translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Historically, Daishu (Doshu), those who belonged to big temples in Kyoto and Nara City and were engaged in odd jobs, and armed themselves for self-defense and became Sohei.",
"ja": "京都・奈良市の大寺院の雑役に服する大衆（堂衆）が自衛武装したもの。"
} |
{
"en": "During the late Heian period, Sohei became powerful armed groups with their stronghold including at Kofuku-ji Temple, Enryaku-ji Temple, Onjo-ji Temple and Todai-ji Temple and were repeatedly involved in power struggles among temples or in acts of menace to the imperial court and Sekke (line of regents and advisers).",
"ja": "平安時代末期には強大な武力集団となり、興福寺・延暦寺・園城寺、東大寺などの寺院を拠点として、寺院同士の勢力争いや、朝廷や摂家に対して強訴をくりかえした。"
} |
{
"en": "In Mochihito-o War, Sohei also fought against the Taira family.",
"ja": "以仁王の乱では平家とも争う。"
} |
{
"en": "Such a fight against the Taira family is depicted in \"Heike Monogatari\" (The Tale of the Taira family).",
"ja": "『平家物語』などにも、その描写がみられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Sohei belonging to Kofuku-ji Temple (Nanto, southern capital) and Enryaku-ji Temple (Hokurei) were specifically called Shuto (Nara-hoshi) and Yama-hoshi respectively.",
"ja": "特に、興福寺（南都）は衆徒（奈良法師）、延暦寺（北嶺）は山法師と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Emperor Shirakawa cited 'water of the Kamo River (flow of Kamo-gawa River), cast of sugoroku and Yama-hoshi (Mt. Hiei)' as being beyond his control and from this anecdote, it can be guessed that the high-handedness of the Sohei was a worry for the imperial court.",
"ja": "白河天皇は、自分の意のままにならないものとして「賀茂川の水（鴨川の流れ）・双六の賽（の目）・山法師（比叡山）」を挙げているおり、僧兵の横暴が朝廷の不安要素であったことがうかがえる。"
} |
{
"en": "Even in regions far from the center of Japan, some dominant temples and shrines exerted a big influence on the power balance in those days with holding military power or by joining forces with the local militia.",
"ja": "中央から離れた地域でも有力寺社は軍事力を持ったり地元軍事力と結びつき、当時のパワーバランスに大きな影響を及ぼしていた。"
} |
{
"en": "It is well- known that during Jisho-Juei War, both sides made political deals with Kumano Gongen Deity that presided over Kumano Suigun Navy.",
"ja": "治承・寿永の乱の時には熊野水軍を取り仕切っていた熊野権現にたいし双方から政治的な取引がなされた例などが著名である。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Muromachi period, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who was formerly known by Gien and had once been a temple head priest of the Tendai sect, was familiar with the military power and high-handedness of Sohei to conduct massive military operations in order to crack down on Enryaku-ji Temple (Nobunaga conducted similar operations later).",
"ja": "室町時代に、かつて義円と名乗り天台座主だった足利義教が、僧兵の軍事力と粗暴さを熟知しているため、延暦寺討伐に動き出して大規模の弾圧を実施した（後年の信長も同様のことをやっている）。"
} |
{
"en": "After that, such trend of those dominant temples and shrines in various regions to hold military power continued.",
"ja": "各地の有力寺社が軍事力を保持する傾向はその後も続いた。"
} |
{
"en": "The following are examples of powerful Sohei groups during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).",
"ja": "戦国時代(日本)の有力僧兵団として以下の例がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Kofuku-ji Temple; Inei, the founder of the Hozoin school of Sojutsu (the art of the spearman ship), was well-known.",
"ja": "興福寺・・・宝蔵院流槍術の開祖・胤栄などが知られる。"
} |
{
"en": "Negoro-ji Temple; it was well-known for its mighty harquebus corps including Kazunaga TSUDA, the founder of Tsuda school of gunnery.",
"ja": "根来寺・・・津田流砲術の開祖・津田算長をはじめ、強力な火縄銃隊で知られる。"
} |
{
"en": "It was subdued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI by his expedition to Kishu and lost military power.",
"ja": "豊臣秀吉による紀州征伐で制圧され、軍事力を喪失した。"
} |
{
"en": "Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple; it boasted overwhelming influential power as well as military power through Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers) which was fought by, instead of its own Sohei group, believers called up from every region of the country (many of them were indigenous persons and ordinary people), but eventually it suffered devastating defeat in the Ishiyama War and lost its military power.",
"ja": "石山本願寺・・・独自の僧兵集団ではなく、各地の門徒（多くは国人や庶民）を動員した一向一揆を通じて絶大な影響力・軍事力を誇ったが、石山合戦に敗れ壊滅、軍事力を喪失した。"
} |
{
"en": "Suwa-taisha Shrine; it was subdued by Shingen TAKEDA and lost military power.",
"ja": "諏訪大社・・・武田信玄に制圧され、軍事力を喪失した。"
} |
{
"en": "It was rebuilt as the line of the feudal lord but was split from that of the Shinto priest.",
"ja": "大名家としては江戸時代に再興したが、神官家とは分かれることになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Usa-jingu Shrine; it was subdued by Yoshishige OTOMO and lost military power.",
"ja": "宇佐神宮・・・大友義鎮に制圧され、軍事力を喪失した。"
} |
{
"en": "Since all temples and shrines mentioned above had either lost their military power or had been divided, their religious powers had been separated from the military powers by the Edo period.",
"ja": "いずれも江戸時代までには軍事力を喪失するか、分割されるなどして宗教と軍事力が切り離されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Rinno-ji Temple on Mt. Nikko; it held many Sohei and was one of the leading armed groups in Shimotsuke Province.",
"ja": "日光山輪王寺・・・多数の僧兵を抱え、下野国でも有数の武装勢力になる。"
} |
{
"en": "Because it joined forces with the Gohojo clan, it was oppressed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to be forfeited its Jiryo, then declined.",
"ja": "後北条氏に荷担したため、豊臣秀吉により弾圧され、寺領を没収され衰退。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, it recovered its clout under the protection of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had been transferred to Kanto.",
"ja": "関東に移封された徳川家康の保護により、勢力を回復する。"
} |
{
"en": "Tanzan-jinja Shrine; it often clashed with Kofuku-ji Temple.",
"ja": "談山神社・・・興福寺と度々武力衝突を起こす。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1585, it accepted the disarmament request made by Hidenaga TOYOTOMI when he came to Yamato Province and surrendered weapons.",
"ja": "天正13年（1585年）、大和国に入国した豊臣秀長の武装解除要求に応じ、武具を供出。"
} |
{
"en": "Heisen-ji Temple Hakusan-jinja Shrine; as the branch temple of Enryaku-ji Temple, it held eight thousand Sohei and extended its power to Echizen Province.",
"ja": "平泉寺白山神社・・・延暦寺末寺として、最盛期には8千人の僧兵を抱えて越前国に勢力を伸ばす。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1574, it was burnt down in the battle against Ikko Ikki.",
"ja": "天正2年（1574年）、一向一揆との抗争で全山が焼失。"
} |
{
"en": "It was declined thereafter.",
"ja": "勢力が弱まる。"
} |
{
"en": "However, by allying itself with Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI from early on, it recovered its Jiryo.",
"ja": "織田信長、豊臣秀吉と早くから結び、寺領を回復する。"
} |
{
"en": "Rokudo is a Buddhist term and it means six posthumous worlds to which the souls of the dead transmigrate.",
"ja": "六道（りくどう、ろくどう）は、仏教用語で、死後に転生するという6種類の世界のことである。"
} |
{
"en": "The six worlds that constitute Rokudo are as follows.",
"ja": "それぞれ以下のとおり。"
} |
{
"en": "Jigoku-do (world of hells)",
"ja": "地獄道（じごくどう）"
} |
{
"en": "Gaki-do (world of hungry ghosts)",
"ja": "餓鬼道（がきどう）"
} |
{
"en": "Chikusho-do (world of animals)",
"ja": "畜生道（ちくしょうどう）"
} |
{
"en": "Shura-do (world of bellicose demons)",
"ja": "阿修羅道（しゅらどう）"
} |
{
"en": "Ningen-do (world of humans)",
"ja": "人間界道（にんげんどう）"
} |
{
"en": "Ten-do (world of heavenly beings) (also called Tenjo-do or Tenkai-do)",
"ja": "天(仏教)道（てんどう、天上道、天界道とも）"
} |
{
"en": "According to Buddhism, it is believed that stray lives that came in to the world will transmigrate after death to one of six posthumous world depending on the crimes they committed while alive and repeat life and death in each of the Rokudo where they transmigrated (Rokudo-rinne, Rebirth in the Six Worlds).",
"ja": "仏教においては、この世に生を受けた迷いのある生命は死後、生前の罪により6種類の世界のいずれかに転生し、これら六道で生死を繰り返すと言う（六道輪廻）。"
} |
{
"en": "Even those transmigrated to Ten-do cannot escape from the rebirth of pain.",
"ja": "たとえ天道であっても苦しみの輪廻する世界を脱することは出来ない。"
} |
{
"en": "Based on the principle that all things are in flux and nothing is permanent, it is believed that lives are destined to die out eventually and transmigrate to another world (or the same world) regardless of the world to which they transmigrated.",
"ja": "諸行無常の原則により、どの世界に生まれ変わろうとも何時かは死に絶え、別の世界（或いは同一世界）へ転生する宿命とされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Under the world view of Shumisen (Mt. Sumeru), the six worlds mentioned above are sometimes understood as space.",
"ja": "上記6種の世界は、須弥山世界観等においてはしばしば空間的領域として捉えられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Those lives that deviated from the road of the wheel of life, such as Tengu (braggart), are commonly called Gedo (Maen).",
"ja": "なお一部には、天狗など、この輪廻の道から外れたものを俗に外道（魔縁）という。"
} |
{
"en": "In the picture depicting the wheel of life, such as the one shown in upper right,",
"ja": "右上資料画像の図のような輪廻を表した絵ではそれぞれ、"
} |
{
"en": "monster and skeleton represent ignorance (Mumyo) and uncertainty regarding the root of the Twelve-fold Chain of Dependent Origination,",
"ja": "怪物と骸骨-十二支縁起の根である無知(無明)と無常"
} |
{
"en": "the outer circular ring represents human behavior (omen),",
"ja": "外周の円環-人の行い(縁起)"
} |
{
"en": "the second circular ring represents Rokudo (in this picture, heavenly beings, human beings and Ashura occupy the same place),",
"ja": "次の内側ドーナツ-六道(この絵では天と人と阿修羅が同じ場にある)"
} |
{
"en": "the inner circular ring represents human beings, and",
"ja": "最も内側の円環-人"
} |
{
"en": "the circle in the middle represents wrath (symbolized by snakes) that is the cause of pain, folly (pigs) that represents ignorance and greed (birds)",
"ja": "真ん中の円-苦しみの因なる怒り(蛇が象徴)と無知たる愚かさ(豚)と貪欲さ(鳥)"
} |
{
"en": "respectively.",
"ja": "を表している。"
} |
{
"en": "In connection with Rokudo, the belief of afterlife that souls are saved from the world to which they transmigrated by the guidance of Kannon (Deity of Mercy), called Kannon belief, was generated and it was believed that six different Kannon bear respective roles.",
"ja": "六道には、観音の導きによりその世界から救われるという来世的な観音信仰が生まれ、それぞれ6つの役割をもった観音が救うとされた。"
} |
{
"en": "These are called Roku Kannon (the six Kannon).",
"ja": "これを六観音と呼ぶ。"
} |
{
"en": "Tendai sect and Shingon sect adopt different interpretations concerning Ningen-do and Fukukensaku Kannon (Kannon of the Never Empty Lasso) and Jundei Kannon (Cundi) are adopted, respectively.",
"ja": "なお天台宗と真言宗では人間道における解釈が異なり、不空羂索観音と准胝観音がそれぞれ置かれている。"
} |
{
"en": "When called Shichi Kannon (the seven Kannon), these two Kannon are included.",
"ja": "七観音と呼ばれる場合はこの2観音を含めた観音のこととなる。"
} |
{
"en": "Rokudo",
"ja": "六道"
} |
{
"en": "Roku Kannon in Shingon sect",
"ja": "真言宗の六観音"
} |
{
"en": "Roku Kannon in Tendai sect",
"ja": "天台宗の六観音"
} |
{
"en": "Jigoku-do; Sho-Kannon (Sacred Kannon, or Aryavalokitesvara); Sho Kannon",
"ja": "地獄道聖観音聖観音"
} |
{
"en": "Gaki-do; Senju Kannon (Thousand Armed Kannon, or Thousand Armed Avalokiteshwara); Senju Kannon",
"ja": "餓鬼道千手観音千手観音"
} |
{
"en": "Chikusho-do; Bato Kannon (horse-headed Kannon); Bato Kannon",
"ja": "畜生道馬頭観音馬頭観音"
} |
{
"en": "Shura-do; Juichimen Kannon (Eleven-faced Kannon); Juichimen Kannon",
"ja": "修羅道十一面観音十一面観音"
} |
{
"en": "Ningen-do; Jundei Kannon; Fukukensaku Kannon",
"ja": "人間道准胝観音不空羂索観音"
} |
{
"en": "Ten-do; Nyoirin Kannon (the Bodhisattva of Compassion); Nyoirin Kannon",
"ja": "天道如意輪観音如意輪観音"
} |
{
"en": "Nirvana, which means awakening to Buddha through Satori (enlightenment), can be achieved while in life, and is not necessarily triggered simply by death.",
"ja": "悟りを開き仏として目覚める事（涅槃）は、主に生存活動の最中において為され、単純な死を契機とはしない。"
} |
{
"en": "Nirvana is a fundamentally different notion from the phenomenon of posthumous transmigration and as represented by Shaka, human beings can live in the same world as before until their death even after awakening to Buddha since no special world is prepared for Buddha.",
"ja": "涅槃は死後に別世界にて生まれ変わる現象とは根本的に意味合いが異なり、仏専用の別世界が用意されている訳ではなく、釈迦に代表されるように、仏として目覚めた後も死亡（入滅）までは従来の世界で暮らし続ける。"
} |
{
"en": "Compared with Rokudo, nirvana can be understood as a more psychological notion.",
"ja": "涅槃は六道と比較すると、精神的領域だと解釈出来る。"
} |
{
"en": "Historically, the pure land philosophy that is held by Jodo-kyo etc. was established long after the establishment of Rokudo-rinne philosophy.",
"ja": "また、浄土教等に見受けられる浄土なる世界は、六道輪廻確立より更に後代の思想である。"
} |
{
"en": "The pure land is common with Rokudo in the sense of a place where the dead are destined to go, but it is a completely different notion from the world-view under the philosophy of Rokudo-rinne.",
"ja": "浄土は死後に行き着くと言う点では六道と共通するものの、六道輪廻の思想で説かれる世界観とは基本的に別物である。"
} |
{
"en": "The pure land can be defined as the world where Buddha resides and is not limited to one of the Rokudo.",
"ja": "仏が存在する世界が即ち浄土だと位置付ける事が可能で、六道の内のいずれか一つに限定されている訳ではない。"
} |
{
"en": "Ten-do",
"ja": "天道"
} |
{
"en": "Ten-do is the world where Tenjin (heavenly beings) reside.",
"ja": "天道は天人が住まう世界である。"
} |
{
"en": "Tenjin are believed to have very long life-spans and be better and far less pain than human beings.",
"ja": "天人は人間よりも優れた存在とされ、寿命は非常に長く、また苦しみも人間に比べてほとんどないとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Tenjin are also believed to be able to fly in the sky and spend a life of pleasure.",
"ja": "また、空を飛ぶことができ享楽のうちに生涯を過ごすといわれる。"
} |
{
"en": "But Tenjin are not relieved from Bonno (earthly desires).",
"ja": "しかしながら煩悩から解き放たれては居ない。"
} |
{
"en": "When Tenjin are dying, it is believed that five changes occur.",
"ja": "天人が死を迎えるときは五つの変化が現れる。"
} |
{
"en": "These changes are called Gosui (Tenjin Gosui) and when such changes occur, they stink with their body being covered in grime, they sweat from the underarms, they become less fond of the place where they reside and flowers on their heads wither.",
"ja": "これを五衰（天人五衰）と称し、体が垢に塗れて悪臭を放ち、脇から汗が出て自分の居場所を好まなくなり、頭の上の花が萎む。"
} |
{
"en": "Ningen-do",
"ja": "人間道"
} |
{
"en": "Literally, Ningen-do is the world where Ningen (human beings) reside.",
"ja": "人間道は文字通り人間が住む世界である。"
} |
{
"en": "Although it is a world with so much pain, it is believed that pleasure may come after a succession of pain.",
"ja": "四苦八苦に悩まされる苦しみの大きい世界であるが、苦しみが続くばかりではなく楽しみもあるとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "There is also relief that those can become a Buddha.",
"ja": "また、仏になりうるという救いもある。"
} |
{
"en": "Shura-do",
"ja": "修羅道"
} |
{
"en": "Shura-do is the world where Shura reside.",
"ja": "修羅道は修羅の住まう世界である。"
} |
{
"en": "Shura are believed to fight and struggle all the time.",
"ja": "修羅は終始戦い、争うとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Although it is a world where pain and anger are constantly rampant, it is not a hellish place and pain can be largely attributed to oneself in this world.",
"ja": "苦しみや怒りが絶えないが地獄のような場所ではなく、苦しみは自らに帰結するところが大きい世界である。"
} |
{
"en": "Chikusho-do",
"ja": "畜生道"
} |
{
"en": "Chikusho-do is the world where oxen and horses reside.",
"ja": "畜生道は牛馬などの世界である。"
} |
{
"en": "As oxen and horses live almost solely with instinct and are forced to work by human beings, they are unable to attain Buddha's teaching by themselves and in this sense, this world is believed to be of less relief.",
"ja": "ほとんど本能ばかりで生きており、人間に使役されほとんどなされるがままという点は自らの力で仏の教えを得ることの出来ない状態であり、救いの少ない世界とされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Gaki-do",
"ja": "餓鬼道"
} |
{
"en": "Gaki-do is the world where Gaki (preta) reside.",
"ja": "餓鬼道は餓鬼の世界である。"
} |
{
"en": "Gaki have the appearance of a demon with a bloated belly and they always suffer from hunger and thirst because food becomes ash when they are set to eat.",
"ja": "餓鬼は腹が膨れた姿の鬼で、食べ物を口に入れようとすると灰となってしまい餓えと渇きに悩まされる。"
} |
{
"en": "There is an example of a person who was thrown into this world because he didn't care for other people while in life..",
"ja": "前世において他人を慮らなかったために落とされた例がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Segaki-e (hungry ghosts' feeding rites) is held on July 15 of lunar calendar in order to save these Gaki.",
"ja": "旧暦7月15日の施餓鬼会はこの餓鬼を救うために行われる。"
} |
{
"en": "Jigoku-do",
"ja": "地獄道"
} |
{
"en": "Jigoku-do is the world for making human beings atone for crimes committed during their life.",
"ja": "地獄道は生前の罪を償わせるための世界である。"
} |
{
"en": "Refer to Jigoku (Buddhism) for details.",
"ja": "詳細は地獄(仏教)を参照のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Concerning the above six worlds, Jigoku, Gaki and Chikusho are sometimes collectively called San-akushu (literally, three bad realms, San-akudo, Sanaku or Sanzu) and Shura, Ningen and Ten are collectively called San-zenshu (literally, three good realms).",
"ja": "このうち、地獄から畜生までを三悪趣（三悪道、あるいは三悪、三途）と呼称し、これに対し修羅から天上までを三善趣と呼称する場合がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Jigoku, Gaki, Chikusho and Shura are sometimes collectively called Shi-akushu (literally, four good realms).",
"ja": "また地獄から修羅までを四悪趣と称することもある。"
} |
{
"en": "Further, Rokudo other than Shura are sometimes collectively called Goshu (literally, five realms).",
"ja": "また六道から修羅を除いて五趣と称すこともある。"
} |
{
"en": "Under early Buddhism, Jigoku, Gaki, Chikusho, Ningen and Ten were collectively called Goshu and Shura did not exist.",
"ja": "初期仏教では、地獄・餓鬼・畜生・人間・天上を五趣とし、修羅はなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, Goshu is deemed as an older notion than Rokudo.",
"ja": "つまり五趣の方が六道より古い概念とされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Originally, Shura (Ashura) was included in Tenbu (Deities who reside in a heavenly realm, one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another) but after Mahayana Buddhism was established, Shura derived from Tenbu and became Rokudo.",
"ja": "これは当初、修羅（阿修羅）が、天部に含まれていたもので、大乗仏教になってから天部から修羅が派生して六道となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, these two notions are collectively called Five Realms Six Paths.",
"ja": "したがって、これらを一括して五趣六道という。"
} |
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