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{
"en": "Kanshoku is a certain duty allocated to each government official, and a position filled by the government official with responsibility.",
"ja": "国家公務員に割り当てられる一定の職務、責任をもって占める地位のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "In Japan, the word Kanshoku is used for full-time and part-time officials mainly in the administration branch and the judicial branch, and seldom used in the legislative branch.",
"ja": "日本では主に行政府、司法府の常勤職員及び非常勤職員に対して用いられ、立法府ではあまり用いられない。"
} |
{
"en": "In the United States, an example of government officials in the Judicial branch is the aides to Representatives.",
"ja": "ちなみにアメリカの立法府は下院議員補佐官などの例がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Kanshoku means Kan, which is general classifications of duties undertaken by government officials, and Shoku, which is specific subclassifications of duties.",
"ja": "官吏の担当する職務の一般的な分類である官と、その下の具体的な類別である職のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Kanshoku is the positions in government organizations.",
"ja": "官制上の地位のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Being appointed to Kanshoku is Ninkan, and retired from Kanshoku is Taikan or Jikan.",
"ja": "官職に任ぜられることを任官、官職から退くことを退官（辞官とも）という。"
} |
{
"en": "Being dismissed from Kanshoku is Menkan.",
"ja": "免ぜられることを免官ともいう。"
} |
{
"en": "Committing bribery to get Kanshoku is Baikan or Ryokan, the tendency of which was especially seen in the feudal Japan.",
"ja": "また、特に封建社会において見られた傾向として、官職を欲し贈収賄が行われることを売官、猟官ともいった。"
} |
{
"en": "The system of Kanshoku is also called Shokusei.",
"ja": "官職制度・システムのことを職制（しょくせい）とも呼ぶ。"
} |
{
"en": "Before WWII, Kiyonori KONAKAMURA advanced a theory that Kanshoku and Shokusei were sharply distinguished from each other based on the moral sense such that the duties decided by the emperor were called 'Kanshoku' and the duties decided by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and retainers of the emperor without permission were called 'Shokusei,' which was criticized by Masajiro TAKIKAWA and others after the war.",
"ja": "戦前において、小中村清矩が、天皇が定めた役職を「官職」、幕府など臣下がみだりに定めた役職を「職制」と呼んで、大義名分に基づいて峻別したと唱えたが、戦後に瀧川政次郎らから批判された。"
} |
{
"en": "In present Japan, when part-time government officials are recruited, the title of the office and treatment for the officials are notified as Saiyo Yotei Kanshoku in most cases.",
"ja": "ちなみに、今日では非常勤の国家公務員を採用する際、任命される職名及び処遇を採用予定官職として掲示されることが多い。"
} |
{
"en": "Otoshiyori was a female servant post (or also indicated the servant herself) in O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants resided) in the Edo period, and was often called Rojo as well.",
"ja": "御年寄（おとしより）は江戸時代の大奥女中の役職名で、老女と呼称される事もある。"
} |
{
"en": "The post was placed in a rank of 'Omemie-ijo' which was allowed to see Shogun and his wife in person.",
"ja": "徳川将軍家や御台所への謁見が許される「お目見え以上」の役職。"
} |
{
"en": "There was a similar post for female servants working in inner halls of a samurai residence.",
"ja": "なお、大奥以外の武家奥向女中の役職名にも同様のものがあった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, descriptions here are made only for Otoshiyori in O-oku.",
"ja": "しかしながら、本項目で扱われるのは大奥女中の御年寄である。"
} |
{
"en": "The Otoshiyo post was the second-highest one of those of female servants in O-oku, but the persons in this post were the most powerful in O-oku, controlling everything in inner halls, being equivalent to Roju in Omotemuki (literally, the front halls: indicating governmental operations).",
"ja": "御年寄は大奥女中の位の中では第二位に当たるが、奥向の万事を差配する大奥随一の権力者で、表向の老中に匹敵する役職であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Basically, there were Otoshiyori to Seii taishogun (literally, \"the great general who was to subdue the barbarians\") and Otoshiyori to his wife.",
"ja": "基本的に、征夷大将軍付、御台所付とに大別される。"
} |
{
"en": "However, depending on the era, there was Otoshiyori to a princess of the shogun family or Otoshiyori to shogun's real mother.",
"ja": "但し、時代によっては姫君様付や将軍生母付の御年寄がいる事もあった。"
} |
{
"en": "For example, Otoshiyori Egima in the Ejima-Ikushima incident was Otoshiyori to Gekko-in, the real mother of Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, the seventh shogun.",
"ja": "絵島生島事件の御年寄･絵島は、7代将軍徳川家継生母･月光院付であった。"
} |
{
"en": "The power and social status of Otoshiyori was dependent on the era, but it is said that the rank of Otoshiyori to Shogun was basically placed above those of other Otoshiyori.",
"ja": "御年寄の中でも時代によって権力や格式に格差があったが、基本的には将軍付の方が上であったと言われている。"
} |
{
"en": "The jobs were done in a yearly rotation and in a monthly rotation.",
"ja": "年番と月番とがあった。"
} |
{
"en": "When an Otoshiyori served for a month in the monthly rotation, she entered 'Chidorino-ma' (literally, plover room) in the Gotenmuki area around 10 AM, and summoned female servants, directing everything there without going out of the room.",
"ja": "月番は毎朝四ツ時（10時ごろ）に御殿向の「千鳥之間」に詰めて自身はそこを出ることなく、女中たちを呼びつけて一切を指図したという。"
} |
{
"en": "The Otoshiyori is said to have exited from the room around four PM.",
"ja": "夕方七ツ時（16時ごろ）になると部屋を退出したとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "By the way, the Otoshiyori to shogun's wife did her job not in the 'Chidorino-ma' room but in 'Rojoshu-tsumesho' (literally, the room for female servants) near to the wife's residence.",
"ja": "ちなみに御台所付御年寄は「千鳥之間」ではなく、御台所住居近くにある「老女衆詰所」に詰めていた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the latter half of the Edo period, a post named \"Goyogakari\" was established to handle, for example, private talks with governmental officers working in the Chu-oku area.",
"ja": "また、江戸時代後期になると御用掛という役目がつくられ、中奥役人との内談等の御用を担った。"
} |
{
"en": "One of female servants' duties in the inner halls was yotogi for shogun (to sleep with shogun).",
"ja": "奥向の公務の一つに将軍の夜伽に関するものがある。"
} |
{
"en": "When shogun selected one of Shogun's Ochuro (female servants in waiting for Shogun) for yotogi, and informed the Otoshiyori of the name of the Ochuro, the Otoshiyori ordered the selected Ochuro to wait in shogun's bed.",
"ja": "将軍は、将軍付御中臈の中から夜伽の相手を選び、それを将軍付御年寄に伝えれば、その日の内にその御年寄が将軍の選んだ相手が寝所で待機するように指示を出した。"
} |
{
"en": "When shogun selected one of his wife's Ochuro, it was customary that the Otoshiyori to shogun negotiated with the Otoshityori to shogun's wife.",
"ja": "その際、もし将軍の選んだ相手が御台所付御中臈であった場合、将軍付御年寄が御台所付御年寄に掛け合う事となっていた。"
} |
{
"en": "When an Ochuro, a subordinate of an Otoshiyori, was selected for yotogi, became pregnant, and the son became the heir to the shogun and was proclaimed Shogun later, the Otoshiyori could become quite powerful in O-oku.",
"ja": "自らの部下たる御中臈が夜伽の相手に選ばれ懐妊し、更にはその子が将軍世嗣となり、後々その世嗣が将軍宣下を受けた場合、その御年寄は大奥内で大きな力を持つことが出来た。"
} |
{
"en": "In the later Edo period, some concubines of shogun were given 'Otoshiyori-kamizakaku' (literally, the head Otoshiyori level).",
"ja": "また、江戸時代後期の将軍側室の一部に「御年寄上座格」が与えられる者もいた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, this did not mean that such females were appointed to the Otoshiyori post.",
"ja": "しかしこれは、その女性が実際に御年寄の役職に就くというわけではない。"
} |
{
"en": "As described above, the person to sleep with shogun was selected from Ochuro servants.",
"ja": "先述したとおり、将軍の夜伽の相手は御中臈から選ばれる。"
} |
{
"en": "When the servant became pregnant after sleeping with shogun, she came to be considered a 'concubine,' but her rank status remained Ochuro.",
"ja": "夜伽の後、懐妊となれば、その女中は「側室」とみなされるが、格式は御中臈のままであった。"
} |
{
"en": "It is sad that 'Otoshiyori-kamizakaku' was given to the servant for making her treatment equivalent to that of Otoshiyori or Joro-Otoshiyori (the highest female servant post in O-oku) in salary and rank status.",
"ja": "そのため、給与面、格式面において御年寄ないし上臈御年寄に相当する待遇として、「御年寄上座格」が与えられたとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Ichinosoku,' the place with the highest status of 'Nagatsubone' (attendants' quarters), where female servants in O-oku resided, was allocated to Otoshiyori.",
"ja": "御年寄は、大奥女中たちが住まう「長局向」の中でも最も格式の高い「一之側」を住居として割り当てられていた。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that \"Ichinosoku\" was provided with a space of around 70 tatami mats.",
"ja": "「一之側」は畳数にしておよそ七十畳程の広さがあったと言われている。"
} |
{
"en": "It is also said that the place was divided into around ten tatami-mat rooms, with a lavatory, bath room and kitchen as well.",
"ja": "一部屋に十間程度の座敷があり、便所、風呂、台所なども備えられていたという。"
} |
{
"en": "Salary was mostly supplied as 'koryoku-kin' (money for buying clothes), 'kirimai' (an amount of rice crop), 'charcoal,' and 'gosai-gin' (silver coins to buy miso paste and salt), and in addition, it is also said that, after an Otoshiyori retired from her post, a residence, land, and land rent were given to her as well.",
"ja": "禄(給料)は主に「合力金」、「切米」、「炭」、「五菜銀」などが支給される他、引退後の屋敷や土地や地代も与えられたとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that the status in going out of the castle was equivalent to that of a person with a 100,000 koku of rice crop.",
"ja": "また外出時の格式は十万石相当のものだったと言われる。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that a high-class female servant employed persons called 'Heyakata,' and chore-men called 'gosai' who did her private chores, such as shopping outside the castle instead of her.",
"ja": "上級女中たちは、「部屋方」という使用人や、自分たちの代わりに外での買い物等の私用を引き受ける「五菜」という下働きを雇っていたとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "It is said that an Otoshiyori mostly employed more than ten 'heyakata' persons.",
"ja": "御年寄は大抵の場合、一人で「部屋方」を十数名ほど抱えていたという。"
} |
{
"en": "Female servants from a kuge (court noble) family, accompanying a female who was from a kuge family and married to shogun, were appointed to the Joro-otoshiyori post, the highest post for female servants in O-oku.",
"ja": "公家（公卿）より御台所が降嫁する際に同伴してくる公家出身の女官たちは、大奥女中最高位の上臈御年寄の役に就いた。"
} |
{
"en": "The Joro-toshiyori servants played the role of advisers to shogun or shogun's wife, and managed ceremonies and rituals in O-oku.",
"ja": "彼女たちは御台所や将軍の相談役を担い、大奥の典礼儀式を司った。"
} |
{
"en": "Coming form kuge families, they were provided with no political power, and it is said that they confronted Otoshiyori servants who were from hatamoto (a direct retainer of the bakufu) samurai families.",
"ja": "公家出身であるため政治的権力は持っておらず、武家旗本出身の御年寄とは対立関係にあったという。"
} |
{
"en": "However, it is said that the O-oku female servant system became disorganized towards the end of the bakufu period, and that Anekoji in the era of Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, the twelfth shogun, was largely involved in governmental operations of the bakufu as well.",
"ja": "但し幕末になると大奥女中の職制が崩れていたとされ、12代徳川家慶時代の姉小路は幕政にも大きく関与したとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "However, there are various theories concerning Joro-otoshiyori as in the following: One theory is that the female servants who were positioned in the highest post of the female servants in O-oku, or the Joro-otoshiyori post described above, were simply called Joro, and of those in the Joro post, the persons who were also appointed to the Toshiyori post were called Joro-otoshiyori, and the other theory is that the persons in the Joro-otoshiyori post, in the Ko-joro (female servants training to become Joro servants) post, and in the Otoshiyori post were totally called Rojo.",
"ja": "しかし上臈御年寄に関しては諸説あり、先述した上臈御年寄の役にある大奥女中最高位の女中を単に上臈と言い、その上臈の役にある者で御年寄の役を兼ねていた者を上臈御年寄と言うという説や、上臈御年寄・小上臈（上臈の見習い役）・御年寄の総称を老女とする説も存在する。"
} |
{
"en": "Yajima no tubone",
"ja": "矢島局"
} |
{
"en": "Ejima",
"ja": "絵島"
} |
{
"en": "Takiyama",
"ja": "瀧山"
} |
{
"en": "Ikushima",
"ja": "幾島"
} |
{
"en": "Kenrei refers to:",
"ja": "県令（けんれい）は、"
} |
{
"en": "a post equivalent to a prefectural governor in ancient China.",
"ja": "古代中国に於いての県知事にあたる役職"
} |
{
"en": "Kenrei is the chief of Ken (a prefecture) assigned from 1871 to 1886.",
"ja": "1871年（明治4年）から1886年（明治19年）まで置かれた県の長官。"
} |
{
"en": "According to the stipulation established in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the chief of Ken (a unit of local administration) with over one million houses was called Kenrei.",
"ja": "秦・漢の時代に整備された規定では、1万戸以上の県の長を県令と称した。"
} |
{
"en": "The chief with less houses was called Hsien cheng (the head of Districts in the Han and Qin Dynasties).",
"ja": "それ以下は県長となる。"
} |
{
"en": "In general, the rank of Kenrei is considered higher than that of Hsien cheng.",
"ja": "一般に県長より県令の方が格上とされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Gun (a unit of local administration, the head of which was taishu [governor-general]) comprised more than one Ken, and Gun was a subarea of Shu (an administrative division, the head of which was shishi [Provincial Governor] or maki).",
"ja": "県を複数合わせ郡（長は太守）とし、郡の上位に州（長は刺史或は牧）があった。"
} |
{
"en": "Go (a unit of local administration) was a subarea of Ken, and Sato (a unit of local administration) was a subarea of GO.",
"ja": "県の下位には郷、その下に里がある。"
} |
{
"en": "While Kenrei managed all administration, they only dealt with civil administration.",
"ja": "県令が行政全般を管轄するのに対し、これらはどちらも民政のみを扱った。"
} |
{
"en": "The head of Go was Sanro, and the head of Sato was Risei.",
"ja": "郷の長は三老であり、里の長は里正であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Ken in China was equivalent to Gun (county) in Japan.",
"ja": "中国に於ける県は、日本での郡に相当する。"
} |
{
"en": "Keni (commandants of the military affairs) were in charge of the military and the police administration of Ken.",
"ja": "なお、県の軍事・警察行政に関しては県尉が行った。"
} |
{
"en": "In Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) conducted in July 1871, the local system of Fu-han-ken sanchisei (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system) was unified into Ken and Fu (prefectures), and also in the ordinance of prefectural affairs issued in November of the same year, the name of the head of Ken was changed from Chikenji to Kenrei while that of three Fu, Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka, remained as Chiji.",
"ja": "1871年（明治4年）7月に行われた廃藩置県により、それまで府藩県三治制となっていた地方制度を府と県に統一し、同年11月に公布された県治条例により、県の長官の名称を知県事から県令（または権令）に改称する一方、東京・京都・大阪の3府についてはそのまま知事という名称が使われた。"
} |
{
"en": "The duty of Kenrei was to handle all administrative affairs within their jurisdiction.",
"ja": "職務については管内の行政事務全般を主掌した。"
} |
{
"en": "The Local Bureaucratic System effectuated in 1886 changed Kenri to Chiji.",
"ja": "1886年（明治19年）の地方官制により知事と改められた。"
} |
{
"en": "Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) is one of the ranks in Ikai (court ranks) and Shinkai (ranks granted to Shinto gods).",
"ja": "正三位（しょうさんみ）とは、位階及び神階のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank is lower than Junii (Junior Second Rank) and higher than Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).",
"ja": "従二位の下、従三位の上に位する。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank is also called 'Ooimitsunokurai' in Japan.",
"ja": "日本では｢おおいみつのくらい｣とも読む。"
} |
{
"en": "Shosanmi",
"ja": "正三位"
} |
{
"en": "Under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), ranks higher than Jusanmi were called 'Ki' as well as Hoshi no kurai (positions of stars), and were the ranks for Kugyo (the top court officials).",
"ja": "律令制下においては、従三位以上を『貴』と称し、また星の位ともいわれ、公卿の位階であった。"
} |
{
"en": "While Jusanmi was equivalent to Chunagon (a vice-councilor of state), Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards) as well as Dazai-no-sotsu (Director of Dazaifu [Kyushu branch government]), Shosanmi was the equivalent of Dainagon (a chief councilor of state).",
"ja": "従三位が中納言や近衛大将、太宰帥などと官位相当であるのに対し、正三位は大納言相当とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the orders of merit, Shosanmi is equivalent to the First Order of Merit.",
"ja": "勲等との対比では勲一等に比例する。"
} |
{
"en": "Later on, the conferment of a court rank and the appointment to an office were progressively made regardless of Kanisoto (the bureaucratic system according to Ikai [court rank] in the ritsuryo system).",
"ja": "時代が下るにつれ、官位相当によらない叙位任官も増えた。"
} |
{
"en": "Since the Ikai of Dinagon was Junii and that of Konoe no daisho and Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) was the second or third rank, the ikai of Chunagon was Shosanmi in some cases.",
"ja": "官位相当の大納言は従二位、近衛大将・近衛府も二位及び三位で運用されたため、中納言でこの位階に叙せられる例も少なくなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "After the modern ages, Shosanmi was conferred on Hakushaku (a count) of the peerage as his first Ikai, and also Army Generals and Full Admirals rose to Shosanmi.",
"ja": "近代以降は、華族の爵位における伯爵の初叙位階とされ、また陸軍大将、海軍大将なども正三位に昇った。"
} |
{
"en": "Nowadays, Shosanmi is posthumously conferred on the people who were ministers of state, had an important government position, or made great academic achievements.",
"ja": "今日では、国務大臣経験者の他、政府の重要官職にあった者、学術分野において功労ある人物が死後に叙せられている。"
} |
{
"en": "The date is a conferral date.",
"ja": "日付は叙位日。"
} |
{
"en": "In the case of a posthumous conferral, an antemortem Ikai is additionally indicated for reference.",
"ja": "没時追賜の場合は直前の位階を参考付記。"
} |
{
"en": "Takamori SAIGO, September 26, 1869",
"ja": "西郷隆盛 明治2年（1869年）9月26日"
} |
{
"en": "Juntaro TAKAHASHI, June 4, 1920 (Jusanmi)",
"ja": "高橋順太郎 大正9年（1920年）6月4日 （従三位）"
} |
{
"en": "Katamori MATSUDAIRA, December 4, 1893 (Jusanmi)",
"ja": "松平容保 明治26年（1893年）12月4日 （従三位）"
} |
{
"en": "Toshio KUROKAWA, 1988",
"ja": "黒川利雄 昭和63年(1988年)"
} |
{
"en": "Masataka SEKO, 1999",
"ja": "世耕政隆 平成11年(1999年)"
} |
{
"en": "Masaharu GOTODA, 2005",
"ja": "後藤田正晴 平成17年(2005年)"
} |
{
"en": "Taifu refers to a social status of nobility with territory from the Zhou period to the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period in China.",
"ja": "大夫（たいふ）とは、中国の周代から春秋戦国時代にかけての身分を表す言葉で領地を持った貴族のことである。"
} |
{
"en": "Taifu/Daifu is one of the names of Kami (directors) in the ritsuryo system in Japan.",
"ja": "大夫（だいぶ、たいふ）は、日本の律令制の長官名の一つ。"
} |
{
"en": "Derived from No.2, Tayu refers to the highest rank Yujo (a prostitute) in Yoshiwara in Edo (Tokyo Prefecture), and Shimabara in Kyoto, in the Edo period.",
"ja": "大夫（たゆう）は2.から転じて江戸時代、江戸吉原_(東京都)や京都嶋原の最高位の遊女を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "This name was abolished in 1754, and was later replaced by the name, Oiran (a courtesan of the highest rank) in Yoshihara in Edo; however, the name 'Tayu' remained in Shimabara in Kyoto, where there are some still having the traditional name of Tayu.",
"ja": "1754年（宝暦4年）に廃止され、江戸・吉原では以後名称は花魁（おいらん）と変わったが、京・島原では「大夫」の名称が残り、今でも数名の大夫が存在する。"
} |
{
"en": "Refer to 太夫 (the highest rank of courtesans).",
"ja": "→太夫（松の位）"
} |
{
"en": "Derived from No.2, Tayu refers to the storyteller of Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) after the Edo period.",
"ja": "大夫（たゆう）は2.から転じて江戸時代以降、浄瑠璃の語り部を指す用語。"
} |
{
"en": "Taifu/Daibu in China",
"ja": "中国における大夫"
} |
{
"en": "Taifu is one of the names of social status in China.",
"ja": "大夫は中国における身分呼称のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "It was lower than Kyo (a minister) and higher than Shi (the elite class of Servicemen in the Zhou period).",
"ja": "卿の下、士の上に位した。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Zhou period, a small feudal lord who worked for the Zhou Dynasty or the lords was called Daibu (a master), and a senior Daibu was called Kyo (a minister) and participated in governmental affairs.",
"ja": "周代、周王室および諸侯に仕える小領主は大夫と呼ばれ、その上級のものが卿と呼ばれ、国政に参加した。"
} |
{
"en": "When lords were autocratic, they were in some cases expelled by Daibu, resulting in making Daibu gain power to threaten their loads.",
"ja": "諸侯が横暴であった場合、大夫らにより追放されることもあり、主君を脅かし得る地位を得るようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Although some Daibu and Kyo declined later, it is said that, after that, the powerful peasantry formed a rank, Shi, and gained status.",
"ja": "後代には大夫や士の中に衰退する者も現れたが、その後、有力農民層が新たに士という階級を形成し、地位を得るようになったといわれる。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Jin Dynasty (the Spring and Autumn period), the local area became called Daibu, which was then followed by other districts, leading to the centralized county and prefecture system.",
"ja": "晋(春秋)では地方の県のことを大夫と呼ぶようになり、後に諸国もこれに倣い、中央集権的な郡県制へと移行することになる。"
} |
{
"en": "Taifu/Daifu in Japan",
"ja": "日本における大夫"
} |
{
"en": "According to \"Kushiki-ryo\" (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code), Taifu referred to a government official of: Sanmi (Third Rank) or higher in Daijokan (Grand Council of State); Shii (Fourth Rank) or higher in Ryo (bureau); and Goi (Fifth Rank) or higher among Kokushi (provincial governors) who were lower than 国司国等級区分 (the grade classification of Kuni [provinces] and Kokushi [provincial governors]).",
"ja": "日本における大夫は、『公式令』により、太政官においては三位以上、寮においては四位以上、国司国等級区分以下の国司においては五位以上の官吏の称とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "In other words, it refers to male government officials of Goi or higher.",
"ja": "すなわち、五位以上の男性官吏を指す称号であるといってよい。"
} |
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