Datasets:
may-ohta
/
kftt

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translation
translation
{ "en": "In Japan in particular, the term Kizoku and that of Kazoku were used for almost the same meaning during the Meiji period and later, to generally indicate a social status class (Koshaku (公爵), Koshaku (䟯爵), Hakushaku (䌯爵), Shishaku (子爵), and Danshaku (男爵)) that was differentiated from Kozoku (the Imperial family) on the upper side and from Shizoku (the warrior class) on the lower side.", "ja": "特に日本の堎合、貎族ずは明治以降は華族ずほが同矩で、䞊は皇族ず区別され、䞋は士族ず区別されるある身分階局公䟯䌯子男を指すのが䞀般的である。" }
{ "en": "However, in Europe, the term Kizoku (Nobility in English, Noblesse in French, and Adel in German) covers emperors, kings, and princes as well, and there is no terminology in which Imperial families and royal families are differentiated from Kizoku.", "ja": "しかしながら、西掋では貎族英Nobility、仏Noblesse、独Adelずいう語の䞭には、皇垝、囜王、王子なども含たれ、それゆえ、皇族、王族ず貎族を区別するずいう甚語法はない。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, the term of Shizoku (士族) was used for indicating, during the Meiji period and later, the former samurai class that was placed under the Kazoku class.", "ja": "たた士族は、日本では明治以降は華族の䞋に䜍眮づけられた旧歊士階玚を意味した。" }
{ "en": "However, Shi (士) was originally one of the terms indicating the Kizoku class in ancient China (the Shu period), placed under the Taifu (倧倫) class, and there was also the term Shi-taifu (士倧倫) that combined both Shi and Taifu.", "ja": "しかしながら、そもそも、「士」ずいう語は、叀代䞭囜呚代では貎族の称号の䞀぀であり、倧倫の䞋に䜍眮し、倧倫ずあわせお「士倧倫」ずも呌ばれた。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, Shizoku originally indicated Kizoku itself.", "ja": "それゆえ士族ずはたさしく貎族を意味しおいたのである。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, Kizoku is used globally for indicating a broad class that was placed above the common people class and was provided with various privileges hereditarily, and sometimes includes the Kozou class, the Ozoku class and the priest class as well, depending upon the terminology.", "ja": "それゆえ、䞖界的に芋れば、貎族ずは平民の䞊に䜍眮し、䞖襲により各皮の特暩を有する広い階局を指し、甚語法によっおは皇族、王族、僧䟶階玚なども含む堎合がある。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, when using this term, it is necessary to be careful about these differences in concepts involved in the term.", "ja": "そのため、こうした抂念の違いに泚意する必芁がある。" }
{ "en": "Taking a general view of Kizoku history in Japan, ancient Kizoku originated in the Gozoku (local ruling family) class that was first established during the period of Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty) period, and then in the first half of the Heian period, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan came to occupy the upper Kizoku class, replacing the former ancient Kizoku class.", "ja": "日本における貎族の歎史を抂芳するず、ダマト王暩期の豪族局に由来する叀代貎族がたず圢成された埌、平安時代前期には埓来の叀代貎族に代わっお藀原氏や源氏が䞊流貎族局を占めおいった。" }
{ "en": "In the early medieval period, the Kuge (court noble) class was established based upon them.", "ja": "䞭䞖前期にこれらを母䜓ずする公家局が圢成された。" }
{ "en": "The Kuge class existed until the Meiji restoration era, though continued losing real power in economic affairs as well as in political affairs.", "ja": "公家局は䞭䞖埌期以降、経枈的実暩ず政治的実暩を喪倱し぀぀も、明治維新期たで存続した。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, during the medieval period, the movement to make the uppermost class of the samurai (called Buke-no-toryo: literally, the head of samurai families) join the Kizoku class continued, and entered early-modern times, as family status became fixed, the shogun family and the daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) class formed the Buke (samurai)-kizoku.", "ja": "䞀方、䞭䞖には、歊士階玚の最䞊䜍局歊家棟梁が貎族化する動きを継続しお芋せおおり、近䞖に入るず家栌の固定に䌎っお将軍家や倧名局が歊家貎族を圢成した。" }
{ "en": "Entering the Meiji restoration period, the socially upper classes, centered on Kuge-kizoku and Buke-kizoku, were included in the class called Kazoku, and then the Kazoku system was abolished after Japan was defeated in the Pacific War, making Kizoku extinct in Japan (however, excluding Kozoku or Imperial families).", "ja": "明治維新期に至り、公家貎族ず歊家貎族を䞭心ずする䞊流階玚が華族ぞず移行したが、倪平掋戊争での敗戊に䌎い華族制床は廃止され、日本の貎族は消滅した(ただし、皇族は陀く)。" }
{ "en": "It is considered that Kizoku in Japan was first introduced in the period from the latter half of the seventh century to the early eighth century when the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code) was established.", "ja": "日本における貎族の登堎は、7䞖玀埌半から8䞖玀初頭の埋什制成立期に求められる。" }
{ "en": "The base of the Kizoku was the Gozoku class.", "ja": "このずき貎族の母䜓ずなったのは、豪族階局であった。" }
{ "en": "In Yamato (Japan) in the seventh century and before, blood-related family groups, each called an Uji (clan), had been formed, and the Uji group heads formed the Gozoku class.", "ja": "7䞖玀以前の倭囜日本では、りヂず呌ばれる同族集団が圢成されおいたが、そのりヂ集団を統率する族長たちが豪族階局を構成しおいた。" }
{ "en": "The Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty) at that time had the characteristics of the coalition government of these Uji groups, or Gozoku, as well.", "ja": "圓時のダマト王暩は、りヂ集団豪族たちの連合政暩ずしおの性栌も有しおいた。" }
{ "en": "However, in the Tenchi and Tenmu periods and later in the latter half of the seventh century, power was rapidly concentrated at the Emperor level (Okimi - great king) and Gozoku in the capital were reorganized into government officers.", "ja": "しかし、7䞖玀埌半の倩智・倩歊期以降、倩皇倧王ぞの暩力集䞭化が急速に進み、䞭倮豪族らは官人ずしお再線成されおいった。" }
{ "en": "In Taiho Ritsuryo (codes during the Taiho era from 701 to 704) established in 701, former Gozoku were ordered according to their Ikai (court ranks).", "ja": "倧宝(日本)元幎701幎に制定された倧宝埋什のもずで、旧来の豪族は䜍階に応じお序列化された。" }
{ "en": "The Sanmi (third) and higher ranks were called \"ki,\" and the Yoni (fourth) rank and the Goi (fifth) rank \"tsuki.\"", "ja": "䞉䜍以䞊を「貎」、四・五䜍を「通貎」ずいう。" }
{ "en": "\"Ki\" indicated noble persons, and \"tsuki\" the class akin to noble persons.", "ja": "「貎」は貎人を意味し、「通貎」は貎人に通じる階局を意味した。" }
{ "en": "These \"ki\" persons, \"tsuki\" persons, and their clans were called Kizoku.", "ja": "これら「貎」「通貎」及びその䞀族を貎族ず呌んでいる。" }
{ "en": "The privileges given to the \"tsuki\" persons were significantly different from those given to the \"ki\" persons.", "ja": "「貎」ず「通貎」ずでは䞎えられた特暩に著しい差があった。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, the \"ki\" persons ranked as the upper Kizoku, and the \"tsuki\" persons the middle or lower Kizoku.", "ja": "そのため、「貎」は䞊流貎族、「通貎」は䞭流・䞋流貎族に䜍眮づけられおいる。" }
{ "en": "Lots of national revenue was given to Kizoku as an economical privilege.", "ja": "貎族は経枈的特暩ずしお、囜家から倚倧な収入が䞎えられおいた。" }
{ "en": "Iden (fields given based upon ikai, or court rank) was given to persons at goi (fifth) or higher rank, Iroku (stipends) to persons at yoni (fourth) rank at goi (fifth) rank, ifu (the families from which taxes could be collected) to persons in the sanmi (third) or higher rank, and shikiden (rice field) and Shikifu(the families from which taxes could be collected) to persons who were appointed to Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister), Left or Right Minister, or Dainagon (Major Counselor).", "ja": "五䜍以䞊には䜍田、四・五䜍には䜍犄、䞉䜍以䞊には䜍封、さらに倪政倧臣・巊右倧臣・倧玍蚀に任官するず職田・職封が絊䞎された。" }
{ "en": "In addition, servants were also provided based upon the rank or official post.", "ja": "このほか、䜍分資人・職分資人なども䞎えられた。" }
{ "en": "A distinct difference was provided between the revenue of persons at the sami or higher rank and those at yoni or goi rank, and still more difference between the revenue of the persons at goi or higher rank and those at rokui (sixth) or lower rank.", "ja": "これらの収入は、䞉䜍以䞊ず四・五䜍の間に倧きな栌差が蚭定されおおり、さらに倧きな栌差が五䜍以䞊ず六䜍以䞋の間に蚭けられおいた。" }
{ "en": "In addition, there was also a privilege called the Oni system in which a person's descendents could be awarded certain ranks based on his rank.", "ja": "たた身分特暩ずしお、䜍階に応じお子孫が䜍階を埗る蔭䜍制床があった。" }
{ "en": "Due to the Oni system, persons in the Kizoku class could make it easier for their descendents to inherit their various privileges.", "ja": "蔭䜍により、貎族は子孫ぞ各皮特暩を䞖襲するこずが容易ずなっおいた。" }
{ "en": "A feature of the Ritsuryo system in Japan was that, when a political decision was made, importance was placed at Daijokan (the grand council of the state), a Kizoku consultation council.", "ja": "日本の埋什制の特城は、貎族の合議機関である倪政官が政治決定の枢芁ずされた点にある。" }
{ "en": "Under the Ritsuryo codes in Tang, the ministry called Chushosho, placed directly under the emperor, and the ministry called Monkasho, consisting of members from Kizoku, confronted political decisions.", "ja": "唐埋什では、倩子盎属の䞭曞省ず貎族代衚の門䞋省ずが政治決定の堎においお拮抗しおいた。" }
{ "en": "However, in the Ritsuryo codes in Japan, the Chumusho ministry, placed directly under the emperor, was placed under Daijokan.", "ja": "しかしながら、日本埋什では倩皇盎属の䞭務省は倪政官の䞋に眮かれおいた。" }
{ "en": "This fact indicated that Japan evaluated the roles of Kizoku more highly than China did.", "ja": "これは、䞭囜より日本の方が貎族の圹割を重芖しおいたこずを衚す。" }
{ "en": "The Kizoku persons who participated in deliberations of state affairs in Daijokan were called Giseikan (legislators) (Kugyo - court nobles), and the typical clans that produced Giseikan officers in the eighth century, when the Ritsuryo system started, included following: the Abe clan, the Otomo clan, the Fujiwara clan, the Tajihi clan, the Ki clan, the Kose clan, and the Ishikawa clan.", "ja": "倪政官においお囜政審議に参䞎する貎族らを議政官公卿ずいうが、埋什制が開始した8䞖玀の代衚的な議政官氏族を挙げるず、阿倍氏、倧䌎氏、藀原氏、倚治比氏、玀氏、巚勢氏、石川氏らであった。" }
{ "en": "It was customary that only one person from each clan could become a Giseikan officer, and therefore, the Giseikan was provided with the characteristics of a meeting of representatives from the clans.", "ja": "慣䟋的に各りヂから議政官ずなるのは1人だけずされおおり、議政官は氏族代衚者䌚議ずしおの性栌を有しおいた。" }
{ "en": "However, as more than one person from the Fujiwara clan became Giseikan officers from about 730s, the number of Giseikan officers from other clans gradually diminished, corresponding to the increase in the number of Giseikan officers from the Fujiwara clan.", "ja": "ずころが、8侖简30幎代ごろから藀原氏議政官が耇数珟れるようになるず、藀原氏議政官が増加の䞀途をたどるのに察し、他氏族の議政官は次第に枛少しおいった。" }
{ "en": "Even in the Kizoku society as a whole, the number of Kizoku persons from the Fujiwara clan increased, while those from the other clans declined", "ja": "貎族瀟䌚党䜓でも、藀原氏の増加ず他氏族の没萜が芋られた。" }
{ "en": "It is said that it was towards the end of the eighth century to the early ninth century that such a trend accelerated.", "ja": "こうした傟向に拍車がかかったのは、8䞖玀末-9䞖玀初頭の時期ずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "Akiko YOSHIE proposes the theory that the locality and ryozokusei (䞡属性) having been possessed by clans was lost in this era, making the clans reorganize.", "ja": "矩江明子は、りヂが持っおいた圚地性・䞡属性がこの時期に倱われ、りヂの再線が起こったずする。" }
{ "en": "Toshinori UNE proposes the theory that Emperor Kanmu changed family names of the clans based on a policy different from that in the past, and therefore the order of clans in the Kizoku society changed drastically, generating a new Kizoku society order with the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan, and the Tachibana clan at its pinnacle.", "ja": "宇根俊範は、桓歊倩皇は埓来ず異なる方針で諞氏族の改賜姓を行い、このため貎族瀟䌚における各氏族の序列が倧きく倉化し、源平藀橘を頂点ずする新たな貎族瀟䌚秩序が生じたずする。" }
{ "en": "Viewing the Giseikan officer names during the early Heian period, the names of clans that had not existed during the Nara period, such as the Minamoto clan, the Tachibana clan, the Kiyohara clan, and the Sugawara clan, appeared suddenly, in addition of the name of the Fujiwara clan.", "ja": "平安時代初期の議政官を芋るず、藀原氏のほか、源氏、橘氏、枅原氏、菅原氏などのように、奈良時代には芋られなかった氏族が急速に台頭しおいた。" }
{ "en": "About the 880s, the clan diversity of Giseikan officers was lost, with most of the officers being persons from the Fujiwara clan or from the Minamoto clan.", "ja": "880幎ごろには、議政官氏族の倚様性が倱われ、藀原氏・源氏が議政官のほずんどを占めるようになった。" }
{ "en": "The Fujiwara clan secured the Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (top adviser to the emperor) posts, and was successful in making these posts inherited.", "ja": "藀原氏は摂政・関癜の地䜍を獲埗し、それを䞖襲するこずに成功した。" }
{ "en": "Later, from the tenth century to the eleventh century, persons in the main linage of the Fujiwara clan (the Sekkan, indicating both Sessho and Kanpaku, family) were placed at the top of the Kizoku society by occupying the Sekkan posts for generations as a maternal relative of the emperor, or as a member of the Imperial family, establishing the political form called Sekkan politics from the tenth century to the eleventh century.", "ja": "以降、10䞖玀から11䞖玀にかけお、藀原氏嫡流摂関家は、倩皇の倖戚、すなわちミりチずしお代々摂関ずなっお貎族瀟䌚の頂点に䜍眮し、10䞖玀から11䞖玀にかけお摂関政治ず呌ばれる政治圢態を垃いた。" }
{ "en": "However, contrary to the common understanding, the Sekkan families did not use their power exclusively for their own favors.", "ja": "ただし、通俗的な理解ずは異なり、摂関家は専暪的に暩力を振るったわけではない。" }
{ "en": "Even persons at Sekkan families could not decide national political affairs autocratically, and all nationally important political affairs were decided through a conference, for example, Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council), whose members were Kugyo.", "ja": "摂関ずいえど独裁的な囜政決定を行なうこずはできず、重芁な囜政決定はすべお陣定などの公卿䌚議を通じお行なわれおいたのである。" }
{ "en": "In the era from the latter half of the ninth century to the tenth century when almost all of the upper Kizoku members became occupied by persons from the Fujiwara clan or from the Minamoto clan, as described above, other clan members started to find ways of remaining as middle or lower Kizoku class members.", "ja": "先述したずおり、9䞖玀埌半から10䞖玀にかけおの時期に、䞊流貎族が藀原氏・源氏にほが限定されるず、他氏族は䞭䞋流貎族ずしお存続する道を暡玢し始めた。" }
{ "en": "In the early tenth century when the nation-governing system changed to an ocho kokka (royal-court state) system, the Kanshiukeoisei system, in which Ritsuryo-based functions and rights were entrusted to specific persons, began.", "ja": "10䞖玀初頭、王朝囜家䜓制ぞの移行に䌎い、埋什機構や暩胜を特定者ぞ請け負わせる官叞請負制が行なわれ始めた。" }
{ "en": "Then, middle or lower Kizoku members successfully entrusted with such a function or had the right position to acquire the function or the right to execute it as their family business, came to inherit it as a hereditary family business for generations.", "ja": "そうするず、機構・暩胜の請負いに成功した䞭䞋流貎族は、その機構・暩胜を家業ず䜍眮づけ、それを䞖襲する家業の継承を行なうようになった。" }
{ "en": "For example, middle or lower Kizoku families engaged in military art or military affairs were called \"Tsuwamono no ie\" (warrior families) and they became military Kizoku engaged in activities of seizing, searching, and capturing, or hunting down and killing criminals, constituting a base as samurai.", "ja": "䟋えば、歊芞・軍事を家業ずする䞭䞋流貎族は「兵぀わものの家」ず呌ばれ、抌領・远捕・远蚎掻動に埓事する軍事貎族ずなり、歊士の母䜓ずなっおいる。" }
{ "en": "Kanshiukeoi (actions based upon the Kanshiukeoisei system) and the inheritance of such family businesses came to appear widely in the Kizoku society during the eleventh century and later.", "ja": "この官叞請負ず家業の継承は、11䞖玀以降、貎族瀟䌚に広く芋られるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Middle or lower Kizoku attempted to survive by inheriting such a family business or by acquiring a Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) post.", "ja": "䞭䞋流貎族は、家業の継承や受領職の獲埗などにより生き残りを図ったのである。" }
{ "en": "As family assets were accumulated through the inheritance of such a family business, the concept of \"family\" appeared in Kizoku society.", "ja": "家業の継承を通じお、家産家の財産の蓄積が進み、貎族瀟䌚に「家」抂念が登堎するこずになった。" }
{ "en": "The first half of the tenth century, when Sessho and Kanpaku-based politics, the Kanshiukeoi system, and the inheritance of such a family businesses started, was also the era when standard styles of rituals in the Imperial court and religious rituals were established.", "ja": "摂関政治、官叞請負、家業の継承が始たった10䞖玀前半は、その埌の貎族瀟䌚においお最重芁事項ずされた朝廷儀匏・宗教儀匏の暙準䜜法が圢成された時期でもある。" }
{ "en": "For rituals consisting of numerous annual events, detailed etiquette and patterns were determined, and such books concerned with rituals like \"Saikyuki\" and \"Hokuzansho\" were written in order to smoothly execute these rituals.", "ja": "非垞に倚数の幎䞭行事からなる儀匏は、现郚たで䜜法・様匏が決められおおり、儀匏を滞りなく執り行うため、『西宮蚘』『北山抄』などの儀匏曞も䜜られた。" }
{ "en": "The \"family\" concept that appeared in Kizoku society reached the Emperor in the latter half of the eleventh century, starting the Insei political style in which the head of the Imperial family administered the affairs of the state as the retired emperor.", "ja": "貎族瀟䌚に登堎した「家」抂念は、11䞖玀埌半に倩皇にたで及び、倩皇家の家督者が䞊皇ずしお政務に圓たる院政の開始をもたらした。" }
{ "en": "The \"family\" concept spread widely among upper Kizoku members as well, and the shoen (manor) territories were accumulated as family properties and were inherited from the father-side lineage.", "ja": "䞊流貎族の間にも「家」抂念が浞透しおいき、荘園所領が家産ずしお集積されるずずもに父系継承された。" }
{ "en": "Until then, it was customary in Kizoku society to inherit assets from the mother-side lineage, but inheritance from the father-side linage became customary around the twelfth century.", "ja": "それたで、貎族瀟䌚では財産の母系継承が通䟋だったが、12䞖玀ごろから父系継承が慣䟋化しおいく。" }
{ "en": "Until around the eleventh century, a major economical base of Kizoku was placed on the iden and/or ifu supplied by the state, as in the Nara period, and not much income was available from shoen.", "ja": "11䞖玀ごろたで、貎族の䞻たる経枈基盀は、奈良時代ず同様、囜家から支絊される䜍田・䜍封等であり、荘園からの収入は倚くなかった。" }
{ "en": "In the era from the latter half of the eleventh century to the twelfth century, the number of shoen increased rapidly, and Kokugaryo (territories governed by a provincial government office) were reorganized correspondingly, establishing the medieval tax collection system called Shoen Koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates).", "ja": "11䞖玀埌半から12䞖玀にかけお、荘園が急速に増加するずずもに、それに察応しお囜衙領が再線成され、荘園公領制ずいう䞭䞖的収取䜓制が成立した。" }
{ "en": "In addition, as chigyo kokusei (the system in which Kizoku members or others were entitled to control a province through tax collection right and personnel appointment right) was also established, the economic base of Kizoku gradually shifted to shoen and chigyo-koku (provinces controlled by them).", "ja": "たた䞊行しお知行囜制が成立するず、貎族の経枈基盀は、荘園および知行囜ぞずシフトしおいった。" }
{ "en": "The start of the Insei political system introduced families to Kizoku society, and then strife for gaining leadership among family members gradually became intensified.", "ja": "院政の開始により、貎族瀟䌚における家の登堎に至ったが、家内郚の䞻導暩争いも埐々に珟出し始めおいった。" }
{ "en": "The Hogen war during the middle era of the twelfth century was the most extreme case of such strife.", "ja": "この家内郚の争いが最も先鋭化したのが12䞖玀䞭葉の保元の乱である。" }
{ "en": "The political power struggle in Kizoku society was solved with arms, and this fact enabled the TAIRA no Kiyomori, clan, who achieved prominent accomplishments during the war, to rapidly gain power.", "ja": "貎族瀟䌚の政争が歊力解決されたこずは、乱で掻躍した平枅盛䞀族の急速な台頭をもたらした。" }
{ "en": "Having been only a middle military Kizoku class member, TAIRA no Kiyomori could join upper Kizoku through the succeeding Heiji war.", "ja": "平枅盛は䞭流貎族の軍事貎族に過ぎなかったが、続く平治の乱を経お、䞊流貎族の仲間入りを果たした。" }
{ "en": "However, the TAIRA no Kiyomori clan became extinct after the Jisho-Juei civil war, and the government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who originated in Military Kizoku, won the war.", "ja": "しかし、平枅盛䞀族は治承・寿氞の内乱で滅亡し、軍事貎族に出自する源頌朝政暩が勝利した。" }
{ "en": "However, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo did not become a member of the upper Kizoku and was selected to become the ruler (Kamakura-dono) of the Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, the Kanto region in particular) government (Kamakura bakufu)", "ja": "しかしながら、源頌朝は䞊流貎族ずはならず、東囜政暩鎌倉幕府の支配者鎌倉殿ずなるこずを遞択した。" }
{ "en": "As the Kamakura bakufu, which served the Imperial court militarily, came to be called buke (military families), former Kizoku were called Bunkan, who served the imperial court in administrative affairs, or in other words, Kuge.", "ja": "歊力をもっお朝廷に仕える鎌倉幕府が歊家ず呌ばれるようになるず、埓来の貎族は、政務䞀般で朝廷に奉仕する文官、すなわち公家ず呌ばれるようになった。" }
{ "en": "While the bakufu, controlling the Togoku region, was called the Buke government, the Imperial court, located in the center of the nation, was called the Kuge government as well.", "ja": "東囜を支配する幕府を歊家政暩ずするのに察し、䞭倮の朝廷を公家政暩ずもいう。" }
{ "en": "From the twelfth to the thirteenth century, the social status of families in Kuge society became increasingly more fixed, with governmental posts that were reachable depended upon the social status of the family.", "ja": "12䞖玀から13䞖玀にかけお公家瀟䌚の䞭で家栌の固定化が進み、家栌によっお昇進できる官職が定たっおいた。" }
{ "en": "The controllable areas of the Kamakura bakufu was initially limited to the Togoku region, not reaching the Saigoku (the western part of Japan) region that was under control of the Imperial court.", "ja": "鎌倉幕府の勢力圏は圓初東囜に限られ、朝廷の勢力圏である西囜たで及んでいなかった。" }
{ "en": "However, becoming dominant by winning the Jokyu war in 1221, the bakufu came to participate in the watch of the Imperial court as well as in deciding the person who would inherit the title of emperor, extending its control rights by advancing into the Saigoku region.", "ja": "しかしながら、承久3幎1221幎の承久の乱の勝利によっお幕府が優勢ずなり、朝廷の監芖や皇䜍継承者の決定ぞの参䞎、西囜ぞの進出により支配暩を広めおいく。" }
{ "en": "The Imperial court (Kuge government) continued to exist thereafter as well, and sometimes made an effort, together with the bakufu (Buke government), to solve political problems, but gradually lost its political and governing powers.", "ja": "朝廷公家政暩はその埌も存続しおはおり、時には幕府歊家政暩ず共同で政治問題の解決にあたったが、埐々に政治・統治胜力を倱っおいくこずずなった。" }
{ "en": "Major income sources of Kizoku during the Kamakura period were Shoen territories and chigyo-koku as in around the end of the Heian period.", "ja": "鎌倉時代の貎族の䞻芁な収入源は、平安末期ず同様、荘園所領及び知行囜であった。" }
{ "en": "However, during this period, jito (Shoen managers) who were samurai came to erode the Shoen territories of Kizoku with their military power as a background.", "ja": "しかし、この時代は歊士である地頭が、その歊力を背景ずしお貎族の荘園所領を䟵食しおいった。" }
{ "en": "Because, entering the Muromachi period, strong power was given to Shugo (the military commander and administrator in a province), Shugo, replacing Jito, eroded shoen more conspicuously.", "ja": "宀町時代に入るず、守護に匷力な暩限が䞎えられたため、地頭に代わっお守護による荘園䟵食が著しくなった。" }
{ "en": "In this way, the control of Shoen (manors) and Koryo (public lands) by Kizoku was gradually lost, and the Shoen Koryo sei had almost collapsed by the latter half of the fifteenth century, the middle era of the Muromachi era,", "ja": "こうしお貎族による荘園・公領支配は次第に倱われおいき、宀町䞭期の15䞖玀埌半たでに荘園公領制はほずんど厩壊しおしたった。" }
{ "en": "It was customary until the early Muromachi period for Kizoku to reside in the capital (Kyoto) and wait for an income that was to be brought to Kyoto from the shoen and Koryo concerned.", "ja": "貎族は䞭倮京に圚䜏し、地方の荘園・公領からの収入が京進されるのを埅぀のが宀町初期たでの通䟋だった。" }
{ "en": "However, after that, they sent his Daikan (representative) directly to his Shoen manor (called Ukeoi-daikansei: literally, a Daikan-entrusting system), and there were even cases where a Kizoku member himself went to his Shoen manor to control it.", "ja": "しかしながら、それ以降は代官を盎接荘園に掟遣したり請負代官制、さらに自ら盎接荘園に䞋向しお支配に圓たる䟋すらあった。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, following the start of the Muromachi bakufu whose base was located in Kyoto, the functions of the Kuge government were transferred to the bakufu as well, and the Kuge government almost lost its function as a government in the era of the Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA administration.", "ja": "たた、京郜に基盀を眮く宀町幕府の開始ずずもに、公家政暩の機胜も幕府ぞず移っおいく、足利矩満執政期に公家政暩は政暩ずしおの機胜をほが倱った。" }
{ "en": "Having lost the economic base as well as political power, persons in the Kizoku class suffered from dire poverty in the era from the middle of the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in Japan).", "ja": "政治暩力も経枈基盀も倱った貎族階局は、消滅するには至らなかったものの、宀町䞭期から戊囜時代(日本)にかけお特に困窮を極めた。" }
{ "en": "In early modern times, after the Edo bakufu was established, the attempt was made to restructure the social status system that had become scarcely functional during the Sengoku period.", "ja": "近䞖においおは、江戞幕府の成立以降、戊囜時代にほが無秩序化した身分階玚の再構築が図られた。" }
{ "en": "For persons in the Kizoku class, the bakufu established Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (a set of regulations that were applied to the emperor and Kuge nobles), forcing the Kuge society to be controlled by the bakufu.", "ja": "貎族階局に察しおは、幕府から犁䞭䞊公家諞法床が制定され、公家瀟䌚は幕府の統制を受けるようになった。" }
{ "en": "In Kuge society, family status had become fixed in the Kamakura period and later.", "ja": "公家瀟䌚では、鎌倉時代以来、家栌が定たっおいった。" }
{ "en": "However, entering the Edo period, the Kugyo (the top court officials) families from the Kamakura period were called Kyuke (old families), and those that joined Kugyo during the Azuchi-Momoyama period or later Shinke (new families), reorganized the Kuge family status.", "ja": "しかしながら、江戞時代になるず鎌倉時代以来の公卿を旧家、安土桃山時代以降に成立した公卿を新家ずし、公家家栌の再線成が行なわれた。" }
{ "en": "Several hundred to 3,000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku) of rice crops was allocated as a salary to each upper Kizoku class member, such as Kugyo, but only several tens koku of rice crop to each middle or lower Kizoku class member.", "ja": "公卿などの䞊流貎族は3000石から数癟石が扶持されおいたが、䞭䞋流貎族は数十石皋床の扶持しか䞎えられなかった。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, there were many Kizoku families who lived in poverty.", "ja": "このため、貧困生掻を送った家も少なくなかった。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, even in the samurai class that had been fluid for a long period of time, the family status of each samurai family became fixed corresponding to the stabilization of the society, and the shogun family and daimyo class families, which had inherited their upper samurai class positions, came to form the so-called Buke-kizoku (samurai Kizoku).", "ja": "䞀方、長らく流動的であった歊士階玚においおも、瀟䌚の安定化に䌎っお、歊士各家の家栌が固定されおいき、䞊流歊士階玚を䞖襲しおいった将軍家や倧名局は、いわゆる歊家貎族を圢成するに至った。" }
{ "en": "In 1869, the Meiji government created the Kazoku system for the new Kizoku class.", "ja": "明治2幎1869幎、明治政府は新たな貎族階玚ずしお華族制床を創始した。" }
{ "en": "The Kazoku members consisted of former Imperial family members, Kuge, Daimyo, and those who distinguishingly served during the Meiji Restoration.", "ja": "華族は、元皇族、公家、倧名、明治維新時の勲功者から構成されおいた。" }
{ "en": "Privileges in social statutes as well as in property were given to Kazoku members, and when the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was established in 1889, they were given the privilege of becoming members of the House of Peers (in Japan).", "ja": "華族には身分䞊・財産䞊の特暩が䞎えられ、明治22幎1889幎に倧日本垝囜憲法が制定されるず、貎族院(日本)議員ずなる特暩も䞎えられた。" }
{ "en": "However, when the Constitution of Japan, stipulating the prohibition of the Kizoku system and equality under the law, was enforced, the Kazoku system was abolished, ending the Kizoku status in Japan.", "ja": "しかし昭和22幎1947幎、貎族制床の犁止ず法の䞋の平等を定める日本囜憲法の斜行ずずもに、華族制床は廃止され、日本における貎族身分は終焉を迎えた。" }
{ "en": "However, the Emperor system, a form of a Kizoku system, had been conserved as an exception.", "ja": "ただし䟋倖ずしお、貎族制の䞀皮である倩皇制は保党された。" }
{ "en": "In republican Rome, citizens were divided into two classes of Kizoku (patricius) and common people (plebeius), and initially, politics were controlled by Kizoku, with administrative rulers, including members of the Chamber of Elders, exclusively occupied by Kizoku.", "ja": "共和制ロヌマでは垂民は貎族patriciusず平民plebeiusの2぀の階玚に別れおおり、圓初は政治は貎族が握り、元老院議員を始めずしお執政官コンスルは貎族が独占しおいた。" }
{ "en": "However, over time, the power of common people was strengthened, the tribune post was established, and common people could become administrative rulers.", "ja": "しかし、やがお平民の力が匷たり、護民官が創蚭され、執政官にも平民が就くようになった。" }
{ "en": "Towards the end of republican Rome, the power of Kizoku and that of common people became almost equal, with only a few privileges remaining still.", "ja": "共和制末期には、䞡者はほが同等ずなり、貎族にはわずかな特暩が残っおいるだけだった。" }
{ "en": "As for political group names, the common people group and the Kizoku group existed, but these terms did not indicate their actual status.", "ja": "掟閥名ずしお平民掟、貎族掟ず䜿われたりしたが、この呌び名は実態を衚しおいるわけではない。" }
{ "en": "Entering the Roman Empire period, the title of Kizoku was newly given to those who distinguishingly contributed to the empire, in addition to traditional Kizoku.", "ja": "垝政ロヌマに入るず、埓来の貎族に加えお、垝囜に勲功のあったものに新たに貎族の称号を䞎えるようになった。" }
{ "en": "The titles of local government posts in the Roman Empire (duces and comes) became the origins of duke and count.", "ja": "たた、垝政ロヌマの地方官名duces、comesが埌のペヌロッパの公爵、䌯爵の語源ずなっおいる。" }
{ "en": "For more information, refer to \"patoriki\" (Patricii).", "ja": "詳しくはパトリキを参照" }