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573360a4d058e614000b5989
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?
{ "text": [ "they are actively engaged in modifying their environment" ], "answer_start": [ 462 ] }
573360a4d058e614000b598a
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?
{ "text": [ "living, living well, and living better" ], "answer_start": [ 593 ] }
573360a4d058e614000b598b
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?
{ "text": [ "increasing its own satisfaction" ], "answer_start": [ 703 ] }
5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf1f
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?
{ "text": [ "survival value" ], "answer_start": [ 83 ] }
5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf20
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
What are higher life forms actively engaged in?
{ "text": [ "modifying their environment" ], "answer_start": [ 491 ] }
5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf21
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
How many goals of living is there?
{ "text": [ "three" ], "answer_start": [ 574 ] }
5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf22
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?
{ "text": [ "increasing its own satisfaction" ], "answer_start": [ 703 ] }
5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf23
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?
{ "text": [ "unintelligible" ], "answer_start": [ 793 ] }
573360a4d058e614000b5988
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively insufficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?
{ "text": [ "\"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\"" ], "answer_start": [ 301 ] }
573361a8d058e614000b59a0
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most of_import attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":
What was Whitehead's description of God?
{ "text": [ "\"the brief Galilean vision of humility\"" ], "answer_start": [ 520 ] }
573361a8d058e614000b599e
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most of_import attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":
What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?
{ "text": [ "\"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\"" ], "answer_start": [ 160 ] }
573361a8d058e614000b599f
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most of_import attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":
What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?
{ "text": [ "primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power" ], "answer_start": [ 303 ] }
573363194776f41900660987
Alfred_North_Whitehead
It should exist emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?
{ "text": [ "God is not necessarily tied to religion" ], "answer_start": [ 53 ] }
573363194776f41900660989
Alfred_North_Whitehead
It should exist emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?
{ "text": [ "primordial nature of God" ], "answer_start": [ 429 ] }
573363194776f4190066098a
Alfred_North_Whitehead
It should exist emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?
{ "text": [ "the consequent nature" ], "answer_start": [ 604 ] }
573363194776f4190066098b
Alfred_North_Whitehead
It should exist emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?
{ "text": [ "dipolar" ], "answer_start": [ 663 ] }
573363194776f41900660988
Alfred_North_Whitehead
It should exist emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?
{ "text": [ "His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities." ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
573364444776f4190066099f
Alfred_North_Whitehead
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can exist saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?
{ "text": [ "God's reception of the world's activity" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
573364444776f419006609a1
Alfred_North_Whitehead
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can exist saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?
{ "text": [ "God saves and cherishes all experiences forever" ], "answer_start": [ 305 ] }
573364444776f419006609a0
Alfred_North_Whitehead
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can exist saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?
{ "text": [ "It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." ], "answer_start": [ 214 ] }
573364444776f419006609a2
Alfred_North_Whitehead
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can exist saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?
{ "text": [ "those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world" ], "answer_start": [ 358 ] }
573364444776f419006609a3
Alfred_North_Whitehead
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can exist saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?
{ "text": [ "God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance." ], "answer_start": [ 443 ] }
573366074776f419006609e6
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can supply by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:
In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?
{ "text": [ "deficient in actuality and change" ], "answer_start": [ 343 ] }
573366074776f419006609e7
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can supply by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:
What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?
{ "text": [ "merely eternally unrealized possibilities" ], "answer_start": [ 392 ] }
573366074776f419006609e3
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can supply by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:
How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?
{ "text": [ "Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
573366074776f419006609e4
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can supply by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:
How does he define entities' need for God?
{ "text": [ "He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide" ], "answer_start": [ 65 ] }
573366074776f419006609e5
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can supply by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:
How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?
{ "text": [ "by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time" ], "answer_start": [ 180 ] }
573367034776f41900660a0b
Alfred_North_Whitehead
For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that "religion is what the single does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious." Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a "dangerous delusion" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).
What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion?
{ "text": [ "individual" ], "answer_start": [ 39 ] }
573367034776f41900660a0c
Alfred_North_Whitehead
For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that "religion is what the single does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious." Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a "dangerous delusion" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).
What is Whitehead's most famous statement on religion?
{ "text": [ "\"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.\"" ], "answer_start": [ 291 ] }
573367034776f41900660a0d
Alfred_North_Whitehead
For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that "religion is what the single does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious." Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a "dangerous delusion" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).
How did Whitehead define religion?
{ "text": [ "a system of general truths that transformed a person's character" ], "answer_start": [ 442 ] }
573367034776f41900660a0e
Alfred_North_Whitehead
For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that "religion is what the single does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious." Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a "dangerous delusion" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).
How did Whitehead define "dangerous delusion" as it relates to religion?
{ "text": [ "while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good" ], "answer_start": [ 542 ] }
573368ba4776f41900660a49
Alfred_North_Whitehead
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the nonsubjective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the nonsubjective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?
{ "text": [ "solitariness" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
573368ba4776f41900660a4a
Alfred_North_Whitehead
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the nonsubjective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the nonsubjective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?
{ "text": [ "\"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\"" ], "answer_start": [ 264 ] }
573368ba4776f41900660a4b
Alfred_North_Whitehead
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the nonsubjective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the nonsubjective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?
{ "text": [ "meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community" ], "answer_start": [ 524 ] }
573368ba4776f41900660a4c
Alfred_North_Whitehead
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the nonsubjective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the nonsubjective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?
{ "text": [ "The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself" ], "answer_start": [ 803 ] }
573368ba4776f41900660a4d
Alfred_North_Whitehead
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the nonsubjective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the nonsubjective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?
{ "text": [ "the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent" ], "answer_start": [ 909 ] }
57337cc94776f41900660ba8
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very hard to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."
Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?
{ "text": [ "through the work of his students and admirers rather" ], "answer_start": [ 347 ] }
57337cc94776f41900660bab
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very hard to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."
What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century"?
{ "text": [ "Bruno Latour" ], "answer_start": [ 1120 ] }
57337cc94776f41900660ba7
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very hard to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."
Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?
{ "text": [ "Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs" ], "answer_start": [ 154 ] }
57337cc94776f41900660ba9
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very hard to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."
Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?
{ "text": [ "Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine" ], "answer_start": [ 503 ] }
57337cc94776f41900660baa
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very hard to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."
What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?
{ "text": [ "\"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\"" ], "answer_start": [ 924 ] }
5733801f4776f41900660c03
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most of_import early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.
In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?
{ "text": [ "American progressive theology" ], "answer_start": [ 72 ] }
5733801f4776f41900660c04
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most of_import early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.
Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?
{ "text": [ "Charles Hartshorne" ], "answer_start": [ 190 ] }
5733801f4776f41900660c05
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most of_import early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.
What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?
{ "text": [ "developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology" ], "answer_start": [ 313 ] }
5733801f4776f41900660c06
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most of_import early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.
Who are some other distinguished process theologians?
{ "text": [ "John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller" ], "answer_start": [ 433 ] }
573384984776f41900660c71
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by worldly events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.
What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?
{ "text": [ "God's relational nature" ], "answer_start": [ 36 ] }
573384984776f41900660c72
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by worldly events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.
How is God usually perceived by process theologians?
{ "text": [ "\"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events" ], "answer_start": [ 145 ] }
573384984776f41900660c73
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by worldly events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.
Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?
{ "text": [ "people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?" ], "answer_start": [ 274 ] }
573384984776f41900660c74
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by worldly events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.
Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial?
{ "text": [ "as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world" ], "answer_start": [ 442 ] }
573384984776f41900660c75
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by worldly events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.
What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote?
{ "text": [ "\"process naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God." ], "answer_start": [ 672 ] }
573386274776f41900660c92
Alfred_North_Whitehead
In fact, process theology is hard to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?
{ "text": [ "biology and economics" ], "answer_start": [ 216 ] }
573386274776f41900660c93
Alfred_North_Whitehead
In fact, process theology is hard to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?
{ "text": [ "poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory" ], "answer_start": [ 298 ] }
573386274776f41900660c94
Alfred_North_Whitehead
In fact, process theology is hard to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?
{ "text": [ "geneticist" ], "answer_start": [ 397 ] }
573386274776f41900660c95
Alfred_North_Whitehead
In fact, process theology is hard to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
Who authored "Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age"?
{ "text": [ "Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist" ], "answer_start": [ 533 ] }
573386274776f41900660c91
Alfred_North_Whitehead
In fact, process theology is hard to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?
{ "text": [ "process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests" ], "answer_start": [ 57 ] }
573369bd4776f41900660a6a
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to inculcate into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?
{ "text": [ "\"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\"" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
573369bd4776f41900660a6b
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to inculcate into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?
{ "text": [ "religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world" ], "answer_start": [ 228 ] }
573369bd4776f41900660a6c
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to inculcate into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?
{ "text": [ "a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society" ], "answer_start": [ 438 ] }
573369bd4776f41900660a6d
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to inculcate into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?
{ "text": [ "It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people." ], "answer_start": [ 529 ] }
57339840d058e614000b5e4c
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the reciprocal influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
What is Mary Parker Follett known for?
{ "text": [ "pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
57339840d058e614000b5e4d
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the reciprocal influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?
{ "text": [ "ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\"" ], "answer_start": [ 265 ] }
57339840d058e614000b5e4e
Alfred_North_Whitehead
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the reciprocal influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?
{ "text": [ "Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration" ], "answer_start": [ 492 ] }
573354414776f41900660849
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to regretful investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?
{ "text": [ "continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments" ], "answer_start": [ 744 ] }
573354414776f41900660846
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to regretful investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?
{ "text": [ "a conflict of interest" ], "answer_start": [ 10 ] }
573354414776f41900660847
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to regretful investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?
{ "text": [ "Professional investment managers" ], "answer_start": [ 229 ] }
573354414776f41900660848
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to regretful investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?
{ "text": [ "to maximize their compensation" ], "answer_start": [ 445 ] }
573354414776f4190066084a
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to regretful investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?
{ "text": [ "plausible deniability" ], "answer_start": [ 940 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a4f
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first seeable institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?
{ "text": [ "Countrywide Financial" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a51
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first seeable institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
On what date did IndyMac fail?
{ "text": [ "July 11, 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 352 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a4e
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first seeable institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?
{ "text": [ "IndyMac" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a50
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first seeable institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?
{ "text": [ "IndyMac Bank" ], "answer_start": [ 171 ] }
5733679bd058e614000b5a52
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
The first seeable institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?
{ "text": [ "IndyMac Bancorp" ], "answer_start": [ 575 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aa7
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a important number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.
When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?
{ "text": [ "April 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aaa
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a important number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.
If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?
{ "text": [ "9.27%" ], "answer_start": [ 513 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aa8
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a important number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.
What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?
{ "text": [ "$160 million" ], "answer_start": [ 168 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aa9
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a important number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.
What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?
{ "text": [ "Moody's" ], "answer_start": [ 41 ] }
57336a43d058e614000b5aab
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a important number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.
What is a well capitalized ratio?
{ "text": [ "minimum 10% risk-based" ], "answer_start": [ 643 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a89
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later indicate out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.
Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?
{ "text": [ "Charles Schumer (D-NY)" ], "answer_start": [ 8 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a8a
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later indicate out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.
What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?
{ "text": [ "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" ], "answer_start": [ 145 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a8b
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later indicate out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.
How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?
{ "text": [ "a little over $7 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 379 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a8c
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later indicate out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.
Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?
{ "text": [ "June 30" ], "answer_start": [ 683 ] }
57336bbb4776f41900660a8d
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later indicate out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.
How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?
{ "text": [ "$500 million" ], "answer_start": [ 584 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aa7
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to keep $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.
How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?
{ "text": [ "$1.55 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aa8
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to keep $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.
What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?
{ "text": [ "7.5%" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aa6
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to keep $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.
What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?
{ "text": [ "$10.7 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 125 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aa9
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to keep $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.
Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a "run" on IndyMac?
{ "text": [ "Charles Schumer" ], "answer_start": [ 414 ] }
57336d734776f41900660aaa
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to keep $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This “run” on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator’s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac’s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.
What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?
{ "text": [ "unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated" ], "answer_start": [ 627 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af2
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to presume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?
{ "text": [ "IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB" ], "answer_start": [ 108 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af4
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to presume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?
{ "text": [ "US$100,000" ], "answer_start": [ 599 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af5
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to presume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?
{ "text": [ "roughly 10,000 depositors" ], "answer_start": [ 662 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af1
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to presume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?
{ "text": [ "July 11, 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
57336e80d058e614000b5af3
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to presume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?
{ "text": [ "July 14, 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 316 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660acd
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer receive financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?
{ "text": [ "Over 100" ], "answer_start": [ 222 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660ace
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer receive financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?
{ "text": [ "Bear Stearns" ], "answer_start": [ 314 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660acf
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer receive financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?
{ "text": [ "September and October 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 451 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660ad0
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer receive financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?
{ "text": [ "Oct. 6, 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 713 ] }
57336f6e4776f41900660ad1
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer receive financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?
{ "text": [ "Lehman Brothers" ], "answer_start": [ 745 ] }
5733703c4776f41900660ad8
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?
{ "text": [ "money market funds" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
5733703c4776f41900660ad9
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
What do money market funds frequently invest in?
{ "text": [ "commercial paper issued by corporations" ], "answer_start": [ 152 ] }
5733703c4776f41900660ad7
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?
{ "text": [ "September 2008" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }