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{ "en": "Kokushi became in charge of Shoso (warehouse) in each Gun, and deprived Gunji of the right to collect taxes as well as the authority over the suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries) which had been the Gunji's major source of income.", "ja": "各郡にあった正倉の管理も国司が行うようになり、徴税権のみならず、郡司の主要な収入源であった出挙の権限も奪われる。" }
{ "en": "As a result, local Gozoku who had been serving as Gunji were required to change.", "ja": "そのため、郡司を努めてきた地方豪族は変質を迫られていった。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods) or executive local government officials, who had the authority of Kokushi, became influential rapidly.", "ja": "これに対し、国司の権限を分掌する幹部地方公務員とも言える在庁官人が急速に成長する。" }
{ "en": "Some local Gozoku avoided the position of Gunji, and chose to survive as Zaichokanjin instead.", "ja": "地方豪族の中には、郡司就任を忌避し、在庁官人として生き残る道を選ぶ者も少なくなかった。" }
{ "en": "Along with the reduction of Gunji authority, Gunga and Guke were diminished.", "ja": "このような、郡司権限の縮小に伴い、郡衙・郡家も縮小・消滅していく。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, the ancient-style Gun, Go and Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) were dissolved or reformed, and the medieval-style Gun, Go and Shoen were established.", "ja": "さらに、全国規模で古代的郡・郷・荘園が解体・再編され、中世的な郡・郷・保・荘園が成立していく。" }
{ "en": "Also, Gozoku of Old Gunji started running Myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and became Tato (cultivators).", "ja": "また、旧郡司豪族達は名田経営を行い、田堵へ変わっていった。" }
{ "en": "Gunji as local officials became in name only, however, there appeared some cases that samurai inherited from Gozoku who had produced Gunji took 'Gunji' as their name, and also in some area, Gunji survived meagerly as one of the Shiki system (stratified land ruling structure).", "ja": "こうして地方官としての郡司は有名無実化していくが、中世に於いても、郡司を輩出した地方豪族の系統を引く武士が「郡司」を名乗っている例も散見できる他、一部の地区では職の体系の一つとして細々と生き残っていった。" }
{ "en": "Metsuke is", "ja": "目付（めつけ）とは、" }
{ "en": "A governmental post of the Edo bakufu.", "ja": "江戸幕府における職名の一つ。" }
{ "en": "It was one of the posts that daimyo in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) established for checking the human heads, brought by their subordinates after a battle, for granting appropriate rewards.", "ja": "戦国大名が合戦後に、論功行賞を行うため獲得した首を検分する役職として設けた職名の一つ。" }
{ "en": "one's body part to which their opponent pays their special attention", "ja": "武道などにおいて相対したときの相手に対する目の付けどころ。" }
{ "en": "It is said that this term was originated in the persons who, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), watched the states of soldiers, their leaders and enemies, and reported them to their lords.", "ja": "戦国時代(日本)、将士や敵の内情を監視して、主君に通報する者に由来するといわれる。" }
{ "en": "In the Edo bakufu, the officers in this post watched for Wakatoshiyori (governmental officers in the bakufu) the states of Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) and Gokenin (also direct retainers of the bakufu, but lower-ranked than Hatamoto).", "ja": "江戸幕府の若年寄の目耳になって旗本・御家人を監察した。" }
{ "en": "This post was established in 1617, and the number of the officers was up to 10.", "ja": "1617年に設けられ、定員は10名。" }
{ "en": "Posts similar to this were established in domains as well.", "ja": "諸藩にも同様の制度があった。" }
{ "en": "A post called Kachi-metsuke or Hoko-metsuke was also placed to watch the fighting results and job statues of Gokenin and Ashigaru (common foot soldiers).", "ja": "また徒目付・歩行目付などと云われる役職もあったが、これらは、幕府御家人や、諸藩の足軽の戦果及び、勤務を監察した。" }
{ "en": "Nyogo was one of the ranks and titles of the imperial consorts in the pre-modern days of Japan, and its role was to attend on the emperor in his bedroom.", "ja": "女御（にょうご）は、天皇の後宮の身位の一つで、天皇の寝所に侍した。" }
{ "en": "The word 'Nyogo' originated from the book 'Shurai,' which described about the governmental organizations of China (Zhou).", "ja": "名称は、中国（周）の官制を記した書「周礼」に由来する。" }
{ "en": "The rank of Nyogo followed Kogo (the empress) and Chugu (the second consort).", "ja": "位は、皇后・中宮につぐ。" }
{ "en": "The word 'Nyogo' first appeared in the article about Emperor Yuryaku in 'Nihonshoki,' but in fact, KI no Otona and Kudaranokonikishi kyoho who were made Nyogo during the reign of Emperor Kanmu were the beginning of Nyogo.", "ja": "初見は「日本書紀」雄略天皇の条であるが、実際は桓武天皇のとき紀乙魚（きのおとな）・百済王教法などを女御としたのに始まる。" }
{ "en": "The rank of Nyogo was low at first but gradually raised, and after the middle of the Heian period, it became customary that Kogo (empress) was promoted from Nyogo.", "ja": "はじめ位は低かったが、その位は次第に高まり、平安時代中期以降、皇后は女御から昇進する慣例となった。" }
{ "en": "Asako KUJO (Eisho kotaigo) who was Nyogo of Emperor Komei, was the last Nyogo.", "ja": "最後の女御は孝明天皇の女御である九条夙子（英照皇太后）。" }
{ "en": "The number of Nyogo ladies was not decided and when there were several Nyogo ladies, they were called after the name of their quarter in the place, i.e. 'Jokyoden Nyogo' (a Nyogo living in Jokyoden).", "ja": "定員はなく、複数の女御がいる場合は住まう殿舎の名を取って「承香殿女御」などと呼んだ。" }
{ "en": "After the Onin War, even consorts from the regent families tended to choose to remain in the Nyogo rank, because it became difficult to put together a sum of money for the ceremonies that they had to have when they were promoted to Chugu.", "ja": "応仁の乱以後、中宮昇進のための儀式の捻出が困難になると、摂家出身の后妃といえども女御に留まる場合が多くなる。" }
{ "en": "Oban-gashira Or Obanto have the following meanings:", "ja": "大番頭には、次のような意味がある。" }
{ "en": "1. Oban-gashira", "ja": "1.おおばんがしら" }
{ "en": "Indicating a governmental post in the Edo bakufu, or the head of the Oban that was an organization of soldiers.", "ja": "江戸幕府における職名の一つで、大番（おおばん）の長（頭）を務めるもの。" }
{ "en": "2. Obanto", "ja": "2.おおばんとう" }
{ "en": "This was the honorific title for the Banto who was placed at the highest post of all employees at a merchant house.", "ja": "江戸時代、商家使用人のうち最高の地位にある番頭（ばんとう）の尊称。" }
{ "en": "Banto", "ja": "番頭" }
{ "en": "See the following for the historical usage of the term \"banto.\"", "ja": "歴史用語としての番頭については、下記参照。" }
{ "en": "The term existed as legal terminology in Article 43 of Japan's Commercial Code prior to its amendment in 2005 (reorganized as Article 25 after amendment).", "ja": "2005年（平成17年）改正前商法43条（改正後の25条）に存在した法律用語。" }
{ "en": "The terms \"banto\" and \"tedai\" were used in the code as examples of persons, who were employed for business activity and commissioned under certain or specific provisions, but they were removed with the 2005 amendment.", "ja": "ある種類又は特定事項の委任を受けた商業使用人を例示する用語として｢番頭、手代｣が使われていたが、平成17年改正により消滅した。" }
{ "en": "Banto/bangashira (samurai family)", "ja": "番頭（武家）" }
{ "en": "The \"bangashira\" or \"banto\" at a samurai family enjoyed the highest status and reputation in the military sector and was called the \"oban gashira\" chiefly during the Edo shogunate, serving as the head of security for Ote-mon Gate (Main Gate) of the Edo Castle, as well as a captain in charge of the bakufu troop and of the cavalry in times of war or military campaign.", "ja": "武家における番頭（ばんがしら・ばんとう）とは、主に江戸幕府にあっては大番頭と呼ばれ、平時は江戸城大手門をはじめ、江戸城の警備隊長として、また有時及び行軍に際しては幕府軍の備並びに騎馬隊指揮官（侍大将）として、番方（軍事部門）で最高の格式を誇った。" }
{ "en": "The post was filled by a few bakufu hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) holding domains with more than 5,000 koku (of rice) yield each or fudai daimyo (hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) in the 10,000-goku class.", "ja": "5000石以上の旗本または、1万石クラスの譜代大名から複数が任じられた。" }
{ "en": "Under the oban gashira was the \"oban kumigashira\" who served as a middle manager.", "ja": "大番頭配下の中間管理職は大番組頭と呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "Although the higher status enjoyed by the oban gashira, who was merely a head of security and an army captain compared to \"Ometsuke\" or \"machi-bugyo\" (town magistrate) who were, in fact, hatamoto in the 3,000 koku class, appears strange from the modern perspective, persons appointed to take charge of defense and military affairs were regarded more important in the shogunate, which was by nature a military regime.", "ja": "現代の先入観でみると、警備隊長・一指揮官にすぎない大番頭が、3000石級の旗本の任である町奉行や、大目付より格上なポストであることに違和感をおぼえる向きもあると思われるが、幕府はいわば軍事政権であるから、軍事・警備の責任者の地位が高かったのである。" }
{ "en": "Other posts included \"koshogumi\" in charge of security of the shogun and \"shoinban\" who was responsible for security in the shogun's sleeping chamber and other parts of the castle (who also was the second army captain of a shogunate troop at times of war).", "ja": "その他、将軍の身辺警護の責任者である小姓組、将軍の居室をはじめとする城中の警備責任者である書院番（戦時は幕府直轄の二番手備指揮官）などがあった。" }
{ "en": "The bangashira was the highest ranking post in security during peaceful times and a commander at war, likewise in various feudal domains.", "ja": "諸藩においても、番頭は、平時は警備部門の内で最高の地位にあるものを指し、戦時には備の指揮官となることが多い。" }
{ "en": "The bangashira also served as intermediary for retainers in the security division (\"bankata\") to report their views to the feudal lord.", "ja": "また、警備部門（番方）の家臣が、藩主に具申したいことがある場合、藩主に取り次ぎをすることもあった。" }
{ "en": "In some domains, the vassal with this authority was called \"samurai-gashira\" or \"kumigashira\" rather than bangashira.", "ja": "この職権を持つ家臣は、番頭ではなく侍頭・組頭と呼称される藩もあった。" }
{ "en": "In a domain with both kumigashira and bangashira posts, the latter was higher in rank, although this is not necessarily true for all domains.", "ja": "組頭と番頭の二つの役職が存在する藩にあっては、どちらが格上かは一義的に断定はできないが、番頭のほうが格上なことが多い。" }
{ "en": "There were instances in which the kumigashira ranked higher, such as when the kumigashira was a samurai daisho (troop commander) who was appointed to lead a cavalry.", "ja": "しかし、組頭が侍大将であり、騎馬組などの馬上の武士団を預けられている場合は、番頭より格上なこともある。" }
{ "en": "Sadayoshi OKUNO (aged 54 at the time of the Genroku Ako Incident), who was a kumigashira for the Asano clan of Ako Domain, was granted 1000 koku rice yield, much higher than many chief retainers though being a son of a chief retainer and second only to Jodai (castle keeper) and hitto karo (head of chief retainers): Yoshio OISHI with 1500 koku.", "ja": "江戸時代中期の赤穂藩、浅野氏のように組頭の奥野定良（元禄赤穂事件のとき、数え55歳）が、父が家老であったとはいえ、並みの家老より格段に石高が多く、城代・筆頭家老の大石良雄の1500石に次ぐ、藩内二番目の1000石を給付されていた。" }
{ "en": "There are records describing Sadayoshi OKUNO also as bangashira, which may be evidence that the terms bangashira and kumigashira were synonymous in the domain.", "ja": "奥野将監については、番頭とする分限帳も存在するため、同藩では番頭と組頭は同じ意味で使用されていたものと思われる。" }
{ "en": "The key to determine the power of the bangashira within the domain, along with his hereditary stipend and salary paid in accordance with his post, is whether he held the right to serve as intermediary between the lord and the military retainers and voice in personnel matters.", "ja": "番頭の実質的な藩内の力を見極めるには、番頭の家禄・役高のほか、番頭が番方からの藩主に対する取次権や人事の具申権を持っているか否かが重要である。" }
{ "en": "The status of the bangashira in a domain varied in details by domains, ranking in importance after the chief retainers, toshiyori and churo (middle-level retainers) in some cases, and lower than yojin (lord chamberlain) in other cases.", "ja": "番頭の諸藩における地位は、厳密にはまちまちであり、家老、年寄・中老に次ぐ重職であることもあれば、用人より格下のこともある。" }
{ "en": "Notwithstanding, there is a clear trend in the order of rank of the bangashira in a feudal domain.", "ja": "しかし、藩内における番頭の序列に一定の傾向が存在することは明らかである。" }
{ "en": "In a small domain or a domain with a simple administrative system, the vassal ranking below the chief retainer was the yojin.", "ja": "小さな藩や職制が簡素な藩では、家老に次ぐ重臣が用人となる。" }
{ "en": "In the small domain, the yojin supported the chief retainer in all matters and ranked higher than the bangashira.", "ja": "小藩では用人が家老の全般を補佐するので、番頭よりも用人の身分が高くなる。" }
{ "en": "In a large domain, however, there were various ranks of retainers between the chief retainer and the yojin, such as toshiyori and churo, who supported the chief retainer, thus reducing the importance of the yojin's role to only general administrative matters and special issues, and at times reducing its rank lower than the bangashira.", "ja": "他方、大きな藩では、家老と用人の中間に年寄・中老をはじめ、さまざまな家老を補佐する役職があるので、用人の役目は相対的に低くなり、特命事項や庶務的なものとなるので、用人は番頭より格下となることもある。" }
{ "en": "In the small domain, the bangashira, rusui (caretaker) and koyonin may have been roughly similar in rank, or the bangashira may have ranked higher.", "ja": "小さな藩では、番頭・留守居、及び公用人がおおむね同格の藩もあれば、番頭のほうが格上の藩もある。" }
{ "en": "It was rare that the bangashira ranked higher than the Edo rusui or the koyonin.", "ja": "番頭より江戸留守居役、公用人のほうが格上ということは少ない。" }
{ "en": "In the large domain, the bangashira ranked higher than the rusui and the koyonin.", "ja": "大きな藩では、江戸留守居役、及び公用人より番頭のほうが格上である。" }
{ "en": "In both small and large domains, the bangashira ranked higher than monogashira (military commanders) and kyunin (upper class retainers).", "ja": "番頭は、物頭（者頭）、給人より格上であることは諸藩に共通である。" }
{ "en": "The koshogumi bangashira (head of page office) and shoin bangashira (head of military patrol) who held important posts in the bakufu government were actually lower in rank than bangashira in feudal domains, and were often called kosho kumigashira or shoin kumigashira, and had their functions covered by the bangashira in the small domains.", "ja": "幕府の役職に相当する小姓組番頭や書院番頭は、諸藩にあっては番頭よりやや格下であり、小姓組組頭・書院組頭と呼称されることが多く、小さな藩にあっては、番頭がこれらの役目を兼帯していた。" }
{ "en": "Very roughly speaking, the bangashira was appointed from persons in the 'upper-middle class' of vassals in each domain.", "ja": "大雑把に言って、諸藩にあって番頭は「上の中クラス」以上の家格の者から選ばれている。" }
{ "en": "In times of peace, appointments were based on family lineage.", "ja": "太平の世では、家柄が重んじられて任命された。" }
{ "en": "Banto (mercantile house)", "ja": "番頭（商家）" }
{ "en": "The banto in a mercantile family held the highest position among employees, especially during the Edo Period.", "ja": "商家における番頭（ばんとう）とは、主に江戸時代、商家使用人の内で最高の地位にあるものを指す。" }
{ "en": "Employees started work at around age 10, working as apprentice (\"decchi\" in Osaka area and \"kozo\" in Edo area) and running errands and minor duties and eventually working their way up to \"tedai\" (clerk) or the banto (head clerk).", "ja": "10歳前後で商店に丁稚（上方ことば）・小僧（江戸ことば）として住み込んで使い走りや雑役に従事し、手代を経て番頭となる。" }
{ "en": "The duties of the banto covered not only business management but also administrative affairs of the family and were allowed to wear haori (Japanese half-coat),which was not allowed for the tedai and others.", "ja": "商業経営のみならず、その家の家政にもあたっており、勤務時の着物も手代までと違い羽織を着用することが許された。" }
{ "en": "At many mercantile families, employees up to tedai rank were expected to live with the merchant and his family, so the employee in banto position was finally freed from this obligation and was allowed to commute from his own home.", "ja": "また、丁稚は勿論のこと手代までは住み込みを原則とする商家が多く、番頭になってようやく住み込みから解放され、通い（自宅通勤）が許されるといったケースが多かった。" }
{ "en": "Also, marriage was not allowed until reaching banto status in many cases.", "ja": "結婚も番頭になるまでは許さないことが多かった。" }
{ "en": "The banto may have been granted license from the employer to become independent and started his own business, but this was only possible after undergoing a struggle for survival and achievement of the banto status.", "ja": "番頭は、暖簾分けされて独立することもあったが、番頭を任されるまでには厳しい生存競争を勝ち抜く必要があった。" }
{ "en": "The Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata post was for mostly cracking down such felonies as arson, robbers (burglars) and gambling.", "ja": "火付盗賊改方（ひつけとうぞくあらためかた）は、江戸時代に主に重罪である火付け（放火）、盗賊（押し込み強盗団）、賭博を取り締まった役職。" }
{ "en": "Originally, with this post being a temporary one, the officers in this post were selected from Osakitegumigashira and Mochigumigashira, both of which belonged to the standing army of the bakufu.", "ja": "本来、臨時の役職で幕府常備軍である御先手組頭、持組頭などから選ばれた。" }
{ "en": "In historical dramas, this post or an officer in this post is sometimes called \"Katoaratame\" or \"Kato.\"", "ja": "時代劇などでは、「火盗改」（かとうあらため）、或いは「火盗」（かとう）と略して呼ばれることがある。" }
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "概要" }
{ "en": "After the conflagration in the Meireki era (1655 - 1658), many arsonists and burglars appeared in Edo.", "ja": "明暦の大火以後、放火犯に加えて盗賊が江戸に多く現れた。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, the bakufu established the \"Tozokuaratame\" post as the one dedicated for cracking down these serious crimes in 1665.", "ja": "そのため、幕府はそれら凶悪犯を取り締まる専任の役所を設けることにし、「盗賊改」を1665年（寛文5年）に設置。" }
{ "en": "After that, the \"Hitsukearatame\" post was established in 1683.", "ja": "その後「火付改」を1683年（天和3年）設けた。" }
{ "en": "Nakayama Kageyu, who was feared as a \"Oni-kageyu\" (fiendish kageyu) is known as the head of Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata officers.", "ja": "初代火付盗賊改方頭(長官)として『鬼勘解由』と恐れられた中山勘解由が知られている。" }
{ "en": "However, at that time, the Hitsukearatame post and the Tozokuaratame post were not integrated, and it is said that the person was Naofusa NAKAYAMA, who assumed the first Hitsukearatame post, or Naomori NAKAYAMA, who was his father and was appointed to the Tおzokuaratame post on the same day.", "ja": "しかしながら、当時は火付改と盗賊改は統合されておらず、初代火付改の中山直房のこととも同日に盗賊改（初代ではない）に任じられた父の中山直守とも言われる。" }
{ "en": "In 1699, the Tozokuarateme post and the Hituskearatame post were abolished, and the jobs came to be covered by three Bugyo posts (Jishabugyo (for handling shrine and temple affairs), Kanjobugyo(for handling financial affairs), and Machibugyo (for handling townspeople's affairs).", "ja": "1699年（元禄12年）には盗賊改と火付改は廃止され、三奉行（寺社奉行、勘定奉行、町奉行）の管轄になった。" }
{ "en": "However, in 1702 when the incident of raiding Kira's residence occurred, the Tozokuaratame post was restored, and the Bakuuchiaratame post (for cracking down gambling) was newly established.", "ja": "しかしながら、吉良屋敷討入事件があった1702年（元禄15年）に盗賊改が復活し、博打改が加わる。" }
{ "en": "In the next year, the Hitsukearatame post was restored.", "ja": "翌年、火付改が復活した。" }
{ "en": "In 1718, the Tozokuarateme post and the Hituskearatame post were integrated into the \"Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame\" post, with the post assumed by Sente-gashira (the head of sentegumi (a group of persons guarding Edo) additionally.", "ja": "1718年（享保3年）には、盗賊改と火付改は、「火付盗賊改」に一本化されて先手頭の加役となった。" }
{ "en": "However, this post became independent of Sente-gashira in 1862.", "ja": "1862年（文久2年）には先手頭兼任から独立した。" }
{ "en": "The jobs of the Bakuuchiaratame post were transferred to the town magistrate post, in the year when the \"Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame\" post was introduced.", "ja": "博打改は火付盗賊改ができた年に、町奉行の下に移管されている。" }
{ "en": "With no specific office provided, the residence of Sentegumi-gashira, for example, was used as the office.", "ja": "決められた役所は無く、先手組頭などの役宅を臨時の役所として利用した。" }
{ "en": "The organization of the sente-gumi (consisting of five to ten Yoriki officers (assistants) and 30 to 50 Doshin offices (placed under Yoriki)) was used as it was.", "ja": "任命された先手組の組織（与力（5-10騎）、同心（30-50人））がそのまま使われた。" }
{ "en": "However, persons having lots of experience in the cracking-down operations sometimes remained in the post even after the head of the Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame\" post changed.", "ja": "しかしながら、取り締まりに熟練した者が、火付盗賊改方頭が代わってもそのまま同職に残ることもあった。" }
{ "en": "Meakashi (persons hired temporarily) were also used as in the town magistrate's office.", "ja": "町奉行所と同じように目明しも使った。" }
{ "en": "Nobutame HASEGAWA, who assumed the post from 1787 to 1795, is famous.", "ja": "1787年（天明7年）から1795年（寛政7年）まで長官を務めた長谷川宣以が有名である。" }
{ "en": "The Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata post was provided with the right to investigate crimes, such as theft, burglary, and arson, but with almost no jurisdiction.", "ja": "火付盗賊改方は窃盗・強盗・放火などにおける捜査権こそ持つものの裁判権はほとんど認められていなかった。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, when making a judgment for a suspect who should have been administered to a punishment above the Tataki punishment (basically, beating), the matter had to be submitted for the judgment of Roju (the second-highest post in the bakufu government).", "ja": "そのため、敲き（たたき）刑以上の刑罰に問うべき容疑者の裁定に際しては老中の裁可を仰ぐ必要があった。" }
{ "en": "The Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata officers belonged to the bankata (guardians), who were military officers, and therefore, their cracking-down operations were relentless and were feared by the general public.", "ja": "火付盗賊改方は武官である番方であるが故に取り締まりは苛烈を極め、市井の人々からは恐れられた。" }
{ "en": "It is recorded that they were disliked by the officers at the town magistrate offices who were engaged in investigations of crimes.", "ja": "一方の捜査機関たる町奉行所役人からは嫌われていた記録が見られる。" }
{ "en": "Perhaps due to such a situation, villain's roles were often assigned to them, for example, in period dramas.", "ja": "このためか、時代劇などにおいて悪役として扱われることも少なくない。" }
{ "en": "The head of the Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata post was also in charge of Kayakukata-ninsokuyoseba, which was the facility to correct criminals' behaviors and to train them for jobs.", "ja": "なお、火付盗賊改方長官は矯正施設授産施設である加役方人足寄場も所管した。" }
{ "en": "However, except Heizo HASEGAWA, the first manager of Ninsokuyoseba, the manager was placed under the town magistrate as Yoseba-bugyo, the head of an organization separated from the Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata post.", "ja": "しかしながら、初代の人足寄場管理者である長谷川平蔵以外は、火付盗賊改方とは別組織の長である寄場奉行として、町奉行の管轄下に置かれた。" }
{ "en": "History of the establishment of the post", "ja": "設置の経緯" }
{ "en": "The town magistrate officers belonged to the Yaku-gata group consisted of civil officers, and the Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata officers belonged to the Ban-gata group consisted of military officers.", "ja": "町奉行が文官である役方であるのに対し火付盗賊改方は武官である番方となっている。" }
{ "en": "One reason for this situation was that \"robbers\" in the early Edo period were mostly groups of armed robbers, and when they resisted, the town magistrate officers, being unarmed, could not control them (although provided with a sword as a samurai, doshin officers in the town magistrate used to capture criminals alive with jitte (short one hook truncheon) and ladders, without using the sword.", "ja": "この理由として、殊に江戸前期における「盗賊」が武装盗賊団であることが多く、それらが抵抗を行った場合に非武装の町奉行では手に負えなかった（武士の常として町奉行所の同心は帯刀してはいるものの、刀は使わず十手や梯子を使って、生きたまま犯罪者を捕らえるのが普通であった）。" }
{ "en": "In addition, criminals often set fire on the building after committing a crime in it to disrupt the investigation.", "ja": "また捜査撹乱を狙って犯行後に家屋に火を放ち逃走する手口も横行した。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, this post was established as the riot police that could crack down these criminals with arms and was provided with investigation right as well.", "ja": "そのため、これらを武力制圧することの出来る、捜査権を持つ機動隊として設置されたものである。" }
{ "en": "The abolishment of and the reestablishment of the post", "ja": "廃止と再設置" }

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