translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Konoe no daisho was the highest position among the permanent military officers.",
"ja": "常設の武官の最高位でもある。"
} |
{
"en": "FUJIWARA no Nobuyori initiated the Heiji War wanting to hold the position of both a minister and Daisho (a major captain), and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo wanted to be Sadaisho (Major Captain the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) which was higher than Udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards).",
"ja": "藤原信頼は大臣と大将の兼任を望んで平治の乱を起こし、源実朝は右大将よりも高位の左大将を望んでいる。"
} |
{
"en": "After the Muromachi period, Seiitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) often held Konoe no daisho as well.",
"ja": "室町時代以降は征夷大将軍が兼任する場合が多くなった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Edo period, Sekke (line of regents and advisers) monopolized the position of Sakonoe no daisho, and even in the case of Tokugawa Shoguns, only 4 of them were assigned to Sakonoe no daisho exceptionally (other Tokugawa Shoguns and the Seiga family [one of the highest court noble families in Japan at that time] or lower were only assigned to Ukonoe no daisho).",
"ja": "江戸時代には摂家が左近衛大将の地位を独占し、徳川将軍ですら例外的に4名が任じられたのみであった（例外を除いた徳川将軍及び清華家以下は右近衛大将にのみ任じられていた）。"
} |
{
"en": "Otsukegaro is a karo (chief retainer) in the early Edo bakufu period who, when kikoshi (a young nobleman) in the linage of the Tokugawa Shogun family became the lord of a domain (daimyo), was appointed directly by Seii taishogun (literally, \"the great general who was to subdue the barbarians\") for serving the lord.",
"ja": "御附家老（おつけがろう）とは、徳川幕府初期、徳川将軍家血統の貴公子が藩主（大名）になった際に、征夷大将軍より直接命を受けて附属された家老のことである。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Edo period, the character of \"御\" (indicating a honorific expression) was added to its head, because this karo was appointed by Shogun, but today the more simple term of Tsukegato is used more often instead.",
"ja": "江戸時代では、将軍から付けられたので「御」をつけて呼ばれたが、現在では単に附家老（つけがろう）ということが多い。"
} |
{
"en": "As many as more than ten persons were sometimes appointed to the post, but ordinarily this term was used for indicating the head of these karo.",
"ja": "多い場合は十数人付けられたらしいが、通常はそのうちの筆頭家老を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "In particular, five Tsukegaro at the Tokugawa gosanke families (three privileged Tokugawa branch families) are famous.",
"ja": "徳川御三家の附家老5氏が著名。"
} |
{
"en": "Tsukegaro assisted the lord in political affairs and in military affairs, and was also responsible for bringing up the lord.",
"ja": "政務や軍事の補佐を行うとともに、藩主の養育の任も受けていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, the feature of the status were more those of an inspector under the direct supervision of Shogun than those of a retainer of a lord.",
"ja": "したがって身分としては、藩主の家来というよりも将軍直属のお目付け役という性格が強い。"
} |
{
"en": "Over time, the concept of Tsukegaro came to depend on each domain and each Tsukegaro family.",
"ja": "時代が下るにしたがって藩ごと、附家老家ごとに考え方に差ができてきた。"
} |
{
"en": "It appears that some Tsukegaro served faithfully to the lord and confronted the shogun family, and others confronted the lord unnecessarily or engaged in factional strife in the domain.",
"ja": "藩主に忠実に仕えて将軍家と対抗しようとしたり、逆にいたずらに藩主と対抗したり、藩内で派閥抗争を繰り広げる人物もあったようである。"
} |
{
"en": "The Hiraiwa clan (in the Inuyama domain, with a 120,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "平岩氏（犬山藩12万3000石）"
} |
{
"en": "Chikayoshi HIRAIWA was appointed to Tsukegaro to Yoshinao TOKUGAWA on 26th of April, 1607 (in the old calendar).",
"ja": "平岩親吉が慶長12年（1607年）閏4月26日より徳川義直の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "Chikayoshi died on the last day of December of 1611, and because he had no heir, his properties were confiscated.",
"ja": "親吉は慶長16年（1611年）12月晦日没し、無嗣により除封された。"
} |
{
"en": "The TAKEKOSHI clan (in the Imao domain, with a 38,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "竹腰氏（今尾藩3万8000石）"
} |
{
"en": "Masanobu TAKEKOSHI was appointed to Tsukegaro to Yoshinao TOKUGAWA in 1619.",
"ja": "竹腰正信が元和(日本)5年（1619年）より徳川義直の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "On the January 24, 1868, Masatomo TAKETOSHI, the tenth Takekoshi clan head was recognized as a daimyo by the Meiji government.",
"ja": "明治元年（1868年）1月24日明治政府により10代竹腰正旧が大名と認められる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Naruse clan (in the Inuyaka domain, with a 35,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "成瀬氏（犬山藩3万5000石）"
} |
{
"en": "Masanari NARUSE was appointed to Tsukegaro to Yoshinao TOKUGAWA in 1616.",
"ja": "成瀬正成が元和2年（1616年）より徳川義直の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "On the January 24, 1868, Masamitsu Naruse, the ninth Naruse clan head was recognized as a daimyo by the Meiji government.",
"ja": "明治元年（1868年）1月24日明治政府により9代成瀬正肥が大名と認められる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Mikawa-Ando clan (in the Kii-Tanabe domain, with a 38,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "三河安藤氏（紀伊田辺藩3万8000石）"
} |
{
"en": "Naotsugu ANDO was appointed to Tsukegaro to Yorinobu TOKUGAWA on July 19, 1619 (in the old calendar).",
"ja": "安藤直次が元和5年（1619年）7月19日より徳川頼宣の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "On the January 24, 1868 (in the old calendar), Naohiro ANDO, the 16th Ando clan head was recognized as a daimyo by the Meiji government.",
"ja": "明治元年（1868年）1月24日明治政府により16代安藤直裕が大名と認められる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Mizuno clan (in the Kii-Shingu domain, with a 35,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "水野氏（紀伊新宮藩3万5000石）"
} |
{
"en": "Shigenaka MIZUNO was appointed to Tsukegaro to Yorinobu TOKUGAWA on July 19, 1619 (in the old calendar).",
"ja": "水野重仲が元和5年（1619年）7月19日より徳川頼宣の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "On the January 24, 1868, Tadamoto MIZUNO (the lord of the Kii-Shingu domain), the tenth Mizuno clan head was recognized as a daimyo by the Meiji government.",
"ja": "明治元年（1868年）1月24日明治政府により10代水野忠幹(紀伊新宮藩主)が大名と認められる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Nakayama clan (Hitachi-Matsuoka -> Hitachi-Ota -> the Hitachi-Matsuoka domain (Tazuna), with a 25,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "中山氏（常陸松岡→常陸太田→常陸松岡藩［手綱］2万5000石）"
} |
{
"en": "Nobuyoshi NAKAYAMA became Tsukegaro to Yorifusa TOKUGAWA.",
"ja": "中山信吉が徳川頼房の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "On the January 24, 1868, Nobuaki NAKAYAMA, the 14th Nakayama clan head was recognized as a daimyo by the Meiji government.",
"ja": "明治元年（1868年）1月24日明治政府により14代中山信徴が大名と認められる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Mizuno clan (in the Awa/Kazusa province, with the amount of rice crop unknown)",
"ja": "水野氏（安房・上総国内 石高不明）"
} |
{
"en": "Wakenaga MIZUNO became Tsukegaro to Yorifusa TOKUGAWA.",
"ja": "水野分長が徳川頼房の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "Wakenaga died in 1623, and because he had no heir, his properties were confiscated.",
"ja": "分長は元和9年（1623年）没し、無嗣により除封された。"
} |
{
"en": "The Honda clan (in Echizen-fuchu (present Echizen City), with a 39,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "本多氏（越前府中(越前市)3万9千石）"
} |
{
"en": "Tomimasa HONDA (a nephew of Shigetsugu HONDA) became the Tsukegaro of the 680,000-koku Echizen domain of Hideyasu YUKI, a son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.",
"ja": "本多富正（本多重次の甥）が慶長6年（1601年）に徳川家康の子、結城秀康の越前藩一国68万石に附家老として従う。"
} |
{
"en": "Until the end of the bakufu after that, he managed the governmental affairs of the domain as the head Karo of the Echizen family.",
"ja": "以降幕末まで越前家筆頭家老として代々執政を行う。"
} |
{
"en": "It is also said that initially, Onisakuza, or Shigetsugu HONDA, himself, or his son was desired for the post, but he recommended his nephew (whose father had died and was brought up by Shigetsugu) instead because he disliked for being handled as a baishin (a retainer of a shogun's direct retainer).",
"ja": "当初は鬼作左・本多重次自身、もしくはその子を望まれていたのだが、陪臣扱いを嫌って甥（実父は死別、重次が養育）を代わりに立てたとも言われている。"
} |
{
"en": "When a Kaieki punishment (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) was administered to Tadanao MATSUDAIRA, he was wanted for the position of an independent daimyo.",
"ja": "松平忠直の改易の際は独立大名化を打診された。"
} |
{
"en": "However, he firmly declined to become officially independent saying that he was under an obligation of the Mtsudaira family (Hideyasu, the first lord of the domain).",
"ja": "しかしながら、越前松平家（藩初代の秀康）への恩義があると言って、正式な独立を固辞した。"
} |
{
"en": "On the other hand, he was treated as a daimyo in the bakufu.",
"ja": "一方、幕府では大名待遇を受けていた。"
} |
{
"en": "For example, in the Daimyo-gyoretsu procession (feudal lord's costumed procession) in the Sankinkotai system (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo), he was allowed to pass sekisho (checking stations) with his long sword being held up or without getting off his palanquin, and he waited in the willow room (together with other daimyo ranked at Shii (the fourth rank) or lower).",
"ja": "大名行列を組んでの参勤交代、その際の長刀を掲げたままでの、または駕籠に乗ったままでの関所通過の許可、江戸城内では柳の間詰め（四位以下の大名並）だった。"
} |
{
"en": "An Edo residence was bestowed on him by the bakufu in Asakusa (later Honjo)",
"ja": "幕府より浅草（後に本所）に江戸屋敷を拝領している。"
} |
{
"en": "In the celebrating or morning occasions at the shogun family, he made presents together with other daimyo.",
"ja": "将軍家の慶弔行事では諸大名と並んで献上を行った。"
} |
{
"en": "When he worked in Edo, it was customary that he presented himself in front of the shogun and received a present from the shogun, showing that he was treated almost as an independent daimyo.",
"ja": "江戸在勤の折は将軍に必ず御目見え、拝領物を頂く慣例となっており、その待遇は独立大名並であった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, in the Haihan-chiken reform (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), the Honda family was treated as a baishin (a retainer of shogun's retainer) and was designated as shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors).",
"ja": "しかし廃藩置県後に本多家は陪臣として扱われ、士族とされる"
} |
{
"en": "Being reluctant to accept this situation, people in his former territory and his former retainers caused the Takefu disturbance in 1870, and he was included in Kazoku (peerage) in 1879, being awarded the status of baron in 1884.",
"ja": "が、旧領民および旧家臣らがこれを不服として1870年（明治3年）に武生騒動を起こし、明治12年に華族に列せられ、1884年（明治17年）に男爵となった。"
} |
{
"en": "The Honda clan (in Echizen-Maruoka, with a 40,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "本多氏（越前丸岡4万石）"
} |
{
"en": "Narishige HONDA (a son of Shigetsugu HONDA), who had earned a 5,000 koku of rice crop as a shogun's retainer, became Tsukegato to Tadanao MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the 750,000-koku Fukui domain) in 1613, supported young Tadanao together with Tomimasa HONDA, and played an important role, for example, in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka)",
"ja": "本多成重（本多重次の子）は幕臣として5000石を食んでいたが、慶長18年（1613年）松平忠直（福井藩75万石）付の附家老となり、若年の忠直を前述の本多富正と共に支え、大坂の役などに活躍。"
} |
{
"en": "According to a theory, it is also said that, seeing that his nephew whom he recommended for the post was successful, Shigetugu had his son occupy the post as well forcibly (therefore, his son earned slightly more amount of rice crop than Tomimasa, though having gotten the post later).",
"ja": "一説には重次が、送り込んだ甥の出世を見て、実子を福井藩にねじ込んだ（なので新参なのに石高が富正より少し高い）、とも。"
} |
{
"en": "When a kaieki punishment was administered to Tadanao and he was exiled, Narishishige (in the Maruoka domain) became an independent daimyo.",
"ja": "忠直が後に改易・流罪となった際、成重（丸岡藩）は独立、大名となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Ogasawara clan (in Owari-Inuyama, with a 10,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "小笠原氏（尾張犬山１万石）"
} |
{
"en": "Kichiji Ogasawara became a Tsukegaro to Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA (in the 520,000-koku Kiyosu domain) in November of 1600 (in the old calendar).",
"ja": "小笠原吉次が慶長5年（1600年）11月より松平忠吉（清洲藩52万石）の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "Tadayoshi died on April 1, 1607, and because he had no heir, his properties was confiscated.",
"ja": "忠吉が慶長12年（1607年）3月5日没し、無嗣により除封された。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, Kichiji's territory was changed to the Sakura domain on June 23, 1607, becoming a daimyo.",
"ja": "そのため、吉次は慶長12年（1607年）閏4月29日佐倉藩へ転封され大名となった。"
} |
{
"en": "The Nomi-Matsudaira family (in the Sanjo domain, with a 20,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "能見松平家（三条藩2万石）"
} |
{
"en": "Shigekatsu MATSUDAIRA became a Tsukegaro to Tadateru MATSUDAIRA (in the 600,000-koku Takada domain) in 1614.",
"ja": "松平重勝が慶長19年（1614年）より松平忠輝（高田藩60万石）の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "Tadateru's properties were confiscated due to his misconducts on August 17, 1616.",
"ja": "忠輝が元和2年（1616年）7月5日不行跡により除封された。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, Shigekatsu's territory was changed to the Sekiyado domain in December of 1617 (in the old calendar), becoming a daimyo.",
"ja": "そのため、元和3年（1617年）12月関宿藩へ転封され大名となった。"
} |
{
"en": "The Torii clan (in the Yamura domain, with a 35,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "鳥居氏（谷村藩3万5000石）"
} |
{
"en": "Naritsugu Torii became a Tsukegaro to Tadanaga TOKUGAWA (in the 200,000-koku Kofu domain -> the 500,000-koku Sumpu domain) in 1616.",
"ja": "鳥居成次が元和2年（1616年）より徳川忠長（甲府藩20万石→駿府藩50万石）の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "The properties of Tadafusa TORII, the second Torii clanhead, was confiscated on December 9, 1632 due to having been implicated in Tadanaga's misconduct.",
"ja": "2代鳥居忠房は寛永9年（1632年）10月28日忠長に連座し除封された。"
} |
{
"en": "The Asakura clan (in the Kakegawa domain, with a 26,000 kaku of rice crop)",
"ja": "朝倉氏（掛川藩2万6000石）"
} |
{
"en": "Nobumasa Asakura became a Tsukegaro to Tadanaga TOKUGAWA in 1624.",
"ja": "朝倉宣正が寛永元年（1624年）より徳川忠長の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "His properties were confiscated in 1632 due to having been implicated in Tadanaga's misconduct.",
"ja": "寛永9年（1632年）忠長に連座し除封された。"
} |
{
"en": "The Inaba clan (in the Itoigawa domain, with a 20,000 koku of rice crop)",
"ja": "稲葉氏（糸魚川藩2万石）"
} |
{
"en": "Masanari INABA became a Tsukegaro to Tadamasa MATSUDAIRA (in the 250,000-koku Echigo-Takada domain) in February of 1618 (in the old calendar).",
"ja": "稲葉正成が元和4年（1618年）2月より松平忠昌（越後高田25万石）の附家老となる。"
} |
{
"en": "Because Masanari abandoned his post in1623, his properties were confiscated (later, becoming the daimyo of the 20,000-koku Maoka domain in February of 1627 (in the old calendar)).",
"ja": "正成は元和9年（1623年）退去したため除封された（のち寛永4年(1627年)2月に真岡藩2万石の大名となる）。"
} |
{
"en": "Gunji (district manager) was:",
"ja": "郡司（ぐんじ）とは、"
} |
{
"en": "A local government official under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).",
"ja": "律令制下の地方行政官。"
} |
{
"en": "It is described below.",
"ja": "以下で述べる。"
} |
{
"en": "One of family names in Japan.",
"ja": "日本における姓の一つ。"
} |
{
"en": "Gunji was a local government official who ruled a Gun/Kori (a county) under Kokushi (an officer of a province) who was appointed from the central aristocracy under the ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "郡司（ぐんじ）は、律令制下において、中央から派遣された国司の下で郡を治める地方官である。"
} |
{
"en": "Due to the Taika Reforms, the ritsuryo system was officially introduced in Japan, and the local system was also organized.",
"ja": "大化の改新により、日本でも本格的に律令制が導入され、地方制度も整えられるようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Around 649, the 'Kuni' (an administrative unit) administrated by local Gozoku (powerful local clans), i.e., Kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governors), was abolished, and Kori/Hyo (local administrative organization) was implemented.",
"ja": "大化5年（649年）頃、地方豪族である国造（くにのみやつこ）の「国」が廃止され、評が置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Old Kuninomiyatsuko were assigned to be Chihokan (local officials) called Kori no miyatsuko and Kori no kami (district chieftains).",
"ja": "旧国造は、評造・評督などと呼ばれる地方官に任命された。"
} |
{
"en": "(A district or provincial administration that emerged in the realm of Great King Kotoku)",
"ja": "（孝徳制評）"
} |
{
"en": "Later, due to Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) edited in 701, Kori/Ryo was abolished, and Gun (administrative district) was implemented and was administrated by Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks) as Gunji: Dairyo (first-ranked Gunji), Shoryo (second-ranked Gunji), Shusei (third-ranked Gunji) and Shucho (fourth-ranked Gunji in charge of drafting and accepting documents).",
"ja": "やがて、701年（大宝(日本)元年）に編纂された大宝律令により、評が廃止されて郡が置かれ、郡司として大領・少領・主政・主帳の四等官に整備される。"
} |
{
"en": "Dairyo and Shoryo who especially had high authorities were also called, 'Gunryo' (hereditary district magistrates).",
"ja": "特に権限が強かった大領・少領のみを差して「郡領」とも言う。"
} |
{
"en": "Unlike Kokushi who was appointed from the central government officials with a fixed term, Gunji was appointed from local Gozoku including old Kuninomiyatsuko by heredity and was a lifelong official without a fixed term.",
"ja": "中央の官人が任期制で派遣されていた国司と異なり、郡司は、旧国造などの地方豪族が世襲的に任命され、任期のない終身官であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Moreover, according to the court ranking law of the Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period), Gunji is not included in Kanisoto (the ranks of the bureaucracy of the ritsuryo system), and also it is clearly mentioned in Kushiki-ryo (the Ritsuryo law) (Article 52) that Gunji is not Shikijikan (a person with an official rank).",
"ja": "更に養老律令の官位令には郡司が官位相当の対象とされておらず、更に公式令(律令法)（52条）では郡司が職事官ではないことが明記されていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Gunji was a special position which was based on the Ritsuryo law but was not included in the government organization of the ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "律令法に基づく制度でありながら実際には律令官制の体系には属さないという特殊な身分であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Gunji not only had the right to collect taxes, but also had great authority to be in charge of: saving the taxes, paying taxes as tribute and using them, as well as controlling Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership).",
"ja": "郡司は徴税権のみならず、保管、貢進、運用、班田の収受も任されるなど絶大な権限を有していた。"
} |
{
"en": "The local administration at the beginning of the ritsuryo system was a two-tiered administration by Kokushi sent by the Imperial Court and by Gunji having authorities as a local chief.",
"ja": "律令制初期の地方行政は朝廷から派遣されていた国司と在地首長としての権威を保持していた郡司との二重構造による統治が行われていた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the Imperial Court started restructuring Gun by dividing them and introducing Go (village) in order to create Gun as administrative units detached from the influence of Gozoku.",
"ja": "しかし、朝廷は郡の分割や郷の編入などで郡の再編を進め、豪族の勢力圏と切り離した行政単位としての郡の整備を進める。"
} |
{
"en": "Moreover, when there were multiple Gozoku in a Gun, each Gozoku was assigned to be Gunji in turn so that one specific Gozoku would not monopolize the position of Gunji.",
"ja": "また、郡内に複数の豪族が拠点を置く場合は、持ち回りで郡司に任命するなど、特定の豪族が郡司を独占しないように配慮した。"
} |
{
"en": "Shikibu-sho (Ministry of Ceremonial) exercised jurisdiction over the appointment and dismissal of Gunji.",
"ja": "郡司の任免は式部省が管轄した。"
} |
{
"en": "A Gunji candidate recommended by Kokushi had to visit Shikibu-sho to have an interview before being appointed.",
"ja": "国司が推薦する郡司候補者は式部省に直接赴き、試問を受けて任命された。"
} |
{
"en": "Not everyone recommended by Kokushi was assigned to be Gunji, and this decision was made depending on the situation of the area.",
"ja": "国司が推薦する者が必ずしも郡司に任命されるとは限らず、その地方の情勢で判断されることが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Although the most important factor in assigning Gunji, according to the ritsuryo system, was personal ability, it was the record and line of clan and family of the candidate, called Fudai (hereditary) that was actually prioritized.",
"ja": "郡司任命に最も重要視されるのは令制上は個人の能力であったが、実際には譜第と呼ばれる候補者の氏・家の系譜経歴であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Kokushi was able to assign a temporary Gunji (called Ginin Gunji [literally, a quasi-appointed district manager]) until an official Gunji was assigned.",
"ja": "また、正員の郡司が任命されるまでの間、臨時の郡司（擬任郡司）を国司は任命することができた。"
} |
{
"en": "When an official Gunji was appointed, Ginin Gunji naturally lost their position, but Kokushi in some provinces were later given authority to increase the number of Gunji temporarily, and those temporary Gunji were also called Ginin Gunji.",
"ja": "正員の郡司が決まると、擬任郡司は自然に失職したが、後に国によっては国司が郡司を臨時に増員する権限を与えられ、臨時増員の郡司も擬任郡司と呼ぶ。"
} |
{
"en": "Socially, Gunji had traditional authority as well as enormous financial power, and maintained the order of local societies by relieving poor peasants as \"influential local Gozoku.\"",
"ja": "社会的側面としては、郡司は任地における伝統的権威とともに豊富な財力を有しており、貧農の救済など地方社会の秩序維持に”地方の有力豪族”として努めた。"
} |
{
"en": "Politically, they were more like \"local officials under Kokushi\" and their position was lower than Kokushi, however, since they were practically in charge of local administration including the tax collection and the execution of the punishment of minor criminals, it is recognized that the central government maintained the local ruling through Gunji who kept track of the local societies.",
"ja": "政治的側面としては、”国司の下の地方官”としての意味合いが強く、立場上は国司よりも下であったが、徴税や軽い刑罰の執行など地方行政の実務を執り行っていたために、律令制の地方支配は、中央政府が郡司による地方社会の把握を媒介として成立していたと評価されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Gunji conducted government affairs at a public office called Gunga (provincial office), but sometimes a private residence of Gozoku who were assigned to be Gunji was used as Gunga.",
"ja": "郡司は郡衙と呼ばれる役所で政務を執ったが、しばしば郡司に任命された豪族の私的居館が郡衙として用いられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Such Gunga was sometimes called Guke/Gunge/Kooge.",
"ja": "このような場合を特に郡家（ぐうけ・ぐんげ・こおげ）と呼ぶこともある。"
} |
{
"en": "Gunji had a lot of privileges such as receiving Shikiden (office-rice fields), sending their children to Kokugaku (provincial schools) and allowing them to be Kondei (regular soldiers guarding Kokubu [ancient provincial offices] or Sekisho [checking station]).",
"ja": "郡司は、職田（しきでん）を支給され、子弟を国学に進め、健児（こんでい）にするなど多くの特権を有した。"
} |
{
"en": "Gunji received more Shikiden than Kokushi: Dairyo received 6-cho, Shoryo received 4-cho, Shusei and Shucho each received 2-cho (\"cho\" means measure in length of approximately 109 meters.), but they did not receive any stipend nor Jikifu (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples).",
"ja": "職田は大領が6町、少領が4町、主政、主張が2町と国司より多かったが、禄や食封は無かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Due to the stalemate of the ritsuryo system, a practical administrative reform was implemented around the middle of the 9th century.",
"ja": "律令制の行き詰まりから、9世紀中頃より、現実に即した行政改革が行われた。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, in the provinces, the authority of Kokushi was enforced in order for the Imperial Court to ensure the tax revenue.",
"ja": "地方でも、朝廷の税収確保のため、国司の権限を強化した。"
} |
{
"en": "Accordingly, the authority of Gunji was gradually absorbed by the authority of Kokushi.",
"ja": "これに伴い、郡司の権限は国司権限に吸収されていく。"
} |
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