introduction to Organic Chemistry
- Reactions in Aqueous Solution
At the end of this course students will be able to:
- determine the number of significant digits in a number, and round measured and calculated results to the appropriate number of significant digits.
- apply dimensional analysis with proper attention to units and significant figures.
- describe and apply the scientific method.
- name or provide formulas for molecular and ionic compounds, including those with polyatomic ions.
- describe electrons, protons, and neutrons, and the general structure of the atom.
- define isotope and determine the atomic number, mass number, and number of neutrons for a specified isotope.
- identify the atomic number and atomic mass for any element, given a periodic table.
- calculate the average atomic mass of an element from isotopic abundances and masses.
- correlate wavelength, frequency, and energy of light with electron energy level transitions in an atom using the Bohr model.
- apply the wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle to describe properties of electrons.
- apply the results of the Schrödinger model of the atom to assign quantum numbers to electrons and write electron configurations of multi-electron atoms and ions.
- identify valence and core electrons, and predict trends in atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity, and charges on main-group ions.
- use Avogadro’s number to calculate the number of particles.
- balance chemical equations and perform stoichiometry calculations, including limiting reagent and percent yield calculations.
- determine the empirical formula of an unknown compound from percent mass data.
- use molarity in calculations involving solutions, including dilution and titration calculations.
- identify insoluble ionic compounds, strong and weak acids and bases, and oxidizing and reducing agents in precipitation, acid-base neutralization, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
- write molecular, total, and net ionic equations for precipitation and acid-base reactions.
- explain and write a formula for the First Law of Thermodynamics.
- determine the amount of heat associated with reacting a specified mass of reactant for a reaction with a given enthalpy change.
- use heat capacity or specific heat to relate the amount of heat associated with a temperature change for a substance.
- use Hess’s Law or enthalpies of formation to determine the enthalpy change for a reaction.
- describe bonding in pure covalent, polar covalent, and ionic compounds.
- draw Lewis structures for compounds including resonance, formal charge, and exceptions to the octet rule.
- use VSEPR theory and Valence Bond Theory to predict molecular shape, polarity, and bonding.
- explain the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases.
- use the ideal gas law and the combined gas law in calculations.
- apply Dalton’s Law to determine the mole fraction, partial pressures, and total pressure of a gas mixture.
- use chemicals and basic laboratory equipment safely and with proper technique.
- record observations and analyze the results of experiments.
Competency 1 (1-6)
03. 01. Demonstrate understanding of scientific theories.
03. 02. Formulate and test hypotheses by performing laboratory, simulation, or field experiments in at least two of the natural science disciplines. One of these experimental components should develop, in greater depth, students’ laboratory experience in the collection of data, its statistical and graphical analysis, and an appreciation of its sources of error and uncertainty. 03. 03. Communicate their experimental findings, analyses, and interpretations both orally and in writing.
Courses and Registration
Add to Portfolio (opens a new window) | chemistry |
https://sprucegenerator.com/generator-fuel-stabilizer/ | 2023-01-31T15:58:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499888.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131154832-20230131184832-00506.warc.gz | 0.898718 | 1,692 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__277289121 | en | Have you ever had issues starting your generator after extended months of storage? If you haven’t, you may have added a fuel stabilizer or were very lucky. For most generator owners, a month of storage without a fuel stabilizer means keeping the generator free of all the fuel, and still, there might be issues caused by the small traces left.
If you have never heard of a fuel stabilizer or use it but don’t know what it is or how it works, this post is for you. Its content describes everything you need to know about the formulated liquid.
What’s a Generator Fuel Stabilizer?
A fuel stabilizer is a formulated solution designed to provide a protective layer that sits on the fuel inside the fuel tank or storage can. It’s made primarily using petroleum products to bond with gasoline molecules to prevent evaporation and degradation. Some brands come with additives that help prevent corrosion and water build-up.
Why Use a Generator Fuel Stabilizer?
Gasoline is a mixture of many chemicals, hydrocarbons, and other additives. These chemicals make it volatile. Its volatility makes it break down over time when exposed to moisture and oxygen.
When the oxygen in the air comes into contact with gasoline, the metals start to oxidize. What you will be left with is gummy stuff with a nasty smell, what we call stale fuel.
What’s more, ethanol, one of the blended additives in gasoline, is hygroscopic. It can accumulate up to 49 percent water saturation. If that happens, it results in phase separation. The ethanol-water solution sinks to the bottom, thereby creating two layers.
When you start the engine, the water-ethanol mix layer is what the engine will pull first. It’s disastrous to the generator engine as it will cause it to run poorly, translating to inadequate power production.
What’s more, if the water-ethanol mix sat in the fuel tank for an extended period, it can corrode the fuel tank from the inside out, forcing you into a costly replacement.
Even if you store your generator with a fuel tank full, oxidation will still occur. It’s even worse today as modern gasoline contains a high percentage of ethanol. That means more water attraction which will accelerate the fuel breakdown.
High-quality ethanol-free gasoline can stay stable almost indefinitely with proper storage. The same can happen with high-quality gasoline stored in airtight containers in controlled humidity and temperature.
However, since both these options are costly and only feasible in commercial applications, your gasoline is bound to go ‘bad’ at some point.
How long does it take for fuel to go ‘bad’? Gasoline stays stable for at most 30 days. From here, it starts to degrade from oxidation. At some point, the fuel starts to varnish, and it’s left untreated. That’s when it starts to gum up and clog any openings in the generator fuel system.
That’s where the generator fuel stabilizer comes in – with a fuel stabilizer; the fuel is protected from the oxygen that oxidizes it to make it stale. The chemical adds a layer of protection to prevent vanishing and inhibit ethanol from pulling water from the atmosphere.
What Does a Generator Fuel Stabilizer Do?
As I mentioned in the section above, a fuel stabilizer prevents gasoline oxidation and breakdown. It bonds with the fuel molecules, coating and protecting them from oxygen exposure. That means there will be no more gumming or fuel evaporation.
While doing so, it also creates a protective layer on ethanol, the hygroscopic additive, preventing it from attracting water from the atmosphere.
By doing so, it eliminates the need to drain the generator fuel before storage. It also ensures you enjoy the convenience of an easy generator start next time you need the emergency power.
Understand that you cannot reverse stale gas. You cannot add a fuel stabilizer to turn ‘bad’ fuel into ‘good’ fuel. However, you can extend your gasoline’s shelf life when you add it at the beginning of the storage.
High-quality fuel stabilizers can keep your fuel fresh for even three years. However, it’s a must you store it properly.
When Should You Use a Generator Fuel Stabilizer?
A fuel stabilizer is mainly used when you’re not using or running your generator. If you plan to store your generator for more than a couple of days, you need a fuel stabilizer to protect the fuel and the generator fuel line.
And since generators are mainly used for emergency power, most people find themselves using the generator a handful of times in a year or season. That means, at a time point, the generator will stay in storage for months.
If you still want to preserve the fuel in the fuel tank or in a storage container to stay ready for the next disaster, it’d be best to treat it with a fuel stabilizer.
Usually, I advise generator owners to add a fuel stabilizer if they will store the generator for more than two weeks.
It’s okay to leave fuel in the generator for a couple of days when you’ve added a fuel stabilizer. If the storage might extend to more than a month, mix the fuel with the solution and drain every drop of the fuel in the fuel line to an ideal fuel storage container.
How Much Generator Fuel Stabilizer Should You Use?
Typically, the fuel stabilizer will come with instructions written on a sticker on its back or with a manual.
The instructions will have the amount of the solution you should add to a specific gasoline quantity. You don’t need much for a generator.
For example, you need one ounce (30mL) STA-BIL® Storage Fuel Stabilizer for 2½ gallons (9.5L) gasoline.
How Do You Add Generator Fuel Stabilizer
Adding a fuel stabilizer to a generator is upfront and straightforward. Here are the steps to follow:
When Storing the Generator with Fuel for Short Time:
Step 1: With the generator engine off and cool, shake the generator gently to check the level of fuel in your fuel tank if yours has no fuel gauge. Before adding the fuel, you want to make sure the tank is almost empty.
Step 2: Add the right amount of your ideal properly formulated fuel stabilizer into the fuel tank. If you don’t have a preferred brand, you can go for an STA-BIL® Storage Fuel Stabilizer. Read the manufacturer’s instructions for the dosage. Add clean gasoline to almost full and wipe any spills.
Step 3: Start the generator engine and run it for 10-15 minutes. This is to allow the treated fuel to travel through the carburetor and engine. It will help prevent gummy deposits and thus increasing the chances for easy after-storage generator starting.
When Storing the Generator without Fuel for a Long Haul:
Step 1: If your plans don’t include using the generator in the next 30 days, drain every drop of gasoline in the generator.
Start by setting the fuel valve to the OFF position and allow the generator to run out of fuel. Disconnect the fuel valve pipe and drain the fuel in the tank into a storage container.
Please do the same with the carburetor by opening the drain crew or bold on its bottom. Use the generator manual to locate it.
Step 2: Once the generator is empty and all the fuel is in a proper fuel-storage container, add the right amount of the Fuel Stabilizer, seal the cap and shake it to give it a nice mix.
Can Stabilizer cause a generator to produce smoke?
When you add a fuel stabilizer, it pulls water from the fuel. If there were some water at the fuel tank bottom, you would get a light white smoke. If it’s more than that, you may have a bigger problem. Check out my post on generator smoke. It should give you all the answers you may have about a generator producing smoke. | chemistry |
http://www.oldworldapothecary.com/articlesyntheticingredients.html | 2018-01-20T12:51:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889617.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120122736-20180120142736-00601.warc.gz | 0.945951 | 2,627 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__257146365 | en | What's in YOUR product?
What you don't know could be hurting you. If you are using body products that are widely available in most department, drug, and grocery stores, chances are they contain at least one-but more likely several-ingredients that can potentially harm you. Even most of the so-called "natural" body care products out there contain at least one synthetic ingredient. What's the big deal? Well, those of us who seek out natural body care products do so because we are concerned about our health and about adding additional toxins to our bodies that are constantly exposed to various environmental pollutants daily. And it is difficult to find true, 100% completely natural body care products. You have to be a diligent label reader to filter through everything that is out there. To help you on this quest, I've assembled a list of synthetic ingredients commonly found in most body care products, and why they should be avoided.
1. Methyl, Propyl, Butyl and Ethyl Parabens: Probably the most common synthetic ingredients found even in so-called "natural" products are these chemicals broadly referred to as "parabens". Considered "food grade" preservatives, they are also unfortunately found in products we consume. They are typically used as preservatives to inhibit the growth of microbes and to extend the shelf life of products. Parabens are known to cause various allergic reactions and skin irritations and rashes, especially with prolonged or repeated exposure.
2. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate: Also known as Sodium laurel sulfate or SLS. This synthetic substance can be found in almost any kind of industrial cleaning agent, and is widely used in products like shampoo, toothpaste, and mouth rinses as a foaming and cleansing agent, because it produces the foamy, bubbly texture we have come to expect of these products. It causes irritation on contact with skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, and can cause allergic reactions. Tests on lab animals indicate that long-term exposure may cause mutagenic effects. SLS is rapidly absorbed and retained in the eyes, brain, heart, and liver, which may result in harmful long-term effects. Some pseudo-natural products containing this substance try to mislead the consumer with the phrase "derived from coconut", but don't be fooled.
3. Propylene Glycol (PG), Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Butylene Glycol (BG), & Thylene Glycol (EG): PG, PEG, BG and EG are all petroleum derivatives that act as solvents, surfactants, and wetting agents. They can easily penetrate the skin, and are noted to inhibit skin cell growth and damage cell membranes in human tests. In fact, PG penetrates the skin so quickly that the EPA warns factory workers to avoid skin contact to prevent brain, liver, and kidney abnormalities. Propylene Glycol is what is used to carry the "active" ingredients in transdermal patches into the body. Propylene Glycol is used in anti-freeze, brake fluid, de-icer, paints, floor wax, laundry detergents, and tobacco, in addition to cosmetics, toothpaste, shampoos, deodorants, lotions, processed food, and many personal care products. It is known to cause eye, skin, and gastro-intestinal irritations, allergic reactions and rashes, nausea, headache, vomiting, and central nervous system depression. It also causes dry skin, which is ironic since it is commonly used as a humectant (to help retain moisture). Other side effects in animals exposed to PG include heart arrhythmia, stunted growth, decreased blood pressure, and even death. Butylene Glycol is now being used to replace PG in some personal care products, even though it is the only one of the glycols that has not been able to get on the FDA's GRAS List (Generally Recognized As Safe).
4. Petrolatum and Mineral Oil: Mineral oil is a derivative of crude oil and petrolatum is mineral oil jelly. Both are used industrially as lubricants. They are also widely used in lotions, creams, and other body care products. Mineral oil actually smothers the skin. It forms an oily film on the skin to lock in moisture, but traps in toxins and wastes, and clogs pores. It hinders normal skin respiration by keeping oxygen out, so it is actually drying to the skin. It can promote acne and skin photosensitivity, and slows down normal cell development, resulting in premature aging of the skin. Products that contain mineral oil and petrolatum actually create the very conditions they are intended to treat.
5. Imidazolidinyl Urea and Diazolidinyl Urea: These are the second most commonly used preservatives next to parabens. They have long been recognized as a primary cause of skin irritations. In addition, they release formaldehyde, a toxic chemical, at very low temperatures (just over 10°). Neither one is particularly good at inhibiting the growth of fungus, so they need to be combined with other preservatives, which just adds to the potential toxic load in a product.
6. DEA (Diethanolamine) MEA (Monoethanolamine) & TEA (Triethanolamine): Some alias names: Cocamide DEA or MEA, DEA-Cetyl phosphate, DEA Oleth-3 phosphate, Myristamide DEA, Stearamide MEA, Lauramide DEA, Linoleamide MEA, Oleamide DEA, TEA-Lauryl Sulfate. These chemicals and related ingredients are emulsifiers and foaming agents, widely used in a variety of cosmetic products, particularly bubble bath, bodywash, shampoo, soap and facial cleansers. Ethanolamines are eye and skin irritants. DEA is easily absorbed through the skin, and accumulates in body organs, even the brain. Animal tests show it causes damage to the liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, bone marrow, and skin. Contact with the eyes can cause impaired vision. In 1998, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) did a research study showing a link between cancer in lab animals and DEA and certain DEA - related ingredients, when applied topically.
7. Butylated hydroxianisole (BHA) & Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): BHA and BHT are preservatives very commonly used not only in cosmetics and personal care products, but in food products. BHA is absorbed through the skin and stored in body tissues. BHT is harmful if ingested, inhaled or absorbed through skin. It causes eye and skin irritation, and is irritating to mucous membranes & upper respiratory tract. Effects may vary from mild irritation to severe destruction of tissue.
8. Phthalates: Phthalates are chemicals commonly found in cosmetic and personal care products; especially nail polish, perfumes, hair sprays, and lotions, as well as in clothes, household cleaners and deodorizers, baby toys, shower curtains, insect repellants, toothbrushes, food packaging, aspirin, medical tubing and fluid bags, gum, candy, biodegradable tampon injectors, and prescription medications. Both the CDC and NIOSH have been conducting ongoing studies for the past 5 years to evaluate the potentially hazardous effects of phthalates. Phthalates are regulated as toxic substances under environmental laws that limit their discharge into air, land, and water, but there are NO limitations on the amount of phthalates used in consumer products. Health effects of phthalates include damage to the liver and kidneys, birth defects, decreased sperm counts, testicular cancer, early puberty onset in girls, early breast development in girls and boys, and other reproductive disorders. Phthalates are also suspected to contribute to reduced fertility in males.
9. Synthetic Colors: Synthetic colors are used to make products more attractive, not more functional. They are usually listed on the label as FD&C or D&C, along with a color and number. (e.g. FD&C Yellow No. 5). Synthetic colors are typically derived from petroleum or coal, and are found in a wide variety of food products and pet foods, as well as in drugs, cosmetics, and personal care products. Most do not fade during processing and storing, giving them an advantage over natural coloring agents. In 1960, the Delaney anti-cancer clause was added to the FDA's FD & C Act, which prohibits marketing any color additive the agency has found to cause cancer in animals or humans, regardless of amount. Yet it has been proven in many animal lab tests that high doses of most synthetic dyes approved by the FDA are capable of causing various adverse reactions, including cancer. Regulators have faced a dilemma because technological advances have enabled scientists to identify smaller and smaller concentrations of a substance and conduct more sensitive toxicological tests. Are such tiny amounts a health threat? Scientists have yet to answer this question, and these synthetic dyes remain in many of the products we use daily. The FDA even says on its consumer website: "You may, however, want to avoid consuming huge quantities of any one color additive. Good sense is the best policy. As with many other food ingredients, don't overuse any one product. Practice everything in moderation." That is all well and good, but since most synthetic colors can potentially cause some sort of adverse reaction, even if we avoid heavy consumption of one, we are likely consuming others, which adds to the toxic load overall. It's best to simply avoid synthetic colors altogether.
10. Synthetic Fragrances: Fragrance chemicals are compounds that volatilize, or vaporize into the air - that's why we can smell them. They are added to products to give them a scent or to mask the odor of other ingredients. The volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) emitted by fragrance products can contribute to poor indoor air quality and are associated with a variety of adverse health effects. Exposure to fragrance chemicals can cause headaches, eye, nose, and throat irritation, rashes, hyperpigmentation of the skin, nausea, vomiting, coughing, forgetfulness, loss of coordination, dizziness, and other respiratory and/or neurotoxic symptoms. Many fragrance ingredients are respiratory irritants and sensitizers, which can trigger asthma attacks and aggravate sinus conditions. Fragrance chemicals are the number one cause of allergic reactions to cosmetics -- not only to the primary users, but also to those who breathe in the chemicals as secondhand users. Phthalates in fragrances are known to disrupt hormones and are linked in animal studies to reproductive impairments. Typically these chemicals are identified by the word "Fragrance" on the label. If you see it listed, don't buy it!
Shocking, isn't it? You are probably wondering where this information comes from. Well, it is publicly available, folks. I found all of the information to compile this list online. Some of the greatest resources I found are Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS's). All manufacturers of hazardous chemicals in the USA are required to file MSDS's by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). An MSDS "contains written or printed material concerning a hazardous chemical as prescribed by law," including information "needed to insure the safety and health of the user at all stages of [the chemical's] manufacture, storage, use, and disposal." There are several sites online where you can look up an MSDS (I used this one http://www.setonresourcecenter.com/MSDS/index.htm). Just enter the chemical name into the search and browse the results. The adverse affects are listed on the MSDS under: "Health Hazards Data". I also found information on the sites of the CDC (Centers for Disease Control), FDA (Food & Drug Administration), NTP (National Toxicology Program) and NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, which is a division of the CDC).
The bottom line: if you want truly natural products, you have to do your homework, read labels, and make careful choices. You will likely find that it is quite difficult to find a product that does not contain at least one of the ingredients listed above. That is why I make and sell many of my own products, and for those that I can't make myself, I shop for products empowered with the knowledge of what to avoid. Even if you have to settle for a product that contains only one of the above ingredients, it's better than one that contains many or all of them! Be diligent, be informed, and be well!
©2004 Old World Apothecary www.oldworldapothecary.com | chemistry |
https://www.soc.ku.dk/ansatte/VIP/?pure=en%2Fpublications%2Fassay-validation-for-vilanterol-and-its-metabolites-in-human-urine-with-application-for-doping-control-analysis(24fbfc18-0448-427a-987d-05400f57c261).html | 2023-12-08T22:16:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100779.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208212357-20231209002357-00842.warc.gz | 0.867252 | 535 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__48983903 | en | Assay validation for vilanterol and its metabolites in human urine with application for doping control analysis
Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
Final published version, 1.16 MB, PDF document
A bioanalytical method for detecting the ultra-long-acting beta2-agonist (U-LABA), inhaled vilanterol and its metabolites, GSK932009 and GW630200, in urine was developed to potentially monitor permitted therapeutic versus prohibited supratherapeutic use in sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has established urinary concentration thresholds for beta2-agonists salbutamol and formoterol. Therapeutic use of vilanterol (25 μg once-daily) was recently permitted by WADA, however, there is no established decision limit for adverse analytical findings due to insufficient urine concentration data. In this study, we validated an assay to detect vilanterol in urine collected from four healthy male and female athletes 0 - 72 h who received inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate/U-LABA vilanterol (800/100 μg) combination, four times the normal therapeutic dose. After administration, subjects performed one hour of bike ergometer exercise. The experiment was conducted again after repeat dosing for one week. Our method utilised liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and was validated over urine concentrations of 5 - 5000 pg/mL (vilanterol), and 50 - 50,000 pg/mL (GSK932009 and GW630200). Plasma samples were analysed for vilanterol, using a previously validated assay. The C max for urine vilanterol, GSK932009 and GW630200 were 9.5, 10.4 and 0.17 ng/mL, for single dosing, and 18.6, 19.5, and 0.20 ng/mL, for repeat dosing. Urine samples from four volunteers using the final validated method are reported, demonstrating this assay has sensitivity to detect vilanterol or GSK932009 in urine for ≥ 72 hours post single or repeat dosing with 800/100 μg fluticasone furoate/vilanterol whereas GW630200 was quantifiable ≤ 4 hours post-dose.
|Journal||Drug Testing and Analysis|
|Publication status||Published - 2023|
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Faculty of Science - Vilanterol, Beta2-agonist, WADA, Doping, Assay validation | chemistry |
https://vapeciti.com/products/strawberry-sours-ice-100-ml-kilo-sour-series | 2020-10-22T18:25:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880014.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022170349-20201022200349-00408.warc.gz | 0.869231 | 183 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__188582951 | en | Strawberry Sours Ice 100 ml - Kilo Sour Series
Strawberry Sours Ice: Kilo Strawberry Sours Ice is a refreshing icy rendition of the original Strawberry Sours with the same blend of sweet and sour candied strawberries, with a hint of menthol added. Released as part of the Kilo Sour Series, Strawberry Sours Ice delivers the notes of the sourness of the candy, followed by the sweetness of the strawberries and then a hint of menthol to create a refreshingly well rounded vaping experience. Kilo Strawberry Sours Ice comes in a 100 ml plastic bottle and in three different nicotine strengths: 0 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg for your desired nicotine satisfaction. It has a nice Vegetable Glycerin (VG) to Propylene Glycol (PG) base of 70% to 30%, which allows the cloud chasers to produce those flavorful puffy clouds. | chemistry |
https://wweebb.ru/rb-sr-dating-example/ | 2020-10-31T05:02:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107912807.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031032847-20201031062847-00008.warc.gz | 0.930649 | 3,403 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__125665915 | en | The rubidium-strontium dating method is a radiometric dating technique used by scientists to determine the age of rocks and minerals from the quantities they contain of specific isotopes of rubidium 87 Rb and strontium 87 Sr, 86 Sr. Development of this process was aided by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann , who later went on to discover nuclear fission in December The utility of the rubidium — strontium isotope system results from the fact that 87 Rb one of two naturally occurring isotopes of rubidium decays to 87 Sr with a half-life of In addition, Rb is a highly incompatible element that, during partial melting of the mantle, prefers to join the magmatic melt rather than remain in mantle minerals. As a result, Rb is enriched in crustal rocks. The radiogenic daughter, 87 Sr, is produced in this decay process and was produced in rounds of stellar nucleosynthesis predating the creation of the Solar System. During fractional crystallization , Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase , leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Highest ratios 10 or higher occur in pegmatites.
There are two stable isotopes of carbon: 12 C and 13 C, and one naturally occurring radionuclide: 14 C. The half life of 14 C is only 5, years, which is orders of magnitude shorter than the age of the Earth. Therefore, no primordial radiocarbon remains and all 14 C is cosmogenic see Section 8 for related methods. The main production mechanism is through secondary cosmic ray neutron reactions with 14 N in the stratosphere: 7 14 N n,p 6 14 C.
Any newly formed 14 C rapidly mixes with the rest of the atmosphere creating a spatially uniform carbon composition, which is incorporated into plants and the animals that eat them. Prior to the industrial revolution, a gram of fresh organic carbon underwent
Prior to the best and most accepted age of the Earth was that We can measure the present ratios of (87Sr/86Sr)t and (87Rb/86Sr)t with.
The radioactive decay of rubidium 87 Rb to strontium 87 Sr was the first widely used dating system that utilized the isochron method. Because rubidium is concentrated in crustal rocks, the continents have a much higher abundance of the daughter isotope strontium compared with the stable isotopes. A ratio for average continental crust of about 0. This difference may appear small, but, considering that modern instruments can make the determination to a few parts in 70,, it is quite significant.
Dissolved strontium in the oceans today has a value of 0. Thus, if well-dated, unaltered fossil shells containing strontium from ancient seawater are analyzed, changes in this ratio with time can be observed and applied in reverse to estimate the time when fossils of unknown age were deposited. The rubidium—strontium pair is ideally suited for the isochron dating of igneous rocks. As a liquid rock cools, first one mineral and then another achieves saturation and precipitates, each extracting specific elements in the process.
Geochemistry of Radioactive Isotopes
Mathematical Content : Exponential and logarithmic functions, algebraic operations, graphs. Certain natural phenomena or processes, such as Earth’s year-long solar orbit, and the resulting annual climatic variations that govern the growth of tree rings, can be used as “natural clocks. If we can find and date a rock that we know has been around since the Earth formed, we can measure the age of the Earth. Can we find in rocks a natural clock that has been operating since they formed?
Debunking the creationist radioactive dating argument. The argon age determination of the mineral can be confirmed by measuring the loss of potassium. their ratios to strontium Rb/Sr and Sr87/Sr We measure the amounts.
The chapter targeted the geochemistry of radioactive isotopes dealing with multidisciplinary topics and focusing on geochronology and tracer studies. The most common subjects are presented to include the basic principles of radioactive isotopes. The process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves known as radioactive decay that causes the energy loss from the parent nuclide converting it to daughter nuclide [ 1 ].
This chapter has been authorized based mainly on published reference focusing on some basic properties and principles of radiation and how to use this phenomenon for the estimation the absolute geological age depending on the isotope half-life and provides brief summary of only a very few examples of dating applications. Geochronology and tracer studies are two principle applications of geochemistry of radiogenic isotope. Geochronology goes to estimate the absolute time based on the radioactive rate decay from the beginning of decay to its daughter by knowing how much nuclides have decayed.
Tracer application relies on the variation in ratio of the radiogenic daughter isotope to other isotopes of the element. The purpose of authoring this chapter is to help those who are interested in this field and to provide what is useful and brief in a simplified way away from the complexity. The radioactive decay a phenomenon of natural and artificial means loss of energy that results in an atom named the parent nuclide converting it to an atom of a different type, called the daughter nuclide.
The 14 C is a parent, emits radiation and transforms to a 14 N representing a daughter [ 2 ].
Clocks in the Rocks
Geosphere ; 14 4 : — The Sesia zone in the Italian Western Alps is a piece of continental crust that has been subducted to eclogite-facies conditions and records a complex metamorphic history. The exact timing of events and the significance of geochronological information are debated due to the interplay of tectonic, metamorphic, and metasomatic processes. Our study focuses on the shear zone at the contact between two major lithological units of the Sesia zone, the eclogitic micaschists and the gneiss minuti.
Metasedimentary rocks of the eclogitic micaschists unit contain phengite with step-like zoning in major element chemistry as evidence for petrologic disequilibrium. The eclogitic micaschists also show systematic Sr isotope disequilibria among different phengite populations, so that minimum ages of relict assemblage crystallization can be differentiated from the timing of late increments of deformation.
ture of the event dated by radiogenic isotope geochemistry, and a meaning difficult to obtain good Rb/Sr ages on mafic3 and ultramafic rocks.
Rb-Sr age of the Shergotty achondrite and implications for metamorphic resetting of isochron ages. The age of the Shergotty achondrite is determined by Rb-Sr isotope analysis and the metamorphic resetting of isochron ages, which is presumed to have occurred during a shock event in the history of the meteorite, is discussed. Different apparent ages obtained by the K-Ar and Sm-Nd methods are interpreted in terms of a model which quantifies the degree of resetting of internal isochron ages by low temperature solid state diffusion.
On the basis of these considerations, it is concluded that Shergotty crystallized from a melt million years ago, was shock heated to to C after its parent body was involved in a collision million years ago, and was first exposed to cosmic rays two million years ago. Resetting of RbSr ages of volcanic rocks by low-grade burial metamorphism.
We report a nine-point RbSr whole-rock isochron age of 70?? The same rocks have also been dated by the UThPb method on zircon, giving a crystallization age of ?? The data demonstrate that whole-rock RbSr ages of volcanic rocks, even lava flows with SiO2 content as low as 57 wt. The rocks range in composition from rhyodacite tuffs to andesite lavas. The complete breakdown of all major minerals that contain Rb and Sr resulted in an alteration mineral assemblage consisting of phengite, albite, secondary quartz, and minor amounts of chlorite and epidote.
Phengite is the K-bearing product of the breakdown of biotite and K-feldspar. Pressure during low-grade metamorphism of the volcanic rocks, estimated from phengite composition to have been in the range of 4 to 6 kbar, points to thrust-related burial as the main cause of resetting. Consequently, such reset isochrons may date large-scale events such as regional thrusting and metamorphism.
Alkali Metal Dating, Rb-Sr Dating Model: Radioactive Dating, Part 4
Different lithologies impure marble, eclogite and granitic orthogneiss sampled from a restricted area of the coesite-bearing Brossasco—Isasca Unit Dora Maira Massif have been investigated to examine the behaviour of 40 Ar— 39 Ar and Rb—Sr systems in phengites developed under ultrahigh-pressure UHP metamorphism. Mineralogical and petrological data indicate that zoned phengites record distinct segments of the P — T path: prograde, peak to early retrograde in the marble, peak to early retrograde in the eclogite, and late retrograde in the orthogneiss.
Besides major element zoning, ion microprobe analysis of phengite in the marble also reveals a pronounced zoning of trace elements including Rb and Sr. These data confirm previous reports on excess Ar and, more significantly, highlight that phengite acted as a closed system in the different lithologies and that chemical exchange, not volume diffusion, was the main factor controlling the rate of Ar transport.
Although this time interval matches Ar ages from the same sample, Rb—Sr data from phengite are not entirely consistent with the whole dataset.
Petrology Tulane University Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Radiometric Dating Prior to the best and most accepted age of the Earth was that proposed by Lord Kelvin based on the amount of time necessary for the Earth to cool to its present temperature from a completely liquid state. Although we now recognize lots of problems with that calculation, the age of 25 my was accepted by most physicists, but considered too short by most geologists.
Then, in , radioactivity was discovered. Recognition that radioactive decay of atoms occurs in the Earth was important in two respects: It provided another source of heat, not considered by Kelvin, which would mean that the cooling time would have to be much longer. It provided a means by which the age of the Earth could be determined independently. Principles of Radiometric Dating. Radioactive decay is described in terms of the probability that a constituent particle of the nucleus of an atom will escape through the potential Energy barrier which bonds them to the nucleus.
The energies involved are so large, and the nucleus is so small that physical conditions in the Earth i.
The Rb-Sr beta-decay dating system is one of the most attractive tools in geochronology, as Rb is sufficiently abundant in common K-bearing minerals like biotite, muscovite and K-feldspar. This allows dating of a wide variety of rocks e. However, this advantage was to date negatively counteracted by the lack of a suitable in-situ technique, as beta decay systems by nature have isobaric interferences of the daughter isotope by their respective parent isotope.
A reaction cell sandwiched between two quadrupoles within an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer ICP-MS allows exactly this, the online chemical separation of two different elements. Coupled to a laser ablation LA system, in-situ Rb-Sr dating is therefore possible if a suitable reaction gas within the reaction cell can be found that separates Sr from Rb.
micaschist MK, illustrating the locations where minerals for dating the eclogite-facies assemblage (prefix “E”) by Rb-Sr were separated.
Radiometric dating is a means of determining the “age” of a mineral specimen by determining the relative amounts present of certain radioactive elements. By “age” we mean the elapsed time from when the mineral specimen was formed. Radioactive elements “decay” that is, change into other elements by “half lives. The formula for the fraction remaining is one-half raised to the power given by the number of years divided by the half-life in other words raised to a power equal to the number of half-lives.
If we knew the fraction of a radioactive element still remaining in a mineral, it would be a simple matter to calculate its age by the formula. To determine the fraction still remaining, we must know both the amount now present and also the amount present when the mineral was formed.
In this article I shall introduce the Rb-Sr dating method, and explain how it works; in the process the reader should learn to appreciate the general reasoning behind the isochron method. There are three isotopes used in Rb-Sr dating. It produces the stable daughter isotope 87 Sr strontium by beta minus decay. The third isotope we need to consider is 86 Sr, which is stable and is not radiogenic , meaning that in any closed system the quantity of 86 Sr will remain the same.
Rubidium-Strontium Dating Rubidium (87Rb) decays to strontium (87Sr) and because the half-life is so long, it is used by geologists to find the age of very old.
Continue to access RSC content when you are not at your institution. Follow our step-by-step guide. In situ dating of K-rich minerals, e. With a more efficient reactive transfer, it should be possible to obtain similar results with a smaller laser spot size, hence gaining higher spatial resolution. Our tests show that both N 2 O and SF 6 form interfering reaction products, e. This facilitates the dating of micas by the K—Ca isotopic system; we present the first in situ K—Ca age determination.
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Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
All publications more feeds BibTeX file. Aliquots of a homogenized whole rock are called whole-rock samples. Whole-rock isochrons especially those of metamorphic rocks may be disturbed. This study summarizes current knowledge on relevant problems. Magmatic processes generally produce initial isotopic homogeneity.
pletely recrystallized. A sample of undeformed tonalite yields a Rb-Sr biotite age land using Rb-Sr biotite and whole-rock dating. The main reason for this.
Rubidium has two isotopes 85 Rb When a mineral crystallizes, it will usually incorporate both rubidium and strontium ions and the ratio of Rb to Sr will vary depending on the mineral involved. Using these proportions it is possible to identify the amount of radiogenic 87 Sr present. Originally the above proportions were assumed, but today it is more usual to plot 87 Sr: 86 Sr against 87 Rb: 86 Sr to produce a straight-line isochron from which the age of the mineral can be determined.
When using the 87 Rb: 86 Sr method it is customary to use whole-rock samples in the analysis, because although 87 Sr may leak from one mineral to adjacent minerals over time it usually remains in the system. The method has particularly been applied to ancient metamorphic rocks. August 11, Retrieved August 11, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. | chemistry |
https://complete-skin-co-laser-and-cosmetic-clinic.myshopify.com/products/refining-moisturiser | 2020-08-09T22:48:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738595.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809222112-20200810012112-00141.warc.gz | 0.848713 | 379 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__31438705 | en | Refining Moisturiser 50ml
A matte-finish moisturiser that targets the underlying causes of enlarged pores while also hydrating and nourishing skin. Botanical extract, red clover, alongside mandelic acid provide all-day shine control and a flawlessly smooth complexion. Lightweight yet intensely hydrating, skin feels replenished, supple and perfectly smooth. Refining Moisturiser has an invigorating and fresh scent; awakening the senses with a fusion of mint and lavender.
Synthetic Colour Free | Artificial Fragrance Free | Paraben Free | Phthalate Free | Cruelty Free| Vegan Friendly
Red Clover Extract – An exceptional botanical pore minimiser, red clover extract reduces sebum production, enhances cellular turnover and acts as a natural astringent to minimise the appearance of pores.
L-Mandelic Acid – A softly exfoliating AHA with BHA power, chirally correct mandelic acid is able to work both on the surface of the skin and within pores for a deep but gentle exfoliation.
Glycerin – Glycerin gets to work as a natural humectant, trapping water within the skin to leave it quenched and comfortable.
Hyaluronic Acid – With a unique ability to attract and retain more than 1,000 times its own weight in water, hyaluronic acid draws moisture from the surrounding atmosphere into the skin, leaving the complexion both nourished and supple.
Moisture Magnets –Medik8’s signature hydrators bind to skin cells and grab onto water to lock moisture in tight where it is needed the most.
After cleansing in the morning and evening, blend a small amount of Refining Moisturiser across the face, neck and décolletage. | chemistry |
http://newdrugs.com/Nicotine-Pharmacokinetics.html | 2021-07-31T07:16:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154053.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731043043-20210731073043-00628.warc.gz | 0.912543 | 781 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__52365826 | en | When smoked in cigarettes and inhaled, nicotine is quickly absorbed in the lungs, with the freebase largely suspended on tiny tar particles. Inhaled nicotine reaches the brain within eight seconds, almost as quickly as an intravenous injection (Figure 7.6). Tobacco in oral products is more basic (has a high pH) and is better absorbed via the mouth than cigarette smoke, which is more acidic. Cigarettes contain 1–2% nicotine or approximately 10–20 mg of nicotine each. Most of the nicotine in inhaled smoke is absorbed in the lungs; much less is absorbed through the mouth. Dependent cigarette smokers tend to titrate their intake over time within the confines of the rapid rise and fall associated with each cigarette, but they average approximately 1 mg of delivered nicotine per cigarette (Figure 7.7). Dependent smokers will maintain relatively stable blood nicotine levels over the course of their waking hours (Figure 7.8). Plasma nicotine levels range from 4–6 ng/ml for pipe smoking to 20–50 ng/ml for cigarette smoking. Tobacco smokers can accumulate substantial levels of carboxyhemoglobin (7–10%) produced by 12 h of tobacco exposure (Figure 7.8). These carboxyhemoglobin levels produced by exposure to carbon monoxide are sufficient to meet and exceed the Environmental Protection Agency occupational threshold limit of 50 ppm of carbon monoxide (which produces 5% carboxyhemoglobin). For example, in both males and females with an average cigarette consumption of 36 and 32 cigarettes per day, respectively, who had smoked 21 and 18 cigarettes, respectively, by the time of sampling, venous blood nicotine levels were approximately 32 ng/ml, and average carboxyhemoglobin levels were 8% (Table 7.2). Nicotine can also be passively absorbed, and non-smokers who live with a 40-cigarette-per-day smoker will achieve levels of urinary cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) that are equivalent to smoking approximately three cigarettes. The minimal acute fatal dose of oral nicotine appears to be about 65 mg, but some individuals have ingested much larger quantities and recovered.
Figure 7.6 Blood concentrations of nicotine in subjects who smoked cigarettes for 9 min (1.33 cigarettes), used oral snuff (2.5 g), used chewing tobacco (mean 7.0 g), or chewed nicotine gum (two 2 mg pieces). Shaded bars indicate the period of exposure to tobacco or nicotine gum. These data show that smoking cigarettes produces the most rapid rise in blood nicotine levels. Notice also, however, that oral snuff, chewing tobacco, and nicotine gum also have relatively rapid absorption, more than one sees with the oral administration of other drugs. This is attributable to the more basic pH in these preparations. [Taken with permission from Benowitz NL. Drug therapy: pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 1988, (319), 1318–1330.]
About 80–90% of nicotine is metabolized in the liver, and nicotine and its metabolites, mainly cotinine and nicotine-1’-N-oxide, are excreted in the urine. Approximately 4% of nicotine is converted to nicotine N-oxide, which is largely excreted in urine without further metabolism. Approximately 70% of nicotine is metabolized to cotinine, which is then further metabolized (Figure 7.9). The half-life of nicotine is about 2 h after inhalation or parenteral administration, and the half-life of cotinine is 19 h. The metabolite cotinine has been shown to have psychoactive effects. Intravenously administered cotinine (30 mg) produced blood cotinine levels similar to those of smoking (378 mg/ml) and significantly decreased tobacco withdrawal symptoms in abstinent cigarette smokers. | chemistry |
https://robinsonespinal.com/molecular-mixology-service-a-scientific-culinary-journey-in-london/ | 2023-11-28T20:30:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099942.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128183116-20231128213116-00006.warc.gz | 0.876281 | 732 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__275841009 | en | London’s culinary scene is renowned for its innovation and diversity, and within this dynamic landscape, molecular mixology stands out as a captivating fusion of science and art. This avant-garde approach to crafting cocktails has transformed the traditional bar experience into a scientific culinary journey. Here’s why molecular mixology service in London is celebrated as a fascinating exploration of flavor, texture, and presentation:
Scientific Precision: At its core, molecular mixology relies on scientific principles to manipulate the physical and chemical properties of cocktail ingredients. Bartenders use laboratory techniques and equipment like liquid nitrogen, vacuum chambers, and syringes to create cocktails with distinctive textures, temperatures, and flavors.
Visual Theater: Molecular cocktails are visually Cocktail service in Brighton captivating creations. Guests are treated to an immersive spectacle as they witness cocktails that bubble, smoke, or change color before their eyes. This visual theater enhances the overall drinking experience, making it a multisensory delight.
Creative Flair: London’s molecular mixologists are true artists. They push the boundaries of creativity by experimenting with unusual ingredients, textures, and flavor combinations. The result is a menu of cocktails that challenge conventional expectations, enticing patrons to embark on a culinary journey of exploration.
Customization: Molecular mixology service in London places a strong emphasis on personalization. Bartenders engage with patrons to understand their flavor preferences and dietary restrictions, crafting bespoke cocktails that cater to individual tastes. Each drink becomes a unique reflection of the patron’s palate.
Texture Play: Texture is a defining feature of molecular cocktails. From velvety foams to suspended pearls and gel-like spheres, these textural elements add depth and intrigue to each drink, transforming the act of sipping into a tactile experience.
Interactive Engagement: Ordering a molecular cocktail is akin to embarking on a scientific adventure. Patrons often have the opportunity to observe the preparation process, interact with the bartender, and even participate in the creation of their cocktails, creating a sense of engagement and connection.
Pairing Menus: Many molecular mixology bars in London offer curated pairing menus that harmonize cocktails with complementary dishes. This gastronomic exploration takes patrons on a journey where flavors and textures intertwine, enhancing the overall dining experience.
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Reservations and Exclusive Experiences: Due to the meticulous preparation involved, molecular mixology bars often require reservations. Exclusive tasting sessions and curated experiences may also be available, allowing patrons to explore a carefully selected array of molecular creations.
Sustainability: Many establishments specializing in molecular mixology in London prioritize sustainability. They source local and seasonal ingredients, minimize waste, and adopt eco-friendly practices to align with the city’s growing emphasis on sustainable dining and drinking experiences.
In conclusion, molecular mixology service in London represents an enthralling fusion of science and culinary artistry. It’s a journey that transforms cocktails into immersive and memorable experiences, challenging the boundaries of what a libation can be. Whether you’re a cocktail connoisseur, a lover of innovative cuisine, or simply someone seeking an unforgettable night out, London’s molecular mixology service invites you to embark on a scientific culinary journey that will stimulate your senses and redefine your appreciation of cocktails. Cheers to the captivating world of molecular mixology in London! | chemistry |
http://elstsc.info/sagwell-zvi-powder-exhibited-at-remtec-summit-2019/ | 2023-12-09T06:16:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00315.warc.gz | 0.937942 | 376 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__78527619 | en | RemTEC Summit 2019 takes place on February 26 to 28 local time, at the Colorado convention center in Denver, USA. Ms. Ren, the environmental technical specialist, and Ms. Zhang, the oversea sales of SAGWELL, attended the summit with Spherical Porous Iron Powder, UIF, Ni/Fe bimetal and other environmental remediation metal powder products.
During the three-day exhibition, dozens of customers came to ask for samples, including 16 soil remediation companies, 9 on-site technical service companies, 5 water treatment companies and 3 scientific research institutions.
As can be seen from the customer’s sample selection, our company’s ultra-fine iron powder UIF has a broad application prospect in the field of environmental remediation in the United States.
Our Fe/Ni bimetal has also received a lot of attention due to its high catalytic activity. A company focusing on drinking water purification and sewage treatment expressed great interest in bimetal in sewage treatment, and couldn’t wait to carry out the activity experiment at that time.
During the three-day exhibition, nearly 50KG of all kinds of our ultrafine metal powder sample has been sent. The patient and professional answers of our technical person have brought about more than ten potential customers. The follow-up work of sample testing is well underway.
About RemTEC Summit The RemTEC Summit delivers a truly unique platform focused on advancing the environmental science and remediation industry. It is the place where you can hear essential sources of information on technology, application and policy affecting contaminated site restoration field from the world’s leading experts within the academic, regulatory and environmental-consulting communities. Unlike most environmental conferences, RemTEC is focused on cost-effective site management and closure – not just theory and research. | chemistry |
http://scienceeducationacademy.com/sea-fall-session-2012/ | 2023-03-31T10:10:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00042.warc.gz | 0.922106 | 201 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__196906770 | en | 13 Oct SEA Fall Session 2012
Posted at 00:00h in Uncategorized 0 Comments
We are excited that the 2012 Fall Session will kick off on October 13th! We have a lot of fun projects lined up for this session:
GRADE 2: Air and Weather
- Students will learn about the relationship between temperature and weather, properties of air, and how clouds are formed.
GRADE 3: Rocks and Minerals
- Students will learn about the properties that determine the difference between rocks and minerals and will discover household items that are made from minerals.
GRADE 4: Landforms
- Students will learn about land mapping, the water cycle, stream modeling, and erosion.
GRADE 5: Chemistry
- Students will learn about atomic structure, balancing chemical equations, and endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Stay tuned for updates and fun educational resources!
– Science Education Academy
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time. | chemistry |
http://louvretecusa.com/ProductInfo/Surface-Finishes.html | 2019-10-23T00:02:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987826436.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022232751-20191023020251-00515.warc.gz | 0.904079 | 334 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__18242836 | en | LouvreTec’s all aluminum range of opening roofs, sun louvers and shutters are available in three types of finishes.
Powdercoating is the most readily available and commonly used coating system.
Today’s new generation of UV resistant finishes are available in a wide range of warrantable standard, metallic and pearlescent colors.
Warranties range from 5 years to 15 years depending on the specifications and requirements of the installation.
Powdercoating offers a large color choice, color consistency, protection to the aluminum and easy maintenance. Washing twice yearly with a soft brush and mild detergent is all that is recommended.
This unique European designed powder coating system offers a number of fine timber grain finishes.
Anodising is a tried and proven electromechanical process that produces a smooth hard wearing oxide coating on the aluminum. Thicker coatings of films offer greater corrosion resistance.
Anodising typically has a deep metallic lustre, the most popular color option being matt natural or silver anodised finish.
It is proven as a very durable finish, of which the lifetime is dependent on the density, thickness and seal quality of the anodic film.
With regular cleaning, typically clean water with a mild detergent, anodised material will retain its original integrity for no less than 10 years.
Click here to contact your nearest authorised LouvreTec dealer for additional information, color charts and recommendations. | chemistry |
http://blog.ilcapohabits.com/2008/05/potential-risks-of-antioxidants.html | 2017-11-20T00:09:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805881.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119234824-20171120014824-00364.warc.gz | 0.927496 | 134 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__38957265 | en | It is believed that different types of antioxidants, when consumed in appropriate amounts, work together to fight free radicals. However, consuming too much or too little of a particular type of antioxidant may inhibit the benefits of other antioxidants.
At high levels, some antioxidants such as Carotenoids may be dangerous to a person’s health. Some experts believe that high doses of antioxidant supplements may promote oxidation. Others believe that high doses kill too many free radicals, inhibiting the ability of some to attack harmful bacteria or cancer cells. In addition, there is insufficient research to determine what, if any, long-term effects may occur as the result of taking these supplements. | chemistry |
http://nfusemagnesium.com/ | 2021-03-05T16:47:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373095.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305152710-20210305182710-00322.warc.gz | 0.845208 | 165 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__136192217 | en | Made in USA
The Real Deal
The first and only magnesium deodorant to control odor and deliver a healthy dose of magnesium. Clean. Proven. Patented.
The Clear Solution
For those who want a stick, we’ve got one that goes on clear and stays clear + as always, we deliver a dose of magnesium for your health. Patent pending.
Spa in a Bottle
Treat yourself to the softest skin you’ve ever had (we promise) and a healthy dose of magnesium to calm the body & mind. Patent Pending.
Our mission is to create products that use magnesium to solve everyday personal care problems and optimize absorption of this critical nutrient.
We pledge to use only safe healthy ingredients that you can feel good about putting on yourself and your family. | chemistry |
https://www.wqdisposablefoodpackaging.com/news/polylactic-acid-69313.html | 2023-05-30T14:27:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00666.warc.gz | 0.938345 | 615 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__180596967 | en | November 11, 2019
PLA stands for polylactic acid and is a resin made from corn starch. PLA is used to make clear compostable containers and PLA lining is used in cups and containers as an impermeable liner. PLA is biodegradable, and fully compostable. It uses 65 percent less energy to produce than conventional oil-based plastics and generates 68 percent fewer greenhouse gasses and contains no toxins.
PLA is used as a feedstock material in desktop fused filament fabrication 3D printers (e.g. RepRap). PLA-printed solids can be encased in plaster-like moulding materials, then burned out in a furnace, so that the resulting void can be filled with molten metal. This is known as "lost PLA casting", a type of investment casting.
PLA can degrade into innocuous lactic acid, so it is used as medical implants in the form of anchors, screws, plates, pins, rods, and as a mesh. Depending on the exact type used, it breaks down inside the body within 6 months to 2 years. This gradual degradation is desirable for a support structure, because it gradually transfers the load to the body (e.g. the bone) as that area heals. The strength characteristics of PLA and PLLA implants are well documented.
PLA can also be used as a decomposable packaging material, either cast, injection-molded, or spun. Cups and bags have been made from this material. In the form of a film, it shrinks upon heating, allowing it to be used in shrink tunnels. It is useful for producing loose-fill packaging, compost bags, food packaging, and disposable tableware. In the form of fibers and nonwoven fabrics, PLA also has many potential uses, for example as upholstery, disposable garments, awnings, feminine hygiene products, and diapers. Thanks to its bio-compatibility and biodegradability, PLA has also found ample interest as a polymeric scaffold for drug delivery purposes.
Racemic and regular PLLA has a low glass transition temperature, which is undesirable. A stereocomplex of PDLA and PLLA has a higher glass transition temperatures, lending it more mechanical strength. It has a wide range of applications, such as woven shirts (ironability), microwavable trays, hot-fill applications and even engineering plastics (in this case, the stereocomplex is blended with a rubber-like polymer such as ABS). Such blends also have good form stability and visual transparency, making them useful for low-end packaging applications. Pure poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), on the other hand, is the main ingredient in Sculptra, a long-lasting facial volume enhancer, primarily used for treating lipoatrophy of cheeks. Progress in biotechnology has resulted in the development of commercial production of the D enantiomer form, something that was not possible until recently. | chemistry |
https://www.osenc.com/product/osenc-custom-industrial-permanent-speaker-magnets-for-motor/ | 2019-04-22T10:58:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578551739.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422095521-20190422121521-00187.warc.gz | 0.90943 | 242 | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__15093034 | en | Alnico magnets, composed of primarily aluminum, nickel, and cobalt, were developed in the 1940’s. This class of magnet remains a preferred material because of it’s excellent temperature stability, high magnetic flux density, and resistance to corrosion. Alnico magnets are manufactured through a casting or sintering process. The casting process allows for the magnet to be manufactured into intricate and complex shapes, which are not possible with other magnetic materials.
Alnico Magnets Overview
Alnico magnetic material is an alloy of aluminum-nickel-cobalt which possesses an excellent temperature stability and high residual induction. However, its low coercive force limits its applications in many cases. Casting and sintering are two major processes used to manufacture the Alnico magnets.
Excellent temperature stability
Strong corrosion resistance
The maximum working temperature is up to 500°c
High density and magnetic properties
Shorter production lead time
Temperature factor of Br is the smallest among all the permanent magnets
Cast Alnico magnets can be produced in relatively complex shapes
Tooling for cast Alnico magnets is relatively low, since sand molds are generally used for the casting process. | chemistry |
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