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{ "en": "The Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata officers were permitted to take any questionable person into custody forcibly, even if the person was an ordinary person in towns, a samurai or a priest.", "ja": "火付盗賊改方は、町人に限らず、武士、僧侶であっても疑わしい者を容赦無く検挙することが認められていた。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, many adverse effects, for example, of arresting a wrong person due to relentless cracking-down operations,, were caused, and therefore, the post remained abolished for a while but was reestablished in 1702.", "ja": "そのため、熾烈な取り締まりによる誤認逮捕等の弊害も多く、一時廃止されていたが、1702年（元禄15年）再設置された。" }
{ "en": "It is said that two Honyaku-kayaku (kayaku means a temporary post to be assumed additionally) officers (with a term of one year) and two tobun-kayaku officers (with a term of half of a year) were employed customarily.", "ja": "本役加役（任期1年）2名、当分加役（任期半年）2名が通例であったという。" }
{ "en": "The tobunkayaku officers were appointed to the post in the autumn - winter season when many fires occurred.", "ja": "当分加役は火災の多い秋冬（9月～3月）に任命されていた。" }
{ "en": "In addition, the number of these officers was sometimes increased under chaotic situations, for example, when destructive riots occurred frequently in the Edo city area.", "ja": "この他、江戸市中で打ちこわしが多発した際など、騒然とした状況下において増役として同役が増員された例がある。" }
{ "en": "In 1862, the post became the one to be assumed independently, not to be assumed additionally as well as temporarily.", "ja": "1862年（文久2年）加役から専任制になった。" }
{ "en": "Eiten (honor) is a generic term for treatment, positions and titles that the nation gives as a commendation to a person who has rendered distinguished service to the nation and the public.", "ja": "栄典（えいてん）は、国家や公共に対する功労者を表彰するために、国家が与える待遇・地位・称号などの総称。" }
{ "en": "Eiten also refers to its system.", "ja": "また、その制度。" }
{ "en": "Usually, a commendation is given to a person when his/her honor is certified by the nation, and in some cases, privileges and special treatment appertain to the commendation, like Ikai (Court rank) or peerage of the medieval period.", "ja": "多くの場合名誉が国家に認定され表彰される形をとるが、中世に於ける位階や爵位等の様に特権や特別待遇がそれに附随する場合もある。" }
{ "en": "At a diplomatic ceremony between nations, the seat arrangement was determined depending on whether the person has a decoration or a peerage, and what grade he/she was at.", "ja": "国家間の外交儀礼では勲章・爵位の有無や等級等により席順が変わっていた。" }
{ "en": "In Japan before the Second World War, 10 ranks and 79 kinds were set as in-palace seat ranks defined in the Imperial Ceremony Ordinance.", "ja": "戦前の日本では宮中席次として10階級79種が定められていた。" }
{ "en": "Japanese Eiten system in modern times mainly included Ikai, decorations and peerages, but in some cases, it also included the following: special posts, such as Jako no ma shiko (emperor's personal attendant in the Jako room), Kinkei-no-ma shiko (Kinkei Hall attendant) and an imperial court councilor; the preference to veteran statesmen called Genro (elder statesman); the courteous reception of the previous post given to a person who used to be a prime minister or a Chairman of the Privy Council; an Emperor's cup (prize cup) based on a decoration; and the imperial rescript and the state funeral for a minister who especially had a great achievement.", "ja": "日本の近代に於ける栄典制度は主に位階・勲章・爵位が挙げられるが、他に麝香間祗候・錦鶏間祗候や宮中顧問官のように特別な官職につく例や元老と称される元勲優遇、内閣総理大臣・枢密院議長を経験した者になされる前官礼遇の様に待遇に関する物、勲章に準ずる賜杯（賞杯）、特に功績のあった臣下に賜る勅語・国葬が挙げられる。" }
{ "en": "The conferment of Eiten was one of the important authorities of the Emperor, and all Eitan were conferred by the Emperor as a formality..", "ja": "栄典の授与は天皇の重要な権限であり、これらは何れも天皇が与える形式をとっている。" }
{ "en": "Even the lower rank like Kun hachito (the 8th Order of Merit) whose Kunki (decoration diploma) does not have the name of the Emperor in it, was described to be \"conferred by the Emperor.\"", "ja": "勲記に天皇の名も表示されない勲八等の様に下位のものであっても『賜る』と表現している。" }
{ "en": "The Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulates this Emperor's sovereign authority to award honors as one of the Emperor's powers, while the Constitution of Japan also stipulates it as one of the Emperor's constitutional functions.", "ja": "大日本帝国憲法では天皇大権の一つで栄典大権といい、日本国憲法でも国事行為の一つと規定している。" }
{ "en": "Although the Emperor is not involved, the People's Honor Award and the Prime Minister's Award established in 1977 are also considered as one of Eiten.", "ja": "また、天皇は関わらないものの1977年（昭和52年）に制定された国民栄誉賞や内閣総理大臣顕彰等も栄典の一種と言える。" }
{ "en": "Change", "ja": "変遷" }
{ "en": "The decoration system in Japan was started when 賞牌従軍牌制定ノ件 (the establishment of the prize-medal and war-medal system)(Dajokan fukoku [the proclamation by the Grand Council of State] No.54)was established on April 10, 1875.", "ja": "日本の勲章制度は1875年（明治8年）4月10日に賞牌従軍牌制定ノ件（太政官布告第54号）が制定されたのに始まる。" }
{ "en": "The decoration established at that time became the base of the current Kyokujitsusho (The Order of the Rising Sun).", "ja": "この時制定された勲章が今日の旭日章の元となる。" }
{ "en": "The Order of the Chrysanthemum was established in 1876.", "ja": "1876年（明治9年）には菊花章が制定さる。" }
{ "en": "In the Ordinance of Medals (Dajokan fukoku No. 63) issued in December 1881, the Medal with Red Ribbon, the Medal with Green Ribbon and the Medal with Blue Ribbon were established, and the conferment of medals was started.", "ja": "1881年（明治14年）12月褒章条例（明治14年太政官布告第63号）の公布により紅綬褒章、緑綬褒章、藍綬褒章が制定され褒章の授与が始まる。" }
{ "en": "In 1888, the Order of the Sacred Treasure and the Orders of the Precious Crown were established.", "ja": "1888年（明治21年）瑞宝章・宝冠章が制定される。" }
{ "en": "In 1890, the decoration only for military personnel, Kinshi kunsho (the Order of the Golden Kite) was established.", "ja": "1890年（明治23年）には軍人専用の勲章である金鵄勲章が制定された。" }
{ "en": "Afterward, more kinds of medals were added.", "ja": "以後も褒章の種類が追加される。" }
{ "en": "In 1937, the conferment of Bunka Kunsho (the Order of Culture) was started.", "ja": "1937年（昭和12年）には文化勲章の授与が始まった。" }
{ "en": "With the end of World War II, the bestowal of an order for survivors was once suspended, but was resumed in 1964.", "ja": "終戦に伴い生存者の叙勲は停止されていたが、1964年（昭和39年）に叙勲を復活させた。" }
{ "en": "When the decoration system was thoroughly revised in 2003, the grading with number was abolished and the decoration standard was also reviewed.", "ja": "2003年（平成15年）には勲章制度が全面的に改正され、数字による等級を廃止し叙勲基準も見直した。" }
{ "en": "During this discussion, the abolishment of the medal system, which had been criticized for overlapping with the decoration system, was considered but postponed.", "ja": "また、このときの議論で勲章と重複した制度であると批判があった褒章の廃止も検討されたが、据え置かれた。" }
{ "en": "Display", "ja": "表示" }
{ "en": "It is well-known that Japan was a class society before the World War II, and the ranks and orders were indicated next to each other.", "ja": "第二次世界大戦前の日本は階級社会であったことはよく知られているが、身分をあらわす為に位階勲等を並べて表示した。" }
{ "en": "The social status was indicated in formal documents according to the following rules.", "ja": "公文書に於いて身分を表示する場合は以下のような規則に基づいた。" }
{ "en": "This system is still used today in a memorial address given at the time of a Diet member's death and the like.", "ja": "この方式は、国会における国会議員等物故時の弔詞において今なお踏襲されている。" }
{ "en": "Display Order", "ja": "表示順" }
{ "en": "Position", "ja": "補職" }
{ "en": "Rank (ranks in military, such as Army General and Full Admiral)", "ja": "階級（陸軍大将・海軍大将のように軍における階級）" }
{ "en": "Ikai (the court rank)", "ja": "位階" }
{ "en": "Kunto (the order of merit)", "ja": "勲等" }
{ "en": "Kokyu (ranks of the Orders of the Golden Kite)", "ja": "功級（金鵄勲章の等級の事）" }
{ "en": "Peerage", "ja": "爵位" }
{ "en": "Doctorate", "ja": "博士号" }
{ "en": "Display Example", "ja": "表示例" }
{ "en": "Prime Minister, Marshal Army General, Junior First Rank, Supreme Order, First Class, Prince, Doctor of Medicine, Taro NIPPON.", "ja": "内閣総理大臣元帥陸軍大将従一位大勲位功一級公爵医学博士　日本太郎" }
{ "en": "Only an official post was indicated as a position.", "ja": "補職は官吏としての役職しか表示しない。" }
{ "en": "The term 'Marshal' in 'Marshal Army General' was not a rank name but a title, however, it was written in front of 'Army General.'", "ja": "元帥陸軍大将の内、元帥は階級名ではなく称号だが、陸軍大将の前に冠して表示した。" }
{ "en": "Juichii (Junior First Rank) is indicated in the example, but the highest Ikai is Shoichii (Senior First Rank).", "ja": "例では従一位としたが、位階における最高位は正一位。" }
{ "en": "However, Shoichii was not conferred to anyone alive (but was conferred posthumously).", "ja": "但し存命中は正一位になれない（死後、追贈されることはある）。" }
{ "en": "The highest order of Kunto was the Supreme Order, and its lowest order was Kun hachito (the Eighth Order).", "ja": "勲等では最高位が大勲位、最下位が勲八等である。" }
{ "en": "The Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun include each order of decoration in their names, however, the order of decoration is not indicated in these cases.", "ja": "勲等勲章としては大勲位菊花大綬章や勲一等旭日大綬章という様に勲章の部分もあるが、勲章の名称はこの場合表示しない。" }
{ "en": "Kinshi kunsho was conferred exclusively on the military or the civilian workers for the military.", "ja": "金鵄勲章は軍人・軍属にのみ与えられたのもの。" }
{ "en": "An academic degree is not always indicated.", "ja": "学位は表示しないこともある。" }
{ "en": "In the Diet under the Constitution of Japan where the Orders of the Golden Kite and peerages have been abolished, the rest of the ranks and orders excluding doctorates are still used in the memorial address for a Diet member.", "ja": "功級、爵位が廃止となった日本国憲法下の国会にあっても、博士号を除く残余の部分は国会議員等への弔詞に用いられる。" }
{ "en": "In this case, a former position such as 'former Prime Minister', or a position in a political party (only the highest position such as the president) other than official positions, is indicated sometime.", "ja": "この場合、「元内閣総理大臣」のように元職が用いられたり、官吏の補職ではないが政党の役職（総裁など最高位のものに限る）が冠される例がある。" }
{ "en": "When a memorial address is given for a person who was conferred a decoration on without a numerical-notation Kunto (the order of merit) under the new system after November 3, 2003, the general rule of the old system, i.e., 'Only Kunto, no decoration', is not applied, and a decoration is indicated after Ikai like 'Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) as follows: Senior Third Rank Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun.'", "ja": "2003年（平成15年）11月3日以降の新制度下で数字表記の勲等のない勲章を授与された者について弔詞を贈る場合は、旧制度時代の「勲等のみで勲章は省略」という原則によらず「正三位旭日大綬章」のように位階に続けて勲章を表示する。" }
{ "en": "The Imperial family (excluding Sanko [the Grand Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager and the Empress Consort])", "ja": "皇族（三后を除く）の場合" }
{ "en": "The Supreme Order, Imperial Prince -hito; The First Order of Merit, Imperial Princess -shi; The Order of the Second Class, Princess -shi/ko", "ja": "大勲位○仁親王、勲一等○子内親王、勲二等○子女王" }
{ "en": "The wife of Imperial Prince -hito, the First Order of Merit, -shi/ko", "ja": "○仁親王妃勲一等○子" }
{ "en": "When indicating Kunto at the New Year Imperial Poetry Reading Party (until 1959) or in the epitaph of Imperial Family, it is put in front of the person's own name (in the case of an Imperial Prince and a Princess, their Kunto is not put in front of the name of their husband, Imperial Family).", "ja": "歌会始での表示（1959年まで）、皇族の墓碑銘などで勲等を明示する場合は、いずれも本人の名の前に冠する（親王妃及び王妃にあっては夫たる皇族の名の前には冠さない）。" }
{ "en": "Yoriki was a typical governmental post in the Edo bakufu.", "ja": "与力（よりき）とは、江戸幕府における代表的な職名。" }
{ "en": "Yoriki (与力) was sometimes written as 寄騎, but the meaning of 与力 and that of 寄騎 depended on the era.", "ja": "与力は寄騎とも書くが、これら与力・寄騎は時代によって意味が異なる。" }
{ "en": "Before the Edo period,in order to organize sonae (back-up army), this term was also used for indicating a middle-class samurai, such as a head of ashigaru (foot soldiers) having themsleves under the control of an influential samurai.", "ja": "備（そなえ）などを編成するため、江戸時代以前には、足軽大将など中級武士が大身の武士の指揮下に入る事を意味する語句としても用いられていた。" }
{ "en": "In the Kamakura period, both 与力 and 寄騎 were used simply refer to back-up soldiers, but later, these terms came to be more often used for indicating the lower-class samurai who followed daimyo or influential millitary commanders.", "ja": "与力・寄騎は、鎌倉時代には単に加勢する人のことを指したが、その後、大名または有力武将に従う下級武士のことを指すことが多くなった。" }
{ "en": "In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in Japan), these terms were often used for indicating \"yori-ko\" (寄子, where 子 indicates a child) (寄子 = local territory owners for influential military commanders (yori-oya: 寄親 where 親 indicates a parent)), not indicating lower-class samurai but local territoy owners.", "ja": "戦国時代(日本)には、「寄子」（よりこ＝有力武将（寄親）に対する在地土豪）の意味で用いられることが多く、彼らは下級武士ではなく、在地の領主（在地土豪）である。" }
{ "en": "It was not rare that these territoty owners possessed land worth several thousand kanmon (kanmon: monetary unit at that time).", "ja": "数千貫文の土地を持つ例も珍しくなかった。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, there were the yoriki-daimyo who were subordinated by a larger daimyo to reinforce his power.", "ja": "また、より大きな大名に加勢として附属させられた与力大名の例もあった。" }
{ "en": "As a typical such example, Toshiie MAEDA was subordinated by Katsuie SHIBATA.", "ja": "代表例としては、柴田勝家に附属した前田利家などがある。" }
{ "en": "Daimyo in the Sengoku period racked their brains to prevent rebellion, considering that, when yori-ko (寄騎・寄子), territory owners were allowed to be integrated into yori-oya (寄親), the power of the yori-oya could become too big..", "ja": "戦国大名たちは、在地の土豪である寄騎・寄子を寄親の家臣団に組み込ませると、寄親の力が大きくなりすぎるため、謀反の防止の観点から腐心した。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, the daimyo in the Sengoku period, who led yori-oya, did not make these territory owners (yori-ko) retainers of their retainers but their direct retainers, and then made the yori-ko subordinated by their senior vassals or influential military commanders (yori-oya) to use the military power of the local territory owners effectively.", "ja": "そこで寄親を統率する戦国大名は、寄子たる在地土豪たちを陪臣（家臣の家臣）とはせずに直接的に臣従させる一方で、重臣や有力武将（寄親）に附属させ、在地土豪の軍事力を効率的に利用したのである。" }
{ "en": "In particular, these tactics were often seen in the Gohojo clan, the Imagawa clan, and the Uesugi clan.", "ja": "特に後北条氏、今川氏、上杉氏、武田氏などにしばしば見られる。" }
{ "en": "In the Edo bakufu, yoriki were posted together with doshin (officers under yoriki) to assist their senior officers..", "ja": "江戸幕府における与力は、同心とともに配属され、上官の補佐にあたった。" }
{ "en": "In particular, machi-kata yoriki under machi-bugyo (the post in charge of townspeople's affairs or officers in the post) was famous, assisted machi-bugyo, and played the functions of administration, judicature, and police.", "ja": "そのなかで有名なものは、町奉行配下の町方与力で、町奉行を補佐し、江戸市中の行政・司法・警察の任にあたった。" }
{ "en": "In addition to ordinary yoriki who belonged to Bugyo-sho, there were also uchiyori who were private retainers of machi-bugyo.", "ja": "与力には、町奉行直属の個人的な家臣である内与力と、奉行所に所属する官吏としての通常の与力の2種類があった。" }
{ "en": "It could be considered that a yoriki was the head of a police station.", "ja": "いわば、警察署長に相当するものと見てよい。" }
{ "en": "Yoriki was allowed to ride on a horse, and top-class yoriki officers earned a two hundred and several tens of rice crop, surpassing lower-class Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).", "ja": "与力は、馬上が許され、与力組頭クラスは、二百数十石を給付されて下級旗本の待遇を凌いだ。" }
{ "en": "However, yoriki were not allowed to have audience with Shogun nor to enter the Edo castle.", "ja": "しかしながら、将軍に謁見することや、江戸城に登城することは許されなかった。" }
{ "en": "For a yoriki officer, a residence with around 300 tubo (approximately 3.3 square meters/tubo) of premises was given.", "ja": "役宅としては300坪程度の屋敷が与えられた。" }
{ "en": "Shomotsu-bugyo was a governmental post of the Edo bakufu.", "ja": "書物奉行（しょもつぶぎょう）は、江戸幕府の職名の一つ。" }
{ "en": "This post was established in 1633.", "ja": "寛永10年（1633年）に設置。" }
{ "en": "The number of officers in the post was ordinarily four (but varied between three and five).", "ja": "定員は通常は4名で、増減（3～5名）があった。" }
{ "en": "The officer was under control of wakadoshiyori (a governmental post of the bakufu) officers, earned 200 straw bags of rice crop for his post and the amount of rice crop for seven persons as his yaku-buchi (a type of salary), and used the takibino-ma room (literally, a bonfire room).", "ja": "若年寄の支配を受け、役高200俵、役扶持７人扶持、焼火の間席であった。" }
{ "en": "Their jobs were the management of Momijiyama Library in the Edo castle, and the collection, classification, arrangement, storage and investigation of books.", "ja": "職務は、江戸城の紅葉山文庫の管理、本の収集、分類、整理、保存、調査である。" }
{ "en": "Famous shomotsu-bugyo officers included Konyo AOKI, Kageyasu TAKAHASHI, Juzo KONDO, and Hironao SHIBUKAWA.", "ja": "著名な奉行に、青木昆陽、高橋景保、近藤重蔵、渋川敬直らがいる。" }
{ "en": "Officers called doshin were placed under shomotsu-bugyo, in the salaries based on their social statuses, and the number of these officers was four in 1694 and was increased later to 21in the later Edo period.", "ja": "書物奉行の配下に同心がおり、持高勤めで、元禄6年（1694年）に4人、以降増員され江戸後期には21人いた。" }
{ "en": "A veteran doshin served the role of a steward.", "ja": "古参の同心は世話役を務めた。" }
{ "en": "Nurishi (lacquer-painting craftsmen) and makieshi (craftsman sprinkling gold or silver power, or placing shell on each lacquered parts) were also included in the officers.", "ja": "また塗師・蒔絵師がいる。" }
{ "en": "This post was abolished in 1866.", "ja": "慶応2年（1866年）に廃止された。" }
{ "en": "\"Oshomotsu-kata nikki\" (literally, a shomotsu officers' diary) of 225 volumes in total was a job record of shomotsu-bugyo from 1706 to 1857.", "ja": "書物奉行の職務記録として、宝永3年（1706年）から安政4年（1857年）までの記録である全225巻の『御書物方日記』がある。" }
{ "en": "examples of actual officers", "ja": "実際の職員の例" }
{ "en": "In 1856 (from \"Shomukijimensirabesho\" (detailed records of the residences of daimyo and bakufu's retainers)", "ja": "安政3年（1856年）当時（『諸向地面取調書』より）" }
{ "en": "Oshomotsu-bugyo (magistrate of books)", "ja": "御書物奉行" }
{ "en": "Kura no suke ISHII, Tazaemon NAKAI, Tatewaki SHIMADA and Yasuzaemaon TAKEJIMA", "ja": "石井内蔵允、中井太左衛門、島田帯刀、武嶋安左衛門" }
{ "en": "Oshomotsu-doshin(Constable of books)", "ja": "御書物同心" }
{ "en": "Onotaro Tsuko, Kamataro MOCHIDA, Shunosuke SAKATA, Jinnosuke Oyanagai, Yunosuke ODA, Masagoro Kaiga, Seiemon YAMAMOTO, Kennosuke HIGUCHI, Sohei NAKAJIMA, Eijiro SUZUKI, Saichiro KIMOTO, Seibei FUMA,...hei ICHINO, Masutaro HOSHINO, and Ichirozaemon ICHINO", "ja": "都甲斧太郎、持田鎌太郎、坂田周之助、大柳甚之助、小田雄之助、海賀雅五郎、山本清右衛門、樋口賢之助、中嶋祖兵衛、鈴木栄次郎、木本佐一郎、府馬清兵衛、市野■平、星野益太郎、市野市郎左衛門" }
{ "en": "Goyotatsu chonin (The merchant for the office)", "ja": "御用達町人" }
{ "en": "Manjiro IZUMOJI", "ja": "出雲寺萬次郎" }
{ "en": "Kanshoku (government post) means the posts of government officials.", "ja": "官職（かんしょく、Governmentpost）とは官吏の職のことをいう。" }
{ "en": "Specific classification will be shown below.", "ja": "具体的には以下の通りに分類される。" }
{ "en": "Incidentally, Kani is the court rank that is completely different from Kanshoku.", "ja": "因みに位階の事は官位と言い、本来は全く別の意味である。" }
{ "en": "The name of each kanshoku is Kanmei.", "ja": "また、官職の名称のことを官名（かんめい）という。" }
{ "en": "Kan and Shoku", "ja": "官と職。" }
{ "en": "Kan means general kinds of duties, and Shoku means specific scopes of duties to be undertaken.", "ja": "官とは職務の一般的種類のことを指し、職は担当すべき職務の具体的範囲を示す呼び方のこと。" }

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