{"id": "1185538", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "what do Chemigation valves protect?", "answers": {"answer_start": [227], "text": ["both surface and ground water sources"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1169427", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.", "question": "What unit should large capacity water users report the amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis?", "answers": {"answer_start": [137, 148], "text": ["gallons", "acre inches"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185363", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "during what season are surface water quantities near their lowest?", "answers": {"answer_start": [174], "text": [" late July early August"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1184700", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "what happens to system costs as capacity increases?", "answers": {"answer_start": [125], "text": ["increase"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185522", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "what are the first two steps in a three split nitrogen management plan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [88], "text": ["starter and side dress applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1170031", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ was removed in P.A. 33 leaving Michigan Department of Agriculture as the only reporting option for agricultural producers.", "question": "Where could one report prior to P.A. 33?", "answers": {"answer_start": [195], "text": ["MDEQ"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169432", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.", "question": "if withdrawn water is not used entirely for irrigation by the large capacity water user what should be reported?", "answers": {"answer_start": [361], "text": [" the uses of the water being withdrawn."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185411", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "what crops dominate Indiana's and Michigan's irrigated lands?", "answers": {"answer_start": [93], "text": ["contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169439", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "can the restriction of wells within 1320 ft. of a designated trout steam result in adverse resource impact be foregone?", "answers": {"answer_start": [439, 472, 439], "text": ["the well is over 150 ft. deep", "potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\"", "the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174379", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "what is one example of a factor that contributes to low distribution equipment costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [128, 205, 274, 345], "text": ["total size of irrigated areas ", "shape of the irrigated areas", "three phase electric power is readily available near control panels", " flat topography "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1174339", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "when are system design capacities greater than 6.5 gallon/minute/acre of irrigation needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [404], "text": ["in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1170032", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ was removed in P.A. 33 leaving Michigan Department of Agriculture as the only reporting option for agricultural producers.", "question": "What did the P.A. 33 remove?", "answers": {"answer_start": [156], "text": ["The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185389", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "what should an irrigator identify when mapping the land in question for their irrigation projects?", "answers": {"answer_start": [267], "text": [" large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1169438", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "Through February 2008 is there a specific restriction on the standard \"adverse resource impact\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [370], "text": ["wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185567", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "what will vary along the length of a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The irrigation application rate "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1184603", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (d) If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) try to modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact. If more favorable assessment can not be achieved a Site Specific Review may be requested from Michigan Department of Environmental Quality through the MiWWAT tool. (e) If the MDEQ Site Specific Review does not provide a favorable registration to proceed, land owner may initiate a meeting of the Large Volume Water Users in the watershed to investigate reduction in water use by fellow large volume water users. (f) If the meeting of Large Volume Water Users does not provide MDEQ with sufficient reductions in use by other riparian to allow the proposed water use civil court action may be necessary to establish the riparian right to water use for the parcel.", "question": "If the MiWWAT assessment is orange (zone c) or red (zone d) what should be done?", "answers": {"answer_start": [139], "text": ["modify location or well depth to reduce stream flow impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174225", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "what other component should be included when reporting the baseline capacity of the system other than pump capacity in gal/min?", "answers": {"answer_start": [246], "text": ["a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170439", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use/hr: Many pumping systems are equipped with hour meters or run time timers. With an accurate estimate of pumping a producer can calculate water use. ", "question": "what are many pumping systems equipped with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [97, 113, 97], "text": [" hour meters", "run time timers", " hour meters or run time timers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1174372", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "what contributes to low distribution equipment costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [127], "text": [" total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (a) shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (b) three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (c) flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1170054", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Water Use: Conducted correctly, any combination of these systems could produce estimates that meet the requirements of the law. Producers need to evaluate their water use and devise a simple, low-cost, low-time input method to accomplish the goal of the legislation that may improve the management of the operation. Many farm supply houses, greenhouse supply houses and irrigation supply houses carry flow meters and run time timers.", "question": "what is an instrument that can aid in estimating water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [427, 411], "text": [" run time timers", " flow meters"]}, "references": "May, J. (2013). Water Use Report Requirements for Swine Operations. http://www.michigan.gov/mda"}
{"id": "1181003", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "how should the annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee be viewed by the landowner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [101], "text": ["additional income above lease rate by landowners"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169455", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "what does baseline capacity apply to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [520, 529], "text": ["wells", " surface water withdrawals."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172592", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Scheduling Tools: Irrigation scheduling by accounting for changes in available soil moisture provides information on the timing and amount of water to apply to meet crop needs. \"Checkbook\" irrigation scheduling confirmed with soil moisture monitoring can improve irrigation scheduling decisions. Checkbook scheduling is discussed below.", "question": "what's an important factor in irrigation scheduling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [54], "text": ["accounting for changes in available soil moisture"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1169997", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "what types of wells are required to register with the Michigan Department of Agriculture?", "answers": {"answer_start": [157], "text": ["Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183028", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "what is one example of something the Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [255, 278, 296], "text": ["the specific location", "owner/operator", " rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185383", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment. Irrigation systems are very scale dependent. Sharing the irrigation expense by jointly investing with a neighbor often leads to a configuration which is better and is more cost effective. For more information on split irrigation cost between neighbors see Fact Sheet #10.", "question": "what are scale dependent with regard to irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [45], "text": [" Irrigation systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1184583", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.", "question": "If a site-specific review by the MDEQ determines a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or zone B withdrawal what is a reputable presumption that can be made?", "answers": {"answer_start": [542], "text": ["will not cause an adverse resource impact."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1184702", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water. Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations. Evapotransporation rate (E.T.) is a term that represents the daily water lost by the plants maintenance and growth along with the evaporative loss from the soil surface. E.T. rates for almost all crops grown in northern Indiana and Michigan have rates under 0.25 inch per day for all but a few extreme days.", "question": "what are the typical capabilities of water sources used to supply irrigation water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [191], "text": [" 400 to 1200 gallons per minute"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1172688", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "to reflect the effective amount of water added to soil moisture what may need to be reduced?", "answers": {"answer_start": [122, 20, 122], "text": [" Rainfall", "irrigation ", " Rainfall and irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169409", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "where can large capacity water users typically find well logs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [787], "text": ["at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174309", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation systems need to be able to replace the typical water use of the plant during a prolonged dry period. System costs increase as capacity increases. Typically water sources capable of 400 to 1200 gallons per minute are used to supply irrigation water.Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation) can provide adequate water in all but the most extreme situations.", "question": "in all but extreme scenarios how much water is typically needed to be provided to be considered adequate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [259], "text": ["Systems designed to apply 0.25 inch per day (5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1169437", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "what was the standard established as part 327 of 451 for all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006?", "answers": {"answer_start": [109], "text": [" No \"Adverse resource impact\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181602", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.", "question": "who can provide the tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [221], "text": ["Your system provider"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1183042", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan large quantity water withdrawals fall into three categories depending on date of construction: (1) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. (2) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009. (3) On and after July 9, 2009", "question": "what are the three categories that Michigan's large quantity water withdrawals fall into depending on date of construction?", "answers": {"answer_start": [104], "text": ["(1) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. (2) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009. (3) On and after July 9, 2009"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174211", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "what does providing the latitude and longitude coordinate information allow for in terms of assessing the impact of large scale withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [418], "text": ["mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1170477", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what is infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [78, 21], "text": [" the rate water can enter the soils surface", "the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1174219", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The registration process also calls for an estimate of consumptive water use. Consumptive water use is the amount of water that is lost from the area of withdrawal. Since most water pumped for crop irrigation ultimately goes into evapotransporation, the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water used for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low or about 5 to 10%.", "question": "what is the consumptive use estimated as for crop irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [288], "text": [" high or about 90%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1169446", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. (a continued) Changes included: Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act, 451 includes a section that may make large capacity water users established prior to February 2006 liable for environmental damage due to reduction flow from large scale water usage. Adverse resource impact as defined by P.A. 33: \"Decreasing the flow of a stream flow such that the stream's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired, or decreasing the level of a body of surface water such that the body of surface water's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired.\"", "question": "what does P.A. 33 of 2006 define adverse resource impact as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [396, 536], "text": ["Decreasing the flow of a stream flow such that the stream's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired", "decreasing the level of a body of surface water such that the body of surface water's ability to support characteristic fish populations is functionally impaired"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174368", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "what monetary value is considered high water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [189], "text": ["greater than $50000"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1169470", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.", "question": "what Michigan Natural Recourses Protection standard implies that those challenging registered large capacity water users must prove their water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [432], "text": ["no adverse resource impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172502", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The instantaneous irrigation application rate will vary throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system, with the highest instantaneous application rates at the end of the system furthest from the pivot point. Instantaneous irrigation application rate will be uniform for solid set and large gun hose traveler irrigation systems as long as application time or forward travel of system is unchanged.", "question": "throughout the length of a center pivot irrigation system what will vary?", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["The instantaneous irrigation application rate "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1183031", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan has had similar registration and reporting requirements since 2006 requiring the registration of new large volume water withdrawals (greater than 70 gallons/minute capacity). The Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal. Annual reporting then follows, with a monthly breakdown of the actual amount of water used.", "question": "what is something the Assessment tool and registration prior to construction establishes?", "answers": {"answer_start": [255], "text": ["the specific location, owner/operator and rated or baseline capacity of the water withdrawal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183024", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.", "question": "when did the Great Lakes Compact become federal law?", "answers": {"answer_start": [416], "text": ["in October, 2008"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1184715", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "for crops that cannot tolerate extremes what irrigation capabilities may need to be met?", "answers": {"answer_start": [250], "text": ["one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation)."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1174393", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "what is one service that provides average current rent values?", "answers": {"answer_start": [208, 266], "text": ["State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services", "Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1180967", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "if the landowner makes these improvements upfront how can they recoup their investment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [206], "text": ["over time in higher land rent charges"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172548", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation\t", "question": "what are the steps to measuring Instantaneous irrigation application rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [70, 276, 368, 513], "text": [" (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots)", "(2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front.", "(3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes", "(4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1180905", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area to create a base value which we can then adjust. To gain perspective on the potential increase in profit we often calculate the estimated cost of the irrigation investment (DIRTI formula) and add it to the dry land rent value to create the low end rent value. The high end rent value can be estimated by looking at the total irrigation investment cost, subtracting the portion of the irrigation investment annual cost that the landowner did not provide, from the irrigated land rent value.", "question": "How is an adjustable base rent value created for properties?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Average dry land and irrigated rent values can be used along with the rent surveys and other rent data from the area"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1174223", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "how does the registration process establish a \"Baseline Capacity\"?", "answers": {"answer_start": [95], "text": ["based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185551", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what is the range of infiltration rates in Michigan soils?", "answers": {"answer_start": [112], "text": ["a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1184724", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "what is one factor that can result in low water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [245, 318, 395, 476, 537], "text": ["productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet)", " riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field", "ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site", "system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure", "Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off."]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1185573", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff form. 5. At each observation point record observations, Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (4-5) areas represent- ing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.)", "question": "what is the fifth instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [77], "text": ["5. At each observation point record observations, Observation should be made when the observation points is in the second half of the wetted area as the system moves away from the site. Look at several (4-5) areas represent- ing the row contour and differences in row traffic of the location. Record any specific concerns that may affect the application (drips or leaks) or affect the soil's ability to take in water (compaction, row contours, etc.)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1170050", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Water Use: Conducted correctly, any combination of these systems could produce estimates that meet the requirements of the law. Producers need to evaluate their water use and devise a simple, low-cost, low-time input method to accomplish the goal of the legislation that may improve the management of the operation. Many farm supply houses, greenhouse supply houses and irrigation supply houses carry flow meters and run time timers.", "question": "where can flow meters and run time timers be kept to estimate water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [332, 380], "text": ["farm supply houses", " irrigation supply houses"]}, "references": "May, J. (2013). Water Use Report Requirements for Swine Operations. http://www.michigan.gov/mda"}
{"id": "1169459", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a \"Baseline Capacity\", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.", "question": "From a legal preceptive what is baseline capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": [" the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174392", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "where are average current rent values available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [208], "text": ["State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183037", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan's 2006 water use legislation limited large volume water use to prevent an adverse resource impacted would be expected. 2008 water use legislation added a limit of no greater than 25% of a watersheds index flow (defined as the median average August flow) could be used by large volume water users. Developments of a screening tool to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use was started in late 2006 with release late 2008. The screening tool estimates how much water can be used in each watershed in Michigan without causing a detrimental effect to characteristic fish populations in the watershed. Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool is available for use online.", "question": "what stated in late 2006 and released in late 2008 to estimate each watershed low summer stream flow and the potential impact by large volume water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [305], "text": [" Developments of a screening tool "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1184718", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "when are systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [407], "text": ["in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1184600", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "where can small modifications to the building plan be noted?", "answers": {"answer_start": [471], "text": ["by returning to the tool and modifying your original request"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185556", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what tillage operation result in the lowest soil infiltration rates particularly after several wetting events?", "answers": {"answer_start": [449], "text": ["disc and moldboard tillage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1172465", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The total application of water will also affect the fraction of the water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (dammer/dikers) will increase the soils surface holding capacities.", "question": "what can affect the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["The total application of water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1184719", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "what results from situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [541], "text": ["water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1173957", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "what will the MSU Excel Version of Scheduler use to adjust for the producers crop stage of growth?", "answers": {"answer_start": [321], "text": ["crop specific coefficient"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1185388", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "what type of map will work for mapping an irrigators irrigation projects?", "answers": {"answer_start": [186], "text": ["local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185520", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigated production has the advantage of fertigation as an option in nitrogen management. Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizer through irrigation water. Liquid 28% nitrogen is the most common product for fertigation, but urea and micro-nutrient solutions are also available to meet crop nutrient needs, with proper equipment.", "question": "with the proper equipment what fertigation techniques are available to meet the crops nutrient needs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [235], "text": ["urea and micro-nutrient solutions"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1170013", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "Where are registration forms available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [362], "text": [" the same locations as the reporting forms"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181594", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: Most irrigators think of irrigation management as reducing or removing the impact of drought. Consider the following eight irrigation management factors to maximize your returns on irrigation investments.", "question": "how do most irrigators view irrigation management?", "answers": {"answer_start": [94], "text": ["as reducing or removing the impact of drought"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1173999", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Irrigation Scheduler: is a simple computerized irrigation scheduling checkbook model from the Agronomy Department of Purdue University. This method can be used throughout Michigan and Indiana. Crop specific E.T. values are estimated using the daily high and low temperatures and rainfall provided by the producer or weather data can be imported from the internet.", "question": "what university is credited with the development of Irrigation Scheduler?", "answers": {"answer_start": [94], "text": ["the Agronomy Department of Purdue University"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1170438", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use/hr: Many pumping systems are equipped with hour meters or run time timers. With an accurate estimate of pumping a producer can calculate water use. ", "question": "How can a producer calculate water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use/hr"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185549", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "where is information about injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system available to producers and irrigators?", "answers": {"answer_start": [541], "text": [" the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1181010", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "when can recoverable/moveable items related to the irrigation system paid for by the lessee be moved?", "answers": {"answer_start": [342], "text": ["at the end of the agreement"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1180958", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Liability of impact on neighboring home wells and environment: Michigan 2006 legislation required all large volume water users to meet an environmental protection standard of no resource impact. Rent agreements for irrigated land may define who is responsible for upholding the environmental protection standard and the responsibility of any potential liability.", "question": "what did Michigan 2006 legislation require all large volume water users to meet?", "answers": {"answer_start": [135], "text": ["an environmental protection standard of no resource impact"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181581", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential (heavy soils, slopes, surface compaction).", "question": "what is the first instruction for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [81], "text": ["Identify the areas of the irrigated field that have the lowest infiltration rates and/or greatest runoff potential (heavy soils, slopes, surface compaction)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1185582", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "what do roots that are not fully established leave?", "answers": {"answer_start": [565], "text": [" a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1172719", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Five different checkbook irrigation scheduling tools are available through Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln. (1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler", "question": "how many different checkbook irrigation scheduling systems are available through Purdue, MSU Extension, and University of Nebraska-Lincoln?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Five"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169416", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "Who does the MDA forward the annual township-based water reports to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [315], "text": ["the MDEQ"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1173769", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating water use can be accomplished by several methods: (a) Water application multiplied by number of applications, plus estimate of additional water use. (b) Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use per hour. (c) Flow meters actual flow, note maintenance and calibration concerns. (d) Industry average numbers (Mid West Plan Service or ASAE) with appropriate adjustments (not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation).", "question": "what methods can be used to estimate water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [61], "text": ["(a) Water application multiplied by number of applications, plus estimate of additional water use. (b) Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use per hour. (c) Flow meters actual flow, note maintenance and calibration concerns. (d) Industry average numbers (Mid West Plan Service or ASAE) with appropriate adjustments (not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185540", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "what does the air gap created in the pipeline downstream from the pump created by a Chemigation valve break?", "answers": {"answer_start": [392], "text": ["the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1172494", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. For a given application, the instantaneous irrigation application rate is the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point. This calculation is often adjusted to minutes for a one-inch application of water.", "question": "what is calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate an important part of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [146], "text": [" the planning process for new irrigation systems"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1172737", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Five different checkbook irrigation scheduling tools are available through Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln. (1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler", "question": "what is one example of a checkbook irrigation scheduling tool available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [228, 241, 193, 156, 138], "text": ["SoyWater", "Irrigation Scheduler", "MSU Excel Version of Scheduler", "The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet ", "Enviroweather"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181474", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several associated irrigation related costs need to be addressed by the contract. (1) Often is the responsibility of the lessee (a) annual irrigation maintenance cost (b) cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system (c) major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system. (2) Often responsibility of the landowner (a) insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well (b) repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well.", "question": "what irrigation related costs should be addressed by the contract between lessee and land owner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["(1) Often is the responsibility of the lessee (a) annual irrigation maintenance cost (b) cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system (c) major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system. (2) Often responsibility of the landowner (a) insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well (b) repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1185375", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "what is considered a large volume water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [99], "text": ["capacity to pump > 70 gal./min"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1185585", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The irrigated sandy loam soils of northern Indiana and southern Michigan require about half an inch of irrigation to wet the soil profile down five to six inches. A single half inch application is often enough to germinate seed, assist in emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides. Heavier loam soils may need 0.7 inch to 1 inch of water to wet the top 6 inches of soil to accomplish these tasks.", "question": "what should an irrigator assist in to ensure the germination of their seeds?", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": ["emergence (alleviate crusting) and incorporate fertilizers and pre-emergence herbicides"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1170015", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "What is to be provided in the registration forms?", "answers": {"answer_start": [430, 527, 476], "text": [" the latitude and longitude for the location", "an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped", "an estimate of expected water use by the month"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181513", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "where can estimates for soil infiltration rates for each county in Michigan be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [609], "text": ["the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1169108", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "What is required by many farm operations by law PA 148?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["State water use reports"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181006", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "who always has property of a well?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": ["the landowner of the land they are constructed on"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1172708", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what can cause a loss to the soil water balance account using the checkbook method for irrigation scheduling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [692], "text": [" surface runoff"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1173954", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "what does the MSU Excel Version of Scheduler allow irrigators to accomplish when tracking their water usage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [43], "text": ["greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1181525", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "what is one example that will decrease infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [33], "text": ["increased wetting time"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1185559", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage. ", "question": "how will the compaction of soil surfaces, lack of residue and a poor choice of tillage practices impact the infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [247], "text": ["decrease infiltration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1169467", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a \"Baseline Capacity\", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.", "question": "How do water users available system capacities impact the amount of water reported?", "answers": {"answer_start": [542], "text": ["will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185553", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what soils will take water in at a faster rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [256], "text": ["sands and sandy loams"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1181531", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate decreases with increased wetting time. Therefore, the amount of water applied during each application affects the fraction of water that enters the soil and the fraction of runoff. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface hold a volume of water at that location until the soil surface receives the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) increases the surface storage.", "question": "what is one example of a practice that will increase surface storage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [357, 332], "text": ["in-row soil surface modification", "Midseason cultivation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1172653", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what act as deposits into the checking account using the checkbook method for irrigation scheduling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [123, 123, 136], "text": ["Rainfall and irrigation applications", "Rainfall ", "irrigation applications"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181517", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "what is one example that will decrease infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [192, 172, 139], "text": ["poor tillage practices", "lack of residue", " Compaction of the soil surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1174291", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating cost will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six one inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor system with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what is one cost included in the annual labor cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [35, 66], "text": ["an estimate of energy cost", "labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment."]}, "references": "Kelley, L., & Miller, S. (2019). Irrigation Fact Sheet #3 - Irrigation Scheduling Tools. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/3_IrrigationSchedulingTools5.14.pdf"}
{"id": "1174209", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "what is one resource available to help find the latitude and longitude coordinates for new large scale withdrawal locations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [210, 235], "text": ["MSU Extension offices", "your local Conservation District office"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1184738", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "in terms of distribution equipment costs what is the best shape of the irrigated area to achieve low cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [249], "text": ["squares"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1172721", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Five different checkbook irrigation scheduling tools are available through Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln. (1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler", "question": "what is a university that provides availability to checkbook irrigation scheduling tools?", "answers": {"answer_start": [83, 75, 100], "text": ["MSU Extension", "Purdue", "University of Nebraska - Lincoln"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1168886", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "How many water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [29], "text": ["Two"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185545", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "what can producers use to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on a field?", "answers": {"answer_start": [89], "text": ["air or Hi- tractor"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1180904", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A raise in rent values greater than just recovering the investment in the water well is justified since the well allows a greater net profit with lower risk then dry land farming. The additional profit above the cost of the addition of irrigation is often split between landlord and lessee.", "question": "who is the additional profit above the cost of the addition of the water well typically split between?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": [" landlord and lessee"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1169454", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "what should be included in the baseline capacity of the system report?", "answers": {"answer_start": [417, 379], "text": ["a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log", " pump capacity in gal/min. "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185394", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(8) Power sources. Identify available power sources - a 3 phase power line in close proximity (1/2 mile or less) to potential water sources is the cheapest. Liquid fuel storages located near wells and surface water pose potential environmental risks, along with higher equipment, maintenance and fuel cost, leaving engine power as a second choice for most situations.", "question": "what is typically the second choice for power sources for irrigation systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [315], "text": ["engine power "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2010). Irrigation Fact Sheet #10 - Shared Irrigation Expenses. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/10_Shared_Irrigation.pdf"}
{"id": "1184589", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "what color and zone must the withdrawal be in the MiWWAT assessment tool to proceed to register a proposed water withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [290], "text": ["green (zone A) or yellow (zone B)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183011", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (5) Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting. Apply 0.5 inch in most irrigated soil at the appearance of first spike if crusting is hampering emergence. Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges. ", "question": "if crusting is occurring what should the irrigator do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [216], "text": ["Maintain a moist soil surface with small application till crop emerges"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1184580", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "If a person knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact, what may they be subject to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [444], "text": ["a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185570", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Existing irrigation system application rate compared to soil infiltration rates. Evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rates on existing irrigation systems can be done by observation, taking into account all of the factors that affect the situation.", "question": "how can the evaluation of the irrigation application rate be compared to soil infiltration rates on existing irrigation systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [209], "text": ["observation, taking into account all of the factors that affect the situation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1181475", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several associated irrigation related costs need to be addressed by the contract. (1) Often is the responsibility of the lessee (a) annual irrigation maintenance cost (b) cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system (c) major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system. (2) Often responsibility of the landowner (a) insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well (b) repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well.", "question": "what is one irrigation related cost that should be addressed by the contract between lessee and landowner is often the responsibility of the lessee?", "answers": {"answer_start": [132, 171, 225], "text": ["annual irrigation maintenance cost", "cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system", "major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1183020", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (8) Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year. Split nitrogen applications reduce potential of early season loss during wet periods. Fertigation allows nitrogen application right when maximum nitrogen is used by the crop, with low labor and fuel use and no compaction of the soil. Make sure the system application is uniform and correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place to protect the water supply for you and the neighbors.", "question": "what can an irrigator do to protect the water supply for the irrigator and their neighbors?", "answers": {"answer_start": [416], "text": ["correct backflow safety valves and safety shut-downs are in place"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1170482", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what is the span of Michigan soil infiltration rates?", "answers": {"answer_start": [166], "text": [" a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1183058", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2a) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009 ' For new or increased large quantity withdrawals developed in this period, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact if (a) it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep. Water use reporting is required. As mentioned above, voluntary registration of these withdrawals will help to improve the cumulative impact accounting procedure. ", "question": "what will voluntary registration of withdrawals between February 28, 2006 and July 8, 2009 help improve?", "answers": {"answer_start": [461], "text": [" the cumulative impact accounting procedure"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1170004", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "when do new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 70 gpm need to register with the Michigan Department of Agriculture?", "answers": {"answer_start": [311], "text": [" prior to beginning to pump"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174212", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.", "question": "what is needed for the large scale withdrawal registration process?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0, 40], "text": ["An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed", "an estimate of consumptive water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185385", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment. Irrigation systems are very scale dependent. Sharing the irrigation expense by jointly investing with a neighbor often leads to a configuration which is better and is more cost effective. For more information on split irrigation cost between neighbors see Fact Sheet #10.", "question": "where can more information be found about split irrigation costs between neighbors?", "answers": {"answer_start": [302], "text": ["Fact Sheet #10"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185548", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "what is the dribbling or broadcasting nitrogen on a field technique dependent on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [280], "text": ["availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1181614", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (4) Schedule irrigation applications. Have a plan to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time to avoid yield loss and conserve water. Under watering will reduce yield potential leaving valuable crop inputs under utilized. Over watering can waste nature resources and potentially push nutrient out of the root zone. Several irrigation scheduling tools are available at the website.", "question": "what can having a plan in place to determine the appropriate amount of water to be applied to a crop at the correct time save?", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": [" avoid yield loss and conserve water"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1180948", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "who can the rental agreement assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighboring home wells to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [546], "text": ["to the lessee if needed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170037", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.", "question": "How can the latitude/longitude of the groundwater withdrawal location be determined?", "answers": {"answer_start": [336, 360], "text": ["by handheld GPS", " the groundwater mapping website"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169429", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.", "question": "What are large capacity water users required to report?", "answers": {"answer_start": [161, 207], "text": ["(b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable", "(c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183026", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New legislation was enacted in Michigan to improve the management of the Great Lakes basin water resources to conform to the goals of the Great Lakes Compact and following agreements. The eight States and two Canadian Provinces that surround the Great Lakes have worked for over a decade to improve the management of water resources in the Great Lakes basin. Now that the Great Lakes Compact has become federal law (in October, 2008), proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied.", "question": "what can now be denied thanks to the Great Lakes Compact with regards to water diversions?", "answers": {"answer_start": [435], "text": ["proposed water diversions from the Great Lakes can be legally denied"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181497", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "what is one situation where provisions for early termination of a contract between landowner and lessee may be needed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [644, 673, 689], "text": ["death of one of the parties,", "sale of farm", "dissolving of the farm business"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1180925", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "are land rent prices typically higher or lower than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [120], "text": [" higher"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1173958", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "what is SoyWater?", "answers": {"answer_start": [14], "text": ["an easy to use, irrigation management tool"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1184722", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "what is considered a low water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [120], "text": ["less than $15000"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1170030", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only: The rarely used option of reporting to MDEQ was removed in P.A. 33 leaving Michigan Department of Agriculture as the only reporting option for agricultural producers.", "question": "what changes were included in the amendment P.A. 33 to the Natural Resources Protection Act?", "answers": {"answer_start": [107], "text": ["(d) Agriculture water use reporting to MDA only"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170034", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.", "question": "What changes were included in P.A. 33 an amendment to the Michigan Natural Resources Protection Act?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["(e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1184744", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1) Irrigation water requirements. Is water available in the quantities needed to irrigate? In Michigan and Indiana evaporation and plant water use from the soil are between 0.25 inch and 0.30 inch for several days each summer, systems that can provide 5 gal/acre irrigated will meet the 0.25 inch/day. Seven gal/acre irrigated is needed to provide 0.30 inch water requirements. This capacity will be require 24 hours per day 7 days per week continued pumping in time of drought.", "question": "what system capability in units of gal/acre irrigated will be needed to meet a requirement of 0.25 inch/day?", "answers": {"answer_start": [253], "text": ["5 gal/acre irrigated "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1168887", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "What are the two water use laws that went into effect in 2004 in Michigan?", "answers": {"answer_start": [86], "text": ["PA 177 and PA 148"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1184636", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Annual operating costs will include an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment. For calculation purposes an annual use of six 1 inch applications of irrigation was used. A greater number of small applications will favor systems that have low labor costs, where a smaller number of large applications would favor systems with high labor and low investment attributes. Systems with low energy cost primarily from low pumping cost are favored by higher total annual use where low initial cost often compensate for higher energy cost if a low total volume of water is applied annually.", "question": "what will annual operating costs include?", "answers": {"answer_start": [36], "text": ["an estimate of energy cost and labor attributable to the average operation of the equipment"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1181521", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "what is one example that will increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [248, 264, 281], "text": ["Steeper slopes", "wheel tracks", "rows that run up and down hillsides"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1184587", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "what is the first step in the procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals?", "answers": {"answer_start": [72], "text": ["Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1170435", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water application multiplied by number of applications: This system requires no additional equipment irrigators and maximizes the use of irrigation application records most irrigators already keep. Calendar records of applications to field are kept along with rate of application. The numbers of actual irrigated acres in the field are multiplied by the number of applications and rate.", "question": "What does water application multiplied by number of applications require?", "answers": {"answer_start": [125], "text": [" the use of irrigation application records most irrigators already keep"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183048", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1a) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. These withdrawals from either wells or surface water are exempt from the new adverse resource impact standards. This is often termed as \"Grandfathering\", but these withdrawals may still be required to share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users since the legislation still hold Michigan's water use as a riparian right.", "question": "what might withdrawals existing on February 28, 2006 still be required to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": [" share the water resource with both other \"grandfathered\" users and with all new users"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183054", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2a) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009 ' For new or increased large quantity withdrawals developed in this period, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact if (a) it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep. Water use reporting is required. As mentioned above, voluntary registration of these withdrawals will help to improve the cumulative impact accounting procedure. ", "question": "to use the presumption that the withdrawal will not cause an adverse resource impact new or increased large quantity withdrawals developed between February 28, 2006 and July 8, 2009 what criteria should be met?", "answers": {"answer_start": [223, 308, 222], "text": ["it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach", "the well is at least 150 feet deep", " it is located more than 1320 feet from the banks of an affected stream reach, or (b) the well is at least 150 feet deep."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181013", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. The annual cost of permanent improvements made by lessee should be viewed as additional income above lease rate by landowners. Wells are always the property of the landowner of the land they are constructed on but many of the other items associated with the irrigation system may be recoverable or moved by the lessee at the end of the agreement. For this reason it is important to list the land improvements in their entirety and include the handling of the item at the termination of the agreement. If the improvement left by the lessee are all but the pivot or distribution system the landowner has a clean separation at the end of the agreement period if needed, with less potential problem locating another lessee to irrigate the farm allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements.", "question": "what does a clean separation between landowner and lessee often allow the landowner to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [763], "text": [" allowing the landowner to recoup the investment in land improvements"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1170448", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "What is an advantage of flow meters?", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": ["simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1183043", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Michigan large quantity water withdrawals fall into three categories depending on date of construction: (1) Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting. (2) February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009. (3) On and after July 9, 2009", "question": "what is one category that Michigan's large quantity water withdrawals fall into depending on date of construction? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [108, 176, 220], "text": ["Existing on February 28, 2006 ' Subject to water use reporting", "February 28, 2006 through July 8, 2009", "On and after July 9, 2009"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1172725", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Five different checkbook irrigation scheduling tools are available through Purdue, MSU Extension or University of Nebraska - Lincoln. (1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler", "question": "what are five different checkbook irrigation scheduling systems available?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["(1) Enviroweather (2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet (3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler (4) SoyWater (5) Irrigation Scheduler"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1170043", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating water use can be accomplished by several methods: (a) Water application multiplied by number of applications, plus estimate of additional water use. (b) Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use per hour. (c) Flow meters actual flow, note maintenance and calibration concerns. (d) Industry average numbers (Mid West Plan Service or ASAE) with appropriate adjustments (not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation).", "question": "What is one method that can be used to estimate water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [61, 160, 229, 301], "text": ["(a) Water application multiplied by number of applications, plus estimate of additional water use", "(b) Pump capacity multiplied by run time or fuel/power use per hour. ", "(c) Flow meters actual flow, note maintenance and calibration concerns", "(d) Industry average numbers (Mid West Plan Service or ASAE) with appropriate adjustments (not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1174250", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "how is the annual cost of ownership typically estimated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [247], "text": ["DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1181028", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: Examples how sub-leasing may be addressed in a lease run the gambit: (a) lessee has no restriction (b) sub-leasing value above rent value is split (c) sub-leasing must be approved in writing by landowner (d) sub-leasing not allowed.", "question": "what is one example of how sub-leasing can be addressed in a lease?", "answers": {"answer_start": [112, 160, 217], "text": ["(b) sub-leasing value above rent value is split ", "(c) sub-leasing must be approved in writing by landowner", "(d) sub-leasing not allowed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181495", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "what do contracts between landowner and lessee need to have if situations arise?", "answers": {"answer_start": [547], "text": ["provisions for early termination "]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1183051", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(1b) Large volume water withdrawals that have not been reported on previously could have been added to the 2008 report due April 1, 2009 to gain their \"grandfathered\" status and avoid the potent $1000/year fine. The 2008 large volume water use report is part of the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan. MDA has also made available it's \"MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEW LARGE QUANTITY WATER WITHDRAWAL REGISTRATION FORM\". Contrary to its title this form could be used to register withdrawals that where constructed prior to February 28, 2006 by filling in the date constructed.", "question": "what is the 2008 large volume water use report a part of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [262], "text": ["the Agricultural Water Conservation Plan"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185526", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Fertigation is often the last step in a three split nitrogen management plan, following starter and side dress applications. Starter allows quick access to nutrients to the newly germinated plants. Side dress applications usually account for the greatest portion of N budget, feeding the plant just prior to the rapid growth phase. Depending upon the equipment used, side-dressing can also aerate soil and improve water infiltration. Fertigation makes up the remainder of the budget supplying nitrogen to the crop just prior to tassel emergence. For efficient use, Nitrogen applications need to be made prior to tasseling to ensure that the nitrogen applied is in an available form for the plant to uptake and use during early grain formation.", "question": "what two functions can side dressing accomplish if the proper equipment is used?", "answers": {"answer_start": [390], "text": ["aerate soil and improve water infiltration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1169461", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a \"Baseline Capacity\", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.", "question": "What are the repercussions if a large-scale water user does not report baseline capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [330], "text": ["MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185405", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(10) Irrigation economics. Make sure irrigation will pay. Think in terms of increasing your average net income per acre after you have covered the additional irrigation related bills. To receive good outcomes, expect to provide good estimates of increased fixed and variable costs. Figuring this out in advance of the investment is detailed, but is well worth the time. An excellent tool to assist in evaluating the economic feasibility of a proposed project is the \"Capital Investment Model\" developed by MSU Educator Roger Betz.", "question": "what MSU educator developed the Captial Investment Model?", "answers": {"answer_start": [518], "text": [" Roger Betz"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1173955", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) MSU Excel Version of Scheduler: allows greater flexibility and adaptability to irrigators who are comfortable using Excel. This method will provide results for all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana. Reference crop E.T. can be taken from each of the Enviro-weather stations where the program will use crop specific coefficient to adjust for your crop stage of growth. ", "question": "what locations will the MSU Excel Version of Scheduler provide results helping producers tracking their water usage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": [" all of Michigan and the upper tier counties in Indiana"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1180954", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "what can statements in the rental agreements potentially require the lessee to do to limit negative impacts on neighboring wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [614], "text": [" the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1184588", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "what can be used to determine the needed pumping capacity and probable location for a new withdrawal?", "answers": {"answer_start": [173], "text": ["Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1183013", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (6) Get maximum effectiveness of soil applied herbicide. Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected.", "question": "what should an irrigator do to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected?", "answers": {"answer_start": [104], "text": ["Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1185378", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "In Michigan what tool should be used to determine if a new irrigation installation is likely to cause a negative environmental impact?", "answers": {"answer_start": [292], "text": ["Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1180943", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "As a permanent improvement to the land the irrigation well is owned by landowner and the liability of its potential impact on neighboring home wells is the responsibility of the landlord. The liability of its potential impact to neighboring home wells is a relatively small risk that can be managed by the rental agreement. These situations are uncommon but since the well belongs to the landowner the responsibility of the well also belongs to the landowner. The rental agreement can assign the responsibility of cost to improving neighbor well to the lessee if needed. Statements in rental agreements may require the lessee to manage the irrigation to prevent negative impact to neighboring wells, with the option to make improvements to neighboring wells to solve problem if they arise.", "question": "who is responsible for the liability of the potential impact a well has on neighboring wells?", "answers": {"answer_start": [174], "text": ["the landlord"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185380", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "what is one result an MDEQ site specific review can have?", "answers": {"answer_start": [598, 650], "text": ["allocation of the water resulting in registration", " the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1181601", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.", "question": "what information can the catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your irrigation system provide?", "answers": {"answer_start": [192], "text": ["the actual application rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1181478", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several associated irrigation related costs need to be addressed by the contract. (1) Often is the responsibility of the lessee (a) annual irrigation maintenance cost (b) cost of insuring the pivot or distribution system (c) major catastrophes on the pivot or distribution system. (2) Often responsibility of the landowner (a) insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well (b) repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well.", "question": "what is one irrigation related cost that should be addressed by the contract between lessee and landowner is often the responsibility of the landowner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [326, 403], "text": [" insurance of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well", " repair of permanent land improvements below ground pipe/wire and well"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1172557", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for Measuring Instantaneous Irrigation Application Rates: (1) Identify the areas of the irrigated system that has the application rate. (Fastest travel or shortest application time, further watered point from center not affected by the end gun on center pivots). (2) With the machine running at a known rate flag the point just ahead of the wetted front. (3) Record the amount of time in minutes and seconds from the first splash of water to hit the flag till the last splash, as the machine passes. (4) Convert your application to minute per one inch application. Example -- 20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation\t", "question": "what is an example of converting your application to minute per one inch application?", "answers": {"answer_start": [589], "text": ["20 minute to apply 0.4 inches of water = 50 minute/inch of irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1185535", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing the actual amount of fertilizer the equipment will inject is essential. It is also important to know that the system applies water uniformly across the field. Center pivot systems of good design and repair will have uniformity co-efficient of greater than 85%. Many systems have uniformity co-efficient in the 70 to 75% range allowing the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through them. ", "question": "what uniformity co-efficient range correlates to the misapplication of a quarter of the water and fertilizer going through the system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [318], "text": ["70 to 75% range "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1172470", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The total application of water will also affect the fraction of the water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (dammer/dikers) will increase the soils surface holding capacities.", "question": "what is an alternative name for in-row soil surface modifications?", "answers": {"answer_start": [405, 412], "text": ["dammer", "dikers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1174315", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). System design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situation where crop management practice result in water application at a rate faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use.", "question": "what can crop water use in Michigan or Indiana potentially reach in extreme situations such as low relative humidity and wind, and an average daily temperature of 90 degrees?", "answers": {"answer_start": [101], "text": ["water use may reach .31 to .33 inches per day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1184713", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind, water use may reach 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day. Crops that cannot tolerate extremes may need an irrigation system designed to meet a requirement of one inch every 3 days (6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation). Systems design capacity of greater than 6.5 gallons/minute/acre of irrigation are only needed in situations where crop management practice result in water application at rates faster than the soil infiltration rate resulting in water loss below the root zone or less than 100% effective water use. ", "question": "In extreme situations of average daily temperatures over 90 degrees, low relative humidity and wind what might crop water use reach?", "answers": {"answer_start": [120], "text": [" 0.31 to 0.33 inches per day."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1181026", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: One major issue that needs to be considered in the negotiations of adding irrigation is the ability for the lessee to sublet the property. As high dollar specialty crop become more common in the area opportunity to rent irrigated land for a single production year for nearly double the local irrigated rent rate become a reality. Annual sub-renting could leave land owners with an unfamiliar face to deal with if neighbor water well issue arises. Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing can avoid grief and confusion in the future.", "question": "how can sub-leasing be addressed to avoid grief and confusion in the future?", "answers": {"answer_start": [459], "text": [" Addressing sub-leasing issue in writing"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1174362", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in actual cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed: (a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet) (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure (e) hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "what is one factor that contributes to low water source cost?", "answers": {"answer_start": [400, 252, 324, 480, 540], "text": ["ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site", "productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet)", " riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field", "system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure", "hills and steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off"]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1169109", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water use reporting history. Two water use laws went into effect in 2004 in Michigan (PA 177 and PA 148). State water use reports are required by many farm operations by PA 148. Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177). These public acts reflect changes to the Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) and fall under the enforcement provisions contained therein.", "question": "What are investigated by the state (PA 177)? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [177], "text": [" Complaints from small well owners against large well owners will be investigated by the state (PA 177)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1183012", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (6) Get maximum effectiveness of soil applied herbicide. Irrigate with 0.5 inch or more to activate herbicide within 48 hours if rain is not expected.", "question": "what is one way an irrigator can maximize their returns on irrigation investments?", "answers": {"answer_start": [51, 51, 51, 51], "text": ["Get maximum effectiveness of soil applied herbicide", "Consider fertigation to apply at least part of the nitrogen budgeted for the year.", "Use irrigation to lessen stand loss due to soil crusting.", "Reduce nitrogen fertilizer loss to volatilization"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1180898", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "what does the DIRTI formula provide you with?", "answers": {"answer_start": [715], "text": ["the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172699", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what is the maximum amount of water that a soil can hold defined as? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [521], "text": ["Field Capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181600", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (1) Make sure your irrigation application is uniform. There are easy catch can systems available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system. Make sure to make the correction.", "question": "what are available to evaluate the uniformity of application of an irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [100], "text": [" There are easy catch can systems available"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1174206", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "what is one resource that can be used to obtain the longitude and latitude coordinates for new large scale withdrawal locations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [150, 172], "text": ["handheld GPS units", "the groundwater mapping website"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1184581", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "If a person falsifies a record submitted in the registration process what may the person be subject to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [567], "text": ["a civil fine of not more than $1000"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181501", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: Seek professional help. A lawyer that works with land rental could advise you how to add these sections to your lease agreement ", "question": "when purchasing a farm or land what is one thing that my help in developing a leasing contract?", "answers": {"answer_start": [38], "text": [" Seek professional help"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169412", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Act PA 148 established state-wide groundwater mapping and water use reporting. This law created a groundwater resource map of the state and establishes a groundwater advisory committee to direct groundwater protection efforts in the future. The MDA will assemble township-based reports annually and forward them to the MDEQ.", "question": "What did act PA 148 establish?", "answers": {"answer_start": [152, 58, 23], "text": ["a groundwater advisory committee", "water use reporting", "state-wide groundwater mapping"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185377", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "who handles new irrigation installation registration in Indiana?", "answers": {"answer_start": [233], "text": ["Indiana DNR"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1172453", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and rough soil surfaces will increase the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Compaction of the soil surface and increased slopes, hillside or row contours, will decrease the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time.", "question": "what will increase the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given time period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [82, 100], "text": ["Residue cover", "rough soil surfaces"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1185550", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "what is the infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [24], "text": [" the rate water can enter the soil surface"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1185536", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system dictates the need for backflow protection. Both Indiana and Michigan have resource protection rules that require the use of Chemigation valves for the protection of both surface and ground water sources. Chemigation valves create an air gap in the pipe line downstream from the pump when the pump is shut down. The air gap breaks the suction created by water retreat back to groundwater or surface water. Chemigation valves for most irrigation application are available from local irrigation dealers for less than $700. Installation cost is much less at the time of pump installation and should be included in almost all new irrigation pumping installations.", "question": "what dictates the need for backflow protection in a fertigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["The inherent risk of injecting fertilizer into a water system"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1169452", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "what do producers have a one-time option to report as part of their 2006 water use report?", "answers": {"answer_start": [231], "text": ["the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170470", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Industry average numbers Industry average numbers are not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation. Although it is very common for people to say corn needs about seven inches of irrigation water/year, actual usage varies greatly depending on the weather (heat units and rain fall), soil water holding capacity and management.", "question": "are industry average numbers useful for highly variable water uses such as irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [25], "text": ["Industry average numbers are not appropriate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170472", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Industry average numbers Industry average numbers are not appropriate for high variable water uses such as irrigation. Although it is very common for people to say corn needs about seven inches of irrigation water/year, actual usage varies greatly depending on the weather (heat units and rain fall), soil water holding capacity and management.", "question": "what is water usage highly dependent on?", "answers": {"answer_start": [265, 301, 333], "text": ["weather (heat units and rain fall)", "soil water holding capacity", "management"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181609", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (3) Assure yourself of an adequate water supply. Five gal/minute/acre pump capacity or 0.25 inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more. That means a 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1 inch every 4 days on 100 acres. Avoid legal challenges or neighbor complaints that may reduce your availability to water.", "question": "what pump capacity in units of inch/day will meet all crop needs except for hot long dry spells of 15 days or more?", "answers": {"answer_start": [134], "text": ["0.25 inch/day"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1181031", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Sub-leasing: Examples how sub-leasing may be addressed in a lease run the gambit: (a) lessee has no restriction (b) sub-leasing value above rent value is split (c) sub-leasing must be approved in writing by landowner (d) sub-leasing not allowed.", "question": "how can sub-leasing be addressed in a lease?", "answers": {"answer_start": [82], "text": ["(a) lessee has no restriction (b) sub-leasing value above rent value is split (c) sub-leasing must be approved in writing by landowner (d) sub-leasing not allowed"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1181017", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent land improvement associated with the addition of irrigation to the property would often include: (a) land clearing cost (b) well casing (c) pump/motor (d) electrical panel (e) back-flow preventer (f) z-pipe (g) field risers (h) pivot pads or anchors", "question": "what is one example that is included in permanent land improvement associated with the addition of irrigation to the property?", "answers": {"answer_start": [161, 130, 145, 182, 206, 216, 233, 106], "text": ["(d) electrical panel ", "(b) well casing", " (c) pump/motor", "(e) back-flow preventer", "(f) z-pipe ", " (g) field risers ", " (h) pivot pads or anchors", " (a) land clearing cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1185546", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "In some situations producers may choose to dribble or broadcast nitrogen on the field by air or Hi- tractor and use the irrigation to incorporate the Nitrogen if dry weather follows. This technique is quick, requiring no irrigation equipment modification, but is dependent on the availability of aerial applicators or in row high clearance application equipment. Detailed information on injection pumps, backflow protection, safety interlocks, and procedures for calibrating an injection system is available in bulletin E-2099 available from the Michigan State University Extension bulletin system or electronically at the irrigation section of the St. Joseph County MSU Extension web page.", "question": "if nitrogen is dribbled or broadcasted on a field what can be used to incorporate the nitrogen if dry weather follows?", "answers": {"answer_start": [116], "text": ["the irrigation "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013b). Last chance nitrogen application with irrigation - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/last_chance_nitrogen_application_with_irrigation"}
{"id": "1170039", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (e) Groundwater withdraw location by latitude/longitude: Starting with the 2006 report, large scale water users will need to provide the latitude/longitude for the groundwater withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal will allow mapping and analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin.", "question": "What will providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawal allow?", "answers": {"answer_start": [376, 473], "text": [" mapping", "analysis of effect on groundwater and stream base flow by withdraws in the watershed basin"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181518", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water entering the soil in a given time period. Residue cover and a rough soil surface increase infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices will decrease infiltration rate. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks and rows that run up and down hillsides increase runoff rate if the water does not infiltrate.", "question": "what will decrease infiltration rate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [140], "text": ["Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor tillage practices"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1184623", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "what are the two main components of the annual cost of operation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [163], "text": ["the cost of energy and labor."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185580", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Early in the season our irrigation goals are often focused on germinating seed and incorporating fertilizers or pre-emergent herbicides. In a normal year, May and early June often receive adequate rainfall to meet the needs of the developing crops and plant roots will grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile. Chances of receiving additional rainfall in the near future are rather good, so irrigation applications are kept to a minimum with the hope that nature will be providing more water soon. Roots that are not fully established leave only a limited soil water holding capacity capable making small application ideal.", "question": "during which months is adequate rainfall typically received to meet the needs of developing crops and for plant roots to grow into moisture that is stored deeper in the soil profile?", "answers": {"answer_start": [155], "text": ["May and early June"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #14  - Irrigation Application Volumes. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/14_IrrigationApplication.pdf"}
{"id": "1174215", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.", "question": "what is an example of using experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated to estimate the annual water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [304], "text": ["Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181492", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (c) Repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated is often view as a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease. A schedule of repayment is constructed by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The resulting chart allows the landowner to find the agreed upon fee for early termination of the contract. Contract needs to have provisions for early termination upon one of agreed list if situations happen. These may include death of one of the parties, sale of farm or dissolving of the farm business.", "question": "what are repayment requirements of the unrecouped portion of the permanent land improvements made by the lessee if contract is prematurely terminated often viewed as?", "answers": {"answer_start": [201], "text": ["a form of security from farm land being sold out from their ability to lease"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1185558", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage. ", "question": "what will residue cover and a rough soil surface do for the infiltration rate of a soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [126], "text": ["increase the infiltration rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1180928", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Even when the lessee provides all off the irrigation equipment and the water supply, rent value should be expected to be higher than local dry land rent prices. Land rent prices for irrigated ground are often higher than the cost of installing irrigation spread over a seven or ten year schedule. In most situations the additional profit for establishing irrigation on rental property is evident or the lessee would not be seeking to proceed. This opportunity cost for irrigation may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values. The prevalence of high dollar irrigated specialty crops are a major factor in the variability.", "question": "what is the range of opportunity cost for irrigation installation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [480], "text": ["may be as small as 10% of the rent value or as great as 200% added to local dry land rent values"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169423", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "Who provides paper copies of water use reporting forms?", "answers": {"answer_start": [355, 373], "text": ["MSU Extension", "USDA Farm Service Centers"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1172696", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checkbook method of irrigation scheduling follows the concept that the soil in your field is like a bank checking account. Rainfall and irrigation applications are deposits into the checking account. Rainfall and irrigation may need to be reduced to reflect the effective amount added to soil moisture. Daily water removal from evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration or E.T.) from the field and crop would be considered withdrawals from the account. Soil has a maximum amount of water that can be held (called Field Capacity), so water added beyond the soils water holding capacity is lost to the account. Irrigation applied at a rate exceeding the infiltration capacity will cause surface runoff and be lost to the soil water balance account.", "question": "what act as withdrawals from the checking account using the checkbook method for irrigation scheduling?", "answers": {"answer_start": [328, 344, 328], "text": ["evaporation", "transpiration", "evaporation and transpiration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1170492", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2: Instantaneous Rates. The soils infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soils surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Estimates for water infiltration rates into soil types, may be found in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "which soils will take in water at a slower rate, heavier soils like clay and clay loam or sand and sandy loam? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["clay and clay loam"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007a). Irrigation Fact Sheet # 2 - Irrigation Application Instantaneous Rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/2_IrrigationApplicationRates1.30.pdf"}
{"id": "1184578", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "if a water withdrawal is planned in the next 18 months and receives a favorable assessment, where can it be registered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [73], "text": ["Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181573", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Existing irrigation system application rate compared to soil infiltration rate. Evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems can be done by observation, taking into account all factors that affect the situation.", "question": "how can the evaluation of the irrigation application rate compared to soil infiltration rate on existing irrigation systems be accomplished?", "answers": {"answer_start": [199], "text": ["done by observation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013a). Efficient irrigation application volumes change throughout crop development. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/efficient_irrigation_application_volumes_change_throughout_crop_development"}
{"id": "1172467", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The total application of water will also affect the fraction of the water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (dammer/dikers) will increase the soils surface holding capacities.", "question": "what can hold a volume of water at a given location until the soil surface can receive it?", "answers": {"answer_start": [203, 222], "text": [" Small pockets", "depressions"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1181485", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: (b) \"Equal opportunity to buy\" is the lease agreement statement that assures the lessee that they have the option to be involved in the future sale offering of the property being leased.", "question": "what does the phrase \"equal opportunity to buy\" refer to with regard to purchasing a farm in the future?", "answers": {"answer_start": [72], "text": [" the lease agreement statement that assures the lessee that they have the option to be involved in the future sale offering of the property being leased"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1184598", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An overview of procedure to establish new large volume withdrawals: (a) Determine needed pumping capacity and probable location for the new withdrawal. (b) Work through the Michigan Large Volume Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool (MiWWAT) for a determination. (c) If the MiWWAT assessment is green (zone A) or yellow (zone B) you can proceed to register your proposed water withdrawal. Building can happen in the following 18 months and any small modification can be noted by returning to the tool and modifying your original request. ", "question": "when can building the new withdrawal beign?", "answers": {"answer_start": [403], "text": [" in the following 18 months"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1180970", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements: The addition of irrigation to farmland often requires investment in permanent improvements to the land. The landowner may make these improvements upfront and recoup their investment over time in higher land rent charges. If landowners are not willing to pay for the permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation, the lessee may advance the cost of the permanent improvements and recover his investment over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values. Many lease agreements for irrigated land provide no upfront cost to the landowner but transfer value of permanent improvement paid by the lessee to the landlord over the period of 5 to 10 years. Shorter time frames provide a higher value return to landowner.", "question": "if the lessee invests in permanent improvements, how can they recoup their investment?", "answers": {"answer_start": [437], "text": ["over the period of the contract in the form of a small increase in land rent values"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174213", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "An estimate of expected water use by the month is needed. Most irrigators will estimate their water use from experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated. As an example: 100 acres with 1.5 inches of irrigation applied in June would have an estimated water use of 150 acre inches for the month. Three inches of estimated irrigation need in both July and August and 1 inch in September would give us an estimated annual water use of 550 acre inches for the year.", "question": "how do most irrigators estimate their monthly water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [109], "text": ["experience multiplied by the number of acres irrigated"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1174014", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "New wells and surface water withdrawals in Michigan, installed after February, 2006, that are capable of pumping 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. All water withdrawals that reported prior to 2006 are considered properly registered. Forms are available directly from the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website then navigate to link for irrigation on the left hand side.", "question": "where are registration forms located for new wells and surface water withdrawals that are unregistered?", "answers": {"answer_start": [360], "text": [" the MDA website or from the St. Joseph County MSU Extension website"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1170445", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "what are flow meters?", "answers": {"answer_start": [16], "text": ["mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1174226", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "what does baseline capacity apply to when reporting for the registration process?", "answers": {"answer_start": [343], "text": [" both wells and surface water withdrawals"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1172475", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: The total application of water will also affect the fraction of the water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Small pockets and depressions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (dammer/dikers) will increase the soils surface holding capacities.", "question": "what will increase the soil surfaces water holding capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [346, 371], "text": ["Midseason cultivation", "in-row soil surface modification"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1169468", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b3) Establishing a baseline capacity is important since P.A. 33 provides a statement that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\". No adverse resource impact is the standard that all large capacity water users must meet within P.A. 33 structure. The reputable presumption of no adverse resource impact puts the burden of proof on those challenging a registered large capacity water user's water use. Expanding system capacity by more than 70 gallons/min beyond the baseline capacity, constitutes a new water withdrawal.", "question": "What does P.A. 33 establish about the importance of baseline capacity?", "answers": {"answer_start": [191], "text": [" that existing water users are granted a rebuttable presumption of no \"adverse resource impact\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185390", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(7) Map your irrigation ideas. Acquire an aerial map of all the land in question for your irrigation projects. Excellent maps and tools are available from Google maps and others or your local USDA Farm Service Agency paper map and a pencil/compass will work. Identify large spaces of land you have available that are adjacent to or may share water sources. Identify major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal. Identify drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross.", "question": "what should an irrigator identify when mapping the land in question for their irrigation projects? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [365, 437], "text": [" major excavation needs such as woodlot or fence line removal.", "drainage ditch and wet areas that will require modifications for the system to cross"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1174205", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The latitude and longitude coordinates for the location are required for all new large scale withdrawal location. This information may be provided by handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website. Many MSU Extension offices or your local Conservation District office can assist with the use of finding the latitude and longitude coordinates. Providing the latitude/longitude location of withdrawals will allow mapping and analysis of effects of withdrawals on groundwater and stream base flow in the watershed basin.", "question": "where can the latitude and longitude information be obtained for large scale withdrawal locations?", "answers": {"answer_start": [150], "text": ["handheld GPS units or the groundwater mapping website"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "1185376", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "In Michigan and Indiana what do new irrigation installations require?", "answers": {"answer_start": [10], "text": ["registration"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1181502", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Option to purchase the farm in future: Seek professional help. A lawyer that works with land rental could advise you how to add these sections to your lease agreement ", "question": "who can advise you on how to develop a leasing contract between lessee and landowner?", "answers": {"answer_start": [63], "text": ["A lawyer that works with land rental"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1183003", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff Form. (2) Select a radial transect line (for center pivots) or a transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above.", "question": "what is an alternative to selecting a radial transect line to complete the Evaluation Potential Runoff Form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [136], "text": ["transect line representing the watering pattern (for solid set or traveler systems) through the identified lowest infiltration/highest runoff potential area of the field identified above"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1174260", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. Annual irrigation cost can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "what is provided with the DIRTI formula?", "answers": {"answer_start": [578], "text": ["the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1169441", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (a) No \"Adverse resource impact\" Part 327 of 451 establishes \"adverse resource impact\" as the standard that all large capacity water users must meet for withdraws constructed after February 2006. Through February 2008 this applies specifically to a restriction on wells constructed within 1320 ft. of designated trout streams unless the well is over 150 ft. deep or potential need for proof of \"no adverse resource impact\". Many of the Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians or MSU Extension agriculture educators can guide you in the use of these tools.", "question": "Who aid large capacity water users in the use of the tools established to adhere to the amendments to the Michigan Natural Resources Protection Act of 2006?", "answers": {"answer_start": [542], "text": ["Michigan groundwater stewardship technicians"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1180892", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Calculating the amount to raise the rent if the landowner invests in the well and other permanent land improvements is a common question. In most situations the landowner wants to get more for the investment in the well then annual estimated cost of the investment in the well (DIRTI formula). Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment is often represented by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 7 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula will provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements", "question": "what does the DIRTI formula calculate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [294], "text": ["Calculation of the annual cost of ownership of an investment "]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169457", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (b) Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): Producers have a one-time option to report, as part of their 2006 water use report, the available capacity of a system to withdrawal water to establish a \"Baseline Capacity\". The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\". ", "question": "where should you report baseline capacity value?", "answers": {"answer_start": [616], "text": [" on the water use reporting form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\""]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1184579", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2b) Withdrawals planned in the next 18 months can also be registered in Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool if the withdrawal receives a favorable assessment. By law beginning February 28, 2006, a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact. A person who knowingly makes a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact may be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000.00 per day of violation. Falsifying a record submitted in this process may result in a civil fine of not more than $1000.", "question": "when did the law begin stating a person shall not make a new or increased large quantity withdrawal that causes an adverse resource impact?", "answers": {"answer_start": [184], "text": [" February 28, 2006,"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009c). Irrigation Fact Sheet #9 - Michigan Large Volume Water Use Requirements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/9largewaterwith.pdf"}
{"id": "1181597", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How to Get More Out of Your Irrigation System: (2) Know your actual application. The catch can system available to evaluate the uniformity of the application of your system will also tell you the actual application rate. Your system provider or the website below can provide you with tools to print a corrected percent timer chart if needed.", "question": "what is one way an irrigator can maximize their returns on irrigation investments? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [50, 51, 50, 51], "text": [" Know your actual application", "Schedule irrigation applications", " Make sure your irrigation application is uniform", "Assure yourself of an adequate water supply"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1170049", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Water Use: Conducted correctly, any combination of these systems could produce estimates that meet the requirements of the law. Producers need to evaluate their water use and devise a simple, low-cost, low-time input method to accomplish the goal of the legislation that may improve the management of the operation. Many farm supply houses, greenhouse supply houses and irrigation supply houses carry flow meters and run time timers.", "question": "what is the goal of estimating water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [261], "text": ["the legislation that may improve the management of the operation"]}, "references": "May, J. (2013). Water Use Report Requirements for Swine Operations. http://www.michigan.gov/mda"}
{"id": "1170450", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "what is a disadvantage of flow meters?", "answers": {"answer_start": [281, 272], "text": ["maintenance", "cost"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1170437", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Water application multiplied by number of applications: This system requires no additional equipment irrigators and maximizes the use of irrigation application records most irrigators already keep. Calendar records of applications to field are kept along with rate of application. The numbers of actual irrigated acres in the field are multiplied by the number of applications and rate.", "question": "how do you calculate an estimate for water use?", "answers": {"answer_start": [280], "text": [" The numbers of actual irrigated acres in the field are multiplied by the number of applications and rate"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1181556", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determining the irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. It is measured by the average irrigation application rate from a particular point along the machine and is expressed as inches per hour. To determine application rate divide the amount of water applied by the elapsed time (from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field to the last drop hitting the point). ", "question": "what units should the irrigation application rate be expressed in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [224], "text": ["inches per hour"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1173973", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) SoyWater: an easy to use, irrigation management tool from The University of Nebraska- Lincoln (UNL). The tool is well recognized for its crop development model that helps producer predict when the soybean plant is at a development stage and when irrigation is needed. The online program retrieves data from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated and has been adapted for use in Michigan allowing it to pull in needed daily weather information from the Enviroweather weather network.", "question": "where does the crop development model within SoyWater retrieve its data?", "answers": {"answer_start": [306], "text": ["from the USDA soil surveys for the field being irrigated"]}, "references": "Specht, J., & Torrion, J. (2015). Optimize Your Irrigation Application Timing with SoyWater.unl.edu | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/optimize-your-irrigation-application-timing-soywaterunledu"}
{"id": "1181511", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Infiltration rate is the quantity of water that can enter the soil in a specified time interval. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction affect infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rates while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from as slow as one-half inch per hour to as fast as three inches per hour. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils section of the soil survey for each county.", "question": "what are the slowest infiltration rates in Michigan in units of inch per hour?", "answers": {"answer_start": [483], "text": ["as slow as one-half inch per hour"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1181034", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Insurance coverage: Establish responsibility for insurance coverage for the well, other permanent irrigation related improvements along with insurance coverage for the pivots and other non-permanent irrigation related equipment is an issue to be resolve before the insurance is needed. The local farm insurance provider in the area can help you evaluate the irrigation related options available. Many irrigation dealers can also direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage.", "question": "what can most irrigation dealers help with in terms of insurance?", "answers": {"answer_start": [429], "text": ["direct you toward specialized irrigation insurance coverage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185395", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(9) Get multiple bids. Use irrigation professionals to your advantage. Take your best ideas to at least two irrigation sales/design people. Many will have access to excellent mapping and planning software tools, plus they will have far more experience than most producers in irrigation system design. Compare potential designs on a cost per irrigated acre basis (for an average years irrigation). This process will help equalize investment in equipment with energy cost and labor.", "question": "how many people should you take your best irrigation ideas to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [104], "text": ["two irrigation sales/design people"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2011). New irrigation planning checklist - MSU Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/new_irrigation_planning_checklist"}
{"id": "1174227", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Baseline Capacity (Rated Capacity): The registration process establishes a \"Baseline Capacity\" based on the available withdrawal capacity of a system. The baseline capacity of the system should be reported as pump capacity in gal/min. along with a pump and system description which is compatible with the well log. Baseline capacity applies to both wells and surface water withdrawals. Please note: You should report this baseline capacity value on the registration form on the line listed as \"Rated Capacity\".", "question": "where should you report the baseline capacity value on the registration?", "answers": {"answer_start": [472], "text": ["n the line listed as \"Rated Capacity"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1184735", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Several factors can lead to low distribution equipment costs which can be achieved with the right combination of the following: (a) Total size of irrigated areas - the bigger the system the lower the cost (b) Shape of the irrigated areas - 160 acre squares are hard to beat (c) Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels (d) Flat topography - hills and slopes require shorter pivot spans to maintain crop clearance.", "question": "what is one factor that can lead to low distribution equipment costs?", "answers": {"answer_start": [131, 209, 278], "text": [" Total size of irrigated areas", "Shape of the irrigated areas", "Three phase electric power is readily available near control panels"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1185564", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and a rough soil surface will increase the infiltration rate. Compaction of the soil surface, lack of residue and poor choice of tillage practice will decrease infiltration. Steeper slopes, wheel tracks, and rows run up and down hillsides increase runoff rates if the water dies not infiltrate. Infiltration rate decreases with increased time of wetting. Therefore, the amount of water applied each irrigation will affect the fraction of the water that enters the soil and the fraction that will runoff. Small pockets and depres- sions in the soil surface will hold a volume of water at that location, until the soil surface can receive the water. Midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modification (i.e. dammer/diker) will increase the surface storage. ", "question": "what will midseason cultivation or in-row soil surface modifications such as dammers or dikers increase?", "answers": {"answer_start": [835], "text": [" the surface storage"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1170452", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Flow meters are mechanisms installed in or on the main distribution pipe of the water supply. The actual flow is measured by impeller or sonar. Flow meters have the advantage of simplicity as meters and can be read monthly and recorded. The disadvantage to flow meters is cost and maintenance. To maintain accuracy meters need to be calibrated at least annually. Meters need to be installed in a straight section of pipe at a point in the transport pipe where all of the water used must pass.", "question": "what should be done to maintain accuracy of the flow meter?", "answers": {"answer_start": [333], "text": ["calibrated"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1170047", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating Water Use: Conducted correctly, any combination of these systems could produce estimates that meet the requirements of the law. Producers need to evaluate their water use and devise a simple, low-cost, low-time input method to accomplish the goal of the legislation that may improve the management of the operation. Many farm supply houses, greenhouse supply houses and irrigation supply houses carry flow meters and run time timers.", "question": "To estimate their water use what should producers do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [156, 185], "text": [" evaluate their water use", " devise a simple, low-cost, low-time input method to accomplish the goal"]}, "references": "May, J. (2013). Water Use Report Requirements for Swine Operations. http://www.michigan.gov/mda"}
{"id": "1172458", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Residue cover and rough soil surfaces will increase the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given time period. Compaction of the soil surface and increased slopes, hillside or row contours, will decrease the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time.", "question": "what will decrease the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given time period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [202, 237, 255], "text": ["Compaction of the soil surface", "increased slopes", "hillside or row contours"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1172495", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Increasing the amount of water that may enter the soil in a given period of time: Calculating instantaneous irrigation application rate is part of the planning process for new irrigation systems. For a given application, the instantaneous irrigation application rate is the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point. This calculation is often adjusted to minutes for a one-inch application of water.", "question": "what is the instantaneous irrigation application rate for a given application?", "answers": {"answer_start": [270], "text": ["the amount of time from the first drop of water landing at a point in the field, to the last water hitting the point"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #7- Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff.Instantaneous irrigation application rates compared to soil infiltration rates. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/7_ReducingAndEvalRunoff.pdf"}
{"id": "1184757", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) Ground water availability. Irrigation is not profitable without a reliable and adequate source of water. Nearby large volume irrigation, municipal or industrial wells are an excellent source of water availability. Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area are also excellent resources. Michigan has available groundwater mapping tools that can help evaluate potential water withdrawal sites.", "question": "who are excellent resources to help in identifying adequate sources of water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [218], "text": ["Well drillers familiar with large volume wells in your area "]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2013). Irrigation Fact Sheet #12 - Nitrogen Application with Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/12_NitrogenApplicationWithIrrigationFact_Sheet.pdf"}
{"id": "1169407", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "Where can the well log be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [794], "text": ["local health department"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185364", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) Surface water availability. Is surface water available in dependable large volumes? Surface water quantities need to be available at the time of maximum irrigation, often late July early August. This is the season the surface waters are near their lowest. Make sure to evaluate available flow the summer before you start irrigating. In most areas you may not delete stream flow to the extent that it negatively impacts neighbors or the environment. If not, consider part of the water of the States, drainage ditches flow, may be depleted. Remember there can be major contamination challenges impacting food safety in using surface water for vegetable irrigation and cooling.", "question": "when should an irrigator evaluate available flow to determine surface water quantities?", "answers": {"answer_start": [296], "text": [" the summer before you start irrigating"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1185572", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff form. 3. Set the machine for an irrigation amount (timer setting, system speed or run time) typically used and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings. 4. Center Pivots - Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50 feet increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally space observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers - Starting at one edge of the wetted area and progressing to opposite side, pace or measure 50 feet increments along that line to identify observation points. ", "question": "what are the third and fourth instructions for completing the Evaluating Potential Irrigation Runoff form?", "answers": {"answer_start": [77], "text": ["3. Set the machine for an irrigation amount (timer setting, system speed or run time) typically used and run the machine across the identified area. Record the system settings. 4. Center Pivots - Starting at the pivot point and progressing to the furthest reaches of the machine, pace or measure 50 feet increments along that line to identify observation points, or identify three equally space observation points under each span. Solid set or travelers - Starting at one edge of the wetted area and progressing to opposite side, pace or measure 50 feet increments along that line to identify observation points"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1169419", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "If a producer has a site that exceeds the 70 gal/min threshold capacity, then they are responsible for collecting monthly water use data to file the annual water use reporting forms from 2004 and after. Reports are due April 1st from the previous year. Paper copies of water use reporting forms (when available from the State) will be available from most MSU Extension and USDA Farm Service Centers. ", "question": "who should collect monthly water use data if a site exceeds the 70 gal/min capacity threshold? ", "answers": {"answer_start": [5], "text": ["producer"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #8 - How to Get More from your Irrigation System. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/HGMIrrSys.pdf"}
{"id": "1181002", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Permanent improvements. A repayment schedule may be included in the agreement for the recovery of investment dollars not recouped if early termination of the agreement is required. An annual cost of permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation can be found by amortizing the dollar investment over the period of the contract at the current interest rate. The annual cost may be added to the dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation.", "question": "to find the cost of improvements what should annual cost be added to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [403], "text": ["dry land rent rate plus an additional opportunity cost representing the added income opportunity with irrigation to compensate landowner for permanent improvements to the land needed for irrigation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1185557", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The infiltration rate is the rate water can enter the soil surface. Michigan soils have infiltration rates from a high of 1 inch/2 hour to, as little as 20 minutes per inch. Heavier soils such as clay and clay loam will take water in at a slower rate than sands and sandy loams. Tillage method and surface compaction since a tillage operation affects infiltration rate. Conservation tillage and no-till result in the highest infiltration rate while disc and moldboard tillage result in the lowest rates, particularly after several wetting events. Estimates for water infiltration rates are included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county.", "question": "where can estimates for water infiltration rates be found?", "answers": {"answer_start": [590], "text": ["included in the \"physical and chemical properties of soils\" section of the soil survey for your county"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2014b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #13 - Reducing and Evaluating Irrigation Runoff. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/236/43605/FactSheets/13_ReducingAndEvaluatingIrrigationRunoff_5-9-14.pdf"}
{"id": "1185372", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(4) Water rights and regulation. Make sure you understand your rights and obligation to use water in your State. Example: Michigan operates as a riparian state for surface water use allowing only the property with legal description adjacent to the surface water to receive the water, but well water may be transferred between properties.", "question": "what should an irrigator understand to use water in their state?", "answers": {"answer_start": [57], "text": [" your rights and obligation"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08.22.pdf"}
{"id": "1169397", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both acts use the same definition for a \"large capacity well\". Large capacity wells are those with the capacity to withdraw 100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min) on average in any consecutive 30-day period. The combined capacity of more than one well at a site that is 100000 gallons or greater capacity/day (70 gal/min), also meets the large capacity well definition. Water use reporting also includes surface water withdrawals with single or combined capacity at a site of 100000 gal/day (70 gal/min) on average, in any consecutive 30-day period. All agricultural water uses (irrigation, cooling, animal watering, etc.) will apply to these laws. Well pumping capacity is included in the well log that should have been filed if the well was drilled after 1968 and are generally available at the local health department, from well drillers or at the MDEQ website.", "question": "To be considered a large capacity well what is the withdrawing capacity in a consecutive 30-day period?", "answers": {"answer_start": [124], "text": ["100000 gallons per day (70 gal/min)"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1174395", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Land rent pricing: Establishment of irrigated rental value is relatively straight forward when all of the irrigation equipment and water supply is the landowners. Average current rent value is available from State and Federal Agricultural Statistic Services or your Agricultural Economics Department from your States Extension service. Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land is one of the best ways to get a feel for irrigated rental value. Land rent auction can also be used to establish rent value but a solid structure for the process is necessary.", "question": "what is the best way to get an understanding of irrigated land rental value?", "answers": {"answer_start": [336], "text": ["Talking to neighbors that rent irrigated land"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1184721", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There are tremendous differences in cost of establishing irrigation. Several factors can lead to low water source cost (less than $15000). Factors leading to high water source cost (greater than $50000) are the reciprocal of what is listed:.(a) productive water tables are close to the surface (less than 40 feet). (b) riparian rights to a dependable surface water option adjacent to field. (c) ample three phase electric power is readily available near the pumping site. (d) system is designed for moderate to low pumping pressure. (e) Hills and Steep slopes may require higher pressures and large wetted areas to reduce chance of run-off.", "question": "what is common in the cost of establishing irrigation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [9], "text": [" tremendous differences "]}, "references": "MSU Extension. (2024). Irrigation Costs - Irrigation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/Irrigation-Planning-/irrigation-costs"}
{"id": "1184626", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Estimating annual irrigation costs: Annual irrigation costs can be divided into two categories: annual cost of ownership and the annual cost of operation - mainly the cost of energy and labor. The annual cost of ownership is often estimated by the DIRTI (Depreciation, Interest, Repairs, Taxes, and Insurance) formula which spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period. A standard procedure is outlined on page 4 of MSU Extension Bulletin E-2131, \"Custom Work Rates in Michigan\". This formula can provide you with the annual cost of the original investment in equipment and improvements.", "question": "what does the DIRTI formula do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [324], "text": ["spreads the actual cost of ownership of an equipment investment over its usable lifespan or investment period"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #5 - Estimating Annual Irrigation Costs. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/irrigation_costs/5_Estimating_Annual_Irrigation_Costs.pdf"}
{"id": "1173949", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(2) The MSU Soil Water Balance Sheet: is a paper version of a checkbook scheduler producers can use Reference Evapotranspiration (E.T.) Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations. For Michigan, producers can use the Enviroweather data listed above. The Soil Water Balance Sheet helps producers convert the Reference E.T. into a estimate water removal for either corn or soybeans in their field. ", "question": "what evapotranspiration data is available for producers to reference?", "answers": {"answer_start": [136, 136, 178], "text": ["Data from their own E.T. gauge station or Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations", "Data from their own E.T. gauge station", "Reference E.T. data form Purdue's PAC center weather stations"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185413", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(12) Specialty/vegetable crop options. Indiana and Michigan's irrigated land is dominated by contracted specialty crops like vegetable and hybrid seed corn production. The reduced risks offered by sandy soils for early planting, less delays after rain for field work, low to no flooding injury potential coupled with the removal of drought stress entice the high dollar invested seed and vegetable crops to the area. These options and conditions are not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana. Avoid the idea that \"if you build it they will come\". Do your homework and identify what options are realistically available and feasible for your operation.", "question": "are good growing conditions for high dollar seed and vegetable crops everywhere in Michigan and Indiana?", "answers": {"answer_start": [450], "text": ["not available everywhere in Michigan and Indiana"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2009a). Irrigation Fact Sheet #6 - Irrigation Aspects of Land Lease Agreements. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/LandRent.pdf"}
{"id": "1169466", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included: (b2) From the legal perspective, the Baseline Capacity is the reported system capacity used or developed to make a withdrawal on or before Feb. 28, 2006. If a large capacity water user does not report a \"Baseline Capacity\", MDA will use the highest annual amount of water withdrawn as reported for 2004 or 2005 and calculate one. Note: Since few producers run pumps continuously, most water users have available system capacities which will greatly exceed the amount of water that has been reported in 2004 or 2005.", "question": "do water users have system capacities?", "answers": {"answer_start": [486], "text": ["most water users have available system capacities"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1170022", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "P.A. 33 of 2006 amended Michigan's Natural Resources Protection Act as part 327 of 451. Changes included:  (c) Requirement for new agricultural withdrawals: Both new wells and surface water withdrawal capable of 100000 gallon per day (70 gpm) are now required to register with Michigan Department of Agriculture prior to beginning to pump. Forms are available at the same locations as the reporting forms. You will need to provide the latitude and longitude for the location, an estimate of expected water use by the month and an estimate of the volume of consumptive use of the water pumped. Since most water pumped for irrigation ultimately goes to the evapotransporation of the crop the consumptive use is estimated to be high or about 90%. Water use for harvest cooling is mostly retuned back to surface or groundwater so the consumptive use is estimated to be low about 5 to 10%.", "question": "what's the consumptive use estimated as for evapotranspiration of crops?", "answers": {"answer_start": [725], "text": ["high or about 90%"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1169434", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Large capacity water users are required to report the following: (a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis in either gallons or acre inches. (b) The type of crop irrigated if applicable. (c) The acreage of each irrigated crop if applicable. (d) The sources of the water supply. (e) If the water withdrawn is not used entirely for irrigation, the uses of the water being withdrawn. (f) If the source of water withdrawn is groundwater, the static water level of the aquifers need to be determined and reported. (g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices.", "question": "what are large capacity water users required to report?", "answers": {"answer_start": [529, 65, 261], "text": ["(g) Applicable water conservation practices and an implementation plan for those practices", "(a) The amount and rate of water withdrawn on a monthly basis", "(d) The sources of the water supply"]}, "references": "Kelley, L., Miller, S., & Loudon, T. (2006). Irrigation Fact Sheet #1- Agricultural Water Use Reporting for 2006 Changes in Water Use Regulation. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/FactSheets/1_AgWaterUseReporting11-29-06.pdf"}
{"id": "1185379", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(5) Water registration. Irrigation water use almost always is considered a large volume water use (capacity to pump > 70 gal./min). In both Indiana and Michigan new installations require a registration. In Indiana this is handled by Indiana DNR. In Michigan you will need to work through the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if your proposed water use is likely to cause a negative environmental impact. At the end of the process you will either be able to register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ. MDEQ site specific reviews may result in allocation of the water resulting in registration or the opportunity to bring together all large volume water users in the watershed to negotiate reducing use by existing water users to allow allocations for a new water use. ", "question": "After using the Michigan Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool to determine if an irrigators withdrawal will result in a negative environmental impact what will an irrigator be able to do?", "answers": {"answer_start": [478], "text": [" register online or may be required to request a site specific review by MDEQ"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1184742", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems: (1) Irrigation water requirements (2) Ground water availability (3) Surface water availability (4) Water rights and regulation (5) Water registration (6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment (7) Map your irrigation ideas  (8) Power sources  (9) Get multiple bids (10) Irrigation economics (11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences (12) Specialty/vegetable crop options (13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas", "question": "what should be included on a checklist for planning an irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [43], "text": ["(1) Irrigation water requirements (2) Ground water availability (3) Surface water availability (4) Water rights and regulation (5) Water registration (6) Options for sharing irrigation equipment (7) Map your irrigation ideas  (8) Power sources  (9) Get multiple bids (10) Irrigation economics (11) Crop rotation and tillage preferences (12) Specialty/vegetable crop options (13) Match your farming/family goals to your irrigation ideas"]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2022). Irrigation Fact Sheet #11- Checklist for Planning Irrigation Systems. https://www.canr.msu.edu/irrigation/upoads/files/11ChecklistForPlanningIrrigationSystems08"}
{"id": "1184584", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "(3) On and after July 9, 2009 ' Large quantity water withdrawals proposed after July 8, 2009 must receive a favorable assessment from 'Michigan's Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool' or an approval from a requested site-specific review by the MDEQ and be registered before proceeding. If a site-specific review by the MDEQ or an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines that a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or a zone B withdrawal, there is a rebuttable presumption that the withdrawal, as specified in the review or tool, will not cause an adverse resource impact. As previously stated penalties are in place for causing an adverse resource impact.", "question": "If an evaluation by the Water Withdrawal Assessment Tool determines a proposed withdrawal is a zone A or zone B withdrawal what is a reputable presumption that can be made?", "answers": {"answer_start": [542], "text": ["will not cause an adverse resource impact."]}, "references": "Kelley, L. (2007b). Irrigation Fact Sheet #4 - Michigan Registration for New Agricultural Withdrawals. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/235/67987/lyndon/MIRegNewAgWith.pdf"}
{"id": "146", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2018, out of 50 reports, 40% were ranked good, 18% were fair, 16% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 10% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2018 out of 50 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked fair?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["18%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "34", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "May and June are particularly vulnerable times for nitrate leaching in our irrigated fields because of several factors. First, the fields are left fairly wet from last season's irrigation, precipitation from October through May usually puts more water into the soil than it can hold, the crop is still small and not using much water, and most - if not all - the nitrogen for the corn crop has been applied.  ", "question": "what is one contributing factor that leads to irrigated fields in Nebraska being more vulnerable to nitrate leaching in May and June?", "answers": {"answer_start": [127, 189, 284, 338], "text": ["the fields are left fairly wet from last season's irrigation", "precipitation from October through May usually puts more water into the soil than it can hold", "the crop is still small and not using much water, ", "most - if not all - the nitrogen for the corn crop has been applied"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "278", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The key to knowing the correct setting for the chemigation pump is to determine how many acres per hour the pivot will cover at the desired irrigation application depth or rate. Chemigation injection pumps are calibrated in gallons per hour (gph). So, if you know how much product you want to apply per acre -e.g., 10 gallons/acre - and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour - e.g., five acres/hour - then you will know how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver.  ", "question": "if you know how much product you want to apply per acre and how many acres the pivot will irrigate per hour what value can you calculate?", "answers": {"answer_start": [430], "text": ["how many gallons per hour the pump will need to deliver"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "431", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for corn in the R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as beginning dent?", "answers": {"answer_start": [552], "text": ["24"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "128", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2021, out of 53 reports, 57% were ranked good, 6% were fair, 6% were wet late, 25% were wet early, 4% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2021 out of 53 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked fair?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["6%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "150", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2018, out of 50 reports, 40% were ranked good, 18% were fair, 16% were wet late, 12% were wet early, 10% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2018 out of 50 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered very wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [268], "text": ["4%"]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "74", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The data does not give any insight into why so many farmers over-irrigate late in the year, but it could be because the irrigation routine is set in July when the plants are transpiring at their peak, the days are long and the temperatures are high. Then, as the daylight hours shorten and the temperatures get cooler in late summer, many keep irrigating at July levels even though crop water use for corn has gone from an average of two inches/week at silking to 1.25 inches/week at full dent. Again, as creatures of habit, without good soil water monitoring data to direct our irrigation scheduling, we just keep on doing what we have been doing. Other crops, including soybeans, have a similar dramatic drop in crop water use moving through August and into September.  ", "question": "why do irrigators over-irrigate late in the year?", "answers": {"answer_start": [96], "text": ["it could be because the irrigation routine is set in July when the plants are transpiring at their peak, the days are long and the temperatures are high"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "518", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nebraska is a groundwater-rich state, thanks in part to the High Plains Aquifer. Many people are familiar with the High Plains Aquifer (also sometimes called the Ogallala aquifer), but fewer people know that there are other aquifers in the state. In fact, Nebraska has seven secondary aquifers, which are much smaller in areal extent than the High Plains Aquifer and generally have poorer water quality, but are nonetheless important in places where the High Plains Aquifer and shallow sand gravel deposits are absent.", "question": "how many secondary aquifers are present in the state of Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [269], "text": ["seven "]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "185", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis focused on dividing the fields into one of six categories based on the soil water levels in the heart of the season (July and August) and on Sept. 15. The six categories were developed based on the readings from the Watermark sensors. The sensors generate data reported in centibars and have a range from 0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb). Centibar is a unit of measure that refers to the force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant. Typically, installations use a set of three sensors, with one sensor installed at six to 12 inches, one at 18-24 inches, and one at 30-36 inches.  ", "question": "if three sensors are typically installed how deep is the first sensor?", "answers": {"answer_start": [570], "text": ["six to 12 inches"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "434", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Corn R2 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as blister, the approximate days to maturity is 45, and the water use to maturity is 10.5 inches. For Corn R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as dough, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 7.5 inches. For Corn R4.7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning dent, the approximate days to maturity is 24, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 19, and the water use to maturity is 3.75 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 1/2 milk line - full dent, the approximate days to maturity is 13, and the water use to maturity is 2.25 inches. For Corn R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as 13/4 milk line, the approximate days to maturity is 7, and the water use to maturity is 1.0 inches. For Corn R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.      ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for corn in the R5 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as 1/4 milk line?", "answers": {"answer_start": [745], "text": ["3.75 inches"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "274", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Different methods can be used to determine how many gallons/hour (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to inject. We are going to talk about two of them today. The first one is using the 'speed chart' (water application depth per pass chart) in the 'sprinkler chart' for the pivot or looking up circle time on the computer panel or the pivot app. The second one involves calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet. This method gives you more details about the system and is still easy to figure. You will just need to enter the basic information for the pivot. If you are interested, download the spreadsheet from UNL Water.", "question": "which method that is used to determine how many gallons/hr (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to gives more details about the system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [384], "text": ["calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "423", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Grain Sorghum stage 6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as half bloom, the approximate days to maturity is 34, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as soft dough, the approximate days to maturity is 23, and the water use to maturity is 5.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as hard dough, the approximate days to maturity is 12, and the water use to maturity is 2.0 inches. For Grain Sorghum stage 9 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as physiological maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches.", "question": "what is the approximate days to maturity for grain sorghum in the stage 8 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as hard dough?", "answers": {"answer_start": [595], "text": ["12"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "552", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Overall, our results indicate that an electric motor running at a constant 1770 rpm will use excess energy for much of the center pivot revolution. VFD operation includes the installation of a pressure sensor somewhere on the system. The controller part of the VFD adjusts the motor speed to maintain a set pipeline pressure wherever the sensor is positioned. Some sensors are placed at the pump outlet, but if the irrigated area has a lot of topography, that position is often the worst location for the sensor.   ", "question": "what is the abbreviation for rotations per minute?", "answers": {"answer_start": [80], "text": ["rpm"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "13", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil water monitoring data is easier to analyze once the crop has taken up water at the 16- to 24-inch depth during the vegetative growth stage. This drier zone can then be monitored with sensors to see if the area gets wetter or drier. If it keeps getting drier, the irrigation system needs to keep running. However, if it starts to get wetter, then stop irrigating for a few days. Ideally, the drier zone should slowly expand deeper with the crop using most of the subsoil water by the time the crop matures. For more information on this scheduling strategy, watch the Advanced Irrigation Scheduling Techniques video.", "question": "when does soil water data become easier to analyze?", "answers": {"answer_start": [48], "text": ["once the crop has taken up water at the 16- to 24-inch depth during the vegetative growth stage"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "170", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "These six categories were determined because the soil water level where deep percolation losses of water and nutrients slows to a low rate in a silt loam soil is about 70 cb; thus, it is recommended to keep at least one of the sensors in the second or third foot in this range or dryer. Yield losses would not be expected until all the sensors were approaching 140 cb, making the 70 cb level very achievable without any chance of causing yield loss. Field capacity in a silt loam is about 30 cb, so the goal is not to refill the soil above this level with irrigation in the second or third foot.  ", "question": "how many sensors are recommended to be kept in the second or third foot or dryer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [207], "text": ["at least one"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "143", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2019, out of 15 reports, 20% were ranked good, 7% were fair, 40% were wet late, 7% were wet early, 0% were wet all season, and 27% were very wet all season. ", "question": "In 2019 out of 15 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [164], "text": ["0%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "196", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "A review of soil water data logs from farmers in the Upper Big Blue Natural Resources District indicates irrigators tend to overwater more in wetter years than dry ones. On very dry years like 2022, many farmers apply about the right amount of water. However, some still over irrigate, and some tend to under-irrigate.  ", "question": "what do the soil water data logs from farmers in the Upper Big Blue Natural Resources District indicate about the amount of irrigation farmers apply in wet and dry years?", "answers": {"answer_start": [105], "text": ["irrigators tend to overwater more in wetter years than dry ones"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "6", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Nitrate leaching loss rates typically range from five to 10 pounds of nitrogen for every inch of water lost to deep percolation or drainage in Nebraska (based on in-field research as well as modeling nitrate-nitrogen losses in a Hastings silt loam soil series with over-irrigation during May and June. Source Aaron Daigh, 2023). Leaching losses can be even larger in sandy soil, with values as large as 30 lb/ac for every inch of over-irrigation measured in a loamy sand soil. Over-irrigation is very expensive and something that needs to be avoided.  ", "question": "what do nitrate leaching loss rates typically range from in Nebraska in silt loam soils that are over irrigated during May and June?", "answers": {"answer_start": [49], "text": ["five to 10 pounds of nitrogen for every inch of water lost to deep percolation or drainage"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "279", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Applying nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products through a center pivot is an efficient and effective method. In fact, it is a well-documented best management practice to apply nitrogen fertilizer as close to the time the corn will use it to get the most efficient use of the fertilizer. Most of the products are injected into the pivot with a fixed rate injection pump. So, how does one figure the pumping rate to set the pump at, and what about the change the end gun causes when it's turned on and off? We will discuss both challenges in this article.", "question": "what are two examples of substances that can be applied through a center pivot that is efficient and effective?", "answers": {"answer_start": [9], "text": ["nitrogen fertilizer or crop protection products"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "319", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "More information about how to assemble and prepare Watermark sensors is available in the following video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpEsjVO497A. Also, for more tips on sensor installation, please review the following CropWatch article, Irrigation Sensor Installation Tips.  ", "question": "where is more information available on how to assemble and set up watermark sensors?", "answers": {"answer_start": [106], "text": ["https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpEsjVO497A"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "68", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, the winter and spring of 2022-23 has been an exception for most of Nebraska, with off-season precipitation well below normal. This has highlighted the only downside to leaving the soil dry at the end of the irrigation season: In years when we have a very dry off-season, we will need to pump some water in June to refill the profile before the high water demand days of July arrive. The data showed that some fields were at field capacity at the end of the irrigation season in 2022, but many of the silt loam soil fields would require four to five inches of water to refill the profile. The problem is, without soil water monitoring equipment, one will not know if their field is already refilled to field capacity or not. Other lighter soil texture fields will take less water to refill them.  ", "question": "what soil texture fields will take less water to refill their soil profile than silt loam soil fields?", "answers": {"answer_start": [738], "text": [" lighter"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "499", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Chadron wells average about 350 feet deep, and the majority (64%) are used for domestic supply, but livestock and irrigation wells account for 15% and 12% of the wells, respectively. The biggest challenge to using the Chadron aquifer is poor water quality. ", "question": "what percentage of wells in the Chadron aquifer are used to supply livestock?", "answers": {"answer_start": [143], "text": ["15%"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "104", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Using the 40% recommendation, the data shows many irrigators are applying more water late in the season than is needed. Some years, a significant rain can cause the soil to be wetter in September, but it is usually due to applying more irrigation water than needed. The data shows that in 2017, 72% of fields were over-irrigated late in the season, and even in the drought year of 2022, 36% of fields were over-irrigated late in the year.  ", "question": "in the drought year of 2022 what percentage of fields were over irrigated?", "answers": {"answer_start": [387], "text": ["36%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023b). Optimize Those Last Few Irrigations | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/optimize-those-last-few-irrigations"}
{"id": "393", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For fine sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.6 in/ft. For loamy sands, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.1 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 4.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 1.8 in/ft. For sandy loams, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.4 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 5.6 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.2 in/ft.    ", "question": "what is the minimum balance for water in the top 4ft of fine sand soil at 40% of available water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [358], "text": ["1.6 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "251", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Thus, the pivot should operate at a 90% timer setting when the end gun is off and slow to 77.4% when it is on to apply the 30 lbs/acre nitrogen both when the end gun is off, as well as when it is on. The water application will be different - 0.29 inches when the end gun is off and about 0.33 inches when it is on - but the nitrogen rate will remain the same with the constant injection rate pump. The concept behind this method is that the pivot will irrigate the same number of acres per hour, thus the lower cost fixed-rate injection pump will work correctly.", "question": "what should the timer setting of the pivot irrigation system be operating at to apply 30 lbs/acre nitrogen when the end gun is off?", "answers": {"answer_start": [36], "text": ["90%"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "329", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Soil Sensor Install Tips: While other tasks may seem more pressing, early installation of sensors is critical to ensure their proper operation during the later critical growth phases. Early installation helps to minimize root damage, allows time for sensors to acclimate to read actual soil water conditions instead of water within the sensor or slurry, and gives a better chance for proper soil contact.  ", "question": "what does the early installation of soil sensors help minimize?", "answers": {"answer_start": [221], "text": ["root damage"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "480", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  ", "question": "what can be downloaded to learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [65], "text": ["the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska'"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "472", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Many irrigators apply more water than necessary toward the end of the irrigation season because the crop is using less water per day. The crop is getting more mature and the days are getting shorter and cooler. The average crop water use rate drops from around 2.1 inches per week at silking to only about 1.2 inches per week by the full dent stage. This 40% reduction requires irrigators to adjust their thinking about how much water needs to be applied each week.  ", "question": "what is the average crop water use reduction percentage between the silking stage and the full dent stage of a crop?", "answers": {"answer_start": [355], "text": ["40%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "509", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "how many active wells are in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System?", "answers": {"answer_start": [221], "text": ["one"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "531", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a zone or nozzle control VRI system is that the sprinklers are pulsed on and off and pivot speed may vary and that irrigation management zones may be any shape or size. Considerations for this VRI system are that has greatest flexibility in application, it is more expensive, and may require additional maintenance and management effort. Example uses include avoiding application on irregularly- shaped uncropped areas for water surfaces. It can also vary irrigation on irregularly- shaped management zones as needed to maximize yield and profits. ", "question": "what are some example uses of zone or nozzle control VRI systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [378], "text": ["avoiding application on irregularly- shaped uncropped areas for water surfaces"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf"}
{"id": "290", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Once the system is up to pressure it is a good idea to check the system for leaks and operation of the sprinklers.  If you find missing or inoperable sprinklers refer to the sprinkler chart that was developed for the system to find the correct replacement.  If the system is on rolling or hilly terrain, regulators are also needed for uniform application and definitely should be checked. ", "question": "what should are also needed if the system is on rolling or hilly terrain and should defiantly be checked ?", "answers": {"answer_start": [303], "text": [" regulators are also needed for uniform application "]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "94", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2018, 58% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 58% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 47% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2018?", "answers": {"answer_start": [167], "text": ["58%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "555", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Overall, our results indicate that an electric motor running at a constant 1770 rpm will use excess energy for much of the center pivot revolution. VFD operation includes the installation of a pressure sensor somewhere on the system. The controller part of the VFD adjusts the motor speed to maintain a set pipeline pressure wherever the sensor is positioned. Some sensors are placed at the pump outlet, but if the irrigated area has a lot of topography, that position is often the worst location for the sensor.   ", "question": "where can sensors be placed on pipeline of the VFD?", "answers": {"answer_start": [384], "text": ["at the pump outlet,"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "109", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 64% were ranked good, 11% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 3% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked good in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [188], "text": ["64%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "184", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis focused on dividing the fields into one of six categories based on the soil water levels in the heart of the season (July and August) and on Sept. 15. The six categories were developed based on the readings from the Watermark sensors. The sensors generate data reported in centibars and have a range from 0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb). Centibar is a unit of measure that refers to the force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant. Typically, installations use a set of three sensors, with one sensor installed at six to 12 inches, one at 18-24 inches, and one at 30-36 inches.  ", "question": "How many Watermark sensors are typically installed?", "answers": {"answer_start": [526], "text": ["three"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "41", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Getting the crop off to a great start is essential for a successful season. On dry years, it is sometimes necessary to start irrigating in May and June. However, it is critical to monitor soil moisture to balance crop needs with the risk of losing nitrogen and other valuable crop inputs. Monitoring will also help prevent unnecessary irrigation expenses, and if you have a water allocation, avoid using up water that is critical for later growth stages.  ", "question": "what will monitoring soil moisture help prevent?", "answers": {"answer_start": [323], "text": ["unnecessary irrigation expenses,"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "266", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Both methods require the basic information for the pivot. All the needed details can be found on the sprinkler chart for the center pivot. The sprinkler chart is the documentation that came with the sprinkler package for the pivot and describes the basic layout of the pivot, water flow rate, pressure, size of each sprinkler, etc. If the current sprinklers on the pivot came with the machine when it was new, the pivot dealer should be able to provide a copy. Otherwise, ask the company that sold the current sprinkler package for it. If you do not have the sprinkler chart, then you will need to determine the needed data by measuring the pivot.  ", "question": "where can all the necessary information be found for determining the chemigation irrigation pump setting for a center pivot irrigation system?", "answers": {"answer_start": [101], "text": ["sprinkler chart"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "333", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The difference in cost between the two scenarios is $14.61 per acre.  With 130 acres irrigated the total annual savings from using sensors would equal $1,899.30. From this total we would have to subtract the cost of the sensors. A typical range for sensor prices is as low as $175 for systems with NRD cost share up to $1,500 per year for subscription based services. Therefore, the net savings from using sensors for a 130 acre center pivot could range from $400 to $1,700 per year.    ", "question": "what are the net savings estimated as for a center pivot system irrigating 130 acres?", "answers": {"answer_start": [459], "text": ["$400 to $1,700 per year."]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "237", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1044], "text": ["0.87"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "537", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, VRI is not likely to reduce the consumptive use of water (i.e., evapotranspiration). Producers who are considering whether to invest in VRI technology should carefully consider the potential costs and benefits to determine whether VRI is a good fit for their situation.  Types of VRI equipment systems, prescriptions (the map that tells the pivot how to apply the water), and potential uses are described below.", "question": "what is VRI not likely to reduce?", "answers": {"answer_start": [41], "text": ["consumptive use of water"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "409", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table I. Normal water requirements for corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, and dry beans between various stages of growth and maturity in Nebraska. For Soybeans R4 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of pod elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 37, and the water use to maturity is 9.0 inches. For Soybeans R5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning of seed enlargement, the approximate days to maturity is 29, and the water use to maturity is 6.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as end of seed elongation, the approximate days to maturity is 18, and the water use to maturity is 3.5 inches.  For Soybeans R6.5 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as leaves begin to yellow, the approximate days to maturity is 10, and the water use to maturity is 1.9 inches.  For Soybeans R7 crop stage, the stage of growth is known as beginning maturity, the approximate days to maturity is 0, and the water use to maturity is 0.0 inches. ", "question": "what is the approximate water use to maturity for soybeans in the R4 crop stage, the stage of growth that is known as end of pod elongation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [299], "text": ["9.0 inches."]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "547", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "There is increasing pressure on our water resources. Concerns about natural ecosystems and the sustainability of groundwater withdrawals are heightening. Domestic and international competition for water between different users is increasing. Agricultural demand by a global population growing both in number and in wealth is rising.", "question": "what is happening to agricultural demand by the global population?", "answers": {"answer_start": [285], "text": ["growing both in number and in wealth is rising"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "225", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Crop water use will vary across the Panhandle due to variations in temperature and precipitation events. Crop water use will assist growers with irrigation scheduling and efficient water use.", "question": "why does crop water use vary across the panhandle region in Nebraska?", "answers": {"answer_start": [53], "text": ["variations in temperature and precipitation events"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2024). Estimated Crop Water Use for May 27-June 2, 2024 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2024/estimated-crop-water-use-may-27-june-2"}
{"id": "242", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12?", "answers": {"answer_start": [1918], "text": ["0.8."]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "463", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Knowing approximately, how much plant available water is remaining in the active root zone is critical for calculating the last few irrigations and will be referred to as the \"remaining available water.\" The best method for determining the amount of remaining soil water is to use a soil water monitoring system.", "question": "what is the best method to use for determining the amount of remaining soil water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [277], "text": ["use a soil water monitoring system"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2019). Scheduling the Last Irrigations in a Year with Delayed Crop Maturity | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2019/scheduling-last-irrigations"}
{"id": "89", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2020, 45% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 21% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 21% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15.", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2020?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": ["21%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "215", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For dry edible beans in the emergence-10% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.07 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 0.50 inches. For dry edible beans in the 10-50% Cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.07 inches. ", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for dry edible beans during emergence ~10% cover crop growth stage during the week of June 19-25 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [217], "text": ["0.50 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "152", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2017, out of 86 reports, 28% were ranked good, 10% were fair, 13% were wet late, 13% were wet early, 22% were wet all season, and 14% were very wet all season.  ", "question": "In 2017 out of 86 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were ranked fair?", "answers": {"answer_start": [185], "text": ["10%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "360", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Pressure differences along the system can be attributed to elevation change and pipeline friction losses. When the sprinkler design flow rate varies by at least 10% for more than 15% of the system due to pressure differences, the use of pressure regulators is encouraged.", "question": "what are pressure changes along the system attributed to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [59], "text": ["elevation change and pipeline friction losses"]}, "references": "Rudnick, D. (2016). Sprinkler Irrigation System Maintenance for Improved Uniformity and Application Efficiency | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/sprinkler-irrigation-system-maintenance-improved-uniformity-and-application-efficiency"}
{"id": "166", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The top foot will go above field capacity (30cb) after every irrigation or heavy rain. However, if the second foot gets above 30 cb, it would indicate that over-irrigation is occurring. The data in the chart indicated that the field was this dry on a given day and not how many days the soil was drier than 70 cb. The 70 cb level is equal to about 70% of plant available water (PAW) and stress should not start until below 50% of PAW during the summer and 40% in late August and September. Soil types such as those with high sand or clay content would require different levels other than 30 and 70 cb.  ", "question": "what is 70cb equivalent to in terms of plant available water?", "answers": {"answer_start": [348], "text": ["70% of plant available water (PAW)"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "481", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "To learn more about the secondary aquifers of Nebraska, download the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/138. Questions regarding western Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx; questions regarding eastern Nebraska aquifers may be directed to xxxx xxxxxx atxxxxxxxxxxxxx.  ", "question": "what is the link to the Conservation and Survey Division publication titled 'An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska' ?", "answers": {"answer_start": [182], "text": ["xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "181", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The analysis focused on dividing the fields into one of six categories based on the soil water levels in the heart of the season (July and August) and on Sept. 15. The six categories were developed based on the readings from the Watermark sensors. The sensors generate data reported in centibars and have a range from 0 (wet) to 240 (dryer) centibars (cb). Centibar is a unit of measure that refers to the force required by the plant to pull the water out of the soil and into the plant. Typically, installations use a set of three sensors, with one sensor installed at six to 12 inches, one at 18-24 inches, and one at 30-36 inches.  ", "question": "what unit is data generated from Watermark sensors reported in?", "answers": {"answer_start": [286], "text": ["centibars"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "98", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Percent of fields that became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 fields are much drier than the other years in the fall.  In 2017, 72% of fields with soil in the 15-25 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, 75% of fields with soil in the 25-36 in zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15, and 66% of fields with soil in both zones became wetter moving from August to Sept. 15. ", "question": "what percentage of fields with soil in the 15-25 inch zone and 25-36 inch zone became wetter from August to Sept. 15 in 2017?", "answers": {"answer_start": [339], "text": ["66%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "309", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Once you have your ETgage out, we hope that you will once again post your weekly readings to the NAWMN website at https://nawmn.unl.edu. As a reminder, once you are on the main screen, you can login to your site by entering your site name and password and clicking on 'Login'. Once you have logged in, you will be taken to your weekly data from past weeks, including last year. To enter your weekly data, click on the 'Add new ETgage reading' link which will take you to the data entry page where you can enter your growth stage, rainfall, and ETgage change. If you've forgotten your site name or password, please contact xxxxx xxxxxx at xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx orxxxxxxxxxxxxx.    ", "question": "where should an irrigator post their weekly evapotranspiration readings using their ETgage?", "answers": {"answer_start": [96], "text": [" NAWMN website at https://nawmn.unl.edu"]}, "references": "Nygren, A. (2017). Value of Using Sensors to Manage Irrigation and Tips for Proper Installation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/value-using-sensors-manage-irrigation-and-tips-proper-installation"}
{"id": "536", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The description of a speed control VRI system is that its application rate is varied by changing the speed of the pivot and that the irrigation management zones are pie slice shaped. Considerations for the speed control VRI system are that it is relatively inexpensive - many picot panels are capable without additional investment. It also needs no special hardware on the sprinklers. Example uses of it are if spatial variation lines up well with pie slices, varying application based on topography (e.g. reduced application on low spots) if it lines up pie slices, multiple crops or varieties under one pivot, and on-farm research. ", "question": "what are some example uses of speed control VRI systems?", "answers": {"answer_start": [408], "text": ["if spatial variation lines up well with pie slices, varying application based on topography (e.g. reduced application on low spots) if it lines up pie slices, multiple crops or varieties under one pivot, and on-farm research"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Melvin, S., & Eisenhauer, D. E. (2008). Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season. UNL Extension Publications. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g1871/html/view"}
{"id": "475", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "The last few irrigations of the season require some of the most important water management decisions of the year. An extra irrigation may mean wasting 1 to 3 inches of water and 2 to 5 gallons of diesel fuel per acre. Furrow irrigators may want to decide sooner due to the typical higher application amounts with flood, while pivot irrigators can delay the decision and take advantage of any rainfall that may occur.  ", "question": "how many gallons of diesel fuel could be wasted per acre as a result from an extra irrigation late in the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [178], "text": ["2 to 5 gallons"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "155", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In 2017, out of 86 reports, 28% were ranked good, 10% were fair, 13% were wet late, 13% were wet early, 22% were wet all season, and 14% were very wet all season.  ", "question": "In 2017 out of 86 reports, what percentage of Nebraska fields were considered wet all season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [239], "text": ["22%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "208", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For potatoes in the early emergence crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.12 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 0.85 inches. For potatoes in the vegetative crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 0.15 inches.", "question": "what was the estimated water usage for potatoes during the early emergence crop growth stage during the week of June 19-25 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [205], "text": ["0.85 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "297", "category": "Irrigation", "context": " 2) Pump - The pump is a piece that is sometimes overlooked.  Before you start irrigating in the spring make sure you start the dripper to get the line shaft bearings lubed.  It needs 1 gallon of drip oil for every 100 feet of depth.  Set the dripper for 1 drip every 5 seconds.  The pump can only take oil so fast and you can't over oil them.  Also make sure the dripper line is attached and the fittings are tight.    ", "question": "what is the speed the dripper should be set to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [254], "text": [" 1 drip every 5 seconds"]}, "references": "Yonts, C. D., Lyon, D. J., Harveson, R. M., Hergert, G. W., Hein, G. L., & Santra, D. (2009). Producing Irrigated Winter Wheat. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/ec731/pdf/view/ec731-2009.pdf"}
{"id": "27", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Also, keep in mind the corn roots grow about an inch each day into soil that is at field capacity, providing much of the water the plants need for that day. Generally, irrigation needs to be delayed until the soil begins to dry down. Furthermore, research conducted in the North Platte area has shown that irrigation could be reduced by one to four inches, compared to a fully irrigated crop, during the vegetative period without a significant yield reduction and can stimulate deeper root growth. For more information, go to \"Vegetative Growth Stage Irrigation, Is It Needed This Year?\"  ", "question": "what does research in the North Platte area show?", "answers": {"answer_start": [305], "text": [" irrigation could be reduced by one to four inches, compared to a fully irrigated crop, during the vegetative period without a significant yield reduction and can stimulate deeper root growth."]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "380", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.5 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 10.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 4.0 in/ft.", "question": "what is the minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water for loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [761], "text": ["4.0 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "571", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "How does CornSoyWater work in the background? CornSoyWater uses crop simulation models (Hybrid-Maize for corn and SoySim for soybean) to predict crop growth, development, crop water use, and soil water balance. Based on the location of the field, the program automatically determines the weather station that is closest to the field in the weather station network, and the soil texture for the field.", "question": "what do the crop simulation models CornSoyWater uses predict?", "answers": {"answer_start": [145], "text": ["crop growth, development, crop water use, and soil water balance"]}, "references": "Yang, H. (2017). CornSoyWater: An Online App to Aid in Irrigation Management | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/cornsoywater-online-app-aid-irrigation-managemen"}
{"id": "542", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Variable rate irrigation or VRI is 'the ability to spatially vary water application depths across a field to address specific soil, crop, and/or other conditions' (Evans and others, 2013). This technology has many potential uses that might enhance farm profitability, irrigation water productivity (i.e., yield produced per unit of irrigation water applied), and water quality.", "question": "what are 3 potential outcomes of VRI technology use on a farm?", "answers": {"answer_start": [240], "text": ["enhance farm profitability, irrigation water productivity (i.e., yield produced per unit of irrigation water applied), and water quality"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "454", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Determine the average rainfall per week for the remaining weeks of crop growth and add it into the prediction of how much water may be needed from irrigation. This number should be recalculated each week until the crop is mature. Use Figures 2 and 3 to determine the average rainfall per week in August and in September for central Buffalo County. The chart shows that, on average, central Buffalo County gets 0.60 inch of rain per week in August and 0.55 inch per week in September. The crop is expected to continue growing for three weeks in August and two weeks in September. Remaining available water at maturity is 5.25 inches. The you subtract the average august rain for three weeks which is 1.80 inches. Then you subtract the average September rain for 2 weeks which is 1.10 inches. This gives us that the water we need after accounting for average rain is 2.35 inches. The chart predicts that if average rainfall is received over the next five weeks, only 2.35 inches of irrigation would be needed to mature the crop.      ", "question": "how long is the crop expected to continue growing in September in central Buffalo County?", "answers": {"answer_start": [555], "text": ["two weeks "]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}
{"id": "114", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Average percent of fields by year fitting into the six categories. The dry years 2020, '21 and '22 are different than the other years. In the weighted average dry years, 2020, 2021, 2022, 64% were ranked good, 11% were fair, 3% were wet late, 15% were wet early, 3% were wet all season, and 4% were very wet all season.", "question": "what percentage of Nebraska fields were very wet all season in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022?", "answers": {"answer_start": [189], "text": ["4%"]}, "references": "Heeren, D., Barker, J. B., Lo, T. H., Melvin, S., Martin, D., & Luck, J. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/considerations-adopting-variable-rate-irrigation"}
{"id": "30", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Strategies for Early Season Irrigation Last year's irrigation will have left the soil fairly wet compared to dryland fields. On a typical year, a silt loam soil that was reasonably well irrigated the previously year (full yield) may only hold two to four inches of water from precipitation in the non-growing season. Sandy soils will hold even less. This means most years, irrigated fields will be at or above field capacity in May, particularly in the eastern two-thirds of Nebraska.  ", "question": "how much water from precipitation in the non-growing season will a silt loam soil that was irrigated well the year prior hold?", "answers": {"answer_start": [243], "text": ["two to four inches of water"]}, "references": "Melvin, S., Power, C., Daigh, A., & Taghvaeian, S. (2023). Early Season Irrigation During Drought. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/early-season-irrigation-during-drought"}
{"id": "373", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Center pivot irrigation systems are designed and managed to apply water as uniformly as possible to enhance crop production. Uniformity has a direct effect on the system's overall application efficiency, which is a measure of how well an irrigation system delivers water to a crop's root zone.  ", "question": "what is application efficiency a measure of?", "answers": {"answer_start": [226], "text": ["how well an irrigation system delivers water to a crop's root zone"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "248", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.02, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.96. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.03, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.94. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.04, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.92. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.05, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.91. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.06, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.89. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.07, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.87. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.08, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.86. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.09, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.84. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.1, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.83. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.11, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.81. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.12, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.8. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.13, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.78. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.14, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.77. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.15, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.76. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.16, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.74. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.17, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.73. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.72. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.19, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.71. When the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.2, the the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) is 0.69. ", "question": "what is the pivot speed with the end gun on (Se) compared to the speed with the end gun off (S) when the ratio of the end gun throw (Rg) to the pivot length (R) is 0.18?", "answers": {"answer_start": [2967], "text": ["0.72"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "272", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Different methods can be used to determine how many gallons/hour (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to inject. We are going to talk about two of them today. The first one is using the 'speed chart' (water application depth per pass chart) in the 'sprinkler chart' for the pivot or looking up circle time on the computer panel or the pivot app. The second one involves calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet. This method gives you more details about the system and is still easy to figure. You will just need to enter the basic information for the pivot. If you are interested, download the spreadsheet from UNL Water.", "question": "what is one method that can be used in determining how many gallons/hr (gph) the chemigation injection pump should be set to?", "answers": {"answer_start": [200, 384], "text": ["'speed chart' (water application depth per pass chart) in the 'sprinkler chart' for the pivot or looking up circle time on the computer panel or the pivot app", "calculating the chemical injection rate using a spreadsheet"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "507", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Other secondary aquifers in eastern Nebraska include the Niobrara aquifer (230 wells, mostly in Cedar County), the Codell aquifer (70 wells in Knox and Boyd counties), and the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System. Only one active well is currently installed in the Western Interior Plains Aquifer System in Nebraska, but the aquifer system was a historic source of water to the Omaha area, and still supplies huge volumes of water to Iowa and other states to our east.  ", "question": "how many wells are in the Niobrara aquifer?", "answers": {"answer_start": [75], "text": ["230"]}, "references": "Divine, D. (2017). An Overview of Secondary Aquifers in Nebraska | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/overview-seondary-aquifers-nebraska"}
{"id": "549", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Center pivot manufacturers have developed options to place the pressure sensor somewhere on the center pivot. Part of Brar's thesis research evaluated where the pressure sensor should be located to achieve maximum energy conservation.  ", "question": "who has developed options to place the pressure sensor somewhere on the center pivot?", "answers": {"answer_start": [0], "text": ["Center pivot manufacturers"]}, "references": "Kranz, B. (2018). Economics of Variable Frequency Drives for Irrigation Pumps. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2018/economics-variable-frequency-drives-irrigation-pumps"}
{"id": "376", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. For loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is medium textured subsoil, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.5 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 10.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 4.0 in/ft.", "question": "what is the minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water for loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam topsoil which is silty clay loam or silty clay subsoil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [443, 609], "text": ["3.2 in/ft", "2.5 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "99", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "However, the data shows that in the dry years, 2020, '21 and '22, 15-20% of the irrigators let their fields get dry late in the season, maybe even dry enough to have resulted in small yield losses. So, in dry years, data driven decisions could lead some irrigators to apply more water.  ", "question": "in the dry years of 2020, 2021, and 2022 what percentage of irrigators let their fields get dry late in the season?", "answers": {"answer_start": [66], "text": ["15-20%"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023). Study Reviews Farmer Irrigation Scheduling Tendencies in Dry Years. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/study-reviews-farmer-irrigation-scheduling-tendencies-dry-years"}
{"id": "200", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "For alfalfa in the stage 4 crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.22 inches and the estimated water use during the week of June 19-25, 2023 is 2.05 inches. For alfalfa in the maturity crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.30 inches. For alfalfa in the full cover crop growth stage the estimated water use during the previous week of June 12-18, 2023 is 1.18 inches.", "question": "what is the estimated water usage for alfalfa during the stage four crop growth stage during the week of June 12-18 in 2023?", "answers": {"answer_start": [117], "text": ["1.22 inches"]}, "references": "Stone, G., & Qiao, X. (2023). Estimated Crop Water Use for June 19-25, 2023 | CropWatch | University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/estimated-crop-water-use-june-19-25-2023"}
{"id": "306", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "1) Pumping Plants - Electric motors account for the majority of the pumping plants in Nebraska, about 55% according to 2013 NASS Irrigation Survey.  They are relatively maintenance free but still need to be looked over.  It is a good idea to change the oil in the unit every year.  Next, open up the junction box and make sure the connectors are tight and have a good ground.  Also check for frayed wires and damage from rodents.    ", "question": "what should be changed in an electric motor every year?", "answers": {"answer_start": [249], "text": ["the oil "]}, "references": "Ingram, T. (2017). Is Your Irrigation System Ready For the Season? | UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/your-irrigation-system-ready-season"}
{"id": "441", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Beans develop based on day length. So with the same hot dry windy conditions, they will use more water per day and will still mature at about the same date resulting in more water use than predicted in the charts. Thus, it is very important to monitor soil water in beans until they reach maturity. For additional details and charts, see NebGuide Predicting the Last Irrigation of the Season.", "question": "what is very important to monitor in beans until they mature?", "answers": {"answer_start": [251], "text": [" soil water"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2017). Predicting Late-Season Irrigation Needs. UNL Water. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/predicting-late-season-irrigation-needs"}
{"id": "385", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Table II. Total available water in top 4 feet if soil is at field capacity and minimum balances at physiological maturity. For silt clay or clay, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.6 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 6.4 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.6 in/ft. For fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 1.8 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 7.2 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 2.9 in/ft. For sandy clay loam, the available water in 1 foot of soil at 100% of available water is 2.0 in/ft, the available water in top 4 feet at 100% of available water is 8.0 in/4 ft, and minimum balance in top 4 feet at 40% of available water is 3.2 in/ft. ", "question": "what is the amount of available water in units of (in/ft) for fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam soils at 100% of available water in 1 ft of soil?", "answers": {"answer_start": [496], "text": ["1.8 in/ft"]}, "references": "Melvin, S. (2023a). How to Determine the Chemigation Injection Pump Setting for a Center Pivot with the End Gun Off and On. UNL CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2023/how-determine-chemigation-injection-pump-setting-center-pivot-end-gun-and"}
{"id": "9", "category": "Irrigation", "context": "Risk of Early Season Leaching Excess irrigation has its own risks. Generally, when the soil is above field capacity, excess water leaves the root zone, called deep percolation. This is an essential function of the soil for groundwater recharge. When deep percolation takes agrichemicals past the root zone, it is called leaching. May and June are the most critical time for leaching losses all year.", "question": "what is deep percolation?", "answers": {"answer_start": [78], "text": ["when the soil is above field capacity, excess water leaves the root zone"]}, "references": "Barker, J. B. (2017). Considerations in Adopting Variable Rate Irrigation for Center Pivots and Lateral Systems. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/ec2000.pdf."}