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002502628 | 1806-01-01T00:00:00 | 1806 | The Prose Works of John Milton; with a life of the author, interspersed with translations and critical remarks, by C. Symmons | London | false | Literæ Oliverii Protectoris. 22 citer mensem Octobris 1653, cum in navem quandam Sun derburgensem, cui nomen Salvatori, Nicolao Weinfhinks magistro, merces varias, pannum laneum, aliamque ves tem textilem ac mercimonia plus tribus millibus libra rum æstimata imposeissent, magistro mandasse, ut per fretum Balticum recto curse Dantiscum navigaret, utque ad Elsenoram vectigal folveret, eique etiam pecuniam ad earn rem curasfe : supradictum tamen magistrum perfidiose, et contra quam ipsi a mercatoribus mandatum erat, prætervectum Elsenoram nullo portorio soluto Balti cum pernavigasse. Navssque per hanc causam cum toto onere, non sine magno mercatorum damno, publicata atque retenta est. Quorum in gratiam jampridem ad legatum ma. jestatis vestræ, Londini tune temporis commorantem, scrip. simus; qui, ut ipsi aiunt, pollicitus est, ut primum ad ma jestatem vestram rediisset, daturum operam, uti ratio mer catorum haberetur. Verum cum is postea aliis in regioni bus majestatis vestræ negotia obiret, et ante discessum ejus et postea frustra se eum adiisse ostendunt : unde procura torem suum mittere coacti sunt, qui jus suum Hafniæ per sequeretur, navemque illam ac bona liberari, sibique reddi, flagitaret : verum exinde nullum se fructum percepisse, nisi ut ad damna vetera novas impenfas, et sesceptum frustra laborem, adjungerent : cum filco damnata, et retenta hac tenus sint bona, tametsi ex lege Daniæ, quemadmodum ipsi in libello seo demonstrant, magister quidem navis ob suum delictum est ipse puniendus, navisque, non bona proscrip. tioni sunt obnoxia: eoque gravius accidisse sibi hoc malum existimant, quod, sicuti nobis perlatum est, vectigal illud, quod Elsenoræ solvere debuisset, est admodum exiguum. Quapropter, cum mercatores nostri nullum proscriptioni causam præbuisse videantur, confessusque ipse magister paulo ante obitum sit, seo solum delicto illatum hoc mercatoribus detrimentum esse, cumque pater defuncti jam niagistri ipse per libellum supplicem majestati vestræ exhibitum, sicuti nos accepimus, culpam omnem in filium suum contulerit, mercatores absolverit, haud fane potuimus quin navis illius bonorumque retentionem iniquilsimam esse arbitraremur ; adeoque confidimus, simiilatque majestas vestra hae de re certior facta erit, fore ut non modo has ministrorum fuo rum injurias improbet, verum etiam ipsos rationem reddere. bonaque | 470 | 0.725 | 0.16 | Milton, John | Milton, John, 1608-1674 [person] ; Symmons, Charles, 1749-1826 [person] | J. Johnson | England | England | 7 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003857519 | 1802-01-01T00:00:00 | 1802 | The Poetical Works of ... T. W. ... Fifth edition, corrected and enlarged. To which are ... added Inscriptionum Romanarum delectus, and an inaugural speech as Camden Professor of history. Together with memoirs of hi s life and writings, and notes, critical and explanatory. By R. Mant | Oxford | false | 56 Where elfin fculptors, with fantaftic clew, 21 O'er the long roof their wild embroidery drewj Where Superstition with capricious hand In many a maze the wreathed window plann'd, With hues romantic ting'd the gorgeous pane, 25 To fill with holy light the wondrous fane ; To aid the builder's model, richly rude, By no Vitruvian fymmetry fubdu'd ; To fuit the genius of the myftic pile : Whilft as around the far-retiring ile, 30 And fretted fhrines, wdth hoary trophies hung, Her dark illumination wide fhe flung, V. 22. O'er the long roof their wild embroidery drew;] He has ufed the fame appropriate and very beautiful expreflion in his note on Gothic Architecture : " The Florid Gothic diftinguifties itfelf " by an exuberance of decoration, by roofs where the moft delicate " fretwork is expreffed in ftone, and by a certain lightnefs of " finifhing, as in the roof of the choir at Glocefter, where it is " thrown like a web of embroidery over the old Saxon vaulting." Obf. on Spenfer, vol. ii. p. 191. It is by the fame elegant figure that he ufes " textile buxum" in Verfes on Trinity Coll. Chapel, ver. 117. And the extreme delicacy of this kind of work is meant to be exprefled by the term " elfin fculptors ;" work too nice to have been executed by the grofs hands of mortals, and requiring the exquifite touch of an " elfin," or fairy, artift. V. 32. Her dark illumination wide (he flung,] H Penferofo, ver. 131. But when the fun begins to fling His flaring beams, &c. Ibid. Her dark illumination — ] An expreflion apparently pa radoxical, but which very well conveys the image intended. Com- | 232 | 0.7 | 0.178 | Warton, Thomas | Mant, Richard, successively Bishop of Killaloe, of Down, Connor, Dromore [person] ; Warton, Thomas, poet [person] | null | null | null | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001975928 | 1802-01-01T00:00:00 | 1802 | The Story of Chicago. (Vol. II. by J. Kirkland and C. Kirkland, 1894.) | Chicago | false | THE STORY OF CHICAGO. North Pond. It was in the form of a Greek cross, and of the style of the most ornate renaissance, having two tall stories, with a dome in the middle and open observatories at the inner angles. The names of the twenty States forming the great Republic were blazoned on medallions ornamenting the elaborately beautiful exterior walls. No structure more charming to the eye could be found in the whole foreign list. The interior was in keeping with the exterior, and the roof was one great promenade garden, with palms, etc. Coffee was of course the main staple; warm welcome and hot coffee were the characteristic offerings to thousands of guests. Brazil's great neighbor, Venezuela, also made an attractive home for her commission. It was of Græco-Roman style, in grayish marble surface, relieved with green and gold ; a center with fluted columns, flanked by shapely wings with domed roofs. It boasted two memorial statues by Sig. Turini of Staten Island; one representing Columbus, and the other the great Simon Bolivar, liberator of his country from her foreign yoke; the Washington of South America. Fine paintings by native artists ornamented the walls of the reception-room. Minerals, woods, coffee, cocoa, textiles and other valuable native pro ducts completed the exhibit. VENEZUELA BUILDING GUATEMALA BUILDING. Guatemala gave us a stately edifice in the square, massive, round arched, low-domed Spanish style. It enclosed a splendid galleried court or "patio," having in the middle a plashing fountain which dis pensed coolness and music all around. All Guatemala's exhibits were concentrated under her own roof, and the adjoining grounds showed a coffee-plantation in full operation, besides banana trees, palms, cacti and other semi-tropical plants. Costa Rica, the "rich coast," has (like some larger States further south) over-loaded itself with internal improvements, beyond imme diate needs or ability to pay, and so falls into temporary financial | 202 | 0.808 | 0.134 | Kirkland, Joseph | Kirkland, Caroline, of Chicago [person] ; Kirkland, Joseph [person] | Dibble Publishing | United States of America | United States of America | 2 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001975928 | 1802-01-01T00:00:00 | 1802 | The Story of Chicago. (Vol. II. by J. Kirkland and C. Kirkland, 1894.) | Chicago | false | THE FOREIGN BUILDINGS. straits, from which its rich soil and richer mines will surely help it in due season. Meanwhile it put up for our Fair a pretty Doric building in a beautiful position facing west on the North Pond. The interior was thrown into a single great room with galleries all around which looked down on a remarkable display. There were miniature mountains to illustrate the country's mineral wealth; and there were silks and other textiles, tortoise-shells, gums and resins, bottled native wines, stuffed animals and birds and some amusing live monkeys — these interested the crowd who came to drink the fragrant native coffee which accompanied crisp native waffles. Colombia, namesake of the great Admiral, is the South American republic that reaches up far enough to grasp the isthmus of Panama and its railway ; and the place where there would be a canal if money could have built it. But alas, Nature did not arrange for a canal at that point. The 500 feet of mountain is of such material as slides in as fast as it is thrown out; and the only other alternative, locking, is out of the question because Nature did not supply water high enough up on the divide for the operating of locks. For canaling, we have to look to Colombia's neighbor next-door-but-one on the north; Nicaragua. There the divide is only one-fourth as high, and there is ample water within forty-two feet of its top; for there lies the great lake Nicaragua, whereof the surface is no feet above the level of the oceans, while the bottom is actually below that level. '97 | 203 | 0.775 | 0.152 | Kirkland, Joseph | Kirkland, Caroline, of Chicago [person] ; Kirkland, Joseph [person] | Dibble Publishing | United States of America | United States of America | 2 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001975928 | 1802-01-01T00:00:00 | 1802 | The Story of Chicago. (Vol. II. by J. Kirkland and C. Kirkland, 1894.) | Chicago | false | 268 THE STORY OF CH/CAGO. The Chicago Society of Decorative Art, an association of public spirited, cultivated women, headed by Mrs. John N. Jewett, makes annual gifts of beautiful fabrics, exquisite laces and quaint and curious articles of antique and foreign make. These donations are imparting a rich look to the fine galleries and educating the crowds who swarm through the building on high days and holidays as to the possibilities of textile fabrics. Most noticeable among the many superb additions to the pictures since 1S92, is the collection of paintings of the late Henry Field pre sented to the Institute after his death by his widow. The gallery in which they hang has been sumptuously fitted up and is a most appro- priate memorial of one who was a patron. discriminating and generous art- There is also a gallery devoted examples of Rembrandt, Franz to the old masters where excellent Hals, Rubens, Holbein, Titian, Murillo, Velasquez, Van Ostade, Teniers and many others may be studied. It is considered by many to be the finest and most complete, though it is not the largest, col lection of the kind in the country. Among the treasures of the Fair to which the Institute fell heir is the splendid collection of replicas of the ancient bronzes in the Museum at Naples, the gift of H. N. Higin botham. There is a room given to veritable antiques, such as Etrus can and Egyptian pottery, scara bcei, Phœnician glass aud beads, quaint jewelry, Pompeiian relics, an Egyptian mummy and so on. In short it would take a volume to W. M. R. FRENCH enumerate and describe the treasures in this shrine of art, one of Chi cago's most interesting and valuable institutions. The school of art and design, a part of the Art Institute, has flourished under its director, W. M. R. French, until it has reached the frontline of such schools in the country. Besides those of the Art Institute there are many notable private collections of painting and sculpture in Chicago. One of the finest in the country is Potter Palmer's. It is splendidly housed in a gallery of beautiful proportions and is rich in examples of almost all of the dis- | 274 | 0.808 | 0.134 | Kirkland, Joseph | Kirkland, Caroline, of Chicago [person] ; Kirkland, Joseph [person] | Dibble Publishing | United States of America | United States of America | 2 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 168 VENUS. at first sight one might be naturally led to consider it the same ; it however differs in its contour, which is more trans versely ovate, and in having a crenulated margin. reflexa. 22. Shell sub-orbicular, with numerous thin elevated distant transverse ribs, and the interstices minutely striated longitudinally; margin crenulated. Venus reflexa. Montagu Supp. p. 40. and p. 168. Venus undulata. Gmelin, p. 3290. Venus, No. 107. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 187. Gualter, t. 75. f. O. Mr. Montagu describes his V. reflexa, to be an inch in dia- meter, and rather broader than long, of a pale yellowish brown, with two or three broken ferruginous rays, running from the umbo to the opposite margin ; these interrupted rays in some specimens are composed of six or seven spots, which faintly resemble arrow heads, and point towards the umbones; he says, the shell has somewhat the habit of V. Gallina, but is more orbicular in its contour, and has the transverse ridges vastly more elevated, thinner, and more distant. From Gmelin's description, 1 think there can be no doubt that his V. undulata, though a badly constituted species, is the same, bul the name has been previously occu pied by Born, for V. textile of Gmelin. gallina. 23. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, with crowded membranaceous recurved transverse striæ ; umbones much recurved, and both slopes nearly smooth ; margin crenulated. Venus Gallina. Linnæus Syst. Nat. p. 1 130. Chemnitz, vi. p. 311. t. 30. f. 308 to 310. Schroeter Einl. iii! p. 118. Gmelin, p. 3270. Maton and Racket, in Lin. Trans. viii. p. 82. Dorset Cat. p. 35. t. 8. f. 2. Venus rugosa. Pennant Zool. iv. p. 95. t. 56. f. 50. Venus siuuata. Born. Mus. p. 62, and Vign. at p. 57. f. b. Venus Lusitanica. Gmelin, p. 3281. Venus Casina. Solander's MSS. Pufteney's Dorset Cat. p. 33. Venus striatula. Donovan, ii. t. 68. Montagu Test. p. 113. Pectunculus striatulus. Da Costa Brit. Conch, p. 191. t. 12. f. 2. Bonanni Ree. 2. f. 45, and Kirck. f. 44. Lister Conch. | 188 | 0.733 | 0.166 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 204 VENUS Inhabits the Mediterranean. Chemnitz. Bay of Naples. Ulysses. This shell, as figured by Chemnitz, appears to be about seven lines long, and twice as broad, and marked with fine decus- sated striæ ; the colour is whitish, ornamented with irregu- lar zic-zac stripes, which cross each other, so as to form a kind of net-work. Dr. Turton says, it inhabits the British coasts, but I know not on what authority. rotundata. 105. Shell ovate, slightly angulated on the anterior side, and remotely striated transversely ; posterior depression lanceolate, and obliterated at the end ; margin rounded, entire, and spotted. Venus rotundata. Linnæus Syst. Nat. p. 1135. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 149. Gmelin, p. 3294. Venus ala papilionis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 46. t. 42. f. 441. Argenville Appendix, t. 3. f. D. Knorr, ii. t. 18. f. 4. Favanne, t. 49- f. I. 3. Enc. Meth. t. 281. f. 3. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Linnæus. Coasts of Ceylon. Chemnitz. Shell generally about an inch and three quarters long, and three inches and a quarter broad, but is sometimes con- siderably larger ; the colour is pale reddish brown, with four radiated rows of dark brown, or chocolate spots. undulata. 106. Shell oval, very smooth, ante- rior and posterior depression lanceolate ; mar- gin very entire, rounded, and spotted. Venus undulata. Born Mus. p. 67- Venus textrix. Chemnitz, vii. p. 48. t. 42. f. 442 and 443. Venus textile. Gmelin, p. 3280. Venus polita. Solander's MSS. Venus literata Var. Ulysses' Travels, p. 486. Venus, No. 48. Schroeter Einl. iii. p. 171. Chama textilis. Museum Geversianum, p. 454. No. 1719. Lister Conch, t. 400. f. 239- Knorr, ii. t. 28. f. 4. Fa- vanne, t. 49- f. I. 2. Enc. Meth. t. 283. f. 1. Inhabits the coasts of Malabar and the Red Sea. Chemnitz. Coromandel. Solander. Bay of Naples. Ulysses. Shell about an inch and a quarter long, and two inches and a quarter broad, yellowish, or pale flesh-colour, with undu- lated reticulated purplish brown veins. In Montagu's Tes- | 224 | 0.808 | 0.144 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 371 CONUS. with punctured grooves, and the spire with an elevated ridge at the sutures. Conus Amadis. Solander's MSS. Chemnitz, x. p. 71. t. 142. f. 1322 and 1323. Gmelin, p. 33S8. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 689- Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 279- Conus Textile, Var. Schreibers Conch, i. p. 43. Conus, No. 38. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 68. L'Amadis. Favanne, ii. p. 571. t. 17. f. M. Variety A. With one or more obsolete brown bunds. Argenville App. t. 1. f. S. Knorr, vi. t. 5. f. 3? Marti- ni, ii. t. 58. f. 642 and 643. Enc. Meth. t. 335. f. 2. Variety B. With one or more yellowish bunds, and a dotted line in the middle of each. Conus fulgens. Solander's MSS. Portland Cat. p. 1 15. lot 2533. Conus Animiralis, Var. Surinamensis,f Gmelin, p. 3380. Chemnitz, x. p. 34. t. 139- f. 1293. Enc. Meth. t. S35. f. 1. Inhabits the coasts of Bantam, Java, and Borneo. Favanne. China and Ceylon. Humphreys. Shell about three inches long, and half as broad, and has the spire much produced at the summit, and marked with trans- verse striæ besides the elevated ridge at the edge of the su- ture ; the outer lip is emarginated at the angle next the spire; Gmelin has erroneously described the spire to be coronated. ACUMInatus. 34. Shell conical, striated at the base, white, reticulated with brown ; spire conical, acuminated, and the whirls concave. Conus acuminatus. Solander's MSS. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 688. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 278. Conus Ammiralis, Var. Americanus, b. Gmelin, p. 3378. Conus Vicarius. Schreibers Conch, i. p. 24. Conus, No. 37. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 67. Variety A. With one or two transverse bands, and intermedi- ate rows of dark spots. L'Amiral de Rumphius. Favanne, ii. p. 569. t. 17. f. N 1. Rumphius, t. 34. f. F. Pettier Amb. t. 15. f. 19- Seba, iii. t. 48. f. 12. Argenville App- t. 1. f. L. Enc. Meth. t. 336. f. 3. Variety B. With one or two transverse bands, and no inter- mediate spots. Chemnitz, x. p. 38. t. 140. f. 1297. Enc. Meth. t. 336. f.4. 2 b2 | 391 | 0.787 | 0.164 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 424 CONUS differs in the spire, and in not having any transverse lines on the brown spots or bands ; it is however a doubtful species. gloria-maris. 139. Shell sub-cylindrical elon- gated, white, with minute brown reticula- tions, and transverse orange bands; spire acuminated, with the upper whirls nodulous. Conus Gloria-maris. Chemnitz Naturf. iii. p. 321. t. 8. ft A, and Conch, x. t. 143. ft 1324 and 1325. Meuschen Mus. Gevers. p. 366, No. 1087- Callone's Cat. p. 16, No. 254. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 756. Lamarck Ann. Mus. xv. p. 438. Shaw Nat. Misc. xxiii. t. 976. Conus, No. 18. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 63. Enc. Meth. t. 347- ft 7- Inhabits the East Indian Ocean. Bruguiere. Its native place is presumed to be either Japan, New Guinea, or some less frequented country in Asia. Humphreys. This scarce and beautiful shell is from three to five inches long, and about two fifths as broad ; Gmelin has confounded it with C. Textile, from which it may be distinguished by its more slender form and minute reticulations. pyramidalis. 140. Shell conical elongated, yel- lowish, with numerous longitudinal zic-zac brown lines, and irregular white spots ; spire elevated, acuminated, with the upper whirls nodulous. Conus pyramidalis. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 438. Conus Textile, Var. M. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 753. Le Drap d'or pyramidal. Favanne, ii. p. 645. t. 18. ft C 1. Enc. Meth. t. 347. ft 5. Inhabits the Torrid Zone. Lamarck. Shell about two inches long, and one third as broad, and is remarkable for its long produced spire, of which the upper whirls are coronated ; it is an intermediate species between C. Gloria maris and C. Textile. textile. 141. Shell sub-cylindrical-ovate, white, with somewhat reticulated brown zic-zac lines, and irregular transverse rows of spots ; spire acuminated. Conus Textile. Linnæus Syst. Nat. p. 1171. Martini, ii. | 444 | 0.793 | 0.152 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 426 CONUS. the breadth is three-fifths of the length ; all the varieties are very slightly grooved transversely, particularly towards the base, and two or three of the lower whirls of the spire are slightly concave. abbas. 142. Shell ovate-oblong, orange, striped with brown, and marked with a few white spots, and three or four finely reticulated transverse bands ; spire acute. Conus Abbas. Bruguiere Enc. Method, p. 750. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 430. Conus Textile, Var. Gmelin, p. 3393. Schreibers Conch. i. p. 43. La Deutelle d'or. Favanne, ii. p. 471. Chemnitz, x. t. 143. f. 1326, b and c. Enc. Meth. t. 345. ft 3. Inhabits the coasts of the Isle of France. Chemnitz. Shell about two inches long, and nearly half as broad ; it differs in form from C. Textile by being more conical, and has the spire faintly marked with cancellated striæ. C. Legatus of Lamarck is narrower, but probably nothing more than a va- riety. archiepiscopus. 143. Shell ovate-conical, ventri- cose, yellowish, with cancellated brown lines, and four bands of blue violet and white reti- culations ; spire acuminated. Conus Archiepiscopus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 747. La- marck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 435. Enc. Meth. t. 346. ft 7. Variety B. With the bands rather indistinct, and the reticu- lations of a violet colour. Enc. Meth. t. 346. ft 1. Variety C. With the bands distinct, and the aperture rose-co- loured. Conus Canonicus, A. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 749. Martini, ii. t. 54. ft 602. Enc. Meth. t. 345. ft 5. Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Bruguiere. Shell about three inches long, and rather more than half as broad ; with cancellated longitudinal and transverse lines, in- tersected by four transverse bands of variegated net-work. ' Le Drap d'or violet' of Favanne, which Bruguiere has quoted for this species, is probably a variety of C. Textile, and Lamarck considers it to be his C. Panniculus. | 446 | 0.798 | 0.14 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000940287 | 1817-01-01T00:00:00 | 1817 | A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnæan method: with particular attention to the synonymy | London | false | 428 CONUS Conus Prælatus. Bruguiere Enc. Meth. p. 746. Lamarck in Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 435. Conus Aulicus, Var. e. Gmelin, p. 3394. Conus Textile, Var. Schreibers Conch, i. p. 43. Le Drap d'or Amiral. Favanne, ii. p. 639. t. 18. ft B7. Martini, ii. t. 54. ft 601. Enc. Meth. t. 345. ft 4. Inhabits the East Indian Seas. Favanne. Shell an inch and three quarters long, and hardly half as broad ; and may be distinguished from C. rubiginosus and C. pen- rtaceus by its more pointed spire, as well as its different markings. pennaceus. 147. Shell conical-oblong, orange- brown, with transverse dotted lines, and heart-shaped white spots ; spire obtuse. Conus pennaceus. Born Mus. p. 167. t. 7. ft 14. Bru- guiere Enc. Meth. p. 745. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 434. Le Drap d'or de la Chine. Favanne, ii. p. 643. t. 18. ft C2. Rumphius, t. 33. ft 4. Seba, iii. t. 43. ft 3. JEnc. Meth. t. 344. ft 4. Inhabits the coasts of Amboyna. Rumphius. China. Favanne. Shell from an inch and a half to two inches and a quarter long, and the breadth is about three-fifths of the length ; it is more ventricose, and shorter in proportion to its breadth, than its congeners, and has the summit of the spire rose coloured. Bom's description of the dimensions differ materially from the appearance of his own figure, and also from Martini's fig. 596, which he has quoted. Lamarck for his C. Colubrinus has quoted Seba, t. 43. ft 3. and it appears to me to be at most only a variety of this species. rubiginosus. 148. Shell ovate-oblong, orange brown, with irregular large oblong white spots ; spire convex, obtuse. Conus rubiginosus. Solander's MSS. Portland Cat. p. 185. lot 3943. Callone's Cat. p. 15. No. 246. Bru- guiere Enc. Meth. p. 744. Lamarck Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 434. Conus Aulicus, Var. Martini, ii. p. 239. t. 54. ft 593 and 594. Schroeter Einl. i. p. 54. Born Mus. p. 166. Gmelin, p. 3394. Schreibers Conch, i. p. 44. | 448 | 0.784 | 0.163 | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston | Dillwyn, Lewis Weston [person] | John & Arthur Arch | England | England | 2 volumes (xii, 1092 pages) (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
002715751 | 1813-01-01T00:00:00 | 1813 | A Catalogue of the subjects of Natural History, in the Museum of the ... Dublin Society, systematically arranged; also of the Antiquities, etc | Dublin | false | 105 Pinna. 421—424 Pinna Rudis TliornyNaker 425 — 426 Haud-ignobilis Noble ditto 427 Vitrea Pellucid ditto India West Indies West Indies East Indies 428 Pectinata Pectinated ditto Argonaufa. 429 — 430 Argonauta Argo Paper-Sailor Indian Ocean Nautilus. 431—435 Nautilus Pompilius Thick-shelled Sailor 435b Spirula Ram's-Horn ditto India Atlantis Conns. 1. Truncate. — Spire nearly truncate. 436 — 441 Conus Marmoreus Marbled Cone 442 — 444 Imperiaiis Imperial- ditto 445 — i-55 Literatus Lettered ditto America C. of Guinea East Indies Ib. 456 — 457 Generalis Flambeaux ditto 458 — 465 Virgo Virgin ditto C. ofAfriea IL 466 — 469 Capitaneus Captain ditto 2. Pyriform with a rounded Base — the Cylinder half as Spire. long again as the 470 — 470b Conus Vexillum Standard Cone 471 — 472 Cauda-ErraineaErmine-Tail dit East Indies lb. Cauda-Ernainea Ermine-Tail ditto 473 — 474 Miles Garter ditto India 4,15 — 477 Achatinus Agate ditto 478 — 479 Genuanus Butteifly ditto 480 — 484 Glaucus Glaucous ditto West Indies C. of Guinea Africa India West Indies Africa 485 487 Monachus Monk, or Onyx ditto 488 491 Rusticus Rustic ditto 492 Mercator . Net ditto 4,93 4,97 Betulir.us Beechen ditto East Indie* lb. 498 499 Figulinus Potter ditto 500 507 Terebellum Auger ditto lb. 508 510 Ebræus Hebrew, or Diamond do.Ambouna IL 511 614 Stercus-Mus- Fly-marked ditto carum 515 522 Achates-fascia- Banded Agate ditto tus East Indies India 523 525 Varius Variegated ditto 3. Elongated, rounded at the Base — the Cylinder twice as 526 Conus Nussatella Dotted-Auger Cone 527 Striatus Tiger ditto long as the Spire Asia Frederick' s I. Textile Brocade ditto IL 528—534 0 | 115 | 0.583 | 0.214 | O'Reilly, Bernard, Arctic Explorer | O'Reilly, Bernard, Arctic Explorer [person] | null | Ireland | Ireland | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002144986 | 1825-01-01T00:00:00 | 1825 | Notice sur l'Ile de Oualan ou Strong | Paris | false | 15 épais fourrés, h'ortie textile (urtica tenacissa-* ma), une malvacée jaune, un ixora à corymbes de couleur de feu , sont épars dans les bois , au rai lieu des baringtonia , du lourue ou arbre à racines plates , de Yinocarpus edulis , du morinda citrifolia. Le beau liseron (conv. peltatus) les enlace et les cache Jparfois sous ses larges feuilles cordifor mes. La végétation de la plaine se compose d'un basilic très-odorant , d'une synantherée à fleurs jaunes très-commune, d'un cucurbitacée , d'un pancratium, du poivre metysticum, des arum esculentum et macrorhizon , de plusieurs espèces d'orchidées, et de maranta et dracœna, etc. Elle est d'ailleurs uniforme et peu variée. Les bords de la mer, dans les endroits où il y a des grèves sablonneuses, offrent deux espèces depan danus, de scœvolia lobelia, du vitex trifoliatus, etc. Les plages vaseuses sont recouvertes de man gliers, dont le tronc s'élève à plus de 60 à 70 pieds, et je remarquai dans un seul endroit un palmier nain , couvert de fruits , mais je ne sais à quel genre il peut appartenir. Les arbres des montagnes, ont une taille de quinze pieds au moins, et se com posent généralement d'arbres à pain sauvages (1). Les plantes alimentaires indigènes ont été ré- (1) M. Durville, botaniste aussi recommandable qu'ins truit , ne laissera rien à désirer sur cette partie intéres «ante de l'histoire naturelle, dont il s'est occupé avec zèle. | 21 | 0.73 | 0.178 | Lesson, R. P. (René Primevère) | Lesson, R. P. (René Primevère), 1794-1849 [person] | null | null | null | 91 pages (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
000306237 | 1827-01-01T00:00:00 | 1827 | Statistique de l'île Bourbon, présentée en exécution de l'article 104 § 28 de l'ordonnance royal du 21 août, 1825 | Saint-Denis | false | ÉPOQUES DES s i-. Ï.É Ím £ g O -S S S ë s ru ■ ÏJii 2 B « ï S M - -B ri « « S a £% = 3 f» Q. C" v O u s -s u > s -s. OBSERVATIONS. Semailles. Récoltes. m, \ eoobri , (In :i uilirc, juin ri juillet ilunue à i an ll.M.iii. ;', 4 uns lloililf Ù IO illl.S dix huit mois ou mieux !i 8,4oo liv. de sucre I IO La culture de la e. mue a beaucoup atlgnierte depuis quelques années et tend encore a uu accroissement considérable. ( Voyez u Farlicle sucrerie le mode «le culture et SCS détails. \ Est peu cultivé. Garde comme arbre de curiosité. On coupe tous les jours plus de giroflerics pour les remplacer par des plantations de cannes à sucre. Cultivé pour les usages domestiques. Peu cultivée. Ou U prétend mauvaise. l'en cultivé. Peu cultivé. Peu cultivé. Denrée coloniale. niaíe. ( 'amie a sucre s 4,210 , / / Cardamome / I Canuellier « | G.ioílier : £ I ; .ï \ Gingembre -M J Muscadier ; F Poivre | \ IVavensara / Avoine | -S ! ~ S \ Vmhrcuvalfr 1 1 v U ) Mas i g E M» ( orge ' liicndent ; i Fataque SE* I leuilles deniais n J Id. de cannes § \ Herbe de baiu- a \ Tel. de Guinée H * \ Piquant deux ans après a / i d n niai 5oo 4 » t,io5 8bre.,f)bre., lobre. U S I» o c s. \\] í * L v in 1 ou mal donne ,'i C, ans |;,ii\ ìri donne à si ans mai el juin juin et juillet tlUl'l' l'7,i,ll,',. osai et juin loutc l'année i,l. id. tirées des canne» un an après 8 bre.,9brc., tobre. novembre septembre et K bre. un an apies 4 et j mois après seplciiibi e et <S lire. tonte Tannée id. id. pend, l'exploitaaon Peu cultivé. Vient naturellement. B tsv « H i o Excellente nourriture pour les animaux. \ íeni comme la mailvaise herbe dans les terres non cultivées et niivembre OTOll S1IU11I7I1II711 1 toute Tannée février et juin les savanes. 0 tf) 3 ce M C 1 s j-= a - a •7= I .£ 3 ■B « 3 g •"ï u> -6 (» í Camphrier aromatiques (Voyei aux au- ( tres épiceries. est bon à 4 nus point de saison La seule gomme est celle de bois hoir dont on ne tire aucun parti. Se plante pour les bornes et en rideaux. gommeuses médicinales Tamarin i Pignon-d'Inde oléifères \ B aneoulier ( Ricin t Sappan (grand) di'nni. à { ans donne ;'i '► sus ,1", nie :', ', alls donne à I .in a liesoin d'Are très vieux en mai Mule l'.innée sqitemliie el 8 lue. en janvier eu février id. en juillet en juillet morte sève Se plante pour les bornes et en rideaux. t c = •s — B Cultivé pour les usages domestiques. tinctoriales ( c cc l Safíran [ Roneou textiles Coton un an api es très jaune aoùt La culture en est presque généralement abandonnée. Un UMOCte qn piqutf la baie a la.t cesser cette inlture qui d'ailleurs offre bien mo'ìis d'avantages qne callede La canne à sucre. Brancha intéressante de commerce pour les noirs dont il contiihue à former le revenu propre. tabacs jnin mars c H | 144 | 0.357 | 0.194 | Betting De Lancastel, Michel Eusèbe Mathias | Betting De Lancastel, Michel Eusèbe Mathias [person] | null | null | null | 197 pages (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
000163919 | 1824-01-01T00:00:00 | 1824 | The Works of Francis Bacon | London | false | Lib. II] Novum Organum. 97 palatum, aut ad stomachuni, aut etiam ad exterio res partes post aliquam moram (ut in emplastris et unguentis) alia vegetabilia inveniuntur calida, alia frigida. Non invenitur in partibus animalium, postquam fuerint mortuæ aut separate, aliquid calidum ad tactum humanum. Nam neque fimus equinus ipse, uisi fuerit conclusus et sepultus, calorem retinet. Sed tamen omnis fimus habere videtur calorem potentialem, ut in agrorum impingua tione. Et similiter, cadavera animalium hujus modi habent latentem et potentialem calorem ; adeo ut in cœmeteriis, ubi quotidie fiunt sepul turæ, terra calorem quendam occultum colligat, qui cadaver aliquod recenter impositum consu mit longe citius, quam terra pura. Atque apud orientales traditur inveniri textile quoddam tenue et molle, factum ex avium plumagine, quod vi innata butyrum solvat et liquefaciat, in ipso levi ter involutum. Quæ impinguant agros, ut finii omnis generis, creta, arena maris, sal, et similia, dispositionem nonnullam habent ad calidum. Omnis putrefactio in se rudimenta quædam exi lis caloris habet, licet non hucusque, ut ad tac tum percipiatur. Nam nec ea ipsa, quæ putre facta solvuntur in animalcula, ut caro, caseus, ad tactum percipiuutur calida ; neque lignum putre, quod noctu splendet, deprehenditur ad tactum calidum. Calor autem iu putridis quandoque se prodit per odores tetros et fortes. Primus itaque caloris gradus ex iis, quæ ad tac tum humanum percipiuntur calida, videtur esse calor animalium, qui bene magnam habet gra duum latitudinem ; nam infimus gradus (ut in in sectis) vix ad tactum deprenditur ; summus autem gradus vix attingit ad gradum caloris radiorum solis in regionibus et temporibus maxime ferven tibus; neque ita aeris est, quin tolerari possit a manu. Et tamen referunt de Constantio, aliisque nonnullis, qui constitutionis et habitus corporis 5 6 7 8 VOL. VIII. H | 117 | 0.767 | 0.146 | Bacon, Francis | Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 [person] | W. Baynes | England | England | 10 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000163919 | 1824-01-01T00:00:00 | 1824 | The Works of Francis Bacon | London | false | Novum Organum. [Lib. II. 134 artium, sed omnino per casum. Nihil autem repræ sentat aut anticipat casum (cujus mos est, ut tantum per longa secula operetur) præter inventionem for mam m. Exempla autem hujusmodi instantiarum particu laria nihil opus est adducere, propter copiam eorun dem. Nam hoc omnino agendum, ut visitentur et penitus introspiciantur omnes artes mechanicæ, atque liberales etiam (quatenus ad opera) atque hide faci enda est congeries sive historia particularis, tanquam magnalium et operum magistralium, et maxime per fectorum in unaquaque ipsarum; una cum modis ef fectionis sive operationis. Neque tamen astringimus diligentiam, quæ adhi benda est in hujusmodi collecta, ad ea, quæ censen tur pro magisteriis et arcanis alicujus artis tantum, at que movent admirationem. Admiratio enim proles est raritatis : siquidem rara, licet in genere sint ex vulgatis naturis, tamen admirationem pariunt. At contra, quæ revera admirationi esse debent, propter discrepantiam, quæ inest illis in specie, col latis ad alias species ; tamen si in usu familiari præsto sint, leviter notantur. Debent autem notari monodica artis, non minus quam monodica naturæ ; de quibus antea diximus. Atque quemadmodum in monodicis naturæ posuimus solem, lunam, magnetem, et similia, quæ re vulgatissima sunt, sed natura tamen fere sin gulari; idem et de monodicis artis faciendum est. Exempli gratia ; instantia monodica artis, est papy rus; res admodum vulgata. At si diligenter animum advertas, materiæ artificiales aut plane textiles sunt per fila directa et transversa; qualia sunt pannus se ricus, aut laneus, et linteus, et hujusmodi: aut coag mentantur ex succis concretis; qualia sunt later, aut argilla figularis, aut vitrum, aut esmalta, aut porcel lana, et similia; quæ, si bene uniantur, splendent; sin minus, indurantur certe, sed non splendent. At tamen omnia talia, quæ fiunt ex succis concretis, sunt fragilia; nec ullo modo hærentia et tenacia. At con tra, papyrus est corpus tenax, quod scindi et lacerari possit, ita ut imitetur et fere æmuletur pellem sive | 154 | 0.756 | 0.149 | Bacon, Francis | Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 [person] | W. Baynes | England | England | 10 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001760873 | 1838-01-01T00:00:00 | 1838 | France pittoresque, ou description ... des départements et colonies de la France ... pur A. H | Paris | false | 68 FRANCE PITTORESQUE. — HAUTE-SAONE. lœnitate. Eumènc Tappelle une rivière paresseuse, in certaine, tardive, segniset cunctabundus amnis tardusque. Routes. — On compte dans le département 19 routes (5 royales et 14 départementales), dont la longueur totale est de 721,340 mètres (environ 181 lieues de poste); elles sont en général en bon état et bien en tretenues. On trouve au bord des rivières, les asters, Tandroce num , la sagette, Thypne , les coronilles, les roseaux odorants. L'opbrys insectifère se trouve dans le canton de Montbozon. — Les gramens de toute espèce pullu lent dans les prés. Les céréales, les parmentières, les plantes textiles et tinctoriales sont cultivées avec succès. Régne minéral. — Le département est peut-être un des plus riches de la France sous le rapport des pro ductions minérales. On y trouve le granit rouge, le granit feuille -morte, le porphyre vert, le porphyre violet, le schiste argileux, le schiste anthraciteux, léser oligiste, le manganèse oxidé; des minerais de plomb, de cuivre, d'argent et d'or; le grès houiller, la houille, le grès rouge, le grès vosgien, le grès bigarré; la pierre lithographique, la pierre à chaux; des minerais de fer en roche; des marbres; d'excellentes pierres de taille; des minerais de fer en grains, en très grande quantité; le tuf calcaire, la tourbe, etc. MÉTÉOROLOGIE. Climat. — Le climat est plus doux que dans la plu part des départements voisins ; l'été et l'hiver y sont tempérés; Tautomne est ordinairement beau : seule ment le voisinage des montagnes et Ta.ffluence des nei ges, quand elles s'accumulent sur leurs sommets, ou lorsqu'elles fondent, causent, surtout au printemps, de fréquentes variations de température. Vents. — Les vents dominants sont ceux du sud ouest, qui sont doux et humides et qui alternent avec les vents secs et vifs du nord-est et les vents froids du nord-ouest. Eaux minérales. — L'établissement thermal deLuxeuil est un des plus célèbres de France; on y compte huit sources dont la plus chaude, celle du grand bain , a 52,50 degrés centigrades, et la moins chaude, celle du bain des hommes, 36,50. — II y existe aussi une source ferrugineuse dont la température n'est que dc 22,25. — Les eaux de Luxeuil sont employées principalement pour les affections nerveuses , les rhumatismes et les paralysies; on en fait usage en bains, en douches et en boissons. — Le département possède d'autres sour ces minérales peu fréquentées ou négligées, à Rèpes et à Fédry, et une source thermale à Visoncourt. Eaux salées. — Le département renferme plusieurs sources d'eaux salées dont Texploitation est négligée ; les plus importantes sont celles de Saulnot et de Scey-sur- Saóne. — On exploite à Gouhénans un banc de sel gemme très riche qui a été découvert sous une couche de charbon de terre , de sorte que cette mine offre à la fois la matière première et le combustible nécessaire pour en tirer parti. L'exploitation a lieu en saturant de parties salines une masse d'eau qu'on soumet ensuite a Tévaporation. Maladies. — Les affections catarrhales et rhumatis males, les maladies inflammatoires, pulmoniques et cérébrales sont les plus communes. La surdité est assez fréquente parmi les vieillards qui habitent les montagnes. HISTOIRE NATURELLE. Fossiles. — Le sol du département renferme un grand nombre de débris d'animaux et de végétaux fossiles. — Dans les terrains intermédiaires, les débris d'animaux appartiennent aux crustacés, aux zoophytes et à des mollusques de genres qui n'existent plus. Les terrains secondaires offrent des poissons, des crustacés, des reptiles de formes singulières, des coquillages (ammo nites, gryphées, etc.), de grandes tortues, des croco diles et d'immenses lézards. Les terrains tertiaires re cèlent, outre les coquilles analogues à celles qui vivent aujourd'hui dans nos mers et dans nos étangs, des os sements de grands quadrupèdes terrestres différents de ceux actuellement vivants, et dont les caractères se rapprochent de ceux des tapirs, des rhinocéros et des chameaux; ce sont les palaetheriums , les lophiodons, les anoplotheriums, les antracotheriums, les adapis et les cheroptames. Les terrains d'alluvion renferment des ossements d'animaux terrestres en grande partie incon nus ou au moins étrangers , tels que des carnassiers de la taille du lion , du tigre et de Thyène; des éléphants, des rhinocéros, et des hippopotames, accompagnés d'ossements de chevaux et de nlusieurs grands rumi nants. CURIOSITÉS NATURELLES. Grottes. — Cavernes a ossements. — 11 existe dans le déparlement cinq localités qui offrent des grottes creusées dans des calcaires appartenant aux trois étages du terrain jurassique. Malgré la différence de position géologique, il est probable que toutes ces grottes da lent ele la mème époque et ont la mème origine. Deux des grottes, celles d'Ecìienoz et de Foiuent of frent des débris d'animaux, d'espèces pour la plupart éteintes aujourd'hui , et qui ont été sans doute détruits lors de la dernière des grandes révolutions arrivées à la surface du globe. — Les trois autres grottes , celles de Quincey , de Chaux el de Frétigne) , ne récèlent au cuns restes d'animaux antédiluviens, mais présentent quelques stalactites plus ou moins remarquables. — Les grottes de Fouvent sont au nombre de trois. La première , appelée trou de la Roche-Sainte-Agathe , est un couloir long de 60 mètres , large de 2 mètres et dont la hauteur varie de 70 centimètres à 3 mètres. Les jeunes femmes du pays y vont en pèlerinage. La seconde, dite de Saint-Martin, a la |forme d'une demi-calotte sphé rique, dont le rayon et la hauteur sont d'environ 5 mè tres. C'est dans la troisième, située au pied du flanc opposé du vallon, qu'on a découvert, en 1800, les os sements fossiles décrits par Cuvier dans son grand ou vrage qui a fait une révolution dans les sciences géo logiques. M. Thirria, ingénieur des mines à Vesoul, a fait de nouvelles fouilles dans cette grotte en 1827, et y a trouvé des débris d'éléphant, de rhinocéros, d'hyène, d'ours des cavernes ( ursus spelaeus) , de cheval, de bœuf et de lion. Les cinq premiers genres élaient connus par les fouilles faites en 1800, mais on n'y avait pas encore recueilli d'ossements de bœuf et de lion. La grotte de Fouvent est la première où Ton ait découvert en Frauce Règne animal. — Les races d'animaux domestiques sont les mêmes que dans les départements voisins. — II existe deux variétés de Tespèce chevaline dont Tune, d'origine suisse , donne de bons chevaux de roulage, d'artillerie et de cavalerie — Parmi les animaux sau vages on remarque le loup , le renard , le chat sauvage, la loutre, le blaireau, etc. — Les sangliers sont assez nombreux; le cerf et le chevreuil plus rares. — On trouve en abondance des lièvres et des lapins. — Les oiseaux de toute espèce, de basse- cour, de gibier et de passage sont très multipliés. On voit dans le départe ment, mais rarement, Toutarde , le cygne, le pélican, l'esprit et le goéland. — On remarque parmi les oiseaux de proie, Taigle, Tépervier et la buse. — Parmi les reptiles, la vipère et la couleuvre sont communes. Les rivières fournissent un grand nombre d'excellents pois sons. On vante la carpe de la Saône et du Salon, le barbeau de l'Ognon , la truite saumonée du Ilahin et du Breuchin; les écrevisses du Coney et du Plané sont aussi très recherchées. Règne végétal. — Les essences dominantes dans les bois sont : le chêne, le hêtre et le charme. — L'orme, le tremble, Térable, le frêne, s'y rencontrent plus ra rement. — On trouve le sapin dans Tarrondissement de Lure. Les principales plantes qui croissent sur les mon tagnes de la Haute-Saône sont : la digitale, Tarnica, le pied-de-chat , la mélisse, la valériane, les véroniques, etc. | 82 | 0.63 | 0.182 | Hugo, Jean Abel, count | Hugo, Jean Abel, count [person] | null | null | null | 3 tomes (4°) | French | null | null | null | false |
003592034 | 1838-01-01T00:00:00 | 1838 | The Student's Manual of Modern History, etc | London | false | 123 PROGRESS OF COMMERCE. secure basis than that of the Hanseatic cities, for their com mercial success was the result of their manufacturing industry, in which the}- far surpassed the rest of Europe. Their textile fabrics of wool, cotton, and silk, their tapestry, and their embroidery, supplied the principal nations of Christendom, who purchased these commodities with raw materials. The wealth, the population, and the resources of these cities, raised their sovereigns to the first rank among potentates. Bruges was long the capital and chief mart of Flemish commerce ; it preserved its rank to the close of the fifteenth century, when the superiority was transferred to Antwerp. But intestine wars and political revolutions proved ruinous to the supremacy of the Low Countries ; many of the Flemish manufacturers fled to England, whither they had been invited by Edward III. ; under the patronage of that politic monarch, they established woollen factories in various parts of the country, which soon attained such eminence that they rivalled the best products of the looms of Flanders. At an earlier period, the Hollanders having discovered an improved mode of salting and curing herrings, beo-an to compete with the Flemings in the fish trade ; and the subsequent opening of the Texel made Amsterdam the chief seat of this branch of industry. Section IV. — Revolutions of Germany, France, and Spain. From the period of the accession of Rodolph, the first emperor of the house of Hapsburgh, the German empire began to assume a constitutional form, and to be consolidated by new laws. Under the government of Albert, the son of Rodolph, an important change took place in Switzerland, which, at the com mencement of the fourteenth century, was divided into a number of states, both secular and ecclesiastical. The cantons of Uri, Schwitz, and Underwalden, were immediate dependencies of the empire, while some minor adjoining districts belonged to the dukes of Austria as counts of Hapsburgh. Albert, anxious to found a new kingdom for one of his younger children, resolved G 2 | 137 | 0.668 | 0.179 | Taylor, W. C. (William Cooke) | Taylor, W. C. (William Cooke), 1800-1849 [person] | J. W. Parker | England | England | viii, 519 pages (12°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001192926 | 1836-01-01T00:00:00 | 1836 | Observation on improvements of the town of Manchester, etc | Manchester | false | 40 engrave a seal, and crush masses of obdurate metal like wax before it; draw out without breaking, a thread as fine as gossamer, and lift a ship of war like a bauble in the air. It can embroider and forge anchors, cut steel into ribbands, and impel loaded vessels against the fury of the winds and waves." The certainty, force, and simplicity of this wonderful machine, united to the ease with which it overcomes resist ances, render it an object of admiration; whether viewed in the precision of its performance, or the dexterity of its action in the wide field of human industry. Its adaptation to a variety of purposes, and the facility with which it can be applied to all situations, is in itself a powerful impetus to the extension of the manufactures. Previously to Mr. Watt's improvements of the Steam Engine, manufacturers were obliged to erect their establishments in valleys, fre quently remote from the sea ports, and those markets, from which they derived the raw material, and where they sold their produce. The use of the steam engine has totally changed the nature of our manufacturing localities: there is now no occasion to go in search of water-falls, or to trust to the uncertainty of the winds: a power is always at com mand, and equally effective, on the plain, the mountain, or the sea. Floating on the bosom of the ocean, the same force can be applied, whether in the division of the waves, or the conquest of the adverse elements. Mills for the manufacture of textile fabrics, have risen with unexampled rapidity since the introduction of the steam engine as a moving power; being no longer confined to glens and val leys, they are erected close to the large towns, convenient to the reception of material, distribution of produce, &c. This contiguity to the markets has produced a desideratum of great importance and value to the manufacturers ; it has combined the united advantage of commercial enterprise, to | 54 | 0.778 | 0.156 | Fairbairn, William, Sir | Fairbairn, William, Sir, 1789-1874 [person] | null | null | null | 44 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000586516 | 1837-01-01T00:00:00 | 1837 | Letters from the South [With plates and an appendix.] | London | false | APPENDIX. 261 pentine species, which produces the Balm of Mecca or of India. Wild Pine-apple-tree — a textile plant, knoAvn in Guiana by the name of Pitte Pine apple-trees. Bread-tree (artocarpus incisa) is one of the most valuable vegetable plants. Its fruit affords an abundant, Avholesome, and pleasant nourishment. Aguncate-tree — (Lauras Persia). Its fruit, the aguncate, also bears at Guiana the name of vegetable butter. Chesnut-tree — very rare. A very fine one is to be seen at Bir-mad-Reis, and three at the forage-store of Bir-Kadem. Lemon-tree — already become common. The groAvth should be further increased. Its fruit is excellent. Wild Quince-tree. — Preference should be given to the species called Chinese Quince tree, Beans. — By means of water, and by being properly exposed to the sun, they may be had nearly throughout the year. Fig-tree. — The Carthage Figs were for- | 681 | 0.728 | 0.191 | Campbell, Thomas | Campbell, Thomas, 1777-1844 [person] | Henry Colburn | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000586516 | 1837-01-01T00:00:00 | 1837 | Letters from the South [With plates and an appendix.] | London | false | APPENDIX. 265 this procured for it the name of the rose apple. Chinese Kane-la-chou. — On the branches of this shrub, insects are found whose bodies assume, during summer, a kind of crust, Avhich is the wax itself. It is gathered in the month of September. Chinese Lit-chi — (Euphoria-lit-chi). Its fruit tastes like an excellent Muscatel raisin. Littœa Gemini-flora. — A textile plant, which only needs a temperate greenhouse. The fibres draAvn from its leaves afford a kind of flax which is said to be of great beauty. Mango-tree. — Very common in the Ca ribbee Islands ; is easily propagated by means of its stones, which retain a germinating power for upAvards of a year. This tree has thriven in the greenhouse of the Garden of Plants at Paris. Mangoustan. — (Garcinia mangoustatia.) Its fruit is better than the mango. It requires much heat. Nerium Tinctorium of Bengal. — It is said to produce a finer colour than Avhat is produced from plants of the indigo species. Chinese Ou-kieou-mou-tree. — (Croton | 685 | 0.744 | 0.196 | Campbell, Thomas | Campbell, Thomas, 1777-1844 [person] | Henry Colburn | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000586516 | 1837-01-01T00:00:00 | 1837 | Letters from the South [With plates and an appendix.] | London | false | 266 APPENDIX. cebiferum) a talloAV-tree. Its seeds are covered over with a cebaceous, rather firm, and very Avhite substance, which supplies the Chinese with matter for making candles. It has thriven very well in the Garden of Plants at Toulon. Passiflora Quadrangularis. — Its fruit is of the size of a melon, and its pulp very delicate. This plant is well adapted for lining cradles. Saveet Potatoes. — M. Chevreau has planted some this year. Phormium Tenax. — A textile plant, also known by the name of New Holland Flax, has thriven at Toulon. The filaments obtained from the leaves of this plant, are much stronger than those procured from hemp, and the cord age made from it presents, in an equal quantity, one-third more resistance than what is made from the filaments of hemp. Pistachio-tree — is cultivated at Tunis. Pepper Plant — (Piper nigrum) requires much heat. Bark. — The species used for medical pur poses are very numerous. See the article Bark in the 46th volume of the Dictionary of Medical Sciences. | 686 | 0.774 | 0.168 | Campbell, Thomas | Campbell, Thomas, 1777-1844 [person] | Henry Colburn | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001760871 | 1835-01-01T00:00:00 | 1835 | France pittoresque, ou description ... des départements et colonies de la France, etc [With plates.] | Paris | false | FRANCE PITTORESQUE. — HISTOIRE NATURELLE. 100 Histoire Naturelle. _RÌG_STE VÉGÉTAL. crapaud épineux , animal bideux et d'une taille quelquefois mons trueuse , etc. Les riebesses végétales de la France sont considérables. — La France récolte le u-aïs, le millet, le sarrasin, et toutes les céréa les; le riz seul n'y est point cultivé en grand. — Elle abonde en plantes textiles et oléagineuses. — La betterave lui fournit un sucre pareil en tout à celui de la canne. — Ses vignes produisent des vins des qualités les plus variées. — Les fruits les plus exquis du continent européen y mûrissent. L'imile que donne l'olivier de la Provence surpasse en qualité celle qu'on récolte en Espagne et cn Italie. — Les forêts du continent fraeçais, quoique pendant long-temps négligées , peuvent encore fournir des bois excellents aux constructions civiles et navales. Les sapins de la Corse offrent de superbes mâtures. — _Nous ne pouvons faire ici l'énuméralion de tous les végétaux qui croissent en France. II nous suffira de dire qu'ils formeut plus de 830 genres et se divisent en 6,000 espèces. nÈGNS ANIMAL. Poissons. — On pèche quelquefois sur les bords de l'Océan et de la Méditerranée cette espèce de tortue dont l'écailL* servait aux anciens pour faire leurs lyres. — Les côtes de la France ainsi qnt ses rivières sont généralement poissonneuses. La Manche et l'Océan offrent le turbot, la raie, la sole, le cabillaud, le saumon , le merlan , le maquereau , le mulet et la sardine ; et le hareng donne lieu à de grandes pêches. Dans la Méditerranée, le thon et l'an chois sont aussi spécialement Tobjet de pêches très importantes. Les huîtres de l'Océan jouissent d'une grande réputation ; les côtes de l'ouest fournissent à la consommation une grande quan tité de moules , de langoustes , de homards , etc. Inse tes. — Les insectes sont, en France comme ailleurs , pins nuisibles qu'utiles. Parmi les indigènes, on remarque lc charen çon, qui dévore les blés, le scorpion rous. âtre, etc. D'autres ont été importes par suite des relations commerciales, le puceron, qui fait mourir le pommier, le termes lucifuge et le termes flavicole m qui dévore les bois de charpente, le vorace cancrelat, à odeur infecte , etc. — ■ Les insectes utiles sont : les abeilles , qui prospè rent dans toutes les parties de la France; les vers a soie, qui deviendront une source de richesses pour quelques départements ; la cochenille , qui commence à s'acclimater dans les départements du midi i le kermès à cochenille , la cantharide , etc. Animaux sauvages. — Les progrès de l'agricnlture ont beau coup dimiuué en France le nombre des animaux sauvages. — L'ours au pelage noir (ursus pyrcnaicus) et Tours brun , si facile à appri voiser, vivent dans les Pyrénées françaises, — Les Cévennes et les Hautes- Alpes renferment le lynx à la vue perçante; mais il y est fort rare. — Le chamois et le bouquetin se montrent plus nom breux sur les points culminants des Alpes et des Pyrénées. — Le daim et le cerf, autrefois si nombreux dans les forêts royales, en ont presque entièrement disparu; mais le chevreuil et lc sanglier y sont eucore multipliés. Les lièvres et les lapins y abondent. — Le moufflon, animal sauvage que l'on considère comme le type pri mitif du bélier de nos climats , fréquente les hauts pics de la Corse. —Les forêts des Vosges et les bois de la Moselle nourrissent Técu reuil au poil roux [sciums vulgaris). L'écureuil brun , piqueté de blanc jaunâtre (sciurus alpinus) , et la poli-touche de Sibérie (pte romys), sorte d'écureuil volant qui, peudant la nuit, quitte sa re traite et s'élance avec agilité de branche en branche, habitent les forêts des Hautes-Alpes. Ces montagnes servent aussi d'asile a Ia marte au poil jaunâtre (mustela alpina) et aux marmottes (arctomys marmotta), qui passent l'hivef, en société, engourdies dans leurs terriers. — L'bermiue («-___..'_. /a herminea), dont la fourrure blanche est si recherchée , le hamster {mus crissetus) , célèbre par sa voracité et ses longs voyages , habitent les départements voisins des Vosges , où lc hamster est connu sous le nom de marmotte de Strasbourg. • — Tontes les grandes forêts servent de repaires aux loups , auxquels on fait une chasse continue. — Le putois , la fouine, la belette et le renard sont l'effroi des basses-cours. — Le blaireau, dont les poils sont recherchés pour la peinture , creuse son terrier solitaire dans les bois écartés. — Le hérisson se blottit dans les buissons, la taupe bouleverse les riches prairies. Le rat, le mulot, le loir, la souris , le lérot habitent les champs et les jardins.— La loutre, dont la four rure est si douce au toucher, se cache dans les trous qui bordent les rivières et les étangs , qu'elle dépeuple trop fréquemment. Le rat d'eau (arvicola amphibius) aime les marais et les ruisseaux peu fréquentés. Enfin le desman (mu* moschiferus) , quadrupède aquati que peu connu , qui détruit les vers et les insectes , se montre aux «nvirons de Tarbes ; cet animal a quelque affinité avec le castor, dont on trouve encore quelques familles dans les iles du Rhône. Oiseaux. — Presque toutes les espèces d'oiseaux de l'Europe existent en France. Le flammant rouge , Ie rollier nuancé de bleu , de vert et de violet [galgulus garrulus) fréquentent les rivages de la Méditerranée et les départements méridionaux. De nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux voyageurs visitent chaque année nos climats. On cite le beefigue, le grimpereau, la grive, l'alouette , la caille , l'or tolan , la buppe , le loriot , la mésange , le martin-pécheur, la pa lombe, la tourterelle, Thirondelle, etc. — Parmi les gallinacées sauvages , figurent le coq de bruyère , la perdrix rouge et grise , la gelinotte, etc. — L'outarde et le cygne se montrent sur nos étangs pendant les hivers rigoureux. D'autres oiseaux aquatiques y viennent tous les ans : ce sont la bécasse , la bécassine , le plu vie^ le vanneau , la macreuse , l'alouette de mer , le canard sau vage, etc. — Les principaux oiseaux de proie sont : le grand aigle, i'aigle commun , le vautour , le milan , l'épervier, le grand-duc , la ebouette , etc. Le pays renferme un grand nombre de corbeaux , de corneilles et de choucas. RÌGKTE MINERAI» La France est riche en mines métalliques, parmi lesquelles celles de fer , de plomb et de cuivre , à cause de l'abondance des produits et de la qualité du minerai , occupent le premier rang. Or. — On connaît en France le gîte de deux mines d'or ; l'une à la Porte-de-Fer , commune d'Urbeis (Bas-Rhin); l'autre à la Gardette, commune de Villard- Aymont (Isère). Cette dernière mine, exploitée dans le xvne siècle, n'a donné qne des produits insignifiants. En huit années, de 1781 à 1787, la dépense d'exploi tation a été de 27,000 fr., et la recette seulement de £.000.— Les départements de T Ariège, du Cantal et du Gard renferment de» sables aurifères où l'on trouve des paillettes dont Tor est à un très haut titre. — Avant la découverte de l'Arsérique , les orpailleurs de l'Ariége étaient tenus de livrer l'or qu'ils recueillaient à la Monnaie de Toulouse. La quantité en était alors considérable ; mais elle diminua beaucoup pendant le xvic siècle. Au commence ment du xvnc on ne portait annuellement â Toulouse que 200 marcs d'or. Aujourd bui Tindustrie des orpailleurs est presque nulle. Argent. — II existe aussi en France deux mines d'urgent; l'un* dans le Bas-Rhin , à Aptin goutte, commune d'Urbeis; l'autre dans lo département de Tlsère , à Chalanches. près d'Allemont; cette dernière mine est exploitée. — L'argent se trouve dans d'autres mines ; mais il y est allié an plomb sulfuré et au cuivre. Mercure.' — Le département de la Manche renferme, an Mé nildot, commune de la Chapelle-en-Suger , une mine de merenr» qui a été exploitée dans le siècle deraier, et qui, de 1750 à 1742, a donné des produits assez importants. Etain. — On a cru long-temps que la France ne renfermait pas de mines d'étain ; il es certain cependant qu'il en existe à Vaury, dans la Haute-Vienne, une qni a été exploitée par les anciens. On a aussi trouvé à Ségur, dans la Corrèze , des indices de mi nerai d'étain. Enfin, la mine de Piriac, déconverte en 1813 dans la Loire- Inférieure , paraît tire susceptible d'une exploita tion avantageuse. Plomb. — Le nombre des mines de plomb est considérable; on en trouve dans la plupart des départements. « — Les exploitations les plus importantes sont situées dans le Finistère, la Vienne, Tlsère, la Loire et TArdèche. — Le plomb est souvent sulfuré, et dans ce cas fréquemment argentifère. Le plomb sulfuré est em ployé dans son état naturel sous le nom de vernis ou d'alquifoux. Cuivre. — Parmi les mines nombreuses de cuivre, celles qui donnent lieu aux plus grandes exploitations, se trouvent dans le* départements des Basses-Pyrénées et dn Rhône. Le cuivre existe aussi en France mêlé soit an plomb soit à l'argent. On y tronve des mines de cuivre sulfaté, de cuivre carbonate bien et vert, etc. Fer. — Les mines de fer sont trop abondantes pour que nous puissions les énumérer. Les plus considérables existent dans les départements voisins des Pyrénées. Les mines de fer oxidé four nissent au commerce Tocre et la sanguine, et celles de fer car buré la plombagine. Zinc. — Depuis que le zinc est employé à de nombreux usages, on en a découvert en France un assez grand nombre de mines. II s'y trouve pur et mélangé an cuivre ou an plomb. Le xinr oxidé est livré au commerce sous le nom de calamine. Reptiles. — Parmi les reptiles , la vipère commune et Taspic sont presque les seuls venimeux. Le pays renferme plusieurs es pèces de couleuvres. Le grand lézard vert, la salamandre terrestre et même le gecko de Mauritanie se tronvent dans les départements méridionaux. — On compte en France un grand nombre d'espèces appartenant au genre des batraciens, entre autres le crapaud ac coucheur [bus o obsteiricans) , Ie crapaud vert à odeur ambrée, le Antimoine. — Les mines d'antimoine que renferment la Frasée | 188 | 0.512 | 0.193 | Hugo, Jean Abel, count | Hugo, Jean Abel, count [person] | null | null | null | 2 tomes (4°) | French | null | null | null | false |
001760871 | 1835-01-01T00:00:00 | 1835 | France pittoresque, ou description ... des départements et colonies de la France, etc [With plates.] | Paris | false | FRANCE PITTORESQUE. ____ COTES-DU-NORD. 296 IMPOTS ET RECETTES. Le département a payé à l'Etat (cn 1831) : Contributions directes 3,714,172 f. 84 c Enregistrement, timbre et domaines 1,225,685 27 Douanes et sels 846,456 69 Boissons, droits divers, tabacs et poudres, . 3,537,509 69 Postes 187,663 90 Produit des coupes de bois. . 18 94 Produits divers 71,864 62 Ressources extraordinaires 876,298 53 Total 10,259,670 f. 48 c U a reçu du Trésor 5,597,902 f. 59 c., dans lesquels figurent : La dette publique et les dotations pour 824,159 s. 28 c Les dépenses du ministère de la justice 152,646 02 de l'instruction publique et des cultes. 499,429 51 de l'intérieur 6,660 » du commerce et des travaux publics. . 1,249,840 91 de la guerre 1,313,475 38 de la marine 3,673 02 des finances 140,108 18 Les frais de régie et de perception des impôts. . 964,993 93 Remboursera., restitut. , non valeurs et primes. 242,916 56 Total 5,597,902 f. 59 c Ces deux sommes totales de paiements et de recettes représen tant , à peu de variations près , le mouvement annuel des impôts et des recettes, le département paie annuellement (déduction faite du produit des douanes) 4,015,311 fr. 20 c. déplus qu'il ne reçoit. Cette somme, consacrée aux frais du gouvernement central, dé passe le cinquième du revenu territorial du département. DÉPENSES DEPAHTEMEZffTAI.ES. Elles s'élèvent (en 1831) à 510,072 f. 76 c. Sa. voir : Dép. fixes : traitements, abonnements, etc. 79,061 f. 06 c. Dép. variables .-loyers, encourag. , secours , etc. 251,011 70 Dans cette dernière somme figurent pour 41,000 f. »c. les prisons départementales, 45,Ij00 f »c. les enfants trouvés. Les secours accordés par l'Etat pour grêle, incen- die, épizootie, etc., sont de. 9,200 » Les fonds consacrés au cadastre s'élèvent à. . . . 63,683 14 Les dépenses des cours et tribunaux sont de. . . . 11S,525 59 Les frais de justice avances par l'Etat de 58,900 94 INDUSTRIE AGRICOLE. Sur une superficie de 701,231 hectares, le départ, en compte : 270,000 mis en CHlture. — 50,562 prairies. — 165,756 pâturages. — 32,215 forêts. — 153,933 — landes et friches. Le revenu»territorÌal est évalué à 19,258,000 francs. Le départ, renferme environ : 75,000 chevaux. — 220,000 bêtes à cornes (race bovine). — 13,000 chèvres. — 145,000 moutons. Les troupeaux de bêtes à laine en fournissent chaque année en viron 180,000 kilogrammes. Le produit annuel du sol est d'environ, En céréales 1,800,000 hectolitres. En parmentieres 700,000 id. En avoines 640,000 id. En cidres 500,000 id. Bien que le département possède à Lysandré, un établissement rural digne en tout de servir de modèle , l'agriculture y est encore très arriérée. — H y a des cantons où on laboure avec des ânes. — Le système funeste de jachères est généralement répandu. — Le pays produit néanmoins en céréales , en avoines, en parmentieres, plus qu'il ne faut pour sa consommation ; il renferme d'excellents pâturages. — La partie du littoral sur laquelle il est possible de se servir comme engrais de goémon et d'algues marines, est très fertile. — La culture des plantes textiles est répaudue, mais on néglige complètement celle des arbres fruitiers, à l'exception des pommiers, dont le fruit est employé a faire du cidre. — Les cul tivateurs s'adonnent à l'élève des chevaux et des bètes á cornes et a l'éducation des abeilles ; la race ovine est faible et petite. On estime, pour la qualité de leur chair, les moutons de Goélo. INDUSTRIE COMMERCIALE. Les arrondissements de Lannion , de Saint-Brieuc et de Dinan , sont principalement maritimes ; on s'y occupe d'armements pour la pêche et de cabotage. Saiut-Brieuc fait des armements pour la pêche de Terre-Neuve, la mer du sud et les Antilles. — Tréguier se livre à la pèche du maquereau. — Dinan et Lannion s'occupent du cabotage et des exportations. — II existe à Saiut-Jacut-Lan douart, à quatre lieues de Dinan , un parc d'huîtres de Cancale , qu'on expédie pour Paris. — Saint-Brieuc a employé, en 1828, à la pèche de la morue, 47 bâtiments , jaugeant ensemble 8,090 tonneaux ; ces bâtiments , montés par 2,610 marins , ont rapporté 4,669,200 kilogrammes de morue , rogue , etc. , d'une valeur en semble de 1,845,405 francs. En 1833, le nombre des navires expédiés parles ports du département, s'est réduit á 20 seulement, jaugeant 2,744 tonneaux, et montés par 731 marins. Les retour* de la pêche out subi, on peut lc présumer, une baisse propor tionnelle. — On évalue à 600,000 francs le produit annuel de la grande et petite pêche sur les cùtes du département. — La fabri cation du fil , des toile3 et celle des cuirs , figurent cn première ligne dans l'industrie des arrondissements de Guingamp et de Loudéac. On fait remonter au xve siècle rétablissement de cette industrie dans le pays , et on eu fait honneur a uue baronne de Quintin , dame flamande , qui aurait fait venir de son pays des filcuscs, et fait semer du lin et du chanvre. — D'après des docu ments officiels publiés en 1834, par Dinanais, la fabri cation des toiles dans le seul arrondissement de Loudéac, occupe rait environ 4,000 métiers, mis eu action par 4,000 tisserands, et produisant annuellement 2.000 0U0 dV-ines de toile d'une valeur de 4,000,000 francs. Les toiles de Bretagne sout recherchées prin cipalement pour le commerce avec l'Arnériquc du Sud. — Le départ. renferme 4 hauts fournca?ix pour gueuses et mouleries , et 6 for ges, ïl possède un graud nombre de tanneries, des papeteries , des filatures de lame, des fabriques d'étoffés communes, des manufactures de souliers de troupes et de pacotille, des fabriques de sucre de betterave, un assez grand nombre de marais salants (32), plusieurs exploitations d'ardoises, des fabriques de poterie et de faïencerie , etc. — L'cxportation des grains, des bestiaux, des chevaux, des suifs, du beurre salé, de la cire et du miel, produits principaux de l'industrie agricole, donne lieu â un commerce étendu. Récompenses industrielles. - A l'exposition de 1834, l'indus trie du départem. a obtenu 3 médailles de bronze et 3 citations. — Les médailles de bronze ont été décernées : 2 à M. Baron-Du taya (de l'Hermitage), pour toiles de Bretagne et serviettes , et pour fonte brute ; 1 à M. Lemarchand (de Guingamp), pour cuirs et peaux, — Les citations ont été accordées pour fabrication de toiles de Pédernée, de coutils, de fils de lin retors, et de tuyaux à incendie en fil de chanvre. — A l'expositiou des produits de l'iudustric de 1827, il avait été donné 1 médaille de bronze à AL Leglâtre (de Saint-Brieuc), pour cuirs; 3 mentions honorables, à MM. Le marchaud (de Guingamp), pour cuirs i Pierre Gauccl (de Châtclau dren), Epipliane Lenoir (de Lannion), pour chapellerie en feutre ; enfin 6 citations , à MM. Morvan (de Quintiu), Mahé fils (de Loudéac), pour toiles écrues ; Julien Rochard (de Lamotte), Charles Raoul ( de Guingamp) , Doniol père et fils (de Guingamp), et Théophile Lucas (de Saint-Brieuc), pour///* de lin de bouue qualité. Douanes. — La direction de Saint-Malo a 3 bureaux princi paux, dout 2 seulement sont situés dans le département. Les bureaux du département ont produit en 1831 : Douanes, navig. et timbre. Sels. Total. Paimpol 14,050 f. 208,247 f. 222,297 s. Le Légué 151,771 472,588 624,159 Produit total des douanes 846,456 s- Foires. — Le nombre des foires du département est de 424— Elles se tiennent dans 103 communes , dont 41 chefs-lieux , et du rant pour la plupart 2 à 3 jours , remplissent 469 journées "Les foires mobiles, au nombre de 248 occupent 473 journées. — H y a 5 foires mensaires. — 274 communes sont privées de foires. Les articles de commerce sont les bestiaux , les chevaux , les cuirs en vert, les grains, la laine, le fil de lin, le chanvre, les toiles , etc. — On cite Saint-Albans pour la vente des oies et de la volaille, Pléboulle pour celle de la plume d'oie. — C'est à la foire d'Etables (3e jeudi d'avril) que les marins qui vont á Terre-Neuve font leurs emplettes. BIBLIOGRAPHIE. Annuaire du département des Còtes-du-ï\'ord ; Ìn-18- Saint-Brieuc , 1805 et 1806. — Statistique momtmentaire du départ, des Cótes-du-Nord (Annales françaises des arts, sciences, etc., t. x, 1822). — Anti quités de Bretagne , par le chevalier de Fréminvillc, in-8. Brest, 1828 á 1832. — Antiquités historiques et monumentales à visiter de Monts ort à Corseul-par-Dinan , etc. , Poignant , in-8- Rennes. — Ré~ ponse de M Habasque à diverses questions de M. Chartes Dupin , in-8. Saint-Brieuc, 1828- — Etudes sur la Bretagne, par M. Habasque (Revue de l'Ouest, 1833). — Notions historiques , géographiques, statistiques et agronomiques sur le littoral du départ, des Côtes-dwNord% par Habasque, in-8. Saint-Brieuc, 1835. — Annales de la Société d'Agriculture de Varrond. de Saint-Brieuc ; in-8. Saint-Brieuc, 1828 à 18ô0- — Annuaire dinanais ; iu-18. Dinan , 18ôl à 1834. — Rap port des travaux de la société d'Agriculture , de Commerce et d'Indus* trie de Dinan j iu-8. Dinan, 1828- A. HUGO. Or. souscrit chez DELLOYE , Édileur, place de la Bourse , rue des Filles-S.-Thûmaj, it. Paris. — Imprimerie et Fonderie de Riu-noux et Comp. , rue des Francs-Bourgeois-Saint-Michel, 8. | 570 | 0.513 | 0.201 | Hugo, Jean Abel, count | Hugo, Jean Abel, count [person] | null | null | null | 2 tomes (4°) | French | null | null | null | false |
002502631 | 1833-01-01T00:00:00 | 1833 | The Prose Works of John Milton; with an introductory review by R. Fletcher | Bungay ; London | false | LITERÆ OLIVERII PROTECTORIS. 799 nostra Rep. coortum hoc ineendium, quam si in nos tras cervices expeditæ Suitensium secures illæ (sicuti revera sunt in omnes reformatos) strictique enscs essent. Ut primum itaque a vobis de state rerum vestrarum, et obstinate hostium animo, eertiores facti sumus, adhibitis in concilium viris quibusdam honestissimis, et ecclesiæ aliquot ministris pietate spectatissimis, de subsidio vobis mittendo, quantum quidem rationes nostræ in oræsentia ferre possunt, ea decrevimus, quæ commissa rius noster Pellus vobiscum communicabit. De cætero vestra omnia consilia,. causamque imprimis hanc ves tram justissimam sive pace sive bello tuendam, Deo Opt. Max. sautori commendare non desinimus. laneum, aliamque vestem textilem ac mercimonia plus tribus millibus librarum æstimata imposuissent, maois tro mandasse, ut per fretum Balticum recto cursu Dan tiscum navigaret, utque ad Elsenorum vectigal solveret, eique etiam pecuniam ad earn rem curasse : supradictum tamen magistrum perfidiosd, et contraqu-im ipsi a merca toribus mandatum erat, prætervectum Elsenorum nullo portorio soluto Balticum pernavigasse. Navisque per hanc causam cum toto onere, non sine magno mercato rum damno, publicata atque retenta est. Quorum in gratiam jampridem ad legatum majestatis vestræ, Lon dini tune temporis commorantem, scripsimus; qui, ut ipsi aiunt, pollicitus est, ut primum ad majestatem vestram rediisset, daturum operam, uti ratio mercato rum haberetur. Verum cum is postea aliis in regioni bus majestatis vestræ negotia obiret, et ante discessum ejus et postea frustra se eum adiisc ostendunt: unde procuratorem suum mittere coacti sunt, qui jus suum Hafniæ persequeretur, navemque illam ac bona liberari, sibique reddi, flagitaret : verum exinde nullum se fruc tum percepisse, nisi ut ad damna vetera novas impen sas, et susceptum frustra laborem, adjungerent : cum fisco damnata, et retenta bactenus sint bona, tametsi ex lege Daniæ, quemadmodum ipsi in libello suo de monstrant, magister quidem navis ob suum delictum est ipse puniendus, navisque, non bona proscriptioni sunt obnoxia : eoque gravius accidisse sibi hoc malum existimant, qudd, sicuti nobis perlatum est, vectigal illud, quod Elsenoræ solvere debuisset, est admodum exiguum. Quapropter, cum mercatores nostri nullam proscriptioni causam præbuisse videantur, confessusque ipse magister paulo ante obitum sit, suo soliim delicto illatum hoc mercatoribus detrimentum esse, cumque pater defuneti jam magistri ipse per libellum supplicem majestati vestræ exbibitum, sicuti nos accepimus, cul pam omnem in filium suum contulerit, mercatores absol vent, haud sane potuimus quin navis illius bonorumque retentionem iniquissimam esse arbitraremur; adeoque confidimus, simulatque majestas vestra hac de re certior facta erit, fore ut non modo has ministrorum suorum in jurias improbet, verum etiam ipsos rationem reddere, bonaque ilia suis dominis eorumve procuratoribus quam primum restitui, damnaque inde data sarciri, jubeat. Quod et nos a majestate vestra majorem in modum pe timus, utpote rem usque adeo æquam et rationi consen taneam, ut æquiorem petere aut expectare in causa tam justa nostrorum civium non posse videamur, haud minus æqua vestris subditis, quoties data occasio erit, reddituri. Vestrarum amplitudinum ac dig- Westmonasterio, nitatum studiosissimus, Jan. 1655. Oliverius Prot. Reip. Angliæ, &c. Oliverius Protector Reip. Angliæ, fye. Serenissimo Principi Carolo Gustavo, Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gothorum, Vandalorumque Regi, Magno Principi Finlandia, fye Serenissime Rex ; Cum amicorum inter se mutua omnia, tam adversa quam prospera, atque communia debere esse nemo non intelligat, qudd jucundissimam amicitiæ partem majes tas vestra, gaudium nempe suum impertitum nobis, per suas literas voluerit, non potest id quidem nobis non esse longe gratissimum : quandoquidem et hoc singu laris indicium humanitatis vereque regiæ est, ut nee vivere, ita ne gaudere quidem sibi soli velle nisi amicos quoque et fœderatos eadem, qua se, lætitia affectos esse sentiat. Itaque regi tam præstanti et natum esse filium principem, quem paternæ virtutis atque gloriæ spere mus haeredem, meritd gaudemus, et idem quod regi olim fortissimo, Philippo Macedoni, sive felicitatis sive decoris, domi simul et foris, contigisse gratulamur : Cui eodem tempore et natus Alexander filius, et Illyri corum gens potentissima subacta, memoratur. Nam et Poloniæ regnum vestris armis ab imperio papano, quasi cornu quoddam, avulsum, et cum duce Brandenburgico pax piorum votis omnium exoptata, frendentibus licet adversariis, facta, quin ad ecclesiæ pacem atque fruc tum permagnum sit momentum habitura non dubita mus. Det modd finem Deus tam præclaris initiis dig num ; det modd filium, virtute, pietate, rebusque gestis patn similem: id quod et auguramur sane, et a Deo Opt. Max. tam vestris rebus jam ante propitio, ex ani mo precamur. "estmonasterio, Majestatis vestræ studiosissimus, Feb. 1655. Oliverius Prot. Reip. Angliæ, &c. Serenissimo Principi Joanni Quarto Lusitaniæ, fye Regi. Daniæ Regi. Serenissime Rex ; Serenissime ac potentissime Princeps; Quam pacem et amicitiam cum Anglicana republica majestas vestra, legatione amplissima ac splendidissima jampridem ad nos missa, expetivit, earn a parlamento, quæ turn potestas rebus præfuit, inchoatam, et a nobis summo semper studio exoptatam, Deo imprimis fa vente, proque ea quam accepimus reipublicæ adminis tratione, felicitcr tandem confecimus, ct in perpetuum, Questi sunt per libellum supplicem, suo aliorumque mercatorum Londinensium nomine nobis exhibitum, Joannes Fremannus et Philippus Travesius, hujus reip. cives, se circiter mensem Octobris 1653, cum in navem quandam Sunderburgensem, cui nomen Salvatori, Ni colao Weinshiuks magistro, merces varias, pannum | 857 | 0.6 | 0.144 | Milton, John | Milton, John, 1608-1674 [person] | Westley & Davis | England | England | xliii, 963 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003592018 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | A Manual of Ancient and Modern History ... Revised, with a chapter on the History of the United States, by C. S. Henry ... Fifth edition ... corrected | New York | false | SYRIA. 33 anguage, and religion, to a hollow dependance. Colonies were also planted beyond the straits of Gibraltar, or, as they were called by the ancients, the Pillars of Hercules. Trade was extended to the British islands and the coasts of the North sea, which must have led to the establishment of colonies and naval stations along the western and northern coasts of Spain. The colonies in northern Africa, Leptis, Carthage, Utica, &c, attained greater splendor than any of the other Phœnician cities, and rivalled Tyre itself in wealth and magnificence. It is exceedingly probable that they had also settlements in western Africa, and that they had even reached the island of Madeira. But to prevent any interfer ence with their lucrative commerce, they designedly cast a veil of mystery over their intercourse with the western regions, of which the Greek poets took advantage to embellish their narratives of fictitious voyages and travels with the most fanciful inventions. It is known that the Phœnicians preceded the Greeks in forming commercial establishments along the coast of Asia Minor and the shores of the Black sea ; but we have no account of the mode in which they were deprived of these possessions by the Greeks. It is probable that the Phœnicians resigned this branch of commerce to attend more closely to their lucrative trade with the western regions. In the eastern seas they had establishments on the Persian and Ara bian gulfs ; but their settlements on the latter were probably not made until David had conquered their commercial rivals, the Edomites, or Idumeans. From that time they paid great attention to their southern trade, and seem to have become close allies of the Egyptians. Section VII. — Phœnician Manufactures and Commerce. The textile fabrics of the Sidonians, and the purple cloths of the Tyrians, were celebrated from the earliest antiquity. The Tyrian purple was not a single color, but was a generic name for all the shades of purple and scarlet. The dye was obtained from a shell-fish found in great abundance on the shores of the Mediterra nean. Vegetable dyes of great beauty and variety were also used ; the dyeing was always performed in the raw materials ; and the Phœ nicians alone understood the art of producing shot colors by using threads of different tints. Glass was very anciently manufactured both at Sidon and Sarepta : tradition, indeed, ascribes the invention of glass to the Phœnicians ; but the Egyptians seem to have a claim at least as good to the discovery. Carvings in wood and ivory, manufactures of jewelry and toys, complete all that has been recorded of the products of Tyrian industry ; and it seems probable that their commerce con sisted more in the interchange of foreign commodities than in the ex port of their own wrought goods. The land-trade of the Phœnicians may be divided into three great branches : the Arabian, which included the Egyptian and that with the Indian seas ; the Babylonian, to which is referred the commerce with central Asia and north India ; and the Armenian, including the overland trade with Scythia and the Caucasian countries. From Yem'en, called Arabia the Happy, the southern division of the 3 | 57 | 0.847 | 0.124 | Taylor, W. C. (William Cooke) | Henry, Caleb Sprague [person] ; Taylor, W. C. (William Cooke), 1800-1849 [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002137545 | 1845-01-01T00:00:00 | 1845 | Le Département des Vosges, statistique, historique, et administrative ... Avec une carte du département dressée par M. Hogard | Nancy | false | AGRICULTURE. 939 Les cultivateurs des terres légères renouvellent leur semence de blé après une période de 5 ou 6 ans ; ils la tirent des terres fortes , et sont par là assurés d'une plus belle récolte que s'ils eussent continué d'employer la semence obtenue de leur culture ou de celle de leurs voisins. D'autre part , les cultivateurs des terres fortes reconnaissent qu'après quelques années , Tavoine dégénère dans ces terres , tandis qu'elle se conserve toujours pure et belle chez les cultivateurs des terres légères ; aussi renouvellent-ils leur semence d'avoine chez ceux-ci. On a considéré cette pratique comme un préjugé , mais sans en faire la preuve suffisante. § 16. PLANTES INDUSTRIELLES Textiles. — Chanvre. Si toutes les autres cultures pouvaient être con duites et soignées comme celle des plantes textiles , l'agriculture serait arrivée chez nous à un degré de progrès fort remarquable , et les terres à une grande fertilité. Mais ces plantes industrielles tiennent peu d'espace dans la culture gé nérale , et parfois elles en tiennent encore trop ; car, comme elles exigent beaucoup d'engrais et n'en rendent pas , c'est toujours au détriment des autres qu'elles s'effectuent. II y aurait certainement plus de profit , par exemple , à bien cultiver le jardin de la ferme qu'à lui épargner les en grais , les travaux et les soins , pour les appliquer à la culture supplé mentaire de quelques ares de chanvre. Les chènevières sont toujours placées, en quelque manière, à la porte des villages , afin que les travaux nombreux quelles exigent puissent se faire économiquement. Cette culture se succède souvent à elle-même sans interruption , sur le mème terrain , pendant une période de 1 0 à 1 2 ans , sans que les derniers produits soient inférieurs aux premiers ; elle reçoit chaque année une fumure abondante , dont en général on fait deux parts , la première est enfouie sous le premier labour, et la seconde est employée en couverture sur le terrain après la semaille. Dans les terrains frais et très-légers des cantons de Bains et de Plom bières , on unit la cendre lessivée à Tengrais ; on attribue à Taddition de cet amendement une grande part de la beauté des récoltes , car avant cet usage , les tiges de chanvre , élancées et de molle consistance , se tenaient difficilement droites : Taction des cendres leur donne une rigidité convenable. | 947 | 0.793 | 0.155 | Lepage, Henri | Charton, Charles, author [person] ; Lepage, Henri [person] ; Hogard, Henri [person] | null | null | null | 2 parts (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
001700680 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | Essay the First on the Kocch, Bódo, and Dhimál Tribes, in three parts. Copious MS. notes [by the author] | Calcutta | false | VOCABULARY. 52 English. Koeeh. Bodo. LDhimdl. ~A>itfall, Gadh, Hakor, Gadhe. A trap, Dh6rphi, Diirphi, Dhgrphi. Bird-lime, Athd, Atha, A.M. Herdsman's "J Goni bhmns 1 Maishii miisho I -,-.,, ,, „„.-i tt > ,, > , , > JJia pia posnika. ~ craft, J palan, J pushya, J r r „ , ' > Jhank, Hanga, Phalli, Jhak6. Fleece, Poshom, Khomon, Moishii. Breeding, act of, Pushya kam, Poshini hobba, „ Shearing, ditto, „ „ ,, Milking, ditto, Chenka, Srodong, Chepka. Churning, ditto, M6han, „ ,, Milk-pale, Kandia, Khandia, Khandia. Churn, Rahi, „ ,, Shears, Kenchi, Khais, Khainch. Fodder, Chani, Gangsho, ,, Grass, Ghas, Gangsho, Naime. Hay, Khar, Jigap, Senka naime\ Agricultural 1 „, , , . art, / Chasan' Grains, gene- 1 T ,, , . T ,. , . . .,, • , & S Lokhi, Lokhi, Lokhi. rice, j Grasses, ditto, Ghas, Trin, Gangsho, Naim£. Oils, ditto, Tel, Thau, Chiiit.. ,Dyes, ditto, Rong, Rong, Rong. Textile stuffs, 1 c,. ... „,, ., _,,,, ditto, j SutPat> Khundung, Siite. Agricultural 1 T-, ... .. . , ., products, j Kbet«J"«s. Arjun, L&igko. Farming stock, Grihasther saj, „ Cart, small, Gari, Gari, Gari. Waggon, large, Bojhai gari, Carriage, „ Harness, Saj, Jbim, Jing. Saddle, Bridie> " • ;; Sack, Dhiikiir, Chala, ' Chala. Basket, Dhuki, Khada, Pitchfork, Tanra, Thara, Winnow, Kiila, Chongrai, Ra. Flai1' Sickle, Kachi dau, Kachi, Kachi Mattock or 1 „,, .. _,, , . pick-ax, / Khontl. hhonti, Khonta. Spade, K6dal, Kodal, Kodal. Shovel, - B£dha, Beds, Hoe or spud, Dahiiki, Doukbi, Gh6ng6L | 60 | 0.648 | 0.215 | Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton) | Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton), 1800-1894 [person] | null | null | null | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001700680 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | Essay the First on the Kocch, Bódo, and Dhimál Tribes, in three parts. Copious MS. notes [by the author] | Calcutta | false | VOCABULARY. 54 English. Kocch. Bodo. Dhimdl. Interest, Biaz, Bisha, Olehe. Loan, letting, Korojd<m, Dhar la, Dhar rhii. Loan, borrowing, Korojlen, Dhar hot, Dhar pi. Pawn or deposit, Bandhak, Bandha, Bandha. Debit, 1 side of „ Be hanang go, Rhiilika. Credit, J account, „ Imbe hanang go, Pilika. Debt, Koroj, Dhar, Dhar. Payment, Chiik.i, Jopbai, „ Shop-keeper's ] r. , , , craft, P ) Dokam' Retail trade, Paikari, ,, „ A measure, Nap, Chiiyo, Dong. A weight, Toul, Chiiyo, Dong. Dry measure, D6n, „ ,, Wet measure, Kanria, Hachting, Chonghai. Measure of bulk, Don, katta, B6n, k&tha, Don, katha. Ditto of extent, Dighol, Gallou, Rhinka. Land measure, Rassi, ,, „ A span, Takor, Khiijala, Tak6r. A cubit, Hath, Much<_, Khiir dong. A yard, Gaj, Nalam, Bat6ng. A tolah, Tolah, „ „ A chatak, Chatak, ,, „ A seer, Ser, Phol, ,, A maund, Man, Mon, ,, Scales or balance, Tarazii, „ ,, Steelyard, Till, Thouli, Tdl. Manufacturer's "It,,.. craft, / Banal' Textile stuffs 1 „-, . ,,, , TT, „.., or cloths, j Tanterjmis, Daya, H., Saja. Artizan's craft, Karigari, „ „ Implement, tool, Mistrir hathiar, Yagfiju, ,, Mason's craft, Choporbandi, Noomigra, Sa damka. A house, Ghor, N66, Sd. A story, Ground-story, „ „ ,, Mid-story, Atticks, „ „ Foundation, „ ,, M Wall, Bara, Tati, Injiir, Berhem. Roof, Chhfil, Niikiim, Ch_.li. Roof-tree, Mar61, Mandali, Mandal. Supports, Miili, Biiwna, Miidda, M61ing. Door, Diiar, Dwar, Diiar. Window, Khurki, ,, ly Staircase, M6'i, Jakhla, Pahiri. Roomorchamber, Kothari, ,, .. | 62 | 0.734 | 0.192 | Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton) | Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton), 1800-1894 [person] | null | null | null | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | 6 POLICY OF BRITISH WRITERS TOWARDS IRELAND. to reestablish her in her ancient relations with the literature and science of enlightened man. While I feel strongly that this ought to be done, I also feel that I am incompetent to impart to the work I undertake those features of style and diction which would increase its interest, and secure for the nation to which I belong a reasonable share of honor. I feel this thoroughly, and I express it unaffectedly; yet I also mourn the igno rance that prevails in this great country, in relation to Ireland ; and, clumsy though my hand may be, and untutored my pen and tongue, I will avail myself of the opportunity and the means that even J possess, to place before the American public a general digest of Ireland's history, from the beginning of her ages of civilization and government to tbe present time. SECTION II. Policy of British Writers. — Dr. Johnson's Letter. — Discovery of a Key to the Egyptian Inscriptions. — Rosetta Stone. — The Deluge. — Noah. — Settlement of Egypt by the Children of Ham. — Origin of Writing. — Instinct in Insects and Quadrupeds. — Symbolic Writing. — Irish Language constructed on the Sounds of Nature. — Ancient Egyptian Government. — Egyptian Priesthood. — The Pharaohs or Kings of Egypt. — Pyramids.— Brick-making. — Mummies. — Manufactures of Egypt. — Its Architecture. — Metre. — Calendar. — Art and Science. — Libraries. — Histories. — Fathers of History. The majority of British writers have left no effort untried to discredit the early history of Ireland. The laborious records of the ancient Irish historians they have treated as bardic rhapsodies, because their authors claimed for their country a high degree of perfection in government, arts, literature, manufactures, music, civilization, and social refinement. When the knowledge of any art, or law, which moderns value, was attributed to ancient Ireland, the British calumniators seized on the proposition, and held it up to derision, as an absurdity. "Observe," they would say, " the Irish claim the merit of knowing the principles of masonry and building three thousand years ago ; of working in metals, of manufacturing textile fabrics, of understanding mathematics and astronomy, — though we know those various branches of human knowledge were the inventions of modern ages." Arguments of this kind take well with admirers exclusively of modern art and civilization ; | 50 | 0.708 | 0.205 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | 17 SHROUDINGS. MANUFACTURES OF EGYPT. excellence which their woven textile fabrics, whether of linen or cotton, found around those venerable mummies, plainly indicate. The microscope has been applied to the material of those shroudings, to ascertain whether the thread was spun from cotton or from flax ; but the most accurate and scientific observers could not decide, some alleging them to be from a cotton, others from a flaxen fibre. That the art of spinning and weaving, in its advanced stage, was well known to those ancients, is proved, by their exhumed shroudings, beyond all doubt or dispute. Within the pyramidal chambers, castings of the dead, in clay, have been found, which display a high degree of advancement in that art. There have also been found images of the dead, sculptured in stone, laid by the side ofthe deceased. Millions of little glass images of their deities Isis and Osiris are found within every mausoleum ; some of which were colored in the manufacture, and all of which evince the existence of a thorough knowledge of glass-making, a thousand years be fore the period hitherto set down by the learned, as the era of the dis covery of that art. The earthen jars found, in great quantities, amongst the embalmed dead, prove their knowledge of pottery. Specimens ofthe glass and earthen ware, manufactured by the Egyptians four thousand years ago, have been exhibited in Europe and America ; and they equal any thing of the same kind manufactured in the present time. Indeed, the glass specimens surpass the product of the present day. for they were beautifully colored during the process of manufacture — a degree of refinement to which moderns cannot aspire. The knowledge displayed by these remote people, in every branch of science, is truly surprising. They were the inventors of the arch, in architecture, in all its variety, a thousand years, at least, before either Greece or Rome had a social existence. The "Gothic" arch is found in Egyptian monuments which date before the time of Abraham. The pointed arch and the circular arch — the latter used in watercourses — are inventions of the Egyptian age, or probably of ages anterior to the flood. The Egyptians quarried and hewed the hardest granite blocks, some of which were one hundred to one hundred and twenty feet in length, ten feet in width, and eight feet in depth. These were conveyed from the Libyan quarry, hundreds of miles, and raised several hundred feet, to their appointed places in their everlasting piles. The " Doric column," the father of the order of pillars, erroneously attributed to the Greeks, is simply an Egyptian pillar, shaped from the solid block : it is fluted, in concave hollows, from the top to the bottom ; 3 | 61 | 0.801 | 0.151 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | 23 THEIR DOMINION. TYRE. adoration was the sun, will," says Sir William Betham, " appear here after." The principal territory occupied by the Phœnicians, when their power began to swell, was the lands now known as Syria and the Delta, on the south of the Mediterranean Sea, with Sicily, Italy, Spain, and Gaul, on the opposite side. It is certain that the communities of men, which grew up on the borders of the Mediterranean Sea, were direct emanations from this people, or were instructed by them in laws, religion, and arts. It is also admitted by all, that the Phœnicians were a nation contemporary with the Egyptians. The latter occupied the valley of the Nile, covering some ten or twelve hundred miles from its discharging points into the sea, towards its source. The Phœnicians occupied a portion of the Delta, and the neighbor region of Syria. The Egyptians and Phœnicians were distinct, but, as abundantly appears, very friendly nations. The Egyp tians, residing in the interior country, devoted themselves to agriculture, science, and war. The Phœnicians, occupying the sea-shores, devoted themselves to the navigation of the seas, to manufactures, to the dis covery of foreign lands, to the extension of dominion, and to the propa gation of letters, religion, &c. &.c. The celebrated city of Tyre was one of the Phœnician seats of manu facture, and continued, for many ages, the chief seat of manufactures for the whole world. The textile fabrics of that ancient city, and the beau tiful colors which the Phœnician artisans imparted to them, had been, for many ages, the admiration of all other nations. The " Tyrian purple," famous in all history, so infatuated the Roman ladies, that large fortunes were expended in decorating a single family ; and so far did this infatu ation extend, that the emperors issued proclamations which forbade any but the imperial family to assume the precious color in their dress. The city of Tyre, which ever excited the jealousy of both Rome and Greece, was at length destroyed by the ruthless arms of Alexander the Great, about three hundred and thirty years before Christ. We are informed, in holy writ, that " Hiram, king of Tyre, sent his servants to congratulate Solomon on his being made king of Israel. Solomon then sent to Hiram to announce his intention of building a temple to the God of Israel, and requesting his assistance to cut the timber, and quarry tbe stones. Great stones were quarried, hewn, and squared, by the workmen of Hiram, and the temple was erected by Phœnician workmen, for which Solomon bound himself to pay Hiram, every year, twenty thousand measures of wheat, and as many of oil, together with twenty cities, called to this day '•' of the land of Cabul." | 67 | 0.807 | 0.135 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | ANCIENT IRISH AND EGYPTIANS THE SAME FAMILY. 91 From the specimens of the ancient Egyptian and Irish writing, which I have given in previous pages, (see page 83,) it will easily be seen that the Irish language was that spoken and written in the valley of the Nile, four thousand years ago ; and the inference flowing from that iden- tity is, that the first settlers in Ireland spoke and wrote the language of the Pharaohs, and, as I shall prove in another place, practised the same customs, religious, political, and social ; wore the same dresses, manufactured the same textile fabrics, and were learned in the same arts and sciences. On this head the learned English antiquarian, Colonel Vallancey, has the following: "If they [the Irish] had not had an inter- course, in former days, with the Egyptians, Persians, and Phœnicians, how is it possible so many idioms of speech, so many technical terms, in the arts of those ages, could have been introduced into the old Irish dialect ? — terms not to be met with in the dialect of any other northern or western nation. What people, the Egyptians and Irish excepted, named the harp, or music, ouini I — Irish aine, that is, oirfideadh, that is, music, a musical instrument : orphideadh expresses the action of playing. What people in the world, the Orientalists and the Irish excepted, called the copy of a book the son of a book, and echo the daughter of a voice 1 With what northern nation, the Irish excepted, can the Oriental names of the tools and implements of the stone-cutter, the carpenter, the ship- builder, the weaver, be found ? And with what people, the old Irish and Egyptians excepted, does the word ogham signify a book, and the name of Hercules or Mercury ? The Egyptian name of ermes lies concealed in the Irish compound ed-air mes ; that is, the root or art of invention. And in what part of the globe, Egypt, Ireland, and Scotland, excepted, were priests, or holy persons, denominated culdes, or caldes 1 in the Cop- tic, (Egyptian,) kaldes sanctitus 1 Again, the Coptic csonab sacerdos is the Irish eascab, a bishop. To these examples we may add six hun- dred others, of which in their proper place. But the most striking instance of the intercourse of the Hiberno-Scythians with Egyptians and Phœnicians is the prefixes to surnames, O, Ua, and Mac ; the former denoting the eldest of the family, the second being a general name for the son — O' Stirps, familia ; hence O Siris. Thus the Irish use either O or Ua; as, Ua Concobhar ; in English, O'Connor. Among what people, the Egyptians and Irish excepted, did seach nab signify the writing priest ? — he who was skilled in the sacred writing, Sic." Vallancey thus continues, in a most interesting paper on the language, manners, and customs, of the ancient Irish, to discuss their identity with the Egyptians and Phœnicians, which I may refer to again in tbe prog ress of this work. | 135 | 0.771 | 0.167 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | 550 MANUFACTURES OF IRELAND. several causeys, and repaired and made many roads ; he threw two spacious bridges across the River Shannon, one at Athlone, the other at Achochtba ; he also established a new mint, and had money coined at Cluon Macknoise, — repaired the cathedral of Tuam, founded there a great priory ; he punished crime severely ; even his own son was loaded with irons for twelve months for some unstated crime ; he founded and endowed several universities throughout Ireland ; and left great wealth, by bis will, to the churches and colleges. About this time also were held several ecclesiastical synods in Ireland ; the proceedings of which are more interesting to the priest hood than to the general reader, as they related to mere matters of discipline ; they will be found detailed at copious length in Lanuigan, Carew, or Gahan's Ecclesiastical Histories. It may be proper here to take a glance at the manufacturing powers of Ireland and Europe about this period. I have already shown that the people of Ireland manufactured the materials furnished by their mines, forests, flocks, and herds, into every necessary for their own use. I have adduced the holding of several fairs throughout Ireland, at which woollens, serges, flannels, and other textile fabrics, were brought forward for sale. I have shown the immense quantities of iron which were paid as revenue to their various kings : their gold and silver articles of ornament and use were of the highest finish, and display the proficiency of the workmen even to this day. We have heard of the beautiful colors imparted to their manufactures by the use of the marine insect called buccani purpura. This was known in Ireland five hundred years before the Christian era. We have seen that they manufactured silk for their chieftains' dresses, which are frequently described by the bards with remarkable precision. Amongst the articles of dress is noted the silken shirt. In looking back upon those ages, if we see more attention given to the polite arts than to trade and manufactures, we must attribute this bias in the public mind to the universal spirit of chivalry which per vaded, in those times, every nation of Europe. It was then deemed mean to trade or traffic in articles of manufacture ; such was then the prevalent feeling of Europe. The celebrated De Witt, of Holland, writing of those ages, says, " Before this period, [the tenth century,] there were no merchants in all Europe, excepting a few in the republics of Italy, who traded with the Indian caravans of the Levant ; or possibly there might have been found some merchants elsewhere, though but in few places, that carried | 600 | 0.797 | 0.149 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002537651 | 1846-01-01T00:00:00 | 1846 | A History of Ireland, from its first settlement to the present time; including a particular account of its literature, music, architecture, and national resources; with ... sketches of its eminent men interspersed with a great number of Irish melodies, etc | Boston ; Massachusetts | false | WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE. 1435 MANUFACTURES OF IRELAND. Woollen Manufacture. — I have shown, in numberless places, through these lectures, that Ireland was a manufacturing country in the long course of ages during which she enjoyed a national independence. It is not easy to believe that a country now so low could once have been the exporter of woollen cloth and linen to all tbe nations of Europe. But the fact is attested by the most credible historians. Italy, Germany, France, England, and Scotland, were then purchasers of Irish serge, flannel, cloth, linen, Stc. Anderson, in his History of Commerce, the most authentic work of its kind extant, states that so celebrated was' the Irish serge, (a thin fabric resembling the French mousseline de laine, which is now manufactured principally of Irish wool,) that the Ital ians preferred it to any other textile fabrication whatever, and one of their eminent poets, Fazio Delli Uberti, the date of whose work is 1357, extols it in the following stanza : — " Similmente passamo en Irlanda, La quel fra noi e. degna di fama, Par le nobile saie che ci manda." Cap. 24, lib. 4. Passing likewise to Ireland, So connected with us, and so deserving of fame, By the noble cloth they send us. Upon which the late Earl of Charlemont remarked, in his History of the Woollen Manufacture of Ireland, "The superiority ofthe fabric and the extent ofthe manufacture must have been invariably acknowledged and extensively known, to have entitled the country to the character of degna difama, and the manufacture to the epithet of nobile." Long before the English landed a hostile band upon the shores of Ireland, they were in the constant practice of buying the woollen cloth of Ireland, and using it as their dress. Maddox* tells us that in the reign of Henry the Third, about 1220, a considerable export of Irish woollen cloth to England had existed for many years. In the time of Edward the Third, 1327, large quantities of Irish cloths were imported into England, and it was specially provided by the English parliament that it should be received free of duty. Whitelaw, in his History of Dublin, p. 980, says, " In the year 1482, not only serges, but other kinds of woollens, and the very fashion of the country, were held in such * History ofthe Exchequer, vol. i. p. 550. | 1,489 | 0.787 | 0.15 | Mooney, Thomas | Mooney, Thomas [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003592040 | 1849-01-01T00:00:00 | 1849 | The World as it is. A new and comprehensive system of Modern Geography, physical, political and commercial [Vol. 1 and 2 by W. C. Taylor and C. Mackay; vol. 3 by W. C. Stafford.] | London | false | 44 SECTION III. EASTERN MARITIME AND INLAND COUNTIES ESSEX, SUFFOLK, NORFOLK, CAMBRIDGESHIRE, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, HERTFORDSHIRE, BEDFORDSHIRE, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, OXFORDSHIRE, AND BERKSHIRE. are excellent pasture-grounds ; but to the north and north-west the land is chiefly used for tillage. The principal towns are Ipswich, anciently more impor tant than it is now, since Harwich was regarded as a port dependent on it ; Bury St. Edmunds, where the English barons formed the league against King John, which led to the concession of Magna Charta ; and Sudbury, which has gained no very enviable notoriety in the history of corrupt elections. In addition to the Stour, which divides it from Essex, the Waveney and Little Ouse which form its northern limits, and the Larke which bounds it on the north west, Suffolk possesses the rivers Dehben, Aide, Blythe, Gipping, and Orwell. Essex is bounded on the east by the sea, on the south by the Thames, on the west by Middlesex and Hertfordshire, and on the north by Cambridgeshire and Suffolk. From east to west it extends more than 60 miles, and from north to south about 30. It is divided into 20 hundreds, and contains 25 towns, few of which have risen into any great importance. Forming part of the great eastern level of England, which, as we have said in a former chapter, may be regarded as a continuation of the European plain, the greater part of the county is low and flat, sinking into salt marshes along the river Thames, and presenting very feeble resistance to the action of the sea along its eastern coast. The encroachments of the German Ocean have cut up this coast into a series of islands and peninsulas, very irregular and variable ; its only port of importance is Harwich, situated on a tongue of land that pro jects into the sea, having the estuary of the Stour and Orwell on the north. Harwich was long the chief port of embarkation for Holland and Germany, hut since the great extension of steam navigation, the greater part of this traffic has been removed to London. The other chief towns are Colchester, Chelmsford, and Maldon, the last of which may he ranked as a sea-port, though vessels of heavy burden cannot approach the town. Towards the north-west of Essex the county rises, and presents a continued inequality of surface, from which several streams flow down to the sea. Besides the Thames, dividing it from Kent ; the Lea, from Middlesex ; the Stour, from Suffolk ; and the Stort, from Hertfordshire, this county possesses the rivers Chelmer, Blackwater, Coin, Crouch, and Roding. Norfolk is bounded on the north and east hy the German Ocean ; on the west by Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and the Wash ; and on the south by Suffolk. It extends about 59 mbes from east to west, and 38 miles from north to south, containing more than a mibion of acres ; and is divided into 33 hundreds, which include one city, (Norwich,) and 34 towns, the chief of which are Yarmouth, Thet ford, Lynn Regis, Castle Rising, Walsingham, and Cromer. The city of Norwich is celebrated for its manufac tures of textile fabrics, which were introduced by the Flemings about the middle of the sixteenth century. It contains several fine public buildings, exclusive of its venerable cathedral, which was founded at the close of the eleventh century ; and its buildings are so interspersed with gardens, that it has been not inaptly described as a city in an orchard. Yarmouth is a port of very extensive commerce, though the sand-hanks in its roads render the approach dan gerous to shipping. Thetford was once the capital of the kingdom of the East Angles, hut was deprived of its importance at an early period hy the cruel ravages of the Danes. Lynn has a deep harbour, hut the anchorage is had ; the buildings of the town exhibit many curious specimens of architectural antiquity. Castle Rising offers the melancholy spectacle of a choked harbour, a disused market and a ruined castle. Walsingham was the scene of many Suffolk has the Stour, separating it from Essex on the south, the German Ocean on the east, Norfolk on the north, and Cambridgeshire on the west. Its extent is 47 miles in extreme length, by 27 in breadth, and its superficial area is estimated at 800,000 acres. It is divided into 21 hundreds, and contains 28 market towns. The inland part of the county, called High Suffolk, or the Woodlands, and the districts adjoining Cambridgeshire and Essex, | 86 | 0.726 | 0.158 | Taylor, William Cooke | Taylor, William Cooke [person] ; Stafford, Wm. C. (William C.), 1793- [person] | null | England | England | 3 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003592040 | 1849-01-01T00:00:00 | 1849 | The World as it is. A new and comprehensive system of Modern Geography, physical, political and commercial [Vol. 1 and 2 by W. C. Taylor and C. Mackay; vol. 3 by W. C. Stafford.] | London | false | MODERN GEOGRAPHY 70 St. Andrew's, anciently the metropolitan see of Scotland, contains some fine remains of antiquity, and is the seat of a smab university. have long attracted the attention of men of science. The dislocations of the strata render the mountains of this island singularly mid and rugged. Its coast is as irregular as its surface, but the bays by which it is indented, particularly Lamlash, Brodick, and Ranza, afford safe anchorage for shipping in all weathers. Dunfermline was the birth-place of Charles I., and the burial-place of tbe ancient kings of Scotland. It has long been celebrated for the excebence of its textile fabrics — particularly table-linen. Aberdeen, on the hanks of the Don, consists of two distinct towns — the old and the new. Old Aberdeen is chiefly remarkable for its university called King's Cobege, but this is eclipsed by Mares chall College in the new town, which has long been one of the most eminent bterary institutions in Scotland. New Aberdeen is a large seaport, with a good harbour, and enjoys very extensive commerce. We may notice, among its exports, several thousand tons of granite, for paving the streets of London. On the wrest side of the peninsula of Cantire, is another group, of which the island Islay and Jura may be regarded as the nucleus. In shape, Islay resembles a heart, having the point towards the north, the distance from which to the southern extremity is about 30 miles. Jura is bteraby a mountain rising from the depths of the sea, about 20 mbes in length, and 3 in breadth. Some of the peaks, called the Paps of Jura, rise more than 2,400 feet above the level of the sea, and the views from their summits are singularly grand and extensive. Inverness, the capital of the Higldands, is the only town of considerable importance in the northern division of Scotland. Three mbes east of it is Cul loden Moor, where the forces of the young Pretender were decisively routed by the Duke of Cumberland, in 1746, and the pretensions of the Stuarts to the British crown finally destroyed. The small island of Scurba is divided from Jura by a narrow strait, in which is situated — " Corryvrechin's whirlpool rude." It is supposed to have derived its name from a Danish prince who was drowned there, and is thus described by an eminent writer. The seas to the west and north of Scotland are studded with numerous islands; many of which, rising abruptly from the ocean, are rugged in their aspect and singular in thefr shape, being deeply indented by arms of the sea, and separated from each other by narrow channels, through which the tide rushes with great force and rapidity. Some of them are large, others smab and uninhabited, while a great proportion of them are merely barren rocks, which are covered at high water. They are divided into three groups — the Hebrides, the Orkneys, and the Shetlands — and of each we shab give a brief description. " Soon after the flood-tide has entered the sound, the sea at this place is violently agitated. It boils, foams, and passes away in successive whirls. The commotion increases till near the fourth hour of flood, when it is most impetuous. The waves are tossed with a great noise, that may be heard 12 miles distant. But, from the middle of the fifth to the sixth hour of flood, and in neap-tides, from the fourth to the sixth hour, the commotion gradually abates, until at length it totally subsides ; and at the approach of the lowest ebb, the same tranquilhty is restored as takes place at high water." North of this hes a cluster of islands, of which Mull is the largest. It is divided from Argyleshire, of which it forms a part, by a narrow strait, and is of a very irregular shape, being about 24 miles from north to south, and varying from 13 to 30, from east to west. Tobermory Bay, in the northern part of the Sound of Mull, is the most frequented harbour in the Hebrides. THE HEBRIDES. The Hebrides, frequently cabed the Western Isles, from thefr position with regard to the rest of the country, are situated between 56° 30', and 58° 28' of north latitude, and between 4° 52' and 7° 40' of west longitude. They are about 200 in number, but less than 90 are inhabited. Even in these, the population is for the most part thinly scattered, for the general aspect of the country is rugged and barren, as they chiefly consist of hbls, vabeys, lakes, and glens. Of the islands near Mull, Iona and Staffa are the most celebrated. Iona or Icolmkhl (that is, the ceb of Columha), is a small island situated near the western promontory of Mull. Its architectural remains have acquired celebrity from thefr having been the shelter for learning and religion in the dark ages of barbarism. The enterprising missionaries Bute and Arran, situated in the great inlet between the peninsula of Cantire and Ayrshire, form a county of themselves. Arran is remarkable for the great irregularities of its geological structure, which | 114 | 0.739 | 0.149 | Taylor, William Cooke | Taylor, William Cooke [person] ; Stafford, Wm. C. (William C.), 1793- [person] | null | England | England | 3 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | IV CONTENTS. PAGE 52 branches of business in 1831 and 1841 — Division of employments iu Ireland, 1841 — Domestic servants in United Kingdom — Employment of adult males in United Kingdom in 1841 — Employment in textile manufactures— In factories — In mines — In manufacture of metals — Occupations of people in France — Classification of Land-owners — Division of the soil ......•■ Chapter IV. PAUPERISM. Origin and progress of Poor Laws— Act 43rd Elizabeth— Amount expended at various periods for relief of poor— Injurious tendency of the system— Means em- ployed for its amendment— Sums expended for poor in England and Wales in each year of the present century— Proportion of payments to population at each decen- nary enumeration— Results of Law of 1834 -Poor-law of Ireland — Of Scotland — Methods allowed in various countries for relieving the poor— In Norway — In Sweden — In Denmark— In Mecklenburgh— In Prussia— In Wiirtemburg— In Ba- _ varia— In the Canton of Berne— In France— In Holland— In Belgium— Labourers' earnings in England, &c. .....••••• 84 Chapter V. EMIGRATION. Circumstances under which emigration may be desirable— Habit of non-interference on the part of Government — Private associations for promoting emigration — Settlement in South Africa — Number of emigrants from this kingdom, 1820-1844 — Arrivals of emigrants at Quebec and New York, 1829-1843 — Distribution of Emigrants — Transportation of criminals to New South Wales — Suggestion for their employment in British America — Number of convicts transported, 1825-1841 — Convict establishment in the Bermudas 124 SECTION II.— PRODUCTION. Chapter I. AGRICULTURE. Impossibility of importing any large proportion of food for the population— Import- ations of wheat, 1 801 to 1 844 — Comparative smallness of its amount — Numbers fed with wheat of Home and of Foreign growth— Increased productive power of Great Britain— Means whereby this increase has been effected — Deficiency of statistical information connected with agriculture in England — Improvements in Scotland Inclosure Bills aud average prices of wheat since 1760 — Corn Law of 1815 Con- flicting testimony as to agricultural distress given to the Committee in 1833— Increased rents since 1790 — Adaptation of the steam-engine to the draining of fens— Effect upon agriculturists of the restoration of a metallic currency— Land | 10 | 0.616 | 0.195 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | [sec. I. PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 52 CHAPTER III. OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. Change in relative proportions of Agriculturists, Traders, &c, in England, Wales, Scotland, and Great Britain— Employment of Adult Males in the United Kingdom in 1831 — Occupations of Population of Great Britain 1841— Proportions in each County of England, 1811, 1821, 1831, and 1841— Numerical Order of Counties relatively to each other at different periods— Division of Agricultural Population— Occupiers— Labourers —Great Britain and Ireland— Proportions employed in 1831 and 1841 in raising food — Advantage of knowing the proportions into which Population is divided— Failure of attempts to ascertain this in the earlier enumerations — Results of the attempt in 1841— Excise Licenses granted for exercising certain branches of business in 1831 and 1841 —Division of Employments in Ireland, 1841— Domestic Servants in United Kingdom — Employment of Adult Males in United Kingdom in 1841— Employment in Textile Manufactures — In Factories — In Mines — In manufacture of Metals— Occupations of people in France — Classification of Land-owners — Division ofthe Soil. A change has for some time been going forward in regard to the rela tive proportions of the inhabitants of this country who are employed in agricultural pursuits, or in trade, manufactures, &c. The following table will show the variations of this kind, as exhibited in Great Britain by the three decennary enumerations preceding that of 1841 :— Comparative Statement of the Numbers and Occupations of Families in England, Hales, and Scotland, in the Years 1811, 1821, and 1831, according to the Population Returns of those Years respectively ; showing also the Proportions of each Class in Centesimal Parts. Centesimal Parts. At the end of May in each Y'ear. Total Families. Employed in Agri- culture. Employed in Trade, Manufactures, &c. Allother Families. < P — 3 o H England < Wales . | Scotland \ Great I Britain j 1811 1821 1831 1811 1821 1831 1811 1821 1831 1811 1821 1831 2,012,391 2,346,717 2,745,336 129,756 146,706 166,538 402,068 447,960 502,301 2,544,215 2,941,383 3,414,175 697,353 773,732 761,348 72,846 74,225 73,195 125,799 130,699 126,591 895,998 978,656 961,134 923,588 1,118,295 1,182,912 36,044 41,680 44,702 169,417 190,264 207,259 1,129,049 1,350,239 1,434,873 391,450 454,690 801,076 20,866 30,801 48,641 106,552 126,997 168,451 518,868 612,488 1,018,168 34-7 33- 27-7 i56-2 50-6 43-9 31-3 29-2 25-2 35-2 33-2 28-2 45-9 47-6 43-1 27-7 28-5 26-9 42-1 42-5 41-3 44-4 45-9 42-0 19-4 19-4 29-2 16-1 20-9 29-2 26-6 28-3 33-5 20-4 20-9 29-8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ! 100 i 100 : 100 I 100 ! 100 | 82 | 0.654 | 0.195 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | [sec. i. 74 PROGRESS OF THE NATION. Of greater importance as respects the result of their labour, and nearly equal to domestic servants numerically, are persons engaged in the various branches of our textile manufactures. From the returns of 1841, a summary of which is here given, we find that their number in the United Kingdom was then 1,465,485, or 54 in each 1000 of the entire population. Great Britain. Ireland. We are without the means of comparing these numbers with those of former years, but it will enable us to form an adequate judgment con cerning the progress of those branches of industry if we examine the following table, which particularises the number of factories or mills, and the amount of mechanical power and human labour employed therein in each of the great branches of textile manufacture in the several divisions of the kingdom, as ascertained by the Inspectors of Factories in 1835 and 1839. MALES. FEMALES. Under 20 Years. TOTAL. 20 Years and upwards. Under 20 Years. 20 Years and upwards. Cotton Hose Lace Wool and Worsted Silk Flax and Linen 138,112 32,870 7,013 94,764 31,924 39,438 59,171 5,005 1,307 23,576 9,293 10,908 104,470 10,140 19,785 29,073 26,781 20,821 75,909 2,940 7,242 19,883 15,775 14,046 377,662 50,955 35,347 167,296 83,773 85,213 800,246 Total .... 344,121 109,260 211,070 135,795 Of the above — In England and Wales, and) Isles in the British Seas j In Scotland .... 265,609 84,202 162,207 106,490 618,508 78,512 25,058 48,863 29,305 181,738 Total .... 211,070 135,795 800,246 344,121 109,260 MALES. FEM. .LES. TOTAL. 15 Years and upwards. Under 15 Years. 15 Years and upwards. Under 15 Years. Cotton .... Lace .... Wool and Worsted Silk Flax and Linen Fabric not specified 4,224 43 4 220 446 24,008 80,347 276 1 47 17 800 4,174 1,725 519 70,754 301 107,957 331,369 190 92 2,725 6 5,844 25,154 6,415 655 77,746 770 138,609 441,044 Total . 113,288 5,315 512,625 34,011 I 665,239 | 104 | 0.684 | 0.186 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | [sec. II. 236 PROGRESS OF THE NATION. From these figures it appears, that the number of persons employed for each mechanical horse-power at each period, was : — 1815 1839 5| . . 4| Q nearly. 3\ nearly. 5f . . 4j In Cotton Factories „ Woollen „ „ Flax „ Silk isj . . m The larger proportion in the silk mills might be expected, from the greater number of young persons employed therein. The progress of our textile manufactures during the period of four years will be apparent from the following statement of the increase or decrease in 1839, as compared with 1835, of the number of factories at work or empty, and of the number of persons employed therein, in each division of the United Kingdom : — Engl: ind. Wal les. Scoti id. Irelai id. United Ki ingdom. Ine. Dec. Ine. Dec. Ine. Dec. Ine. Dec. Ine. Dec. Mills at work- Wool . . Cotton . . Silk . . . Flax. . . Mills empty — Wool . . Cotton . Silk . . . Flax . . 343 526 32 17 65 ■ 22 33 13 1 15 5 4 1 425 555 30 45 40 46 11 5 6 7 1 63 53 2 1 23 12 7 4 Persons Em- ployed. Wool, &c— Under 13 yrs. 13 to 18 „ Above 18 „ Total . . 74 312 265 651 478 91 49 152 292 2,64' 11,573 3,808 13,232 2,149 1,136 913 1,571 12,972 4,834 15,162 Cotton — Under 13 yrs. 13 to 18 „ Above 18 „ Total . . 27,028 22,268 36,085 13,211 41 11 171 141 3,811 1,504 2,481 2,834 942 269 826 385 31,822 23,870 39,251 16,44 Silk- Under 13 yrs. 13 to 18 „ Above 18 „ Total . . 2,255 1,664 3,608 311 50 69 77 42 2 25 | 22 49 2,280 1,711 3,636 35! Flax— Under 13 yrs. 13 to 18 „ Above 18 „ Total . . 1,131 890 380 1,641 3,180 2,880 4,488 1,572 2,803 2,769 5,336 236 I " 7,114 6,539 10,204 3.44! I -- | 266 | 0.712 | 0.21 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | ANALYTICAL INDEX. 837 Shipping, ship-building, 796. Fisheries, value and excellence of harbours ; Hali- fax, 796, 797. Live stock; number of acres in crop, 797. Nova Scotia.— Exhibits a remarkable in- stance of the non-existence of crime con- sequent on prevalence of education, 695 696. Parkhurst Juvenile Prison, mental condi- tion of the boys confined there, 703, 704. Pauperism., 84-123.— (See Poor Laws.) Peace. — Great accumulation of capital since the peace, 604. Peas, quantities imported into England from Ireland, 346. Peel, Sir Robert, his bills for abolishing capital punishment, 649. Bills on crimi- nal laws, 656. Oatmeal, quantity imported from Ireland, 346. Oats, quantity imported from Ireland, 346. Occupation, gainful, small proportion of population not engaged in, 530, 531. Occupations.— Number of excise licences issued to various manufacturers and dealers in 1831 and in 1841, 66, 70. Great advantage of classifying popu- lation as to employments, 62. Remarks on this classification, 62-66. Number employed in manual labour and other- wise, 64, 65. Wisdom of his declaration that colonies should be treated as integral parts of the kingdom, 733. Value of real property assumed for assessment to his income tax, 615. Petition to Parliament of London merchants, in 1820, against commercial restrictions, 390-393. Pigs, number imported into England from Ireland, 345. Pimento, quantities imported from West Indies, 808. Pitt, Mr., his financial system introduced in Comparative table of the numbers employed in agriculture and trades, 52- 54. 1797, 475. Table of occupations of the population in 1841, 56, 57. Statement of the proportions in regard to occupations into which the population of each county of England is divided, showing the variations which each has undergone from 1811 to 1841, 58, 59. Specification of occupations in Ireland in 1841, 67, 68. Place, Mr., his evidence before a parlia- mentary committee on improvement in manners of the populace, 683-685. Plate, silver and gold, articles of, used by a much more numerous class during the last 25 years; since 1815 silver forks commonly used at tavern tables instead of those of steel, 543. Remarks on the decreased quantity of plate used, 1830- 1837, compared with the period of 1807- 1814, 543, 544. Improvements in manu- facture of plated articles has diminished the demand for those subject to the plate duty, 545. Table of quantities on which duty was paid, on which drawback was allowed, and which was retained for home use, from 1801 to 1846, 545, 546. In- creased quantity of plate from 1836 to 1845, especially of gold, 546. Poor. — Amount of assessments for poor from 1812 to 1844, 527. Classification of occupations in 1841 compared with 1831, 69, 70. Remarks on the occupations of the people of Ireland, 72. Statement of the numbers occupied in textile manufactures ; in factories ; in mines; in manufactures of metals, 74-79. Classification of population of France as to employments, 81-83. Omnibuses, great and constantly increasing number of, in the thoroughfares of London, 320. Ordnance expenditure. — (See War.) Origin and progress of poor laws, 84. Act 27 Henry VIII. quoted, 84. Act 43 Elizabeth originated compulsory system of provision, 85. Amounts expended in successive years for relief of poor, 86. Evils of the system, 87. Board of Com- missioners appointed, 87. Amendment Act passed, 87. Table of sums expended for poor each year from 1801 to 1844, compared with population and price of wheat, 87, 88. Proportion of payments at each decennial census, 1801-1841, ac- cording to the population, 89. Amount expended in each couuty for relief of the poor in each of the years 1801,1811,1821, 1831, and 1841, and also the average expenditure per head, 94, 95. Poor laws in Ireland, 96-98. Amount expended for relief of poor, 1840-1844, 98. Poor laws, Scotland, 98, 99. Poor laws in various Paper. — Number of licences taken out by manufacturers, 1801-1845, 577. Increase of consumption on reduction of duty in 1836, 576. English paper supplied to Scotland and Ireland ; quantity charged with duty, with amount of revenue produced, from 1803 to 1841. Duty on paper first imposed in 1711 ; its tendency to retard the progress of knowledge, 576. Prices from 1801-1843. Increased consumption for almanacs on repeal of stamp duty thereon, 577, 578. Paris. — The octroi, or town duty, on all articles of provision, imposed at the bar- riers, furnishes more exact means of esti- mating amount of consumption in Paris than in London, 588. | 867 | 0.684 | 0.167 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002962356 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The Progress of the Nation, in its various social and economical relations, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time | London | false | ANALYTICAL INDEX. 843 Sugar. — Great and palpable error involved in the custom-house statements of quanti- ties retained for home consumption, 550. Table exhibiting, for 1801. 1811, 1821, the quantity consumed in Great Britain and Ireland, compared with the popula- tion, 551. Sugar, an article of very general consumption, very suitable for indirect taxation, to supply revenue, 551. Quantities exported from Mauritius, 1820-1842; quantities imported into the United Kingdom from Mauritius, 762. Duty on sugar too high ; great reduc- tion of it would increase consumption and revenue, 551, 552. Timber, quantity used exhibits comparative social progress and industry ; quantities used iu 1801-1845, colonial and foreign, 587. The monopoly of, one of the chief obstacles to extension of European com- merce, 380. Remarks on the timber trade, showing the disadvantage of pre- sent restrictions, 580-583. An article of the first necessity ; its importation should be as free as possible, 381. A full dis- cussion of the subject in No. 4 of the ' British and Foreign Quarterly Review,' (note), 383. Tin, no means for ascertaining quantity ex- ported or retained for home use, 587. Tobacco, 574-576. — Relative amount of consumption decreased, owing to increase of duty, 574. Smoking increased in England ; decreased in Ireland, 574. Duty three times greater now than in 1801 ; quantity consumed in Great Britain, 1801-1841 ; amount of duty, 574, 575. In Ireland, 575. Excessive duty on to- bacco encourages smuggling, 575. May be grown with advantage in Australia, 770. Retaliatory tariff adopted by the American congress with respect to the European high duties on tobacco, 575, Differential duty on sugar extremely burdensome and impolitic ; extravagantly great ; acts as prohibition to consumption ; occasions extensive loss to the revenue ; desirable to abolish it altogether, 557, 558. Tabular exhibition of enormous loss to the revenue through operation of pro- hibitory differential duty, 558. Amount of importations from West Indies in 1831, compared with 1840, 556. Fallacy of the argument that high price of sugar is necessary to the emancipated negro population ofthe West Indies, 556, 557. Quantities imported from West Indies, 1822-1844, 808 ; from Antigua, 812. Sumner, Dr., Bishop of Chester, cited on the education ofthe poor, 694. Sunday-schools, their first existence owing chiefly to Mr. Raikes, 697. Swan River.— (See Colonies, Settlement of Western Australia.) Sweden. — Amount of tonnage employed in import and export trade, 417. Switzerland has no custom-house; has free trade in its fullest extent, 247. Has de- 576. Tooke, Mr., his opinion that prices are not affected by abundance or scarcity of cir- culating money, 440. His work on ' The History of Prices' referred to, (note), 597. Trade and manufactures, proportion of population engaged in, 530, 531. Comparative table of numbers em- ployed in trade, agriculture, &c, 52-54. Necessity for adopting more liberal system of, 425. With colonies and dependencies, 813- 816. — (See Colonies, Dependencies.) Progress of, in foreign countries, 41 1- clined joining the Prussian Commercial League, 247. Sykes, Colonel, his estimates of annual ex- penses of servants, 540; of carriages, 541. 419. Progress of, in United States of Ame- rica, 418, 419. Coasting, no records of, earlier than 1824, 342. Tonnage of coasting vessels, 1824-1845, 342. Affected by importa- tions of foreign grain, 343. Trade between Great Britain and Ire- Tavistock, parish registers of the borough of, 35, 36. Population of, 1801, 1811, 1821, 1831, and 1841, 35. Taxes. — (See Finance, Produce of Taxes.) Indirect preferred to direct, by govern- land, imports into Ireland, exports there- from, 1801-1825, 344. Has greatly in- creased, 344, 345. Tables of imports into England, 345, 346. Table of shipping and tonnage, 347. Includes trade with Ireland subsequent ments, 476. Taxation, effects of, especially exhibited in the fluctuations of the coffee trade, 558, 559. Tea, amount of consumption of, indicating condition of working classes, 562. Consumption and revenue would be increased by bold reduction of duty on to 1825, 344. Trade, Free. — (See Commerce.) — Foreign trade of England would long ago have been greater than it is, if left to its own free course, 353. Increase of population demands the greatest possible facilities to commerce for supply of food, 353-355. tea, 563. . . . , . . Consumption of, diminished by im- position of high duties, 563. Textile fabrics, numbers of the population employed in the manufacture of, 74. | 873 | 0.671 | 0.173 | Porter, George Richardson | Porter, George Richardson [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
000811460 | 1849-01-01T00:00:00 | 1849 | The Pictorial History of England (to the death of George III) ... By G. L. Craik and Charles MacFarlane, assisted by other contributors [Edited by G. L. Craik.] (Standard edition.) | London | false | HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF GEORGE III. [Book I. 598 from the woollen manufacture, in which it had been in use many years before it was applied to the production of cotton cloth.* Strutt's improve ment on the stocking-frame, which was invented a few years before the accession of George III., led to the introduction of several new articles of ma nufacture. His patent was twice contested, by the hosiers of Derby and of Nottingham, but unsuccess fully. The superior quality of the water-twist yarn was of great importance in the stocking ma nufacture, in which it soon superseded that made by hand. The application of the stocking- frame to the production of lace was first tried about the year 1777. It would be impossible, without going much more fully into detail than our limits will allow, to trace satisfactorily the progress of the textile ma nufactures of this country in the early part of the reign of George III. Although the manufactures of wool, linen, and silk were all increasing, the rapid strides made in that of cotton threw them com paratively into the shade. At the commencement of the reign, in giving an account of the quantity and value of the linen stamped for sale in Scotland from 1740 to 1760, Macpherson observes that the linen made in private families for domestic use in some shires was probably equal to one-half of what was made for sale; but that all the linen made in the whole kingdom of Scotland was much inferior in value to the woollen cloth manufactured in the West Riding of Yorkshire only.t In the year 1760 the linen stamped for sale in Scotland was 11,747,728 yards, valued at 523,153/.; the produce having risen in twenty years from 4,609,672 yards, which was the quantity stamped in 1740. In 1784 the quantity stamped was 19,138,593 yards, valued at 932,617/4 Writing under the date 1760, Macpherson says, "Some manufactures of a more advantageous nature were now beginning to arise in Scotland, especially in the towns and villages within the influence of the spirited and commercial city of Glasgow, among which Paisley was the soonest distinguished for the industry and ingenuity of its manufacturers. Ben gals (imitations of striped muslins), handkerchiefs, lawns, and threads, had been made in Paisley for a considerable time before the year 1759, when silk gauzes were first made there. As soon as they appeared in London, some gentlemen there resolved to avail themselves of the low rate of wages in Paisley, and to set up a manufacture of silk gauzes upon a large scale. The stagnation occasioned by the general mourning for the late king was of service to their undertaking, as the weavers of light fabrics were all thrown idle, and glad to get employment; and thenceforth silk gauzes became the principal articles of the place. They supplied the London and foreign markets, and gained so decided a preference to those of Spitalfields, that the manufacture was soon after in • See Pict. Hist, of England, vol. iv. p. 731 t Annals of Commerce, vol, iii. p. 336 Id. vol. iv. p. 63. a manner resigned to Paisley, and there it has paved the way to the still more important manu factures of muslin and other articles of cotton."* The manufacture of thread attained considerable importance in Scotland at this time. It is said to have been introduced at Paisley about 1722, and in 1784 the number of machines employed in twining thread at that place is said to have been not less than 120; while in all Scotland they amounted to about 500". It is also stated that, about this time, the number of women employed in the various operations of this manufacture, from the spinning of the flax to the finishing of the thread, was upwards of 20,000, besides 4000 or 5000 men.t The linen manufacture of Ireland increased rapidly until 1771, in which year the exports from Dublin amounted to the value of 1,691 ,000/. ; but, as there was an over-production about that time, the amount fell until, in 1773, it was less than 900,000/. In that year it is said that in the north of Ireland about three-fourths of the looms were out of em ployment ; and in some places a still larger pro portion. This depression in tjie manufacture caused considerable emigration from the north of Ireland, principally to North America. The state of affairs in Scotland was not much better. It was stated in evidence given before the House of Com mons in 1774, that in four shires in Scotland, in cluding Glasgow and Paisley, out of 6000 looms, 2500 were unemployed ; and that in general a third part of the looms in Scotland and thenorth of England were idle.J The quantity of linen cloth exported from Ireland in 1710 was only 1,688,574 yards. In 1760 it had risen to 13,375,456 yards; and in 1770 it was 20,560,754 yards. During the interval the price per yard had slightly increased; the average in 1710 having been Is. 3d, and in 1770 Is. 6d. In the same time the exports of linen yarn had risen from 7975 cwts., valued at 47,853/., to 33,417 cwts., valued at 200,502/.§ " The first water-mill erected in Ireland," Dr. Ure states,)] " for spinning cotton-twist was built in the neigh bourhood of Belfast. In the year 1771, at which time there was not a single cotton-loom in the whole north of Ireland, the late Robert Joy con ceived the scheme of introducing into that then desponding kingdom the cotton manufacture, which has proved a source of industry and considerable * Annals of Commerce, vol. iii. pp. 336, 337. A quotation made by Dr. Ure from Gibson's History of Glasgow, as an incidental evi dence of the coarse quality of British cotton goods, even so late as 1775, is curious: — "While the industrious inhabitants of Glasgow and Paisley were lately exerting themselves to improve, bring to perleetion, and extend the manufactures of cambric and lawn (flax fabrics), the greater part of the women in Scotland were wearing muslin, a fabric of India ; nay, so great is the influence of fashion, that the very wives aud daughters of these men were wearing this exotic themselves I Surely we are void of thought 1" Dr. Ure adds, ' To counteract this absurdity in the Scottish ladies of wearing these foreign robes, .because they were cheaper, more durable, and more becoming than their country-people's webs, a national society was proposed to be founded for shaming down these anti-patriotic habita in the ladies, and for black-balling all the gentlemen who should continue to keen company with the refractory fair in muslin rai ment."— Cotton Manufacture of Great Britain, vol. i. p. 190. ' t Appendix to Anderson's History of Commerce, edition of 1789. 1 Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, iii. 547. 5 Id. vol. iii. p. 515. II Cotton Manufacture of Great Britain, vol, i. p. 680, &c.' | 634 | 0.693 | 0.179 | Craik, George Lillie | Craik, George Lillie [person] ; Macfarlane, Charles [person] | Charles Knight | England | England | 8 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000758139 | 1844-01-01T00:00:00 | 1844 | Amérique centrale. Colonisation du district de Santo-Thomas de Guatemala par la Communauté de l'Union, fondée par la Compagnie Belge de Colonisation. Collection de renseignements publiés ou recueillis par la Compagnie [With maps.] | Paris | false | 24 COMPAGNIE BELGE DE COLONISATION. Cependant personne ne conteste la valeur d'une forêt en France , même placée dans les conditions les moins favorables. Quant à la récolte des productions naturelles, salsepareille, vanille, quin quina, gommes, résines, caoutchouc; aux produits de la fabrication de la potasse, de Textraction des graines oléagineuses, de la préparation des nombreuses plantes textiles et filamenteuses ; enfin, quant aux produits des cultures qui suivront immédiatement les premiers défrichements, telles que le tabac, Tindigo, le riz, le maïs , le plantain , personne ne révoquera en doute la facilité de leur exportation et la certitude de trouver dans la Belgique seu lement un marché prêt à les accueillir avec empressement. Les avantages mêmes que présentent ces exploitations , et les moyens que la Compagnie emploie pour les rendre plus productives sont exposés dans les réponses consacrées aux questions qui restent à résoudre. QUESTION V. lia réalisation des produits de la colonie sera-t-elle prompte ? RÉPONSE. Compte d'une exploitation de forêts à Santo-Thomas Le district de Santo-Thomas se compose de forêts dans lesquelles on trouve des bois de très-grande dimension propres aux constructions navales et civiles. Les produits de Belise, Tétablissement anglais le plus rapproché de Santo- Thomas , étant identiques à ceux des forêts de la Compagnie , on prendra cet établissement comme pqint de comparaison et pour exemple de ce que peut faire la Communauté de TUnion. Belise doit sa naissance, son accroissement, sa prospérité , à Texploitation des forêts. Fondée par des coupeurs de bois, qui, jusqu'en 1825, eurent à lutter contre les pirates de la mer des Antilles, Belise, suivant le Colonial Magazine , comptait, en 1841, 5,076 individus, dont 222 blancs seulement. La valeur foncière et mobilière y était évaluée à 5,000,000 livres ster ling; soit 125,000,000* fr. La valeur créée chaque année s'élevait à 1,000,000 livres sterling , ou 25,000,000 D'après les Archives du commerce et le Dictionnaire de Mac Culloch, en 1824, il avait été exporté de Belise : | 40 | 0.769 | 0.144 | null | null | null | null | null | 4 parts (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
003110234 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | The British World in the East: a guide historical, moral and commercial to India, China, Australia, South Africa and the other possessions or connexions of Great Britain in the Eastern and Southern seas | London | false | 442 [BOOK V. THE BRITISH WORLD IN THE EAST. ing provinces under the Hindoo rule, which position it retained during the Mogul empire ; and its prosperity has latterly much increased owing to the peace it has enjoyed for three quarters of a century, as well as the other advantages of the British rule. Its trade, manu factures, and agriculture, are alike flourishing ; and besides producing grain, sugar, and indigo, it yields large quantities of opium, which forms, with rosewater, saltpetre, oils, and cotton cloths, the principal staple of its trade. The inhabitants resemble the Bengalees in appearance, but are much more addicted to intoxicating drinks, and are less cleanly in their habits. In geographical position Bengal, the next province on the east, is very happily situated, being every where pro tected by a strong boundary, and having the only port in that part of the country ; while it commands the inter nal trade of Hindostan Proper as possessing the prin cipal portion of the navigable part of the Ganges. It has also the advantage of being very productive, the soil being of a siliceous nature, and fertilized by the pre sence of different salts and decayed vegetable matter, and the whole province being well watered, both by streams and the inundations which take place during the rains owing to the flatness of country. Bengal pro duces almost every vegetable which we have mentioned as belonging to the other provinces in India, but its principal productions are rice and other grain, peas, beans, oil-seeds, cocoa-nuts, tobacco, sugar, indigo, cotton, the mulberry and the poppy. On an average each field has two harvests in the year, one of white corn and the other of pulse, oil-seed, or millet. Mangoes, dates, bassias, and a variety of fruits not to be found in Europe are here very plentiful. The manufactures of Bengal are almost confined to textile materials. The celebrated | 466 | 0.779 | 0.141 | Ritchie, Leitch | Ritchie, Leitch, approximately 1800-1865 [person] | null | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
002063818 | 1844-01-01T00:00:00 | 1844 | The Pictorial History of the County of Lancaster, etc | London | false | 10 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: opportunity, and he will undertake to supply all the markets between China and Peru, and will be exceedingly vexed if he has lost an opportunity of selling some yarn at Japan on his way. When trade is dull, the merchants and factors stand motionless as statues, or move about as slowly as if they followed a funeral; the look of eagerness is exchanged for that of dogged obstinacy; it seems to say, "my mind is made up to lose so much, but I am resolved to lose no more." An increase of sternness and inflexibility accom panies the decline of the Manchester trade, and foreigners declare that the worst time to expect a bargain is a season of distress. " High change" lasts little more than an hour; after the clock has struck two the meeting gradually melts away, and before three the building is as silent and deserted as one of the catacombs of Egypt. Suppose, gentle reader, what is not very far from the fact, that we have made an appointment with a mill-owner to see his factory this evening. We are to spend some days in Manchester together, and as the entire social economy of the town depends on its cotton manufactures, we must endeavour to form some adequate notion of their nature, in order to prepare ourselves for rightly comprehending their effects. More than one visit to a cotton mill is necessary to overcome the confusion created by its novelty and its complication, so as to obtain any notion of the several processes to which the material is subjected before it assumes the shape of yarn. The din of the machinery, which, if there be any power-looms at work, beats the Falls of Niagara all to nothing; — the rapid motions of the several wheels and shafts — the variety and complication of the several pro cesses which pass under view, distract the mind, and at first produce a sense of weariness which it is not easy for a visitor to overcome. On the present occasion it will be better not to distract ourselves by entering into an examin ation of the Steam-Engine; its only connexion with cotton spinning is as a moving power, and its place is often beneficially supplied by the water-wheel. We need only remember that steam, or water, turns the horizontal shafts which we shall see revolving close to the ceiling of every room, and that the straps which play over these shafts communicate motion to the several machines we shall inspect. Silk, flax, wool, and cotton, may be regarded as the basis of all textile or woven fabrics: the process of weaving is in principle the same for all, but there is a great variety in the spinning of these several substances, occasioned by the great difference of their staple. Silk indeed, of which the substance is already one of continuous thread, is more properly said to be thrown than spun; cotton has the shortest staple of any material used in spinning, and consequently there is most difficulty in procuring from it a perfectly smooth yarn. Mechanical ingenuity is therefore taxed, not merely to increase the amount, but also to secure uniformity of production, and the contrivances for the latter purpose arc far more minute and curious than those for increasing the quantity. | 24 | 0.761 | 0.157 | null | Redding, Cyrus, 1785-1870 [person] | George Routledge | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001215997 | 1841-01-01T00:00:00 | 1841 | Horæ Poeticæ ... To which is appended, a popular epistle on the utility of the classics | London | false | 102 PROSERPINE. ? Beauty of Proserpine. . . -her splendid attire. Young Proserpine may with either vie, Her mother's pride, (too soon her pain) ; In form as fair, in birth as high, With equal grace she treads the plain. Diana's form, Minerva's mind, Glow in the charming maid combin'd : Give her a bow, Diana walks ! Give her a helmet, Pallas stalks ! A jasper brooch secures her vest, Of textile art transcendant test ; The loom had ne'er before essay'd, In such a bright harmonious whole, So well to blend the silken braid, For nature blossom'd on the stole. Hyperion's twins, the solar globe, And Luna's crescent, grace the robe. The infant Pow'rs of day and night Unequal glow in broidery bright : By Tethys nurs'd, the infants lie Like rose-buds at her blue-vein'd breast | 126 | 0.798 | 0.155 | Fenner, C. J. | Fenner, C. J. [person] | null | England | England | xvii, 225 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003447386 | 1845-01-01T00:00:00 | 1845 | By authority of the Directors of the South Eastern Railway Company. The Illustrated Guide to the London and Dover Railway; accompanied by a ... tourist's and traveller's directory ...; visitor's notes to the Metropolis, etc | London | false | SURREY. XLI pinks, bachelor's button's, several acres of daisies, London-pride and the like, are also grown for Covent Garden market, where they are carried, either as entire plants in flower, or the flowers are gathered and sold for nosegays. Grass in small proportions. Asparagus grown in great quantities at Mortlake, East Sheen, and Battersea. Radish and other seeds also grown extensively at Battersea. Onions for se ed at Mortlake and Barnes, though chiefly at Deptford. Three thousand five hundred acres of Surrey employed in raising vege- tables for the London Market. Orchards attached to many of the farms, sufficient to supply from four to twelve hogsheads of cider. Many walnuts at Norbury and other places ; produce 20 to 50 bushels per tree. Live stock inconsiderable. Many cattle and immense numbers of pigs fed at the distilleries. Sheep kept in considerable numbers on the chalk downs. Geese plentiful in the weald. Fowls, of which the Dorking breed is celebrated, invariably bred for sale. Few fish, — Smelt, salmon, and sturgeon, formerly caught at Putney, but the produce now confined to pike, trout, perch. &c., of which the Mole at Cobham yields the best. Iron works on the decline, on account of the dearness of fuel. Abundance of fuller's earth in the southern part of the county, which has been dug since the beginning of the eighteenth century. Excellent firestone at Reigate; when first quarried it is soft; but kept under cover a few months it becomes compact, and able to endure the action of a common fire. Excellent limestone at Dorking which hardens under water; it contains a little flint The sand about Reigate is the finest in the kingdom. Pipe-clay at Sutton. Paper Mills of large size at Guildford, Godal- ming, and Carshalton. Gunpowder at Ewell. Chemical and Colour works at Battersea and Carshalton. Vinegar in immense quantities at Southwark. Tobacco, Snuff, and Starch Works at Mitcham, Wands- worth, Carshalton, &c. Breweries, numerous and extensive; fine establishments at Battersea, Wandsworth, Stockwell, Mortlake, Kingston, Godalming, Croydon, &c. Distilleries, Kingston and Wandsworth. Tanneries and leather dressing at Wandsworth, Mitcham, Godalming, &c. Textile manufactures greatly reduced, a little silk at Haslemere, coarse thread at Chertsey, stockings and fleecy hosiery at Godalming, hop bagging and canvass at Farnham, and matting, bed, and other sacking at Wandsworth. Bleaching and Calico Printing works at Mitcham, Croydon. Carshalton, &c. Hats in immense quantities manufactured in Southwark. Wax bleaching at Stockwell. Brooms made from the spray of the birch to a great extent. Furze sold for burning bricks. Political and Rural Economy. — Average annual value of property. Profit from land, £1,600,000. Houses, £450 000. Trade, £1,550,000. In 1839, the church rates were £16.526, of which, £6,812 was expended on repairs of churches. Number of electors, upwards of 21,000 forthe whole county. Roads bad, though flints and other good materials abound in many places. Poor, numer ous and degraded. Annual Savings' Banks deposits under £600,000. | 127 | 0.544 | 0.145 | South Eastern Railway (Great Britain) | South Eastern Railway (Great Britain) [organisation] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
000164442 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | Selections from the Works of Lord Bacon, comprising the prefaces to the Instauratio Magna and Novum Organum, the Distributio operis, and the fifth and seventh books De Augmentis Scientiarum. Translated, and illustrated with notes from the Novum Organum, and the writings of Locke, Reid ... etc. Together with an appendix of questions, by Thomas W. Moffett | Dublin | false | 41 DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM. reant hie granula rubra, illic alba ? Num rursus, imagines majores (puta faciem, oculum, etc.) in tantum multiplicatas ostendere, in quantum pulicem, aut vermiculum? Num byssam, aut hujusmodi textile linteum delicatius, et paulo apertius, ita foraminatum ostendere, ac si esset rete ? Verum in compulsionibus experimentorum minus moramur, quia fere extra limites Experientiæ Literatæ cadunt, et ad causas, et axiomata, et Novum Organum potius spectant. Ubicun que enim fit negativa, aut privativa, aut exclusiva; cœpit jam præberi lux nonnulla ad inventionem formarum19. At que de compulsione experimenti hactenus. Applicatio experimenti nihil aliud est, quam ingeniosa traductio ejus ad experimentum aliud aliquod utile. Ex emplum tale sit. Corpora quæque suas habent dimensiones, sua pondera : aurum plus ponderis, minus dimensionis, quam argentum; aqua quam vinum. Ab hoc traducitur experimentum utile, ut ex mensura impleta et pondere excepto, possis dignoscere quantum argenti fuerit admix tum auro, vel aquæ vino. Quod suit Evpr}Ka illud Archi medis. Item, carnes in nonnullis cellis citius putrefiunt quam in aliis : utile fuerit experimentum hoc traducere ad dignoscendos aeres, magis aut minus salubres ad habita tionem ; ubi scilicet carnes diutius vindicentur a putredine : possit idem applicari ad revelandas salubriores aut pestilen tiores tempestates anni. Verum innumera sunt ejusmodi. Evigilent modo homines : et oculos perpetuo, alias ad natu ram rerum, alias ad usus humanos vertant. Atque de ap plicatione experimenti hactenus. Copulatio experimenti est applicationum nexus et catena ; cum, quæ singula profutura non fuissent ad usum aliquem, connexa valeant. Exempli gratia ; rosas aut fructus seroti nos habere cupis ; hoc fiet, si gemmas præcociores avellas ; idem fiet, si radices, usque ad ver adultum, denudes, et aeri exponas; at multo magis si copuletur utrumque. Item, | 71 | 0.784 | 0.138 | Bacon, Francis | Moffett, Thomas W. [person] ; Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626 [person] | James McGlashan | Ireland | Ireland | xxiv, 304 pages (8°) | English | Latin | null | null | true |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | XVI CONTENTS. Advance in Value of Lard.— Coasting Trade — Foreign Trade. —Colonial Trade. Capital invested in Shipping — Annual Profits. The Colonial Interests.— The Political Importance of our Colonies.— Opinions of Mr M'Culloch and Mr Porter.— List of our Colonies - Shipping— Exports. The Foreign Trade.— Comparative Tables of the Imports and Exports of England, France, and the United States from 1801 to 1844.— Exports of Great Britain to all Countries in 1844.— Official and Declared Value of the Exports and Imports of Great Britain from 1801 to 1846 . • Pages 101 to 120 CHAPTER X. CONCLUSION. Review ofthe whole subject Pages 121 to 128 APPENDIX. List of the Authorities referred to in the compilation of this Work. PAGE The Counties of England, in alphabetical order . . . 1 to 45 Summary of England ...... 46 The Counties of Wales, in alphabetical order . . . 48 to 59 Summary of Wales ....■• 60 The Counties of Scotland, in alphabetical order . . . 62 to 93 Summary of Scotland . . . , • 94 The Islands in the British Seas .... 96 The Counties of Ireland, in alphabetical order . 97 to 137 Summary of Ireland . 138 Summary of the United Kingdom . . • • 140 Summary of Persons engaged in Agriculture ... 142 Summary of their Age and Sex . . . . . 144 Summary of Persons engaged in the Manufacture of the Textile Fabrics 147 Summary of all the Persons engaged in Manufactures . . 148 to 151 Summary of their Age and Sex . . • ■ I52 Summary of all persons engaged in Trade and Commerce . . 155 to 160 Summary of all Persons employed in working the Mines . . 163 Tabular statement of the Mining Interest . . . ■ 164 and 165 Summary of the Mining Interest . . . . 166 Tables of the Shipping Interest . . . .. 168 to 173 Professional Persons . . . . . 174 Other Educated Persons ...... 175 Persons returned as Independent .... 176 Persons engaged in the Government Civil Service . . . 177 Parochial Town and Church Officers . . . 178 Domestic Servants . . . . . . 179 Labourers . . • • • ■ 180 Almspeople, Pensioners, Paupers, Lunatics, and Prisoners . . 181 Workhouses, Hospitals, Gaols, Lunatic Asylums . . ib. Criminals ....... 182 Public Charities . . . . . . 183 Rental of England and Wales . . . 184 and 185 „ of Scotland .... .186 „ of Ireland ... . 187 A Synoptical Table embracing the whole. | 18 | 0.679 | 0.209 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | Objections to the Government Returns. 17 several other divisions given in the returns for Great Britain, they have made use of a classification which confounds all the distinc tions hitherto observed by political economists. According to it, we have the various occupations of the people defined as follows : — Ministering to Food. Ministering to Clothing. Ministering to Lodging, Furniture, Machinery, &c. Ministering to Health. Ministering to Charity. Ministering to Justice. Ministering to Education. Ministering to Religion. Various Arts and Employments not included in the foregoing. Residue of Population. To show the extreme fallacy of such a classification, it is only necessary to make the following extract from the Report of the Commissioners for Great Britain : — " We would willingly have given a classification of the occupations of the inhabitants of Great Britain into the various wants to which they respectively minister, but, in attempting this, we were stopped by the various anomalies and uncertainties to which such a classification seemed necessarily to lead, from the fact that many persons supply more than one want, though they can only be classed under one head. Thus to give but a single instance, — the farmer and grazier may be deemed to minister quite as much to clothing by the fleece and hides as he does to food by the flesh of his sheep and cattle." Mr Porter, at page 68 of his new edition, has adopted this Irish classification, and given us a table in which, under the head of " Ministering to Clothing," it is gravely stated that no less than 669,310 persons are engaged in the " manufacture of materials." If this were true, it would be more than the number employed in the manufacture of the textile fabrics in the whole of England and Wales, and be equal to nearly seven-eighths of the whole number employed in Great Britain. (See Appendix, page 147.) It is hardly necessary to controvert such a statement, but under the head of Manufactures we shall endeavour to show, notwith standing the deficiency in these returns, what is the extent of the manufacturing interest in the kingdom of Ireland, as also the number dependent on those actually employed. c | 37 | 0.72 | 0.167 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | Occupations of the People. 60 Persons engaged in Manufactures. In 8 Counties in the West there are only - - 61,096 „3 „ South „ - " 22,434 „ 9 „ East „ - " 34>869 „ 7 „ Midland „ - - 51.9?1 „4 „ North „ - - 29,115 Among the most important branches of manufactures are the following : — Number of Persons employed. Cotton - (see Appendix, p. 147) - - 377,662 Wool and Worsted „ - 167,296 Flax and Linen „ - 85,213 Silk - „ - - 83,773 Hose - „ - - 50,955 Lace - „ " 35,347 Total of the Textile Fabrics - - 800,246 Iron Manufactures ----- 29,496 Engineers ------ 25,370 Pottery, China, and Earthenware ... 24,774 Factory Workers, manufactures not specified - - 22,478 Nail Makers ------ 20,311 Brick and Tile Makers ----- 18,363 Hatters and Hat Manufacturers - - - - 18,012 Printers (Cotton and Calico) - - - - 15,303 Rope and Cord Spinners and Manufacturers - - 11,319 Straw Plait Manufacturers - - - - 11,217 196,643 All other branches of Manufactures - 144,017 Total of Great Britain - - 1,140,906 We have extracted all the numbers in the list above 10,000 ; and there is no branch of manufactures in Great Britain giving employment to more than that number, except those we have here enumerated. But the returns for Ireland deserve a separate and distinct notice. There are only two branches of manufactures of any im portance carried on in Ireland, and these are — Flax and Linen (all branches) giving employment to - 135,303 persons. Woollen and Cloth (all branches) - 77,650 „ 212,953 The numbers given are described as including all branches of these trades, and of course spinners and weavers, and yet the same returns give — | 80 | 0.738 | 0.189 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | Occupations of the People. 74 The sense in which the term subsistence is here used by Mr M'Culloch is, that the wages of the persons employed do directly support this number of 1,200,000. But the returns show that the number of males above twenty years of age is only 138,112, and that all the rest are either females, or under twenty years of age ; and therefore not only not heads of families, but it is very improbable that their small earnings can support any but themselves. Our estimate founded on these facts is as follows: — 138,112 Males above 20 years of age. — Heads of Families, and representing three each, besides themselves - - - 414,336 Males under 20 — not Heads of Families - - - - - 59,171 Females above 20 — in most instances the wives of the males above mentioned, and their families, included in the same number - 104,470 Females under 20 years of age ------- 75,909 653,886 Add for the proportion of Females married to persons other than those in- cluded in the number above-mentioned, and for the mechanics and other artisans dependent on this branch ----- 50,000 703,886 Such is the number actually receiving wages or directly deriving support from the manufacture of cotton. In this branch of the textile fabrics mechanical power has acquired a greater ascendancy than in any other. The manufac ture of linens and woollens are fast approximating the same state of things, but in the article of silk the difficulty of applying machinery is found to be much greater. Hence, in proportion to the amount of their productions, the manufacturers of cotton employ a less number of hands, and pay a smaller amount of wages, than any other interest in the kino-dom ; — a consideration of vast importance, when taken in reference to the employment of the population or the taxation of the country. | 94 | 0.73 | 0.177 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | The Manufacturing Interest. 89 foreign silks, and the consequent stimulus which they say has been thereby given to our manufacturers to produce articles in competi tion with the French. A sufficient and a much more natural cause is to be found in the removal of the duties we have referred to, which puts us on the same footing as the foreigner in all respects but one — the price of labour ; and to this and to nothing else is to be attributed our success in the manufacture of silks. The substi tuting a duty of 30 per cent, in the place of prohibition has cer tainly not checked the demand for French silks, or the trade of the smuggler, but, on the contrary, has increased both, for a reference to the foregoing table will prove that these have been, up to a late period, much more extensive and thriving than ever. The reduction of the duty to 15 per cent, will probably put an end to the smuggler's nefarious trade, and at the same time compel some of those large free -trade houses who have already received the attentions of her Majesty's Attorney-General to carry on their trade in silk goods on a more equitable and honourable footing in competition with persons in the same trade. It will also test the ability of our manufacturers to compete with those of France, and we shall rejoice at their success, inasmuch as it will pave the way for that perfect freedom of trade in manufactured goods which in 1849 is to prevail in respect of agricultural pro ductions. The number of silk mills in the United Kingdom, in 1839, was 291. These differ in several respects from those engaged in other branches of the textile fabrics. There are a few large estab lishments in Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire, but the great bulk are comparatively small concerns, and spread over different parts of the kingdom. Mr Porter says that, with the exception of the preliminary branch — throwing, it has been found impracticable to apply machinery to the production of the finer kinds of silk goods. More depends, therefore, on individual effort to produce any improvement ; and as the necessaries of life are much cheaper in France than England, it gives the French a decided advantage over us in this particular branch. For these reasons, the number of persons employed in the mills | 109 | 0.786 | 0.156 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | Occupations of the People. 96 CHAPTER VIII. THE MINING INTEREST. Its A ntiquity. — Coal. — Iron. — Tin. — Lead. — Salt. — Summary of Persons employed. — Capital embarked. — Annual Productions. — Comparison of Home and Foreign Trade. The Mining Interest of this country is one of great antiquity, and is separate and distinct from the manufacturing, or any other. It existed for centuries before the manufacturing interest acquired any degree of importance , and, as some of our writers assure us that our present stock of coal is likely to hold out for at least 2,000 years more, it is not improbable that the mines of this country may be an inexhaustible source of wealth, long after the manu facture of the textile fabrics shall again have shifted its locality, and set out upon its travels to other countries. Coal. — Our coal mines date from the thirteenth century; and the present annual cousumption is estimated at about 38,000,000 tons. According to Mr M'Culloch, it is thus distributed: — Tons. Domestic consumption and small manufactures 20,000,000 Railway carriages, steamers, &c 1,200,000 21,200,000 Manufactures. Tons. Production of pig and bar iron 9,125,000 Cotton manufacture 1,000,000 Woollen, linen, silk, &c 1,000,000 Copper, smelting, brass manufactures 1 ,000,000 Salt works 375,000 Lime works 700,000 Total consumed in manufactures 13,200,000 Expobts. To Ireland 1,500,000 To colonies and foreign parts 2,500,000 4 000,000 38,400,000 | 116 | 0.73 | 0.197 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | 147 GREAT BRITAIN-MANUFACTURES. TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS IN GREAT BRITAIN ENGAGED IN THE SIX MOST IMPORTANT BRANCHES OF THE TEXTILE FABRICS, viz. : THE MANUFACTURE OF COTTON, HOSE, LACE, WOOL AND WORSTED, SILK, AND FLAX AND LINEN. COTTON. MALES. FEMALES. 20 years of Under 20 age and years of upwards. age. 20 years of age and upwards. Under 20 years of age. Total. England and Wales, and Isles in the British Seas Scotland - - _ _ , 73,819 31,991 105,610 32,302 36.727 12,241 48,968 10,203 67,182 16,648 50,440 13,328 228,168 74,208 Total - - - _ Add proportion of Fabric not specified • 83,830 20,640 63.768 12,141 302,376 75,286 Total of Great Britain 138,112 59,171 104,470 75,909 377,662 hos: England and Wales, and Isles in the British Seas Scotland _____ 23,820 1,632 3,726 416 6,071 2,066 2,371 99 2,470 470 35,988 3,943 39,931 11,024 Total - _ _ - Add proportion of Fabric not specified - 25,182 7,688 4,142 863 8,137 2,003 Total of Great Britain 32,870 5,005 10,140 2,940 50,955 lac: England and Wales, and Isles in the British Seas Scotland - 5,330 43 1,072 10 14,425 1,451 5,655 429 26,482 1 ,933 Total - Add proportion of Fabric not specified 5,373 1,640 1,082 225 15,876 3,909 6,084 1,158 2S,415 6,932 Total of Great Britain 7,013 1,307 19,785 7,242 35,347 WOOL AND WORSTED. England and Wales, and Isles in the British Seas Scotland _____ 66,092 6,503 17,758 1,753 21,819 1,510 15.5S0 1,123 121.249 10,894 Total - Add proporti- n of Fabric not specified 72,600 22,164 19,511 4,065 23,329 5,744 16,703 3,180 132.143 35,153 Total of Great Britain 94,764 23,576 29,073 19,883 167,296 SILK. England and Wales, and Isles in the British Seas Scotland _ 22,267 2,191 7,170 521 20,723 767 12,509 743 62,669 4,222 Total _ _ _ - Add proportion of Fabric not specified 24.458 7,466 7,691 1,602 21,490 5,291 13.252 2,523 66 891 16,882 Total of Great Britain - 31,924 9,293 26,781 15,775 83,773 FLAX AND LINEN. England and Wales, and Isles in the British Isles - Scotland - - - - - - 8,819 21,395 2 817 6,211 3,504 13,203 4,008 7,791 19,148 48,600 Total - - - - Add proportion of Fabric not specified 30.214 9,224 9,028 1,880 16,707 4,114 11 799 2,247 67,748 17,465 Total of Great Britain 39,438 10,908 20.S21 14,846 85,213 FABRIC NOT SPECIFIED. England and Wales, and Isles in the British Seas Scotland - _ - - - 65,462 15,022 14,932 3,906 28,483 13,218 15,927 5,792 124,804 37,938 Total of Great Britain 80,484 18,838 41,701 21,719 162,742 TOTAL OF TEXTILE FABRICS. England and Wales, and Isles in the British Seas Scotland - - - Total of Great Britain 265,609 78,512 - 344,121 84,202 25,058 162,207 106 490 48,863 29,305 618,508 181,738 109,260 211,070 135,795 800,246 | 295 | 0.493 | 0.169 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003450810 | 1847-01-01T00:00:00 | 1847 | An Analysis of the Occupations of the People, shewing the relative importance of the agricultural, manufacturing, shipping, colonial, commercial, and mining interests, of ... Great Britain and its dependencies ... compiled from the census of 1841 and other official returns | London | false | 176 UNITED KINGDOM -PERSONS RETURNED AS INDEPENDENT. PERSONS RETURNED AS INDEPENDENT. The Commissioners for taking the Census, in their Report, say that, " With respect to the term ' Independent,' we should premise that the numbers included under that head are not merely the wealthy, or even those in easy circum stances, but all who support themselves upon their own means without any occupation. It will, therefore, afford no test ofthe relative amount of wealthy persons in different localities, or throughout Great Britain, as while it includes in the more rural districts many poor widows or aged men living upon their savings, it omits many large capitalists, who are returned under their proper heads in the list of ' Occupations.' " The numbers returned are as follows : — In ENGLAND - - - 421,995 WALES - - - - 23,978 BRITISH ISLES - - - 7,176 SCOTLAND - - - - 58.291 Total of GREAT BRITAIN - 511,440 With respect to Ireland, it is an extraordinary fact, that the Commissioners do not recognise or enumerate any class as '■ Independent," and we are therefore lest in utter darkness of the number of persons of independent means living in the Kingdom of Ireland. That they are a very large number there can be no doubt, as the resident Nobility and Gentry form a very influential and important section of society. Independent of Ireland, however, it will be seen that the number for Great Britain is no less than 511,440, and if to these we add the large number of Domestic Servants, supported by persons of independent means (see page 179), we have a class which, in number, exceeds that ofthe whole number of persons of all ages employed in the Manufacture of the Textile Fabrics (see page 147), and but little inferior to the whole number employed by the Manufacturing Interest ofthe United Kingdom (see page 152.) For the eight Manufacturing Counties the return is as follows : — Chester - M+* Derby - - - " 5,193 Lancaster - 33,207 Leicester - - - 4,377 Nottingham - 4,818 Stafford - - - 8,173 Warwick - 8,976 Yorkshire - - - 35,573 Total - - " 108,761 These amount to one-fourth of the whole number returned for England and Wales, but inasmuch as the population of the eight counties is 4,867,028, or nearly one-third of the population of England and Wales, it follows that, in proportion to population, the amount of resident independence is below the average of the other parts of the kingdom. Of the sources from whence this important claS3 derive their incomes, we have no statistical knowledge to guide us. The Rental of the Land of the United Kingdom is about 52 millions; that of Houses, 40 millions; Government Annuitants, 30 millions [—making together 122 millions per annum; and there can be no question but that these are the principal sources of income. On the other hand, but very few persons living in a state of independence draw their supplies from any branch of Trade or Manufactures; for in nearly all cases, an individual, after spending a long life in business, on his retiring from it takes the precaution to withdraw his capital, and invests it in one or the other of the interests above-mentioned. Notwithstanding the deficiency of the Government Statistics in this particular, there is, however, a rule which may be applitd with great fairness to test not only the relative importance of each interest, but also to fix with some degree of cer tainty the proportion which each contributes to the support of the " Independence" resident in the United Kingdom. We refer to the value ofthe annual productions of each, or, in other words, the amount of contribution which each Interest makes to the common stock, as shown at pages 183 and 184, from which it will be seen that the productions of our Manufacturers do not constitute more than about one-third of the whole. And if to this we add, that the effect of machinery is to give almost unlimited power to one individual to produce great results, it comes in confirmation of the fact, that the Master Manufacturers, as a class, are, numerically speaking, the smallest of any in the Kingdom, not amounting to l-50th of those living in independence within the United Kingdom. Indirectly, Manufactures of course contribute to the taxation of the country and the support of the population, in the proportions which are shown at pages 140 and 141 ; but, for the foregoing reasons, we apprehend that in about the same proportion do " Persons returned as Independent" draw their respective incomes or means of support directly from the Manufacturing Interest, and those of course only in respect of capital not withdrawn from, or monies lent to, the Manufacturers. | 324 | 0.579 | 0.184 | Spackman, William Frederick | Spackman, William Frederick [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002982636 | 1848-01-01T00:00:00 | 1848 | A Tour in the United States | London, Manchester | false | UNITED STATES 119 occasioned by our impolitic Orders in Council, and our rigorous enforcement of the right of search. " The inter- rupted commerce and high prices," says Mr. Miles in his Lowell As It Is, " which attended the last war with Eng- land, turned the attention of monied men, in various parts of this country, to manufactures.". There was a prospect not only of great profit, but of great popularity, to those who would contribute to make the United States less dependent on England for textile fabrics, and the erection of a cotton mill came to be regarded as an act of the most exalted patriotism. Profit and popularity combined offered the strongest motive for speculation. Your acute American has always a sharp eye for the discovery of an available water privilege. The shores of the Merrimack riveTwere covered with forest trees, and it was found that the falls of Pawtucket offered a serious obstruction to the floating of timber down- to Newburyport, at the mouth of the river. A company was established in 1792 which formed a canal a mile and a half in length, having four locks, to accomplish the descent of thirty-two feet. The speculation, however, was not a profit- able one, for in 1804 another canal was completed wbich connected the Merrimack with Boston harbour, and much of the timber which had previously been sent down to New- buryport found its way to Boston, where there was more ship-building* After the impulse given to home manufac- tures in 1813, several small factories had been erected on the banks of the canal, but it was not for some years that its full value as a water privilege was discovered. The success of the Waltham Mills, commenced in 1814 and in 1820 employing: more than four hundred hands, gave encou ragement to greater undertakings. Mr. White relates that in the latier year Mr. Paul Moody had charge of the Waltham Mills, and a friend of his, Mr. Ezra Worthen, a former partner in business, was connected with the mauu- | 127 | 0.62 | 0.15 | Prentice, Archibald | Prentice, Archibald [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001988654 | 1850-01-01T00:00:00 | 1850 | Pictorial Half-hours, edited by C. K | London | false | THIRD WEEK.] PICTORIAL HALF- HOURS. 51 abundantly. Various Urticaceœ yield it, especially Ficus elastica, and tbe rest of the genera of the Arlocarpeous section. Our engraving represents the Ficus elastica, producing tbe caoutchouc of India. This tree grows with great rapidity. The juice is extracted by incisions made across the bark down to the wood, at a distance of about a foot from each other, from the bole to the very top of the tree. Fifty ounces of juice will yield about sixteen ounces of solid caoutchouc. great elasticity and power of yielding without fracture. Caoutchouc has given birth to numberless patent inventions. The principles which the material affords the means of developing, appear to be of almost unlimited application. For the manufacture of waterproof clo.th, caout chouc is usually dissolved in the oil distilled from gas-tar, and spread upon the surface of a piece of the cloth, upon which a similar piece is then ex tended, and the whole passed between a pair of rollers. Thus the fabric consists of two pieces of cloth with a layer of caoutchouc interposed, and uniting them together. 16. THE FIRST WOODCUT. In these days, when we cannot walk through the streets even of a third-rate town without passing shops with their windows filled with engravings and prints ; when not our books only but the news papers that lie on our tables are illustrated; when every beautiful work of art as it appears is multi plied and diffused by hundreds and thousands of copies — we find it difficult to throw our imagina tion back to a time when such things were not. For the manufacture of braces, straps, bandages, and similar articles, in which elasticity is required, a compound thread is formed, having a centre or core of caoutchouc, with an envelope of cotton or worsted twisted round it. The method is said to have been first practised at Vienna, whence it extended to Paris, and thence to this country. The bottle-shaped masses of India-rubber are, in the first instance, cut up into slips ; the method now employed for this purpose is to soften the bottle in hot water, cut it into two halves, press it between two iron plates till it assumes a flat form, and cut the discs or pieces thus produced into rib bons, by a cutter working spirally from the circum ference of the disc towards the centre. The rib bons so prepared are next cut into filaments or threads of the desired width, by passing them through a machine having a number of cutting edges. The threads are softened in warm water, and stretched by a winding machine to many times their original length ; and being kept in that tended state till cool, they do not spring back aga'n when released. They are then attached to a braiding-machine, and are sheathed with threads of cotton, silk, linen, or other material. The threads so sheathed are used as ' warp ' or long threads, and are woven into the kind of textile fabric required. A heated iron passed over the woven goods causes the India-rubber to relax, corrugates the sheathing, and gives to the whole a What printing did for literature, engraving on wood and copper has done for painting — not only diffused the designs and inventions of artists, which would otherwise be confined to one locality, but in many cases preserved those which would otherwise have perished altogether. It is interest ing to remember that three inventions to which we owe such infinite instruction and delight were almost simultaneous. The earliest known im pression of an engraving on wood is dated 1423 ; the earliest impression from an engraved metal plate was made about 1452; and the first printed book, properly so called, bears date according to the best authorities, 1455. Stamps for impressing signatures and characters on paper, in which the required forms were cut upon blocks of wood, we find in use in the earliest times. Seals for convents and societies, in which the distinctive devices or letters were cut hollow upon wood or metal, were known in the fourteenth century. The transition seems easy to the next application of the art, therefore it is, perhaps, that the name of the man who made this step is lost. All that is certainly known is, that the first wood blocks for tbe purpose of pictorial representations were cut in Germany, in the province of Suabia; that tbe first use made of the art was for the | 65 | 0.602 | 0.158 | Knight, Charles | Knight, Charles, 1791-1873 [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001988654 | 1850-01-01T00:00:00 | 1850 | Pictorial Half-hours, edited by C. K | London | false | 234 PICTORIAL HALF-HOURS. [twenty-third week. of the globe, we shall not find much to discourage in the simple and cheap experiment of bringing the llama into a state of semi-domestication, when no violence is done to the natural habits and instincts of the animal, and no sudden changes in diet and exercise forced upon it, — for surely the subjugation of the wild sheep, be it the mouflon of Sardinia or any other species, and the modification of habits to which it must have been subjected, even at the commencement of its loss of natural liberty, when man first took it under his own pro tection, must have involved difficulties equal if not superior to those attendant upon the naturali sation of the llama ; an animal already domesti cated in its own country, and easily reconciled to such a condition of existence. The question of naturalising the llama has been taken up with great enthusiasm by a few persons ; but very little progress has yet been made in con vincing persons of its practicability. Mr. Walton asserts that it will live where our hardiest sheep would starve, and that the wildest parts of Great Britain are best suited to its habits. The following observations we venture to submit as the result of our own experience. The naturali sation of the llama will never succeed by placing the animal in confinement, and upon such a diet as cannot be avoided under such circumstances. Confinement in itself is the cause of many dis eases, — some it immediately induces, — to others it predisposes ; it is moreover difficult to measure the quantity of food, be its quality ever so appro priate, which an animal debarred from exercise, especially a foreign animal, of which much has to he learned by experience, ought to take, reference being had to its health. The Spanish and other writers acquainted with the llama in Peru, talk about it as very temperate, content with a handful of maize, or the mountain grass and herbage. Here then arises another difficulty ; namely, that of rigidly adhering to the kind of food which is most adapted for the animal, and which, when many different herbivorous animals have to be fed and attended to upon a general system, cannot be scrupulously selected. The objects of the naturalisation of the llama in our country would not be either for the sake of its services as a beast of burden, — for in that respect it holds but a very subordinate rank, — or for the sake of its flesh ; which though esteemed by the Peruvians and the Spaniards, would not, we think, meet the taste of English palates, — but for the sake of its fine glossy silk-like wool, large quantities of which are imported into Europe for the manufacture of shawls and other delicate fabrics. The introduction in manufacture of the wool of the Alpaca species, especially, has attracted considerable attention. The Alpaca wool is superior to English wool in length, soft ness, and pliability. The fleece averages from lOlbs. to 121bs., while that of our sheep is seldom more thati 81bs. ; and while the staple of English wool does not often exceed six inches in length, that of the Alpaca varies from eight to twelve inches. The lustrous appearance of the Alpaca wool renders it applicable to many of the purposes for which silk is usually employed in textile fabrics; and it is found a useful substitute for Angora wool. The manufacture of plain and figured stuffs from the fleece of the Alpaca was commenced at Brad ford, in Yorkshire, a number of years ago, and there is a large and increasing use of Alpaca wool. In 1841, five different articles were manufactured at Bradford, for her Majesty, from the wool of an Alpaca, which had been kept at Windsor. Alpaca wool has also been much employed latterly in the manufacture of waterproof fabrics. A sort of over-care in the liberal allowance of rich, nutritious, and stimulating food to an animal in confinement, feeding when in a state of nature upon coarse herbage and grass, is liable to defeat its own object. These and other circumstances should render us cautious in judging of the impediments in the way of acclimating any animal, from what occurs in keeping it in a state of confinement in menageries, &c, however admirably managed. We do not know that any attempts to naturalise animals by introducing them into menageries, with a view to their breeding and increase, have ever really succeeded ; and we doubt whether they ever will. With respect to the season at which the llama produces its young ; namely, Christmas — a cold season in our country, — we see little to deter from the trial of naturalisation. The llama can bear cold, but not great heat ; and doubtless if it be- | 562 | 0.643 | 0.16 | Knight, Charles | Knight, Charles, 1791-1873 [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001988658 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | The Popular History of England | London | false | [1689-1714. THE WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES. 4 In the first year of the new dynasty an Act was passed " for the better preventing the exportation of Wool, and encouraging the Woollen Manu facture of this kingdom." * The great object of commercial legislation for two centuries was to encourage the Woollen Manufacture. The one mode of accomplishing this was to prevent the exportation of Wool, and to prohibit the importation of textile articles from every other country, not excepting Scotland and Ireland. Wool was justly held to be " eminently the foundation of England's riches." t To let wool go away unwrought, or even in the shape of yarn, was to lessen or destroy this source of wealth. But the richer Dutch, especially, could give a better price for the wool than the English clothiers ; and, said the first political economist of that time, " they that can give the best price for a commodity shall never fail to have it, by one means or other, notwithstanding, the opposition of any laws by sea or land ; of such force, subtilty, and violence is the general course of trade." X Under the Statute of the first year of William and Mary, Commissioners were appointed to prevent by forcible means the exportation of Wool. They employed a sloop and boats for the search of vessels. They had an army of riding-officers and superiors in the wool-growing counties and adjacent ports. The contests between these riding-officers and the carriers of wool were frequent and sometimes deadly ; and the aggregate number of packs rescued from the officers was greater than the number seized. The service was most inefficient and dangerous in the North. § The landed interest and the manufacturing interest were for years at issue upon the question of the exportation of wool. The manufacturers desired a monopoly. The land lords and cultivators advocated a perfectly open trade, and proclaimed the most liberal principles of commercial freedom. Such is the varying course of opinion which follows the varying interests of industrial operations. The economical writers of the end of the seventeenth century, who estimated the whole annual income of England at forty-three millions, and the rental at ten millions, reckoned the annual value of wool at two millions, and the annual value of the woollen manufacture at eight millions. That manu facture was chiefly in the Western Counties, as it had been from the time of Edward VI. In that reign, though Coventry and Worcester produced "White Cloths" and "Coloured Cloths;" though the "Coloured Long Cloths " of Suffolk, Norfolk, and Essex were worthy of mention, as well as " Northern Cloths " and " Welsh Eriezes ; " Wiltshire, Gloucester shire, Somersetshire, Devonshire, were especially famous for their "Whites" Bind "Reds," their "Azures" and "Blues." "Devonshire Kerseys," and " Broadcloths called Tauntons and Bridgewaters," were the objects of minute regulation. " Manchester, Lancashire, and Cheshire Cottons " — (a fabric so called in which cotton is held to have had no place)— and " Manchester Rugs and Eriezes " form a small object of that legislative vigilance which was to insure " the true making of cloth within this realm," and to prevent the " many subtil sleights and un truths" which were imputed to greedy clothiers. || A hundred and fifty years later the West was still the great Cloth-making district ; and to 1 Gul. ancUIar. c. 32. + Sir Josiah Child. § Returns given in Smith's "Memoirs of Wool," vol. ii. p. 166 II 5 & tj Edward VI. c. 6. J Ibid. | 24 | 0.709 | 0.182 | Knight, Charles | Knight, Charles, 1791-1873 [person] | null | England | England | 8 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000510958 | 1859-01-01T00:00:00 | 1859 | A Cyclopædia of Geography, descriptive and physical, forming a new general gazetteer of the world and dictionary of pronunciation, etc | Glasgow ; London | false | 553 MAR MAR town — Grand Bourg or Basseterre, on the S.W. Pop. 13,889. MA'RIENBAD, a watering-place, Bohemia, Austria, in a beautiful triangular vattey, about 24 m. from Carlsbad. Its chief baths are cold, chalybeate, and saline. The vUlage belongs to Prince Metternich, whose mansion stands near it. MARIENBERG, a tn. Saxony, 38 m. S.W. Dresden. Pop. 4500. M.ARIENBURG:— 1, atn. 27m. S.E. of Dan zig, W. Prussia, on the Nogat, here crossed by a bridge of boats nearly 580 ft. in length. It was once the seat of the knights of the Teutonic order, the castle of whose grand-master, built 1274, yet remains. Manufactures — cotton and wooUen cloths, hosiery, hats, &c Trade in corn aud wood. Pop. 7000. — 2, a tn. Livonia, Russia. Pop. 2000. — 3, a ril. Transylvania, 10 m. N. of Kronstadt. Pop. 2500. MARIENWERDER, a tn., W. Prussia, on the Little Nogat, 45 m. S.S.E. Danzig. Manu factures — woollens, Unens, beer, brandy, and U queurs. It has an old castle, cathedral, &c Pop. 8000. MARIGNA'NO, a tn. 11 m. S.E. of MUan. Pop. 4000. MARIOPOL, a seaport, Russia, N. shore of the sea of Azov, at the mouth of the Kalmius. Pop. 4603. MARITZA [Hebrus], the chief river of Rou melia, Turkey in Europe, flows from the S. slopes of the Balkan S.E. to Adrianople, then S.W., and falls toto the Ægean Sea, opposite the port of Enos ; length, 260 m. MARKET-DEEPING, tn. England, co. Lin coln, on the WeUand. Pop. 1294. — (See Harbo rough, Drayton, Bosworth, and Overton.) M.ARKET-HILL, a tn., co. and 6 m. S.E. Armagh, Ireland. Pop. 1369. MARLBOROUGH, a tn., co. Wilts, Eng land, 71 m. W. of London, on the 1. bank of the Kennet. It consists principally of one long wide street, with many curious old houses, and a piazza running along its N. side. It contains an old Norman church, the remains of the castle in which, by a parUament held in the reign of Henry III., ' the statutes of Marlborough ' were enacted; a grammar-school of Edward VI., a college for sons of clergy, a guildhall, &c. Ma nufactures — ropes, sacking, wool-stapling, brew ing, malting, &c The family of Spencer-Church bill take their title from the town, which sends two members to the House of Commons ; reg. elec. 255. Pop. 5135. MARLOW (Great), a tn., co. Bucks, 29 m. N.W. London, on the 1. bank of the Thames, spanned at this place by a beautiful iron sus pension-bridge. It has an elegant church, a handsome townhall, and market. Industrial pursuits — paper-making, brewing, the manufac ture of baby Unen, &c Trade in corn, coal, timber, &c. Sends two members to the House of Commons ; reg. elec. 354. P. 6640.— Marlow (Little), Ij m. N.E. of Great Marlow. P. 927. MAR'MORA, or Marmara [Propontis], a gulf of the Mediterranean, between S.E. of Europe and the westernmost part of ABia. It joins the Black Sea by the strait of Constan tinople, and the Archipelago by the DardaneUe3. Length, from GalUpoli to the head of the gulf of Izmid, 174 m. ; greatest width, 52 m.— Marmora Island [Proconessus], situated near its W. ex tremity, is 11 m. long, by 5 broad; celebrated for its marble. From it the sea takes its name. MARNE [Matrona], an affluent of the Seine, rises S. of Langres, in dep. Haute-Marne, and joins the Seine on the r. bank at Charenton; length, 210 m. MARNE, a dep., N.E. France; length, S.W. toN.E.,80m.; breadth, 70. Area, 818,041 hect., or 2,021,380 ac. It forma a gradually ascending plateau, attaining S.E. a height of 1200 ft. The soil rests on chalk, and is not very fertile, except along the banks of the Marne. Its dry plains have recently been planted with Scotch firs, and wheat, barley, rye, oats, potatoes, coleworts, &c, are raised in crops more than sufficient for home consumption; bees and poultry are reared, smaU game abounds, and fine wines are produced at Rheims and Epernay. MUlstones and Span ish whitening are extensively manufactured, and the textile industry comprises woollen and other tissues. Pop. 373,302. MARNE (Haute-), adep., N.E. France, 78m. long, N.N.W. to S.S.E., by 30 to 45 broad. Area, 621,984 hect., or 1,536,922 ac The S.E. parts are on the plateau of Langres, and the ground falls thence N.W. The rocks are mostly of the oolitic formations. Cereal and leguminous crops are raised in sufficient quantities for home consumption, and the iron-mines are among the most productive in France. The wine is of fair quality, and fine breeds of Bheep are reared on the hill-pastures. Cutlery and other iron wares, cotton goods, &c, are largely manufactured. Pop. 268,400. MAROCCO, or Morocco [Mauritania], an empire of N.W. Africa, bounded E. and S.E. by the Desert, W. the Atlantic, N. the Medi terranean; lat. 28° to 36° N., lon. 0° 40' to 11° 40' W. ItB Arabic name, Maghribu-ul-aksa, 'the extreme west,' denotes its position. Its surface is traversed diagonally from N.E. to S.W., by ramifications ofthe Atlas mountains, and comprises many fine plains and valleys. Its administrative divisions are governed by a kaid, whose chief duty is to collect the revenue. The sott is fertile, and produces wheat, maize, millet, barley, dates, grapes, olives, sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, &c. The meadow-lands are rich, and on them are reared fine herds of horses, goats, camels and asses, &c, and flocks of Bheep. Amongst its minerals, iron, copper, and anti mony hold the chief place. Manufactures — wooUen, silk, and cotton fabrics, leather, car pets, earthenware, and chip-baskets. Exports shawls, carpets, cloth, caps, girdles, hides, dates, gums, wool, oil, honey, tobacco, &c Imports — slaves, gold-dust, ivory, ostrich-feathers, in cense, &c. The trade with the Levant, Tim buctoo, and Central Africa is carried on by the caravans of Mecca with Barbary, and by feluccas; while the European commerce is chiefly confined to some neighbouring Spanish ports, Leghorn, and Marseilles. The government is more de spotic than in most Mahometan countries. The standing army, one-half of whom are negroes, amounts to about 11,000 men. The navy is very | 623 | 0.539 | 0.157 | Bryce, James, f.g.s | Bryce, James, f.g.s [person] | R. Griffin | England | England ; Scotland | xlviii, 823 pages, 10 plates (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001065474 | 1859-01-01T00:00:00 | 1859 | Ceylon; an account of the Island, physical, historical, and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions | London | false | Chap. V.] SHELLS 237 Layardi, Deshayes, P. Z. Soc. 1854. callosa, Deshayes, P. Z. Soc. 1854. rubra, Deshayes, P. Z. Soc. 1854. abbreviata, Deshayes, P. Z. Soc. 1854. foliacea, Linn. Systema Naturæ. lingua-felis, Linn. Systema Naturæ. vulsella, Chemn. Conch. Cab.' Lucina interrupts, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.2 Layardi, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855. Donax scortum, Linn. Syst. Nat. cuneata, Linn. Syst. Nat. faba, Chemn. Conch Cab. sninosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. paxillus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Cyrena Ceylanica, Chemn. Conch. Cab. Tennentii, Hanley, P. Z. Soc. 1858. Cytherea Erycina, Linn. Syst. Nat.3 meretrix, Linn. Syst. Nat.4 castanea, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. castrensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. casta, Gm. Syst. Nat. costata, Chemn. Conch. Cab. læta, Gm. Syst. Nat. trimaculata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Hebræa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. rugifera, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. scripta, Linn. Syst. Nat. gibbia, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Meroe, Linn. Syst. Nat. testudinalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. rugosum, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. biradiatum Bruyuiere, Encyc. Moth. Vers. attenuatum, Sowerby, Conch. Illust. enode, Sowerby, Conch. Illust. papyraceum, Chemn. Conch. Cab. ringiculum, Sowerby, Conch. Illust. eubrugosum, Sowerby, Conch. Illust. latum, Born, Test. Mus. Cœs. Vind. Asiaticum, Chemn. Conch. Cab. Cardita variegata, Bruguiere, Encyc. Method. Vers. bicolor, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Area rhombea, Born. Test. Mus. vellicata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. cruciata, Philippi, Ab. Neuer Conch. decussata, Reeve, (as of Sowerby), Conch. Icon.9 scapha, Meuschen in Gronov. Zoo. Pectunculus nodosus, Reeve. Conch. Icon. pectiniformis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Nucula mitralis, Hinds, Zool. voy. Sul. Layardi, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856. Nucula Mauritii (Hanley as ot' Hinds), Eecent Bivalves. Unio corrugatus, Muller, Hist. Verm. Ter.'° marginalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Lithodomus cinnamoneus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Mytilus viridis, Linn. Syst. Nat." bilocularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. Pinna inflata, Chemn. Conch. Cab. cancellata, Mawe, Intr. Lin. Conch. Malleus vulgaris, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. albus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Meleagrinamargaritifera.Z'ttn. Syst.Nat. vexdlum, Reeve, Conch. Icon.1'' Avicula macroptera,./?eet>e. Conch. Icon. Lima squamosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Pecten plica, Linn. Syst. Nat. radula, Linn. Syst. Nat. pleuronectes, Linn., Syst. Nat. pallium, Linn. Syst. Nat. senator, Gm. Syst. Nat. histrionicus, Gm. Syst. Nat, Indicus, Deshayes, Voyage Belanger. Layardi, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Spondylus Layardi, Reeve, Conch. Icon. candidus, Reeve (as of Lam.) Conch. Icon. seminuda, Anton. AViegm. Arch. Nat. 1837. Cytherea seminuda, Anton? Venus reticulata, Linn. Syst. Nat.* pinguis, Chemn. Conch. Cab. recens, Philippi, Abbild. Neuer Conch. fhiara, Dillw. Descriptive Cat. Shells. Malabarica, Chemn. Conch. Cab. Bruguieri, Hanley, Recent Bivalves. papalionacea, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Indica, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch, ii. inflata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.' Ceylonensis, Sowerby, Thes. Conch, ii. literata, Linn. Systema Naturæ. textrix, Chemn. Conch. Cab.8 Cardium unedo, Linn. Syst. Nat. maculosum, Wood, Gen. Con. leucostomum, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind. 1 T. rostrata, Lam. "■ L. divaricata is found, also, in mixed Ceylon collections. 3 C. dispar of Chemnitz is occasion ally sound in Ceylon collections. 1 C. impndica, Lam. 5 As Donax. 8 V. textile, Lam. 9 ? Area Helblingii, Chemn. ,0 Mr. Cuming informs me that he bas forwarded no less than six distinct Uniones from Ceylon to Isaac Lea of Philadelphia for determination or de scription. 11 M. smaragdinus, Chemn. 3 V. corbis, Lam. ' As Tapes. 12 As Avicula. | 285 | 0.667 | 0.148 | Emerson, James, afterwards Tennent (Sir James Emerson) | Emerson, James, afterwards Tennent (Sir James Emerson) [person] | null | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001065474 | 1859-01-01T00:00:00 | 1859 | Ceylon; an account of the Island, physical, historical, and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions | London | false | Chap. V.] SHELLS, 243 mappa, Linn. Syst. Nat. helvola, Linn. Syst. Nat. errones, Linn. Syst. Nat. cribraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. glolmlus, Linn. Syst. Nat. clandestina, Linn. Syst. Nat. ocellata, Linn. Syst. Nat. caurica, Linn. Syst. Nat. tabescens, Solander, in Dillwyn Dose. Cat. Shells. gangrenosa, Solander, in Dillwyn Desc. Cat. Shells. interrupta, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. lentiginosa, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. pyriformis, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. nivosa, Broderip, Zool. Journ. iii. peraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. testudinaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. Tcrebellum subulatum, Lam. Anim. s. senator, Linn. Syst. Nat.2 literatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. imperialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. textile, Linn. Syst. Nat. terebra, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind. tessellatus,.Bo77i, Test. Mus. Cæp. Vind. Augur, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. Vers. obesus, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. Vers. araneosus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. gubernator, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. monde, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. nimbosus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. eburneus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. vitulinus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. quercinus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. lividus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Omaria, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Maldivus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. nocturnus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Ceylonensis, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. arenatus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers1. Nicobaricus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. glans, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Amadis, Chemn. Conch. Cab. punetatus, Chemn. Conch. Cab. minimus, Reeve (as of Linn.), Conch. Icon. terminus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. lineatus, Chemn. Conch. Cab. episcopus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. verriculum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. zonatus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. rattus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. (teste Chemn.) pertusus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Nussatella, Linn. Syst. Nat lithoglyphus, Brug. En. Meth.Vers.' tulipa, Linn. Syst. Nat. Ammiralis, var. Linn, teste Brug. Spirula Peronii, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Sepia Hieredda, Rang. Magas. Zool. ser. i. p. 100. Sepioteuthis, Sp. Loligo, Sp. Vert. A*hcilLiria glabrata, Linn. Syst. Nat. Candida, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Oliva Maura, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. erythrostoma, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. gibbosa, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs.' nebulosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Macleayana, Ductos, Monograph of Oliva. cpiscopalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. elegans, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. ispidula, Linn. Syst. Nat. (partly).2 Zeilanica, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. undata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. irisans, Lam. Anim. s. Vert, (teste Duclos). Conus miles, Linn. Syst. Nat. generalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. betulinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. stercus-musearum, Linn. Syst. Nat. Hebræus, Linn. Syst. Nat. virgo, Linn. Syst. Nat. geographicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. aulicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. figulinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. striatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. A conclusion not unworthy of observation may be deduced from this catalogue ; namely, that Ceylon was the unknown, and hence unacknowledged, source of almost every extra-Euro pean shell Avhich has been described by Linnæus Avithout a recorded habitat. This fact gives to Ceylon specimens an im portance which can only be appreciated by collectors and the students of Mollusca. ' 0. utriculus, Dillwyn. C. planorbis, Born ; C- vulpinus, Lam. 3 Conus ermincus, Born, in part. _ 2 | 291 | 0.684 | 0.15 | Emerson, James, afterwards Tennent (Sir James Emerson) | Emerson, James, afterwards Tennent (Sir James Emerson) [person] | null | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001065475 | 1859-01-01T00:00:00 | 1859 | Ceylon; an account of the Island, physical, historical, and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions | London | false | Chap. V.] SHELLS, 237 Layardi, Deshayes, P. Z. Soc. 1854. callosa, Deshayes, P. Z. Soc. 1854. rubra, Deshayes, P. Z. Soc. 1854. abbreviata, Deshayes, P. Z. Soc. 1854. foliacea. Linn. Systema Naturæ. lingua-felis, Linn. Systema Naturæ. vulsella, Chemn. Conch. Cab.1 rugosum, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. biradiatum Bruguiere, Encyc. Mcth. Vers. attenuatum, Sowerby, Conch. Illust. enode, Sowerby, Conch. Illust. papyraceum, Chemn. Conch. Cab. ringiculurn, Sowerby, Conch. Illust. subrugosum, Sowerby, Conch. IUust. latum, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind. Asiaticum, Chemn. Conch. Cab. Lucina interrupta, Lam. Anim. s. Vert.2 Layardi, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855. Donax scortum, Linn. Syst. Nat. cuneata, Linn. Syst. Nat. faba, Chemn. Conch. Cab. Cardita variegata, Bruguiere, Encyc. Method. Vers. bicolor, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Area rhombea, Born, Test. Mus. spinosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. paxillus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Cyrena Ceylanica, Chemn. Conch. Cab. Tennentii, Hanley, P. Z. Soc. 1858. Cytherea Erycina, Linn. Syst. Nat.3 mcretrix, Linn. Syst. Nat.1 castanea, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. castrensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. casta, Gm. Syst. Nat. costata, Chemn. Conch. Cab. vellicata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. cruciata, Philippi, Ab. Neucr Conch. decussata, Beeve (as of Sowerby), Conch. Icon.9 scapha, Meuschen in Gronov. Zoo. Pectunculus nodosus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pectiniformis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Nucula mitralis, Hinds, Zool. voy. Sul. Layardi, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856. Nucula Mauritii (Hanley as of Hinds), Kecent Bivalves. Unio corrugatus, Mutter, Hist. Verm. Ter.10 læta, Gm. Syst. Nat. trimaculata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Hebræa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. rugifera, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. scripta, Linn. Syst. Nat. gibbia, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Meroe, Linn. Syst. Nat. testudinalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. seminuda, Anton. Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1837. marginalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Lithodomus cinnamoneus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Mytilus viridis. Linn. Syst. Nat.11 bilocularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. Pinna inflata, Chemn. Conch. Cab. cancellata, Mawe, Intr. Lin. Conch. Malleus vulgaris, Lam- Anim. s. Vert. albus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Meleagrina margaritifera,im«.Syst. Nat. vexillum, Beeve, Conch. Icon.12 Avicula macroptera, Beeve, Conch. Icon. Lima squamosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Pecten plica, Linn. Syst. Nat. radula, Linn. Syst. Nat. pleuronectes, Linn. Syst. Nat. pallium, Linn. Syst. Nat. senator, Gm. Syst. Net. histrionicus, Gin. Syst. Nat. Indicus, Deshayes, Voyage Belanger. Layardi, Beeve, Conch. Icon. Spondylus Layardi, Reeve, Conch. Icon. candidus, Reeve (as of Lam.) Conch. Icon. Cytherea serainudu, Anton.5 Venus reticulata, Linn. Syst. Nat.' pinguis, Chemn. Conch. Cab. recens, Philippi, Abbild. Neuer Conch. thiara, Dillw. Descriptive Cat. Shells. Malabarica. Chemn. Conch. Cab. Bruguieri, Hanley, Recent Bivalves. papalionacea, Lam. Anim, s. Vert. Indica, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch, ii. inflata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853.' Ceylonensis, Sowerby, Tbes. Conch, ii. literata, Linn. Systema Naturæ. textrix, Chemn. Conch. Cab.9 Cardium unedo, Linn. Syst. Nat. maculosum, Wood, Gen. Con. leucostomum, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind. " V. textile, Lam. 9 ? Area Helblingii, Chemn. 10 Mr. Cuming informs me that he has forwarded no less than six distinct Uniones from Ceylon to Isaac Lea of Philadelphia for determination or de scription. 11 M. smaragdinus, Chemn. 1 T. rostrata, Lam. 2 L. divaricata is found, also, in mixed Ceylon collections. 3 C. dispar of Chemnitz is occasion ally found in Ceylon collections. 1 C. impudica, Lam. 5 As Donax. 6 V. corbis, Lam. 12 As Avicula. 7 As Tapes. | 283 | 0.626 | 0.16 | Emerson, James, afterwards Tennent (Sir James Emerson) | Emerson, James, afterwards Tennent (Sir James Emerson) [person] | null | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001065475 | 1859-01-01T00:00:00 | 1859 | Ceylon; an account of the Island, physical, historical, and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions | London | false | Chap. V.] SHELLS. 243 mappa, Linn. Syst. Nat. helvola, Linn. Syst. Nat. errones, Linn. Syst. Nat. cribraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. globulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. clandestina, Linn. Syst. Nat. ocellata, Linn. Syst. Nat. caurica, Linn. Syst. Nat. tabescens, Solander, in Dillwyn Dcscr. Cat. Shells. gangrenosa, Solander, in Dillwyn Dese. Cat. Shells. intermpta, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. Ientiginosa, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. pyriformis, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. nivosa, Broderip, Zool. Journ. iii. poraria. Linn. Syst. Nat. testudinaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. Terebellum subulatum, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Ancillaria glabrata, Linn. Syst. Nat. Candida, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Oliva Maura, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. senator, Linn. Syst. Nat.9 literatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. imperialis, Linn Syst. Nat. textile, Linn. Syst. Nat. terebra, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind. tessellatns, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs. Vind. Augur, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. Vers. obesus, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. Vers. araneosus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. gubernator, Brug. Encycl. Metb.Vers. monile, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. nimbosus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. eburneus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. vitulinus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. quercinus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. lividus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Omaria, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Maldivus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. nocturnus, Brug. Encycl. Meth Vers. Ceylonensis, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. arenatus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Nicobaricus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. glans, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Amadis, Chemn. Conch. Cab. punctatus, Chemn. Conch. Cab. minimus, Reeve (as of Linn.), Conch. Icon. erythrostoma, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. gibbosa, Born, Test. Mus. Cæs.1 nebulosa, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Alacleayana, Duclos, Monograph of Oliva. episcopalis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. elegans, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. ispidula, Linn. Syst. Nat, (partly).2 Zeilanica, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. terminus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. lineatus, Chemn. Conch. Cab. episcopus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. verriculum, Beeve, Conch. Cab. zonatus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. rattus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. (teste Chemn.) pertusus, Brug. Encycl. Meth. Vers. Nussatella, Linn. Syst. Nat. lithoglyphus, Brug. En. Meth. Vers.3 tulipa. Linn. Syst. Nat. Ammiralis, var. Linn, teste Brug. Spirula Peronii, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. Sepia Hieredda, Rang. Magas. Zool. ser. i. p. 100. Sepioteuthis, Sp. Loligo, Sp. undata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. irisans, Lam. Anim. s. Vert, (teste Duclos). Conns miles, Linn. Syst. Nat. generalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. betulinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. stercus-muscarum, Linn. Syst. Nat. Hebræus, Linn. Syst. Nat. virgo, Linn. Syst. Nat. geographicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. aulicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. figulinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. striatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. A conclusion not unworthy of observation may be deduced from this catalogue ; namely, that Ceylon was the unknown, and hence unacknowledged, source of almost every extra- European shell which has been described by Linnæus without a recorded habitat. This fact gives to Ceylon specimens an importance which can only be appreciated by collectors and the students of Mollusca. 1 0. utriculus, Dillwyn. 2 C. planorbis, Born ; C. vulpinus, Lam. 3 Conus ermineus, Born, in part. r 2 | 289 | 0.68 | 0.156 | Emerson, James, afterwards Tennent (Sir James Emerson) | Emerson, James, afterwards Tennent (Sir James Emerson) [person] | null | England | England | 2 volumes (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001067210 | 1855-01-01T00:00:00 | 1855 | American Geology; containing a statement of the principles of the science, with full illustrations of the characteristic American fossils. pts. 1, 2, 6 | Albany | false | 150 AMERICAN GEOLOGY. elevated undulating ridges; separated by spaces equal to their breadth; surface finely striated longitudinally. 0. textile (Hall). Shell rather small slightly tapering evenly and finely striated longitudinally; undulations circular; proximate. 0. clathratum (Hall). Small transverse ridges angular and finely striated and distant one half the diameter of the shell. Trenton limestone. Rare. 0. anellus (Conrad). Shell elongated; tapering very gradually; annulations angular; approximate and in width equaling one fourth the distance of the shell, which is marked by fine undulating longitudinal striæ. Trenton limestone. Greenbush. 0. UNDUI.OSTRIATUS (Hall). Annulations subangular; arched upon the back and direct upon the ventral side; back transversely- striated; septa quite convex. 0. AMPLICAMF.RATUS (Hall). Shall rather large, long and tapering very gradually; siphun cle eccentric; septa distant and very convex. O MULTICAMERATUS (Hall), pi. 4, fig. 8. Elongated terete, slender, smooth; septa numerous, and dis tant from each other from one fourth to one half the diameter of the tube; siphon central. Birdseye limestone. 0. strigatus (Hall). Shell terete; surface marked by distinct and rather undulating longitudinal striæ; septa quite convex, and distant about one fourth the diameter of the shell. II. Actinoceras (Bronn). Ormoceras (Hall). Shell straight; subconical; siphon eccentric and swollen, or extended beyond the perforation by which it appears to be large. | 374 | 0.812 | 0.126 | Emmons, Ebenezer | Emmons, Ebenezer [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001067210 | 1855-01-01T00:00:00 | 1855 | American Geology; containing a statement of the principles of the science, with full illustrations of the characteristic American fossils. pts. 1, 2, 6 | Albany | false | 250 AMERICAN GEOLOGY. Orthis disparilis, 194 " perverta, 194 " fissicosta, .... 195 " insculpta, 195 " dichotoma, 195 " subquadrata, 195 " occidentalis, 195 " sinuata, 196 " subjugata, 196 " æquivalvis, 196 " lynx, 196 " bellarugosa, 197 Orthocerata, 148 Orthoceras, 148 " primigenius, 148 ' ' laquecatum, 149 " rectiangulatum, . . . . 149 " subarcuatus, 149 " bilineatus, 149 " teretiformis, 149 ' ' arcuolitatum, 149 textile, 150 clathratum, 150 anellus, 150 " undulostriatus, 150 " amplicameratus, . . . 150 " multicameratus,. . . . 150 " strigatus, 150 Ormoceras, 150 Orthonota parallela, 173 " pholadis, 174 " contracta, 174 Orthis costalis, 235 Orthis, 185 Orthisina, 186 Potericrinus altcinatus, 224 Ptilodictya ramosa, 205 laby rinthica, 205 elegantula, 205 recta, 204 Palæochordu marina, 103 " teiiuis, 103 Palæozoa, 142 Pentamenis, 148 Periploma planulata, 172 Perturbations earth's ciust, .... 4 Phacops callicephalus, 214 Phytopsis tubuloscum, 232 Plants, 231 Pleurotomaria, 159 " lenticularis, .... 160 " subconica, 160 quadricarinata, . . 160 " percarinata, 160 " turgida, 160 umbilicata, 160 " varicosa, 161 nodulosa, 161 antiquata, 161 " rotuloides, 161 " indenta, 161 ambigua, 161 " umbiUicata, 161 Pleurotamaria, , 233 subtilistriata, . . . 233 percarinata, 233 Porcelia ornata, 167 Posidonomya bellistriata, , 176 orbicularis, 176 subundata, 177 " amygdalina, 177 " obtusa, 177 Peteropoda, 207 Quantity of rain, 7-8 Quartz and its associates, 53 Quartzite, 159 " porphyry, 160 Radiata, 221 Receptaculites neptune, 230 circularis, 230 Review of opinions, etc., 69 Rucks, comp. Taconic system,. 8-17 Roofing slate, 39 Hoosick, 40 Khinchonelidae, 184 | 474 | 0.657 | 0.196 | Emmons, Ebenezer | Emmons, Ebenezer [person] | null | United States of America | United States of America | null | English | null | null | null | false |
000680587 | 1858-01-01T00:00:00 | 1858 | Études sur la Touraine; hydrographie, géologie, agronomie, statistique, etc [With a map.] | Tours | false | 233 date en notre province que de Richelieu. « Quand la terre de Richelieu, dit ce savant œnologue (I) , fut érigée en Duché- Pairie, en 1631 , le cardinal qui se trouvait alors en Guienne, envoya plusieurs milliers de plants de la vigne la plus estimée dans le Bordelais, à son intendant qui était un ecclésiastique nommé l'abbé Breton. Ce fut lui qui fit planter ces vignes, et qui plus tard eu répandit les plants. » Le vin Breton est beau coup plus ancien en Touraine, car Rabelais en parle avec éloge en plusieurs passages : «Ce bon vin Breton, s'écrie-t-il, lequel point ne croist en Bretaigne , mais en ce bon pays de Verrou. » Parmi les clos qui produisaient cet excellent vin, Rabelais parait avoir surtout remarqué le vignoble de Quin quenais, qu'il avait apprécié sans doute à l'hôtellerie de la Lamproie, tenue par son père à Chinon, ou dans le cabaret fameux de la Cave-peinle , dont il parlé avec une certaine émotion (2). Le chanvre est devenu une des cultures les plus importantes de nos vallées, surtout depuis que M. le comte Odart intro duisit parmi nous, il y a quarante ou cinquante ans, la graine du Piémont. Cette plante textile, originaire del'Inde, réussit d'une manière extraordinaire , mais presque exclusivement , du moins eu grand, dans quelques communes du bassin com pris entre la Loire , l'Indre et la Vienne , au - dessous du confluent actuel du Cher. La culture du chanvre paraît d'ori gine assez récente en Touraine, car Rabelais, qui a consacré trois chapitres (3) à la description scientifique , à la prépara tion, aux vertus et aux usages de cette plante, qu'il nomme Yherbe Pantagruelion , s'est tu sur le chanvre de Touraine. II parle des beaux chanvres d'Olone (les Sables), et il n'eùt pas manqué de mentionner avec éloge ceux de nos vallées , si cette culture eùt eu dès lors quelque importance. (I) Ampélographie universelle, nu Traité des cépages les plus estimés dans tous les vignobles de quelque renom , 3e édition , 1854. (2) Gargantua , liv 1", ch. XIII; Pantagruel, liv. III, ch. XLV ; liv. IV, ch. XIV et XV; liv. V, ch. XXXV. (3) Pantagruel, liv. III , ch. XLIX . L et LI. | 259 | 0.739 | 0.175 | Chevalier, Casimir | Chevalier, Casimir [person] ; Charlot, G., agriculturalist [person] | null | null | null | iv, 391 pages (8°) | French | null | null | null | false |
002343790 | 1857-01-01T00:00:00 | 1857 | Rome: its ruler and its institutions | London | false | 388 ROME AND ITS RULER. CHAP. XXXIV. The Pope a Commercial Reformer. — Steady Progress towards Free Trade. — We should not judge a small and feeble State by the Standard ofa great and powerful Empire. — Singular Minute- ness and Accuracy of Eoman Statistics. — Material Progress stimulated by Eewards. — Proportion of Priests to Laymen. — The former preferred to the latter. — The Smallness of the Sala- ries of Public Officials. Even in the first year of his pontificate, the present Pope exhibited his anxiety, not alone for political re forms compatible with public safety, but for the relax ation of those laws by wbich trade and commerce had been hitherto restricted. Accordingly, he then effected considerable changes in the customs tariff, by which the duties payable on a variety of articles were greatly diminished. The results of these wise changes having been sufficiently tested, more extensive alterations were carried into effect last year; and this year, the duties on silk, linen, cotton, and woollen goods, have been considerably reduced. For instance, the 100 Roman pounds' weight of silk textile fabrics, which used to pay by the late tariff an import duty of 269f., will now pay but 161f. The duties on the same weight of woollens have been reduced from 107f. to 80f. ; and the duties on cotton cloths, lately at 64f., are now reduced to 32f. ; | 414 | 0.697 | 0.188 | Maguire, John Francis | Maguire, John Francis [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
000510957 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Cyclopædia of Geography, descriptive and physical, forming a new general gazetteer of the world and dictionary of pronunciation, etc | Glasgow ; London | false | MAR MAR town — Grand Bourg or Basseterre, on the S.W. Pop. 13,889. MA'RIENBAD, a watering-place, Bohemia, Austria, in a beautiful triangular valley, about 24 m. from Carlsbad. Its chief baths are cold, chalybeate, and saline. The village belongs to Prince Metternich, whose mansion stands near it. MARIENBERG, a tn. Saxony, 38 m. S.W. Dresden. Pop. 4500. MARIENBURG:— 1, a tn. 27 m. S.E. of Dan zig, W. Prussia, on the Nogat, here crossed by a bridge of boats nearly 580 ft. in length. It was once the Beat of the knights of the Teutonic order, the castle of whose grand-master, built 1274, yet remains. Manufactures — cotton and woollen cloths, hosiery, hats, &c. Trade in corn and wood. Pop. 7000. — 2, a tn. Livonia, Kussia. Pop. 2000. — 3, a vil. Transylvania, 10 m. N. of Kronstadt. Pop. 2500. MA'RIENWER'DER, a tn., W. Prussia, on the Little Nogat, 45 m. S.S.E. Danzig. Manu factures — wooUens, linens, beer, brandy, and U queurs. It has an old castle, cathedral, kc Pop. 8000. MARIGNA'NO, a tn. 11 m. S.E. of Milan. Pop. 4000. MARIOPOL, a seaport, Russia, N. shore of the sea of Azov, at the mouth of the Kalmius. Pop. 4003. MARITZA [Hebrus], the chief river of Rou melia, Turkey in Europe, flows from the S. slopes of the Balkan S.E. to Adrianople, then S.W., and falls into the Ægean Sea, opposite the port of Enos ; length, 20O m. MARKET-DEEPING, tn. England, co. Lin coln, on the WeUand. Pop. 1294. — (See Harbo- BOUGH, DRAYTON, BOSWORTH, and OVERTON.) MARKET-HILL, a tn., co. and 6 m. S.E. Armagh, Ireland. Pop. 1309. MARLBOROUGH, a tn., co. Wilts, Eng land, 71 m. W. of London, on the 1. bank of the Kennet. It consists principally of one long wide street, with many curious old houses, and a piazza running along its N. side. It contains an old Norman church, the remains of the castle in which, by a parUament held in the reign of Henry III., ' the statutes of Marlborough ' were enacted; a grammar-school of Edward VI., a college for sons of clergy, a guildhall, kc Ma nufactures—ropes, sacking, wool-stapling, brew ing, malting, &c. The family of Spencer-Church hill take their title from the town, which sends two members to the House of Commons ; reg. elec. 255. Pop. 5135. Length, from Gallipoli to the head of the gulf of Izmid, 174m.; greatestwidth, 52m. — Marmora Island [Proconessus], Bituated near its W. ex tremity, is 11 m. long, by 5 broad; celebrated for its marble. From it the sea takes its name. _ MARNE [Matrona], an affluent of the Seine, rises S. of Langres, in dep. Haute-Marne, and joins the Seine on the r. bank at Charenton ; length, 210 m. MARNE, a dep., N.E. France; length, S.W. toN.E., 80m.; breadth, 70. Area, 818,041 hect or 2,021,380 ac. It forms a graduaUy ascending plateau, attaining S.E. a height of 1200 ft. The soil rests on chalk, and is not very fertile, except along the banks of the Marne. Its dry plains have recently been planted with Scotch firs, and wheat, barley, rye, oats, potatoes, coleworte, &c, are raised in crops more than sufficient for home consumption; bees and poultry are reared, small game abounds, and fine wines are produced at Rheims and Epernay. MiUstones and Span ish whitening are extensively manufactured, and the textile industry comprises woollen and other tissues. Pop. 373,302. MARNE (HADIE-), adep., N.E. France, 78m. long, N.N.W. to S.S.E., by 30 to 45 broad. Area, 621,984 hect., or 1,536,922 ac. The S.E. parts are on the plateau of Langres, and the ground falls thence N.W. The rocks are mostly of the ooUtic formations. Cereal and leguminous crops are raised in sufficient quantities for home consumption, and the iron-mines are among the most productive in France. The wine is of fair quality, and fine breeds of sheep are reared on the hill-pastures. Cutlery and other iron ware3, cotton goods, &c, are largely manufactured. Pop. 268,400. MAROCCO, or MOROCCO [Mauritania], an empire of N.W. Africa, bounded E. and S.E. by the Desert, W. the Atlantic, N. the Medi terranean; lat. 28° to 36° N., lon. 0° 40' to 11° iff W. Its Arabic name, Maghribu-ul-aksa, ' the extreme west,' denotes its position. Its surface is traversed diagonaUy from N.E. to S.W., by ramifications ofthe Atlas mountains, and comprises many sine plains and vaUeys. Its administrative divisions are governed by a kaid, whose chief duty is to coUect the revenue. The sod is fertde, and produces wheat, maize, miUet, barley, dates, grapes, oUves, sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, &c. The meadow-lands are rich, and on them are reared fine herds of horses, goats, camels and asses, kc, and flocks of sheep. Amongst its minerals, iron, copper, and anti mony hold the chief place. Manufactures — wooUen, silk, and cotton fabrics, leather, car pets, earthenware, and chip-baskets. Exports — shawls, carpets, cloth, caps, girdles, hides, dates, gums, wool, oil, honey, tobacco, kc Imports — slaves, gold-dust, ivory, ostrich -feathers, in cense, kc The trade with the Levant, Tim buctoo, and Central Africa is carried on by the caravans of Mecca with Barbary, and by feluccas; wlule the European commerce is chiefly confined to some neighbouring Spanish ports, Leghorn, and Marseilles. The government is more de spotic than in most Mahometan countries. The standing army, one-half of whom are negroes, amounts to about 11,000 men. The navy is very MARLOW (Great), a tn., co. Bucks, 29 m. N.W. London, on the 1. bank of the Thames, spanned at this place by a beautiful iron sus pension-bridge. It has an elegant church, a handsome townhall, and market. Industrial pursuits — paper-making, brewing, the manufac ture of baby linen, &c. Trade in corn, coal, timber, kc. Sends two members to the House of Commons ; reg. elec. 354. P. 6640.— Marlow (Little), 1 J m. N. E. of Great Marlow. P. 927. MAR'MORA, or Marmara [Propontis], a gulf of the Mediterranean, between S.E. of Europe and the westernmost part of Asia. It joins the Black Sea by the strait of Constan tinople, and the Archipelago by the DardaneUes._ D53 | 567 | 0.503 | 0.154 | Bryce, James, f.g.s | Bryce, James, f.g.s [person] | R. Griffin | England | England ; Scotland | vi, 823 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000510957 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Cyclopædia of Geography, descriptive and physical, forming a new general gazetteer of the world and dictionary of pronunciation, etc | Glasgow ; London | false | 580 MOR MOS able streets, with interspersed trees, gardens, river, &c, the whole encircled by the bound less steppe, which reaches the horizon on all sides. A remarkable object in Moscow is the MORUMBIDGEE,orMuRRUMEiGEE,ariver, New S. Wales, rises in the co. Murray, flows W. 1000 m., receives the Lachlan on the N., and enters the Murray in lat. 34" 48' S., lon. 143° E. MORVAK, an old div., prov. Nivernais, E. France. Its mountains unite the Cote-d'Or range to the plateau of Orleans, (See France.) MOSCOW, or Moskva, a gov. Central Rus- sia. Area, 10,030 sq. m. Surface an extended, somewhat circular, undulating tract, in the basin of the Volga, though chiefly drained by its affluents Kliasma and Moskva, with their confluent the Oka, all of which are navigable. Soil fertile ; cattle and horse rearing extensively pursued. Corn, timber, garden and orchard produce are raised ; and limestone, clay, gyp- sum, granite, and freestone abound. Manufac- tures varied — including textile and fictile fa- brics, gold and silver ware, and cutlery. The pop. is industrious, active, and enterprising. Pop. 1,506,953. Public rev. 9,551,757 silver rubles (ruble = Ss. 2d.) MOSCOW [Russ. Moskwa], the cap. of the above gov. and former cap. of Russia, stands on both sides of the Moskva river, 397 m. S.E. St. Petersburg; lat. 55° 45' N. ; lon. 37° 37' E. ; elev. 781 ft. With a general course E., the river here makes three great sweeps ; and the city stands within these, but chiefly on the _N". or convex side of the middle bend. Here stands the great Kremlin or citadel, on the river's bank, N. side, in about the centre of the city. The exterior wall is 20 m. in cir- cuit, and of a very irregular form. Within '■f are two concentric lines of boulevards, one fl entirely round the city, and the other round j the K. part only, and ending on the river, A E. and W. of the Kremlin. On the IST. the - streets and houses reach to the barrier, on the S. to the outer boulevard only. They Yi are very wide and irregular, and undulate continually, so that no lengthened view can u be had. A fine palace, and a humble, simple Jj white- washed cottage, are seen side by side; 41 near them, perhaps, a small church, and then W a row of little yellow houses, such as the old i^j city chiefly consisted of before the great fire. ' Hence Moscow has all the charms of a new city, with the pleasing negligence and pic- turesque irregularity of an old one.' — (Murray's Handbook. ) It thus covers a very large space in proportion to its population. Gardens — the largest are those of the Princess Galitzin — vast convents, hospitals, a race-course, fields, lakes, and marshes, are all within the compass of the walls. The Kremlin, rebuilt afterthefire, which partly injured it, on an improved plan, was completed in 1850. It stands on a mound or low hill ; is 1 m. in circuit, inclosed by high and Btrong walls; contains a royal and other palaces, ornamented with sculpture, statuary, &c. ; a ca thedral and other churches, government-offices, arsenal, &c. Attached to the church of St. Nicholas is the high tower of Ivan Veliki, or John the Great, 269 ft. high, and surmounted by a gilded dome. It affords one of the most remarkable views in Europe ; the city, with its countless minarets and gilded domes, its remark- One of the Gates of Moscow- great bell, at the base of the Ivan Veliki tower. It is 21*3 ft. high, 22'5 ft. in diameter, 3 in. thick, and weight about 400,000 lbs., or nearly 180 tons. The copper in it is reckoned worth £350,000. It was cast in 1730. The interior Great Bel) of Moscow. has been consecrated, and is used as a chapel. The largest bell in France, that of Rouen, weighs 36,000 lbs. ; Tom of Lincoln weighed 9S94 lbs. Moscow is the chief seat of manufactures in Russia. — cottons, woollens, silks, carpets, jewel lery, and bijouterie are the principal. Steam power is employed. The trade is very great, though the city is so far inland, owing to the great facilities for intercourse by canals and navigable rivers, and the frozen ground in winter. There is also now a railway to St. Petersburg, to be continued S. and E. It has a university, with about 100 professors, and 1100 students; several literary and scientific societies, an observatory, libraries, kc The climate is very severe in winter — mean temp. 40° Fah.; winter, 15°; summer, 64°. Pop. 213,508 males, 139,751 females; total, 353,259, in 1847. | 594 | 0.444 | 0.145 | Bryce, James, f.g.s | Bryce, James, f.g.s [person] | R. Griffin | England | England ; Scotland | vi, 823 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
001813577 | 1858-01-01T00:00:00 | 1858 | Report on the Geological Survey of Iowa. By J. Hall, J. D. Whitney [With maps.] vol. 1 | Iowa | false | 517 PALÆONTOLOGY OF IOWA. FOSSILS OF THE CHEMUNG GROUP. BRACHIOPODA. Chonetes fischeri. Plate VII. Fio. 1 a, b, c. Chonetes fischeri : Norwood and Pratten, Transactions of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1854, Vol. iii, p. 25. Shell semielliptical ; hinge line slightly less than the width of the shell. Ventral valve moderately convex, some what gibbous in the middle, and often nearly flat at the umbo and along the hinge line, scarcely auriculate ; hinge line furnished with from five to seven nearly straight tubu lar spines on each side of the beak. Surface marked by fine radiating striæ and equally fine concentric striæ ; beneath which is a textile appearance, caused by a double set of diagonal lines, which are broader but usually less prominent than the radiating striæ. Dorsal valve moderately concave, following tbe curvature of the opposite valve, covered with close radiating striæ. This shell can be readily distinguished, even in the condition of casts, by the pe culiar diagonal lines which give a textile aspect to the whole surface, irrespective of the radiating and concentric striæ, which, when entire, partially obscure the marking beneath. Although this character is not mentioned by Messrs. Nokwood and Phat ten, I can have no doubt of the identity of the species, having collected those de scribed at the same locality. Fig. 1 a. A specimen in sandstone, which preserves no radiating striæ. Fig. 1 b. A specimen in limestone, which partially preserves the radiating striæ. Fig. 1 c. Enlargement of the surface, showing the radiating striæ and diagonal lines. Geological formation and locality. In yellow sandstone of the age of the Chemung group, and in a band of limestone associated with the same rock. Productus concentricus (n.s). Plate VII. Fig. 3. Shell small, semielliptical ; hinge line scarcely so long as the greatest width of the shell. Dorsal valve deeply concave, | 57 | 0.713 | 0.168 | Iowa, State of, Geological Survey | Hall, James, Geologist of the State of New York [person] ; Iowa, State of, Geological Survey [organisation] ; Whitney, Josiah Dwight [person] | null | null | null | null | English | null | null | null | false |
001813577 | 1858-01-01T00:00:00 | 1858 | Report on the Geological Survey of Iowa. By J. Hall, J. D. Whitney [With maps.] vol. 1 | Iowa | false | 603 PALÆONTOLOGY OF IOWA. Spirifer plenus ( n. s.). Plate XIII. Fig. 4 a - d. Shell large, subglobose, transversely suboval, ventricose : valves nearly equal ; hinge-line scarcely equal to the greatest width of the shell, obtusely angular or a little rounded at the extremities. Dorsal valve very prominent in the middle ; mesial fold obtusely elevated and smoothly rounded. Ventral valve most convex on each side of the sinus below the beak, sloping somewhat abruptly towards the lateral margins : sinus broad, rounded and deep, extending from the beak to the front, where it is prolonged as a broad linguiform ex tension. On each side of this projection, the margin of the valve is broadly sinuate : beak arched, and projecting beyond the opposite ; area high and distinctly arcuate ; foramen large, triangular, width and height equal, often partially or entirely enclosed by a pseudo-deltidium. Surface marked by about twenty simple rounded depressed plications on each side of the mesial fold and sinus, crossed by concentric lines of growth. Under a lens, the whole sur face is seen to be beautifully marked with an extremely fine textile ornament, produced by minute irregularly disposed rounded depressed points and lamellose striæ. Interior of the ventral valve marked by strong projecting dental lamellæ, extending in parallel direction from the base of the foramen nearly to the front of the valve. This species may be readily distinguished by its high arcuate area, simple flattened plications, and deep broadly rounded sinus. The interior of the ventral valve also differs from any of the associated species, resembling in this respect S. sowerbyi. Fig. 4 a. Ventral view of a specimen of this species. Fig. 4 b. Dorsal view and area of same. Fig. 4 c. Front view of same. Fig. 4 d. Profile view ( the beak of the ventral valve is represented too little arcuate) . Geological formation and localities. In the Burlington limestone : Bur lington, and nine miles below Iowa city, Iowa ; Quincy, Illinois, etc. | 143 | 0.757 | 0.149 | Iowa, State of, Geological Survey | Hall, James, Geologist of the State of New York [person] ; Iowa, State of, Geological Survey [organisation] ; Whitney, Josiah Dwight [person] | null | null | null | null | English | null | null | null | false |
002487938 | 1858-01-01T00:00:00 | 1858 | Description du département du Bas-Rhin. tom. 1, 2, and 4. pt. 1 | Strasbourg | false | XIX 3e PARTIE. — PRODUITS. — EMPLOI DES FORCES PHYSIQUES ET INTELLECTUELLES. Section lre — Produits. Chapitre i"--- Productions spontanées. § 1er Minéraux. •^ í. Végétation sauvage (autre que les forêts). S 3. Forêts. $ \. Zoologie. Chapitre 2. - Productions artificielles. § 1er Plantes alimentaires, fourragères, oléagineuses textiles, etc. $ 2. Vignes. O § 3. Arbres fruitiers. § 4. Fleurs. Section 2. - - Emploi des forces physiques et intel- LECTUELLES. Chapitre 1er— Exploitation directe du sol. § 1er État de la propriété foncière. ij 2. Agriculture en général. § 3. Cultures spéciales. - Viticulture. § 4. Arboriculture !*j 5. Horticulture. $ 6. Animaux domestiqui Élève des chevaux et des bestiaux. § 7. Statistique de la production alimentaire et de la consommation. § 8. Extractions minérales. | 27 | 0.638 | 0.247 | Migneret, Jean Baptiste Stanislas Martial | Migneret, Jean Baptiste Stanislas Martial [person] | null | null | null | null | French | null | null | null | false |
003983034 | 1858-01-01T00:00:00 | 1858 | China: in a series of views, displaying the scenery, architecture and social habits of that ancient empire. Drawn ... by T. Allom. With historical and descriptive notices by the Rev. G. N. Wright | London | false | 90 CHINA ILLUSTRATED. their talents in embroidery and design. The females of a lower class pursue industrial employments as the means of subsistence. The handsome crape shawls brought to England from China, are the work of women ; and spinning, weaving, and sewing, are the daily occupations of the -wives and daughters of the humbler classes. In the mountains of China, where the habits of the females are still extremely simple, and where they are very industrious, they use the distaff in spinning — a neat and simple piece of machinery, with a broad wheel, not unlike the wool-wheels in use in England not so many years ago. Amongst the Chinese paintings in the library of the East India Company, is one representing a Chinese female and her mother, the former with a distaff by her side, and a wicker-basket — in which the skeins of thread or cotton were placed, at the close of each day's work — for her seat. Her mother holds a piece of cloth in her hand, which she is evidently showing to a man, who, armed with a spear, and with a bow and quiver at his back, occupies the foreground : this man holds a bundle of cloth under his arm, which he has, no doubt, just purchased of the fair vendors. Another picture shows us a female in her loom, weaving, the machine bearing a great resemblance to the looms of this country; indeed, the principle is precisely the same. Except for the features of the industrious occupant of the loom, which are decidedly Chinese, the device might be taken for a scene in an English cottage years ago, when hand-loom weaving was a common occupation. A petit plate with cakes, a teapot, and cup and saucer, are also by the side of the loom, denoting the refreshment of which its fair occupant had been partaking, or was about to partake. Close by those articles is a small taper, in a candlestick like those used by our working classes. It is burning, and denotes the time to be night. The Chinese weavers, we are told, work many hours — quite as many as those in this country are obliged to devote to their labour and toil. The Chinese silk and cotton manufactures are all produced in hand-looms, and mostly by women. There are few large manufacturing establishments; but the artizans work on their own account, and they quite compete with European skill and capital so far as cheapness of production is concerned. In quality, the Chinese textile manufactures are equal to our own. Our engraving represents a female sempstress. She is making stockings from a material for which others of her sex have spun the thread and wove the cloth ; and very happy she looks at her work. Her materials are very much like what are used by sempstresses in this country ; and her costume is the ordinary one of the Chinese female, whose dresses are all made high up to the neck, as shown in the picture. | 230 | 0.7 | 0.178 | Wright, George Newenham | Allom, Thomas [person] ; Wright, George Newenham [person] | London Printing & Publishing | England | England | 2 volumes (4°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | A DESCRIPTIVE DICTIONARY, etc. etc. ABACA ABANG-ABANG ABACA. This is the Musa textilis of Botanists, a species of banana, a native of the Philippine arid of some of the more northerly of the Molucca Islands. On account of it% filaments it is extensively cultivated in the first of these, particularly in the provinces of Camarines, and Albay in the great island of Luzon, and in several of the Bisaya Islands, or range lying south and east of it. The name abaca belongs to the Tagala and 3isaya tongues, but is not the generic name of the banana in either of them. By the Spaniards of the Philippines the plant is known under the name of arbol de canamo, or the hemp tree, from which, no doubt, is derived our own commercial one for the filament " Manilla hemp." The abaca, like other bananas, is propagated easily by the suckers which spring up at the roots of the old plant when it dies. A measure of 5000 square yards ot' land will grow 1000 abaca plants. It grows to the height of 13 or 11 feet exclusive of the leaves. The fruit is small, of a disagreeable taste, and not edible. "When it is about to form, the plant is cut down, and tbe stem being cut open longitudinally, is found to contain a great quantity of filaments of various thickness, and usually a couple of yards in length. These are extracted, hackled after the manner of flax, and then sorted. Some of the finest are as slender as a hair of the head, and these are reserved for the manufacture of cloth, while the coarser are appropriated for cordage, from the smallest rope to a ship's cable. In the husbandry of the Philippines, the abaca is of more importance than cotton. When or how its culture came to be first introduced is not known. In his enumeration of the plants of the Philippines on their first discovery in 1521, Pigafetta does not include the abaca, although he mentions cotton and the esculent banana; but it is possible enough that so peculiar a production may have escaped his notice. Dampier, in his account of Mindano, where he resided for six months in 1686, not only mentions the textile banana, but gives an ample and accurate description of the mode of extracting the thread from the trunk. " As the fruit of this tree," says he, " is of great use for food, so is the body no le«s service- able to make clothes, but this I never knew till I came to this island. The ordinary people of Mindano do wear no other cloth." After this follows the account of the process of extracting the fibres, which is well worth perusal. The Dutch have of late years introduced tbe culture of tbe abaca into tbe northern or volcanic peniusula of Celebes, where it seems to be indigenous, and with a fair prospect of success. There is a large exportation of abaca in the forms of raw hemp and cloth, but especially of cordage, from Manilla. . ABANG. Pulo-abaiig, the name of two islets of the vast group, of various sizes, extending from the coast of the Malay peninsula to that of Sumatra at tbe eastern entrance of the Straits of Malacca, They lie about 30 miles to the north of the equator. ABANG-ABANG. The name of a mountain of Sumatra towards its western side, within the territory of Achin, and in north latitude 4° 20', computed to be 10,200 feet high above the level of the sea. — The word abang signifies " elder brother," but also from the Javanese " red." ftL | 11 | 0.581 | 0.18 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | ARCHIPELAGO 17 ARCHIPELAGO call them Orang puwa-puwa, the last of these words, which Europeans have cor rupted into Papua, being an adjective meaning " frizzled," and the first " man." The brown-complexioned people of the Philippines call them Aeta, or Ita, a term the origin of which is unknown. The Spaniards call those of the Philippines negritos, or little negros, from their diminutive size in comparison with the negros of Africa. This, however, could not be applied to the whole race, for it would exclude the most numerous section, the negros of New Guinea. Sometimes they have been called Austral negros, but neither will this designation answer, since they equally exist in the northern as tbe southern hemisphere. Papua negros would probably be the best designation, since it would include both themselves and the negros of the Pacific Islands, without including Africans or Australians. The two broad distinctions of the man of the Asiatic islands, is into a brown race with lank, and a black one with frizzled, hair; but in reality it will probably be found that there are five distinct races, — the Malay, the Negro-Malay, the Papuan or New Guinea Negro, the Negrito or Little Negro of the Malay Peninsula, and the Negrito of the Philippines ; for there is really nothing to show that these different negros belong to one and the same family of man. Among the tribes of the Archipelago, some have attained a considerable amount of civilisation, one far more advanced than that of any nation of America on its dis covery ; others remain still in a savage condition. The civilisation of the more advanced nations is shown by the domestication of animals applicable for labour and food ; by a knowledge of the precious and useful metals, and especially of malleable iron ; by the culture of corns, pulses, and palms ; by the growth of textile materials, with the arts of spinning, weaving, and colouring fabrics made from them ; by the invention of letters, and by the possession of forms of polity calculated to afford a certain degree of security to life and property. The nations who have made this advancement, although in a very unequal degree, are five of Sumatra, two of Java, two of Celebes, and ten of the Philippines. Of these, by far the most distinguished, and those who have exercised the greatest influence on the rest, are the Malay and Javanese. The condition of the less advanced tribes is very various. Some wander in the forests in quest of a precarious subsistence, without fixed habitations, as some of those of Borneo, Sumatra, Luzon, and Mindano ; others, as some of the tribes of the same islands, and tbe negros of New Guinea, have fixed habitations, have domesticated hogs and poultry for food, but no animals for labour, and grow roots aud corn : others again have, by the assistance of trade, although possessing no domestic animals for labour, and no knowledge of the art of making malleable iron, or having invented letters, attained a higher degree of civilisation than the last. The condition of several of the inhabitants of the islands of the Molucca Sea, on their discovery by Europeans, is an example of this last state. The total population of the Malay and Philippine Islands may be reckoned at twenty millions, of which seventeen are in the islands within the volcanic band ; namely, in Sumatra, which may have 2,000,000 ; in Java, which has about 10,000,000; in the Philippines, which have 4,000,000 ; and in Bali and Lomboc, which may have between them about 1,000,000. This, of course, is but a rough estimate, for, with the exception of the European possessions, no census has ever been attempted. The story of a people who have no history, and who indeed, are incapable of writing history, can only be gleaned from the records of the strangers who have settled among them, or by an examination of their own languages. The strangers who have from time to time settled in the Indian islands, or held intercourse with them for trade, have consisted of Hindus, Arabians, Persians, Chinese, and Europeans, chiefly Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutch, and English. Of these, the largest influence on the manners of the native inhabitants was unquestionably exercised by the Hindus. Their intercourse in a direct form was probably confined to the two islands of Sumatra and Java, but chiefly to the last of these, where they built splendid temples, tbe ruins of which remain, — where they introduced their calendar, and one of their epochs, and into the language of which they infused a considerable amount of their sacred tongue, the Sanscrit, with some portion of their literature and legends, a small admixture of the Telugu, a living vernacular language of Southern India. When or how the first intercourse of the Hindus with tbe Malayan countries com menced, is unknown ; for of historical records the Hindus are nearly as destitute as the Malayan nations themselves. The Hindu records of Java will not, with any certainty, carry us back further than the year 1117 of the era of Salivana, corresponding with the year of Christ 1195, not quite a century before the celebrated Venetian traveller, Marco Polo, was passing through the Archipelago in a fleet of c | 27 | 0.63 | 0.156 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | BALI 29 BALI the population, all accounts of it can be no better than estimates. One reporter, a native of the Archipelago, who had lived among them, makes it 2,000,000; a Dutch authority, iu 1818, above 900,000 ; while Baron Melvill De CamebCe reduces it to no more than 700,000, which may be accepted as by far the most likely. Even this makes the relative population half again as much as that of Java, or near 480 to the square mile, being the greatest density of population throughout the whole Malayan and Philippine islands. The Balinese live in villages of from 500 to 3000 inhabitants, surrounded by walls built of clay, without stone or brick. Within these walls are their dwelling-houses, or rather huts, with their clay-built walls and roofs thatched with grass or palm leaves, — their temples, their stables, their granaries, and their pig-sties. In civilisa tion, the Balinese are amoug the most advanced of the nations of the Archipelago. Their agriculture is said to be superior to that of Java, otherwise tbe best of the Archipelago ; their manufacture of arms, including fire-arms, is tasteful and compara tively skilful, aud their textile fabrics from cotton are substantial and cheap. They have (in the Javanese character, however) a written language of their own, divided into an ancient or theological, a vulgar, and a ceremonial dialect; but they are ignorant of the manufacture of paper, which the Javanese had acquired before their intercourse with Arabs or Europeans, and their manuscripts are scratched on slips of palm-leaf. They have, moreover, a coined money, such as the Javanese possessed before their acquaintance with Europeans, and they possess a calendar and an epoch, the Indian one of Salivana beginning 78 years after Christ. The Balinese dress is a striped or tartan cotton cloth, in the shape of a sack open at both ends ; this secured at the top with a girdle or careless knot, covers the lower part of the body, leaving tbe upper stark naked with both sexes, — a barbarism, at least in the costume of women, unknown to the Malays and proper Javanese, although occasionally to be seen among the lower orders of the Sundas. The hair of the bead is cropped with the lower orders, but preserved by the upper, who tie it in a knot at the crown, and this is a mark of distinction strictly maintained. Neither of them wear any kind of head dress, whether men or women ; nor have they shoes or sandals. The Balinese are a home-keeping people, which may be ascribed to their being more an agricultural, and less a maritime and piscatory race than any other nation of the Archipelago. The few strangers settled among them are Malays, Javanese, mestizo Arabs, and Chinese. The government is rude and arbitrary, making small account of the persons and property of the lower classes, confiscating the last without scruple, and condemning to death or slavery the first. Some degree of security to the middle and upper classes must, however, exist to have brought about the degree of industry which is certainly found to exist. A country cannot be utterly lawless where, on a comparatively small spot, food is raised to support 700,000 people, and which yields a surplus for above 100,000 more. The trade of the island is more considerable than might have been expected, but it is, in a good measure, the creation of recent years. The exports consist of rice, said to amount yearly to 20,000 tons, of pulses, oil, cotton-wool, and cotton fabrics, tobacco, and coffee. The imports are iron and English cotton cloths. The trade is chiefly with Singapore, Java, and, recently, with our Australian colonies. The Hindu religion which once prevailed, to a greater or less extent, among all the more advanced nations of the Archipelago, and which was extinguished among the most considerable of them, the Javanese, in the year 1478 of Christ, at present exists only in Bali, and in a more partial degree in the neighbouring islaud of Lomboc. The Balinese are divided, as books divide the Hindus in their own country, into four great orders or castes : the priest, the soldier, the merchant, and the labourer, called respectively, with a slight corruption, by the Sanscrit names, Bramana, Satriya, Waisya, and Sudra. The Bramius are distinguished into those who perform the offices of the priesthood, called Ida, and those who are Bramins by lineage but do not engage in the functions of the priesthood, and have the title of Dem, that is " Gods." The Satriya, or military order, is more generally known by the title of Gusti, which is a Balinese and alio a Javanese word, meaning " a lord." The third order or Waisya comprises not only traders but such artisans as goldsmiths and cutlers ; and the fourth, the Sudra, comprehends husbandmen, ordinary artisans, and slaves. The second order, of course, comprises the princes, and it is usually forbidden to the different orders to intermix ; but it has happened, notwithstanding, that several of the rulers of Bah and Lomboc have risen to power from the third or mercantile order, — that is, from the middle class of society ; and when such is the case, not much distinction is male between the second and third | 39 | 0.628 | 0.163 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | BORNEO BORNEO 60 No aboriginal nation of Borneo has invented letters, as has been done by the inhabitants of the other great islands— Sumatra, Java, Celebes, and Luzon. Neither have any of them borrowed those of any of the other nations of the Archipelago. In a word, the most advanced of the tribes of Borneo are in the scale of civilisation much below the least advanced of the civilised nations of the other islands, a result which may be fairly ascribed to the inaccessible physical form of the island, and to the virtual sterility of its soil compared to that of the countries within the volcanic band in which alone a reputable civilisation has sprung up. Such a stats of society evidently bears a nearer resemblance to that of America on its discovery than to any thing Asiatic, with the advantage, on the side of the Borneans, of the knowledge of malleable iron, with which, however, they had not attained so high a civilisation as the Aztecs without it. It would be instructive to know how much of the Dayak civilisation of Borneo is indigenous, and how much is derived from the strangers who have so long occupied the coast of the island. We can only guess at this from an examination of their languages. We possess a tolerably large vocabulary of the language of the Kayan, the most numerous and powerful native tribe of the island. This shows that the words for iron, gold, anvil, hammer, file, chisel, gimlet, axe, hoe, knife, needle, boat, oar, window, loft, floor, stairs, railing, beam, board, rafter, lath, thatch, pot, jar, areca palm, banana, orange, and mangostin are all native, while those for brass, copper, whetstone, thread, cloth, chest, porcelain, cup, curtains, the balance, the durian, the coco-palm, the yam, sugar-cane, cotton, rice in the husk, rice freed from it and rice boiled, the hog and the dog, with all the numerals except the first, are Malayan. We may be disposed then to conclude from this enumeration that the making of malleable iron and whatever is formed from it, with the construction of houses, are native arts, while the taming of domestic animals, the growth of corn, and the weaving of textile fabrics, are arts which they have acquired from strangers. No negro race is found in Borneo such as exist in the Malay peninsula, and in Luzon, Panay, and Negros in the Philippines. Nearly the whole coast is occupied by colonised strangers, the most remarkable of whom are the Malays, who are in possession of the debouchements of the rivers and territory adjoining them from the north-east angle of the island, including tbe whole north-western, western, southern, and eastern sides, up to about the third degree of north latitude. In these quarters, to the depth of about 100 miles, they have been settled for a time beyond the reach of history, holding the conterminous aboriginal inhabitants in a species of vassalage or helotism, and excluding them generally from maritime communication. Some fifteen such settlements, which either now form, or which once formed, so many petty independent states, may be counted. Of the time when, or the manner in which these colonies were planted, there is no record, but in their manner of formation it may be said that it bears, although in a rude way, no inconsiderable resemblance to that of the ancient Greek colonies of the shores of Italy, its islands, and the Mediterranean coast of France. The probability is that the original Malay settlers were not com posed of premeditated emigrations, but of casual settlements of the wandering, warlike, and predatory people called the Orang-lant, or Men of the Sea, who finding convenient localities for settlement on the rivers of Borneo, assumed fixed habits from their position without altogether abandoning the occupations of fishermen and traders of the people from whom they were sprung. This seems a more reasonable mode of accounting for the Malay settlements in Borneo, than ascribing them to deliberate emigration, little compatible with the rude manners of such a people and for which no sufficient cause could exist in a country never over-peopled, and there fore never under the necessity of migrating for more room. Settlements formed in this manner, with essentially maritime habits, would naturally maintain an intercourse with more advanced Malay nations, situated on the shores and islands of Sumatra, the parent country of this people, and by such an intercourse, acquire additional strength and civility. The Malays of Borneo invariably ascribe their origin to those of Menangkabo, or to those of Malacca and Jehore, supposed to have sprung from these. This however is only tracing their source to the most powerful and civilised states which the Malays are known to have formed, or to the parties to have sprung from whom does themselves the greatest credit. Some merchants of Brunai or Borneo Proper, the most considerable state which the Malays ever established in the island, informed myself in 1824, while in Singapore, that the existing generation of their countrymen was the twenty-ninth in descent from the original founders, the Malays of Menangkabo, and iu 1837 a similar account was given to a traveller who visited Borneo itself. In all | 70 | 0.656 | 0.146 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | BULACAN 77 BUSAO men under whom they have advanced to civilisation. In their habits they are regular and sober, but indolent and addicted to gaming. As among tbe Javanese, all buyino and selling is the province of the women. In 1849, the total native population of the province of Bulacan was 213,498, of whom 38,961 were subject to the poll-tax, its total amounting to 389,610 reals of plate. Besides these there were, in the same year, 1 5 Spaniards, 691 Spanish mestizos, and 9572 Chinese mestizos, with 84 pure Chinese, making a total population of 223,860. Tbe relative population gives no less than 389 to the square mile, which is equal in density to some of the most populous parts of Java. In 1799, the total population was only 83,671, and in 1818, it had risen to 125,021. In [fifty years' time it had, therefore, increased, if these figures can be relied on, by no less than 167 per cent. BULACAN, the chief town of the province of the same name, situated on a creek of the bay of Manilla, and distant from the city five and a half leagues. Bulacan con- tains 1832 houses, and a population of 11,292, of whom 2219 are subject to the capitation-tax, the sum of which is 22,190 reals of plate. It was founded in 1572, or about 50 years after the discovery of the Philippiues, and is regularly laid out with straight aud spacious streets. Many of the houses belonging to the Spanish and Chinese mestizos are of stone and well built, but the majority are of wood or bamboo, thatched with nipa-leaf. The most remarkable buildings are the house of the chief alcalde, the hotel of the wine and tobacco revenues, a preparatory school-house, supported by the funds of the commune, a magnificent convent of the Augustines, and a fine church built by the same fraternity. In the neighbourhood there are many pleasant walks, and excellent roads connect it with the different parts of the province it belongs to, as well as with the neighbouring ones. BULOAN. The name of a lake in the island of Mindano, and territory of the Bultan of that island. It is laid down in the maps as being in north latitude 6° 40', and east longitude 124° 38', — described to be 12 leagues in circumference, and represented to be connected with the larger lake of Linao. BUNWUT. The name of a small island fronting the bay of Bongo, itself within the great bay of Illano, on the, southern side of the island of Mindano. It is about two leagues in length and one in breadth, and has therefore an area of two leagues. Latitude north 7° 8', longitude -east 124°. BURACAN. The name of a lake in the province of Pampanga, and island of Luzon, formed by the perennial torrents which proceed from the neighbouring volcanic mountain of Arayat. It abounds in fish and water-fowl, and its neighbour- hood is richly cultivated with rice, sesame, and tobacco. BURIAS. The name of a considerable island of the Philippine Archipelago, lying on the southern coast of Luzon, and forming part of the province of South Cama- rines. It contains an area of 220 square geographical miles, but its surface is mountainous, rocky, and uneven. Its chief products are rice, maiz, and the abaca, or textile banana, and it is poorly cultivated and thinly inhabited, having but one town, and this, which is on the shore fronting Luzon, with no more than 602 inhabitants, being the whole population of the island. BURI, or BULL The name of a Philippine palm, probably the Corypha gebanga of botanists, and the Gabang of the Malays and Javanese. The Philippine islanders make much use of the several parts of this palm. From the leaves they make mats, from the sap both sugar and a distilled spirit, from the pith a sago, and from the seeds rosaries, while the spines boiled in water yield a thread from which a coarse cloth is woven, called Sagoron. BURIK. The name of one of the wild and independent tribes of the island of Luzon, and province of Abra, inhabiting the northern portion of the Western Cor- dillera. The Buriks belong to the same brown-complexioned and lank-haired race as all the more civilised people of the Philippines. In their persons they are robust, and they have received a considerable amount of culture, for they raise rice by irrigation, and rear herds of cattle. They tattoo the whole of the upper portion of the body, so as to represent the figure of a coat-of-mail, on which slender fact some Spanish writers have jumped to the conclusion that they are the descendahts of islanders of the Pacific,driven by storms on the coast of Luzon. BUSAO. The name of one of the wild and independent tribes of the island of Luzon, and province of Abra, neighbours of the Burik and other similar tribes. Their locality | 87 | 0.648 | 0.152 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | CAMBOJA CALANTAN 80 Islands, particularly in low and swampy lands, which they contribute by their density and numerous prickles to render nearly impenetrable. They vary in size from a few lines to a couple of inches in diameter, and creeping along the ground or climbing trees they often extend to the length of several hundred yards. By the natives they are used for almost every purpose of cordage. The greater number of those exported are the produce of Sumatra and Borneo. The Malays, with a generic name for the whole family, distinguish the different kinds, which are probably distinct species, by adding an epithet to them. The general name is rotan, of which the European ratan is an obvious corruption. It is thought to be derived from the verb rawat, which in Malay means " to pare or trim," in reference to the process by which the canes are prepared for use. CALANTAN. The name of a Malay state on the eastern side of the peninsula. See Kalantan. CALASUNGAY. The name of a wild or infidel tribe of the island of Mindano, in the Spanish province of Misamis, lately brought under subjection by the Spaniards, and among whom a Christian mission was established in 1849. CALINGAS. The name of one of the many wild tribes of the island of Luzon inhabiting a range of mountains lying between the rivers Apayo and Tajo within the province of Cagayan. The Calingas, a brown-complexioned people, with lank hair, are among the most numerous and advanced of the wild tribes of the Philippines, cultivating rice and raising fine tobacco. They are of a peaceful and docile character, and by the indefatigable zeal of the Spanish missionaries a few of them have been converted to Christianity. CAMARINES. A province of the island of Luzon, divided in 1829 into two, a northern and southern. The name is taken from the Spanish word Camarina, "a closet or dressing-room," which, in Manilla, is applied to the porch or portico of a house. The nipa-palms used in the construction of these, when Manilla was first built, were obtained from that part of Luzon which now bears the name. The Camarines constitute the principal portion of the peninsula which makes the seutheru end of Luzon ; the province of Albay forming its extremity, and that of Tayabas the isthmus. It has three great bays, that of Kagay to the south, and of Lamon or Sogod to the north-west, between which lies the isthmus while to the south and south- east are the spacious gulfs of San Miguel and Logonay. The chain of the Caraballos mountains which run from north to south through the whole island, necessarily traverses it, and several of its peaks are active volcanos, the volcanic formation prevailing throughout the whole of the two provinces. Within them are the large lakes of Bato, Buhi, and Baao, and many rivers, of which the Naga is the largest. This receives the waters of the lakes just named, empties itself in the bay of San Miguel, and is navigable to a considerable distance by vessels of 200 tons' burden. On the north-eastern coast, there are many small islands, but none of any considera- tion, for Catanduanes belongs to the province of Albay. The two provinces of North and South Camarines contain between them an area of 2845 geographical square miles. The climate of the Camarines is considered by the Spaniards agreeable and healthy. The soil is fruitful, yielding abundantly all the usual products of the Philippines, but rice and the textile banana or abaca are the staple products. The more active ox is substituted for the heavy and slow buffalo generally used in agricultural labour in the other provinces, a proof of a light and dry soil, as well as of improved husbandry. The Camarines are traversed by good roads, and their rivers well bridged, the bridges being sometimes of stone, but more frequently of bamboo. In 1849 the province of North Camarines contained 28,329 inhabitants, of whom 3965 were subject to the capitation-tax, which amounted to 39,650 reals of plate. In the same year the much more extensive province of South Camarines contained 115,575 inhabitants, of whom 26,649 paid the capitation-tax, which amounted to 266,490 reals of plate. By the census of 1818 the population of the two provinces was only 113,893, so that in 30 years an increase of about one-fourth had taken place. Taking the two provinces together, the rate of population to the square mile gives 50'5. CAMBOJA, or CAMBODIA, in Malay, correctly Kamboja, which is believed to be a name derived from the Sanscrit. This is the same country which is better known to the Malays under the name of Champa. The Proper Cambojans are a people distinct in manners and language from those of Lao and Siam to the north | 90 | 0.64 | 0.164 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | COCO-PALM COCO-PALM 114 it is licensed by the government, which derives from it a yearly revenue of about 40,000 dollars, or about 10,000Z. COCO-PALM (cocos-mtjcifeea). This palm, so generally diffused over the tropical world, old aud new, would appear to be a native of several of the islands of the Asiatic Archipelago, while to others, it seems to have been conveyed by currents or by man. The two most frequent names for it are, the Malay, nur, and the Javanese, kalapa. These, with some corruptions, have a very wide circulation, especially the first. The Javanese name extends to the languages of Celebes, and even to some of those of the islands of the Molucca Sea, but the Malay, to the Philippine tongues, to the language of the South Sea Islands, and even to that of Madagascar. The coco-palm is in a good measure a littoral plant, attaining earliest maturity, greatest size, and most fruitfulness close to the sea, although growing also, and yielding fruit at a considerable distance from it. The natives are well aware of this fact, according to tbe following apt quotation from Marsden's Sumatra. " Here, said a countryman at Laye, if I plant a coco-nut, I may expect to reap the fruit of it, but in Labun (au inland district) I should only plant for my great grand-children." Many uninhabited islets, on the western coast of Sumatra, afford examples of the mode in which the coco-palm has been conveyed by currents, and of the partiality of the plant for the immediate neighbourhood of the sea. " This island, Triste"," says Dampier, "is not a mile round, and so low, that the tide flows clear over it. It is of a sandy soil, and full of coco-nut trees. The nuts are but small, yet sweet enough, full, and more ponderous than I ever felt any of that bigness, notwithstanding that at every spring-tide the salt-water goes clear over the island." — Vol. i. p. 474. The island thus referred to is the Pulo-Mega, or "Cloud Island," of the natives, a name taken from Sanscrit, and is distant from the shore of Sumatra fifteen leagues. From this account, it is evident that the nut may be conveyed a long way by sea without losing its vitality. The same judicious observer narrates tbe following fact in illustration. " The tenth day, being in latitude 5° 10', and about 7 or 8 leagues from the island of Sumatra, on the west side of it, we saw abundance of coco-nuts swimming in the sea, and we hoisted out our boats and took some of them, as also a small hutch or scuttle, rather belonging to some bark. The nuts were very sound, and the kernel sweet, and in some, the milk or water in them was yet sweet and good." — Vol. i. p. 474. The coco-nuts, in this ease, were no doubt the produce of a wreck. By far the best account of this important palm, that I have seen, is to be found in the 4th vol. of the Journal of the Indian Archipelago, written by Mr. J. T. Thomson. "The habit of this tree," says this experienced and intelligent writer, "is on the sea shore, fringing the beach. In such a position, should the soil be loose and friable, though of the most meagre description, such as sea-sand and shells, it grows luxu riantly without the concomitant aids of cultivation, manure, or the proximity of inhabited houses; but this only obtains within one or two hundred feet of the beach. Its bending stem, inclined towards the sea, causing its fruit to be received into the bosom of that element, appears to have peculiarly fitted it for extension to the various islands and atolls of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, to which the nut is floated by the winds and tides, and to whose inhabitants it affords both shelter and food. When planted in other localities than these, it neither grows well nor affords fruit, unless it be on rich soil, or in the proximity of dwellings, and in average soils it requires both considerable manuring and cultivation. ... A good coco-nut tree, when in full bearing, will yield 140 to 150 nuts per annum. It commences to bear in damp, low, rich soils in the 4th or 5th year, in sandy soils, of middling height, in the 6th and 7th year, and on high ridges in the 9th and 10th year and the last, though slow in growth, are wholesome good trees. From the time the blossom shows, three months elapse before tbe formation of the fruit, and the fruit requires six months more to come to full growth, three months more to ripen, and it will remain other two months before it drops. Thus fourteen months elapse between the blossoming and the falling of the ripe fruit." The accounts usually given of the almost innumerable uses to which the different parts of the coco-palm are put are in a good measure exaggerated. The only parts essentially valuable are the albumen of the nut for its oil, and its husk for a textile material. In the Asiatic Archipelago, the wood, the leaves, the sap aud the pith of other palms, are either better in quality or cheaper. In whatever manner the first inhabitants of other regions of the earth may have obtained their earliest subsistence, it is certain that those of which the coco-palm is a native had at | 124 | 0.636 | 0.169 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | 124 DRESS DRESS or representative, and thence also a play or dramatic representation. The more advanced of the nations of the Archipelago have the rudiments of a drama, the origin of which, it is certain, from the terms connected with it, and from its subjects, was in Java. There exists, however, in Javanese, no written dramatic performance in the form of dialogue ; and, indeed, the actors do not, except occasionally a few sentences, speak at all, so that the plays are really pantomimes. A practised artist, called the D'alang, reads the story before the audience, which the performers act in pantomime. Men perform both male and female parts, and usually in masks (topeng), and in the ancient costume of Java. The subjects of the drama are taken either from the Javanese versions of the Hindu poems, the Mahabaret, or Ramayana, or from the ancient legends of Java itself, and this always, whether the performance take place in the island itself, or in countries beyond it. A Javanese play consists of one continuous exhibition without scenes or acts. Jesters or drolls (badud and baflol) are introduced on the stage without any observance as to time or subject; and a band of music, consisting of the usual staccato instruments, which make a wild and plain tive music, is played throughout the performance. Another kind of acting substitutes a sort of puppets for living actors : these puppets consist of pieces of leather richly painted and gilt, and always representing the same personages, celebrities of ancient story. They are put in motion behind a screen of white cloth, having a lamp behind, so as to resemble the figures from a magic lantern. The same master of the revels, the d'alang, moves the figures, and furnishes the dialogue or story, something after the manner of Punch. Of all these performances, the buffoonery is by far the best part. DRESS. A mere outline of this subject will suffice to give the reader a general notion of it. In the hot climate of the Asiatic islands, the trees of the forest most probably furnished the raw materials of the first scanty clothing of its inhabitants, and that would consist of a mere covering for the loins. The fibrous inner bark of some trees furnishes, even at present, among the more civilised races, a main portion of the dress of the poorer classes. Cotton, however, has immemorially formed the staple of the clothing of all the more advanced races. Silk was found to form a portion of the dress of the upper classes on the first arrival of Europeans, imported wrought or raw from China ; and since a direct intercourse with Europe, woollen cloths have been used to a very considerable extent by the same classes. To these are added, in the Philippine islands, fabrics of the Abaca, or textile banana, and of the Pina, or pineapple leaf fibre; the first no doubt of native origin, but the last, from the nature of the material, certainly of American, through Europe. Among all the more civilised nations, the most important portion of dress is that which covers the lower portion of the body, and this is the same for both sexes. It consists of a short web of cotton cloth, sown at the sides, and forming a sack open at both ends. Its usual Malay name, sarung, which literally signifies a case or sheath, has reference to its use. This is loosely secured by tucking the upper end into its own folds, or by a girdle. This kind of petticoat forms generally the only dress of the male sex of the working classes, and within doors of all classes ; and on this account we find the early Portuguese writers, always representing the Indian islanders as " going naked from the waist upwards." The dress for the upper portion of the body consists of a jacket coming below the hips, called in Malay, baju, and in Java- nese, rasukan ; and the classes in easier circumstances wear under it a tight vest with a single row of buttons. The head is always bare with the women, but the men cover it with a small handkerchief, saputuugan, literally, "hand-wiper." This is evidently an imitation of the turban, the Persian name for which, dastkr, is only known to the learned. The Javanese, indeed, down even to the arrival of the Portu- guese, seem to have used no head-dress, for Barbosa informs us that the people of this nation, whom he met at Malacca, " wore nothing on the head, but had their hair either arranged with art, or cropped." The Javanese, contrary to the usage of the Mahommedan nations of Western Asia, still continue to wear their long hair under the handkerchief. Trowsers are occasionally used under the sarung by the richer classes, and this portion of dress, like the imitation of the turban, seems to have been borrowed from the Arabs, as is implied by its Arabian name, sarual, corrupted saluwar. r Such is, generally, the dress of the more advanced nations of the Malayan Archi- pelago; but there are some distinctions of national costume, which consist chiefly in the manner of wearing the head-handkerchief, and in the pattern of the cloth of which the dress is made, and which last with the Malays and nations of Celebes is always | 134 | 0.634 | 0.163 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | DYEING 134 DYEING the bosom, and that of tattooing, exist among the wild inhabitants of Borneo as among many other savage nations, but there is nothing pecuhar about them. Mr. Dalton's account of the use of poisoned arrows is curious, although I must consider the effects he ascribes to them as exaggerated, " Of the sumpits," says^he, " I need not say much ; they are similar to those used in various parts of the island. The dart3 are of various sorts : those used in war are poisoned by dipping them in a liquid taken from a young tree, called by the Dyaks, upo. The effects are almost immediately fatal. I have seen in Selji's boat, when a man was struck in the hand, the poison ran so quickly up the arm, that by the time the elbow was green the wrist was black. Tbe man died in about four minutes; the smell from the hand was very offensive. Each man carries about with him a small box of lime juice. By dipping the dart into this before they put it into the sumpit, the poison becomes active, in which state they blow it. They will strike an object at forty yards, and will kill a monkey or bird at that distance. When the darts are poisoned they will throw them sixty yards, as in war, or at some large ferocious animal, which they seldom eat. However, I have seen them eat of the flesh notwithstanding it was killed with a poisoned dart. In such cases they boil it before roasting, which, they say, extracts the poison." — Vol. v, p. 51. The word sumpit, used by Mr. Dalton, is correctly sumpitan, the first two syllables making a Malay verb, meaning to perflate with the mouth ; and the last, the tube or instrument through which perflation is performed. The upo of the Kayans is most probably a corruption of the Javanese word upas, poison or venom. Such, then, are the manners and customs of the most advanced and most powerful of the native tribes of Borneo. The Kayans cultivate corn and cotton ; rear the common fowl, the hog, and the dog; and by the help of an excellent ore, fabricate the best iron and steel of the whole Archipelago, They have extended their conquests nearly from sea to sea; and if we would credit the statements of Mr. Dalton, their numbers cannot be fewer than a quarter of a million. This, however, is the utmost extent of power and civilisation to which any indigenous tribe of Borneo seems ever to have reached ; while in all the large islands, except New Guinea, and in many of the smaller ones, a far higher civilisation has sprung up. The race of men in Borneo is one and the same with that of the other islands, aud I imagine the difference in social progress can only be ascribed to the obstacles which the physical geography of Borneo has opposed to the development of an indigenous civilisation. These consist in the absence of untimbered plains, the universal presence of a deep and almost impenetrable forest, a comparative sterility or stubbornness of soil, and a density of land which precludes an easy communication with more civilised strangers. The only advantage which Borneo possesses over the other large islands, consists in its mineral wealth, — its gold, iron, and coal ; but this would not be available to any effective extent, in the promotion of an early civilisation. The result has been, that even tbe most improved of the aboriginal inhabitants of Borneo are still unlettered savages, and sometimes cannibals. Even the small advancement which they have made, may, on the evidence of language, be traced, in no small degree, to their com- munication with strangers ; as in the instances of tbe cultivation of corn, roots, cotton, the manufacture of textile materials, and of iron. Few of the savages of Borneo are in so low a state as the majority of those of tropical America ; but notwithstanding the great advantage possessed by them in a knowledge of iron, the most advanced have not attained, by any means, so large a measure of civilisation as that which sprang up on the elevated and open plateaus of that continent. A few of the Dyaks of Borneo have adopted the Mahommedan religion. These consist of such tribes as have been long in immediate communication with the Malay settlers of the coasts. This conversion is followed by the adoption of the manners, customs, and even language of the Malays ; so that, in time, they are merged into Malays, and come to be considered as such. The Dyak passion for pork ia reason ably stated to prove a serious obstacle to conversion. When this conversion does not take place, the subjugated Dyaks are always found to be hving in a state of Helotism. DYEING. The Javanese, who of all the Malayan race, have certainly made the highest progress in all the useful arts, have a specific term for dyeing or tinting, — madal ; but tbe Malays express it only by the word -for dipping, — chalup. Yet the only generic words which either of them possess for " colour," are the Sanscrit, warna ; and the Portuguese, tinta. Their colours are usually sombre,— little varied, | 144 | 0.629 | 0.176 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | ENGANO 136 ENGANO to settle the question of its existence. Considering, however, that the elephant does not exist in any other part of Borneo than those named, there is room to suspect that the individuals found in these may be the descendants of those which were found in the domesticated state on the first arrival of Europeans in the island, and which were seen and described by Pigafetta, in 1521. The learned and indefatigable Netherland naturalists of India have lately made an unexpected discovery respecting the elephant of Borneo. They have found it to be a species distinct both from the African and Asiatic, and hence have given it the name of Elephas Sumatrensis. It approaches nearest in form to the Asiatic elephant, but differs from it very materially. The ribbon-formed ridges on the crown of the teeth are larger and more prominent. The dorsal vertebra?, instead of 19, amount to 20; but the sacral vertebræ, instead of being five, amount to four only ; while, instead of 19 pairs of ribs, it has 20. Whether the elephant of the Malay peninsula be the same with the Sumatran, or with the common Asiatic, or whether it be different from either, is a point which has not been ascertained. Both the elephant of Sumatra and of the peninsula are, like the Asiatic species, and as the African once was, amenable to domestication. In the northern states of the Malay peninsula they are, in fact, domesticated and employed as beasts of burden ; and in Sumatra, they were once tamed and used by the kings of Achin for parade. From both countries they are occasionally caught, tamed, and exported by the Telingas to the Coromandel coast. I have no doubt, also, that in old times they were exported to Java ; for they are abundant in the nearest part of Sumatra to that island, the country of the Lampungs. For the purposes of court ceremonies or for war, the elephant was found by the Europeans, on their first arrival in the Archipelago, in places where they no longer exist. Thus, at the capture of Malacca, the king and his son, each on their elephants carrying a wooden tower, charged the Portuguese, and in the pursuit of the fugitive king after the capture, mention is made by the Portuguese historians of the taking of seven elephants. And when the companions of Magellan touched at Borneo, and visited the king, in 1521, Pigafetta informs us that he himself and his associates were conveyed from the river Bide to the palace on caparisoned elephants. It seems highly probable that the natives of the Asiatic Archipelago were ignorant of the art of taming the elephant until instructed by the Hindus. This is to be inferred, not only from the prevalence of Sanscrit names for the elephant itself, but from matters connected with its domestication. The usual name in Malay is the Sanscrit one, gajah ; and, indeed, it was long before I myself found out that it had a native one. This is beram, although now obsolete. The Sanscrit name, gajah, prevails all over the Archipelago, — even where the elephant is known only by repute. Thus, in the Tagala of the Philippines, we find it in the corrupt form of gaya, and in the Bisaya of the same group, as garya. In the language of Java, an island in which the animal could only be an exotic, it has no fewer than seven names, all Sanscrit, although some of them be only epithets. Among the terms connected with the domestication of tbe elephant that are taken from the Sanscrit, are the elephant driver, or attendant, gabala-gaja, literally, "elephant groom," balanggu, the fetters, and kusa, the driving crook. The names of the tusks, of the decoy elephant, and of the elephant trap are, however, pure Malay. ENGANO. The most southerly, and one of the largest, of the chain of islands which runs along the western coast of Sumatra, and reckoned to be, iu all, no fewer tban 300 in number. The origin of the name is uncertain, but is probably from the Portuguese word, engano, fraud or deception, which, joined to the Malay word, pulo, as usual in such cases, would make " Deception Island." The western end of Engano is in south latitude 5° 21', and its east end in longitude 102° 7' 15". Alon" with some small islands near it, it is computed to have an area of 400 geographical square miles. It is surrounded and girdled by a coral reef, on which a heavy surf breaks, making landing difficult. The soil is red clay, most probably the produce of the decompo- sition of sandstone. It does not appear to contain any mountain of considerable elevation ; but the whole land is of sufficient height to be visible at sea, at the distance of seven or eight leagues. As usual, it is covered with large timber. On the south-east side of the island there is a safe harbour, formed by a bay fronted by four iBlets. The inhabitants of Engano are of the genuine Malayan race, but in a very rude state. Their chief subsistence is the coco-nut, yams, and the banana, with fish. They have no knowledge of any textile material, going naked, with the excep- tion of a shred of prepared bark or dried banana-leaf at the waist; and no knowledge | 146 | 0.627 | 0.155 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | 176 JAVA JAVA The state of the mechanic arts among the Javanese is far below that of their agriculture, but still in advance of that of the other nations of the Archipelago ; and with the exception of textile fabrics, not below that of the Hindus. In this respect, the Javanese are probably on a par with our Saxon forefathers a thousand years ago. About thirty different crafts may be enumerated as practised among them. We cannot be sure, however, how many of these have been immemorially practised ; for by prefixing words (tukang or jura) equivalent to our own terms, smith, wright, work- man, or artificer, to the object on which the calling is exercised, any craft may be created at pleasure. The most important, however, and these have specific names, are the blacksmith or cutler, the carpenter, the kris-sheathmaker, the coppersmith, the goldsmith, aud the potter. The manufacture of bricks, bata, and of tiles, ganding, is certainly a native art. Both bricks and tiles are, at preseut, largely made ; and excellent bricks are found in tbe remains of many ancient temples, proviug that the art of manufacturing them has been known for many ages. Coarse unglazed pottery, similar to that of Hin- dustan, is also made ; aud the names of the different sorts, all belong to the verna- cular language. The potter is one of the artisans distinguished by a specific name, kundi ; and we conclude, therefore, that the art is an ancient and indigenous one. Beyond the manufacture of this coarse article, the Javanese have not advanced, — all their better pottery having been for ages received from China. In this, however, they are no worse than the Hindus. The chief exercise of the skill of the Javanese in carpentry, is displayed in house and boat building; in the fabrication of agricultural implements; and in that of the hilts, shafts, and scabbards of warlike weapons. The ordinary dwellings of the peasantry consist of a rough frame of timber, thatched on the coast with the leaves of the nipa palm, and in the interior with grass; having walls and partitions of split, flattened, and plaited bamboo work. They are always built on the ground, as are those of the people of Bali and Lomboc, which distinguishes them from the dwellings of the Malays, and other maritime tribes, always erected on tall piles, to suit the low and often marshy situations which they usually occupy. The dwellings of the upper classes differ, chiefly, in their greater size, with the exception of the palaces of the princes and higher nobility. Boat building is an art extensively practised all along the northern coast of Java ; and there are vessels of this description of all sizes and many forms, from mere fishing canoes to those of fifty tons, which navigate the principal rivers. In Javanese there are no fewer tban four generic names for a ship or vessel : prau, jong, biiita, and palwa, — all native words. The first of these terms has been almost naturalised in the European languages. The second is that most generally applied by the Javanese to their larger vessels, which the Portuguese not improperly translated, "ships." They wrote the word as junca, and this is the term which, in the shape of junk, we apply to the large vessels of the Chinese, but which the Javanese and others denominate wangkang. The building of ships is, at present, conducted only under European direction, the workmen, however, being all Javanese. When Europeans became first acquainted with the Javanese, and found them engaged iu the spice trade, they were possessed of vessels of large size, well entitled to the name of ships. Barbosa gives a curious, and to all appearauce, a very accurate account of these vessels and their import cargoes. "There arrive here from Java," says he, "many vessels which have four masts, and are very different from ours. They are built of large timber, and when they become old they are covered with new planking, and some- times there will lie three or four coatings of this description, one over the other. The sails are made of osiers (ratans), aud tbe ropes of the same. These vessels bring great quantities of rice, flesh of oxen, hogs, and deer," (the dendong aud balur of the Malays and Javanese, or jerk beef,) " common fowls, garlic, aud°onions. Also, they bring many arms for sale, such as lances, swords, shields with daggers, with hilts wrought in marquetry, and blades of the finest steel. Finally, they bring cubebas," (cubeb pepper,) " and a yellow colouring matter which they call casuba," (kasumba, " safflower,") " and gold. Among the mariners there are some whose wives and children never land, for in their vessels they are born, live, and die."— Ramusio Vol. i., p. 317. We have an example of the extent to which these vessels could be fitted out by the Javanese, in an expedition which they prepared against Malacca, before its con quest by the Portuguese, and iu which they persevered even after that event De Barros informs us that it was fitted out by tbe lord of Japara, a man who had " enriched himself by piracy ; " and the same who afterwards became king of Sunda, | 186 | 0.624 | 0.16 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | JAVA 178 JAVA still manufactured in Java, and form an article of exportation, as, indeed, they are described as having done, on the first arrival of the Portuguese. The only textile material of native produce woven by the Javanese is cotton, rather a coarse article, and the only kind of cloth made from it is a stout durable calico, the muslins and other fine textures of continental India being unknown to the Javanese looms. The processes of cleaning and preparing the cotton, of spinning, weaving and dyeing are all carried on by women, and are purely domestic manu- factures, as is the case with all the other nations of the Archipelago, and with the Burmese, Peguans, Siamese, and Kambojans, evidence with all of them of rudeness and semi-barbarism. The usual mode of giving variety of colours to the web is the simplest possible, consisting in weaving the previously coloured yarn, and always in stripes, chequered or tartan patterns, so frequent with the other tribes, being against the taste of the Javanese. Another mode of effecting the same object is peculiar to this people. It consists in covering with melted wax the part of the cloth not intended to be dyed before putting it in the vat, the process necessarily requiring repetition in proportion to the number of colours intended to be given. Cloths of this pattern go under the name of batik, which means painting or delineating, from the pattern being first delineated on the cloth with a pencil, and filled in with a painting tube having a bowl for the melted wax. The process is operose and expen- sive, and it may be adduced as proof how little beyond religion, the Javanese gained from their intercourse with the Hindu, since they did not instruct them in the art of calico-printing, immemorially practised by themselves. To judge from its name, kapas, a corruption of the Sanscrit karpasa, the cotton plant was, most probably, introduced into Java by the Hindus. All the terms, how- ever, connected with the art of converting the raw material into a textile fabric, are native words, such as, spinning, antik ; yarn, banang or lawe- ; weaving, tanun ; warp, lungsen ; and woof, pakan. So also are words connected with the decoration of the wrought fabric, as dom, needle ; sewing, jait or jaib ; embroidering, sulam. All these terms, including the foreign name of the plant itself, and always in its corrupted form, have been very widely diffused among the other languages of the Archipelago, a fact from which we are led to infer that the manufacture of cotton was spread from Java to the other islands. The same fact, may, however, lead us to conjecture that the Javanese, before the introduction of the cotton plant, may have possessed the art of weaving a cloth from some native material, in the same manner that the natives of the Philippines did from the fibre of the textile Banana. The only material, besides cotton, from which cloth is made by the Javanese is silk, and as the art of rearing the silk-worm has never been introduced into Java, with any effectual result, the raw material has always been imported. The name by which it is universally known in the Asiatic Archipelago, the Philippines excepted, is sutra, which is the Sanscrit word for "thread," in which form it was most probably first introduced by the Hindu traders. At present, the raw material is imported from China, an inferior silk, from which a coarse cloth is wrought with the same implements as that of cotton. Paper, known by the vernacular name daluwang, is, as stated in another place, a manufacture peculiar to the Javanese. It is of the nature of the papyrus of the ancients, aud not of the beautiful and ingenious fabric which the nations of Europe acquired from the Arabs of Spain, and so long known to the Chinese. The possession, however, of such a paper as that made by the Javanese, evinces a superiority in the arts over tbe other nations of the Archipelago, many of whom still continue to scratch their writings on palm-leaves. The manufacture of glass is now, and has at all times been, unknown to the Javanese, to whom this article is known only by the Sanscrit name, kacha. The mirror is known by a native name, charmin, and most probably, as in Europe, consisted of polished metallic plates, before the introduction of glass coated with tin. In higher branches of knowledge, the little that is kuown to the Javanese is soon told. The Hindu system of noting numbers seems to have been introduced from India, and not by the Arabs, for we find it in ancient inscriptions, both on stone and brass. The Javanese, however, have little knowledge of arithmetic, and it can hardly be said to exist among them as an art. As connected with astronomy, they have a rural year, of 360 days, divided into twelve seasons of unequal length, two being of 23 days, two of 24, two of 26, and four of 41. The first ten of these seasons take their names from the ordinal numbers of the vernacular language. The meaning of the word, which is the name of the eleventh season, has escaped my enquiries, but the twelfth signifies, "certain," or "established," and corresponds with the dry | 188 | 0.626 | 0.166 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | LUZON LUZON 228 times as high as those of Java or continental India, in parts of these where a variable land-tax prevails. The chief obstacle to cultivation in Luzon, as in all countries similarly situated, consists in clearing and grubbing up the forest, and in forming the dikes and trenches in the case of irrigated land. The most valuable wild lands are, consequently, stated to be those without timber trees or underwood, but covered with ferns, and these, from the increase of population, have become scarce. With lands of this description, all that is necessary is to burn the fern in the dry season, and proceed at once to form the dikes and trenches for water-field. From the high price of land in Luzon, I imagine it must be concluded that the amount of fertile land easily available to profitable cultivation must be much smaller than in Java, for even with the advan tage of freedom from land-tax, the price would not have been what it is, had the good land been abundant in proportion to the area of the island. Next in value to irrigated land, is the dry-field fit for the growth of sugar-cane, of maiz, cotton, the abaca banana, and tobacco. The sugar-cane, coffee, cocoa, and indigo, are raised to a considerable extent in Luson, but chiefly by small proprietors, as tea is in China, because the high price of labour and the minute subdivision of landed estates is adverse to raising these commodities in a large way. " The whole of the productions of the islands," says Mr. Mackmicking, who had resided several years in Luzon, " are raised by the poor Indian cultivators, each from his own small patch of land, which they till with very simple, though efficient, implements of agriculture." Besides agriculture, the inhabitants of Luzon have acquired considerable skill in the manufacture of textile fabrics, the raw materials of which are cotton, the fibre of the abaca banana, and that of the pine-apple, with silk chiefly brought from China. That the manufacture of these is comparatively large, is attested by the fact that besides a considerable exportation, between two and three millions of people at home are principally clothed with them. They are. carried on to a greater or less extent in every part of the island, but most extensively in the provinces of Ilocas, Camarines, and Tondo, Ilocas alone being reckoned to have no fewer than 20,000 looms. Matting, including hats, is also a considerable branch of industry, both for home consumption and exportation, the principal raw materials being the ratan with fibres tbe produce of the Buri palm (Corypha gebanga). Very fine cordage from the coarsest sorts of the abaca is largely manufactured, and so much esteemed in Europe and America, as to fetch a higher price than that of the best Riga hemp. The art of dyeing is but in a rude condition, the colours produced being neither brilliant nor durable. The knowledge of the art is, indeed, confined to the use of a few native colouring materials, and a few simple mordants ; the first consisting chiefly of sapan-wood and indigo, and the last of alum imported from China. In the art of dyeing, the natives of Luzon are far below the Hindus; and of printing, immemorially practised by the latter, they are entirely ignorant. Embroidery, chiefly on the pina cloth, is executed by women with extraordinary skill and patience. " Probably," says Mr. Maemicking, " tbe pisia (pine-apple) cloth manufactured in the Philippines, is the best known of all the native productions, and it is a very notable instance of their advance in the manufacturing arts. There is, perhaps, no more curious, beautiful and delicate specimen of manufactures produced in any country. It varies in price according to texture and quality ; ladies' dresses of it costing as low as twenty dollars (88s. id.) for a bastard sort of cloth, and as high as fifteen hundred dollars (3252.) for a finely worked dress. The common coarse sort, used by the natives for making shirts, costs them from four to ten dollars a shirt." Lime is generally obtained from shells fished up from the rivers, or procured by excavation, and not by the burning of any kind of limestone. The art was probably introduced by the Javanese, for I find the native name to be only a corruption of the most usual one in the language of that people, apog for apu. Salt is obtained either by solar evaporation or the boiling of sea-water. Tbe principal place for the manufacture in the first manner is tbe province of Pangasinan, on the western coast, and as this isil Javanese word signifying "place of brine," it would seem likely that tbe art of making salt by the process of solar evaporation was taught by the Javanese, the only people of the Malay Archipelago who practise it. The necessity of having recourse to boiling, and especially of making salt from burning vegetables containing that article would seem to imply that either the soil or climate, or both, are generally ill-suited to the manufacture of this necessary of life. It is not taxed, or a subject of monopoly in Luzon, or any other of the Philippine islands, its cost having probably saved its con sumers from this calamity. The manipulation of the metals is in general but imperfectly practised by the inhabitants of Luzon. The iron used is, for the most part, English or Swedish. | 238 | 0.652 | 0.16 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO 337 PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO harbours, but the southern portion of the Archipelago, out of the region of storms stands in little need of them. The geological formation of the Archipelago consists of almost every kind of rock. The basis of the mountain chains is considered to be granitic, but tbe most charac- teristic feature of the geology of the group, consists in the great volcanic band which begins in the bay of Bengal and ends with the Kurile Islands passing through it. This band, after proceeding from Sumatra and Java to the Banda Islands in the 130th meridian, in a direction nearly east, turns to the north-west, aud after passing the Molucca islands and a small part of the north-eastern peninsula of Celebes, enters the Philippines at Mindano at the distance of about 220 miles. From Mindano, it extends through the whole Philippine Archipelago, (its western portion from Palawan to Mindoro excepted), as far as the Babuyan islands, so that its length here extends over about 280 leagues. Extinct volcanos are numerous in all the large islands, and active ones iu Luzon and Mindano, in which, since the Spanish conquest in 1564, co fewer than eleven destructive eruptions are recorded as having taken place, the earliest being in 1 627. The metals ascertained to exist in the Philippines are gold, found in most of the larger islands but most abundant in Luzon and Miudano, iron, chiefly in the same islands, with copper, lead, and mercury, in Luzon. Sulphur is abundaut iu most of the islands, but especially in Leyte, Mindano, aud the province of Albany in Luzon. Coal, a lignite, has been found and partially worked in the islet of Rapu-rapu on the eastern coast of Luzon, at the entrance of the great bay of Albany, and the two small islands at the southern extremity of Mindano called Sirangan, are stated to be nothing but coal beds, not improbably part of the same Bornean field, which crops out in Labuan, and is now worked by r.n English company in that island. Variegated marble is found iu tbe province of Bataan in Luzon, and has been occasionally used in church building in Manilla. Carbonate of lime is widely disseminated, but gypsum sparingly. The native vegetable products of the southern portion of the Philippines corre- spond, generally, with those of the Malayan Islands, but as the Archipelago extends by twelve degrees of latitude further north, there must be in many respects a material divergence. No fewer than 218 forest trees, chiefly of the more northern provinces, have been subjected to experiments in the arsenal of Manilla, and the relative strength, tenacity, and specific gravity, of the timber, ascertained for economic uses. For ship-building the following six are most in use, the Molave Vitex genicutala or V. pubescens, the Banaba, the Iacal, the Dongon a Sterculia, the Mangachapiu Vateria mangachapoi, and the Quita-quita. Of the timber of these, large ships have been built which are stated to have lasted 40 years, a fact which would place them on a level with teak or oak, which would not be asserted of any of the woods of the islands of the Malay Archipelago. The teak itself, it is singular, is found only in the island of Mindano, at the distance of 1300 geographical miles from Java and Sumbawa, the only two islands of the Malayan Archipelago, which yield it. It grows in Mindano, in such parts of that island as are in native occupation aud is, conse- quently, not available to European use. The Philippine forests yield several dye- woods, the most valuable of which is the Sibucao of the natives, the sapang of the Malays and our sapan-wood (Cæsalpinia sappan). This is largely exported, and in tbe foreign markets, is worth 50 per cent, more than the same article brought from Siam, or iu other words, yields half as much more colouring matter. The author of tho " Iuforme sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas," furnishes a list of 600 wild plants, with names which have but a very small sprinkling of Malayan ones. Among these are some yielding dyes, gums, resins, and textile materials, which like the Indian- rubber and gutta-percha of the Malayan Archipelago, may be found of value in the arts. It seems not unlikely that in the southern portion of the Archipelago, even these articles themselves may be found. The zoology of the Philippines has received but little attention from European naturalists °Among the larger mammalia, monkeys and deer of several species, and at least one species of hog are ascertained to be natives of most of the islands from Mindano to Luzon. The elephant, the rhinoceros, and the tapir of the Malayan Archipelago, are all absent. Some Spanish writers have supposed that the elephant once existed, because there is what they fancy to be a native name font This name, which is variously written garya, gadia and gadya, is only a corruption of the Sanscrit word gaiah taken from the Malay or Javanese, so that the supposition m question is much on a par with supposing that the same animal was _ within the historical era, a native of Europe, because there are naturalised names Jor it, received very much after the same manner All the large animals of the feline family, such as tigers and leopards, | 347 | 0.626 | 0.158 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO 343 PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO below them. The highest degree of skill is displayed in the manufacture of textile fabrics, the raw materials being cotton, the fibres of the abaca banana and of the pine apple leaf, all of them domestic products, with silk imported from China. The manu facturers are women, and as in all other Asiatic countries, the manufactures entirely domestic. They extend all over the islands, but are more especially determined towards the provinces of which the raw materials are the staple products. Thus, in Ilocos which is remarkable for the growth and export of cotton, there are supposed to be no fewer than twenty thousand looms. Camarines and Albay in Luzon, and Iloilo in Panay, are the chief provinces for the production of the abaca, and here, also, are the principal manufacturers of it. Manufactures of cotton and abaca, as also of the pina or fibre of the leaf of the pine-apple, are carried on in the metro politan province of Tondo. The finest cloths are made of the pina, aud from it are produced fabrics which are as great curiosities as the muslins of Dacca, or the shawls of Cashmere. A single dress of pina richly embroidered, has sometimes been sold for the enormous sum of 325/. The art of dyeing is but very imperfectly understood. The materials are native vegetable products such as the sibucao or sapan-wood, and the colours produced are neither bright nor permanent. The art of calico-printing is unknown, as it is indeed to all Asiatics except the Hindus. The art of manufacturing cotton and abaca fabrics was certainly known to the Philip pine islanders for many ages, and seems not to have been derived either from Malays or Europeans. This is sufficiently proved by the names of the cotton and abaca plants, and of all tbe terms connected with the art of weaving which are, in every case, native and not foreign words. The pina manufacture as its name implies, was evidently introduced since the Spanish conquest. The extent to which textile manu factures is carried may be judged by the fact, that with but a small exception for foreign fabrics, some five mdlious of people are clothed with them, and that there is even some considerable exportation. The art of mat-making is carried to much perfection by the Philippine islanders, the raw material being palm-leaf and the ratan. In the shape of hats, cigar-cases, and the like, there is even a considerable exportation, besides a large domestic con sumption of articles of this description. The highest degree of mechanical skill is probably exhibited in the manufacture of gold triukets, consisting of works iu filagree and necklaces. Some of the last under the name of bejugmllos are even highly appreciated in foreign countries. The goldsmiths, equally with the weavers, are women. The art of manufacturing a coarse unglazed domestic pottery has been immemorially practised, but all the earthenware of any value is brought from China. The manufacture of glass is altogether unknown. Salt is made both by solar evaporation and by boiling, and most probably in a climate so damp not economically, or it would as in other parts of the world, have been seized upon by the state as an instrument of taxation. The manufacture of malle able iron is very imperfectly understood, and tbe iron of inferior quality, aud hence, the chief consumption is furnished from Europe. The building of boats and small coasting craft is carried on iu several of the provinces, but more especially in Pangasinan. The internal trade of the Philippines is carried on both by land and water. This is exempt from the nuisance of transit duties, but subject to many impediments, natural and factitious. One great obstacle, is the absence of good roads in a country immersed in water for several months of the year. Even for some time after the waters have abated, they leave such a deposit of mud on the highways, that it is impossible to travel over them with horses, and the buffalo is the only available conveyance. The roads are besides intersected by innumerable rivers and brooks, for the most part without bridges, or with wooden ones of which the materials must be removed in the rainy season lest they be carried away by the floods. In the abseuce of bridges, goods and passengers have to be ferried over on bamboo rafts, furnished by the corvee labour of tbe neighbourhoods. In passing from either end of Luzon to the capital, it is said that not fewer than a hundred of these rude ferries have to be crossed. In tbe few places in which good causeways exist, they require to be raised five feet above the level of the plains which during the inundation have the appearance of a sea or lake. Some of the periodical lakes must be crossed in boats, and that of Mongabol between Pangasinan and Pampanga, has at the height of the rains, a depth of 30 feet, so that the navigation is impeded by the tops of the trees. The coasting trade i3 attended by hardly fewer difficulties. It has to encounter the storms and hurricanes of the equinoxes, aud when tbe monsoons themselves set in, they cause either the outward or homeward voyage to be carried on with an | 353 | 0.608 | 0.154 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO 348 PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO pelago, but a wide difference in language, both as to structure, pronunciation, and words, shows, at once, that there is no foundation for this hypothesis. A sample of the manner in which it is supported may be given as an etymological curiosity. The name for a tribe, barangai, signifies, also, a particular kind of large boat, and is supposed by the authors of the hypothesis to have been bestowed on the tribe because the first settlers arrived in a boat of this description. But it happens that the word in question is native, and belongs neither to the Malay nor to any other cultivated language of the Malay Archipelago. By arguments equally baseless, some of the wild tribes are imagined to be descendants, some of Chinese, some of Japanese, and others of natives of the South Sea Islands. The more civilised nations of the Philippines, when first seen by the Spaniards, were in a far ruder state than the cotemporary Malays and Javanese, but they were, at the same time, very far from being utter savages, like many of the American tribes discovered about the same time. They had cultivated corn and fruits, wore textile fabrics for clothing, were acquainted with malleable iron and with gold, had a few domestic animals for food and labour, and were in possession of a phonetic written character, although a far less perfect one than any of those of the Malayan Archi- pelago. Much of the imperfect civilisation of the Philippine islanders was undoubtedly imparted to them by the nations of the Malayan Archipelago, who not only carried on trade with them, but, most probably, also settled among them in considerable num- bers. This is sufficiently attested by the presence, in their most cultivated languages, of a considerable body of Malay and Javanese words, amounting to from four to five hundred, or perhaps to a thirtieth part of their vocabularies. Among the words thus introduced are to be found Sanscrit and Arabic ones, which had been previously naturalised in the Malayan tongues. From the nature of the adopted words, some notion may even be formed of the amount of civilisation which the Philippine derived from the Malayan nations. Thus the names of most of toe cultivated plants, as rice, yam, sugar-cane, coco-palm, indigo plant, are all Malayan. So are, without an excep- tion, the names of all the domestic animals, the hog, the dog, buffalo, goat, the com- mon fowl, and common duck. Among the metals, we find silver, copper, aud tin, to be Malayan words. Of terms connected with the mechanic arts, however, one-third only are Malayan. Of commercial terms, again, the great majority are Malayan, as higgle, bargain, wages, profit, price, debt, cheap, dear, pledge, account, merchant, merchandise, with the names of weights and measures, and those of staple articles of foreign trade, such as black pepper, clove, pearl, mother-of-pearl, and indigo. To all these may be added the numerals, which, though much corrupted, are entirely Malayan. Of terms connected with war, a few only are Malayan, as fortress, arms, bow and arrow, and sword, the last being expressed by a corruption of the Malayan word for a dagger. The rude calendar of the Philippines, so far as it extended, seems to be taken from the Malayan, as in the words for month and year. Of literary terms, we have such words as to write, to read, story, and language. The religion of the Philippine islanders was a very rude and very superficial Hinduism, engrafted on mauy local superstitions, and was evidently derived directly from the Malayan nations. The words for deity, fortune, adoration, and place of worship, and of Avatar in its Malay and Javanese sense of a chief deity, are examples. From the terms in toe Philippine languages, which are native and not foreign, we may form some estimate of the amount of the civilisation of the Archipelago, which is purely indigenous. Thus, among cultivated plants, the only ones bearing native names are the banana, esculent and textile, with their many varieties, the batata, the bread- fruit, and the cotton-plant. Among the domesticated animals, not one bears a native name. Among the metals, the names for iron and gold alone are native. Terms connected with the ordinary mechanic arts, such as house, thatch, spin, weave, thread, woof, shuttle, cloth, are all native, while the tools and processes of manipulation in wood and metal, as hammer, chisel, saw, anvil, are Malayan. As to the Philippine alphabet it is far more imperfect than any Malayan one. Thus, instead of 20 consonants, like the Javanese, it has but 1 6, an d for these but 1 4 characters, the same letters repre- senting d and r, and p, and f. As to vowel characters, instead of having five, like the Javanese, it has only three, being mere dots, the sounds of which depend on their position. The vowel sounds, however, are really five in number, two of the characters representing one of them, either e or i, aud the other o or u. The form of toe characters is, moreover, wholly different from that of any Malayan alphabet and the Philippine writing must, therefore, be deemed indigenous. As to religion, the titles of priests, of astrologers, and of all toe local deities with the word for circumcision were all expressed by native words. From all this it may be inferred, so far as the evidence | 358 | 0.649 | 0.162 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO 349 PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO of language can be trusted, that the Philippine islanders before their intercourse with the Malayan nations were a very rude people. They cultivated no corn, their vege table food consisting of the banana and batata. They bad no domesticated animals whatever. They were acquainted with malleable iron and gold, but had no knowledge of any other metal. They were clothed in domestic woven fabrics of cotton and the abaca They had invented a native alphabet, and their religion consisted in a belief in good and evil spirits, in the practice of circumcision, and a belief in sorcery and astrology. They were superior to the Polynesian people of the South Sea islands in the possession of gold, malleable iron, and textile fabrics, but inferior to them, by wanting the tame dog, the hog, and domestic fowl. With respect to the intercourse of the Chinese and Japanese with the inhabitants of the Philippines, previous to the arrival of the Spaniards, all that is known respecting it is, that these nations furnished them with silk tissues and raw silk, with utensils of porcelane, iron, and copper, and, probably, with the small currency of zinc, although known by a Malay name. In return, these nations received the esculent swallows' nests, the tripang and pearl-oyster shells, which are still staples of the trade with China. Besides, the Chinese and Japanese, other people of the Asiatic continent appear to have traded with the Philippines. Thus, Magellan and his companions found at Qebu a Moorish merchant of Siam, who had come from that country in his ship, and who is stated to have paid for liberty to trade, and in return for bis merchandise to have received payment in "gold and slaves." With all foreigners, the medium of intercourse was the Malay language, which Pigafetta informs us, that all the native chiefs, that is, all the persons who held intercourse with strangers, understood, although the native languages were different. In 1524, three years after the discovery of the Philippines the Emperor Charles the Fifth sent an expedition for their conquest under the command of Juan Jose" Garcia de Loaissa, which ended in total failure. All that it saw of Magellans Archipelago of San Lazaro was the Ladrone Islands, and a small part of Mindano, its two extreme north and south limits, when it proceeded to tbe Moluccas, after losing three successive commanders. A second expedition in 1528 was undertaken by the same Emperor, of which the command was given to Alonzo de Saavedra, but this was equally unsuccessful. The third expedition was not undertaken until 1542. This was under the conduct of Ruiz Lopez de Villalobos, tbe person who gave the Archi pelago the name which it has ever since borne, but this too was equally unfortunate with its predecessors. There was not one of these fruitless expeditions that was not as powerful as to equipment as that with which Columbus discovered America. It was not until 1565, four and forty years after the discovery, that the conquest was effectually commenced. The great leader in this achievement was Miguel Lopez de Legaspe, a man equal in enterprise, resource, and courage, to Cortez or Pizarro, and in humanity, far superior to them. His expedition consisted of no more than five vessels, his whole force, soldiers and sailors included, amounting only to 400 men. On the' 21st of November, 1564, he sailed from the port of Natividad in New Spain,— in the beginning of February, 1565, reached the Marians, and on the 13th of the same month entered the proper Philippines, reaching a small island lying at the south east end of Samar, which he called Bonsenal or " good omen," in commemoration of the event a name which it still retains. It was not until the 27th of April that he reached Cebu. Legaspe" was accompanied by a corps of Augustine monks, more effectual in the conquest of the Philippines than his soldiers. Its leader was a remarkable man, Andrea de Urdaneta. who had commanded a ship in the first expedition, twenty years before, and who had afterwards entered the order of the Au-ustines. Cebu was soon brought under subjection, and Legaspe then discovered toe'fertile island of Panay, where, even then, provisions were abundant. The natives of Cebu and Panay informed him of a still larger island than their own, and in 1569 four years after his arrival, he discovered Luzon, in two more founding the capital of Manilla The subjugation throughout was effected, far more through the timid and Sous S^^f the inhabiLts, and the skilful and politic character of the leaders of the conquest, than by the martial prowess of the Spaniards, although this, too, when an occasion offered for its display was conspicuous A few examples will show with what facility the conquest was effected, and with what slender means. In 1569, LegaspC, while himself at Panay having heard of the rlknd of Luzon and of Manilla, described as "a rich Moorish town with a wooden fort or stockade, defended by twelve cannon and several falconets, sent against it his two chosen captains with a force of 120 soldiers and some natives of Cebu. The Shards werePat first favourably received, but some acts of treachery having been | 359 | 0.607 | 0.156 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | POLYNESIA POLYNESIA 358 POLYNESIA. The Islands of the Pacific Ocean are referred to in the present work only on account of a certain connection by language which exists between them and the Malayan Archipelago. Their inhabitants may be divided into three great classes — those of the islands of the Northern Pacific, the Sandwich group excepted, — those of the islands extending west and east from the Tonga group to Eastern Island, and north and south from the Sandwich to the New Zealand islands; and those of the islands from New Guinea to the Fiji group, lying between the equator and the southern tropic. The first class are supposed to belong to the Malayan race of man, or to be toe same with the fairer inhabitants of tbe Malay and Philippine Archipelagos. The tribes inhabiting these islands, however, seem to speak languages not only differing from those of the Malayan nations, but alsa differing among themselves. The second class differ from the first in physical form, being a stout, athletic, handsome people whose stature exceeds that of the Malayan race by at least three inches. They speak a language which is essentially tbe same throughout, and differing in phonetic character, grammatical structure and vocabulary from those of the first class of inhabitants, as well as from all the languages of the Malay and Philippine Archipelagos. The third class of inhabitants are negros, woolly-headed, in complexion dark but not black, and of at least the average stature of the Malayan race. They differ, therefore, essen- tially from the pigmy negros of the Malay Peninsula and of the Philippines, and may be pronounced a peculiar and unique race of men. Their languages differ wholly from those of the two first classes of inhabitants, and as far as our information extends, would seem also to be entirely different among the different negro tribes themselves. From the account now rendered of the geographical distributions of tbe three classes, it will appear that they are not found territorially intermixed, as is the case in the Malay Penin- sula and the Philippines, with the fairer race and the negros. Even the larger islands contain no intermixture. New Guinea is peopled only by negros, and New Zealand only by what has been called the great Polynesian family. Negros are only to be found south of the equator, and the islands of the Northern Pacific are, with the exception of the Sandwich group, wholly occupied by what is believed to be the Malayan race. In all the languages of the islands of tbe Pacific, whether of the negros or of the fairer races, a small infusion of the Malayan languages is to be found, in the same manner as we find words of Norman French in English, of Teutonic words in the languages of the south of Europe ; of Arabic in Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish and Persian ; of Persian in the languages of Hindustan, and of Sanscrit in Malay and Javanese. The proportion of the Malayan ingredient in the languages of Polynesia is smaller, however, than in any one of the cases now quoted in illustration, not exceeding where it is largest above 200 words in 1000. It exists in the languages of the negros, equally as in those of the fairer races, although from greater barbarism and stronger antipathy of race, not generally to the same degree. The nature of the Malayan words introduced into the Polynesian languages is a consideration of not less importance than the proportion in which they exist. The most frequent class consists of the numerals, which are always imperfect as to the number of them introduced, and always corrupted as to form. The South-Sea islanders, both of the fair and negro races are in possession of one or all of these domesticated animals, namely, toe hog, the dog, and common fowl, but not one of these, in any of the Polynesian tongues that have been examined, is known by a Malayan name. So far then as language is good evidence, the Polynesian nations are not indebted to the Malayan for them. Not so with cultivated plants : the evidence of language shows, that the Polynesians have received from the Malay nations the yam, the coco-palm, and the sugar-cane, for all these are known by names which although greatly disfigured, are unquestionably Malayan. Some degree of instruction received by toe Polynesian from the Malayan nations is to be inferred from the existence in their tongues of the following words which are of undoubted Malayan origin,— thatch, plank, comb, adze, weapon-point, mesh of a net, ladder, bow, year, and chieftain or lord. This analysis reduces the advantages which the islMiders of the Pacific have derived from Malayan intercourse to a very inconsiderable amount. The Malayan nations taught the islanders a convenient system of numeration ; they introduced the culture of the yam, the coco-nut, and the sugar-cane, and bestowed, perhaps, some rude instruction in the mechanic arts. But they introduced no useful domestic animal, nor corn, pulse, or cotton. They did not instruct the islauders in the fabrication of iron, or in the manufacture of any textile fabric. Still less did they instruct them in law, in letters, or in religion. | 368 | 0.636 | 0.165 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | SIAM 386 SIAM the Abbe' Gervaise, observes of them, that " they commonly despise other nations, and are persuaded that the greatest injustice in the world is done to them when their pre-eminence is disputed." This delusion no doubt arises from their having imme morially domineered over the small and inferior nations surrounding them ; and their having no political equal. The presence of a large body of Chinese living among them, and superior to them in laboriousness, ingenuity — even in personal strength and stature — has by no means contributed to disabuse them. In so far as security of life and person, and to some degree, even of property is concerned, the Siamese are a safe people for strangers to live among, but they are by no means an agreeable one. The chief instru ment for maintaining subordination and order, is the rod, administered very freely to all ranks, aud its infliction held to be no disgrace by any, a matter in which they agree with the Burmese, Cochin-Chinese, and Chinese, but differ wholly from the Malays, who are as impatient of a blow as the most sensitive Europeans. Among the Siamese, the distinction of castes has no existence, and in so far as religion is concerned, there is no hereditary privileged order. Except official rank, which is entirely personal, the only civil distinctions among them are of freemen and slaves. Slavery is an established institution, and it is thought that about one-third part of the whole Siamese nation are bondsmen. These are of three descriptions, namely, prisoners of war, parties sold for a consideration by their parents under a written contract, and parties who mortgage their services in liquidation of a debt. The second class is the only one not re leemable, and the last the most numerous. We are assured by the bishop of Siam, that the Siamese treat their alave3 with kind ness and humanity, exacting from them no severe labour, and treating them rather as domestic servants tban bondsmen. Marriages are contracted by the Siamese at from 15 to 17 years of age, that is, after the attainment of the age of puberty, rather a late period for an eastern people. When the time is delayed by parents over-anxious for favourable matches for their daughters, elopements are not unfrequent, the law afterwards enforcing a marriage if the parents should not be voluntarily reconciled. The husband has a right to sell a wife that he has purchased, but not otherwise. Generally, wives are well treated, not immured even among the higher classes, but among the lower performing much drudgery. In Siam the wages of labour are comparatively high, that is, high in proportion to the labour performed. Hence, a large family is not a burthen but an advantage, parents being even enabled to dispose of their children by sale to advantage. This is a state of things that was to be expected iu a fertile country underpeopled, and it is what has led to the extensive immigration of the Chinese, who find no difficulty in obtaining Siamese wives, or wives from the half-caste settlers of their own country. It is the paucity of inhabitants, too, that his no doubt led to the existence of slavery, found in every underpeopled country of A.sia, but hardly perceptible in such populous countries as Bengal, Chiua, and Java. In the common and necessary arts, the Siamese have made but slender progress, Immemorially they have been possessed of a knowledge of the useful and precious metals. They have grown their own cotton, and manufactured their own clothing. They manufacture coarse pottery, and they make bricks and tiles, but in no art have they attained any marked eminence. The women are the spinners and the weavers of their tissues, a3 among all the less civilised nations of Asia. The smelters and workers in iron are the resident Chinese ; and the raw silk which their women weave is imported from China, for they have none of their own; nor, indeed, do they possess any native textile material except cotton. The only remarkable exhibition of Siamese skill in the arts is shown in their architecture, and this is almost wholly confined to their religious edifices, amon" which may be included the royal palaces. One temple, or rather many temples with one large central one, which I visited myself iu 1821, was contained within a square, the wall of which measured at each side 650 English feet. All the temples within the inclosure contained 1500 images of Buddha, some of them of most gigantic size, while the number of priests was 500, and of neophites 750. In one temple out of the many within the inclosure, there was an inscription which stated that it was built in the year of 2338 of the sacred era, corresponding with the year 1795 of our time, and that it cost 465,440 ticals, or about 5S,1802. The lower part or ground storey of a Siamese temple is of ordinary brick and mortar, and all ornament is reserved for the upper portion and roof, which are com posed of solid teak-wood, richly aud elaborately carved, and richly gilt both inside and out, or covered with a coat of bright vermilion. The statues are of brass, or of mortar, but in either case richly gilt. | 396 | 0.58 | 0.168 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | TEXTILE MATERIALS 431 TIMBALAN besides the inhabitants of Ternate itself, there was dependent immediately on it a population of 18,918, namely, in Gilolo, 3686 ; in Makyan, 6730 ; in the Xulla Islands, 10,769 ; making a total of 36,397. Ternate is the seat of the Dutch administration of the Moluccas. As is sufficiently known, tbe only staple product of its soil, the clove, that which brought it trade and civilisation, has been long extirpated. Sago is now, as it immemorially has been, the bread of the inhabitants, for rice is a3 much a foreign and imported article as it is in Britain. TEXTILE MATERIALS. As these are mentioned in their respective places, it will only be necessary here to enumerate them. They are — cotton, the abaca or textile banana, the pine-apple fibre, the rami or urtica estuans, the fibres of the coco and gomuti palms, the paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera, the bara or wara (Paritium tileaceum), and, perhaps, the universal ratan. No animal fibre is ever employed for textile purposes, except silk, and that is always imported. TICAO. The name of one of the Philippine Islands forming, with the larger one of Masbate near it, a distinct, although small province. Ticao lies off the coast of the extreme southern end of Luzon and nearly opposite to the fine bay and harbour of Sorsogon, between the 12th and 13th degrees of north latitude. Its length is about 25 miles and its extreme breadth about 10. It is mountainous, and to judge by its population, 2312, not fertile. Its chief town is named St. Jacinto. TIDOR, correctly TIDORI, is one of the five original Molucca or Clove Islands. It is situated off the western coast of the large island of Gilolo or Halamahera, and immediately south of Ternate. It is larger tban that islet, but I have seen no state- ment of its actual area. Like Ternate, too, its formation is entirely volcanic, and tbe mountain of which it is chiefly composed rises to the height of 6000 feet above the level of the sea, its extinct crater being 39 miles north of the equator and in east longitude 127° 24'. The population of Tidor itself, according to a census made in 1840, was 5924, of the territory belonging to its prince in Gilolo 3937, and in New Guinea and its adjacent islands 10,000, making the total population subject to this petty tributary of the Netherland government 19,861 souls. Tidor was the Clove Island visited by the companions of Magellan, at which they were so hospitably received, and at which the celebrated ship " Victoria," that accomplished the first circumnavigation of the globe, obtained the cargo of spices which she succeeded in conveying to Spain. This was in 1521, about 10 years after the arrival of the Portu- guese in the Moluccas. The people of Tidor had, at this time, been but recently converted to tbe Mohammedan religion, in which, however, they have since per- severed after a lapse of more than three centuries. This is Pigafetta's account of the transaction : " Hardly fifty years have elapsed since the Moors conquered (converted?) Malucco and dwelt there. Previously, these islands were peopled by Gentiles only, who did not appreciate the clove. There are still some families of these fugitives in the mountains exactly where the cloves grow."— Primo Viaggio, p. 161. This state- ment is, in some respects, not quite correct. It is true that the natives set no value on the clove as a condiment, which is the case even at the present day, but for ages it had been an article of trade with strangers, and gave their whole importance to the petty islands which produced it, and without which, they would have been inhabited only by a few wretched fishermen. TIGER This dangerous animal is too frequent in the peninsula, Sumatra, and Java' but wholly unknown in all the other large islands of the Malay Archipelago, nor does it even exist in the small islands near those mentioned, except where accident has introduced it, as in the case of Singapore. In the Philippine Archipelago it is wholly unknown. The tiger of the Malayan countries is the same as that of India In Malay, tbe name for it is arimau, and by elision of the initial vowel, a frequent practice of the language, riniau. In Javanese the most frequent name for it is machan. occasionally used also by the Malays but it has four others, sima, from singah, a lion, sridnla and mong. The three first of these are Sanscrit, and the lastnative, probably taken from the roar of the animal But the royal tiger is the type which, in the native languages, furnishes the generic name of all the larger feline animais, the others being designated by adding an epithet Thus, the leopard is called by the Javanese machan tutul, or the "spotted tiger' and the Malays call a vTflwr7Jarim-iu-i.br which may be rendered "the seandent or climbing Wr"f &£ETtJd£Æ$i it from the rest of the famdy, is designated arimau-tunggal, which signifies " the unique tiger, or the tiger itself. TIMBALAN, written in our charts Tambalan, is the name of a small group of | 441 | 0.616 | 0.16 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
000814873 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands & Adjacent Countries [With a map.] | London | false | WEIGHTS 446 WEIGHTS of the spinning-wheel, also Sanscrit, jantra, signifying "a machine." What raw material would have been employed before the introduction of cotton from India, it is not easy to understand, although there are several native textile fibres on the spot which were available, such as the fibre of the banana, and of several urtieas, or nettles. As nearly all the terms now enumerated are found in all the languages of the Malay Archipelago, it is natural to conclude that the art of manufacturing woven cloth from thread was the invention of one country, aud not unreasonable to fancy that country to have been Java, the one in which civilisation earliest sprung up, and in which it made the greatest progress. Although the terms connected with the art of weaving a textile fabric have extended to all the languages of the civilised nations of the Malay, they have not extended to those of the Philippine Archipelago, which have their own peculiar ones, and even a native word for cotton, along with the Sanscrit one, received, like other words of the same tongue, through the Malayan languages. The art of weaving a cloth, as is well known, had never spread to the tribes of the islands of the Pacific, and this is one of the many facts which show how little they really received through the Malayan nations. It is remarkable, how ever, that the Malayan words for weaving and sewing should have found their way into the language of remote Madagascar. All the cloths manufactured by the inha bitants of the Malayan islands are strong, coarse, and durable fabrics, and the fine textures woven by the Hindus are wholly unknown to them. The native manufactures are purely domestic, and the women the only manufacturers. The best are the fabrics of Celebes and Java, and these continue to form a considerable article of external commerce, although competing with the manufactures of Manchester and Glasgow. WEIGHTS and MEASURES. The original measures of the Malays and Javanese were evidently by capacity (takar) and not by weight, for which there are no words in their language, except such as signify heaviness or balance. The lowest denomi- nation for a measure of capacity among the Malays goes under the name of chupak, most probably taken from the shell of the coco-nut or the joint of the bamboo. Of this, 4 make a gantang, and 800 of the last a koyan. These are native words, with the literal meaning of which, however, I am unacquainted. The measures of length, as with other people, are taken from the members or parts of the human body, as finger- length, span, foot, pace, fathom, with the length from the foot of one side to the tip of the outstretched hand on the opposite one. Superficial or land measure is still more rude. Thus the Javanese, in reference to their irrigated land, the only descrip- tion on which they set a special value, have, for the largest measure, what they term a jong, which, literally signifies a ship, and this divided into halves called kikil, or a leg, and into fourths called bau, which means a shoulder. Another admeasurement of land goes under the name of chachah, of which gawe-ning-wong is the synonym, the first word signifying "count" or "census," and the last, "a man's work," that is, the quantity of irrigated land that a family of peasantry can till. This last term is of the same nature as our own " plough-land." All such weights and measures are vague and uncertain, and vary, not only in the different countries of the Archipelago, but often in districts of the same country. Strangers have in some degree contributed to give them precision by the introduction of their own, the native names being generally preserved. To judge by the name, the Persians seem to have introduced the balance (trazu), and the Chinese, probably, the steelyard (d-achin). The weighing of gold was, of course, an important operation, which required to be conducted with nicety in a country producing gold, and where all large payments were made in this metal by weight and assay. It seems, immemorially, to have been conducted, as it still is, by the Telingas, and these people introduced the Hindu gold weights. The denominations of these correspond in value with the Indian, although in some places, having native terms, as the saga or " counting bean," the mayam, the bungkal, and tbe kati. In others they are expressed by corruptions of the Sanscrit ones. Thus the scarlet bean ia called rakat, from the Sanscrit raktaka ; the weight of 12 beans, a mas ; from maska, and the tail or 16 maskas, from the tolaka or tola. For long measure the Hindu hasta or cubit has generally superseded the native measures, at least for commercial purposes. The only weight introduced by the Arabs is the bahar, usually considered as equal to three pikuls, and this was in use even as far as tbe Moluccas, when tbe Portuguese first arrived. The business-like Chinese have introduced their own well-defined weights, although under native names. Thus we have the tail or weight of 23 drams, avoirdupois, the kati, consisting of 16 tails, and the piknul, which literally signifies a man's load or burden, composed of 100 katis or 133^ pounds, avoirdupois. The | 456 | 0.658 | 0.15 | Crawfurd, John | Crawfurd, John, 1783-1868 [person] | Bradbury & Evans | England | England | 459 pages (8°) | English | null | null | null | false |
003020996 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | Gleanings after 'Grand Tour'-ists [The preface is signed, R, i.e. Arthur Blennerhassett Rowan.] | London | false | A NIGHT WITH ANTHONT PASQUIN, IN 1851. 165 They told me, over and over, that the keen-witted natives would make sport of my grammatical blunders ; but I was bent on playing out my play, and as I could do no better, I insisted that " it would do very well." And when one young lady, who had given me considerable help in putting it together, was, or pretended to be, alarmed, on being told that I meant to affix it to Pasquin's statue that night, I assured her, that if the Pope's police should catch me in the fact, I would assuredly name her as my accomplice in murdering " la lingua Toscana." I could make my way through Rome tolerably well in broad daylight; we had already driven several times to the Piazza Navona, a favourite resort of ladies curious in those showy silk scarfs — the solitary manufacture of Rome in the way of textile fabrics ; but I knew it was quite a different affair to make my way thither in the dark. No fear of the stiletto ever crossed my thoughts, but I did dread somewhat the losing my way, as soon as I bad lest the beaten track for the defiles of the by-streets of Rome ; however, I took my bearings and observations as well as I could, while we drove about in the daybght. My last landmark was the great Palazzo Borghese, and turning down to the left hand from that, I was to go forth with "Providence my guide;" but whether in the whole affair I was tempting or trusting Providence ? ! truly this is a question which, on reflection, I do not much care to look in the face. There were sundry jokes among the young people when I made known my intention at the dinner-table ; they one and all declared that they expected to hear of me from the Castle of St. Angelo next morning, and amused themselves | 177 | 0.593 | 0.174 | null | Rowan, Arthur Blennerhasset, Archdeacon of Ardfert [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
003020996 | 1856-01-01T00:00:00 | 1856 | Gleanings after 'Grand Tour'-ists [The preface is signed, R, i.e. Arthur Blennerhassett Rowan.] | London | false | 210 GLEANINGS AFTEE " GEAND TOITB"-ISTS. sight of any other.* It was to him that the hospital owed the impulse which gave it its attraction for visitors, though this had been accompbshed, as it would seem, by a diver sion of the funds from their original uses, which had been those of a vast " Eoundbng Hospital" — an " Old Man's Asylum" — as also a " House of Correction for Juvenile Offenders." Upon this Cardinal Tosti had superinduced educational and industrial departments, which seemed to be working with tolerable success for Rome, although we suspect that a " Manchester man" would stare at the statistics of the industrial speculation, in respect of "pro duce and return," "per contra" to " capital and labour." A thousand persons employed on the various departments of weaving, spinning, and otherwise preparing material for the loom, and producing annually but one hundred yards of textile fabric each, would present but a shabby balance sheet to any of our English mill-ocrats ; but then to balance the account must be estimated a certain per centage of idle days for festas, of idle hours for siestas, and all the other items of that " dolce far niente," in which the Itaban debghts, but under which the Saxon would grow " gummy," — " lumpish," — and, we fear it must be added, beerhouse-ish ; so that on the whole, perhaps, the balance-sheets, as they stand, suit the temperaments and condition of the two people better than if they were reversed. Another industrial department, suited to the genius of the pupils, if not introduced, at least made effective by the good Cardinal, is a scries of schools for music, archi tecture, statuary, drawing — in which we coidd perceive * Almanach do Gotha.— " Antonio Tosti, ne* 4 Oct., 177G, W Rome ; nomine, mi petto, 12 FiSv., 1828; publii. 13 F.V., 1839." | 226 | 0.578 | 0.184 | null | Rowan, Arthur Blennerhasset, Archdeacon of Ardfert [person] | null | England | England | null | English | null | null | null | false |
Subsets and Splits