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{ "en": "\"Ware ha Ware\" (Shomotsu Tenbo-sha, 1938)", "ja": "『我は我』（書物展望社・1938年）" }
{ "en": "\"Yume no Ato\" (Seikei Shoin, 1935)", "ja": "『夢の跡』（政経書院・1935年）" }
{ "en": "\"Kono Taisai ni Aute\" (Chugai Shuppan, 1923)", "ja": "『この大災に遇うて』（中外出版・1923年）" }
{ "en": "\"Hoetsu no Ikkyo\" edited by Soten UCHIDA (Kobundo, 1920)", "ja": "『法悦の一境』内田疎天編（広文堂・1920年）" }
{ "en": "\"Kubutsu-shonin Haiku Chodai-sho\" edited by Jitoku ABE (Hozokan, 1910)", "ja": "『句仏上人俳句頂戴鈔』安部自得編（法蔵館・1910年）" }
{ "en": "\"Shizen no Mama ni\" (Shinshu Otani-ha Shumusho Shuppanbu, 1992)", "ja": "『自然のままに』（真宗大谷派宗務所出版部・1992年）" }
{ "en": "Originally, Gozu Tenno (gośīrşa) was an Indian deity and the guardian deity of Gion-shoja (the Jetavana monastery).", "ja": "牛頭天王（ごずてんのう　ゴーシールシャ　gośīrşa）は、もともとはインドの神で祇園精舎の守護神である。" }
{ "en": "Later on, he amalgamated with the Japanese deity Susanoo.", "ja": "後に日本の神スサノオと習合した。" }
{ "en": "When the term \"Tenno\" alone is used, it usually means Gozu Tenno.", "ja": "単に天王といえば、牛頭天王をさすことが多い。" }
{ "en": "Although he has the horns of ox on his head and looks like Yasha (a class of semi-divine being usually considered to be of a benevolent and inoffensive disposition but sometimes also classified with malignant spirits), his figure resembles that of a human being.", "ja": "頭に牛の角を持ち、夜叉のようであるが形見かけは人間に似ている。" }
{ "en": "As mentioned above, he is perceived as the guardian deity of Gion-shoja but he also is perceived as the suijaku (trace manifestation) of Yakushi-nyorai of Joruri-sekai (the realm known as Joruri or Pure Lapis Lazuli in the eastern quarter, Sk: Vaiduryanirbhasa).", "ja": "前出の通り、祇園精舎の守護神であるとされるが、東方・浄瑠璃世界の薬師如来の垂迹ともされる。" }
{ "en": "He is also said to be a deity stemming from Ox-head Mountain of Shiragi (the Silla dynasty).", "ja": "またあるいは新羅の牛頭山に由来する神仏ともいわれる。" }
{ "en": "According to the extant \"Bingonokuni Fudoki (ancient records of culture and geography of Bingo Province)\" included in \"Shaku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japanese History),\" he was a prince of Buto Tenjin, his name was written as Gozu Tenno, he married a daughter of Shakara Ryuo, one of the Hachidai Ryuo (Eight Dragons) and he had eight princes.", "ja": "『釈日本紀』内の『備後国風土記』逸文には武塔天神の太子として登場し、牛頭天皇と表記され、八大竜王の一、沙竭羅竜王の女を妃として8人の王子を生んだという。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, he amalgamated with Susanoo as he was a deity of ferocious nature and was enshrined at Yasaka-jinja Shrine in Gion, Kyoto and was worshiped as Joeki-shin (a god that protects against plague).", "ja": "日本では、猛威ある御霊的神格を持っていることからスサノオと習合し、京都祇園の八坂神社に祀られ除疫神として尊崇された。" }
{ "en": "He is said to be a deity who has concurrently the aspect of Yakubyo-gami (a deity of the transmission of epidemics).", "ja": "また同時に疫病神の一面を併せ持つ神ともされる。" }
{ "en": "It is said that although he spreads diseases, he bestows remedies for all diseases on farmers who welcome him kindly.", "ja": "疫病を撒き散らすと同時に親切に迎え入れた農民に対しては万病に効く術を授けたとも言われている。" }
{ "en": "During the Heian period, people in urban areas started to worship him and he became the object of worship in Gion Goryo-e (the Gion Matsuri Festival).", "ja": "平安時代に都市部で信仰されるようになり、祇園御霊会（祇園祭）において祀られるようになったとされる。" }
{ "en": "The faith for Gozu Tenno and Susanoo, which is the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism, is called Gion veneration, which had spread nationwide by the Medieval period.", "ja": "牛頭天王・スサノオに対する神仏習合の信仰を祇園信仰といい、中世までには日本全国に広まった。" }
{ "en": "He was enshrined at Hiromine-jinja Shrine, Yasaka-jinja Shrine, Tsushima-jinja Shrine, Hikawa-jinja Shrine and their branch shrines, but subsequent to the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism in the Meiji period, these shrines have became shrines to Susanoo.", "ja": "広峯神社・八坂神社・津島神社・氷川神社およびその分社で祀られていたが、明治の神仏分離でこれらはスサノオを祀る神社となった。" }
{ "en": "However, in Nara, Kyoto and Niigata prefectures and others nationwide, there still are several shrines, including Tenno-jinja Shrine, that enshrine Gozu Tenno.", "ja": "ただし、天王神社など牛頭天王を祭神とする神社は今でも奈良県京都府新潟県など全国各地に点在している。" }
{ "en": "Many of the place names that include the word 'Tenno,' such as 'Tennoz Isle,' are derived from Gozu Tenno.", "ja": "天王洲アイルの「天王洲」など、各地にある「天王」のつく地名の多くは牛頭天王に因むものである。" }
{ "en": "Once upon a time, Gozu Tenno went on a journey in the disguise of an old man and asked for lodging at a certain village.", "ja": "昔、牛頭天王が老人に身をやつしてお忍びで旅に出た時、とある村に宿を求めた。" }
{ "en": "On this occasion Kotanshorai, the wealthy younger brother, treated Gozu Tenno coldly, but the elder brother, Sominshorai, despite being poor, welcomed and entertained Gozu Tenno kindly.", "ja": "このとき弟の巨丹将来は裕福なのに冷淡にあしらい、兄の蘇民将来は貧しいのにやさしく迎え入れてもてなした。" }
{ "en": "Then, Gozu Tenno disclosed his identity and declared, 'In the near future, mortal disease will run rampant in this village, but I will save your family members.'", "ja": "そこで牛頭天王は正体を明かし、「近々この村に死の病が流行るがお前の一族は助ける」とのたまった。" }
{ "en": "As predicted by him, when mortal disease rampaged the village, all the family members of Kotanshorai died but those of Sominshorai survived.", "ja": "果たせるかな死の病が流行ったとき、巨丹の一族は全部死んでしまったのに、蘇民の一族は助かったという。" }
{ "en": "Even today, Yasaka-jinja Shrine and other shrines distributes red paper cards with \"Sominshorai shison-no-mon\" written on them in gold-colored characters, and the origin of this practice is the historical event mentioned above.", "ja": "現在でも八坂神社などでは赤い地の紙に金色の文字で「蘇民将来子孫之門」という札を配布しているが、その由来はこの故事を基にしている。" }
{ "en": "The reason for having gold-colored characters on red paper is that, according to Onmyo-do (the way of yin and yang), it is believed that 'these colors are what Yakubyo-gami detests.'", "ja": "何故赤い紙に金色の文字かというと陰陽道で「疫病神が嫌う色」とされているからである。" }
{ "en": "Kujaku Myoo is an object of worship in Buddhism and one of the Myoo (king of wisdom) having venerable status specific to Mikkyo (Esoteric Buddhism).", "ja": "孔雀明王（くじゃくみょうおう）は、仏教の信仰対象であり、密教特有の尊格である明王のひとつ。" }
{ "en": "She is believed to represent the dharma of benefit to living things.", "ja": "衆生を利益する徳を表すとされる。" }
{ "en": "Originally, she was Mahamayuri, an Indian goddess, and one of the Pancharakshya (five protector deities).", "ja": "元来はインドの女神マハーマユリーで、パーンチャ・ラクシャー（五守護女神）の一柱。" }
{ "en": "Sanskrit name Mahamayuri means 'great peacock.'", "ja": "梵語名マハーマーユーリー(Mahamayuri)は「偉大な孔雀」の意。" }
{ "en": "She is also called Makamayuri, Kujaku Butsumo, Kujaku Omo Bosatsu or Konjiki kujaku-o.", "ja": "摩訶摩瑜利(まかまゆり)、孔雀仏母、孔雀王母菩薩、金色孔雀王とも呼ばれる。" }
{ "en": "Although the characteristic of Myoo is a fierce facial expression, she has only a Bosatsu-style face expressing mercy.", "ja": "憤怒の相が特徴である明王のなかで唯一、慈悲を表した菩薩形をもつ。" }
{ "en": "Usually, she is depicted as the one that is riding a peacock and has one face and four arms.", "ja": "クジャクの上に乗り、一面四臂の姿で表されることが多い。" }
{ "en": "The four hands are holding Guen-ka, Kichijo-ka (auspicious fruit), lotus and a peacock's tail, respectively.", "ja": "4本の手にはそれぞれ倶縁果、吉祥果、蓮華、孔雀の尾を持つ。" }
{ "en": "There are some images, such as the painting image at Ninna-ji Temple in Kyoto (the Northern Song Dynasty period, a national treasure), that have three faces and six arms.", "ja": "なお、京都・仁和寺の画像（北宋時代、国宝）のように三面六臂に表わされた像もある。" }
{ "en": "Because a peacock eats bugs and poisonous snakes like cobra, Kujaku Myoo was believed to do the 'pious act of removing plague or pain from people' and therefore became an object of faith.", "ja": "孔雀は害虫やコブラなどの毒蛇を食べることから孔雀明王は「人々の災厄や苦痛を取り除く功徳」があるとされ信仰の対象となった。" }
{ "en": "Later on, the interpretation that Kujaku Myoo performs the pious act of accomplishing Buddhism by eating poisonous living matter, in other words by eating the three kleshas that poison the heart of man (desire, ill will and ignorance), which symbolize the bonno (earthly desires) of human beings that had become prevalent; there are many sects that chant Shingon (mantra) of Kujaku Myoo at the rite as a charm against evil spirits.", "ja": "後年になると孔雀明王は毒を持つ生物を食べる＝人間の煩悩の象徴である三毒（貪り・嗔り・痴行）を喰らって仏道に成就せしめる功徳がある仏という解釈が一般的になり、魔を喰らうことから大護摩に際して除魔法に孔雀明王の真言を唱える宗派も多い。" }
{ "en": "Further, it was believed to have the ability to predict rainfall and was therefore used on certain occasions as a ritual for rain.", "ja": "また雨を予知する能力があるとされ祈雨法（雨乞い）にも用いられた。" }
{ "en": "The incantation of Mikkyo that uses Kujaku Myoo as the principal image is called Kujakukyoho.", "ja": "孔雀明王を本尊としたとした密教呪法は孔雀経法とよばれる。" }
{ "en": "In the world of Shingon Mikkyo, the prayer of Kujakukyoho was emphasized the most as it was deemed to be a prayer to guard the nation.", "ja": "真言密教において孔雀経法による祈願は鎮護国家の大法とされ最も重要視された。" }
{ "en": "Sutra: Daikujaku-myoo-kyo Sutra (Butsubo-daikujaku-myoo-kyo Sutra) and Daikujaku-myoo Gazodanjojiki", "ja": "経典：大孔雀明王経（仏母大孔雀明王経）、大孔雀明王画像壇場儀軌" }
{ "en": "In Japan there is a record stating that she was worshiped during the Nara period, and her image was placed at the newly constructed Saidai-ji Temple Kondo (Saidai-ji Temple Golden Hall).", "ja": "日本では奈良時代ごろから信仰され、創建当初の西大寺(奈良市)金堂に安置されていたとの記録もある。" }
{ "en": "On, Mayura, Kirandei, Sowaka", "ja": "おん　まゆら　きらんでぃ　そわか" }
{ "en": "Noubotaya・noumotaramaya・noumosoukiya ・taniyata", "ja": "のうもぼたや・のうもたらまや・のうもそうきゃ・たにやた" }
{ "en": "・gogogogogogo・nougareirei・dabareirei・goyagoya", "ja": "・ごごごごごご・のうがれいれい・だばれいれい・ごやごや" }
{ "en": "・bijiyayabijiyaya・tosotoso・roro・hiiramera", "ja": "・びじややびじやや・とそとそ・ろーろ・ひいらめら" }
{ "en": "・chirimera・irimitari・chirimitari・izuchirimitari", "ja": "・ちりめら・いりみたり・ちりみたり・いずちりみたり" }
{ "en": "・dame・sodame・tosotei・kurabeira・sabara", "ja": "・だめ・そだめ・とそてい・くらべいら・さばら" }
{ "en": "・bibara・ichiri・bichiririchiri・bichiri・noumosotohabotanan", "ja": "・びばら・いちり・びちりりちり・びちり・のうもそとはぼたなん" }
{ "en": "・sokurikishi・kudokiyauka・noumorakatan・goradara", "ja": "・そくりきし・くどきやうか・のうもらかたん・ごらだら" }
{ "en": "・barashiyatoniba・sanmanteinou・nashiyasonishiyaso", "ja": "・ばらしやとにば・さんまんていのう・なしやそにしやそ" }
{ "en": "・noumakuhatanan・sowaka", "ja": "・のうまくはたなん・そわか" }
{ "en": "Sculptures", "ja": "彫刻" }
{ "en": "The image at Kongobu-ji Temple - the work of Kaikei, Kamakura period, an important cultural property", "ja": "金剛峯寺像―快慶作、鎌倉時代、重要文化財" }
{ "en": "The image at Shoryaku-ji Temple - Kamakura period", "ja": "正暦寺像―鎌倉時代" }
{ "en": "The image at Shoten-do - Edo period", "ja": "聖天堂像―江戸時代" }
{ "en": "Paintings", "ja": "絵画" }
{ "en": "The image at Ninna-ji Temple - the Southern Song period, a national treasure", "ja": "仁和寺像―南宋時代、国宝" }
{ "en": "The image at Tokyo National Museum - late Heian period, a national treasure", "ja": "東京国立博物館像―、平安時代後期、国宝" }
{ "en": "The image at Horyu-ji Temple - an important cultural property", "ja": "法隆寺像―重要文化財" }
{ "en": "The image at Daigo-ji Temple (included in the Mikkyo painting image) - an important cultural property", "ja": "醍醐寺像（密教図像内）―重要文化財" }
{ "en": "The image at Anrakuji-in Temple - an important cultural property", "ja": "安楽寿院像―重要文化財" }
{ "en": "The image at Chishakuin Temple - an important cultural property", "ja": "智積院像―重要文化財" }
{ "en": "the image at Matsuo-dera Temple (Maizuru City) - an important cultural property", "ja": "松尾寺(舞鶴市)像―重要文化財" }
{ "en": "The image at Sanritz Hattori Museum of Arts - an important cultural property", "ja": "サンリツ服部美術館像―重要文化財" }
{ "en": "Jocho (D.O.B. unknown - died September 2, 1057) was a sculptor active in the latter part of the Heian period and is said to be the sculptor who perfected the technique called yoseki-zukuri, in which the main part of a statue is made out of two or more pieces of wood.", "ja": "定朝（じょうちょう、生年不明-天喜5年8月1日(旧暦)（1057年9月2日））は平安時代後期に活躍した仏師で、寄木造技法の完成者とされる。" }
{ "en": "Son of the sculptor Kosho.", "ja": "康尚の子。" }
{ "en": "The shallow sculpting of the drapery with folds arranged in parallel lines, and the serene expressions of Jocho's simple and graceful Buddhist statues suited the preferences of the Heian aristocracy and this style was called 'Buddhist Style.'", "ja": "彫りが浅く平行して流れる衣文、瞑想的な表情など、定朝の平明で優雅な仏像は平安貴族の好尚に合致し、その作風は「仏の本様」と称せられた。" }
{ "en": "According to historical accounts there is much evidence of his work however the only statue in existence that can be identified with certainty as his work is the wooden seated Amida Nyorai Statue (a national treasure), the principal object of reverence at Byodoin (Kyoto).", "ja": "文献上は多くの事跡が伝えられるが、現存する確実な遺作は平等院本尊の木造阿弥陀如来坐像（国宝）とされる。" }
{ "en": "While examples of work in the Jocho style of sculpture came to be formalized, this Amida statue is a superb work which is highly acclaimed as a representative work of Jocho.", "ja": "定朝の風を襲ったいわゆる定朝様（-よう）の作例はやがて形式化に堕していったのに対し、この阿弥陀像は定朝の代表作として推奨するに足る優作である。" }
{ "en": "Buddhist statues ascribed to Jocho remain in existence around the country.", "ja": "各地には定朝作と伝えられている仏像が残る。" }
{ "en": "There is also a sculpture of a Jizo Bosatsu (Bodhisattva) in a temple in Wakayama Prefecture which is ascribed to Jocho.", "ja": "和歌山県のある寺院には定朝作と伝えられている地蔵菩薩も存在する。" }
{ "en": "According to Buddhism, Komokuten (viruupaakSa in Sanskrit) is the Buddha of Tenbu (deities who reside in a heavenly realm, one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another).", "ja": "広目天（こうもくてん）、サンスクリットヴィルーパークシャ(viruupaakSa、毘楼博叉)は仏教における天部の仏。" }
{ "en": "It is one of the Shitenno (the Four Guardian Kings) together with Jikokuten (Dhrtarastra), Zochoten (Virudhaka) and Tamonten (Vaisravana).", "ja": "持国天、増長天、多聞天と共に四天王の一尊に数えられる。" }
{ "en": "Although original meaning of Virupaksa in Sanskrit was 'the one who has various eyes' or 'the one who has awkward eyes,' such meaning was stretched to 'extraordinary eyes that have particular abilities' and was eventually interpreted as second sight and translated as \"komoku (wide eyes).\"", "ja": "ヴィルーパークシャとは本来サンスクリット語で「種々の眼をした者」あるいは「不格好な眼をした者」という意味だが、「尋常でない眼、特殊な力を持った眼」さらに千里眼と拡大解釈され、広目と訳された。" }
{ "en": "His sanmayagyo (symbol) is a sankogeki (a long, three-pronged spear) and kenjaku (a rope made from five different colored strands--blue, yellow, red, black and white--with clasps at both ends).", "ja": "三昧耶形は三鈷戟、羂索(両端に金具を付けた捕縛縄)。" }
{ "en": "Shushi (Esoteric Buddhism) is vi.", "ja": "種子(密教)はビ(vi)。" }
{ "en": "His figure is depicted in various ways, but in Japan he is generally depicted as a leather-armored warrior of the Tan Dynasty period.", "ja": "その姿には様々な表現があるが、日本では一般に革製の甲冑を身に着けた唐代の武将風の姿で表される。" }
{ "en": "In the old days he was depicted as a figure writing something on a scroll with a brush.", "ja": "持物は、古くは筆を持ち巻物に何かを書き留めている姿で表現された。" }
{ "en": "However, most of such figures were created in the Tenpyo period, and since Heian period figures holding items other than the above gradually became more prevalent.", "ja": "しかしこれは主に天平時代のもので、平安時代以後は徐々に別の持物を持つようになった。" }
{ "en": "For example, in the Garbha-mandala of Mikkyo he is depicted as having a red-colored body, with right hand holding Sankogeki (a three-pronged pike) and the left hand clenched and placed on the right side of the waist.", "ja": "例えば密教の胎蔵界曼荼羅では体色は赤色、右手は三鈷戟を持ち、左手は拳にして右腰に置く姿で描かれる。" }
{ "en": "Sometimes he is depicted as a figure holding kenjaku.", "ja": "また羂索を持った姿で表されることもある。" }
{ "en": "In Chinese folk belief he is depicted as a figure with a red-colored face and holding a dragon.", "ja": "また、中国の民間信仰においては赤い顔で竜を持った姿で表される。" }
{ "en": "Originally, he served under the thunder god Indra (Taishakuten), who appears in Indian mythology, but later he was introduced in Buddhism as a guardian deity.", "ja": "本来はインド神話に登場する雷神インドラ(帝釈天)の配下で、後に仏教に主護神として取り入れられた。" }
{ "en": "As one of the Shitenno that guard the four sides of Mt. Shumisen、which support the world where Buddha resides, he resides in Hakuginta and was believed to guard its west side or Saigokeshu, one of four continents on the earth believed to exist in the ancient Indian view of the world.", "ja": "仏の住む世界を支える須弥山の4方向を護る四天王の1員として白銀埵（はくぎんた）に住み、西の方角、或いは古代インドの世界観で地球上にあるとされた4つの大陸のうち西牛貨洲（さいごけしゅう）を守護するとされる。" }
{ "en": "He has fierce gods such as Naga and Pishaca as subordinates.", "ja": "また、ナーガやピシャーチャといった鬼神を配下とする。" }
{ "en": "The term Sohei means samurai (warriors) with the appearance of priests who were active from the Medieval Period until the early modern ages.", "ja": "僧兵（そうへい）とは、日本の古代後期から中世、近世初頭にかけて存在した僧形の武者である。" }
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "概容" }
{ "en": "Hoshi-musha or armed priests were called Soshu or Akuso in the era when they were active but since the Edo period, they have been called \"Sohei.\"", "ja": "法師武者あるいは武装した僧侶を僧衆、悪僧と同時代でいうが、それを江戸時代以降の「僧兵」と呼称したことばである。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, the Chinese character of \"悪(aku)\" used for the term of 悪僧 (Akuso), like 悪 (aku) used for 悪党 (akuto) means \"strong.\"", "ja": "ちなみに悪僧の「悪」は悪党の悪と同じで「強い」という意味合いである。" }
{ "en": "They basically belonged to temples as armed groups.", "ja": "主に寺院に所属する武装集団である。" }
{ "en": "Their figures were depicted in picture scrolls and their characteristics were cloth covering heads, Takageta (tall wooden clogs) and Naginata (halberd).", "ja": "その風貌は絵巻物などに描かれ、頭を包む布や、高下駄、薙刀などが特徴とされる。" }
{ "en": "It is highly possible that they didn't shave their heads.", "ja": "髪は剃っていなかった可能性が高い。" }
{ "en": "In the meantime, armed groups belonging to shrines were called Jinin.", "ja": "なお、これに対し、神社に所属する武装集団を神人（じにん）という。" }
{ "en": "As there were Buddhist priests' groups outside of Japan that organized priests into armed groups, such as Suzan Shorin-ji Temple (Mountain Sung Shaolin Temple), the term Sohei sometimes refers to such armed religious groups in broad terms.", "ja": "また、日本以外にも嵩山少林寺のように僧兵として武装集団を組織する仏教僧の集団がおり、広義には武装した宗教集団を指すこともある。" }
{ "en": "When used in this sense, the Military Order in Europe is also included in the category of Sohei.", "ja": "その場合はヨーロッパの騎士修道会も含まれることがある。" }
{ "en": "During the era when Sohei or Jinin were active, temples and shrines were rich due to holding vast Jiryo (landownership of Buddhist Temples) or Shrine Estates amidst the unstable society and they faced risks of being assailed by various social groups, including groups of robbers.", "ja": "僧兵や神人が活躍した時代は社会が乱れる一方で、広大な寺領・神領を有して経済的に豊かであった寺社は盗賊のみならず、さまざまな勢力によって狙われる危険性が生じた。" }
{ "en": "For this reason, the need to have military power for defending temples and shrines from such attacks arose.", "ja": "このため、こうした動きから寺社を防衛する武力を保持する必要が出てきた。" }
{ "en": "In this historic context, 'arming of temples and shrines,' although it seemingly sounds contradictory, was in fact promoted.", "ja": "このような時代背景のもとに一見矛盾するように見える「寺院・神社の武装化」が推進される事になった。" }

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